source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spined%20dwarf%20mantis | The spined dwarf mantis (Ameles fasciipennis) is an extinct species of praying mantis that was endemic to Italy.
It has only been collected once, probably in 1871 in the Tolentino area, and has not been seen since, despite extensive entomological surveys of the region.
Conservation
The IUCN Red List has declared this species extinct. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance%20chamber | A resonance chamber uses resonance to enhance the transfer of energy from a sound source (e.g. a vibrating string) to the air. The chamber has interior surfaces which reflect an acoustic wave. When a wave enters the chamber, it bounces back and forth within the chamber with low loss (See standing wave). As more wave energy enters the chamber, it combines with and reinforces the standing wave, increasing its intensity.
Since the resonance chamber is an enclosed space that has an opening where the sound wave enters and exits after bouncing off of the internal walls producing resonance, commonly acoustic resonance as in many musical instruments (see Sound board (music)), the material of the chamber, particularly that of the actual internal walls, its shape and the position of the opening, as well as the finish (porosity) of the internal walls are contributing factors for the final resulting sound produced.
See also
Cavity resonator (electrical version)
Resonance
Sounding box
Waveguide
Sources
Acoustics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Server%202012%20R2 | Windows Server 2012 R2, codenamed "Windows Server Blue", is the seventh version of the Windows Server operating system by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was unveiled on June 3, 2013, at TechEd North America, and released on October 18 of the same year. It is the successor to Windows Server 2012, and is based on the Windows 8.1 codebase.
Windows Server 2012 R2 removed support for processors without CMPXCHG16b, PrefetchW, LAHF and SAHF.
A further update, formally designated Windows Server 2012 R2 Update, was released in April 2014. It is a cumulative set of security, critical and other updates. Windows Server 2012 R2, like previous versions of Windows Server before it and versions after it, is only compatible with 64-bit processors.
Windows Server 2012 R2 was succeeded by Windows Server 2016, which is derived from the Windows 10 codebase.
Features
The following features are introduced in Windows Server 2012 R2:
Automated Tiering: Storage Spaces stores most frequently accessed files on fastest physical media
Deduplication for VHD: Reduces the storage space for VHD files with largely similar contents by storing the similar contents only once
Windows PowerShell v4, which now includes a Desired State Configuration (DSC) feature
Integrated Office 365 support (Essentials edition)
User interface changes reflecting Windows 8.1, including visible Start button.
UEFI-based virtual machines
Upgrades from driver emulators to synthetic hardware drivers to minimize legacy support
Faster VM deployment (approximately half the time)
Internet Information Services 8.5: Support for logging to Event Tracing for Windows and the ability to log any request/response headers. To improve scalability, if IIS is configured with 100 or more web sites, by default it will not automatically start any of them. Alongside this, a new "Idle Worker Process Page-Out" configuration option has been added to application pools to instruct Windows to page- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20power%20inequality | In information theory, the entropy power inequality (EPI) is a result that relates to so-called "entropy power" of random variables. It shows that the entropy power of suitably well-behaved random variables is a superadditive function. The entropy power inequality was proved in 1948 by Claude Shannon in his seminal paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Shannon also provided a sufficient condition for equality to hold; Stam (1959) showed that the condition is in fact necessary.
Statement of the inequality
For a random vector X : Ω → Rn with probability density function f : Rn → R, the differential entropy of X, denoted h(X), is defined to be
and the entropy power of X, denoted N(X), is defined to be
In particular, N(X) = |K| 1/n when X is normal distributed with covariance matrix K.
Let X and Y be independent random variables with probability density functions in the Lp space Lp(Rn) for some p > 1. Then
Moreover, equality holds if and only if X and Y are multivariate normal random variables with proportional covariance matrices.
Alternative form of the inequality
The entropy power inequality can be rewritten in an equivalent form that does not explicitly depend on the definition of entropy power (see Costa and Cover reference below).
Let X and Y be independent random variables, as above. Then, let X' and Y' be independently distributed random variables with gaussian distributions, such that
and
Then,
See also
Information entropy
Information theory
Limiting density of discrete points
Self-information
Kullback–Leibler divergence
Entropy estimation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%20product | The rank product is a biologically motivated test for the detection of differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments.
It is a simple non-parametric statistical method based on ranks of fold changes. In addition to its use in expression profiling, it can be used to combine ranked lists in various application domains, including proteomics, metabolomics, statistical meta-analysis, and general feature selection.
Calculation of the rank product
Given n genes and k replicates, let the rank of gene g in the i-th replicate.
Compute the rank product via the geometric mean:
Determination of significance levels
Simple permutation-based estimation is used to determine how likely a given RP value or better is observed in a random experiment.
generate p permutations of k rank lists of length n.
calculate the rank products of the n genes in the p permutations.
count how many times the rank products of the genes in the permutations are smaller or equal to the observed rank product. Set c to this value.
calculate the average expected value for the rank product by: .
calculate the percentage of false positives as : where is the rank of gene g in a list of all n genes sorted by increasing .
Exact probability distribution and accurate approximation
Permutation re-sampling requires a computationally demanding number of permutations to get reliable estimates of the p-values for the most differentially expressed genes, if n is large. Eisinga, Breitling and Heskes (2013) provide the exact probability mass distribution of the rank product statistic. Calculation of the exact p-values offers a substantial improvement over permutation approximation, most significantly for that part of the distribution rank product analysis is most interested in, i.e., the thin right tail. However, exact statistical significance of large rank products may take unacceptable long amounts of time to compute. Heskes, Eisinga and Breitling (2014) provide a method to determine acc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream%20dictionary | A dream dictionary (also known as oneirocritic literature) is a tool made for interpreting images in a dream. Dream dictionaries tend to include specific images which are attached to specific interpretations. However, dream dictionaries are generally not considered scientifically viable by those within the psychology community.
History
Since the 19th century, the art of dream interpretation has been transferred to a scientific ground, making it a distinct part of psychology. However, the dream symbols of the "unscientific" days—the outcome of hearsay interpretations that differ around the world among different cultures—continued to mark the day of an average human-being, who is most likely unfamiliar with Freudian analysis of dreams.
The dream dictionary includes interpretations of dreams, giving each symbol in a dream a specific meaning. The argument of what dreams represent has greatly changed over time. With this changing, so have the interpretation of dreams. Dream dictionaries have changed in content since they were first published. The Greeks and Romans saw dreams as having a religious meaning. This made them believe that their dreams were an insight into the future and held the key to the solutions of their problems. Aristotle's view on dreams were that they were merely a function of our physiological make up. He did not believe dreams have a greater meaning, solely that they're the result of how we sleep. In the Middle Ages, dreams were seen as an interpretation of good or evil.
Although the dream dictionary is not recognized in the psychology world, Freud is said to have revolutionized the interpretation and study of dreams. Freud came to the conclusion that dreams were a form of wish fulfillment. Dream dictionaries were first based upon Freudian thoughts and ancient interpretations of dreams.
Some examples of dream interpretation are: dreaming you are on a beach means you are facing negativity in your life, or a lion may represent a need to control oth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20oscilloscope | A materials oscilloscope is a time-resolved synchrotron high-energy X-ray technique to study rapid phase composition and microstructural related changes in a polycrystalline sample. Such device has been developed for in-situ studies of specimens undergoing physical thermo-mechanical simulation.
Principle
Two-dimensional diffraction images of a fine synchrotron beam interacting with the specimen are recorded in time frames, such that reflections stemming from individual crystallites of the polycrystalline material can be distinguished. Data treatment is undertaken in a way that diffraction rings are straightened and presented line by line streaked in time. The traces, so-called timelines in azimuthal-angle/time plots resemble to traces of an oscilloscope, giving insight on the processes happening in the material, while undergoing plastic deformation, or heating, or both, These timelines allow to distinguish grain growth or refinement, subgrain formation, slip deformation systems, crystallographic twinning, dynamic recovery, dynamic recrystallization, simultaneously in multiple phases.
History
The development has been undertaken from a project on modern diffraction methods for the investigation of thermo-mechanical processeses, and started with cold deformation of a copper specimen at the ESRF in 2007, followed by hot deformation of zirconium alloy at APS in 2008. Soon afterwards, a series of other materials has been tested and experience with the timeline traces gained. While ESRF and APS played the major role in experimental facilities, the Japanese high-energy synchrotron in the round, SPring-8 followed in 2013 by performing feasibility studies of this kind. Meanwhile, the new PETRA-III synchrotron at DESY built a dedicated beamline for this purpose, opening the Materials Oscilloscope investigations to a larger public. The name materials oscilloscope was introduced in 2013 and used onward upon conferences such as MRS and TMS.
Implementation
Besides setups in m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicase%E2%80%93primase%20complex | A helicase–primase complex (also helicase-primase, Hel/Prim, H-P or H/P) is a complex of enzymes including DNA helicase and DNA primase. A helicase-primase associated factor protein may also be present.
The complex is used by herpesviruses, in which it is responsible for lytic DNA virus replication. In many dsDNA viruses, primase and helicase are fused into a single polypeptide chain, so that the primase and helicase domains correspond to the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the protein, respectively.
A helicase-primase inhibitor (HPI) is a drug that blocks this action through acting as an enzyme inhibitor.
List of H-P by virus name
EBV: helicase:BBLF4 primase: BSLF1 accessory protein:BBLF2/3
List of H-P inhibitors
Amenamevir (ASP2151)
Pritelivir (BAY 57-1293, AIC316)
BILS 22 BS
T157602 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stygiolobus | In taxonomy, Stygiolobus is a genus of the Sulfolobaceae.
See also
List of Archaea genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar%20arch | The plantar arch is a circulatory anastomosis formed from:
deep plantar artery, from the dorsalis pedis - a.k.a. dorsal artery of the foot
lateral plantar artery
The plantar arch supplies the underside, or sole, of the foot.
The plantar arch runs from the 5th metatarsal and extends medially to the 1st metatarsal (of the big toe).
The arch is formed when the lateral plantar artery turns medially to the interval between the bases of the first and second metatarsal bones, where it unites with the deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery, thus completing the plantar arch (or deep plantar arch). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygoid%20plexus | The pterygoid plexus (; from Greek pteryx, "wing" and eidos, "shape") is a fine venous plexus upon and within the lateral pterygoid muscle. It drains by a short maxillary vein.
Anatomy
It is a venous plexus of considerable size, situated between the temporalis muscle and lateral pterygoid muscle, and partly between the two pterygoid muscles.
The plexus features venous valves. The contractions of the lateral pterygoid muscle promote venous drainage.
Tributaries
The plexus drains all veins that correspond to the branches of the maxillary artery (however, much of the blood delivered by the maxillary artery is returned by other routes), as well as two additional veins.
It receives the following veins:
sphenopalatine
middle meningeal
deep temporal (anterior & posterior)
pterygoid
masseteric
buccinator
alveolar
some palatine veins (palatine vein which divides into the greater and lesser palatine v.)
inferior ophthalmic vein
deep facial vein
infraorbital vein
Anastomoses
The plexus is connected with the intercranial cavernous sinus by emissary veins passing through the foramen ovale and foramen lacerum.
Relations
This plexus communicates freely with the anterior facial vein; it also communicates with the cavernous sinus, by branches through the foramen Vesalii, foramen ovale, and foramen lacerum. Due to its communication with the cavernous sinus, infection of the superficial face may spread to the cavernous sinus, causing cavernous sinus thrombosis. Complications may include edema of the eyelids, conjunctivae of the eyes, and subsequent paralysis of cranial nerves which course through the cavernous sinus.
The pterygoid plexus of veins becomes the maxillary vein. The maxillary vein and the superficial temporal vein later join to become the retromandibular vein. The posterior branch of the retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein then form the external jugular vein, which empties into the subclavian vein. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Computer%20and%20Telecommunications%20Agency | The Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) was a UK government agency providing computer and telecoms support to government departments.
History
Formation
In 1957, the UK government formed the Technical Support Unit (TSU) within HM Treasury to evaluate and advise on computers, initially based around engineers from the telecommunications service. As this unit evolved, it morphed into the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency, which also had responsibilities as a central procurement body for government technological equipment.
CCTA's work during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s was primarily to (a) develop central government IT professionalism, (b) create a body of knowledge and experience in the successful development and implementation of IS/IT within UK central government (c) to brief Government Ministers on the opportunities for use of IS/IT to support policy initiatives (e.g. "Citizen's Charter" / "e-government") and (d) to encourage and assist UK private sector companies to develop and offer products and services aligned to government needs.
Over the 3 decades, CCTA's focus shifted from hardware to a business oriented systems approach with strong emphasis on business led IS/IT Strategies which crossed Departmental (Ministry) boundaries encompassing several "Departments" (e.g. CCCJS – Computerisation of the Central Criminal Justice System). This inter-departmental approach (first mooted in the mid to late 1980s) was revolutionary and met considerable political and departmental opposition.
In October 1994, MI5 took over its work on computer security from hacking into the government's (usually the Treasury) network. In November 1994, CCTA launched its website. In February 1998 it built and ran the government's secure intranet. The MoD was connected to a separate network. In December 1998, the DfEE moved its server from CCTA at Norwich to NISS (National Information Services and Systems) in Bath when it relaunched its website.
Between 1989 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphasic%20sleep | Polyphasic sleep is the practice of sleeping during multiple periods over the course of 24 hours, in contrast to monophasic sleep, which is one period of sleep within 24 hours. Biphasic (or diphasic, bifurcated, or bimodal) sleep refers to two periods, while polyphasic usually means more than two. Segmented sleep and divided sleep may refer to polyphasic or biphasic sleep, but may also refer to interrupted sleep, where the sleep has one or several shorter periods of wakefulness, as was the norm for night sleep in pre-industrial societies.
A common form of biphasic or polyphasic sleep includes a nap, which is a short period of sleep, typically taken between the hours of 9 am and 9 pm as an adjunct to the usual nocturnal sleep period. Napping behaviour during daytime hours is the simplest form of polyphasic sleep, especially when the naps are taken on a daily basis.
The term polyphasic sleep was first used in the early 20th century by psychologist J. S. Szymanski, who observed daily fluctuations in activity patterns. It does not imply any particular sleep schedule. The circadian rhythm disorder known as irregular sleep-wake syndrome is an example of polyphasic sleep in humans. Polyphasic sleep is common in many animals, and is believed to be the ancestral sleep state for mammals, although simians are monophasic.
The term polyphasic sleep is also used by an online community that experiments with alternative sleeping schedules in an attempt to increase productivity. There is no scientific evidence that this practice is effective.
Historical use
One classic cultural example of a biphasic sleep pattern is the practice of siesta, which is a nap taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday meal. Such a period of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those where the weather is warm. The siesta is historically common throughout the Mediterranean and Southern Europe. It is the traditional daytime sleep of China, India, South Africa, Italy, G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehormone | A prehormone is a biochemical substance secreted by glandular tissue and has minimal or no significant biological activity, but it is converted in peripheral tissues into an active hormone. Calcifediol is an example of a prehormone which is produced by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) in the liver. Another example is adrenal androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, which can be converted into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
See also
Prohormone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEP89 | Centrosomal protein 89, also known as Centrosomal protein of 89 kDa (CEP89), Centrosomal protein 123 (CEP123), or Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 123 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CEP89 gene.
Structure
The CEP89 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.11 and it spans 96,104 base pairs. The CEP89 gene produces a 54.4 kDa protein composed of 476 amino acids. The structure of the protein has been found to be similar to a ring. It is associated and dependent on the orientation of centrioles, which are attached in the exterior region. The protein contains two coiled-coil domains and a putative mitochondrial-targeting signal. Experiments have shown that CEP89 is found within the intermembrane space, as well as the cytosol of the mitochondria.
Function
The CEP89 gene encodes for a protein required for ciliogenesis. It plays a role in mitochondrial metabolism by modulating complex IV activity. CEP89 has also been shown to be responsible for the integrity of the mitochondria, membrane depolarization, synaptic transmission of photoreceptor neurons and for the synaptic organization of the larval neuromuscular junction.
Clinical significance
Variants of CEP89 have been associated with the mitochondrial Complex IV deficiency, a deficiency in an enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain which catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome c utilizing molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other Clinical Manifestations include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. Pathogenic mutations of CEP89 has also been found to be associated with intellectual disability and multisystemic disorders such as cystinuria, cataract, broad based walking pattern, deafness |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA%20Th%E1%BB%8B%20Thanh%20Nh%C3%A0n | Lê Thị Thanh Nhàn (born March 23, 1970) is a Vietnamese mathematician who is a professor of mathematics and vice rector for the College of Science at Thái Nguyên University. Her research concerns commutative algebra and algebraic geometry.
Biography
Nhàn's father was a soldier, who died when he was young, and her mother was a teacher. She was born in Thừa Thiên–Huế, and grew up in Thái Nguyên as the middle of five children in a poor family.
Planning to become a teacher herself, she studied mathematics at the Thái Nguyên College of Education from 1986 to 1990, earning a bachelor's degree, and on graduating became a lecturer in mathematics at the same institution. She continued her education at the Hanoi University of Education, earning a master's degree in 1995 and then at the Institute of Mathematics, Vietnam Academy of Sciences and Technology, earning her Ph.D. in 2001, under the joint supervision of Prof. Nguyen Tu Cuong and Marcel Morales of Joseph Fourier University.
She moved from the College of Education to the College of Science in 2002, and was promoted to associate professor in 2005, becoming the youngest mathematician in Vietnam with that rank. She has also been associated with the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Italy as a junior associate member from 2002 to 2007 and as a regular associate member from 2009 to 2014. In 2009 she became vice rector.
Nhàn was promoted to mathematics professor in 2015, becoming the second female mathematics professor in Vietnam (The first Vietnamese female mathematics professor in Vietnam is professor Hoàng Xuân Sính)
Awards and honors
In 2011, she was one of two winners of the Kovalevskaya Prize, an annual award to promote women in the sciences in Vietnam. The award is named after Russian mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya and was established in 1985 by mathematician Neal Koblitz and his wife Ann Hibner Koblitz, based on the profits from Ann Koblitz' biography of Kovalevskaya. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20cell | Basal cell may refer to:
the epidermal cell in the stratum basale
the airway basal cell, an epithelial cell in the respiratory epithelium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinkCentre | The ThinkCentre is a line of business-oriented desktop computers designed, developed and marketed by Lenovo, and formerly by IBM from 2003 to 2005. ThinkCentre computers typically include mid-range to high-end processors, options for discrete graphics cards, and multi-monitor support.
History
Launch
The ThinkCentre line of desktop computers was introduced by IBM in 2003. The first three models in this line were the S50, the M50, and A50p. All three desktops were equipped with Intel Pentium 4 processors. The chassis was made of steel and designed for easy component access without the use of tools. The hard disk was fixed in place by a 'caddy' without the use of screws. The caddy had rubber bumpers to reduce vibration and operational noise.
Additional updates to the desktops included greater use of ThinkVantage technologies. All desktop models were made available with ImageUltra. The three desktop models also included an 'Access IBM' button, allowing access to onboard resources, diagnostic tools, automated software, and links to online updates and services. Select models featured IBM's Embedded Security Subsystem, with an integrated security chip and IBM Client Security Software.
Acquisition by Lenovo
In 2005, after completing its acquisition of IBM's personal computing business, leading to the IBM/Lenovo partnership, IBM/Lenovo announced the ThinkCentre E Series desktops, designed specifically for small businesses. The ThinkCentre E50 was made available in tower and small form factor, with a silver and black design.
In 2005, Technology Business Research (TBR) observed an increase in the customer satisfaction rate for ThinkCentre desktops. According to TBR's "Corporate IT Buying Behavior and Customer Satisfaction Study” published in the second quarter of 2005, Lenovo was the only one of four surveyed companies that displayed a substantial increase in ratings.
In May 2005, the ThinkCentre M52 and A52 desktops were announced by Lenovo. These desktops marked the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asplenium%20pinnatifidum | Asplenium pinnatifidum, commonly known as the lobed spleenwort or pinnatifid spleenwort, is a small fern found principally in the Appalachian Mountains and the Shawnee Hills, growing in rock crevices in moderately acid to subacid strata. Originally identified as a variety of walking fern (Asplenium rhizophyllum), it was classified as a separate species by Thomas Nuttall in 1818. It is believed to have originated by chromosome doubling in a hybrid between walking fern and mountain spleenwort (Asplenium montanum), producing a fertile tetraploid, a phenomenon known as alloploidy; however, the hypothesized parental hybrid has never been located. It is intermediate in morphology between the parent species: while its leaf blades are long and tapering like that of walking fern, the influence of mountain spleenwort means that the blades are lobed, rather than whole. A. pinnatifidum can itself form sterile hybrids with several other spleenworts.
Description
Asplenium pinnatifidum is a small fern with bright green, wrinkled, pinnatifid (lobed) fronds. These form evergreen, perennial tufts. Notable characteristics are the shiny stem, dark only at the base, and the long-tapering, variably lobed leaf blades. The fronds are monomorphic, the sterile and fertile fronds appearing the same size and shape.
The roots of A. pinnatifidum are not proliferous, so it appears as clusters of leaves springing from a single rhizome. The leaves are closely spaced on the rhizome, which is frequently branched. The rhizome is about in diameter, covered with narrowly triangular scales which are dark reddish-brown or blackish in color, and strongly clathrate (bearing a lattice-like pattern). The scales are long and 0.3 to 0.5 millimeters wide, with untoothed edges. The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is shiny and dark reddish brown at the base. The color fades to green in the upper one-third to one-half of the stipe. It is covered in narrowly triangular, dark reddish-brown scales a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrovirus | Dobrovirus is a genus of viruses in the realm Ribozyviria, containing the single species Dobrovirus bufonis.
Host
The Chusan Island toad (Bufo gargarizans) serves as its host. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20Albania%20%28statue%29 | Mother Albania () is a 12 m statue located at the National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania () in Albania, dedicated in 1971.
The statue represents the country as a mother guarding over the eternal slumber of those who gave their lives for her. There are up to 28,000 graves of Albanian partisans in the cemetery, all of whom perished during World War II. The massive statue holds a wreath of laurels and a star. The cemetery was also the resting place of former leader Enver Hoxha, who was subsequently disinterred and given a more humble grave in another public cemetery.
The statue is made of concrete and it is a work of the sculptors Kristaq Rama, Muntaz Dhrami and Shaban Hadërri. It stands atop a 3-metre pedestal; engraved on the pedestal are the words "Lavdi e përjetshme dëshmorëve të atdheut" ("Eternal glory to the martyrs of the fatherland").
Gallery
See also
Tirana
Landmarks in Tirana
Tourism in Albania
Albania
History of Albania
National Martyrs Cemetery of Albania
External links
Monuments and memorials in Albania
National symbols of Albania
National personifications
Colossal statues
1971 sculptures
Outdoor sculptures in Tirana
1971 establishments in Albania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-out%20code | A line-out code is a coded piece of information, used to communicate intentions about a line-out within one team in a rugby union match without giving information away to the other team. A line-out is a manoeuvre used to restart play when the ball has left the pitch. The right to throw in the ball will be awarded to one team or the other but, in theory at least, the throw will be straight down the middle whichever team is making it. The advantage comes from knowing in advance how the throw will be made — whether short and fast to the front of the line or looping slowly to the back.
Encoded information
Receiver selection
The most important piece of information to be encoded is to where in the line the ball is to be thrown. This allows the receiving players to concentrate their effort in lifting the relevant catcher, whereas the opposition must attempt to cover the whole line.
Post-catch action
As well as the length of the throw, some teams will attempt to specify what the catcher should do with the ball when he has it - whether to simply knock it back towards his own team, catch it and then pass it while still up in the air (supported by his team mates) or catch it and bring it down to form a maul. Such a call can only be advice to the catcher, since he may not get a clean catch and the choice of what to do.
Set pieces
Finally, the code may have a means of calling for a specific pre-planned move. This is usually just a particular word - the play won't be used often enough in a match for the opposition to work out what the word means. For example, the code-word "postman" might indicate that the ball is to be caught by the jumper (typically number four) and held briefly while a player from the back of the line-out runs along the line. As he passes the catcher the ball is passed down to him, he continues on to the front of the line, and slips through the gap between the front of the line and the edge of the pitch.
Encoding methods
There are a wealth of different co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%E2%80%93cube%20law | The square–cube law (or cube–square law) is a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. It was first described in 1638 by Galileo Galilei in his Two New Sciences as the "...ratio of two volumes is greater than the ratio of their surfaces".
This principle states that, as a shape grows in size, its volume grows faster than its surface area. When applied to the real world, this principle has many implications which are important in fields ranging from mechanical engineering to biomechanics. It helps explain phenomena including why large mammals like elephants have a harder time cooling themselves than small ones like mice, and why building taller and taller skyscrapers is increasingly difficult.
Description
The square–cube law can be stated as follows:
Represented mathematically:
where is the original surface area and is the new surface area.
where is the original volume, is the new volume, is the original length and is the new length.
For example, a cube with a side length of 1 meter has a surface area of 6 m2 and a volume of 1 m3. If the sides of the cube were multiplied by 2, its surface area would be multiplied by the square of 2 and become 24 m2. Its volume would be multiplied by the cube of 2 and become 8 m3.
The original cube (1 m sides) has a surface area to volume ratio of 6:1. The larger (2 m sides) cube has a surface area to volume ratio of (24/8) 3:1. As the dimensions increase, the volume will continue to grow faster than the surface area. Thus the square–cube law. This principle applies to all solids.
Applications
Engineering
When a physical object maintains the same density and is scaled up, its volume and mass are increased by the cube of the multiplier while its surface area increases only by the square of the same multiplier. This would mean that when the larger version of the object is acceler |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superdeformation | In nuclear physics a superdeformed nucleus is a nucleus that is very far from spherical, forming an ellipsoid with axes in ratios of approximately 2:1:1. Normal deformation is approximately 1.3:1:1. Only some nuclei can exist in superdeformed states.
The first superdeformed states to be observed were the fission isomers, low-spin states of elements in the actinide series. The strong force decays much faster than the Coulomb force, which becomes stronger when nucleons are greater than 2.5 femtometers apart. For this reason, these elements undergo spontaneous fission. In the late 1980s, high-spin superdeformed rotational bands were observed in other regions of the periodic table. Specific elements include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, and mercury.
The existence of superdeformed states occurs because of a combination of macroscopic and microscopic factors, which together lower their energies, and make them stable minima of energy as a function of deformation. Macroscopically, the nucleus can be described by the liquid drop model. The liquid drop's energy as a function of deformation is at a minimum for zero deformation, due to the surface tension term. However, the curve may become soft with respect to high deformations because of the Coulomb repulsion (especially for the fission isomers, which have high Z) and also, in the case of high-spin states, because of the increased moment of inertia. Modulating this macroscopic behavior, the microscopic shell correction creates certain superdeformed magic numbers that are analogous to the spherical magic numbers. For nuclei near these magic numbers, the shell correction creates a second minimum in the energy as a function of deformation.
Even more deformed states (3:1) are called hyperdeformed.
See also
Semi-empirical mass formula (liquid drop model)
Transuranium element |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20scattering | Neutron scattering, the irregular dispersal of free neutrons by matter, can refer to either the naturally occurring physical process itself or to the man-made experimental techniques that use the natural process for investigating materials. The natural/physical phenomenon is of elemental importance in nuclear engineering and the nuclear sciences. Regarding the experimental technique, understanding and manipulating neutron scattering is fundamental to the applications used in crystallography, physics, physical chemistry, biophysics, and materials research.
Neutron scattering is practiced at research reactors and spallation neutron sources that provide neutron radiation of varying intensities. Neutron diffraction (elastic scattering) techniques are used for analyzing structures; where inelastic neutron scattering is used in studying atomic vibrations and other excitations.
Scattering of fast neutrons
"Fast neutrons" (see neutron temperature) have a kinetic energy above 1 MeV. They can be scattered by condensed matter—nuclei having kinetic energies far below 1 eV—as a valid experimental approximation of an elastic collision with a particle at rest. With each collision, the fast neutron transfers a significant part of its kinetic energy to the scattering nucleus (condensed matter), the more so the lighter the nucleus. And with each collision, the "fast" neutron is slowed until it reaches thermal equilibrium with the material in which it is scattered.
Neutron moderators are used to produce thermal neutrons, which have kinetic energies below 1 eV (T < 500K). Thermal neutrons are used to maintain a nuclear chain reaction in a nuclear reactor, and as a research tool in neutron scattering experiments and other applications of neutron science (see below). The remainder of this article concentrates on the scattering of thermal neutrons.
Neutron-matter interaction
Because neutrons are electrically neutral, they penetrate more deeply into matter than electrically charged |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking%20Panda | Parking Panda was an online parking service that allowed drivers to find and reserve parking in advance. In addition to providing drivers with mobile and web applications to find parking, they also helped parking garage owners manage their inventory. Parking Panda was headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland.
In April 2017, SpotHero acquired Parking Panda. The acquisition expanded SpotHero into Canada, and brought the number of parking locations the combined company can reserve to over 5,000. Parking Panda maintained a separate reservation system and app for some time after that but the service was eventually sunsetted in favor of SpotHero.
History
Nick Miller and Adam Zilberbaum founded Parking Panda at the first Maryland Startup Weekend in 2011.
After taking first place at Maryland Startup Weekend, Miller and Zilberbaum were accepted into the inaugural ER Accelerator Summer 2011 program in New York City. During the program, they built out their first online and mobile platform that allows drivers to reserve daily parking. They later added monthly and event parking at private garages, lots and valets.
Services
Coupled with their online reservation platform, Parking Panda also provided a free iOS and Android mobile application, and a Windows desktop application.
Parking Panda also provided a platform for owners to manage their parking operations.
Partnerships
In addition to partnering with garage owners, Parking Panda partnered with companies, events, and venues. Notable partnerships included Amtrak, MLB.com, professional sports teams, the Target Center, and the Verizon Center.
Media coverage
Parking Panda has been featured by major publications including the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Mashable, Slate, and Tech Crunch. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Liberty%20%28Seattle%29 | The Statue of Liberty, or Lady Liberty, is a replica of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) installed at Seattle's Alki Beach Park, in the U.S. state of Washington. It was installed in 1952 by the Boy Scouts of America and underwent a significant restoration in 2007 after repeated vandalism had damaged the sculpture.
Description and history
The sculpture was donated to the city by the Boy Scouts of America in 1952, as part of the Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign. It was installed in February 1952 at a site near the landing spot of the Denny Party, who named the first settlement there "New York Alki" before moving to modern-day Downtown Seattle. The site was near a location proposed for a "grand monument" in the 1911 city plan outlined by Virgil Bogue.
The original statue was constructed using stamped copper sheets and was repeatedly damaged by vandals. The entire statue was knocked off its base by vandals in 1975, requiring $350 in repairs funded by the city's parks department. A miniature version of the statue, left inside the larger statue's pedestal base, was re-discovered with a ripped arm that mirrored the acts of an earlier vandal. It was the site of a temporary memorial after the September 11 attacks, with flowers and flags left around the statue. The statue was also used as the backdrop to several protests against the U.S. invasion of Iraq and the subsequent Iraq War.
The Northwest Programs for the Arts announced plans in 2004 to re-cast the entire sculpture in bronze and began soliciting donations to fund the project. The statue's crown was stolen during the campaign, which received a $15,000 grant from the city's neighborhoods department to complete the project. The old statue was removed in July 2006 and sent to a foundry in Tacoma to be re-cast in bronze and painted copper green. The $140,000 restoration project was completed the following year and the statue was re-installed at Alki Beach on September 11, 2007. The statue is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20globule | A fractal globule also sometimes called a crumpled globule is a name used to describe polymers that have compact local and global scaling. They can be modeled through a Hamiltonian Walk, a lattice walk in which every point is only visited once and no paths intersect, this prevents knot formation. A crumpled globule is a non-equillibrium structure that can be formed through crumpling of a polymer at all length scales, i.e. collapsing in on themselves and this iteratively occurring over the whole polymer. This process follows the Space Filling Peano Curve. It has been proposed that mammalian chromosomes form fractal globules. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Armitage | Joanne Armitage is a composer, improviser and researcher based in Leeds, England, notable for her practice in live coded music, and research into haptics in music performance. She performs internationally using the SuperCollider language, including as half of live coding duo ALGOBABEZ with Shelly Knotts associated with the Algorave movement. Her music is often performed in a club setting, while embracing error and uncertainty. She is also known as advocate for diversity in music and technology, including through invited workshops. Armitage is a lecturer in Digital Media at the School of Media and Communication, University of Leeds, UK. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loquat | The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) is a large evergreen shrub or tree grown commercially for its orange fruit and for its leaves, which are used to make herbal tea. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant.
The loquat is in the family Rosaceae and is native to the cooler hill regions of south-central China. In Japan, the loquat has been grown for over 1,000 years. It has been introduced to regions with subtropical to mild temperate climates throughout the world.
Eriobotrya japonica was formerly thought to be closely related to the genus Mespilus and is still sometimes mistakenly known as the Japanese medlar. It is also known as Japanese plum and Chinese plum.
Etymology
The name loquat derives from Cantonese lou4 gwat1 (). The phrase 'black orange' originally referred to unripened kumquats, which are dark green in color, but the name was mistakenly applied to the loquat by the ancient Chinese poet Su Shi when he was residing in southern China, and the mistake was widely taken up by the Cantonese region thereafter.
Description
E. japonica is a large, evergreen shrub or small tree, with a rounded crown, short trunk, and woolly new twigs. The tree can grow to tall but is often smaller, about . The fruit begins to ripen during spring to summer, depending on the temperature in the area. The leaves are alternate, simple, long, dark green, tough and leathery in texture, with a serrated margin, and densely velvety-hairy below with thick yellow-brown pubescence; the young leaves are also densely pubescent above, but this soon rubs off.
Fruit
Loquats are unusual among fruit trees in that the flowers appear in the autumn or early winter, and the fruits are ripe at any time from early spring to early summer. The flowers are in diameter, white, with five petals, and produced in stiff panicles of three to ten flowers. The flowers have a sweet, heady aroma that can be smelled from a distance.
Loquat fruits, growing in clusters, are oval, rounded or pear-shaped, long, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perifolliculitis | Perifolliculitis is the presence of inflammatory cells in the skin around the hair follicles. It is often found accompanying folliculitis, or inflammation of the hair follicle itself. It can have infectious or non-infectious causes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%20Bright%20Wilson%20Award%20in%20Spectroscopy | The E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy is awarded annually by the American Chemical Society to recognize outstanding accomplishments in fundamental or applied spectroscopy in chemistry. It was first awarded in 1997 and was named in honor of the American Physical Chemist and Spectroscopy pioneer, E. Bright Wilson.
Past recipients
Source:
1997 Ahmed Zewail
1998 Robin M. Hochstrasser
1999 Richard N. Zare
2000 Ad Bax
2001 William A. Klemperer
2002 Takeshi Oka
2003 Marilyn E. Jacox
2004 James K.G. Watson
2005 Eizi Hirota
2006 Donald H. Levy
2007 Michael D. Fayer
2008 Jack H. Freed
2009 Paul F. Barbara
2010 George W. Flynn
2011 Veronica Vaida
2012 Robert W. Field
2013 Steven G. Boxer
2014 Richard P. Van Duyne
2015 R. J. Dwayne Miller
2016 Robert G. Griffin
2017 David J. Nesbitt
2018 Richard J. Saykally
2019 Martin Moskovits
2020 Angela M. Gronenborn
See also
List of chemistry awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter%20design | Filter design is the process of designing a signal processing filter that satisfies a set of requirements, some of which may be conflicting. The purpose is to find a realization of the filter that meets each of the requirements to a sufficient degree to make it useful.
The filter design process can be described as an optimization problem where each requirement contributes to an error function that should be minimized. Certain parts of the design process can be automated, but normally an experienced electrical engineer is needed to get a good result.
The design of digital filters is a deceptively complex topic. Although filters are easily understood and calculated, the practical challenges of their design and implementation are significant and are the subject of advanced research.
Typical design requirements
Typical requirements which are considered in the design process are:
The filter should have a specific frequency response
The filter should have a specific phase shift or group delay
The filter should have a specific impulse response
The filter should be causal
The filter should be stable
The filter should be localized (pulse or step inputs should result in finite time outputs)
The computational complexity of the filter should be low
The filter should be implemented in particular hardware or software
The frequency function
An important parameter is the required frequency response.
In particular, the steepness and complexity of the response curve is a deciding factor for the filter order and feasibility.
A first-order recursive filter will only have a single frequency-dependent component. This means that the slope of the frequency response is limited to 6 dB per octave. For many purposes, this is not sufficient. To achieve steeper slopes, higher-order filters are required.
In relation to the desired frequency function, there may also be an accompanying weighting function, which describes, for each frequency, how important it is that the resultin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor%20Gallai | Tibor Gallai (born Tibor Grünwald, 15 July 1912 – 2 January 1992) was a Hungarian mathematician. He worked in combinatorics, especially in graph theory, and was a lifelong friend and collaborator of Paul Erdős. He was a student of Dénes Kőnig and an advisor of László Lovász. He was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1991).
His main results
The Edmonds–Gallai decomposition theorem, which was proved independently by Gallai and Jack Edmonds, describes finite graphs from the point of view of matchings. Gallai also proved, with Milgram, Dilworth's theorem in 1947, but as they hesitated to publish the result, Dilworth independently discovered and published it.
Gallai was the first to prove the higher-dimensional version of van der Waerden's theorem.
With Paul Erdős he gave a necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence to be the degree sequence of a graph, known as the Erdős–Gallai theorem.
See also
Gallai–Hasse–Roy–Vitaver theorem
Sylvester–Gallai theorem
Gallais-Edmonds decomposition |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeanywhere | Codeanywhere is a cross-platform cloud integrated development environment (IDE) created by Codeanywhere, Inc. Codeanywhere enables users to write, edit, collaborate, and run web development projects from a web browser or mobile device.
Codeanywhere is written in JavaScript. The editor is based on CodeMirror and uses OpenVZ containers for the development environments. Codeanywhere is platform agnostic, enabling the user to run code in Codeanywhere's environments called DevBoxes or connect to their own VMs via SSH or FTP protocol and also connect to Dropbox and Google Drive. The environment supports more than 75 programming languages, including HTML, JavaScript, Node.js, io.js PHP, Ruby, Python, and Go.
In 2017, the company acquired Codebender, another cloud IDE. Codebender is used to develop for Arduino devices.
History
In 2009, the predecessor to Codeanywhere, PHPanywhere, was launched. PHPanywhere was a web-based FTP client and text editor designed for PHP. That project stayed idle until May 22, 2013, when the founders launched Codeanywhere. The founders, Ivan Burazin and Vedran Jukić, reside in Split, Croatia.
Codeanywhere raised $600,000 from World Wide Web Hosting on July 15, 2013. In August 2014, Codeanywhere was accepted in Techstars's Fall Boston Class. In 2014, as part of the TechCrunch Disrupt NY Conference, the audience voted Codeanywhere the best company in Startup Alley.
In 2022 following the new trend of Cloud Developer Environments or CDEs (including GitHub Codespaces), Codeanywhere launched its new Beta project utilising Infrastructure as Code to relieve developers of having to configure development environments.
See also
Online JavaScript IDE
Integrated Development Environment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Diphosphomevalonic%20acid | 5-Diphosphomevalonic acid (or mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate, or 5-pyrophosphomevalonate) is an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway.
See also
Mevalonic acid
Phosphomevalonate kinase
Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase
External links
Organophosphates
Carboxylic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance%20order | In discrete mathematics, dominance order (synonyms: dominance ordering, majorization order, natural ordering) is a partial order on the set of partitions of a positive integer n that plays an important role in algebraic combinatorics and representation theory, especially in the context of symmetric functions and representation theory of the symmetric group.
Definition
If p = (p1,p2,…) and q = (q1,q2,…) are partitions of n, with the parts arranged in the weakly decreasing order, then p precedes q in the dominance order if for any k ≥ 1, the sum of the k largest parts of p is less than or equal to the sum of the k largest parts of q:
In this definition, partitions are extended by appending zero parts at the end as necessary.
Properties of the dominance ordering
Among the partitions of n, (1,…,1) is the smallest and (n) is the largest.
The dominance ordering implies lexicographical ordering, i.e. if p dominates q and p ≠ q, then for the smallest i such that pi ≠ qi one has pi > qi.
The poset of partitions of n is linearly ordered (and is equivalent to lexicographical ordering) if and only if n ≤ 5. It is graded if and only if n ≤ 6. See image at right for an example.
A partition p covers a partition q if and only if pi = qi + 1, pk = qk − 1, pj = qj for all j ≠ i,k and either (1) k = i + 1 or (2) qi = qk (Brylawski, Prop. 2.3). Starting from the Young diagram of q, the Young diagram of p is obtained from it by first removing the last box of row k and then appending it either to the end of the immediately preceding row k − 1, or to the end of row i < k if the rows i through k of the Young diagram of q all have the same length.
Every partition p has a conjugate (or dual) partition p′, whose Young diagram is the transpose of the Young diagram of p. This operation reverses the dominance ordering:
if and only if
The dominance ordering determines the inclusions between the Zariski closures of the conjugacy classes of nilpotent matrices.
Lattice structur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20problem | In the mathematics of computational complexity theory, computability theory, and decision theory, a search problem is a type of computational problem represented by a binary relation. Intuitively, the problem consists in finding structure "y" in object "x". An algorithm is said to solve the problem if at least one corresponding structure exists, and then one occurrence of this structure is made output; otherwise, the algorithm stops with an appropriate output ("not found" or any message of the like).
Every search problem also has a corresponding decision problem, namely
This definition may be generalized to n-ary relations using any suitable encoding which allows multiple strings to be compressed into one string (for instance by listing them consecutively with a delimiter).
More formally, a relation R can be viewed as a search problem, and a Turing machine which calculates R is also said to solve it. More formally, if R is a binary relation such that field(R) ⊆ Γ+ and T is a Turing machine, then T calculates R if:
If x is such that there is some y such that R(x, y) then T accepts x with output z such that R(x, z) (there may be multiple y, and T need only find one of them)
If x is such that there is no y such that R(x, y) then T rejects x
(Note that the graph of a partial function is a binary relation, and if T calculates a partial function then there is at most one possible output.)
Such problems occur very frequently in graph theory and combinatorial optimization, for example, where searching for structures such as particular matchings, optional cliques, particular stable sets, etc. are subjects of interest.
Definition
A search problem is often characterized by:
A set of states
A start state
A goal state or goal test: a boolean function which tells us whether a given state is a goal state
A successor function: a mapping from a state to a set of new states
Objective
Find a solution when not given an algorithm to solve a problem, but only a specificati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t%20Hooft%20loop | In quantum field theory, the 't Hooft loop is a magnetic analogue of the Wilson loop for which spatial loops give rise to thin loops of magnetic flux associated with magnetic vortices. They play the role of a disorder parameter for the Higgs phase in pure gauge theory. Consistency conditions between electric and magnetic charges limit the possible 't Hooft loops that can be used, similarly to the way that the Dirac quantization condition limits the set of allowed magnetic monopoles. They were first introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in 1978 in the context of possible phases that gauge theories admit.
Definition
There are a number of ways to define 't Hooft lines and loops. For timelike curves they are equivalent to the gauge configuration arising from the worldline traced out by a magnetic monopole. These are singular gauge field configurations on the line such that their spatial slice have a magnetic field whose form approaches that of a magnetic monopole
where in Yang–Mills theory is the generally Lie algebra valued object specifying the magnetic charge. 't Hooft lines can also be inserted in the path integal by requiring that the gauge field measure can only run over configurations whose magnetic field takes the above form.
More generally, the 't Hooft loop can be defined as the operator whose effect is equivalent to performing a modified gauge transformations that is singular on the loop in such a way that any other loop parametrized by with a winding number around satisfies
These modified gauge transformations are not true gauge transformations as they do not leave the action invariant. For temporal loops they create the aforementioned field configurations while for spatial loops they instead create loops of color magnetic flux, referred to as center vortices. By constructing such gauge transformations, an explicit form for the 't Hooft loop can be derived by introducing the Yang–Mills conjugate momentum operator
If the loop encloses a surface , then |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20Act%20%28Sweden%29 | The Data Act () is the world's first national data protection law and was enacted in Sweden on 11 May 1973. It went into effect on 1 July 1974 and required licenses by the Swedish Data Protection Authority for information systems handling personal data.
History
Information and communications technologies (ICTs) were far developed in Sweden due to multiple circumstances and the use of computers in public administration was introduced relatively early. Furthermore, the concepts of transparency, public access and openness were traditionally widely present in Swedish society. Widespread public concern was raised in 1969 due to the year's public census.
In 1969, the Royal Commission on Publicity and Secrecy was set up to investigate problems associated with the increasing use of computers to store and process personal data. They provided the initial analysis, recommendations and drafts that addressed these problems. In July 1972, they published their report Computers and Privacy (Sw. Data och integritet).
The Data Inspection Board (DIB), proposed in the report, was set up in July 1973.
In April 1973, the Riksdag uncontentiously passed the Data Act, also proposed in the report, which only slightly modified the commission's draft. It then came into force in July 1973. An associated amendment to the Freedom of the Press Act was adopted in February 1974 − around the same time as the Credit Information Act and the Debt Recovery Acts which regulated computerized credit information.
Problems and succession
As the law's data registration and transborder data flow requirements were considered cumbersome and confusing by private and public organizations and the DIB was soon overcome by the magnitude of registrations the law was amended in 1982 which made the private sector and the government more self-sufficient in terms of registration.
After several more amendments in 1989 a Commission on Data Protection was set up to make a total revision of the act. The commission submit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated%20pentagonal%20gyrocupolarotunda | In geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda is one of the Johnson solids (). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal gyrocupolarotunda () by inserting a decagonal prism between its halves. Rotating either the pentagonal cupola () or the pentagonal rotunda () through 36 degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal orthocupolarotunda ().
Formulae
The following formulae for volume and surface area can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega%20network | An Omega network is a network configuration often used in parallel computing architectures. It is an indirect topology that relies on the perfect shuffle interconnection algorithm.
Connection architecture
An 8x8 Omega network is a multistage interconnection network, meaning that processing elements (PEs) are connected using multiple stages of switches. Inputs and outputs are given addresses as shown in the figure. The outputs from each stage are connected to the inputs of the next stage using a perfect shuffle connection system. This means that the connections at each stage represent the movement of a deck of cards divided into 2 equal decks and then shuffled together, with each card from one deck alternating with the corresponding card from the other deck. In terms of binary representation of the PEs, each stage of the perfect shuffle can be thought of as a cyclic logical left shift; each bit in the address is shifted once to the left, with the most significant bit moving to the least significant bit.
At each stage, adjacent pairs of inputs are connected to a simple exchange element, which can be set either straight (pass inputs directly through to outputs) or crossed (send top input to bottom output, and vice versa). For N processing element, an Omega network contains N/2 switches at each stage, and log2N stages. The manner in which these switches are set determines the connection paths available in the network at any given time. Two such methods are destination-tag routing and XOR-tag routing, discussed in detail below.
The Omega Network is highly blocking, though one path can always be made from any input to any output in a free network.
Destination-tag routing
In destination-tag routing, switch settings are determined solely by the message destination. The most significant bit of the destination address is used to select the output of the switch in the first stage; if the most significant bit is 0, the upper output is selected, and if it is 1, the lower out |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20gradient%20hypothesis | The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) is an evolutionary theory in microbial ecology and community ecology that provides a framework to predict when positive or negative interactions should be observed in an habitat. The SGH states that facilitation, cooperation or mutualism should be more common in stressful environments, compared with benign environments (i.e nutrient excess) where competition or parasitism should be more common.
The stress gradient hypothesis, in which ecological interactions shift in a positive direction with increasing environmental stress, is controversial among ecologists, in part because of contradictory support, yet a 2021 meta analysis study compared SGH across different organisms with intraspecificity and interspecificity interacrions and conclude that the SGH is indeed a broadly relevant ecological phenomena that is currently held back by cross-disciplinary communication barriers.
SGH is well supported by studies that feature bacteria, plants, terrestrial ecosystems, interspecific negative interactions, adults, survival instead of growth or reproduction, and drought, fire, and nutrient stress.
Drought and nutrient stress, especially when combined, shift ecological interactions positively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20process%20control | In control theory, advanced process control (APC) refers to a broad range of techniques and technologies implemented within industrial process control systems. Advanced process controls are usually deployed optionally and in addition to basic process controls. Basic process controls are designed and built with the process itself, to facilitate basic operation, control and automation requirements. Advanced process controls are typically added subsequently, often over the course of many years, to address particular performance or economic improvement opportunities in the process.
Process control (basic and advanced) normally implies the process industries, which includes chemicals, petrochemicals, oil and mineral refining, food processing, pharmaceuticals, power generation, etc. These industries are characterized by continuous processes and fluid processing, as opposed to discrete parts manufacturing, such as automobile and electronics manufacturing. The term process automation is essentially synonymous with process control.
Process controls (basic as well as advanced) are implemented within the process control system, which may mean a distributed control system (DCS), programmable logic controller (PLC), and/or a supervisory control computer. DCSs and PLCs are typically industrially hardened and fault-tolerant. Supervisory control computers are often not hardened or fault-tolerant, but they bring a higher level of computational capability to the control system, to host valuable, but not critical, advanced control applications. Advanced controls may reside in either the DCS or the supervisory computer, depending on the application. Basic controls reside in the DCS and its subsystems, including PLCs.
Types of Advanced Process Control
Following is a list of well known types of advanced process control:
Advanced regulatory control (ARC) refers to several proven advanced control techniques, such as override or adaptive gain (but in all cases, "regulating o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naspers | Naspers Limited is a South African multinational internet, technology and multimedia holding company headquartered in Cape Town, with interests in online retail, publishing and venture capital investment. Naspers' principal shareholder is its Dutch listed investment subsidiary Prosus, which owns approximately 49% of its parent as part of a cross ownership structure.
Founded in 1915 by attorney W. A. Hofmeyr, Naspers was the largest publishing company in South Africa throughout the 20th century with interests across newspapers, magazines and books. In the 1980s, the company began to diversify, launching a subscription television service and investing in markets outside of South Africa for the first time.
In 2001, Naspers made an early investment in Chinese technology firm Tencent and became increasingly focused on the global consumer internet sector. In 2019, Naspers listed its global internet investment business unit Prosus (including a 31% stake in Tencent) on Euronext Amsterdam.
Naspers currently owns a 56.92% stake in Prosus and wholly owns Media24 (Africa's largest publishing company), Takealot.com (South Africa's largest online retailer) and Naspers Foundry, a South African focused venture capital fund.
History
Founding and Afrikaner nationalism
In 1914, a group of prominent Cape Afrikaners decided at a meeting in Stellenbosch to form a publishing company that would support Afrikaner nationalism in the Union of South Africa. This meeting led to W. A. Hofmeyr, a well-known Cape lawyer and National Party organizer; founding De Nasionale Pers Beperkt (National Press Ltd) in 1915 as a publisher of newspapers and magazines. The firm's name was commonly shortened to Naspers (De Nasionale Pers Beperk), the contraction eventually becoming used even by the company itself.
Naspers launched with the support of Jannie Marais, a prominent Stellenbosch farmer, Jan Christiaan Smuts, Louis Botha, and National Party founding president J.B.M. Hertzog. Naspers was strongly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20structure | Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics.
Models
The liquid drop model
The liquid drop model is one of the first models of nuclear structure, proposed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1935. It describes the nucleus as a semiclassical fluid made up of neutrons and protons, with an internal repulsive electrostatic force proportional to the number of protons. The quantum mechanical nature of these particles appears via the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two nucleons of the same kind can be at the same state. Thus the fluid is actually what is known as a Fermi liquid.
In this model, the binding energy of a nucleus with protons and neutrons is given by
where is the total number of nucleons (Mass Number). The terms proportional to and represent the volume and surface energy of the liquid drop, the term proportional to represents the electrostatic energy, the term proportional to represents the Pauli exclusion principle and the last term is the pairing term, which lowers the energy for even numbers of protons or neutrons.
The coefficients and the strength of the pairing term may be estimated theoretically, or fit to data.
This simple model reproduces the main features of the binding energy of nuclei.
The assumption of nucleus as a drop of Fermi liquid is still widely used in the form of Finite Range Droplet Model (FRDM), due to the possible good reproduction of nuclear binding energy on the whole chart, with the necessary accuracy for predictions of unknown nuclei.
The shell model
The expression "shell model" is ambiguous in that it refers to two different items. It was previously used to describe the existence of nucleon shells according to an approach closer to what is now called mean field theory.
Nowadays, it refers to a formalism analogous to the configuration interaction formalism used in quantum chemistry.
Introduction to the shell concept
Systematic measurements of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping%20while%20on%20duty | Sleeping while on duty or sleeping on the job – falling asleep while one is not supposed to – is considered gross misconduct and grounds for disciplinary action, including termination of employment, in some occupations. Recently however, there has been a movement in support of sleeping, or napping at work, with scientific studies highlighting health and productivity benefits, and over 6% of employers in some countries providing facilities to do so. In some types of work, such as firefighting or live-in caregiving, sleeping at least part of the shift may be an expected part of paid work time. While some employees who sleep while on duty in violation do so intentionally and hope not to get caught, others intend in good faith to stay awake, and accidentally doze.
Sleeping while on duty is such an important issue that it is addressed in the employee handbook in some workplaces. Concerns that employers have may include the lack of productivity, the unprofessional appearance, and danger that may occur when the employee's duties involve watching to prevent a hazardous situation. In some occupations, such as pilots, truck and bus drivers, or those operating heavy machinery, falling asleep while on duty puts lives in danger. However, in many countries, these workers are supposed to take a break and rest every few hours.
Frequency
The frequency of sleeping while on duty that occurs varies depending on the time of day. Daytime employees are more likely to take short naps, while graveyard shift workers have a higher likelihood of sleeping for a large portion of their shift, sometimes intentionally.
A survey by the National Sleep Foundation has found that 30% of participants have admitted to sleeping while on duty. More than 90% of Americans have experienced a problem at work because of a poor night's sleep. One in four admit to shirking duties on the job for the same reason, either calling in sick or napping during work hours.
Views
Employers have varying views of sleeping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majesty%20of%20the%20Seas%20%28mini%29 | The mini Majesty of the Seas is a model ship constructed in Morsbach, France, by François Zanella.
The vessel is a 1/8th scale model of Royal Caribbean International's 1992 cruise ship, Majesty of the Seas (also built in France, by Chantiers de l'Atlantique). The mini Majesty is 33.5 metres in length, with a width of 4.75 metres and a draft of 1.06 metres. The model has a displacement of 90 tons. In addition to being a scale replica model, the mini Majesty is a fully functional canal boat. The vessel's draft is small enough to permit admittance to most European canals, although in some cases the height of the ship needs to, and can, be modified.
It took François Zanella, a mine builder, 11 years to build the model, beginning in 1993. The model was built on land opposite his home in Morsbach, which he purchased specifically for the project. After construction was completed in June 2005, the model was transported to Sarreguemines to be launched and christened. François Zanella's fame in France stemmed from the show Thalassa on France 3, which followed his activities during the construction period. He died in 2015.
Chronology
1993 First blueprint.
1994 Construction starts.
June 23, 2005 – ship launch in
Sarreguemines and christening by navigator Maud Fontenoy.
External links
Le Républicain Lorrain special edition dated June 21, 2005
The web site of Cindy, one of François Zanella's daughters
Sarreguemines city official web site, describing the three-day travel of the Majesty of the Seas from Morsbach construction site to ship launching.
Notes
Model boats
Passenger ships of France
2005 works
Royal Caribbean International |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMessage | iMessage is an instant messaging service developed by Apple Inc. and launched in 2011. iMessage functions exclusively on Apple platforms: macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and watchOS.
Core features of iMessage, available on all supported platforms, include sending text messages, images, videos, and documents; getting delivery and read statuses (read receipts); and end-to-end encryption so only the sender and recipient can read the messages, and no one else, including Apple itself, can read them. The service also allows sending location data and stickers. On iOS and iPadOS, third-party developers can extend iMessage capabilities with custom extensions, an example being quick sharing of recently played songs.
Launched on iOS in 2011, iMessage arrived on macOS (then called OS X) in 2012. In 2020, Apple announced an entirely redesigned version of the macOS Messages app which adds some of the features previously unavailable on the Mac, including location sharing and message effects.
History
iMessage was announced by Scott Forstall at the WWDC 2011 keynote on June 6, 2011. A version of the Messages app for iOS with support for iMessage was included in the iOS 5 update on October 12, 2011. On February 16, 2012, Apple announced that a new Messages app replacing iChat would be part of OS X Mountain Lion. Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.
On October 23, 2012, Apple CEO, Tim Cook announced that Apple device users have sent 300 billion messages using iMessage and that Apple delivers an average of 28,000 messages per second. In February 2016, Eddy Cue announced that the number of iMessages sent per second had grown to 200,000.
In May 2014, a lawsuit was filed against Apple over an issue where, if a user switched from an Apple device to a non-Apple device, messages being delivered to them through iMessage would not reach their destination. In November 2014 Apple addressed this problem by providing instructions and an online tool to deregister iMessage. A federal court dismiss |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profiling%20%28computer%20programming%29 | In software engineering, profiling ("program profiling", "software profiling") is a form of dynamic program analysis that measures, for example, the space (memory) or time complexity of a program, the usage of particular instructions, or the frequency and duration of function calls. Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization, and more specifically, performance engineering.
Profiling is achieved by instrumenting either the program source code or its binary executable form using a tool called a profiler (or code profiler). Profilers may use a number of different techniques, such as event-based, statistical, instrumented, and simulation methods.
Gathering program events
Profilers use a wide variety of techniques to collect data, including hardware interrupts, code instrumentation, instruction set simulation, operating system hooks, and performance counters.
Use of profilers
The output of a profiler may be:
A statistical summary of the events observed (a profile)
Summary profile information is often shown annotated against the source code statements where the events occur, so the size of measurement data is linear to the code size of the program.
/* ------------ source------------------------- count */
0001 IF X = "A" 0055
0002 THEN DO
0003 ADD 1 to XCOUNT 0032
0004 ELSE
0005 IF X = "B" 0055
A stream of recorded events (a trace)
For sequential programs, a summary profile is usually sufficient, but performance problems in parallel programs (waiting for messages or synchronization issues) often depend on the time relationship of events, thus requiring a full trace to get an understanding of what is happening.
The size of a (full) trace is linear to the program's instruction path length, making it somewhat impractical. A trace may therefore be initiated at one point in a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptum%20Technologies | Aptum Technologies, formerly Cogeco Peer 1, is a provider of services for data centers and cloud computing. The company is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
History
Peer 1 Network Enterprises was founded in 1996 in Vancover, British Columbia, and funded in 2003.
In 2004, Peer 1 acquired ServerBeach for about US$7.5 million. ServerBeach was based in San Antonio, Texas, founded in January 2003 by Rackspace co-founder Richard Yoo.
ServerBeach had hosted video site YouTube until December 2007.
In 2005, Peer 1 acquired Interland, Inc. assets in the USA for about US$14 million, and an investment of US$ 36 million, led by Celerity Partners, of Menlo Park, California.
By 2010 Peer 1 was doing business as Peer 1 Hosting, listed as a public company on the Toronto Stock Exchange with symbol PIX, reporting yearly revenues of about CDN$98 million.
In 2012, Peer 1 acquired UK hosting provider NetBenefit for 25 million pounds, from Group NBT Limited.
Cogeco Cable purchased Peer 1 Hosting in December, 2012.
It formed Cogeco Peer 1 specializing in managed hosting, dedicated servers, cloud services and colocation.
On February 27, 2019, Cogeco agreed to sell Cogeco Peer 1 Inc. to the investment firm Digital Colony. The deal closed on May 1, 2019.
In August, 2019, Cogeco Peer 1 changed its name to Aptum Technologies. Susan Bowen was chief executive at the time.
The Canadian co-location business was sold to eStruxture in May, 2021.
In June, 2021, the parent of Digital Colony, Colony Capital, based in Boca Raton, Florida, announced it would rebrand itself to be called DigitalBridge.
In January,2023, Aptum acquired CloudOps, a Montreal, Canada-based cloud consulting, managed services and software company focused on open source, cloud native platforms, networking and DevOps. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminologia%20Embryologica | The Terminologia Embryologica (TE) is a standardized list of words used in the description of human embryologic and fetal structures. It was produced by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology on behalf of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and posted on the Internet since 2010. It has been approved by the General Assembly of the IFAA during the seventeenth International Congress of Anatomy in Cape Town (August 2009).
It is analogous to the Terminologia Anatomica (TA), which standardizes terminology for adult human anatomy and which deals primarily with naked-eye adult anatomy. It succeeds the Nomina Embryologica, which was included as a component of the Nomina Anatomica.
It was not included in the original version of the TA.
Codes
e1.0: General terms
e2.0: Ontogeny
e3.0: Embryogeny
e4.0: General histology
e5.0: Bones; Skeletal system
e5.1: Joints; Articular system
e5.2: Muscles; Muscular system
e5.3: Face
e5.4: Alimentary system
e5.5: Respiratory system
e5.6: Urinary system
e5.7: Genital systems
e5.8: Coelom and septa
e5.9: Mesenchymal mesenteric masses
e5.10: Endocrine glands
e5.11: Cardiovascular system
e5.12: Lymphoid system
e5.13: Nervous system
e5.14: Central nervous system
e5.15: Peripheral nervous system
e5.16: Sense organs
e5.17: The integument
e6.0: Extraembryonic and fetal membranes
e7.0: Embryogenesis (-> 13 st)
e7.0: Embryogenesis (14 st ->)
e7.1: Fetogenesis
e7.2: Features of mature neonate
e8.0: Dysmorphia terms
See also
Terminologia Anatomica
Terminologia Histologica
International Morphological Terminology
Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia%20und%20Germania | Italia und Germania (Italy and Germany) is an allegorical painting of the painter Friedrich Overbeck, finished in 1828. The painting shows two women inclining to each other, symbolizing the friendship between the two countries or cultures they represent: Italia and Germania. At that time, both Italy and Germany were cultural regions but not unified national states.
Overbeck painted it in the style of the Nazarenes. The original is displayed in the Neue Pinakothek in Munich, Germany. Other versions can be seen in the Sammlung Georg Schäfer in Schweinfurt and in the Galerie Neue Meister in Dresden.
The two women on the painting sit on a bench in front of a landscape. The left woman (Italia) has dark hair and wears a laurel wreath. The background shows a typically Italian landscape with rocky coast. On the right side the background contains a German city in gothic style, Germania is blond with a wreath of flowers. Both women sit close to each other, in amical inclination, holding hands.
Historical-political context
At the time of the painting's creation, both "Italy" and "Germany" were merely cultural and geographic umbrella terms for politically fragmented regions in central and southern Europe divided into various principalities (cf. Deutscher Bund and Risorgimento), each of which was about half a century later became political entities in the nation-states of the Kingdom of Italy (1861) and the German Empire (1871) during the 1860s and 1870s. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMELX | Amelogenin, X isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMELX gene. AMELX is located on the X chromosome and encodes a set of isoforms of amelogenin by alternative splicing. Amelogenin is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the process of amelogenesis, the formation of enamel on teeth.
Function
AMELX is involved in biomineralization during tooth enamel development. The AMELX gene encodes for the structural modeling protein, amelogenin, which works with other amelogenesis-related proteins to direct the mineralisation of enamel. This process involves the organization of enamel rods, the basic unit of tooth enamel, as well as the inclusion and growth of hydroxyapatite crystals.
Clinical significance
Mutations in AMELX result in amelogenesis imperfecta. It has been shown that mice with a knocked-out AMELX gene will present disorganized and hypoplastic enamel.
See also
AMELY |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canker | A plant canker is a small area of dead tissue, which grows slowly, often over years. Some cankers are of only minor consequence, but others are ultimately lethal and therefore can have major economic implications for agriculture and horticulture. Their causes include a wide range of organisms as fungi, bacteria, mycoplasmas and viruses. The majority of canker-causing organisms are bound to a unique host species or genus, but a few will attack other plants. Weather (via frost or windstorm damage) and animal damage can also cause stress to the plant resulting in cankers. Other causes of cankers is pruning when the bark is wet or using un-sterilized tools.
Although fungicides or bactericides can treat some cankers, often the only available treatment is to destroy the infected plant to contain the disease.
Examples
Apple canker, caused by the fungus Neonectria galligena
Ash bacterial canker, now understood to be caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi, rather than Pseudomonas syringae. After DNA-relatedness studies Pseudomonas savastanoi has been instated as a new species.
Butternut canker, caused by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum
Bleeding canker of horse chestnut, caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. aesculi
Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis
Cypress canker, caused by the fungus Seiridium cardinale
Foamy bark canker of oaks in California, caused by the fungus Geosmithia putterillii
Dogwood anthracnose, caused by the fungus Discula destructiva
Grape canker, caused by the fungus Eutypa lata
Honey locust canker, caused by the fungus Thyronectria austro-americana
Larch canker, caused by the fungus Lachnellula willkommii
Mulberry canker, caused by the fungus Gibberella baccata
Oak canker, caused by the fungus Diplodia quercina
Pine pitch canker, caused by the fungus Fusarium circinatum
Plane anthracnose, caused by the fungus Apiognomonia veneta
Poplar canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleraldehyde | Isovaleraldehyde organic compound, also known as 3-methylbutanal, with the formula (CH3)2CHCH2CHO. It is an aldehyde, a colorless liquid at STP, and found in low concentrations in many types of food. Commercially it is used as a reagent for the production of pharmaceuticals, perfumes and pesticides.
Synthesis
Synthetic routes for the production of isovaleraldehyde vary. One method is by the hydroformylation of isobutene:
A small amount of 2,2-dimethylpropanal ( side product is also generated.
Another method of production involves the isomerization of 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol using CuO–ZnO as a catalyst. A mixture of 3-methylbut-3-en-1-ol and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol may also be used. These starting materials are obtained from a reaction between isobutene and formaldehyde:
CH3CH3CCH2 + CH2O → (CH3)2CHCH2CHO
Finally, in beer the compound is produced via a reaction between the amino acid leucine and reductones in the malt.
Occurrences and uses
As it can be derived from leucine, the occurrence of isovaleraldehyde is not limited to beer. The compound has found to be a flavor component in many different types of foods. It is described as having a malty flavor and has been found in cheese, coffee, chicken, fish, chocolate, olive oil, and tea.
The compound is used as a reactant in the synthesis of a number of compounds. Notably it is used to synthesize 2,3-dimethylbut-2-ene, and is then converted to 2,3-dimethylbutane-2,3-diol and methyl tert-butyl ketone, better known as pinacolone. Pinacolone itself is then used in synthesis for number of pesticides. Additionally, a range of pharmaceuticals, such as butizide, are synthesized from isovaleraldehyde and its corresponding acid. It is a common reagent or building block in organic synthesis.
Acid-catalyzed cyclic trimerization of Isovaleraldehyde gives 2,4,6-Triisobutyl-1,3,5-trioxane [68165-40-2]. This is a flavouring agent that can be used in confectionary, tobacco, and other foodstuffs, toothpastes and the like.
It is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEMI%20font | SEMI Font, also known as SEMI OCR font, is used for marking silicon wafers in the semi-conductor industry.
The SEMI font character set include 26 uppercase letters, 10 numbers, dash and period.
Their shapes and dimensions are specified by SEMI M12/M13 standard, which was approved by Global Traceability Committee and North American Traceability Committee.
When used in “single-density” mode, laser scribers use a dot matrix of 5 dots horizontal and 9 dots vertical, in “double-density” mode, the matrix is 10 dots horizontal and 18 dots vertical. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo%20Torroja%20Caballe | Eduardo Torroja Caballé (February 1, 1847 – June 1, 1918) was a Spanish mathematician born in the city of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
Biography
His father was Juan Torroja, a professor of Geography and History. He continued his studies at Complutense University, where he obtained the degrees of Bachelor of Science (1864), Masters of Science (1866), Architect (1869) and Doctor of Science (1873) in Mathematics.
Very early in his studies he became a disciple of Karl Georg Christian von Staudt, whose ideas of synthetic geometry he embraced and promoted among his fellow mathematicians for the rest of his life. The strong presence of geometry in Spain's mathematical curriculum, even to this day, can be traced back to Torroja's influence. In 1869, Torroja became a research fellow at the Astronomical Observatory in Madrid, where he contributed to the geodesic triangulation of Spain, initiated by the General Carlos Ibáñez. While working at that Research Institute, he became assistant professor at the Faculty of Sciences.
In 1873 he became a full professor of Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry at the University of Valencia. In 1876 he obtained the professorship in Descriptive Geometry at Complutense University, where he remained until his retirement due to terminal illness in 1916.
During his tenure he promoted research in synthetic geometry, influencing a generation of Spanish mathematicians, including Miguel Vegas, Cecilio Jiménez Rueda, José Álvarez Ude, Antonio Torroja, and Julio Rey Pastor. His books became highly regarded textbooks, expanding the scope of his influence and that of his inspiration, Karl von Staudt.
At that time Complutense University was the only University in the Spanish Empire entitled to grant Doctor degrees, so that most Spanish mathematicians can trace their academic genealogy to Dr. Torroja Caballé.
In the year 1900, Torroja and his disciple Miguel Vegas, prepared the Curriculum for the studies of Sciences, which had an ove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Botanical%20Research%20Institute | The National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is a research institute of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is engaged in the field of taxonomy and modern biology.
History
Originally conceptualised and set up as the National Botanic Gardens (NBG) by Professor Kailas Nath Kaul on behalf of the State Government of Uttar Pradesh, it was taken over by the CSIR in 1953. Dr Triloki Nath Khoshoo joined in 1964 as the Assistant Director, shortly afterwards becoming the Director. Initially engaged in research work in the classical botanical disciplines, the NBG went on laying an increasing emphasis in keeping with the national needs and priorities in the field of plant sciences, on its applied and developmental research activities. Due to the untiring efforts of Dr Khoshoo, the institute rose to the stature of being the National Botanical Research Institute in 1978, reflecting the correct nature and extent of its aims and objectives, functions and R & D activities. Sikandar Bagh is a famous and historic pleasure garden, located in the grounds of the Institute.
Achievements
NBRI developed a new variety of bougainvillea, named Los Banos Variegata-Jayanthi.
In a move to fight against whiteflies National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) Lucknow has developed a pest resistant variety of cotton.
A group of innovators developed first indigenous transgenic cotton variety expressing bt protein.
South Africa
National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is also the state botanical research institute of South Africa. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chladni%27s%20law | Chladni's law, named after Ernst Chladni, relates the frequency of modes of vibration for flat circular surfaces with fixed center as a function of the numbers m of diametric (linear) nodes and n of radial (circular) nodes. It is stated as the equation
where C and p are coefficients which depend on the properties of the plate.
For flat circular plates, p is roughly 2, but Chladni's law can also be used to describe the vibrations of cymbals, handbells, and church bells in which case p can vary from 1.4 to 2.4. In fact, p can even vary for a single object, depending on which family of modes is being examined. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospory%20in%20plants | Endospory in plants is the retention and development of gametophytes, partially or entirely, within the walls of the generative spore. This is a trait present in many heterosporous plant species.
Origin
There is debate as to whether endospory or heterospory evolved first. Some debate centers upon the requirement of endospory to develop before heterospory. Endospory is assumed to follow heterospory but it has been suggested that without endospory, early plant species dependency on water fertilization and environmental impacts on gametophytic gene expression would have reduced the chances of heterospory in the Late Devonian. Heterospory and endospory are often found co-occurring and the origin of endospory is drawn from comparisons in extant species. Fossils provide evidence of the origin of heterospory in the middle to late Devonian with earliest record of fossil taxa being Cyclostigma and Bisporangiostrobus, late Devonian genera. Early fossil records of endospory have not been discussed in literature, but the oldest extant lineage with heterospory, the Selaginella, have been recognized as a potential intermediate in the morphological evolution to endospory due to its megaspores' potential for photosynthesis and rhizoids extending from the trilete structure.
Ovule structures began diversifying during the late Devonian, suggesting that endospory originated in around this time. It is possible that in some lineages, heterospory was an consequence of endospory through developmental changes of endospory. In tracheophytes specifically, endospory and heterospory may have evolved separately a number of times.
It has been suggested that heterospory and endospory may be adaptively linked, but with independent developmental control. Phylogenetic inference of hornworts demonstrates that endospory is homoplastic. This is observed in the separate origins of endospory across multiple orders of liverworts.
Endosporic gametophytes
Endosporic megagametophytes extend only rhizo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20A.%20Scott%20Professorship%20of%20Mathematics | The Thomas A. Scott Professorship of Mathematics is an academic grant made to the University of Pennsylvania. It was established in 1881 by the railroad executive and financier Thomas Alexander Scott.
Recipients
Ezra Otis Kendall, 1881–1899
Edwin Schofield Crawley, 1899–1933
George Hervey Hallett, 1933–1941
John Robert Kline, 1941–1955
Hans A. Rademacher, 1956–1962
Eugenio Calabi, 1967–1993
Shmuel Weinberger, 1994–1996
Herbert S. Wilf, 1998–2006
Charles Epstein, 2008–present
See also
Thomas A. Scott Fellowship in Hygiene
External links
University of Pennsylvania Mathematics Department page about the Professorship |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention%20deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder | Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.
ADHD symptoms arise from executive dysfunction, and emotional dysregulation is often considered a core symptom. In children, problems paying attention may result in poor school performance. ADHD is associated with other neurodevelopmental and mental disorders as well as some non-psychiatric disorders, which can cause additional impairment, especially in modern society. Although people with ADHD struggle to sustain attention on tasks that entail delayed rewards or consequences, they are often able to maintain an unusually prolonged and intense level of attention for tasks they do find interesting or rewarding; this is known as hyperfocus.
The precise causes of ADHD are unknown in the majority of cases. Genetic factors play an important role; ADHD tends to run in families and has a heritability rate of 74%. Toxins and infections during pregnancy as well as brain damage may be environmental risks.
It affects about 5–7% of children when diagnosed via the DSM-IV criteria, and 1–2% when diagnosed via the ICD-10 criteria. Rates are similar between countries and differences in rates depend mostly on how it is diagnosed. ADHD is diagnosed approximately twice as often in boys as in girls, and 1.6 times more often in men than in women, although the disorder is overlooked in girls or diagnosed in later life because their symptoms sometimes differ from diagnostic criteria. About 30–50% of people diagnosed in childhood continue to have ADHD in adulthood, with 2.58% of adults estimated to have ADHD which began in childhood. In adults, hyperactivity is usually replaced by inner restlessness, and adults often develop coping skills to compensate for their impairments. The con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINE%40Etersoft | WINE@Etersoft is a Microsoft Windows compatibility layer available for Linux and FreeBSD. This compatibility layer enables many Windows-based applications to run on Linux operating systems, or FreeBSD.
WINE@Etersoft is developed by Etersoft and based on Wine, an open-source Windows compatibility layer. WINE@Etersoft is focused on popular Russian software applications as 1C:Enterprise, Consultant Plus, and Garant. Unlike regular Wine, it supports security keys and cryptography.
In 2008, the WINE@Etersoft software product won Russian prestigious award on technology category CNews AWARDS.
Platforms
WINE@Etersoft supports many operating systems: Astra Linux, ALT Linux, Fedora Linux, Debian, Mandriva Linux,Slackware, openSUSE, FreeBSD, CentOS, Ubuntu, Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Applications
Lots of applications have been supported by the software at one time over the span of 16 years. Some still are supported by either the Etersoft company or Applications' developers.
Some of the popular software:
1C:Enterprise,
Consultant Plus,
Garant,
T-FLEX CAD,
Kompas-3D,
AVARDA, MetaTrader 4, QUIK.
Education
There is a private use version of WINE@Etersoft named WINE@Etersoft Local that was once used in educational institutes between 2007 and 2010.
In 2010, the WINE@Etersoft School product was released, distributed free of charge among Russian schools and focused on running educational applications on Linux. It was later replaced with the WINE@Etersoft Network Special Education License.
See also
Wine
PlayOnMac
PlayOnLinux
Wine-Doors
Darwine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal%20plexus | The renal plexus is a complex network of nerves formed by filaments from the celiac ganglia and plexus, aorticorenal ganglia, lower thoracic splanchnic nerves and first lumbar splanchnic nerve and aortic plexus.
The nerves from these sources, fifteen or twenty in number, have a few ganglia developed upon them.
It enters the kidneys on arterial branches to supply the vessels, Renal glomerulus, and tubules with branches to the ureteric plexus. Some filaments are distributed to the spermatic plexus and, on the right side, to the inferior vena cava.
The ovarian plexus arises from the renal plexus, and is one of two sympathetic supplies distributed to the ovary and fundus of the uterus.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspic | Aspic or meat jelly () is a savory gelatin made with a meat stock or broth, set in a mold to encase other ingredients. These often include pieces of meat, seafood, vegetable, or eggs. Aspic is also sometimes referred to as aspic gelée or aspic jelly. In its simplest form, aspic is essentially a gelatinous version of conventional soup.
History
The 10th-century Kitab al-Tabikh, the earliest known Arabic cookbook, contains a recipe for a fish aspic called . This dish was made by boiling several large fish heads with vinegar, parsley, cassia, whole onions, rue, black pepper, ginger, spikenard, galangal, clove, coriander seeds, and long pepper. The resulting dish was then colored with saffron to give it a "radiant red" color. The cooked fish heads and seasonings were then removed from the cooking liquid before the tongues and the lips were returned to steep until the liquid and everything in it had cooled and gelatinized.
According to one poetic reference by Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who described a version of the dish prepared with Iraqi carp, it was "like ruby on the platter, set in a pearl ... steeped in saffron thus, like garnet it looks, vibrantly red, shimmering on silver".
Historically, meat aspics were made even before fruit- and vegetable-flavoured aspics. By the Middle Ages, cooks had discovered that a thickened meat broth could be made into a jelly. A detailed recipe for aspic is found in Le Viandier, written in or around 1375.
In the early 19th century, the French chef Marie-Antoine Carême created chaudfroid. The term chaudfroid means "hot cold" in French, referring to foods that were prepared hot and served cold. Aspic was used as a chaudfroid sauce in many cold fish and poultry meals, where it added moisture and flavour to the food. Carême also invented various types of aspic and ways of preparing it.
Aspic came into prominence in America in the early 20th century. By the 1950s, meat aspic was a popular dinner staple, as were other gelatin-based dishes suc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%3A1%20pixel%20mapping | 1:1 pixel mapping is a video display technique applicable to devices with native fixed pixels, such as LCD monitors and plasma displays. A monitor that has been set to 1:1 pixel mapping will display an input source without scaling it, such that each pixel received is mapped to a single native pixel on the monitor. This technique avoids loss of sharpness due to scaling artifacts and normally avoids incorrect aspect ratio due to stretching. If the input resolution is less than the monitor's native resolution, this will result in black borders around the image (e.g. letterboxing or windowboxing).
See also
Overscan
HD ready 1080p
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction%20unit | The instruction unit (I-unit or IU), also called, e.g., instruction fetch unit (IFU), instruction issue unit (IIU), instruction sequencing unit (ISU), in a central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for organizing program instructions to be fetched from memory, and executed, in an appropriate order, and for forwarding them to an execution unit (E-unit or EU). The I-unit may also do, e.g., address resolution, pre-fetching, prior to forwarding an instruction. It is a part of the control unit, which in turn is part of the CPU.
In the simplest style of computer architecture, the instruction cycle is very rigid, and runs exactly as specified by the programmer. In the instruction fetch part of the cycle, the value of the instruction pointer (IP) register is the address of the next instruction to be fetched. This value is placed on the address bus and sent to the memory unit; the memory unit returns the instruction at that address, and it is latched into the instruction register (IR); and the value of the IP is incremented or over-written by a new value (in the case of a jump or branch instruction), ready for the next instruction cycle.
This becomes a lot more complicated, though, once performance-enhancing features are added, such as instruction pipelining, out-of-order execution, and even just the introduction of a simple instruction cache.
See also
Branch prediction and the branch prediction buffer
Branch target predictor and the branch target buffer
Branch delay slot
Instruction scheduling
Instruction selection
Data dependency or data hazard
Scoreboarding
Very long instruction word (VLIW)
Superscalar processor
Opcode
Analysis of Instruction parallelism, Instruction frequencies, Instruction mix
Instruction path length or Instruction count |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor%20Specification | The MultiProcessor Specification (MPS) for the x86 architecture is an open standard describing enhancements to both operating systems and firmware, which will allow them to work with x86-compatible processors in a multi-processor configuration. MPS covers Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) architectures.
Version 1.1 of the specification was released on April 11, 1994.
Version 1.4 of the specification was released on July 1, 1995, which added extended configuration tables to improve support for multiple PCI bus configurations and improve expandability.
The Linux kernel and FreeBSD are known to support the Intel MPS.
Windows NT are known to support MPS 1.1 and Windows 2000 or higher are known to support MPS 1.4.
OS/2 are known to support MPS 1.1 only.
Mac OS X are known to support MPS 1.4 only.
There is a utility called 'mptable' which can be used to examine the MPS table on motherboards.
Since most newer machines support Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which subsumes the MPS functionality, MPS has for the most part been supplanted by ACPI. MPS can still be useful on machines or with operating systems that do not support ACPI.
External links
MultiProcessor Specification
MPS Specification 1.4 (May 1997)
Intel MP Specification compatibility
Intel products
X86 architecture
BIOS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAITS | WAITS was a heavily modified variant of Digital Equipment Corporation's Monitor operating system (later renamed to, and better known as, "TOPS-10") for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 mainframe computers, used at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) from the mid-1960s up until 1991; the mainframe computer it ran on also went by the name of "SAIL".
Overview
There was never an "official" expansion of WAITS, but a common variant was "West-coast Alternative to ITS"; another variant was "Worst Acronym Invented for a Timesharing System". The name was endorsed by the SAIL community in a public vote choosing among alternatives. Two of the other contenders were SAINTS ("Stanford AI New Timesharing System") and SINNERS ("Stanford Incompatible Non-New Extensively Rewritten System"), proposed by the systems programmers. Though WAITS was less visible than ITS, there was frequent exchange of people and ideas between the two communities, and innovations pioneered at WAITS exerted enormous indirect influence.
WAITS alumni at Xerox PARC and elsewhere also played major roles in the developments that led to the Xerox Star, the Macintosh, and the SUN workstation (later sold by Sun Microsystems).
The early screen modes of Emacs, for example, were directly inspired by WAITS' "E" editor – one of a family of editors that were the first to do real-time editing, in which the editing commands were invisible and where one typed text at the point of insertion/overwriting. The modern style of multi-region windowing is said to have originated there.
The system also featured an unusual level of support for what is now called multimedia computing, allowing analog audio and video signals (including TV and radio) to be switched to programming terminals. This switching capability for terminal video even allowed users in separate offices to view and type on the same virtual terminal, or a single user to instantly switch among multiple full virtual terminals.
Also invented there were "bucky |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th%20meridian | The 180th meridian or antimeridian is the meridian 180° both east and west of the prime meridian in a geographical coordinate system. The longitude at this line can be given as either east or west.
On Earth, the prime and 180th meridians form a great circle that divides the planet into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. The antimeridian passes mostly through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean but also runs across land in Russia, Fiji, and Antarctica. An important function of this meridian is its use as the basis for the International Date Line, which snakes around national borders to maintain date consistency within the territories of Russia, the United States, Kiribati, Fiji and New Zealand.
Starting at the North Pole of the Earth and heading south to the South Pole, the 180th meridian passes through:
The meridian also passes between (but not particularly close to):
through the Aleutian Island chain of US territory
the Gilbert Islands and the Phoenix Islands of Kiribati
North Island and the Kermadec Islands of New Zealand
the Bounty Islands and the Chatham Islands, also of New Zealand
The only places where roads cross this meridian are in Fiji and Russia. Fiji has several such roads and some buildings very close to it. Russia has three roads in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Software representation problems
Many geographic software libraries or data formats project the world to a rectangle; very often this rectangle is split exactly at the 180th meridian. This often makes it non-trivial to do simple tasks (like representing an area, or a line) over the 180th meridian. Some examples:
The GeoJSON specification strongly suggests splitting geometries so that neither of their parts cross the antimeridian.
In OpenStreetMap, areas (like the boundary of Russia) are split at the 180th meridian.
See also
179th meridian east
179th meridian west
Prime meridian
International Date Line
Notes
m180 meridian
Pacific Ocean |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20flag | A war flag, also known as a military flag, battle flag, or standard, is a variant of a national flag for use by a country's military forces when on land. The nautical equivalent is a naval ensign. Under the strictest sense of the term, few countries today currently have proper war flags, most preferring to use instead their state flag or standard national flag for this purpose.
History
Field signs were used in early warfare at least since the Bronze Age.
The word standard itself is from an Old Frankish term for a field sign (not necessarily a flag).
The use of flags as field signs apparently emerges in Asia, during the Iron Age, possibly in either China or India. in Achaemenid Persia, each army division had its own standard, and "all officers had banners over their tents". Early field signs that include, but are not limited to a flag, are also called vexilloid or "flag-like", for example the Roman Eagle standard or the dragon standard of the Sarmatians. The Roman Vexillum itself is also "flag-like" in the sense that it was suspended from a horizontal crossbar as opposed to a simple flagpole.
Use of simple flags as military ensigns becomes common during the medieval period, developing in parallel with heraldry as a complement to the heraldic device shown on shields. The maritime flag also develops in the medieval period. The medieval Japanese Sashimono carried by foot-soldiers are a parallel development.
Some medieval free cities or communes did not have coats of arms, and used war flags that were not derived from a coat of arms. Thus, the city of Lucerne used a blue-white flag as a field sign from the mid 13th century, without deriving it from a heraldic shield design.
Current war flags
Used by armed forces only
Army (land) use only
War flags that are also naval ensigns
Former war flags
See also
Colours, standards and guidons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20goal%20percentage | Field goal percentage in basketball is the ratio of field goals made to field goals attempted. Its abbreviation is FG%. Although three-point field goal percentage is often calculated separately, three-point field goals are included in the general field goal percentage. Instead of using scales of 0 to 100%, the scale .000 to 1.000 is commonly used. A higher field goal percentage denotes higher efficiency. In basketball, a FG% of .500 (50%) or above is considered a good percentage, although this criterion does not apply equally to all positions. Guards usually have lower FG% than forwards and centers. Field goal percentage does not completely tell the skill of a player, but a low field goal percentage can indicate a poor offensive player or a player who takes many difficult shots. In the NBA, center Shaquille O'Neal had a high career FG% (around .580) because he played near the basket making many high percentage layups and dunks. Guard Allen Iverson often had a low FG% (around .420) because he took the bulk of his team's shot attempts, even with high difficulty shots.
The NBA career record for field goal percentage is held by DeAndre Jordan at 0.673. Currently, the highest field goal percentage record for a single season is 0.742 by New York Knicks center Mitchell Robinson which was set during the abbreviated 2019–20 season. Before Mitchell Robinson, NBA Hall of Fame player Wilt Chamberlain held the record from 1971-1972 to 2019-2020 with a season high field goal percentage of 0.727.
Field goal percentages were substantially lower in the NBA until the mid-to-late 1960s. For this reason, many early NBA stars have low field goal percentages, such as Bob Cousy at .375, and George Mikan, Bob Pettit, and Bill Russell, whose career field goal percentages of .404, .436, and .440, respectively, are much lower than later post players.
Three-point field goal percentage is usually kept as additional statistics. Its abbreviation is 3FG%. A 3FG% of .400 and above is a very goo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder%201024 | Cylinder 1024 is the first cylinder of a hard disk that was inaccessible in the original IBM PC compatible hardware specification, interrupt 13h, which uses cylinder-head-sector addressing. At boot time, the BIOS of many very old PCs could only access the first 1024 cylinders, numbered 0 to 1023, as the specific CHS addressing used by the BIOS interrupt 13 API only defines 10 bits for the cylinder count (2^10=1024).
This was a problem for operating systems on the x86 platform as the BIOS must be able to load the bootloader and the entire kernel image into memory. Both of these must, therefore, be located on the first 1024 cylinders of the disk.
Older versions of Microsoft Windows resolved this by necessitating that the operating system was installed to the first partition. Partly because of this bug, users of the Linux operating system have traditionally created a partition to reside within the first 1024 cylinders of the disk, containing little more than the kernel and bootloader.
See also
Cylinders 0 to 79 of an Amiga Disk File (ADF)
External links
— includes a discussion of the cylinder 1024 limitation.
"Large Disk HOWTO - History of BIOS and IDE limits"
IBM PC compatibles
Rotating disc computer storage media
Hard disk computer storage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20von%20Hoerner | Sebastian Rudolf Karl von Hoerner (15 April 1919 – 7 January 2003) was a German astrophysicist and radio astronomer.
He was born in Görlitz, Lower Silesia. During WW II, Von Hoerner served in the German Army on the Eastern Front. A bullet struck a pair of binoculars he was wearing on a strap around his neck, ricocheted up and blinded him in one eye. He was sent to Germany to recover and was there when the Front collapsed. After the end of World War II he studied physics at University of Göttingen. He obtained his doctorate at the same university in 1951 as Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Together they conducted simulations that studied the formation of stars and globular clusters. He continued this work at Astronomical Calculation Institute (University of Heidelberg) with Walter Fricke. He obtained his habilitation in 1959 at the University of Heidelberg. In 1962 he moved to National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Green Bank, West Virginia), where he collaborated, inter alia, with Frank Drake. He worked there, among others on the analysis of work and technical optimization of radio telescopes. His research led to the development of a new method for the construction of radio telescopes, homology, later used in the construction of many of them. During this time, he was actively involved in discussions on SETI, the number of advanced civilizations in the galaxy, and the possibilities interstellar travels. He was skeptical on these issues.
In 1961, he published an article in which he was not optimistic about the survival time of species using machines. At the outset, he noted that the current state of mind (primacy of science, developing technology, searching for interstellar communication) is just one of many possibilities and in the future it can be replaced by other interests. Moreover, according to him, the progress of science and technology on Earth was driven by two factors – the struggle for domination and the desire for an easy life. The former leads to complete |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix%20notation | Infix notation is the notation commonly used in arithmetical and logical formulae and statements. It is characterized by the placement of operators between operands—"infixed operators"—such as the plus sign in .
Usage
Binary relations are often denoted by an infix symbol such as set membership a ∈ A when the set A has a for an element. In geometry, perpendicular lines a and b are denoted and in projective geometry two points b and c are in perspective when while they are connected by a projectivity when
Infix notation is more difficult to parse by computers than prefix notation (e.g. + 2 2) or postfix notation (e.g. 2 2 +). However many programming languages use it due to its familiarity. It is more used in arithmetic, e.g. 5 × 6.
Further notations
Infix notation may also be distinguished from function notation, where the name of a function suggests a particular operation, and its arguments are the operands. An example of such a function notation would be S(1, 3) in which the function S denotes addition ("sum"): .
Order of operations
In infix notation, unlike in prefix or postfix notations, parentheses surrounding groups of operands and operators are necessary to indicate the intended order in which operations are to be performed. In the absence of parentheses, certain precedence rules determine the order of operations.
See also
Tree traversal: Infix (In-order) is also a tree traversal order. It is described in a more detailed manner on this page.
Calculator input methods: comparison of notations as used by pocket calculators
Postfix notation, also called Reverse Polish notation
Prefix notation, also called Polish notation
Shunting yard algorithm, used to convert infix notation to postfix notation or to a tree
Operator (computer programming)
Subject Verb Object |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20junction | Cell junctions or junctional complexes, are a class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix in animals. They also maintain the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control paracellular transport. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues. Combined with cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix, cell junctions help hold animal cells together.
Cell junctions are also especially important in enabling communication between neighboring cells via specialized protein complexes called communicating (gap) junctions. Cell junctions are also important in reducing stress placed upon cells.
In plants, similar communication channels are known as plasmodesmata, and in fungi they are called septal pores.
Types
In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell junction:
Adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes (anchoring junctions)
Gap junctions (communicating junction)
Tight junctions (occluding junctions)
Invertebrates have several other types of specific junctions, for example septate junctions or the C. elegans apical junction. In multicellular plants, the structural functions of cell junctions are instead provided for by cell walls. The analogues of communicative cell junctions in plants are called plasmodesmata.
Anchoring junctions
Cells within tissues and organs must be anchored to one another and attached to components of the extracellular matrix. Cells have developed several types of junctional complexes to serve these functions, and in each case, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular matrix.
Three types of anchoring junctions are observed, and differ from one another in the cytoskeletal protein anchor as well as the transmembrane linker protein that extends t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaq%20Portable | The Compaq Portable is an early portable computer which was one of the first IBM PC compatible systems. It was Compaq Computer Corporation's first product, to be followed by others in the Compaq Portable series and later Compaq Deskpro series. It was not simply an 8088-CPU computer that ran a Microsoft DOS as a PC "work-alike", but contained a reverse-engineered BIOS, and a version of MS-DOS that was so similar to IBM's PC DOS that it ran nearly all its application software. The computer was also an early variation on the idea of an "all-in-one".
It became available two years after the similar, but CP/M-based, Osborne 1 and Kaypro II. Columbia Data Products' MPC 1600 "Multi Personal Computer" had come out in June 1982. Other "work-alikes" included the MS-DOS and 8088-based, but not entirely IBM PC software compatible, Dynalogic Hyperion, Eagle Computer's Eagle 1600 series, including the Eagle Spirit portable, and the Corona personal computer. The latter two companies were threatened by IBM for BIOS copyright infringement, and settled out of court, agreeing to re-implement their BIOS. There was also the Seequa Chameleon, which had both 8088 and Z80 CPUs to alternately run MS-DOS or CP/M. Unlike Compaq, many of these companies had previously released computers based on Zilog's Z80 and Digital Research's CP/M operating system. Like Compaq, they recognized the replicability of the IBM PC's off-the-shelf parts, and saw that Microsoft retained the right to license MS-DOS to other companies. Only Compaq was able to fully capitalize on this, by aiming for complete IBM PC and PC DOS software compatibility, while reverse-engineering the BIOS to head off copyright legal claims.
Other contemporary systems include the portable Commodore SX-64, also known as the Executive 64, or VIP-64 in Europe, a briefcase/suitcase-size "luggable" version of the popular Commodore 64 home computer built with an 8-bit MOS 6510 (6502-based) CPU microprocessor, and the first full-color portabl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ehresmann | Charles Ehresmann (19 April 1905 – 22 September 1979) was a German-born French mathematician who worked in differential topology and category theory.
He was an early member of the Bourbaki group, and is known for his work on the differential geometry of smooth fiber bundles, notably the introduction of the concepts of Ehresmann connection and of jet bundles, and for his seminar on category theory.
Life
Ehresmann was born in Strasbourg (at the time part of the German Empire) to an Alsatian-speaking family; his father was a gardener. After World War I, Alsace returned part of France and Ehresmann was taught in French at Lycée Kléber.
Between 1924 and 1927 he studied at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris and obtained agrégation in mathematics. After one year of military service, in 1928-29 he taught at a French school in Rabat, Morocco. He studied further at the University of Göttingen during the years 1930–31, and at Princeton University in 1932–34.
He completed his PhD thesis entitled Sur la topologie de certains espaces homogènes (On the topology of certain homogeneous spaces) at ENS in 1934 under the supervision of Élie Cartan.
From 1935 to 1939 he was a researcher with the Centre national de la recherche scientifique and he contributed to the seminar of Gaston Julia, which was a forerunner of the Bourbaki seminar. In 1939 Ehresmann became a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg, but one year later the whole faculty was evacuated to Clermont-Ferrand due to the German occupation of France. When Germany withdrew in 1945, he returned to Strasbourg.
From 1955 he was Professor of Topology at Sorbonne, and after the reorganization of Parisian universities in 1969 he moved to Paris Diderot University (Paris 7).
Ehresmann was President of the Société Mathématique de France in 1965. He was awarded in 1940 the Prix Francoeur for young researchers in mathematics and in 1967 an honorary doctorate by the University of Bologna. He also held visiting chairs at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian%20range%20expansion | Avian range expansion describes how birds expand their habitat. Because of the activities of birdwatchers, these range expansions are well documented.
Throughout the last century a number of birds have expanded their range. Birds that were once thought to be only located on the West Coast of have moved eastward all the way to the East Coast, an example would be the Brewer's blackbird. Since the 1950s the Brewer's blackbird, a relative of the red-winged blackbird, has been moving eastward first from the West Coast of Oregon and California to the Great Lakes Region and then towards the East Coast, with the range expanding from Coast to Coast according to the Audubon's 2005 Christmas Bird Count. The Inca dove first arrived as a native of Mexico and has slowly expanded Northward into Kansas and Arkansas. Great tailed grackles have also moved in similar fashion northward.
Another region with documented range expansions is South Africa, where a number of birds have expanded westwards into the Western Cape province from other provinces due to habitat modification by humans and introductions. Examples of these include the Helmeted Guineafowl (introduced) and the Hadeda Ibis (natural expansion).
Range expansion may be explained by several different reasons.
Reasons for range expansion
The largest reason for a bird to expand its range is to draw greater resources. Once resources for food, nesting, and potential mates become scarce in a particular area, birds and other animals move out of those areas to find new resources. Range expansion is a crucial component of evolution; however expansions are presently occurring at an alarming rate. One of the reasons for increased expansion is due to human alteration. Human causes such as changing of habitat and global climate change are leading factors in avian range expansion. Species that were previously adapted to the old niche are often replaced by species that are more adapted for newly created niche. For example, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Plant%20Communities | British Plant Communities is a five-volume work, edited by John S. Rodwell and published by Cambridge University Press, which describes the plant communities which comprise the British National Vegetation Classification.
Its coverage includes all native vegetation communities and some artificial ones of Great Britain, excluding Northern Ireland. The series is a major contribution to plant conservation in Great Britain, and, as such, covers material appropriate for professionals and amateurs interested in the conservation of native plant communities. Each book begins with an introduction to the techniques used to survey the particular vegetations within its scope, discussing sampling, the type of data collected, organization of the data, and analysing the data. Each community is discussed with an overall emphasis of the ecology of the community, so that users can consider the relationships of various plant communities to each other as a function of climatic or soil conditions, for example.
The five volumes are:
British Plant Communities Volume 1 – Woodlands and Scrub
This volume was first published in 1991 in hardback () and in 1998 in paperback ()
British Plant Communities Volume 2 – Mires and Heaths
This volume was first published in 1991 in hardback () and in 1998 in paperback ()
British Plant Communities Volume 3 – Grasslands and Montane Communities
This volume was first published in 1992 in hardback () and in 1998 in paperback ()
British Plant Communities Volume 4 – Aquatic Communities, Swamps and Tall-herb Fens
This volume was first published in 1995 in hardback () and in 1998 in paperback ()
British Plant Communities Volume 5 – Maritime Communities and Vegetation of Open Habitats
This volume was first published in 2000 in both hardback () and paperback ()
Errors
The following is a list of errors found in the published books:
In Volume 1, on page 38–39, the branches leading from couplets 22 and 23 should read W12, not W14
In volume 3, on p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide%20mononucleotide | Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN" and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside and niacin. In humans, several enzymes use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). In mice, it has been proposed that NMN is absorbed via the small intestine within 10 minutes of oral uptake and converted to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) through the Slc12a8 transporter. However, this observation has been challenged, and the matter remains unsettled.
Because NADH is a cofactor for processes inside mitochondria, for sirtuins and PARP, NMN has been studied in animal models as a potential neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. The reversal of aging at the cellular level by inhibiting mitochondrial decay in presence of increased levels of NAD+ makes it popular among anti-aging products. Dietary supplement companies have aggressively marketed NMN products, claiming those benefits. However, no human studies to date have properly proven its anti-aging effects. Single-dose administration of up to 500 mg was shown safe in men in a study at Keio University. One 2021 clinical trial found that NMN improved muscular insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women, while another found that it improved aerobic capacity in amateur runners. A 2023 clinical trial showed that NMN improves performance on a six-minute walking test and a subjective general health assessment.
NMN is vulnerable to extracellular degradation by CD38 enzyme, which can be inhibited by compounds such as CD38-IN-78c.
Dietary sources
NMN is found in fruits and vegetables such as edamame, broccoli, cabbage, cucumber and avocado at a concentration of about 1 mg per 100g, making these natural sources impractical to acquire the quantities needed to accomplish the dosing currently being investigated for NMN as a pharmaceutical.
Production
Production of nicotinamide mononucleotide has been redacted since the latter half of 2022 by the FDA because it is under investigation as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstatistics | Superstatistics is a branch of statistical mechanics or statistical physics devoted to the study of non-linear and non-equilibrium systems. It is characterized by using the superposition of multiple differing statistical models to achieve the desired non-linearity. In terms of ordinary statistical ideas, this is equivalent to compounding the distributions of random variables and it may be considered a simple case of a doubly stochastic model.
Consider an extended thermodynamical system which is locally in equilibrium and has a Boltzmann distribution, that is the probability of finding the system in a state with energy is proportional to . Here is the local inverse temperature. A non-equilibrium thermodynamical system is modeled by considering macroscopic fluctuations of the local inverse temperature. These fluctuations happen on time scales which are much larger than the microscopic relaxation times to the Boltzmann distribution. If the fluctuations of are characterized by a distribution , the superstatistical Boltzmann factor of the system is given by
This defines the superstatistical partition function
for system that can assume discrete energy states . The probability of finding the system in state is then given by
Modeling the fluctuations of leads to a description in terms of statistics of Boltzmann statistics, or "superstatistics". For example, if follows a Gamma distribution, the resulting superstatistics corresponds to Tsallis statistics. Superstatistics can also lead to other statistics such as power-law distributions or stretched exponentials. One needs to note here that the word super here is short for superposition of the statistics.
This branch is highly related to the exponential family and Mixing. These concepts are used in many approximation approaches, like particle filtering (where the distribution is approximated by delta functions) for example.
See also
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics
E.G.D. Cohen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrum | Cantabrum is the name given by the Roman Empire to the banner used by the Cantabri to facilitate war tactics of the cavalry.
After the Cantabrian Wars and the subjugation of the Cantabri by Rome (19 BC), Roman legions adopted cantabrum as they did with the symbols of the people they conquered as a sign of victory. These standards would henceforth be carried by the so-called cantabrarii of the Roman cavalry. Emperor Theodosius II, 400 years after the Cantabrian Wars, still called its bearer the cantabrarius.
There is nowadays a contemporary interpretation of cantabrum called Cantabrian labarum, recognized by the Parliament of Cantabria as a representative symbol of the identity of the Cantabrian people and the values they hold.
See also
Flag of Cantabria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genetics%20Society%20of%20Australasia | The Human Genetics Society of Australasia (HGSA) is a membership organization for individuals in the field of human genetics who primarily practise in the Oceania region. Members typically hold both a qualification in human genetics and work in the field. Membership is drawn from clinical, laboratory and academic specialties. Members include clinical geneticists; genetic counsellors; laboratory scientists (molecular, cytogenetic and biochemical genetics); and academics (lecturers and researchers).
Objectives
The objectives of the Society are to:
ensure high ethical standards among those working in Human Genetics
facilitate communication between those working in Human Genetics
provide training and professional recognition for those involved in Human Genetics
support professional and lay education about Human Genetics
promote public awareness of Human Genetics
consider and comment upon matters relevant to Human Genetics or the interests of the Society
represent the interests of Human Genetics and those working in the field, and of the Society and its members, in public, professional, governmental and other forums
promote and support research in Human Genetics.
History
The Human Genetics Society of Australasia was founded subsequent to the growth in the field of genetics that occurred during the mid-twentieth century. During this time, the role that genetics plays in human health and disease became increasingly recognized. Genetic diagnostic techniques (in particular, in cytogenetics) were progressing rapidly. This coincided with the appreciation by medical specialists that genetic disorders, especially inborn errors of metabolism and birth defects, were of clinical interest.
In 1976, a meeting in clinical genetics was held as part of the celebrations of the Centenary Year of the Adelaide Children's Hospital. The meeting involved several high-profile international speakers, most of the senior medical practitioners with an interest in heritable disease working in Au |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Nuclear%20Futures | Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy is a 1975 book by Amory B. Lovins and John H. Price. The main theme of the book is that the most important parts of the nuclear power debate are not technical disputes but relate to personal values, and are the legitimate province of every citizen, whether technically trained or not. Lovins and Price suggest that the personal values that make a high-energy society work are all too apparent, and that the values associated with an alternate view relate to thrift, simplicity, diversity, neighbourliness, craftsmanship, and humility. They also argue that large nuclear generators could not be mass-produced. Their centralization requires costly transmission and distribution systems. They are inefficient, not recycling excess thermal energy. The authors believed that nuclear reactors were less reliable (a grossly incorrect prediction) and take longer to build, exposing them to escalated interest costs, mistimed demand forecasts, and wage pressure by unions.
Lovins and Price suggest that these two different sets of personal values and technological attributes lead to two very different policy paths relating to future energy supplies. The first is high-energy nuclear, centralized, electric; the second is lower energy, non-nuclear, decentralized, less electrified, softer technology.
Subsequent publications by other authors which relate to the issue of non-nuclear energy paths are Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, Plan B 2.0, Reaction Time, State of the World 2008, The Clean Tech Revolution, and the work of Benjamin K. Sovacool.
See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power
List of books about nuclear issues
Nuclear energy policy
Nuclear or Not?
Nuclear-Free Future Award
Nuclear-free zone
Rocky Mountain Institute
Kristin Shrader-Frechette
Benjamin K. Sovacool. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-Office%20IP-PBX | Dial-Office IP-PBX is a SIP-based IP-PBX business phone system, first released in 2003 by Canadian telecommunications software provider Dialexia. The software allows users to connect multiple phones (e.g., extensions, ring groups, etc.), share lines among several phones and implement business PBX telephone phone features such as voicemail, caller ID, call forwarding & call recording into their system. Dial-Office is also suitable for multi-office connections, connecting branches which are geographically distant from each other. Dialexia Communications, Inc. released the latest version of Dial-Office IP-PBX (4.1) in 2013. On June 3, 2014, the company's development team announced in a client newsletter that support for Dial-Office versions 3.9 and earlier would cease effective September 1, 2014.
SIP Compliance
Dial-Office IP-PBX includes a built-in SIP server and is fully SIP-compliant), ensuring that it has the highest level of interoperability with other SIP devices and services.
Critical reception
Overall, Dial-Office IP-PBX has enjoyed a positive critical reception since its initial release. In 2009, Billerica Public Schools manager Mark Bishop explained that the Dial-Office solution was the most comprehensive among the IP-PBX options they evaluated. "In less than a few weeks, and at one of the lowest cost per extension in the district school, we were able to get a complete infrastructure setup. From DID management, CPE Auto-provisioning, customer Web interface we were able to focus on adding new extensions and relying on Dial-Office to deliver the rest," said Bishop.
On May 21, 2014, Dial-Office was named runner-up in the IP-PBX Servers category of WindowsNetworking.com 2013-14 Readers' Choice Awards. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%20theory%20denialism | Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong. It usually involves arguing that Louis Pasteur's model of infectious disease was wrong, and that Antoine Béchamp's was right. In fact, its origins are rooted in Béchamp's empirically disproven (in the context of disease) theory of pleomorphism. Another obsolete variation is known as terrain theory and postulates that the state of the internal environment determines if germs cause disease rather than germs being the sole cause of it.
History
Germ theory denialism (GTD) is as old as germ theory itself, beginning with the rivalry of Pasteur and Béchamp. Pasteur's work in preventing beverage contamination led him to discover that it was due to microorganisms and led him to become the first scientist to prove the validity of the theory and to popularize it in Europe. Before him, scientists such as Girolamo Fracastoro (who had the idea that fomites could harbor the seeds of contagion), Agostino Bassi (who discovered that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus that was named Beauveria bassiana), Friedrich Henle (who developed the concepts of contagium vivum and contagium animatum), and others had proposed ideas similar to germ theory.
Béchamp strongly contested Pasteur's view, proposing a competing idea known as the pleomorphic theory of disease. This theory says that all life is based on forms that a certain class of organisms take during stages of their life cycles and that germs are attracted to the environment of diseased tissue rather than being the cause of it. Proponents of this idea insist that microbes that live in an organism go through the same stages of their development. According to Günther Enderlein, the stages are as follows:
colloid – microbe (primitive phase)
bacteria (middle phase)
fungus (end phase)
Terrain theory
The terrain theory is a variation of Béchamp's ideas that is also an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Ram%20Murty | Maruti Ram Pedaprolu Murty, FRSC (born 16 October 1953)
is an Indo-Canadian mathematician at Queen's University, where he holds a Queen's Research Chair in mathematics.
Biography
M. Ram Murty is the brother of mathematician V. Kumar Murty.
Murty graduated with a B.Sc. from Carleton University in 1976. He received his Ph.D. in 1980 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, supervised by Harold Stark and Dorian Goldfeld. He was on the faculty of McGill University from 1982 until 1996, when he joined Queen's University. Murty is also cross-appointed as a professor of philosophy at Queen's, specialising in Indian philosophy.
Research
Specializing in number theory, Murty is a researcher in the areas of modular forms, elliptic curves, and sieve theory.
Murty has Erdős number 1 and frequently collaborates with his brother, V. Kumar Murty.
Awards
Murty received the Coxeter–James Prize in 1988. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1990, was elected to the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) in 2008, and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012.
Selected publications
.
. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide%20terminology | Historically, suicide terminology has been rife with issues of nomenclature, connotation, and outcomes, and terminology describing suicide has often been defined differently depending on the purpose of the definition (e.g., medical, legal, administrative). A lack of agreed-upon nomenclature and operational definitions has complicated understanding. In 2007, attempts were made to reach some consensus. There is also opposition to the phrase "to commit suicide" as implying negative moral judgment and association with criminal or sinful activity.
In 2020, research demonstrated that stigmatizing and other verbiage commonly used in regard to suicide, such as reporting or sharing a method of suicide, leads to a 13% increase in the national suicide rate following highly publicized (celebrity) suicides as well as a 30% increase in suicides using the same method as the public figure.
Suicide-related ideations
Suicidal ideation is any self-reported thoughts of engaging in suicide-related behavior. Subtypes of suicide-related ideations depend on the presence or absence of suicidal intent.
To have suicidal intent is to have suicide or deliberate self-killing as one's purpose. Intent refers to the aim, purpose, or goal of the behavior rather than the behavior itself. The term connotes a conscious desire or wish to leave or escape from life, and also connotes a resolve to act. This is contrasted with suicidal motivation, or the driving force behind ideation or intent, which need not be conscious.
With no suicidal intention
Suicide-related ideation with no suicidal intention is when an individual has thoughts of engaging in suicide-related behavior but has no intention to do so.
With undetermined degree of suicidal intent
When an individual is unable to clarify whether suicidal intent was present or not, the term undetermined degree of suicidal intent is used.
With some suicidal intent
Suicide-related ideation with some suicidal intent is when an individual has thoughts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-A%20hol%20family | The Putative 3-4 TMS Transglycosylase-associated Holin (T-A Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.43) is believed to be a group of holins that does not belong to one of the seven holin superfamilies. Homologues include thousands of diverse phage and bacterial proteins between 80 and 140 amino acyl residues (aas) in length that exhibit 3 to 4 transmembrane segments (TMSs). These proteins are holin-like in their size and topology and are designated 'Transglycosylase-associated', 'Putative holin', 'Phage-like transmembrane protein', 'YeaQ protein', etc. in the NCBI protein database. As of early 2016, they remain functionally uncharacterized. They derive from a wide range of bacterial and archaeal phyla including both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. These proteins are related to the RDD family (TC# 9.B.45) in the conserved domain database. A representative list of proteins belonging to the T-A Hol family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading
.
.
.
. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20discussion%20of%20rangekeeping | In naval gunnery, when long-range guns became available, an enemy ship would move some distance after the shells were fired. It became necessary to figure out where the enemy ship, the target, was going to be when the shells arrived. The process of keeping track of where the ship was likely to be was called rangekeeping, because the distance to the target—the range—was a very important factor in aiming the guns accurately. As time passed, train (also called bearing), the direction to the target, also became part of rangekeeping, but tradition kept the term alive.
Rangekeeping is an excellent example of the application of analog computing to a real-world mathematical modeling problem. Because nations had so much money invested in their capital ships, they were willing to invest enormous amounts of money in the development of rangekeeping hardware to ensure that the guns of these ships could put their projectiles on target. This article presents an overview of the rangekeeping as a mathematical modeling problem. To make this discussion more concrete, the Ford Mk 1 Rangekeeper is used as the focus of this discussion. The Ford Mk 1 Rangekeeper was first deployed on the in 1916 during World War I. This is a relatively well documented rangekeeper that had a long service life. While an early form of mechanical rangekeeper, it does illustrate all the basic principles. The rangekeepers of other nations used similar algorithms for computing gun angles, but often differed dramatically in their operational use.
In addition to long range gunnery, the launching of torpedoes also requires a rangekeeping-like function. The US Navy during World War II had the TDC, which was the only World War II-era submarine torpedo fire control system to incorporate a mechanical rangekeeper (other navies depended on manual methods). There were also rangekeeping devices for use with surface ship-launched torpedoes. For a view of rangekeeping outside that of the US Navy, there is a detailed refer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliz | Chiliz is a blockchain platform developed by Maltese-based sports company Mediarex. The Chiliz blockchain powers the Socios.com platform, which offers fan tokens to sports fans, enabling them to participate in polls hosted by the clubs, or receive rewards and promotions. The native token Chiliz is used to buy the fan tokens. Alexandre Dreyfus is the CEO of Chiliz and Beatrice Collet is the managing director.
History
Chiliz was launched in 2018 by Maltese-based sports company Mediarex led by CEO Alexandre Dreyfus. Members of the firm's advisory panel include Dr. Christian Mueller, InFront Sports’ vice president, strategy and business development, and Sam Li, Sina Sports’ head of strategic partnerships; with Perform Group's chief strategy officer of Perform Group, John Gleasure, also a shareholder of Mediarex. Other members of the advisory board are Fnatic's CEO Wouter Sleijffers and Team Vitality's CEO Nicolas Maurer.
In June 2018, Chiliz raised $65 million in a round led by Binance with other reputed names in the industry like OK Blockchain Capital, FBG Capital, Ceyuan Ventures, and Bancor also investing. In March 2021, the company announced it will invest $50 million in an expansion to the United States.
Fan Tokens
Fan tokens are digital coins created on the Chiliz blockchain that sports organisations provide to their fans through the app Socios.com. They allow fans to vote on a variety of minor decisions, such as new facilities, kit designs, shirt numbers of new signings, celebration songs, and more. Fan Tokens were first introduced in 2019, with football clubs Juventus and Paris Saint-Germain being the first clubs to launch their official tokens. Sports clubs including Barcelona, Atletico Madrid, Manchester City, Inter, Arsenal, AS Roma, Galatasaray, Flamengo, Corinthians and 60 other teams have launched Fan Tokens through Socios.com. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OXA1L | Mitochondrial inner membrane protein OXA1L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OXA1L gene located on 14q11.2. The C-terminus of this protein interacts with mitochondrial ribosomes and helps insert both mitochondrial and nuclear produced proteins into the inner membrane of the mitochondria. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametangium | A gametangium (: gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants. In contrast to gametogenesis in animals, a gametangium is a haploid structure and formation of gametes does not involve meiosis.
Types of gametangia
Depending on the type of gamete produced in a gametangium, several types can be distinguished.
Female
Female gametangia are most commonly called archegonia. They produce egg cells and are the sites for fertilization. Archegonia are common in algae and primitive plants as well as gymnosperms. In flowering plants, they are replaced by the embryo sac inside the ovule.
Male
The male gametangia are most commonly called antheridia. They produce sperm cells that they release for fertilization. Antheridia producing non-motile sperm (spermatia) are called spermatangia. Some antheridia do not release their sperm. For example, the oomycete antheridium is a syncytium with many sperm nuclei and fertilization occurs via fertilization tubes growing from the antheridium and making contact with the egg cells. Antheridia are common in the gametophytes in "lower" plants such as bryophytes, ferns, cycads and ginkgo. In "higher" plants such as conifers and flowering plants, they are replaced by pollen grains.
Isogamous
In isogamy, the gametes look alike and cannot be classified into "male" or "female." For example, in zygomycetes, two gametangia (single multinucleate cells at the end of hyphae) form good contact with each other and fuse into a zygosporangium. Inside the zygosporangium, the nuclei from each of the original two gametangia pair up.
See also
Zoosporangium, a gametangium that produces motile isogamous gametes, called zoospores
Reproduction
Reproductive system
Germ cells |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical%20growth | Helical growth is when cells or organs expand, resulting in helical shaped cells or organs and typically including the breakage of symmetry. This is seen in fungi, algae, and other higher plant cells or organs. Helical growth can occur naturally, such as in tendrils or in twining plants. Asymmetry can be caused by changes in pectin or through mutation and result in left- or right-handed helices. Tendril perversion, during which a tendril curves in opposite directions at each end, is seen in many cases. The helical growth of twining plants is based on the circumnutational movement, or circular growth, of stems. Most twining plans have right-handed helices regardless of the plant's growth hemisphere.
Helical growth in single cells, such as the fungi genus Phycomyces or the algae genus Nitella, is thought to be caused by a helical arrangement of structural biological material in the cell wall. In mutant thale cress, helical growth is seen at the organ level. Analysis strongly suggests that cortical microtubules have an important role in controlling the direction of organ expansion. It is unclear how helical growth mutations affect thale cress cell wall assembly.
When seen in spiral3, a conserved GRIP1 gene, a missense mutation causes a left-handed helical organization of cortical microtubules and a severe right-hand helical growth. This mutation compromises interactions between proteins GCP2 and GCP3 in yeast. While the efficiency of microtubule dynamics and nucleation were not noticeably affected, cortical microtubule angles were less narrow and more widely distributed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mired | Contracted from the term micro reciprocal degree, the mired is a unit of measurement used to express color temperature. Values in mireds are calculated by the formula:
where T is the colour temperature in units of kelvins and M denotes the resulting mired dimensionless number. The constant is one million kelvins.
The SI term for this unit is the reciprocal megakelvin (MK−1), shortened to mirek, but this term has not gained traction.
For convenience, decamireds are sometimes used, with each decamired equaling ten mireds.
The use of the term mired dates back to Irwin G. Priest's observation in 1932 that the just noticeable difference between two illuminants is based on the difference of the reciprocals of their temperatures, rather than the difference in the temperatures themselves.
Examples
A blue sky, which has a color temperature T of about , has a mired value of M = 40 mireds, while a standard electronic photography flash, having a color temperature T of 5000 K, has a mired value of M = 200 mireds.
In photography, mireds are used to indicate the color temperature shift provided by a filter or gel for a given film and light source. For instance, to use daylight film (5700 K) to take a photograph under a tungsten light source (3200 K) without introducing a color cast, one would need a corrective filter or gel providing a mired shift
This corresponds to a color temperature blue (CTB) filter.
Color gels with negative mired values appear green or blue, while those with positive values appear amber or red. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Kernighan | Brian Wilson Kernighan (; born January 30, 1942) is a Canadian computer scientist.
He worked at Bell Labs and contributed to the development of Unix alongside Unix creators Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. Kernighan's name became widely known through co-authorship of the first book on the C programming language (The C Programming Language) with Dennis Ritchie. Kernighan affirmed that he had no part in the design of the C language ("it's entirely Dennis Ritchie's work"). He authored many Unix programs, including ditroff. Kernighan is coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages. The "K" of K&R C and of AWK both stand for "Kernighan".
In collaboration with Shen Lin he devised well-known heuristics for two NP-complete optimization problems: graph partitioning and the travelling salesman problem. In a display of authorial equity, the former is usually called the Kernighan–Lin algorithm, while the latter is known as the Lin–Kernighan heuristic.
Kernighan has been a professor of computer science at Princeton University since 2000 and is the director of undergraduate studies in the department of computer science. In 2015, he co-authored the book The Go Programming Language.
Early life and education
Kernighan was born in Toronto. He attended the University of Toronto between 1960 and 1964, earning his bachelor's degree in engineering physics. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Princeton University in 1969, completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Some graph partitioning problems related to program segmentation" under the supervision of Peter G. Weiner.
Career and research
Kernighan has held a professorship in the department of computer science at Princeton since 2000. Each fall he teaches a course called "Computers in Our World", which introduces the fundamentals of computing to non-majors.
Kernighan was the software editor for Prentice Hall International. His "Software Tools" series spread the essence of "C/Unix thinking" with makeovers for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergman%20space | In complex analysis, functional analysis and operator theory, a Bergman space, named after Stefan Bergman, is a function space of holomorphic functions in a domain D of the complex plane that are sufficiently well-behaved at the boundary that they are absolutely integrable. Specifically, for , the Bergman space is the space of all holomorphic functions in D for which the p-norm is finite:
The quantity is called the norm of the function ; it is a true norm if . Thus is the subspace of holomorphic functions that are in the space Lp(D). The Bergman spaces are Banach spaces, which is a consequence of the estimate, valid on compact subsets K of D:
Thus convergence of a sequence of holomorphic functions in implies also compact convergence, and so the limit function is also holomorphic.
If , then is a reproducing kernel Hilbert space, whose kernel is given by the Bergman kernel.
Special cases and generalisations
If the domain is bounded, then the norm is often given by:
where is a normalised Lebesgue measure of the complex plane, i.e. . Alternatively is used, regardless of the area of .
The Bergman space is usually defined on the open unit disk of the complex plane, in which case . In the Hilbert space case, given:, we have:
that is, is isometrically isomorphic to the weighted ℓp(1/(n + 1)) space. In particular the polynomials are dense in . Similarly, if , the right (or the upper) complex half-plane, then:
where , that is, is isometrically isomorphic to the weighted Lp1/t (0,∞) space (via the Laplace transform).
The weighted Bergman space is defined in an analogous way, i.e.,
provided that is chosen in such way, that is a Banach space (or a Hilbert space, if ). In case where , by a weighted Bergman space we mean the space of all analytic functions such that:
and similarly on the right half-plane (i.e., ) we have:
and this space is isometrically isomorphic, via the Laplace transform, to the space , where:
(here denotes the Gamma function).
F |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae-Wan%20Ho | Mae-Wan Ho (; 12 November 1941 – 24 March 2016) was a geneticist known for her critical views on genetic engineering and evolution. She authored or co-authored a number of publications, including 10 books, such as The Rainbow and the Worm, the Physics of Organisms (1993, 1998), Genetic Engineering: Dream or Nightmare? (1998, 1999), Living with the Fluid Genome (2003) and Living Rainbow H2O (2012).
Biography
Ho received a PhD in biochemistry in 1967 from Hong Kong University, was postdoctoral fellow in biochemical genetics, University of California, San Diego, from 1968 to 1972, senior research fellow in Queen Elizabeth College, lecturer in genetics (from 1976) and reader in biology (from 1985) in the Open University, and since retiring in June 2000 visiting professor of biophysics in Catania University, Sicily.
Ho died of cancer in March 2016.
Institute of Science in Society
Ho was a co-founder and director of the Institute of Science in Society (ISIS), an interest group which published fringe articles about climate change, GMOs, homeopathy, traditional Chinese medicine, and water memory. In reviewing the organisation, David Colquhoun accused the ISIS of promoting pseudoscience and specifically criticised Ho's understanding of homeopathy.
The institute is on the Quackwatch list of questionable organizations.
Genetic engineering
Ho, together with Joe Cummins of the University of Western Ontario, has argued that a sterility gene engineered into a crop could be transferred to other crops or wild relatives and that "This could severely compromise the agronomic performance of conventional crops and cause wild relatives to go extinct". They argued that this process could also produce genetic instabilities, which might be "leading to catastrophic breakdown", and stated that there are no data to assure that this has not happened or cannot happen. This concern contrasts with the reason why these sterile plants were developed, which was to prevent the transfer of gene |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.