source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20application | A virtual application is an application that has been optimized to run on virtual infrastructure. The application software along with just enough operating system (JeOS or "juice") is combined inside a virtual machine container in a manner that maximizes the performance of the application. By minimizing the system software to the smallest set of packages required to support the application, the maintenance and administration burden of the virtual application is greatly reduced.
By including Application streaming in the design of an application server capable of hosting a Virtual Application, no application specific code need reside on the server at all. Packages of code reside on the server, but the details on how they are to be invoked in order to create the functionality that adds up to the application, gets passed to the server as and when needed.
In effect the application does not exist on the server at all. Though clients can still invoke it almost as if it did.
The difference being that the incoming request must either include application logic ( exploiting the code packages on the server), or information on where to locate such logic in a repository.
Virtual appliances are a category of virtual applications which are
further optimized for simplified setup and configuration by the customer
and remote management by the application vendor.
See also
Application virtualization
Microsoft App-V
Turbo (software)
Just enough operating system
Virtual appliance
rPath
Application streaming
Green computing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WireGuard | WireGuard is a communication protocol and free and open-source software that implements encrypted virtual private networks (VPNs), and was designed with the goals of ease of use, high speed performance, and low attack surface. It aims for better performance and more power than IPsec and OpenVPN, two common tunneling protocols. The WireGuard protocol passes traffic over UDP.
In March 2020, the Linux version of the software reached a stable production release and was incorporated into the Linux 5.6 kernel, and backported to earlier Linux kernels in some Linux distributions. The Linux kernel components are licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2; other implementations are under GPLv2 or other free/open-source licenses.
The name WireGuard is a registered trademark of Jason A. Donenfeld.
Protocol
WireGuard uses the following:
Curve25519 for key exchange
ChaCha20 for symmetric encryption
Poly1305 for message authentication codes
SipHash24 for hashtable keys
BLAKE2s for cryptographic hash function
HKDF for key derivation function
UDP-based only
In May 2019, researchers from INRIA published a machine-checked proof of the WireGuard protocol, produced using the CryptoVerif proof assistant.
Optional Pre-shared Symmetric Key Mode
WireGuard supports pre-shared symmetric key mode, which provides an additional layer of symmetric encryption to mitigate future advances in quantum computing. This addresses the risk that traffic may be stored until quantum computers are capable of breaking Curve25519, at which point traffic could be decrypted. Pre-shared keys are "usually troublesome from a key management perspective and might be more likely stolen", but in the shorter term, if the symmetric key is compromised, the Curve25519 keys still provide more than sufficient protection.
Networking
WireGuard uses only UDP, due to the potential disadvantages of TCP-over-TCP. Tunneling TCP over a TCP-based connection is known as "TCP-over-TCP", and doing so can induce a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NesC | nesC (pronounced "NES-see") is a component-based, event-driven programming language used to build applications for the TinyOS platform. TinyOS is an operating environment designed to run on embedded devices used in distributed wireless sensor networks. nesC is built as an extension to the C programming language with components "wired" together to run applications on TinyOS. The name nesC is an abbreviation of "network embedded systems C".
Components and interfaces
nesC programs are built out of components, which are assembled ("wired") to form whole programs. Components have internal concurrency in the form of tasks. Threads of control may pass into a component through its interfaces. These threads are rooted either in a task or a hardware interrupt.
Interfaces may be provided or used by components. The provided interfaces are intended to represent the functionality that the component provides to its user, the used interfaces represent the functionality the component needs to perform its job.
In nesC, interfaces are bidirectional: They specify a set of functions to be implemented by the interface's provider (commands) and a set to be implemented by the interface's user (events). This allows a single interface to represent a complex interaction between components (e.g., registration of interest in some event, followed by a callback when that event happens). This is critical because all lengthy commands in TinyOS (e.g. send packet) are non-blocking; their completion is signaled through an event (send done). By specifying interfaces, a component cannot call the send command unless it provides an implementation of the sendDone event. Typically commands call downwards, i.e., from application components to those closer to the hardware, while events call upwards. Certain primitive events are bound to hardware interrupts.
Components are statically linked to each other via their interfaces. This increases runtime efficiency, encourages robust design, and allows for be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard%20Nanoprocessor | The Hewlett-Packard Nanoprocessor from HP (part number 1820-1692) was a small Control-Oriented Processor microcontroller without an ALU nor the ability to add or subtract. It was released in 1974 by HP and used in many HP products. It was packaged in a 40-pin ceramic DIP that dissipated less than one watt.
Description
The Nanoprocessor is an 8-bit control-oriented CPU built from nMOS logic. It has an 11-bit address bus that can directly address 2048 bytes of program ROM, expandable to 512 KB with bank switching.
The processor has sixteen 8-bit registers and an 8-bit accumulator. A 1-bit Extend register (E) acts as a carry flag. As well as the 11-bit program counter (PC), it has an 11-bit subroutine return register (SRR) and 11-bit Interrupt Return Register (IRR), each acting as a single-level stack.
In place of an arithmetic logic unit, it has a Control Logic Unit (CLU) and a magnitude comparator.
For input/output, the Nanoprocessor has 7 bidirectional control lines as well as 15 input and 15 output ports for 8-bit data transfers.
Code for the Nanoprocessor was written in assembly language using an assembler and loader that ran on an HP 2100 computer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LACC1 | Laccase (multicopper oxidoreductase) domain containing 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the LACC1 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20Application%20Testing%20Suite | Oracle Application Testing Suite is a comprehensive, integrated testing solution for Web applications, Web Services, packaged Oracle Applications and Oracle Databases.
Description/History
Oracle regularly releases updates to the Oracle Application Testing Suite. These updates often include new features, improvements to existing features, and better compatibility with evolving technologies.
The test solution was originally developed by RSW, who was bought by Teradyne that created the software and call center test company Empirix.
Empirix eTest Suite was acquired by Oracle in June 2008 and was rebranded as Oracle Application Testing Suite.
The Oracle Application Testing Suite is part of the Oracle Enterprise Manager product family and comprises the following tightly integrated products:
Oracle Load Testing for scalability, performance and load testing.
Oracle Functional Testing for automated functional and regression testing.
Oracle Flow Builder is introduced as part of Functional testing along with the Release of OATS 12.3.0
Oracle Test Manager for test process management, including test requirements management, test management, test execution and defect tracking.
Oracle Application Testing Suite also provides a series of integrated testing accelerators for testing Oracle packaged applications and SOA applications.
These accelerators enable enhanced scripting capabilities for more efficient and optimized testing.
Supported technology/Applications
Web/HTML, Adobe Flex, Siebel, Oracle E-business Suite, Oracle Fusion Applications, JD Edwards EnterpriseOne, Application Development Framework, Oracle Forms, Web Services, Oracle Databases
Scripting platform
Oracle Application Testing Suite have one unified scripting platform called OpenScript. This is an Eclipse-based scripting platform that provides a graphical user interface and the possibility to extend scripts by using Java code.
Languages
Oracle Functional Testing and Oracle Load Testing both uses the sam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphibacteria | Delphibacteria is a candidate bacterial phylum in the FCB group. The phylum was first proposed after analysis of two genomes from the mouths of two bottlenose dolphins. "Dephibacteria" was proposed in recognition of the first genomic representatives having been recovered from the dolphin mouth. Members of the Delphibacteria phylum have been retroactively detected in a variety of environments.
Description
Delphibacteria is a bacterial phylum with candidate status, meaning it has no cultured representatives as of yet. It is part of the FCB group.
History
The phylum was first proposed following the recovery and analysis of two genomes, each from the mouth of a different bottlenose dolphin. These dolphins were part of the US Navy's Marine Mammal Program, although Delphibacteria 16S rRNA genes have also been detected in the mouths of wild dolphins living off the coast of Florida, U.S. The first characterized member of the Delphibacteria phylum was inferred to be a heterotrophic organism with the genomic potential for oxygen and most likely nitrate reduction. It was hypothesized that the ability to perform denitrification may have an impact on dolphin physiology and health, given that in humans denitrification by oral bacteria can affect oral and gastric blood flow, signalling in bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions, and mucus thickness in the stomach.
The name "Delphibacteria" was proposed in recognition of the first genomic representatives having been recovered from the dolphin mouth (Family Delphinidae) and due to its ubiquity in dolphin mouths. Members of the Delphibacteria phylum have been detected (retroactively) in a variety of environments, including bottom water from the Northern Bering Sea (EU734960.1), marine sediment from the Logatchec hydrothermal vent (FN554086.1), and deep sea sediment from the Okinawa Trough (KX097792.1). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronesian%20Biogeographic%20Region | The Macaronesian Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region, as defined by the European Environment Agency, that covers the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Madeira.
The name comes from the group of four archipelagos collectively known as Macaronesia that also include Cape Verde, which is not included in the European region.
Extent
The Macaronesian Biogeographic Region includes the Portuguese archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, and the Spanish Canary Islands.
The Natura 2000 list of sites of Community importance for the region was the first such list to be adopted, in December 2001.
It contained 208 sites covering over of land and sea.
The list is updated every year.
As of 14 December 2018 it contained 224 entries ranging from ES0000041 Ojeda, Inagua y Pajonales, at to PTTER0018 Costa das Quatro Ribeiras — Ilha da Terceira, at .
Environment
The archipelagos all have a volcanic origin, complex landscape and gentle climate, and have rich biodiversity.
Notes
Sources
Environment of the Canary Islands
Environment of the Azores
Environment of Madeira
Biogeography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonk%20meteorite | Tonk is a small carbonaceous chondrite meteorite that fell near Tonk, India in 1911. Despite its small size, it is often included in studies due to its compositional similarity to the early solar system.
Composition and classification
The meteorite consists of fragments that together weigh and fell near the city of Tonk in India near midday on 22 January 1911. It is one of five known meteorites belonging to the CI chondrite group. This group is remarkable for having an elemental distribution that has the strongest similarity to that of the solar nebula. Except for certain volatile elements, like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and the noble gases, which are not present in the meteorite, the ratios of the elements are very similar. Notably though, the meteor is highly enriched in volatile mercury which is undetectable in the solar photosphere, and this is a major driver of the "mercury paradox" that mercury abundances in meteors do not follow its volatile nature and isotopic ratios based expected behaviour in the solar nebula. These features mean that it is often, despite its small size, included in meteorological studies. The meteorite contains dolomite, magnesite, magnetite, pentlandite and pyrrhotite.
Alternative names
The meteorite is also known as Chhabra and Jhalrapatan.
See also
Glossary of meteoritics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza%20theorem | In elementary geometry, the pizza theorem states the equality of two areas that arise when one partitions a disk in a certain way.
The theorem is so called because it mimics a traditional pizza slicing technique. It shows that if two people share a pizza sliced into 8 pieces (or any multiple of 4 greater than 8), and take alternating slices, then they will each get an equal amount of pizza, irrespective of the central cutting point.
Statement
Let p be an interior point of the disk, and let n be a multiple of 4 that is greater than or equal to 8. Form n sectors of the disk with equal angles by choosing an arbitrary line through p, rotating the line times by an angle of radians, and slicing the disk on each of the resulting lines. Number the sectors consecutively in a clockwise or anti-clockwise fashion. Then the pizza theorem states that:
The sum of the areas of the odd-numbered sectors equals the sum of the areas of the even-numbered sectors .
History
The pizza theorem was originally proposed as a challenge problem by . The published solution to this problem, by Michael Goldberg, involved direct manipulation of the algebraic expressions for the areas of the sectors.
provide an alternative proof by dissection. They show how to partition the sectors into smaller pieces so that each piece in an odd-numbered sector has a congruent piece in an even-numbered sector, and vice versa. gave a family of dissection proofs for all cases (in which the number of sectors ).
Generalizations
The requirement that the number of sectors be a multiple of four is necessary: as Don Coppersmith showed, dividing a disk into four sectors, or a number of sectors that is not divisible by four, does not in general produce equal areas. answered a problem of by providing a more precise version of the theorem that determines which of the two sets of sectors has greater area in the cases that the areas are unequal. Specifically, if the number of sectors is 2 (mod 8) and no slice passe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%20neighborhood | In cellular automata, the Moore neighborhood is defined on a two-dimensional square lattice and is composed of a central cell and the eight cells that surround it.
Name
The neighborhood is named after Edward F. Moore, a pioneer of cellular automata theory.
Importance
It is one of the two most commonly used neighborhood types, the other one being the von Neumann neighborhood, which excludes the corner cells. The well known Conway's Game of Life, for example, uses the Moore neighborhood. It is similar to the notion of 8-connected pixels in computer graphics.
The Moore neighbourhood of a cell is the cell itself and the cells at a Chebyshev distance of 1.
The concept can be extended to higher dimensions, for example forming a 26-cell cubic neighborhood for a cellular automaton in three dimensions, as used by 3D Life. In dimension d, where , the size of the neighborhood is 3d − 1.
In two dimensions, the number of cells in an extended Moore neighbourhood of range r is (2r + 1)2.
Algorithm
The idea behind the formulation of Moore neighborhood is to find the contour of a given graph. This idea was a great challenge for most analysts of the 18th century, and as a result an algorithm was derived from the Moore graph which was later called the Moore Neighborhood algorithm.
The pseudocode for the Moore-Neighbor tracing algorithm is
Input: A square tessellation, T, containing a connected component P of black cells.
Output: A sequence B (b1, b2, ..., bk) of boundary pixels i.e. the contour.
Define M(a) to be the Moore neighborhood of pixel a.
Let p denote the current boundary pixel.
Let c denote the current pixel under consideration i.e. c is in M(p).
Let b denote the backtrack of c (i.e. neighbor pixel of p that was previously tested)
Begin
Set B to be empty.
From bottom to top and left to right scan the cells of T until a black pixel, s, of P is found.
Insert s in B.
Set the current boundary point p to s i.e. p=s
Let b = the pixel from which s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuxi | Smuxi is a cross-platform IRC client for the GNOME desktop inspired by Irssi. It pioneered the concept of separating the frontend client from the backend engine which manages connections to IRC servers inside a single graphical application.
Architecture
Smuxi is based on the client–server model: The core application exists in the Smuxi back-end server which is connected to the Internet around-the-clock. The user interacts with one or more Smuxi front-end clients which are connected to the Smuxi back-end server. This way, the Smuxi back-end server can maintain connections to IRC servers even when all Smuxi front-end clients have been closed.
The combination of screen and Irssi served as an example of this architecture. The Quassel IRC client has a similar design.
Smuxi also supports the regular single application mode. This behaves like a typical IRC client with no separation of back-end and front-end. It utilizes a local IRC engine that is used by the local front-end client.
Features
Smuxi supports nick colors which are identical across channels and networks, a Caret Mode as seen in Firefox that allows users to navigate through the messages using the keyboard, theming with colors and fonts, configurable tray-icon support, optional stripping of colours and formattings and convenience features like CTCP support, channel search and nickname completion. It has a tabbed document interface, tabbed user interface, and support for multiple servers. Smuxi can attach to a local backend engine or a remote engine utilizing the Engine drop down menu (similar to screen used with irssi). It also includes, in client-server operation, a visual marker showing the user's last activity in an open session, and ignore filtering.
Distribution
Smuxi can be found in many major free operating systems such as:
Debian GNU/Linux (including Debian GNU/kFreeBSD),
Ubuntu,
Gentoo Linux,
Arch Linux,
openSUSE Community Repository,
Frugalware Linux,
Slackware, and
FreeBSD.
Smuxi is also availa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20memory | Big memory computers are machines with a large amount of random-access memory (RAM). The computers are required for databases, graph analytics, or more generally, high-performance computing, data science and big data. Some database systems are designed to run mostly in memory, rarely if ever retrieving data from disk or flash memory. See list of in-memory databases.
Details
The performance of big memory systems depends on how the central processing units (CPUs) access the memory, via a conventional memory controller or via non-uniform memory access (NUMA). Performance also depends on the size and design of the CPU cache.
Performance also depends on operating system (OS) design. The huge pages feature in Linux and other OSes can improve the efficiency of virtual memory. The transparent huge pages feature in Linux can offer better performance for some big-memory workloads. The "Large-Page Support" in Microsoft Windows enables server applications to establish large-page memory regions which are typically three orders of magnitude larger than the native page size. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera%20paleobiota%20of%20Burmese%20amber | Burmese amber is fossil resin dating to the early Late Cretaceous Cenomanian age recovered from deposits in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. It is known for being one of the most diverse Cretaceous age amber paleobiotas, containing rich arthropod fossils, along with uncommon vertebrate fossils and even rare marine inclusions. A mostly complete list of all taxa described up until 2018 can be found in Ross 2018; its supplement Ross 2019b covers most of 2019.
Hymenoptera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokeratin%205/6%20antibodies | Cytokeratin 5/6 antibodies are antibodies that target both cytokeratin 5 and cytokeratin 6. These are used in immunohistochemistry, often called CK 5/6 staining, including the following applications:
Identifying basal cells or myoepithelial cells in the breast and prostate.
For breast pathology, also in distinguishing usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH) and papillary lesions (having a mosaic-like pattern) from ductal carcinoma in situ, which is usually negative. Cyclin D1 and CK5/6 staining could be used in concert to distinguish between the diagnosis of papilloma (Cyclin D1 < 4.20%, CK 5/6 positive) or papillary carcinoma (Cyclin D1 > 37.00%, CK 5/6 negative).
In the lung, distinguishing epithelioid mesothelioma (CK5/6 positive in 83%) from lung adenocarcinoma (CK5/6 negative in 85%). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%20control | Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders. While border control is typically associated with international borders, it also encompasses controls imposed on internal borders within a single state.
Border control measures serve a variety of purposes, ranging from enforcing customs, sanitary and phytosanitary, or biosecurity regulations to restricting migration. While some borders (including most states' internal borders and international borders within the Schengen Area) are open and completely unguarded, others (including the vast majority of borders between countries as well as some internal borders) are subject to some degree of control and may be crossed legally only at designated checkpoints. Border controls in the 21st century are tightly intertwined with intricate systems of travel documents, visas, and increasingly complex policies that vary between countries.
History
States and rulers have always regarded the ability to determine who enters or remains in their territories as a key test of their sovereignty, but prior to World War I, border controls were only sporadically implemented. In medieval Europe, for example, the boundaries between rival countries and centres of power were largely symbolic or consisted of amorphous borderlands, 'marches', and 'debatable lands' of indeterminate or contested status and the real 'borders' consisted of the fortified walls that surrounded towns and cities, where the authorities could exclude undesirable or incompatible people at the gates, from vagrants, beggars and the 'wandering poor', to 'masterless women', lepers, Romani, or Jews.
The concept of border controls has its origins in antiquity. In Asia, the existence of border controls is evidenced in classical texts. The Arthashastra () makes mention of passes issued at the rate of one masha per pass to enter and exit the country. Chapter 34 of the Sec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared%20photodissociation%20spectroscopy | Infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy uses infrared radiation to break bonds in, often ionic, molecules (photodissociation), within a mass spectrometer. In combination with post-ionization, this technique can also be used for neutral species. IRPD spectroscopy has been shown to use electron ionization, corona discharge, and electrospray ionization to obtain spectra of volatile and nonvolatile compounds. Ionized gases trapped in a mass spectrometer can be studied without the need of a solvent as in infrared spectroscopy.
History
Scientists began to wonder about the energetic of cluster formation early in the 19th century. Henry Eyring developed the activated-complex theory describing kinetics of reactions. Interest in studying the weak interactions of molecules and ions(e.g. van der Waals) in clusters encouraged gas phase spectroscopy, in 1962 D.H. Rank studied weak interactions in the gas phase using traditional infrared spectroscopy. D.S. Bomse used IRPD with an ICR to study isotopic compounds in 1980 at California Institute of Technology. Spectroscopy for weak bonding clusters was limited by low cluster concentration and the variety of accessible cluster states. Cluster states vary in part due to frequent collisions with other species, to reduce collisions in gas phase IRPD forms clusters in low pressure ion traps (e.g. FT-ICR). Nitrogen and water were one of the first complexes studied with the aid of a mass spectrometer by A. Good at University of Alberta in the 1960s.
Instrumentation
Photodissociation is used to detect electromagnetic activity of ions, compounds, and clusters when spectroscopy cannot be directly applied. Low concentrations of analyte can be one inhibiting factor to spectroscopy esp. in the gas phase. Mass spectrometers, time-of-flight and ion cyclotron resonance have been used to study hydrated ion clusters. Instruments are able to use ESI to effectively form hydrated ion clusters. Laser ablation and corona discharge have also been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placard | A placard is a notice installed in a public place, like a small card, sign, or plaque. It can be attached to or hung from a vehicle or building to indicate information about the vehicle operator or contents of a vehicle or building. It can also refer to paperboard signs or notice carried by picketers or demonstrators.
Buildings
A placard is posted on buildings to communicate a wide variety of information, such as fire safety policies, emergency shelters.
The International Building Code requires doors in some public and commercial structures, fitted with an internal key lock have a notice "This door to remain unlocked when this space is occupied" in a minimum of text be posted beside or above the door. Some state and local building codes modify this text, such as California fire code, which specifies "This door to remain unlocked during business hours".
Temporary placards may be placed on buildings such as warning signs when a structure is being fumigated, or has been condemned by building inspectors or the fire department and is unsafe to enter.
Fallout shelters
As part of the civil defense preparations in the event of a nuclear attack, in 1961 United States began establishing fallout shelters in communities across the country. The shelters were symbolized by orange-yellow and black trefoil symbol, designed by Robert W. Blakeley.
In 1962, 1.4 million metal signs and 1 million adhesive stickers were manufactured and distributed across the country at a total cost of $700,500 .
Two standard signs were used widely, a aluminum sign for posting on the exterior of buildings identifying the building as having a fallout shelter, and a steel sign, intended for interior use to the shelter's location and mark the actual location of the shelter within the building.
The sign system included 'overlays' that were designed to be added to signs for conveying additional information about the specific shelter and its location.
Exterior sign overlays:
Numbers - for Capacity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20software%20process | The Personal Software Process (PSP) is a structured software development process that is designed to help software engineers better understand and improve their performance by bringing discipline to the way they develop software and tracking their predicted and actual development of the code. It clearly shows developers how to manage the quality of their products, how to make a sound plan, and how to make commitments. It also offers them the data to justify their plans. They can evaluate their work and suggest improvement direction by analyzing and reviewing development time, defects, and size data. The PSP was created by Watts Humphrey to apply the underlying principles of the Software Engineering Institute's (SEI) Capability Maturity Model (CMM) to the software development practices of a single developer. It claims to give software engineers the process skills necessary to work on a team software process (TSP) team.
"Personal Software Process" and "PSP" are registered service marks of the Carnegie Mellon University.
Objectives
The PSP aims to provide software engineers with disciplined methods for improving personal software development processes. The PSP helps software engineers to:
Improve their estimating and planning skills.
Make commitments they can keep.
Manage the quality of their projects.
Reduce the number of defects in their work.
PSP structure
PSP training follows an evolutionary improvement approach: an engineer learning to integrate the PSP into his or her process begins at the first level – PSP0 – and progresses in process maturity to the final level – PSP2.1. Each Level has detailed scripts, checklists and templates to guide the engineer through required steps and helps the engineer improve their own personal software process. Humphrey encourages proficient engineers to customize these scripts and templates as they gain an understanding of their own strengths and weaknesses.
Process
The input to PSP is the requirements; requirements docume |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coanalytic%20set | In the mathematical discipline of descriptive set theory, a coanalytic set is a set (typically a set of real numbers or more generally a subset of a Polish space) that is the complement of an analytic set (Kechris 1994:87). Coanalytic sets are also referred to as sets (see projective hierarchy). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20femoral%20artery | The deep femoral artery also known as the deep artery of the thigh, or profunda femoris artery, is a large branch of the femoral artery. It travels more deeply ("profoundly") than the rest of the femoral artery. It gives rise to the lateral circumflex femoral artery and medial circumflex femoral artery, and the perforating arteries, terminating within the thigh.
Structure
Origin
The deep femoral artery branches off the posterolateral side of the femoral artery soon after its origin.
Course
It travels down the thigh closer to the femur than the femoral artery. It runs between the pectineus muscle and the adductor longus muscle. It runs on the posterior side of adductor longus muscle. It pierces the adductor magnus muscle, and may be known as the fourth perforating artery as it continues. The deep femoral artery does not leave the thigh; terminating as perforating tissue branches within the thigh.
Branches
The deep femoral artery gives off the following branches:
Lateral circumflex femoral artery.
Medial circumflex femoral artery.
3 perforating arteries that perforate the adductor magnus muscle to the posterior and medial compartments of the thigh to connect with the branches of the popliteal artery behind the knee. The perforating arteries arise in the anterior compartment of thigh. The terminal continuation of the deep femoral artery may be regarded as the fourth perforating artery.
Distribution
The deep femoral artery is the main supply of oxygenated blood to the thigh.
The medial circumflex femoral artery is distributes to the adductor group (adductor longus, magnus, and brevis), gracilis, and pectineus. It also supplies the femoral head and neck.
The lateral circumflex femoral artery supplies muscles of the knee extensor group (vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris).
The perforating arteries supply the hamstring muscles (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris).
Additional images
See also
Obturator artery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20fermion%20superconductor | Heavy fermion superconductors are a type of unconventional superconductor.
The first heavy fermion superconductor, CeCu2Si2, was discovered by Frank Steglich in 1978.
Since then over 30 heavy fermion superconductors were found (in materials based on Ce, U), with a critical temperature up to 2.3 K (in CeCoIn5).
Heavy Fermion materials are intermetallic compounds, containing rare earth or actinide elements. The f-electrons of these atoms hybridize with the normal conduction electrons leading to quasiparticles with an enhanced effective mass.
From specific heat measurements (ΔC/C(TC) one knows that the Cooper pairs in the superconducting state are also formed by the heavy quasiparticles.
In contrast to normal superconductors it cannot be described by BCS-Theory. Due to the large effective mass, the
Fermi velocity is reduced and comparable to the inverse Debye frequency. This leads to the failing of the picture of electrons polarizing the lattice as an attractive force.
Some heavy fermion superconductors are candidate materials for the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase. In particular there has been evidence that CeCoIn5 close to the critical field is in an FFLO state. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum%20%28orca%29 | Tilikum ( – January 6, 2017), nicknamed Tilly, was a captive male orca who spent most of his life at SeaWorld Orlando in Florida. He was captured in Iceland in 1983; about a year later, he was transferred to Sealand of the Pacific in Victoria, British Columbia. He was subsequently transferred in 1992 to SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, where he sired 21 calves throughout his life.
Tilikum was heavily featured in CNN Films' 2013 documentary Blackfish, which claims that orcas in captivity suffer psychological damage and become unnaturally aggressive. Of the four fatal attacks by orcas in captivity, Tilikum was involved in three: Keltie Byrne, a trainer at the now-defunct Sealand of the Pacific; Daniel P. Dukes, a man trespassing in SeaWorld Orlando; and SeaWorld trainer Dawn Brancheau.
Description
Tilikum was the largest orca in captivity. He measured long and weighed about . His pectoral fins were long, his fluke curled under, and his dorsal fin was collapsed completely to his left side.
His name, in the Chinook Jargon of the Pacific Northwest, means "friends, relations, tribe, nation, common people".
Life
Origin
Tilikum was captured when he was two years old, along with two other young orcas, by a purse-seine net in November 1983, at Berufjörður in eastern Iceland. After almost a year in a tank at the Hafnarfjördur Marine Zoo, he was transferred to Sealand of the Pacific, in Oak Bay, a suburb of the city of Victoria on Vancouver Island, Canada. At Sealand, he lived with two older female orcas named Haida II and Nootka IV. As a result of their matriarchal social structure, Tilikum was abused by Haida II and Nootka IV who behaved aggressively towards him, including forcing him into a smaller medical pool where trainers kept him for protection.
Fatalities
While orca attacks on humans in the wild are rare, and no fatal attacks have been recorded, as of 2022 four humans have died due to interactions with captive orcas. Tilikum was involved in three of those dea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver | The liver is a major metabolic organ only found in vertebrate animals, which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for digestion and growth. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm and mostly shielded by the lower right rib cage. Its other metabolic roles include carbohydrate metabolism, the production of hormones, conversion and storage of nutrients such as glucose and glycogen, and the decomposition of red blood cells.
The liver is also an accessory digestive organ that produces bile, an alkaline fluid containing cholesterol and bile acids, which emulsifies and aids the breakdown of dietary fat. The gallbladder, a small hollow pouch that sits just under the right lobe of liver, stores and concentrates the bile produced by the liver, which is later excreted to the duodenum to help with digestion. The liver's highly specialized tissue, consisting mostly of hepatocytes, regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the synthesis and breakdown of small and complex organic molecules, many of which are necessary for normal vital functions. Estimates regarding the organ's total number of functions vary, but is generally cited as being around 500.
It is not known how to compensate for the absence of liver function in the long term, although liver dialysis techniques can be used in the short term. Artificial livers have not been developed to promote long-term replacement in the absence of the liver. , liver transplantation is the only option for complete liver failure.
Structure
The liver is a dark reddish brown, wedge-shaped organ with two lobes of unequal size and shape. A human liver normally weighs approximately and has a width of about . There is considerable size variation between individuals, with the standard reference range for men being and for women . It is both the heaviest int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjusted%20mutual%20information | In probability theory and information theory, adjusted mutual information, a variation of mutual information may be used for comparing clusterings. It corrects the effect of agreement solely due to chance between clusterings, similar to the way the adjusted rand index corrects the Rand index. It is closely related to variation of information: when a similar adjustment is made to the VI index, it becomes equivalent to the AMI. The adjusted measure however is no longer metrical.
Mutual information of two partitions
Given a set S of N elements , consider two partitions of S, namely with R clusters, and with C clusters. It is presumed here that the partitions are so-called hard clusters; the partitions are pairwise disjoint:
for all , and complete:
The mutual information of cluster overlap between U and V can be summarized in the form of an RxC contingency table , where denotes the number of objects that are common to clusters and . That is,
Suppose an object is picked at random from S; the probability that the object falls into cluster is:
The entropy associated with the partitioning U is:
H(U) is non-negative and takes the value 0 only when there is no uncertainty determining an object's cluster membership, i.e., when there is only one cluster. Similarly, the entropy of the clustering V can be calculated as:
where . The mutual information (MI) between two partitions:
where denotes the probability that a point belongs to both the cluster in U and cluster in V:
MI is a non-negative quantity upper bounded by the entropies H(U) and H(V). It quantifies the information shared by the two clusterings and thus can be employed as a clustering similarity measure.
Adjustment for chance
Like the Rand index, the baseline value of mutual information between two random clusterings does not take on a constant value, and tends to be larger when the two partitions have a larger number of clusters (with a fixed number of set elements N).
By adopting a hypergeometric m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback%20vertex%20set | In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a feedback vertex set (FVS) of a graph is a set of vertices whose removal leaves a graph without cycles ("removal" means deleting the vertex and all edges adjacent to it). Equivalently, each FVS contains at least one vertex of any cycle in the graph. The feedback vertex set number of a graph is the size of a smallest feedback vertex set. The minimum feedback vertex set problem is an NP-complete problem; it was among the first problems shown to be NP-complete. It has wide applications in operating systems, database systems, and VLSI chip design.
Definition
The FVS decision problem is as follows:
INSTANCE: An (undirected or directed) graph and a positive integer .
QUESTION: Is there a subset with such that, when all vertices of and their adjacent edges are deleted from , the remainder is cycle-free?
The graph that remains after removing from is an induced forest (resp. an induced directed acyclic graph in the case of directed graphs). Thus, finding a minimum FVS in a graph is equivalent to finding a maximum induced forest (resp. maximum induced directed acyclic graph in the case of directed graphs).
NP-hardness
showed that the minimum FVS problem for directed graphs is NP-complete. The problem remains NP-complete on directed graphs with maximum in-degree and out-degree two, and on directed planar graphs with maximum in-degree and out-degree three.
Karp's reduction also implies the NP-completeness of the FVS problem on undirected graphs, where the problem stays NP-hard on graphs of maximum degree four. The FVS problem can be solved in polynomial time on graphs of maximum degree at most three.
Exact algorithms
The corresponding NP optimization problem of finding the size of a minimum feedback vertex set can be solved in time O(1.7347n), where n is the number of vertices in the graph. This algorithm actually computes a maximum induced forest, and when such a forest is obtained, its complement is a minimum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster%20manager | Within cluster and parallel computing, a cluster manager is usually backend graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI) software that runs on a set of cluster nodes that it manages (in some cases it runs on a different server or cluster of management servers). The cluster manager works together with a cluster management agent. These agents run on each node of the cluster to manage and configure services, a set of services, or to manage and configure the complete cluster server itself (see super computing.) In some cases the cluster manager is mostly used to dispatch work for the cluster (or cloud) to perform. In this last case a subset of the cluster manager can be a remote desktop application that is used not for configuration but just to send work and get back work results from a cluster. In other cases the cluster is more related to availability and load balancing than to computational or specific service clusters.
See also
List of cluster management software
Grid network
Further reading
Cluster management
Adaptive Control of Extreme-scale Stream Processing Systems Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems.
Design, implementation, and evaluation of the linear road benchmark on the stream processing core Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data.
Parallel Job Scheduling A Status Report (2004) 10th Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing, New-York, NY, June 2004.
Condor-G: A Computation Management Agent for Multi-Institutional Grids Springer Journal Cluster Computing Volume 5, Number 3 / July, 2002
From clusters to the fabric: the job management perspective Cluster Computing, 2003. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on
An Overview of the Galaxy Management Framework for Scalable Enterprise Cluster Computing IEEE International Conference on Cluster Computing (Cluster'00), 2000.
Performance and Interoperability Issues |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20coverage%20problem | The maximum coverage problem is a classical question in computer science, computational complexity theory, and operations research.
It is a problem that is widely taught in approximation algorithms.
As input you are given several sets and a number .
The sets may have some elements in common.
You must select at most of these sets such that the maximum number of elements are covered,
i.e. the union of the selected sets has maximal size.
Formally, (unweighted) Maximum Coverage
Instance: A number and a collection of sets .
Objective: Find a subset of sets, such that and the number of covered elements is maximized.
The maximum coverage problem is NP-hard, and can be approximated within under standard assumptions.
This result essentially matches the approximation ratio achieved by the generic greedy algorithm used for maximization of submodular functions with a cardinality constraint.
ILP formulation
The maximum coverage problem can be formulated as the following integer linear program.
Greedy algorithm
The greedy algorithm for maximum coverage chooses sets according to one rule: at each stage, choose a set which contains the largest number of uncovered elements. It can be shown that this algorithm achieves an approximation ratio of . ln-approximability results show that the greedy algorithm is essentially the best-possible polynomial time approximation algorithm for maximum coverage unless .
Known extensions
The inapproximability results apply to all extensions of the maximum coverage problem since they hold the maximum coverage problem as a special case.
The Maximum Coverage Problem can be applied to road traffic situations; one such example is selecting which bus routes in a public transportation network should be installed with pothole detectors to maximise coverage, when only a limited number of sensors is available. This problem is a known extension of the Maximum Coverage Problem and was first explored in literature by Junade Ali and Vladimir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyhoo%20%28video%20game%29 | Ballyhoo is an interactive fiction video game designed by Jeff O'Neill and published by Infocom in 1985. The circus-themed game was released for ten systems, including DOS, Atari ST, and Commodore 64. Ballyhoo was labeled as "Standard" difficulty. It is Infocom's nineteenth game.
Plot
The player's character is bedazzled by the spectacle of the circus and the mystery of the performer's life. After attending a show of Tomas Munrab's "The Travelling Circus That Time Forgot", the player loiters near the tents instead of rushing through the exit. Maybe some clowns will practice a new act, or perhaps at least one of the trapeze artists will trip...
Instead, the player overhears a strange conversation. The circus' owner has hired a drunken, inept detective to find his daughter Chelsea, who has been kidnapped. Munrab is convinced that it was an outside job; surely his loyal employees would never betray him like this!
As the player begins to investigate the abduction, it soon becomes clear that the circus workers don't appreciate the intrusion. Their reactions range from indifference to hostility to attempted murder. In order to unravel the mystery, the player engages in a series of actions straight out of a circus fan's dream: dressing up as a clown, walking the high wire, and taming lions.
Release
Ballyhoo included the following physical items in the package:
An "Official Souvenir Program" from The Traveling Circus That Time Forgot describing each of the featured acts and listing common circus slang
A ticket to the circus
A toy balloon imprinted with the circus' name and logo (blue was the most common color, although a few orange or black ones were also shipped)
A trade card for "Dr. Nostrum's Extract", a fictitious patent medicine hailed as a "wondrous curative" containing 19% alcohol
Reception
Compute!'s Gazette in 1986 called Ballyhoo "richly evocative, often exasperating, and very clever". The magazine approved of the splendid feelies and "surprisingly flexible" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%2C%20Fi%2C%20Fo%2C%20Fum%2C%20and%20Phooey | Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey were five mice who traveled to the Moon and circled it 75 times on the 1972 Apollo 17 mission. NASA gave them identification numbers A3305, A3326, A3352, A3356, and A3400, and their nicknames were given by the Apollo 17 crew (Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt, and Ronald Evans). The four male mice, one female mouse, and Evans orbited the Moon for a record-setting six days and four hours in the Apollo command module America as Cernan and Schmitt performed the Apollo program's last lunar excursions.
The mice travelled in individual compartments of tubes inside an aluminium container with "a sufficient food supply, temperature control, and a reserve of potassium superoxide that absorbed the from their respiration and provided them with fresh oxygen." One of the male mice died (A-3352) during the trip, and the four survivors were euthanized and dissected for their intended biological information upon their return from the Moon.
The three astronauts and the five mice were the last Earthlings to travel to and orbit the Moon. Evans and the five mice share two living-being spaceflight records: the longest amount of time spent in lunar orbit (147 hours 43 minutes), and the most lunar orbits traveled (75).
Mission
Apollo 17 launched December 7, 1972, and returned to Earth on December 19. A biological cosmic ray experiment (BIOCORE) carried the five pocket mice (Perognathus longimembris), a species chosen for the experiment because they had well documented biological responses. Some advantages of the species included their small size, ease of maintenance in an isolated state (requiring no drinking water for the expected duration of the mission and producing highly concentrated waste), and their proven capability of withstanding environmental stress.
Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey had been implanted with radiation monitors under their scalps to see whether they would suffer damage from cosmic rays. Four of the five mice survived the flight; the caus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa%20gene | Vasa is an RNA binding protein with an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that is a member of the DEAD box family of proteins. The vasa gene is essential for germ cell development and was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster, but has since been found to be conserved in a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates including humans. The Vasa protein is found primarily in germ cells in embryos and adults, where it is involved in germ cell determination and function, as well as in multipotent stem cells, where its exact function is unknown.
Gene
The Vasa gene is a member of the DEAD box family of RNA helicases in Drosophila melanogaster. Its human ortholog, Ddx4, is located on human chromosome 5q. It is syntenic to mouse chromosome 13, where the mouse vasa gene is located. The gene is conserved in many invertebrates and vertebrate species such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Xenopus, Zebrafish, flatworms, echinoderms, molluscs, nematodes, mice and rats as an important part of germ line maintenance and function.
All vertebrate species and Drosophila have only one vasa ortholog. However, C. elegans has four Vasa genes, of which only one (GLH-1) is essential.
All DEAD box genes, including Vasa, have 9 conserved sequence motifs. The Vasa gene family evolved from a duplication event followed by acquiring certain domains. Early in the evolution of multicellular animals, the duplication of PL10 related DEAD-box gene occurred. This resulted in animals having both Vasa and PL10 genes, but plants and fungi only have PL10 genes and no Vasa. After the duplication event, the N-terminal region acquired Zn-knuckle domains which are now conserved in invertebrates. Vertebrates and insects both have lost the Zn-knuckle domains. The number of these domains vary between different species Vasa genes. An important property of Zn-knuckles, which can be categorized as classical zinc fingers, is that they are able to bind to single and double stranded DNA or RNA. The presence of Zn-knuckles in inve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine%20vial%20monitor | A vaccine vial monitor (VVM) is a thermochromic label put on vials containing vaccines which gives a visual indication of whether the vaccine has been kept at a temperature which preserves its potency. The labels were designed in response to the problem of delivering vaccines to developing countries where the cold chain is difficult to preserve, and where formerly vaccines were being rendered inactive and administered ineffectively due to their having been denatured by exposure to ambient temperature.
History
When international vaccine care standards were being designed in the 1970s, the manuals typically generalized from the needs of care for the oral polio vaccine since that was the most delicate vaccine in wide use.
In the 1970s PATH began working with the WHO to develop a system for identifying vaccines which had expired from improper storage. In 1996 the vaccine vial monitor was first used in a vaccine project, and by the next year it was widely accepted for use on many vaccine projects. It took until 2007 for VVMs to be widely adopted by vaccine manufacturers. by 2017, over 6.6 billion VVMs had been used.
In 2007 in Geneva the World Health Organization hosted a commemoration of the 10-year anniversary of the introduction of VVMs. In 2007 PATH won a Tech Award for the development of the VVM.
Use
The vaccine vial monitor consists of a heat sensitive square within a circle. If the monitor is exposed to heat it changes color with time and with increasing speed in hotter conditions. If the square becomes the same color as the circle or becomes darker than the circle, then the vaccine contained in the vial is damaged and the vial should be discarded.
Studies have shown that health workers without proper training sometimes do not understand what a VVM is or how it works. A 2007 study in urban areas of Valsad in India showed that vaccine administrators were unaware of the purpose of the monitors.
Commonly monitored vaccines
The vaccine vial monitor is inte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Strange | Frederick Strange (? – 1854) was a collector of plant and animal specimens during the early colonisation of Australia.
Strange was apparently born in Aylsham, in Norfolk, England, tentatively given as 1826 by his earliest biographer although more likely to between 1810 and 1818. He emigrated to South Australia in 1836 aboard the Cygnet, or at least prior to 1838 when he accompanied Charles Sturt on an expedition to the Gawler River. A saltwater water body to which he led the party, from which he had profitably fished sometime earlier, was later named for him as Strange's Creek.
A genus of Proteaceae, Strangea, was named by Carl Meissner for this collector. Strange supplied specimens to botanists, ornithologists and other workers, including the previously undescribed Prince Albert's lyre-bird Menura alberti, and others used as types for bird species described by John Gould: sooty owl Strix tenebricosa, plumed frogmouth Podargus plumiferus, pale-yellow robin Eopsaltria capito, mangrove honeyeater Ptilotis fasciogularis and rufous shrike-thrush Colluricincla rufogaster.
Strange accompanied John Lort Stokes in 1848 on a voyage to survey New Zealand. He returned to England with his family in 1852, taking with him a substantial collection of specimens. Most of the material that Strange obtained was deposited in English collections and studied by workers in that country, especially in the fields of botany, ornithology and conchology. Notices in contemporary English newspapers described his seeds and specimens when he arrived, crediting him with the introduction to England of the plant Nymphaea gigantea as a living specimen. That species, an aquatic plant with large flowers that was compared to celebrated exotic Victoria amazonica, was then named and described by William Hooker and illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch.
Strange's own reports on plants and animals were published in the works of Gould and elsewhere, providing information on their habits and habitat.
His note |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20Overflow | Stack Overflow is a question-and-answer website for programmers. It is the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network. It was created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky. It features questions and answers on certain computer programming topics. It was created to be a more open alternative to earlier question and answer websites such as Experts-Exchange. Stack Overflow was sold to Prosus, a Netherlands-based consumer internet conglomerate, on 2 June 2021 for $1.8 billion.
The website serves as a platform for users to ask and answer questions, and, through membership and active participation, to vote questions and answers up or down similar to Reddit and edit questions and answers in a fashion similar to a wiki. Users of Stack Overflow can earn reputation points and "badges"; for example, a person is awarded 10 reputation points for receiving an "up" vote on a question or an answer to a question, and can receive badges for their valued contributions, which represents a gamification of the traditional Q&A website. Users unlock new privileges with an increase in reputation like the ability to vote, comment, and even edit other people's posts.
Stack Overflow has over 20 million registered users, and has received over 24 million questions and 35 million answers. The site and similar programming question and answer sites have globally mostly replaced programming books for day-to-day programming reference in the 2000s, and today are an important part of computer programming. Based on the type of tags assigned to questions, the top eight most discussed topics on the site are: JavaScript, Java, C#, PHP, Android, Python, jQuery, and HTML.
History
The website was created by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky in 2008. The name for the website was chosen by voting in April 2008 by readers of Coding Horror, Atwood's popular programming blog. On 31 July 2008, Jeff Atwood sent out invitations encouraging his subscribers to take part in the private beta of the new website, limit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroism | In optics, a dichroic material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours) (not to be confused with dispersion), or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.
In beam splitters
The original meaning of dichroic, from the Greek dikhroos, two-coloured, refers to any optical device which can split a beam of light into two beams with differing wavelengths. Such devices include mirrors and filters, usually treated with optical coatings, which are designed to reflect light over a certain range of wavelengths and transmit light which is outside that range. An example is the dichroic prism, used in some camcorders, which uses several coatings to split light into red, green and blue components for recording on separate CCD arrays, however it is now more common to have a Bayer filter to filter individual pixels on a single CCD array. This kind of dichroic device does not usually depend on the polarization of the light. The term dichromatic is also used in this sense.
With polarized light
The second meaning of dichroic refers to the property of a material, in which light in different polarization states traveling through it experiences a different absorption coefficient; this is also known as diattenuation. When the polarization states in question are right and left-handed circular polarization, it is then known as circular dichroism (CD). Most materials exhibiting CD are chiral, although non-chiral materials showing CD have been recently observed. Since the left- and right-handed circular polarizations represent two spin angular momentum (SAM) states, in this case for a photon, this dichroism can also be thought of as spin angular momentum dichroism and could be modelled using quantum mechanics.
In some crystals,, such as tourmaline, the strength of the dichroic effect varies strongly with the wavelength of the light, making them appear to have different colou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevefilum | Brevefilum is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species (Brevefilum fermentans). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent%20place | The apparent place of an object is its position in space as seen by an observer. Because of physical and geometrical effects it may differ from the "true" or "geometric" position.
Astronomy
In astronomy, a distinction is made between the mean position, apparent position and topocentric position of an object.
Position of a star
The mean position of a star (relative to the observer's adopted coordinate system) can be calculated from its value at an arbitrary epoch, together with its actual motion over time (known as proper motion). The apparent position is its position as seen by a theoretical observer at the centre of the moving Earth. Several effects cause the apparent position to differ from the mean position:
Annual aberration – a deflection caused by the velocity of the Earth's motion around the Sun, relative to an inertial frame of reference. This is independent of the distance of the star from the Earth.
Annual parallax – the apparent change in position due to the star being viewed from different places as the Earth orbits the Sun in the course of a year. Unlike aberration, this effect depends on the distance of the star, being larger for nearby stars.
Precession – a long-term (ca. 26,000 years) variation in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation.
Nutation – shorter-term variations in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation.
The Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars is an astronomical yearbook, which is published one year in advance by the Astronomical Calculation Institute (Heidelberg University) in Heidelberg, Germany. It lists the apparent place of about 1000 fundamental stars for every 10 days and is published as a book and in a more extensive version on the Internet.
Solar System objects
The apparent position of a planet or other object in the Solar System is also affected by light-time correction, which is caused by the finite time it takes light from a moving body to reach the observer. Simply put, the observer sees the object |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity%20Walk | Infinity Walk is a therapeutic method for progressively developing coordination. It is typically used in those with brain injuries or learning disabilities.
A beginning student or patient learns to walk smoothly in a figure-eight pattern while looking at an object or person across the room. As they become able to do that consistently, other physical and mental activities are added to the coordinated walking. An advanced walker can maintain a smooth figure-eight walk while doing several other activities, e.g., simultaneously gesturing and doing mental arithmetic as they converse with their teacher or therapist.
Developed in the 1980s by clinical psychologist Deborah Sunbeck. It strives to improve the sensorimotor functioning of those who practice it. In developing the method, Sunbeck also applied knowledge of social facilitation and intrinsic motivation to the task of creating a self-motivating method of physical and mental skill-building that would help the user develop resilient self-regulated learning strategies for future challenges.
Uses
It has been used by U.S. physical and occupational therapists in the rehabilitation of persons with brain injuries.
It has been used developing multisensory integration in occupational therapy, including some clients with learning disabilities. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20Layer%20Convergence%20Protocol | Physical Layer Convergence Protocol is the physical layer protocol of several data transmission networks. It is used in the 802.11 standard. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrin%20adaptor%20protein | Clathrin adaptor proteins, also known as adaptins, are vesicular transport adaptor proteins associated with clathrin. These proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes, processed in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported from the Golgi apparatus to the trans-Golgi network, and from there via small carrier vesicles to their final destination compartment. The association between adaptins and clathrin are important for vesicular cargo selection and transporting. Clathrin coats contain both clathrin (acts as a scaffold) and adaptor complexes that link clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles. Clathrin-associated protein complexes are believed to interact with the cytoplasmic tails of membrane proteins, leading to their selection and concentration. Therefore, adaptor proteins are responsible for the recruitment of cargo molecules into a growing clathrin-coated pits. The two major types of clathrin adaptor complexes are the heterotetrameric vesicular transport adaptor proteins (AP1-5), and the monomeric GGA (Golgi-localising, Gamma-adaptin ear homology, ARF-binding proteins) adaptors. Adaptins are distantly related to the other main type of vesicular transport proteins, the coatomer subunits, sharing between 16% and 26% of their amino acid sequence.
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes are found in coated vesicles and clathrin-coated pits. AP complexes connect cargo proteins and lipids to clathrin at vesicle budding sites, as well as binding accessory proteins that regulate coat assembly and disassembly (such as AP180, epsins and auxilin). There are different AP complexes in mammals. AP1 is responsible for the transport of lysosomal hydrolases between the trans-Golgi network, and endosomes. AP2 adaptor complex associates with the plasma membrane and is responsible for endocytosis. AP3 is responsible for protein trafficking to lysosomes and other related organelles. AP4 is less well characterised. AP complexes are heterotetramers composed of two large subunits (adaptins), a me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP%20Physics%202 | Advanced Placement (AP) Physics 2 is a year-long introductory physics course administered by the College Board as part of its Advanced Placement program. It is intended to proxy a second-semester algebra-based university course in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, optics, and modern physics. Along with AP Physics 1, the first AP Physics 2 exam was administered in 2015.
The content of AP Physics 2 overlaps with that of AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism, but Physics 2 is algebra-based, while Physics C is calculus-based. AP Physics 2 is also the most advanced AP Physics class you can take without having to use calculus.
History
The AP Physics 2 classes began in the fall of 2014, with the first AP exams administered in May 2015. The courses were formed through collaboration between current Advanced Placement teachers and The College Board, with the guidance from the National Research Council and the National Science Foundation. As of August 2013 AP summer institutes, the College Board professional development course for Advanced Placement and Pre-AP teachers, dedicate 20% of the total to preparing AP Physics B educators for the new AP physics course. Face to face workshops sponsored by the College Board focused 20% of their content on the course in September 2013. In February 2014, the official course description and sample curriculum resources were posted to the College Board website, with two practice exams being posted the next month. As of September 2014, face to face workshops are dedicated solely to AP Physics 1 & AP Physics 2. The full course was first taught in 2014, with the exam given in 2015. In 2020, the examination was administered on computer from home because of COVID-19. College Board suspected that some students may be using unauthorized resources while taking the test. In order to ensure accurate results in the future, the course materials will be more difficult and in depth.
Curriculum
AP Physics 2 is an algebra-based, intro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrapleural%20pressure | In physiology, intrapleural pressure refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity. Normally, the pressure within the pleural cavity is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure, which is known as negative pressure. When the pleural cavity is damaged or ruptured and the intrapleural pressure becomes greater than the atmospheric pressure, pneumothorax may ensue.
Intrapleural pressure is different from intrathoracic pressure. The thoracic cavity is the space that includes the pleura, lungs, and heart, while the pleural space is only the space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura surrounding lungs.
Intrapleural pressure depends on the ventilation phase, atmospheric pressure, and the volume of the intrapleural cavity.
At rest, there is a negative intrapleural pressure. This provides a transpulmonary pressure, causing the lungs to expand. If humans didn't maintain a slightly negative pressure even when exhaling, their lungs would collapse on themselves because all the air would rush towards the area of lower pressure. Intra-pleural pressure is sub-atmospheric. This is due to the recoil of the chest and lungs away from each other.
Müller's maneuver can temporarily but significantly decrease the intrapleural pressure.
The relationship between the intra-pulmonary pressure and intra-pleural pressure is that the pressure becomes more negative during inspiration and allows air to get sucked in (Boyle's law) vs relationship and during expiration, the pressure becomes less negative (Note: still less than atmospheric pressure, also take note of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide) and the air is given out. The only difference between the pressures is that intra-pleural pressure is more negative than intra-pulmonary pressure.
Factors affecting are:
Physiological effects:
Müller's maneuver (forced inspiration against a closed glottis results in negative pressure)
Deep inspiration
Pathological effects:
Emphysema
Pneumothorax Condition
A perso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remez%20inequality | In mathematics, the Remez inequality, discovered by the Soviet mathematician Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez , gives a bound on the sup norms of certain polynomials, the bound being attained by the Chebyshev polynomials.
The inequality
Let σ be an arbitrary fixed positive number. Define the class of polynomials πn(σ) to be those polynomials p of the nth degree for which
on some set of measure ≥ 2 contained in the closed interval [−1, 1+σ]. Then the Remez inequality states that
where Tn(x) is the Chebyshev polynomial of degree n, and the supremum norm is taken over the interval [−1, 1+σ].
Observe that Tn is increasing on , hence
The R.i., combined with an estimate on Chebyshev polynomials, implies the following corollary: If J ⊂ R is a finite interval, and E ⊂ J is an arbitrary measurable set, then
for any polynomial p of degree n.
Extensions: Nazarov–Turán lemma
Inequalities similar to () have been proved for different classes of functions, and are known as Remez-type inequalities. One important example is Nazarov's inequality for exponential sums :
Nazarov's inequality. Let
be an exponential sum (with arbitrary λk ∈C), and let J ⊂ R be a finite interval, E ⊂ J—an arbitrary measurable set. Then
where C > 0 is a numerical constant.
In the special case when λk are pure imaginary and integer, and the subset E is itself an interval, the inequality was proved by Pál Turán and is known as Turán's lemma.
This inequality also extends to in the following way
for some A>0 independent of p, E, and n. When
a similar inequality holds for p > 2. For p=∞ there is an extension to multidimensional polynomials.
Proof: Applying Nazarov's lemma to leads to
thus
Now fix a set and choose such that , that is
Note that this implies:
Now
which completes the proof.
Pólya inequality
One of the corollaries of the R.i. is the Pólya inequality, which was proved by George Pólya , and states that the Lebesgue measure of a sub-level set of a polynomial p of degree n is bo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20Langlands%20correspondence | In mathematics, the geometric Langlands correspondence is a reformulation of the Langlands correspondence obtained by replacing the number fields appearing in the original number theoretic version by function fields and applying techniques from algebraic geometry. The geometric Langlands correspondence relates algebraic geometry and representation theory.
The specific case of the geometric Langlands correspondence for general linear groups over function fields was proven by Laurent Lafforgue in 2002, where it follows as a consequence of Lafforgue's theorem.
History
In mathematics, the classical Langlands correspondence is a collection of results and conjectures relating number theory and representation theory. Formulated by Robert Langlands in the late 1960s, the Langlands correspondence is related to important conjectures in number theory such as the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, which includes Fermat's Last Theorem as a special case. Establishing the Langlands correspondence in the number theoretic context has proven extremely difficult. As a result, some mathematicians have posed the geometric Langlands correspondence.
Langlands correspondences can be formulated for global fields (as well as local fields), which are classified into number fields or global function fields. The classical Langlands correspondence is formulated for number fields. The geometric Langlands correspondence is instead formulated for global function fields, which in some sense have proven easier to deal with.
In 2002, the geometric Langlands correspondence was proven for general linear groups over a function field by Laurent Lafforgue.
Connection to physics
In a paper from 2007, Anton Kapustin and Edward Witten described a connection between the geometric Langlands correspondence and S-duality, a property of certain quantum field theories.
In 2018, when accepting the Abel Prize, Langlands delivered a paper reformulating the geometric program using tools similar to his original Langl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20England%20temperature | The Central England Temperature (CET) record is a meteorological dataset originally published by Professor Gordon Manley in 1953 and subsequently extended and updated in 1974, following many decades of painstaking work. The monthly mean surface air temperatures, for the Midlands region of England, are given (in degrees Celsius) from the year 1659 to the present.
This record represents the longest series of monthly temperature observations in existence. It is a valuable dataset for meteorologists and climate scientists. It is monthly from 1659, and a daily version has been produced from 1772. The monthly means from November 1722 onwards are given to a precision of 0.1 °C. The earliest years of the series, from 1659 to October 1722 inclusive, for the most part only have monthly means given to the nearest degree or half a degree, though there is a small 'window' of 0.1 degree precision from 1699 to 1706 inclusive. This reflects the number, accuracy, reliability and geographical spread of the temperature records that were available for the years in question.
Data quality
Although best efforts have been made by Manley and subsequent researchers to quality control the series, there are data problems in the early years, with some non-instrumental data used. These problems account for the lower precision to which the early monthly means were quoted by Manley. Parker et al. (1992) addressed this by not using data prior to 1772, since their daily series required more accurate data than did the original series of monthly means. Before 1722, instrumental records do not overlap and Manley used a non-instrumental series from Utrecht compiled by Labrijn (1945), to make the monthly central England temperature (CET) series complete.
For a period early in the 21st century there were two versions of the series: the "official" version maintained by the Hadley Centre in Exeter, and a version that was maintained by the late Philip Eden which he argued was more consistent with the se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/226%20%28number%29 | 226 (two hundred [and] twenty-six) is the natural number following 225 and preceding 227.
In mathematics
226 is a happy number, and a semiprime (2×113),
and a member of Aronson's sequence.
At most 226 different permutation patterns can occur within a single 9-element permutation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20Packet%20Reporting%20System | Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) is an amateur radio-based system for real time digital communications of information of immediate value in the local area. Data can include object Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, weather station telemetry, text messages, announcements, queries, and other telemetry. APRS data can be displayed on a map, which can show stations, objects, tracks of moving objects, weather stations, search and rescue data, and direction finding data.
APRS data is typically transmitted on a single shared frequency (depending on country) to be repeated locally by area relay stations (digipeaters) for widespread local consumption. In addition, all such data are typically ingested into the APRS Internet System (APRS-IS) via an Internet-connected receiver (IGate) and distributed globally for ubiquitous and immediate access. Data shared via radio or Internet are collected by all users and can be combined with external map data to build a shared live view.
APRS was developed from the late 1980s forward by Bob Bruninga, call sign WB4APR, a senior research engineer at the United States Naval Academy. He maintained the main APRS Web site until his death in 2022. The initialism "APRS" was derived from his call sign.
History
Bob Bruninga, a senior research engineer at the United States Naval Academy, implemented the earliest ancestor of APRS on an Apple II computer in 1982. This early version was used to map high frequency Navy position reports. The first use of APRS was in 1984, when Bruninga developed a more advanced version on a VIC-20 for reporting the position and status of horses in a endurance run.
During the next two years, Bruninga continued to develop the system, which he then called the Connectionless Emergency Traffic System (CETS). Following a series of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) exercises using CETS, the system was ported to the IBM Personal Computer. During the early 1990s, CETS (then known as the Automatic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon%20escapement | Salmon escapement is the amount of a salmon population that does not get caught by commercial or recreational fisheries and return to their freshwater spawning habitat. Estimates of these amount are calculated with statistical analysis using data collected during that particular run season. These estimations help produce fishing quotas for the return year of the juveniles born for that years run, or can be used to determine the health of a salmon stock.
Estimating escapement for salmon can be done several ways: The most commonly used method is the area-under-the-curve model, and other methods include the change-in-ratio method, carcass-counting surveys, and weir-count surveys.
Escapement goals
Biological Escapement Goals (BEGs) are the number of returning salmon that would provide the largest possible amount of take while ensuring that enough salmon will successfully spawn, so that their offspring will replace the harvested amount in future runs. A BEG model is applied when a fishery harvests salmon in a manner that will allow managers to determine the desired spawning destination for that population of salmon.
Sustainable Escapement Goals (SEGs) are the amount of escapement needed, specified by an index or escapement estimate; that is known to provide a sustainable yield over a period of up to 10 years. The SEG is applied when there is not enough catch data for that stock such as the Alaska salmon fishery which harvests salmon in a non-terminal area and the desired spawning destination for that salmon population is unknown.
Optimal Escapement Goals (OEGs) consider biological and allocative influences and it may produce a diffident estimate then SEG or BEG goals. This goal is used when a managing groups wants to reallocate quotas, and essentially determines who may fish and where they fish for certain salmon populations. The OEG will allow sustainability and will be conveyed as a range with the lowest possible escapement level set to be above the estimate for S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-dimensional%20symmetry%20group | A one-dimensional symmetry group is a mathematical group that describes symmetries in one dimension (1D).
A pattern in 1D can be represented as a function f(x) for, say, the color at position x.
The only nontrivial point group in 1D is a simple reflection. It can be represented by the simplest Coxeter group, A1, [ ], or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram .
Affine symmetry groups represent translation. Isometries which leave the function unchanged are translations x + a with a such that f(x + a) = f(x) and reflections a − x with a such that f(a − x) = f(x). The reflections can be represented by the affine Coxeter group [∞], or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram representing two reflections, and the translational symmetry as [∞]+, or Coxeter-Dynkin diagram as the composite of two reflections.
Point group
For a pattern without translational symmetry there are the following possibilities (1D point groups):
the symmetry group is the trivial group (no symmetry)
the symmetry group is one of the groups each consisting of the identity and reflection in a point (isomorphic to Z2)
Discrete symmetry groups
These affine symmetries can be considered limiting cases of the 2D dihedral and cyclic groups:
Translational symmetry
Consider all patterns in 1D which have translational symmetry, i.e., functions f(x) such that for some a > 0, f(x + a) = f(x) for all x. For these patterns, the values of a for which this property holds form a group.
We first consider patterns for which the group is discrete, i.e., for which the positive values in the group have a minimum. By rescaling we make this minimum value 1.
Such patterns fall in two categories, the two 1D space groups or line groups.
In the simpler case the only isometries of R which map the pattern to itself are translations; this applies, e.g., for the pattern
− −−− − −−− − −−− − −−−
Each isometry can be characterized by an integer, namely plus or minus the translation distance. Therefore the symmetry group is Z.
In the other case, amon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20time-tracking%20software | This is a comparison of notable time-tracking software packages and web hosted services.
See also
Deployment management
Flextime plan
Project management software
Timesheet
Working time |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20Hall%20effect | In solid-state physics, the thermal Hall effect, also known as the Righi–Leduc effect, named after independent co-discoverers Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc, is the thermal analog of the Hall effect. Given a thermal gradient across a solid, this effect describes the appearance of an orthogonal temperature gradient when a magnetic field is applied.
For conductors, a significant portion of the thermal current is carried by the electrons. In particular, the Righi–Leduc effect describes the heat flow resulting from a perpendicular temperature gradient and vice versa. The Maggi–Righi–Leduc effect describes changes in thermal conductivity when placing a conductor in a magnetic field.
A thermal Hall effect has also been measured in a paramagnetic insulators, called the "phonon Hall effect". In this case, there are no charged currents in the solid, so the magnetic field cannot exert a Lorentz force. An analogous thermal Hall effect for neutral particles exists in polyatomic gases, known as the Senftleben–Beenakker effect.
Measurements of the thermal Hall conductivity are used to distinguish between the electronic and lattice contributions to thermal conductivity. These measurements are especially useful when studying superconductors.
Description
Given a conductor or semiconductor with a temperature difference in the x-direction and a magnetic field B perpendicular to it in the z-direction, then a temperature difference can occur in the transverse y-direction,
The Righi–Leduc effect is a thermal analogue of the Hall effect. With the Hall effect, an externally applied electrical voltage causes an electrical current to flow. The mobile charge carriers (usually electrons) are transversely deflected by the magnetic field due to the Lorentz force. In the Righi–Leduc effect, the temperature difference causes the mobile charge carriers to flow from the warmer end to the cooler end. Here, too, the Lorentz force causes a transverse deflection. Since the electrons tran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratori%20Nazionali%20del%20Gran%20Sasso | Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) is the largest underground research center in the world. Situated below Gran Sasso mountain in Italy, it is well known for particle physics research by the INFN. In addition to a surface portion of the laboratory, there are extensive underground facilities beneath the mountain. The nearest towns are L'Aquila and Teramo. The facility is located about 120 km from Rome.
The primary mission of the laboratory is to host experiments that require a low background environment in the fields of astroparticle physics and nuclear astrophysics and other disciplines that can profit of its characteristics and of its infrastructures.
The LNGS is, like the three other European underground astroparticle laboratories (Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, Laboratorio subterráneo de Canfranc, and Boulby Underground Laboratory), a member of the coordinating group ILIAS.
Facilities
The laboratory consists of a surface facility, located within the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, and extensive underground facilities located next to the 10 km long Traforo del Gran Sasso freeway tunnel.
The first large experiments at LNGS ran in 1989; the facilities were later expanded, and it is now the largest underground laboratory in the world.
There are three main barrel vaulted experimental halls, each approximately 20 m wide, 18 m tall, and 100 m long. These provide roughly 3×20×100= of floor space and 3×20×(8+10×π/4)×100= of volume. Including smaller spaces and various connecting tunnels, the facility totals and .
The experimental halls are covered by about 1400 m of rock, protecting the experiments from cosmic rays. Providing about 3400 metres of water equivalent (mwe) shielding, it is not the deepest underground laboratory, but the fact that it can be driven to without using mine elevators makes it very popular.
Research projects
Neutrino research
Since late August 2006, CERN has directed a beam of muon neutrinos from the CERN SPS accele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya-Jun%20Pan | Ya-Jun Pan is a Chinese and Canadian mechanical engineer whose research involves robust and nonlinear control for teleoperation and multi-agent systems. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at Dalhousie University, where she directs the Advanced Control and Mechatronics Laboratory.
Education and career
Pan studied mechanical engineering at Yanshan University, graduating in 1996. After earning a master's degree in mechanical engineering at Zhejiang University in 1999, she completed a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at the National University of Singapore in 2003.
Before becoming a faculty member at Dalhousie, she was a postdoctoral researcher in France with CNRS at the Laboratoire d'automatique de Grenoble, and in Canada at the University of Alberta.
Recognition
Pan was named as an ASME Fellow in 2017. In 2021 she was elected as a Fellow of the Engineering Institute of Canada, as "an internationally renowned expert in robust nonlinear control and networked control systems with successful in-depth applications to tele-robotics, cooperative systems, unmanned systems, industrial automation, and rehabilitations". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueScale%20Miniatures | TrueScale Miniatures (also known for its acronym TSM) is a Hong Kong-based manufacturing company of collectible scale model vehicles, founded by the Taiwanese Glen Chou in 2006. By 2007 TrueScale Miniatures had released their first product; scale replicas of snap-on brand tools called "Garage Essentials".
"TrueScale" or "TSM" as it is often referred to in collecting community forums, exhibits a focus on motor sports with leanings towards classic Formula 1 and sports car racing in its various forms.
Industry
TrueScale Miniatures caters to model car collectors and motor sports fans through various channels, but their main focus is in the model car hobby industry as evidenced in their heavy advertising and product reviews in industry specific magazines such as Car Room magazine, and attendance at select hobby related trade shows such as the Nuremberg International Toy Fair. Typically, their products can be found in hobby and collectible shops, various online retailers, motor sports related shops, race track vendors, and occasionally even automotive museums.
Snap-On
TrueScale Miniatures’ first products were 1:18 and 1:43 scale replicas of specific tools from the Snap-on catalog. These miniature tool sets are typically used by modelers and collectors for use in automotive dioramas. These first sets are called "Garage Essentials" and include miniature replicas of 10 tools in the 2006 Snap-on Tool Catalog that would be found in many household garages. In 2008 they released their "Shop Essentials" set which offers scaled replicas of Snap-on tools found in many automotive service stations. Both sets are a part of their "Garage Series" which can still be found not only in many industry related retail outlets, but some official Snap-on franchisees as well. The 1:18 scale sets are mainly diecast metal with some plastic implementation whereas the 1:43 scale sets are mainly plastic with some diecast metal.
Entrance into Diecast Model Market
In early 2008, TrueScale made its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Soviet%20navy%20flags | This is a list of naval flags of the Soviet Union.
Jack
Ensign and flag
Ensigns of auxiliary vessels of the Navy
Flags of ships of Border Guard Force
Naval flag of the Interior Force
Flags of officials
Flags of commanders-in-chief Armed Forces
Flags of commanders-in-chief of the Navy
Flags of officials of the Navy
Flags of officials of auxiliary services of the Navy
Flags of officials of the Border Guard Force
Broad pennants
See also
List of Russian navy flags
List of Russian flags
USSR
Flags
Navy flags
USSR
Fla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20glutamate | Disodium glutamate, abbreviated DSG, (Na2C5H7NO4) is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. It is used as a flavoring agent to impart umami flavor.
Formation
Disodium glutamate can be produced by neutralizing glutamic acid with two molar equivalents of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
See also
Monosodium glutamate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel%E2%80%93ball%20index | The heel–ball index of the human foot is the ratio of the maximum breadth of the heel multiplied by 100 and divided by the breadth at the ball region.
This index was developed by Kewal Krishan, Tanuj Kanchan, Neelam Passi and John A. DiMaggio in 2012 while working on a sample of 303 North Indians. It has been shown that the index shows sexual dimorphism, as it was found to be greater in females than males. This index can be used as a tool for sex determination in forensic and medico-legal examinations of human remains as well as a new trait in studying the population variability in biological anthropology.
It may be helpful to forensic anthropologists, forensic scientists, forensic podiatrists and anatomists in forensic casework and conducting further research on the human foot. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantharellus | Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.
The name comes from the Greek word kantharos ('tankard, cup'). Chanterelles are one of the most recognized and harvested groups of edible mushrooms.
Description
Mushrooms in the genus are generally shaped like cups or trumpets. The hue is mostly yellow, with the gills sometimes pinkish.
Similar species
The false chanterelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) has finer, more orange gills and a darker cap. It is edible, but typically a culinary disappointment.
The very similar jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) and its sister species (Omphalotus olivascens) are very poisonous, though not lethal. They have true gills (unlike chanterelles) which are thinner, have distinct crowns, and generally do not reach up to the edge. Additionally, the jack-o-lantern mushroom is bioluminescent and grows on wood – possibly buried – whereas Cantharellus species grow on the ground.
Species in the genera Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus may also look like chanterelles.
Taxonomy
The genus Cantharellus is large and has a complex taxonomic history. Index Fungorum lists over 500 scientific names that have been applied to the genus, although the number of currently valid names is less than 100. In addition to synonymy, many species have been moved into other genera such as Afrocantharellus, Arrhenia, Craterellus, Gomphus, Hygrophoropsis, and Pseudocraterellus. Molecular phylogenetic analyses are providing new information about relationships between chanterelle populations. The following are just a few examples of chanterelle species:
Etymology
The name comes from the Greek κάνθαρος, kantharos 'tankard, cup'.
Distribution and habitat
Cantharellus species are found thro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3O | D3O is an ingredient brand specialising in advanced rate-sensitive impact protection technologies, materials and products. It comprises a portfolio of more than 30 technologies and materials including set foams, formable foams, set elastomers and formable elastomers.
D3O is an engineering, design and technology-focused company based in London, UK, with offices in China and the US.
D3O is sold in more than 50 countries. It is used in sports and motorcycle gear; protective cases for consumer electronics including phones; industrial workwear; and military protection including helmet pads and limb protectors.
History
In 1999, the materials scientists Richard Palmer and Philip Green experimented with a dilatant liquid with non-Newtonian properties. Unlike water, it was free flowing when stationary but became instantly rigid upon impact.
As keen snowboarders, Palmer and Green drew inspiration from snow and decided to replicate its matrix-like quality to develop a flexible material that incorporated the dilatant fluid. After experimenting with numerous materials and formulas, they invented a flexible, pliable material that locked together and solidified in the event of a collision.
When incorporated into clothing, the material moved with the wearer while providing comprehensive protection.
Palmer and Green successfully filed a patent application, which they used as the foundation for commercialising their invention and setting up a business in 1999.
D3O® was used commercially for the first time by the United States Ski Team and the Canada ski team at the 2006 Olympic Winter Games. D3O® first entered the motorcycle market in 2009 when the ingredient was incorporated into CE-certified armour for the apparel brand Firstgear.
Philip Green left D3O in 2006, and in 2009 founder Richard Palmer brought in Stuart Sawyer as interim CEO. Palmer took a sabbatical in 2010 and left the business in 2011, at which point executive leadership was officially handed over to Saw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YaCy | YaCy (pronounced “ya see”) is a free distributed search engine, built on the principles of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks created by Michael Christen in 2003. The engine is written in Java and distributed on several hundred computers, , so-called YaCy-peers. Each YaCy-peer independently crawls through the Internet, analyzes and indexes found web pages, and stores indexing results in a common database (so-called index) which is shared with other YaCy-peers using principles of peer-to-peer. It is a search engine that everyone can use to build a search portal for their intranet and to help search the public internet clearly.
Compared to semi-distributed search engines, the YaCy-network has a distributed architecture. All YaCy-peers are equal and no central server exists. It can be run either in a crawling mode or as a local proxy server, indexing web pages visited by the person running YaCy on their computer. Several mechanisms are provided to protect the user's privacy. Access to the search functions is made by a locally run web server which provides a search box to enter search terms, and returns search results in a similar format to other popular search engines.
System components
YaCy search engine is based on four elements:
Crawler A search robot that traverses between web pages, analyzing their content.
Indexer It creates a reverse word index (RWI), i.e., each word from the RWI has its own list of relevant URLs and ranking information. Words are saved in the form of word hashes.
Search and administration interface Made as a web interface provided by a local HTTP servlet with servlet engine.
Data storage Used to store the reverse word index database utilizing a distributed hash table.
Search-engine technology
YaCy is a complete search appliance with user interface, index, administration and monitoring.
YaCy harvests web pages with a web crawler. Documents are then parsed, indexed and the search index is stored locally. If your peer is part of a peer network, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication%20table | In mathematics, a multiplication table (sometimes, less formally, a times table) is a mathematical table used to define a multiplication operation for an algebraic system.
The decimal multiplication table was traditionally taught as an essential part of elementary arithmetic around the world, as it lays the foundation for arithmetic operations with base-ten numbers. Many educators believe it is necessary to memorize the table up to 9 × 9.
History
Pre-modern times
The oldest known multiplication tables were used by the Babylonians about 4000 years ago. However, they used a base of 60. The oldest known tables using a base of 10 are the Chinese decimal multiplication table on bamboo strips dating to about 305 BC, during China's Warring States period.
The multiplication table is sometimes attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras (570–495 BC). It is also called the Table of Pythagoras in many languages (for example French, Italian and Russian), sometimes in English. The Greco-Roman mathematician Nichomachus (60–120 AD), a follower of Neopythagoreanism, included a multiplication table in his Introduction to Arithmetic, whereas the oldest surviving Greek multiplication table is on a wax tablet dated to the 1st century AD and currently housed in the British Museum.
In 493 AD, Victorius of Aquitaine wrote a 98-column multiplication table which gave (in Roman numerals) the product of every number from 2 to 50 times and the rows were "a list of numbers starting with one thousand, descending by hundreds to one hundred, then descending by tens to ten, then by ones to one, and then the fractions down to 1/144."
Modern times
In his 1820 book The Philosophy of Arithmetic, mathematician John Leslie published a multiplication table up to 99 × 99, which allows numbers to be multiplied in pairs of digits at a time. Leslie also recommended that young pupils memorize the multiplication table up to 50 × 50.
The illustration below shows a table up to 12 × 12, whi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20red%20seaweeds%20of%20South%20Africa | This is a list of red seaweeds (Domain: Eukaryota, Division: Rhodophyta) recorded from the oceans bordering South Africa.
This list comprises locally used common names, scientific names with author citation and recorded ranges. Ranges specified may not be the entire known range for the species, but should include the known range within the waters surrounding the Republic of South Africa.
List ordering and taxonomy complies where possible with the current usage in Algaebase, and may differ from the cited source, as listed citations are primarily for range or existence of records for the region.
Sub-taxa within any given taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule.
Details of each species may be available through the relevant internal links. Synonyms may be listed where useful.
Class: Bangiophyceae
Order: Bangiales
Family Bangiaceae
Bangia atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth) C.Agardh 1824, syn. Conferva atropurpurea Mertens ex Roth 1806, Oscillatoria atropurpurea (Roth) C.Agardh 1817, Bangia fuscopurpurea var. atropurpurea (Roth) Lyngbye 1819, Bangia atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth) C.Agardh 1824, Bangiella atropurpurea (Roth) Gaillon 1833, Bangiadulcis atropurpurea (Roth) W.A.Nelson 2007, (Cosmopolitan)
Porphyra capensis Kützing 1843, (Abundant on whole of west coast extending into Namibia and along south coast of Western and Eastern Cape. Endemic)
Pyropia gardneri (G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) S.C.Lindstrom in Sutherland et al. 2011, syn. Porphyrella gardneri G.M.Smith & Hollenberg 1943, Porphyra gardneri (G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) M.W.Hawkes 1977, (Cape of Good Hope to Brandfontein)
Pyropia saldanhae (Stegenga, J.J.Bolton & R.J.Anderson) J.E.Sutherland in Sutherland et al. 2011, syn. Porphyra saldanhae Stegenga, Bolton & R.J.Anderson 1997, (Hondeklip Bay and Olifantsbos, endemic)
Order: Porphyridiales
Family Phragmonemataceae
Neevea cf. repens Batters 1900, (Hout Bay)
Class: Compsopogonophyceae
Order: Erythropeltidales
Family Erythrotrichiaceae
Erythrocladia cf. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwan%20Hsu | Kwan Hsu (1913-1995) was a Biophysics Professor at Portland State University and cultural liaison for the People's Republic of China.
Early life
Kwan Hsu was born in 1913 in the Guang-Xi Province of China and grew up in Shanghai. Hsu and her father traveled around Southeast Asia after her mother's death, which occurred when she was 4. Her father assisted a radical faction of Guomindang (the Guangxi Army). While in Japanese-occupied Shanghai, Hsu was the sole breadwinner for brothers and stepmother.
Education
Hsu attended Catholic missionary grammar and high school. She studied at the University of Shanghai and graduated in 1936 with a Bachelor of Science degree, with honors in Physics. She scored the highest in a competition for the American Association of University Women’s scholarship, which allowed her to travel to the U.S. in 1947. She was one of the first foreign women to receive this award after World War II.
After the U.S. government cut ties with the People's Republic of China, she couldn't return home. She had planned to study abroad for her advanced degree, but those plans were blocked by the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45).
She studied at both the University of Minnesota and University of Iowa before enrolling in a program at UC Berkeley. In 1960, Hsu graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with a Ph.D. in Biophysics; she was 47. While at UC Berkeley, she did research at the Donner Lab and wrote her thesis on the radiation effect on the permeability of yeast cells to sodium and potassium ions; it was printed for U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in December 1959.
Portland State University
She moved to Portland in 1964 and took a position as the first Biophysics Professor at Portland State College.
She retired in 1978 but continued to research until 1985. Her main focus was on the creation of artificial lipid membranes, the properties of those membranes, and creating stable models that could be grown in a lab.
Commun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20dimension | In ring theory and homological algebra, the global dimension (or global homological dimension; sometimes just called homological dimension) of a ring A denoted gl dim A, is a non-negative integer or infinity which is a homological invariant of the ring. It is defined to be the supremum of the set of projective dimensions of all A-modules. Global dimension is an important technical notion in the dimension theory of Noetherian rings. By a theorem of Jean-Pierre Serre, global dimension can be used to characterize within the class of commutative Noetherian local rings those rings which are regular. Their global dimension coincides with the Krull dimension, whose definition is module-theoretic.
When the ring A is noncommutative, one initially has to consider two versions of this notion, right global dimension that arises from consideration of the right , and left global dimension that arises from consideration of the left . For an arbitrary ring A the right and left global dimensions may differ. However, if A is a Noetherian ring, both of these dimensions turn out to be equal to weak global dimension, whose definition is left-right symmetric. Therefore, for noncommutative Noetherian rings, these two versions coincide and one is justified in talking about the global dimension.
Examples
Let A = K[x1,...,xn] be the ring of polynomials in n variables over a field K. Then the global dimension of A is equal to n. This statement goes back to David Hilbert's foundational work on homological properties of polynomial rings; see Hilbert's syzygy theorem. More generally, if R is a Noetherian ring of finite global dimension k and A = R[x] is a ring of polynomials in one variable over R then the global dimension of A is equal to k + 1.
A ring has global dimension zero if and only if it is semisimple.
The global dimension of a ring A is less than or equal to one if and only if A is hereditary. In particular, a commutative principal ideal domain which is not a field has global |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter%20of%20Boyden | The sphincter of Boyden (also known as the choledochal sphincter) is a sphincter located in the common bile duct before it joins with the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of vater. This sphincter controls the flow of bile into the pancreatic duct and it helps in filling up of the gallbladder with bile.
Structure
The sphincter of Boyden is a smooth muscle sphincter surrounding the common bile duct (ductus choledocus). It occurs just before the junction with the pancreatic duct, where the ampulla of Vater is formed. Occasionally, some fibres also surround the pancreatic duct.
It is subdivided into two parts - pars superior and pars inferior. The pars inferior is the strongest component of the sphincter of Oddi complex.
Function
The sphincter of Boyden controls the flow of bile from the common bile duct into the pancreatic duct. This helps with filling of the gallbladder with bile.
Its contractions regulate the passage of bile into the gall bladder or the duodenum.
History
This is named after the American anatomist Edward Allen Boyden (1886-1976). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger%20protein%20853 | Zinc finger protein 853 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF853 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhyankar%E2%80%93Moh%20theorem | In mathematics, the Abhyankar–Moh theorem states that if is a complex line in the complex affine plane , then every embedding of into extends to an automorphism of the plane. It is named after Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar and Tzuong-Tsieng Moh, who published it in 1975. More generally, the same theorem applies to lines and planes over any algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, and to certain well-behaved subsets of higher-dimensional complex affine spaces. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-wave%20approximation | The rotating-wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance. In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian that oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic transition, and the intensity is low. Explicitly, terms in the Hamiltonians that oscillate with frequencies are neglected, while terms that oscillate with frequencies are kept, where is the light frequency, and is a transition frequency.
The name of the approximation stems from the form of the Hamiltonian in the interaction picture, as shown below. By switching to this picture the evolution of an atom due to the corresponding atomic Hamiltonian is absorbed into the system ket, leaving only the evolution due to the interaction of the atom with the light field to consider. It is in this picture that the rapidly oscillating terms mentioned previously can be neglected. Since in some sense the interaction picture can be thought of as rotating with the system ket only that part of the electromagnetic wave that approximately co-rotates is kept; the counter-rotating component is discarded.
The rotating-wave approximation is closely related to, but different from, the secular approximation.
Mathematical formulation
For simplicity consider a two-level atomic system with ground and excited states and , respectively (using the Dirac bracket notation). Let the energy difference between the states be so that is the transition frequency of the system. Then the unperturbed Hamiltonian of the atom can be written as
.
Suppose the atom experiences an external classical electric field of frequency , given by
; e.g., a plane wave propagating in space. Then under the dipole approximation the interaction Hamiltonian between the atom and the electric field can be expressed as
,
where is the dipole moment operator of the atom. The total Hamiltonian for the atom-light system is therefore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Plotkin | Gordon David Plotkin, (born 9 September 1946) is a theoretical computer scientist in the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh. Plotkin is probably best known for his introduction of structural operational semantics (SOS) and his work on denotational semantics. In particular, his notes on A Structural Approach to Operational Semantics were very influential. He has contributed to many other areas of computer science.
Education
Plotkin was educated at the University of Glasgow and the University of Edinburgh, gaining his Bachelor of Science degree in 1967 and PhD in 1972 supervised by Rod Burstall.
Career and research
Plotkin has remained at Edinburgh, and was, with Burstall and Robin Milner, a co-founder of the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science (LFCS). His former doctoral students include Luca Cardelli, Philippa Gardner, Doug Gurr, Eugenio Moggi, and Lǐ Wèi.
Awards and honours
Plotkin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1992, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE) and is a Member of the Academia Europæa and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is also a winner of the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. Plotkin received the Milner Award in 2012 for "his fundamental research into programming semantics with lasting impact on both the principles and design of programming languages." His nomination for the Royal Society reads: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa%20botnet | The Mariposa botnet, discovered December 2008, is a botnet mainly involved in cyberscamming and denial-of-service attacks. Before the botnet itself was dismantled on 23 December 2009, it consisted of up to 12 million unique IP addresses or up to 1 million individual zombie computers infected with the "Butterfly (mariposa in Spanish) Bot", making it one of the largest known botnets.
History
Origins and initial spread
The botnet was originally created by the DDP Team (Spanish: Días de Pesadilla Team, English: Nightmare Days Team), using a malware program called "Butterfly bot", which was also sold to various individuals and organisations. The goal of this malware program was to install itself on an uninfected PC, monitoring activity for passwords, bank credentials and credit cards. After that the malware would attempt to self-propagate to other connectible systems using various supported methods, such as MSN, P2P and USB.
After completing its initial infection routine the malware would contact a command-and-control server within the botnet. This command and control server could be used by the controllers of the botnet, in order to issue orders to the botnet itself.
Operations and impact
The operations executed by the botnet were diverse, in part because parts of the botnet could be rented by third party individuals and organizations. Confirmed activities include denial-of-service attacks, e-mail spam, theft of personal information, and changing the search results a browser would display in order to show advertisements and pop-up ads.
Due to the size and nature of a botnet its total financial and social impact is difficult to calculate, but initial estimates calculated that the removal of the malware alone could cost "tens of millions of dollars". After the apprehension of the botnet's operators government officials also discovered a list containing personal details on 800,000 individuals, which could be used or sold for Identity theft purposes.
The countries m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoid%20fossa | The glenoid fossa of the scapula or the glenoid cavity is a bone part of the shoulder. The word glenoid is pronounced or (both are common) and is from , "socket", reflecting the shoulder joint's ball-and-socket form. It is a shallow, pyriform articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.
This cavity forms the glenohumeral joint along with the humerus. This type of joint is classified as a synovial, ball and socket joint. The humerus is held in place within the glenoid cavity by means of the long head of the biceps tendon. This tendon originates on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity and loops over the shoulder, bracing humerus against the cavity. The rotator cuff also reinforces this joint more specifically with the supraspinatus tendon to hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
The cavity surface is covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and its margins, slightly raised, give attachment to a fibrocartilaginous structure, the glenoid labrum, which deepens the cavity. This cartilage is very susceptible to tearing. When torn, it is most commonly known as a SLAP lesion which is generally caused by repetitive shoulder movements.
Compared to the acetabulum (at the hip-joint) the glenoid cavity is relatively shallow. This makes the shoulder joint prone to dislocation (luxation). Strong glenohumeral ligaments and muscles prevents dislocation in most cases.
By being so shallow the glenoid cavity allows the shoulder joint to have the greatest mobility of all joints in the body, allowing 120 degrees of unassisted flexion. Additional range of motion in shoulder flexion (typically up to 180 degrees in humans) is also accomplished by the great mobility of the scapula (shoulder blade) through a process known as scapulohumeral rhythm.
Evolution
Interpretations of the foss |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium%20oxycoccos | Vaccinium oxycoccos is a species of flowering plant in the heath family. It is known as small cranberry, marshberry, bog cranberry, swamp cranberry, or, particularly in Britain, just cranberry. It is widespread throughout the cool temperate northern hemisphere, including northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America.
Description
This cranberry is a small, prostrate shrub with vine-like stems that root at the nodes. The leaves are leathery and lance-shaped, up to long. Flowers arise on nodding stalks a few centimeters tall. The corolla is white or pink and flexed backward away from the center of the flower. The fruit is a red berry which has spots when young. It measures up to wide. The plant forms associations with mycorrhizae. It mainly reproduces vegetatively.
Distribution and habitat
Vaccinium oxycoccos is a widespread and common species occurring broadly across cooler climates in the temperate northern hemisphere. It is an indicator of moist to wet soils which are low in nitrogen and have a high water table. It is an indicator of coniferous swamps. It grows in bogs and fens in moist forest habitat. It grows on peat which may be saturated most of the time. The soil in bogs is acidic and low in nutrients. The plant's mycorrhizae help it obtain nutrients in this situation. Fens have somewhat less acidic soil, which is also higher in nutrients. The plant can often be found growing on hummocks of Sphagnum mosses.
Ecology
In North America, other species found in this forest understory habitat include leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), bog rosemary (Andromeda glaucophylla), bog laurel (Kalmia polifolia), pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), Labrador tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum), cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus), rhodora (Rhododendron canadense), glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), sundew (Drosera spp.), cottonsedge (Eriophorum virginatum and E. angustifolium), and species of sedge and lichen. The plant easily colonizes bog habitat that has recen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxel-based%20morphometry | Voxel-based morphometry is a computational approach to neuroanatomy that measures differences in local concentrations of brain tissue, through a voxel-wise comparison of multiple brain images.
In traditional morphometry, volume of the whole brain or its subparts is measured by drawing regions of interest (ROIs) on images from brain scanning and calculating the volume enclosed. However, this is time consuming and can only provide measures of rather large areas. Smaller differences in volume may be overlooked. The value of VBM is that it allows for comprehensive measurement of differences, not just in specific structures, but throughout the entire brain. VBM registers every brain to a template, which gets rid of most of the large differences in brain anatomy among people. Then the brain images are smoothed so that each voxel represents the average of itself and its neighbors. Finally, the image volume is compared across brains at every voxel.
However, VBM can be sensitive to various artifacts, which include misalignment of brain structures, misclassification of tissue types, differences in folding patterns and in cortical thickness. All these may confound the statistical analysis and either decrease the sensitivity to true volumetric effects, or increase the chance of false positives. For the cerebral cortex, it has been shown that volume differences identified with VBM may reflect mostly differences in surface area of the cortex, than in cortical thickness.
History
Over the past two decades, hundreds of studies have shed light on the neuroanatomical structural correlates of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Many of these studies were performed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), a whole-brain technique for characterizing between groups' regional volume and tissue concentration differences from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
One of the first VBM studies and one that came to attention in mainstream media was a study on the hippocampus bra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20Depression%20Inventory | The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) is a psychometric instrument, the purpose of which is to assess the severity of work-related depressive symptoms and arrive at a provisional diagnosis of depressive disorder. The ODI can be used by occupational health specialists and epidemiologists.
Occupational health specialists (e.g., occupational physicians, occupational health psychologists, and clinical psychologists) can employ the instrument to ascertain the extent to which a worker has experienced work-related depressive symptoms. It would then be incumbent upon the specialists to identify and correct the specific job conditions (e.g., work overload, bullying) that give rise to elevations in depressive symptoms. Epidemologists can take advantage of an algorithm that comes with the instrument to ascertain the frequency of provisional cases of work-related depressive disorder.
The original ODI was first published in English and French. Both versions have excellent psychometric properties. Since its inception, psychometrically valid versions of the instrument have become available in other languages, including Spanish, Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, and Swedish.
Validity research on the ODI has been conducted in several countries. These countries include the United States, France, Brazil, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, and Sweden
Notes
See also
Beck Depression Inventory
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
Occupational burnout
Occupational health psychology
Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)
Rating scales for depression
Society for Occupational Health Psychology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member%20variable | In object-oriented programming, a member variable (sometimes called a member field) is a variable that is associated with a specific object, and accessible for all its methods (member functions).
In class-based programming languages, these are distinguished into two types: class variables (also called static member variables), where only one copy of the variable is shared with all instances of the class; and instance variables, where each instance of the class has its own independent copy of the variable.
For Examples
C++
class Foo {
int bar; // Member variable
public:
void setBar(const int newBar) {
bar = newBar;
}
};
int main () {
Foo rect; // Local variable
return 0;
}
Java
public class Program
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// This is a local variable. Its lifespan
// is determined by lexical scope.
Foo foo;
}
}
public class Foo
{
/* This is a member variable - a new instance
of this variable will be created for each
new instance of Foo. The lifespan of this
variable is equal to the lifespan of "this"
instance of Foo
*/
int bar;
}
Python
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
self._bar = 0
@property
def bar(self):
return self._bar
@bar.setter
def bar(self, new_bar):
self._bar = new_bar
f = Foo()
f.bar = 100
print(f.bar)
Common Lisp
(defclass foo () (bar))
(defvar f (make-instance 'foo))
(setf (slot-value f 'bar) 100)
(print (slot-value f 'bar))
Ruby
/*
Ruby has three member variable types: class, class instance, and instance.
*/
class Dog
# The class variable is defined within the class body with two at-signs
# and describes data about all Dogs *and* their derived Dog breeds (if any)
@@sniffs = true
end
mutt = Dog.ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator | A collimator is a device which narrows a beam of particles or waves. To narrow can mean either to cause the directions of motion to become more aligned in a specific direction (i.e., make collimated light or parallel rays), or to cause the spatial cross section of the beam to become smaller (beam limiting device).
History
The English physicist Henry Kater was the inventor of the floating collimator, which rendered a great service to practical astronomy. He reported about his invention in January 1825. In his report, Kater mentioned previous work in this area by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Friedrich Bessel.
Optical collimators
In optics, a collimator may consist of a curved mirror or lens with some type of light source and/or an image at its focus. This can be used to replicate a target focused at infinity with little or no parallax.
In lighting, collimators are typically designed using the principles of nonimaging optics.
Optical collimators can be used to calibrate other optical devices, to check if all elements are aligned on the optical axis, to set elements at proper focus, or to align two or more devices such as binoculars or gun barrels and gunsights. A surveying camera may be collimated by setting its fiduciary markers so that they define the principal point, as in photogrammetry.
Optical collimators are also used as gun sights in the collimator sight, which is a simple optical collimator with a cross hair or some other reticle at its focus. The viewer only sees an image of the reticle. They have to use it either with both eyes open and one eye looking into the collimator sight, with one eye open and moving the head to alternately see the sight and the target, or with one eye to partially see the sight and target at the same time. Adding a beam splitter allows the viewer to see the reticle and the field of view, making a reflector sight.
Collimators may be used with laser diodes and CO2 cutting lasers. Proper collimation of a laser source with long enough |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropy | Allotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element: the atoms of the element are bonded together in different manners.
For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a cubic lattice of tetrahedra), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations).
The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any compound, is polymorphism, although its use is usually restricted to solid materials such as crystals. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same physical phase (the state of matter, such as a solid, liquid or gas). The differences between these states of matter would not alone constitute examples of allotropy. Allotropes of chemical elements are frequently referred to as polymorphs or as phases of the element.
For some elements, allotropes have different molecular formulae or different crystalline structures, as well as a difference in physical phase; for example, two allotropes of oxygen (dioxygen, O2, and ozone, O3) can both exist in the solid, liquid and gaseous states. Other elements do not maintain distinct allotropes in different physical phases; for example, phosphorus has numerous solid allotropes, which all revert to the same P4 form when melted to the liquid state.
History
The concept of allotropy was originally proposed in 1840 by the Swedish scientist Baron Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848). The term is derived . After the acceptance of Avogadro's hypothesis in 1860, it was understood that elements could exist as polyatomic molecules, and two allotropes of oxygen were recog |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20shift%20assay | A thermal shift assay (TSA) measures changes in the thermal denaturation temperature and hence stability of a protein under varying conditions such as variations in drug concentration, buffer pH or ionic strength, redox potential, or sequence mutation. The most common method for measuring protein thermal shifts is differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) or thermofluor, which utilizes specialized fluorogenic dyes.
The binding of low molecular weight ligands can increase the thermal stability of a protein, as described by Daniel Koshland (1958) and Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang and Schellman (1959). Almost half of enzymes require a metal ion co-factor. Thermostable proteins are often more useful than their non-thermostable counterparts, e.g., DNA polymerase in the polymerase chain reaction, so protein engineering often includes adding
mutations to increase thermal stability. Protein crystallization is more successful for proteins with a higher melting point and adding buffer components that stabilize proteins improve the likelihood of protein crystals forming.
If examining pH then the possible effects of the buffer molecule on thermal stability should be taken into account along with the fact that pKa of each buffer molecule changes uniquely with temperature. Additionally, any time a charged species is examined the effects of the counterion should be accounted for.
Thermal stability of proteins has traditionally been investigated using biochemical assays, circular dichroism, or differential scanning calorimetry. Biochemical assays require a catalytic activity of the protein in question as well as a specific assay. Circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry both consume large amounts of protein and are low-throughput methods. The thermofluor assay was the first high-throughput thermal shift assay and its utility and limitations has spurred the invention of a plethora of alternate methods. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses but they all struggle w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo%20A.%20Olea | Ricardo Antonio Olea () is a Chilean American who was a research mathematical statistician with the United States Geological Survey (2006–21). Previously, he spent most of his career with the National Oil Company of Chile (ENAP) in Punta Arenas and Santiago, and with the Kansas Geological Survey in Lawrence. He received the William Christian Krumbein Medal in 2004 from the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences. He served as Secretary-General (1992−1996) and President (1996–2000) for the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences; and Secretary General (2019–21) of the Compositional Data Association.
Research
He has been active in geostatistics since the early 1970s, with briefer involvements in various other forms of quantitative modeling, including geophysics, petrophysics, reservoir engineering, energy resources assessment, compositional data analysis, lithostratigraphy, statistics, enhanced oil recovery, coastal processes, economic analysis, coal mining, geohydrology, marine geology, epidemiology ichnology and chemometrics.
Selected books
Ricardo A. Olea, ed., Geostatistical Glossary and Multilingual Dictionary, Oxford, 1991, 177p.
Ricardo A. Olea, Geostatistics for Engineers and Earth Scientists, Kluwer, 1999, 313 p.
Vera Pawlowsky-Glahn, Ricardo A. Olea, Geostatistical Analysis of Compositional Data, Oxford, 2004, 181 p.
George Christakos, Ricardo A. Olea, Marc L. Serre, Hwa-Lung Yu, Lin-Lin Wang, Interdisciplinary Public Health Reasoning and Epidemic Modelling: The Case of Black Death, Springer, 2005, 319 p. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucous | Glaucous (, ) is used to describe the pale grey or bluish-green appearance of the surfaces of some plants, as well as in the names of birds, such as the glaucous gull (Larus hyperboreus), glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens), glaucous macaw (Anodorhynchus glaucus), and glaucous tanager (Thraupis glaucocolpa).
The term glaucous is also used botanically as an adjective to mean "covered with a greyish, bluish, or whitish waxy coating or bloom that is easily rubbed off" (e.g. glaucous leaves).
The first recorded use of glaucous as a color name in English was in the year 1671.
Examples
The epicuticular wax coating on mature plum fruit gives them a glaucous appearance. Another familiar example is found in the common grape genus (Vitis vinifera). Some cacti have a glaucous coating on their stem(s). Glaucous coatings are hydrophobic so as to prevent wetting by rain. Their waxy character serves to hinder climbing of leaves, stem or fruit by insects. On fruits, glaucous coatings may function as a deterrent to climbing and feeding by small insects in favor of increased seed dispersal offered by larger animals such as mammals and birds.
The blue-grey camouflage coloring of some species of birds and sea and land animals causes their appearance to blend with their surroundings, making their detection by predators or prey difficult.
See also
Lists of colors
Glaucus (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon%2011 | Nylon 11 or Polyamide 11 (PA 11) is a polyamide, bioplastic and a member of the nylon family of polymers produced by the polymerization of 11-aminoundecanoic acid. It is produced from castor beans by Arkema under the trade name Rilsan.
Nylon 11 is applied in the fields of oil and gas, aerospace, automotive, textiles, electronics and sports equipment, frequently in tubing, wire sheathing, and metal coatings.
History
In 1938, a research director for Thann & Mulhouse, Joseph Zeltner, first conceived the idea of Nylon 11, which was suggested in the works of Wallace Carothers. Thann & Mulhouse had already been involved in processing castor oil for 10-undecenoic-acid, which would eventually be converted into the first amount of 11-aminoundecanoic acid in 1940 with the help of coworkers Michel Genas and Marcel Kastner. In 1944, Kastner sufficiently improved the monomer process and the first patents for Nylon 11 were filed in 1947. The first nylon 11 thread was created in 1950 and full industrial production began with the opening of the Marseilles production facility in 1955, which remains the sole producer of 11-aminoudecanoic acid today.
Currently Arkema polymerizes Nylon 11 in Birdsboro, PA, Changshu, and Serquigny.
Chemistry
The chemical process of creating Nylon 11 begins with ricinoleic acid which makes up 85-90% of castor oil. Ricinoleic acid is first transesterified with methanol creating methyl ricinoleate, which is then cracked to create heptaldehyde and methyl undecylenate. These undergo hydrolysis to create methanol, which is re-used in the initial transesterification of ricinoleic acid, and undecylenic acid that is added on to hydrogen bromide. After hydrolysis, hydrogen bromide then undergoes nucleophilic substitution with ammonia to form 11-aminoundecanoic acid, which is polymerized into nylon 11.
Properties
As seen in the table below, Nylon 11 has lower values of density, flexural and Young's modulus, water absorption, as well as melting and glass |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacolda%20Antoine%20Lazzerini | Guacolda Antoine Lazzerini (11 April 1908 – 22 August 2015) was a Chilean mathematician and teacher of mathematics.
Education and career
Antoine's father died when Antoine was a teenager, and she began helping to support the family by teaching mathematics. She entered the teaching school of the University of Chile in 1924, and finished her studies there in 1928, earning the title of professor of mathematics and physics with a thesis on differential equations and their application in pedagogy and engineering. She became a high school mathematics teacher at the Liceo José Victorino Lastarria (Santiago), and continued to teach there for the next 30 years.
Meanwhile, she also became a professor at the from 1928 to 1931, earning a credential as an actuary there in 1929. In 1933 she became an assistant professor at the University of Chile, and by 1954 she was promoted to full professor there. She was named a professor in Chile's school for industrial engineers in 1947, which in 1953 merged into the (UTE). She also helped found The Kent School, a private school in Santiago, in 1953. From 1958 to 1962 she held a position at the UTE equivalent to that of a dean, the first woman at that level in UTE, and from 1963 to 1968 she was head of the mathematics department in the faculty of philosophy and education at the University of Chile. In the 1950s and 1960s she also represented Chile in several international events concerning mathematics teaching. She retired in 1985, but remained active in mathematics long afterward.
Book
In 1971, Antoine coauthored the book Nuevas Matematicas Para Los Padres [New Mathematics for Parents], with María Lara. It concerned New Math and set theory, subjects popular in mathematics education at the time.
Personal life
Antoine was born on 11 April 1908 in Santiago, one of seven children in a family of immigrants; her mother was from Italy and her father from France, both emigrating to Chile as children in the occupation of Araucanía of the late |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASTKD5 | FAST kinase domain-containing protein 5 (FASTKD5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FASTKD5 gene on chromosome 20. This protein is part of the FASTKD family, which is known for regulating the energy balance of mitochondria under stress. FASTKD5 is also required for RNA granules to process precursor mRNAs not flanked by tRNAs.
Structure
FASTKD5 shares structural characteristics of the FASTKD family, including an amino terminal mitochondrial targeting domain and three C-terminal domains: two FAST kinase-like domains (FAST_1 and FAST_2) and a RNA-binding domain (RAP). The mitochondrial targeting domain directs FASTKD5 to be imported into the mitochondria. Though the functions of the C-terminal domains are unknown, RAP possibly binds RNA during trans-splicing. This protein forms a 103 kDa protein complex with unidentified proteins.
Function
As a member of the FASTKD family, FASTKD5 localizes to the mitochondria to modulate their energy balance, especially under conditions of stress. Though ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, FASTKD5 appears more abundantly in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and other tissues enriched in mitochondria. FASTKD5 also localizes to RNA granules, membraneless bodies containing mRNAs and associated RNA-binding proteins, where it facilitates posttranscriptional RNA processing. This protein is required for the maturation of precursor mRNAs that are not flanked by tRNAs, and thus cannot be processed by the canonical mRNA maturation pathway.
Clinical significance
Though the link to FASTKD5 remains uncharacterized, the accumulation of abnormal RNA granules can lead to some neurodegenerative diseases.
Interactions
FASTKD5 has been shown to interact with:
FASTKD2,
DHX30, and
GRSF1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewpoints%3A%20Mathematical%20Perspective%20and%20Fractal%20Geometry%20in%20Art | Viewpoints: Mathematical Perspective and Fractal Geometry in Art is a textbook on mathematics and art. It was written by mathematicians Marc Frantz and Annalisa Crannell, and published in 2011 by the Princeton University Press (). The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended it for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
The first seven chapters of the book concern perspectivity, while its final two concern fractals and their geometry. Topics covered within the chapters on perspectivity include coordinate systems for the plane and for Euclidean space, similarity, angles, and orthocenters, one-point and multi-point perspective, and anamorphic art. In the fractal chapters, the topics include self-similarity, exponentiation, and logarithms, and fractal dimension. Beyond this mathematical material, the book also describes methods for artists to depict scenes in perspective, and for viewers of art to understand the perspectives in the artworks they see, for instance by finding the optimal point from which to view an artwork. The chapters are ordered by difficulty, and begin with experiments that the students can perform on their own to motivate the material in each chapter.
The book is heavily illustrated by artworks and photography (such as the landscapes of Ansel Adams) and includes a series of essays or interviews by contemporary artists on the mathematical content of their artworks.
An appendix contains suggestions aimed at teachers of this material.
Audience and reception
Viewpoints is intended as a textbook for mathematics classes aimed at undergraduate liberal arts students, as a way to show these students how geometry can be used in their everyday life. However, it could even be used for high school art students,
and reviewer Paul Kelley writes that "it will be of value to anyone interested in an elementary introduction to the mathematics and practice of perspective drawing". It differs from many |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasy | An idiosyncrasy is a particular feature of a person, though there are also other uses (see below). It usually means unique habits. The term is often used to express peculiarity. A synonym may be distinctive.
Etymology
The term "idiosyncrasy" originates from Greek , "a peculiar temperament, habit of body" (from , "one's own", , "with" and , "blend of the four humors" (temperament)) or literally "particular mingling".
Linguistics
The term can also be applied to symbols or words. Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war, but to someone else, it could symbolize a surgery.
Idiosyncratic property
In phonology, an idiosyncratic property contrasts with a systematic regularity. While systematic regularities in the sound system of a language are useful for identifying phonological rules during analysis of the forms morphemes can take, idiosyncratic properties are those whose occurrence is not determined by those rules. For example, the fact that the English word cab starts with a /c/ is an idiosyncratic property; on the other hand that its vowel is longer than in the English word cap is a systematic regularity, as it arises from the fact that the final consonant is voiced rather than voiceless.
Medicine
Disease
Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the 19th century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a "scientific medicine", a precursor to the evidence-based medicine that is the standard of practice today.
Pharmacology
The term idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes an aberrant or bizarre reaction or hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to the pharmacology of the drug. It is what is known as a Type B reaction. Type B reactions have the following characteristics: they are usually unpredictable, might not be picked up by toxi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingredient | In a general sense, an ingredient is a substance which forms part of a mixture. In cooking, recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a dish. Many commercial products contain secret ingredients purported to make them better than competing products. In the pharmaceutical industry, an active ingredient is the ingredient in a formulation which invokes biological activity.
National laws usually require prepared food products to display a list of ingredients and specifically require that certain additives be listed. Law typically requires that ingredients be listed according to their relative weight within the product.
Artificial ingredient
An artificial ingredient usually refers to an ingredient which is artificial or human-made, such as:
Artificial flavour
Food additive
Food colouring
Preservative
Sugar substitute, artificial sweetener
See also
Fake food
Bill of materials
Software Bill of Materials
Active Ingredient
Secret Ingredient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen-III | The Shaheen-III ( ; lit. Falcon), is a supersonic and land-based medium range ballistic missile, which was test fired for the first time by military service on 9 March 2015
.
Development began in secrecy in the early 2000s in response to India's Agni-III, Shaheen was successfully tested on 9 March 2015 with a range of , which enables it to strike all of India and reach deep into the Middle East parts of North Africa. The Shaheen-III, according to its program manager, the Strategic Plans Division, is "18 times faster than speed of sound and designed to reach the Indian islands of Andaman and Nicobar so that India cannot use them as "strategic bases”" to establish a second strike capability.”
The Shaheen program is composed of the solid-fuel system in contrast to the Ghauri program that is primarily based on liquid-fuel system. With the successful launch of the Shaheen-III, it surpasses the range of Shaheen-II— hence, it is the longest-range missile to be launched by the military.
Its deployment has not been commented by the Pakistani military but Shaheen-III is currently deemed as operational in the strategic command of Pakistan Army.
Overview
Development history
Development of a long-range space launch vehicle began in 1999 with an aim of a rocket engines reaching the range of to . The Indian military had moved its strategic commands to east and the range of was determined by a need to be able to target the Nicobar and Andaman Islands in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean that are "developed as strategic bases" where "Indian military might think of putting its weapons”, according to Shaheen-III's program manager, the Special Planning Division. With this mission, Shaheen-III was actively pursued alongside with [[Ghauri-III|Ghauri-III''']].
In 2000, the Space Research Commission concluded at least two design studies for its space launch vehicle. Initially, there were two earlier designs were shown in IDEAS held in 2002 and its design was centered on develo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20scalar | In the Newman–Penrose (NP) formalism of general relativity, Weyl scalars refer to a set of five complex scalars which encode the ten independent components of the Weyl tensor of a four-dimensional spacetime.
Definitions
Given a complex null tetrad and with the convention , the Weyl-NP scalars are defined by
Note: If one adopts the convention , the definitions of should take the opposite values; that is to say, after the signature transition.
Alternative derivations
According to the definitions above, one should find out the Weyl tensors before calculating the Weyl-NP scalars via contractions with relevant tetrad vectors. This method, however, does not fully reflect the spirit of Newman–Penrose formalism. As an alternative, one could firstly compute the spin coefficients and then use the NP field equations to derive the five Weyl-NP scalars
where (used for ) refers to the NP curvature scalar which could be calculated directly from the spacetime metric .
Physical interpretation
Szekeres (1965) gave an interpretation of the different Weyl scalars at large distances:
is a "Coulomb" term, representing the gravitational monopole of the source;
& are ingoing and outgoing "longitudinal" radiation terms;
& are ingoing and outgoing "transverse" radiation terms.
For a general asymptotically flat spacetime containing radiation (Petrov Type I), & can be transformed to zero by an appropriate choice of null tetrad. Thus these can be viewed as gauge quantities.
A particularly important case is the Weyl scalar .
It can be shown to describe outgoing gravitational radiation (in an asymptotically flat spacetime) as
Here, and are the "plus" and "cross" polarizations of gravitational radiation, and the double dots represent double time-differentiation.
There are, however, certain examples in which the interpretation listed above fails. These are exact vacuum solutions of the Einstein field equations with cylindrical symmetry. For instance, a static (infinitel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20quality | In the context of software engineering, software quality refers to two related but distinct notions:
Software's functional quality reflects how well it complies with or conforms to a given design, based on functional requirements or specifications. That attribute can also be described as the fitness for purpose of a piece of software or how it compares to competitors in the marketplace as a worthwhile product. It is the degree to which the correct software was produced.
Software structural quality refers to how it meets non-functional requirements that support the delivery of the functional requirements, such as robustness or maintainability. It has a lot more to do with the degree to which the software works as needed.
Many aspects of structural quality can be evaluated only statically through the analysis of the software inner structure, its source code (see Software metrics), at the unit level, and at the system level (sometimes referred to as end-to-end testing), which is in effect how its architecture adheres to sound principles of software architecture outlined in a paper on the topic by Object Management Group (OMG).
However some structural qualities, such as usability, can be assessed only dynamically (users or others acting on their behalf interact with the software or, at least, some prototype or partial implementation; even the interaction with a mock version made in cardboard represents a dynamic test because such version can be considered a prototype). Other aspects, such as reliability, might involve not only the software but also the underlying hardware, therefore, it can be assessed both statically and dynamically (stress test).
Functional quality is typically assessed dynamically but it is also possible to use static tests (such as software reviews).
Historically, the structure, classification and terminology of attributes and metrics applicable to software quality management have been derived or extracted from the ISO 9126 and the subsequent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20bath%20deposition | Chemical Bath Deposition, also called Chemical Solution Deposition and CBD, is a method of thin-film deposition (solids forming from a solution or gas), using an aqueous precursor solution. Chemical Bath Deposition typically forms films using heterogeneous nucleation (deposition or adsorption of aqueous ions onto a solid substrate), to form homogeneous thin films of metal chalcogenides (mostly oxides, sulfides, and selenides) and many less common ionic compounds. Chemical Bath Deposition produces films reliably, using a simple process with little infrastructure, at low temperature (<100˚C), and at low cost. Furthermore, Chemical Bath Deposition can be employed for large-area batch processing or continuous deposition. Films produced by CBD are often used in semiconductors, photovoltaic cells, and supercapacitors, and there is increasing interest in using Chemical Bath Deposition to create nanomaterials.
Uses
Chemical Bath Deposition is useful in industrial applications because it is extremely cheap, simple, and reliable compared to other methods of thin-film deposition, requiring only aqueous solution at (relatively) low temperatures and minimal infrastructure. The Chemical Bath Deposition process can easily be scaled up to large-area batch processing or continuous deposition.
Chemical Bath Deposition forms small crystals, which are less useful for semiconductors than the larger crystals created by other methods of thin-film deposition but are more useful for nano materials. However, films formed by Chemical Bath Deposition often have better photovoltaic properties (band electron gap) than films of the same substance formed by other methods.
Historical Uses
Chemical Bath Deposition has a long history but until recently was an uncommon method of thin-film deposition.
In 1865, Justus Liebig published an article describing the use of Chemical Bath Deposition to silver mirrors (to affix a reflective layer of silver to the back of glass to form a mirror), though i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20fungi | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fungi and mycology:
Fungi – "Fungi" is plural for "fungus". A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruiting forms known as mushrooms. Biologists classify these organisms as a kingdom, Fungi, the second highest taxonomic rank of living organism beneath the Eukaryota domain; other kingdoms include plants, animals, protists, and bacteria. One difference that places fungi in a different kingdom is that their cell walls contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, bacteria and some protists. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs, that is, they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through air or water. Fungi function as the principal decomposers in ecological systems.
Types of fungi
By form
Molds
Aspergillus (list)
Fusarium (list)
Mushrooms
Agaricus (list)
Amanita (list)
Armillaria (list)
Boletus (list)
Coprinellus (list)
Coprinopsis (list)
Cortinarius (list)
Entoloma (list)
Gymnopilus (list)
Gymnopus (list)
Hebeloma (list)
Hygrocybe (list)
Hygrophorus (list)
Inocybe (list)
Lactarius (list)
Lactifluus (list)
Lepiota (list)
Leucoagaricus (list)
Leccinum (list)
Marasmius (list)
Pleurotus (list)
Yeasts
Other
Cyathus (list)
By activity
Carnivorous fungi
Pathogenic fungi
Poisonous fungi
Poisonous mushrooms
List of poisonous mushrooms
List of deadly mushrooms
By aspect
Bioluminescent fungi
Deadly fungi
By use
Medicinal fungi
Edible fungi
Edible molds
Penicillium camemberti – used in the production of Brie cheese and Camembert cheese
Penicillium glaucum – used in making Gorgonzola cheese
Penicillium roqueforti – used in making Roq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens%20Award | The Stevens Award is a software engineering lecture award given by the Reengineering Forum, an industry association. The international Stevens Award was created to recognize outstanding contributions to the literature or practice of methods for software and systems development. The first award was given in 1995. The presentations focus on the current state of software methods and their direction for the future.
This award lecture is named in memory of Wayne Stevens (1944-1993), a consultant, author, pioneer, and advocate of the practical application of software methods and tools. The Stevens Award and lecture is managed by the Reengineering Forum. The award was founded by International Workshop on Computer Aided Software Engineering (IWCASE), an international workshop association of users and developers of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) technology, which merged into The Reengineering Forum. Wayne Stevens was a charter member of the IWCASE executive board.
Recipients
1995: Tony Wasserman
1996: David Harel
1997: Michael Jackson
1998: Thomas McCabe
1999: Tom DeMarco
2000: Gerald Weinberg
2001: Peter Chen
2002: Cordell Green
2003: Manny Lehman
2004: François Bodart
2005: Mary Shaw, Jim Highsmith
2006: Grady Booch
2007: Nicholas Zvegintzov
2008: Harry Sneed
2009: Larry Constantine
2010: Peter Aiken
2011: Jared Spool, Barry Boehm
2012: Philip Newcomb
2013: Jean-Luc Hainaut
2014: François Coallier
2015: Pierre Bourque
See also
List of computer science awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent%20water%20supply | A piped water supply and distribution system is intermittent when water continuity is for less than 24 hours a day or not on all days of the week. During this continuity defining factors are water pressure and equity. At least 45 countries have intermittent water supply (IWS) systems. It is contrasted with a continuous or "24/7" water supply, the service standard. No system is intentionally designed to be intermittent, but they may become that way because of system overexpansion, leakage and other factors. As of 2022, there was no feasible method for modelling IWS, including no computer-aided tools. Contamination issues can be associated with an intermittent water distribution system. Global public health impact includes millions of cases of infections and diarrhea, and 1560 deaths annually.
A continuous supply is not practical in all situations. In the short term, an IWS may have some benefits. These may include addressing demand with a limited supply in a more economical manner. An intermittent supply may be temporary (e.g., when water reserves are low) or permanent (e.g., where the piped system cannot sustain a continuous supply). Associated factors resulting from an intermittent supply include water extraction by users at the same time, resulting in low pressure and a possible higher peak demand.
Prevalence
A large share of water supply systems around the world are intermittent; in other words, intermittent water supply is a norm. About 1.3 billion people have a piped supply that is intermittent, including large populations in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This does not include those who do not get piped water at all, about 2.7 billion people. Countries with intermittent supply in some areas and continuous supply in others include India and South Africa. In India, various cities are at various stages of constructing 24/7 supply systems, such as Chandigarh, Delhi, Shimla, and Coimbatore. In Cambodia, Phnom Penh increased coverage from 25% to 85% and durati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primon%20gas | In mathematical physics, the primon gas or Riemann gas discovered by Bernard Julia is a model illustrating correspondences between number theory and methods in quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and dynamical systems such as the Lee-Yang theorem. It is a quantum field theory of a set of non-interacting particles, the primons; it is called a gas or a free model because the particles are non-interacting. The idea of the primon gas was independently discovered by Donald Spector. Later works by Ioannis Bakas and Mark Bowick, and Spector explored the connection of such systems to string theory.
The model
State space
Consider a Hilbert space H with an orthonormal basis of states labelled by the prime numbers p. Second quantization gives a new Hilbert space K, the bosonic Fock space on H, where states describe collections of primes - which we can call primons if we think of them as analogous to particles in quantum field theory. This Fock space has an orthonormal basis given by finite multisets of primes. In other words, to specify one of these basis elements we can list the number of primons for each prime :
where the total is finite. Since any positive natural number has a unique factorization into primes:
we can also denote the basis elements of the Fock space as simply where
In short, the Fock space for primons has an orthonormal basis given by the positive natural numbers, but we think of each such number as a collection of primons: its prime factors, counted with multiplicity.
Identifying the Hamiltonian via the Koopman operator
Given the state , we may use the Koopman operator to lift dynamics from the space of states to the space of observables:
where is an algorithm for integer factorisation, analogous to the discrete logarithm, and is the successor function. Thus, we have:
A precise motivation for defining the Koopman operator is that it represents a global linearisation of , which views linear combinations of eigenstates as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PABPC5 | Poly(A) binding protein cytoplasmic 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PABPC5 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a poly(A)-binding protein that binds to the polyA tail found at the 3' end of most eukaryotic mRNAs. It is thought to play a role in the regulation of mRNA metabolic processes in the cytoplasm. This gene is located in a gene-poor region within the X-specific 13d-sY43 subinterval of the chromosome Xq21.3/Yp11.2 homology block. It is located close to translocation breakpoints associated with premature ovarian failure, and is therefore a potential candidate gene for this disorder. [provided by RefSeq, May 2010]. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20%28model%20theory%29 | In model theory and related areas of mathematics, a type is an object that describes how a (real or possible) element or finite collection of elements in a mathematical structure might behave. More precisely, it is a set of first-order formulas in a language L with free variables x1, x2,…, xn that are true of a set of n-tuples of an L-structure . Depending on the context, types can be complete or partial and they may use a fixed set of constants, A, from the structure . The question of which types represent actual elements of leads to the ideas of saturated models and omitting types.
Formal definition
Consider a structure for a language L. Let M be the universe of the structure. For every A ⊆ M, let L(A) be the language obtained from L by adding a constant ca for every a ∈ A. In other words,
A 1-type (of ) over A is a set p(x) of formulas in L(A) with at most one free variable x (therefore 1-type) such that for every finite subset p0(x) ⊆ p(x) there is some b ∈ M, depending on p0(x), with (i.e. all formulas in p0(x) are true in when x is replaced by b).
Similarly an n-type (of ) over A is defined to be a set p(x1,…,xn) = p(x) of formulas in L(A), each having its free variables occurring only among the given n free variables x1,…,xn, such that for every finite subset p0(x) ⊆ p(x) there are some elements b1,…,bn ∈ M with .
A complete type of over A is one that is maximal with respect to inclusion. Equivalently, for every either or . Any non-complete type is called a partial type.
So, the word type in general refers to any n-type, partial or complete, over any chosen set of parameters (possibly the empty set).
An n-type p(x) is said to be realized in if there is an element b ∈ Mn such that . The existence of such a realization is guaranteed for any type by the compactness theorem, although the realization might take place in some elementary extension of , rather than in itself.
If a complete type is realized by b in , then the type is typically d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature%20effect | A miniature effect is a special effect created for motion pictures and television programs using scale models. Scale models are often combined with high speed photography or matte shots to make gravitational and other effects appear convincing to the viewer. The use of miniatures has largely been superseded by computer-generated imagery in contemporary cinema.
Where a miniature appears in the foreground of a shot, this is often very close to the camera lens — for example when matte-painted backgrounds are used. Since the exposure is set to the object being filmed so the actors appear well-lit, the miniature must be over-lit in order to balance the exposure and eliminate any depth of field differences that would otherwise be visible. This foreground miniature usage is referred to as forced perspective. Another form of miniature effect uses stop motion animation.
The use of scale models in the creation of visual effects by the entertainment industry dates back to the earliest days of cinema. Models and miniatures are copies of people, animals, buildings, settings, and objects. Miniatures or models are used to represent things that do not really exist, or that are too expensive or difficult to film in reality, such as explosions, floods, or fires.
From 1900 to the mid-1960s
French director Georges Méliès incorporated special effects in his 1902 film Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) — including double-exposure, split screens, miniatures and stop-action.
Some of the most influential visual effects films of these early years such as Metropolis (1927), Citizen Kane (1941), Godzilla (1954) The Ten Commandments (1956). The 1933 film King Kong made extensive use of miniature effects including scale models and stop-motion animation of miniature elements.
From the mid-1960s
The use of miniatures in 2001: A Space Odyssey was a major development. In production for three years, the film was a significant advancement in creating convincing models.
In the early |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unum%20%28number%20format%29 | Unums (universal numbers) are a family of number formats and arithmetic for implementing real numbers on a computer, proposed by John L. Gustafson in 2015. They are designed as an alternative to the ubiquitous IEEE 754 floating-point standard. The latest version is known as posits.
Type I Unum
The first version of unums, formally known as Type I unum, was introduced in Gustafson's book The End of Error as a superset of the IEEE-754 floating-point format. The defining features of the Type I unum format are:
a variable-width storage format for both the significand and exponent, and
a u-bit, which determines whether the unum corresponds to an exact number (u = 0), or an interval between consecutive exact unums (u = 1). In this way, the unums cover the entire extended real number line [−∞,+∞].
For computation with the format, Gustafson proposed using interval arithmetic with a pair of unums, what he called a ubound, providing the guarantee that the resulting interval contains the exact solution.
William M. Kahan and Gustafson debated unums at the Arith23 conference.
Type II Unum
Type II Unums were introduced in 2016 as a redesign of Unums that broke IEEE-754 compatibility.
Posit (Type III Unum)
In February 2017, Gustafson officially introduced Type III unums, posits for fixed floating-point-like values and valids for interval arithmetic. In March 2021, a standard was ratified and published by the Posit Working Group.
Posits are a hardware-friendly version of unum where difficulties faced in the original type I unum due to its variable size are resolved. Compared to IEEE 754 floats of similar size, posits offer a bigger dynamic range and more fraction bits for values with magnitude near 1 (but fewer fraction bits for very large or very small values), and Gustafson claims that they offer better accuracy. Studies confirm that for some applications, posits with quire out-perform floats in accuracy. Posits have superior accuracy in the range near one, where most |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20port | A source port is a software project based on the source code of a game engine that allows the game to be played on operating systems or computing platforms with which the game was not originally compatible.
Description
Source ports are often created by fans after the original developer hands over the maintenance support for a game by releasing its source code to the public (see List of commercial video games with later released source code). In some cases, the source code used to create a source port must be obtained through reverse engineering, in situations where the original source was never formally released by the game's developers. The term was coined after the release of the source code to Doom. Due to copyright issues concerning the sound library used by the original DOS version, id Software released only the source code to the Linux version of the game. Since the majority of Doom players were DOS users the first step for a fan project was to port the Linux source code to DOS. A source port typically only includes the engine portion of the game and requires that the data files of the game in question already be present on users' systems.
Source ports share the similarity with unofficial patches that both don't change the original gameplay as such projects are by definition mods. However many source ports add support for gameplay mods, which is usually optional (e.g. DarkPlaces consists of a source port engine and a gameplay mod that are even distributed separately). While the primary goal of any source port is compatibility with newer hardware, many projects support other enhancements. Common examples of additions include support for higher video resolutions and different aspect ratios, hardware accelerated renderers (OpenGL and/or Direct3D), enhanced input support (including the ability to map controls onto additional input devices), 3D character models (in case of 2.5D games), higher resolution textures, support to replace MIDI with digital audio (MP3, O |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoglossal%20membrane | The hyoglossal membrane is a strong fibrous lamina, which connects the under surface of the root of the tongue to the body of the hyoid bone. It is characterized by a posterior widening of the lingual septum.
This membrane receives, in front, some of the fibers of the Genioglossi. Inferior fibers are attached to hyoglossal membrane, and to the upper anterior body of the midline of hyoid bone. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.