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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%20presentation | A case presentation is a formal communication between health care professionals such as doctors and nurses regarding a patient's clinical information.
Essential parts of a case presentation include:
Identification
Reason for consultation/admission
Chief complaints (CC) - what made patients seek medical attention.
History of present illness (HPI) - circumstances relating to chief complaints.
Past medical history (PMHx)
Past surgical history
Current medications
Allergies
Family history (FHx)
Social history (SocHx)
Physical examination (PE)
Laboratory results (Lab)
Other investigations (imaging, biopsy etc.)
Case summary and impression
Management plans
follow up in clinic or hospital
Adherence of the patient to treatment
success of the treatment or failure.
causes of success or failure. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20interior | In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the algebraic interior or radial kernel of a subset of a vector space is a refinement of the concept of the interior.
Definition
Assume that is a subset of a vector space
The algebraic interior (or radial kernel) of with respect to is the set of all points at which is a radial set.
A point is called an of and is said to be if for every there exists a real number such that for every
This last condition can also be written as where the set
is the line segment (or closed interval) starting at and ending at
this line segment is a subset of which is the emanating from in the direction of (that is, parallel to/a translation of ).
Thus geometrically, an interior point of a subset is a point with the property that in every possible direction (vector) contains some (non-degenerate) line segment starting at and heading in that direction (i.e. a subset of the ray ).
The algebraic interior of (with respect to ) is the set of all such points. That is to say, it is the subset of points contained in a given set with respect to which it is radial points of the set.
If is a linear subspace of and then this definition can be generalized to the algebraic interior of with respect to is:
where always holds and if then where is the affine hull of (which is equal to ).
Algebraic closure
A point is said to be from a subset if there exists some such that the line segment is contained in
The , denoted by consists of and all points in that are linearly accessible from
Algebraic Interior (Core)
In the special case where the set is called the or of and it is denoted by or
Formally, if is a vector space then the algebraic interior of is
If is non-empty, then these additional subsets are also useful for the statements of many theorems in convex functional analysis (such as the Ursescu theorem):
If is a Fréchet space, is convex, and is closed in then but in general it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Help%20Viewer | Microsoft Help Viewer (HV) is the offline help system (local help) developed by Microsoft that ships with versions of Microsoft Windows including and subsequent to Windows 8, as well as Visual Studio 2010 and its associated MSDN Library.
Microsoft Help Viewer 1.x supersedes Microsoft Help 2 which is the help system used by Microsoft Visual Studio 2002/2003/2005/2008 and Office 2007. It is shipped with VS 2010. Microsoft Help Viewer 2.x is backwards-compatible with 1.x and is shipped with the operating system as well as VS 2012+.
Although Microsoft Help Viewer was referred to as MS Help 3.x during development, it is a wholly new product and technically unrelated to Microsoft Help 2. With the growing need for a general Unicode-based help system, has become the default help system for Windows 10.
History
Jan 2008 - April Reagan [MS PM] blogs that Microsoft will replace Microsoft Help 2.
Apr 2009 - At WritersUA 2009 conference April Reagan and Anand Raman announced Microsoft Help 3 will ship with Visual Studio 2010.
Nov 2009 - Preview of new offline help ships with the VS 2010 Beta 2.
Jan 2010 - Formal name changed from Microsoft Help 3.0 to Microsoft Help Viewer 1.0
April 2010 - Microsoft Help Viewer 1.0 is RTM (Release to Manufacturing) as part of the Visual Studio 2010 release.
March 2011 - Microsoft Help Viewer 1.1 ships with Service Pack 1 of Visual Studio 2010.
August 2012 - Microsoft Help Viewer 2.0 ships with Visual Studio 2012 and the Windows 8 OS.
The HelpPane Viewer is found in Windows 10. The version appears to be 2.3.
User Experience
The user experience for Microsoft Help Viewer 1.x is that topics can be viewed in any installed web browser – a separate application, such as the Microsoft Document Explorer included with Microsoft Help 2, is not necessary. The browser-based model is meant to provide a more lightweight navigation, downloading, and reading experience than earlier help-viewer models.
Visual Studio 2010 includes a taskbar applet in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillar%20Data%20Systems | Pillar Data Systems, a computer data storage company headquartered in San Jose, California, developed midrange and enterprise network storage systems. Pillar Data employed 325 people and sold its products to organizations in the financial services, healthcare, government and legal industries. Its primary product-offering was the Axiom platform.
History
Formerly Digital Appliance Storage Systems Israel, Pillar Data Systems was created in July 2001 with funding from Tako Ventures, LLC, the venture arm of Larry Ellison, founder and CEO of Oracle Corporation.
University of California Berkeley and Stanford University alumnus Mike Workman founded and later became CEO and chairman of the company. By 2005, it had over $150 million in financing.
The Pillar Axiom product integrated storage area networks (SAN) and network-attached storage (NAS), supporting management of tiered storage on one platform.
Axiom supported any combination of iSCSI SAN, Fibre Channel SAN or Network File System (NFS) NAS. Pillar also offered products for Microsoft Exchange Server, Oracle Database, OracleVM, and VMware data.
Pillar directly competed against EMC Corporation, Hitachi Data Systems, NetApp, 3PAR, Isilon, Coraid, BlueArc and Compellent Technologies in the midrange-storage hardware-industry.
Pillar had partnerships with Symantec, FalconStor, and Data Domain for data de-duplication. Pillar also had partnerships with Oracle Corporation and with VMware.
Oracle announced on June 29, 2011, that it would acquire Pillar Data.
The acquisition was done with no up-front payment, since Pillar owed Ellison and his affiliates $544 million.
The press noted that Workman did not appear at the announcement event.
The acquisition took effect on July 18, 2011. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20lambda%20switching | Fractional lambda switching (FλS) leverages on time-driven switching (TDS) to realize sub-lambda switching in highly scalable dynamic optical networking, which requires minimum (possibly optical) buffers. Fractional lambda switching implies switching fractions of optical channels as opposed to whole lambda switching where whole optical channels are the switching unit. In this context, TDS has the same general objectives as optical burst switching and optical packet switching: realizing all-optical networks with high wavelength utilization. TDS operation is based on time frames (TFs) that can be viewed as virtual containers for multiple IP packets that are switched at every TDS switch based on and coordinated by the UTC (coordinated universal time) signal implementing pipeline forwarding. In the context of optical networks, synchronous virtual pipes SVPs typical of pipeline forwarding are called fractional lambda pipes (FλPs).
In FλS, likewise in TDS, all packets in the same time frame are switched in the same way. Consequently, header processing is not required, which results in low complexity (hence high scalability) and enables optical implementation. The TF is the basic SVP capacity allocation unit; hence, the allocation granularity depends on the number of TFs per time cycle. For example, with a 10 Gbit/s optical channel and 1000 TFs in each time cycle, the minimum FλP capacity (obtained by allocating one TF in every time cycle) is 10 Mbit/s.
Scheduling through a switching fabric is based on a pre-defined schedule, which enables the implementation of a simple controller. Moreover, low-complexity switching fabric architectures, such as Banyan, can be deployed notwithstanding their blocking features, thus further enhancing scalability. In fact, blocking can be avoided during schedule computation by avoiding conflicting input/output connections during the same TF. Several results show that (especially if multiple wavelength division multiplexing channels are dep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party%20fair%20exchange%20protocol | In cryptography, a multi-party fair exchange protocol is protocol where parties accept to deliver an item if and only if they receive an item in return.
Definition
Matthew K. Franklin and Gene Tsudik suggested in 1998 the following classification:
An -party single-unit general exchange is a permutation on , where each party offers a single unit of commodity to , and receives a single unit of commodity from .
An -party multi-unit general exchange is a matrix of baskets, where the entry in row and column is the basket of goods given by to .
See also
Secure multi-party computation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNTV%20Transmitter | The UNTV Transmitter is a communication tower owned by Breakthrough and Milestones Productions International, Inc. located at Emerald Hills, Sumulong Highway, Antipolo, Rizal, Republic of the Philippines. It serves as the new transmitter facility for flagship stations DWAO-TV (UNTV News and Rescue) and DWNU, with broadcast licenses owned by the stations founder Progressive Broadcasting Corporation.
History
In July 2013, BMPI Chairman and CEO Daniel Razon announced the network's plan of upgrading its facilities, in preparation for its transition from analog to the Japanese ISDB-T digital system. The construction of the new transmitter began in early 2013, completed before the end of the year and became fully operational in January 2014. Upon the launch, the tower replaced its old transmitter under a lease agreement at Crestview Subdivision in Antipolo, Rizal since 2001. In July 2014, when BMPI took over the management of PBC's 107.5, DWNU also shifted its transmitter to the UNTV Tower.
Features
Transmitter
UNTV acquired its new analog and digital broadcast equipment from Digital Multimedia Technologies (DMT) System Engineering Solutions (SyES). SyES has been in the manufacturing industry for over 30 years with headquarters in Lissone, Italy. The tower uses highly efficient SyES complete antenna system (COEL brand) to produce a wide coverage of UHF analog and digital TV reception in Metro Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Cavite and Rizal. with a 30,000-watt TPO in UHF 37 (analog) and up to a maximum of 10,000-watt TPO in UHF 38 (digital). It serves as the originating transmitter for its relay stations in the provinces.
On October 2, 2014, UNTV began its simulcast test broadcast on UHF channel 38 (617.143 MHz) with two standard definition (SD) channels, one high-definition (HD) channel and one 1seg channel. UNTV's low-powered DTV test broadcast can be received in Metro Manila and nearby provinces using ISDB-T set top boxes, LED TV sets and mobile dev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20model%20%28biophysics%29 | Lattice models in biophysics represent a class of statistical-mechanical models which consider a biological macromacromolecule (such as DNA, protein, actin, etc.) as a lattice of units, each unit being in different states or conformations.
For example, DNA in chromatin can be represented as a one-dimensional lattice, whose elementary units are the nucleotide, base pair or nucleosome. Different states of the unit can be realized either by chemical modifications (e.g. DNA methylation or modifications of DNA-bound histones), or due to quantized internal degrees of freedom (e.g. different angles of the bond joining two neighboring units), or due to binding events involving a given unit (e.g. reversible binding of small ligands or proteins to DNA, or binding/unbinding of two complementary nucleotides in the DNA base pair).
DNA-ligand binding models
DNA double helix melting models
DNA coil-globule / fractal models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20rupture | A steam rupture occurs within a pressurized system of super critical water when the pressure exceeds the design plus safety margin specification. A steam rupture can occur in any high temperature pressurized system, including, but not limited to: automobile cooling systems, stationary power plants, mobile power plants, steam driven tools (such as some trip hammers), and even the delivery systems for application processes such as cleaning and fabric fullering. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%26B%20Hoovers | D&B Hoovers was founded by Gary Hoover and Patrick Spain in 1990 as an American business research company that provided information on companies and industries through their primary product platform named "Hoover's". In 2003, it was acquired by Dun & Bradstreet and operated for a time as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2017, the Hoover's product was re-branded D&B Hoovers. Dun & Bradstreet is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, US. D&B Hoovers has sales, marketing and development resources in Austin, Texas, US.
Origins and expansion
Hoovers was started in 1990 by Gary Hoover, Patrick J. Spain, Alan Chai, and Alta Campbell. Leading up to this, Hoover had founded the Bookstop book store chain, ultimately purchase by Barnes & Noble.[citation needed] Hoover's initially was called The Reference Press as it published reference books about companies.
The company grew rapidly under a business team led by Spain. This team iincluded Carl Shepherd, Lynn Atchison, Elisabeth DeMarse, Jani Spede, Kris Rao, and Gordon Anderson, among others. Spain was CEO from 1993 to 2001, and chairman from 1994 to 2002.
Hoovers made an initial public offering on the NASDAQ exchange in 1999. The company then became a subsidiary of Dun & Bradstreet, which bought Hoover's for $119 million in 2003. After the acquisition of Avention by Dun & Bradstreet in 2017, the D&B Hoovers solution was launched, and replaced the existing Hoovers' product.
Operations
Dun & Bradstreet maintains a database of more than 330 million companies with 30,000 global data sources updated 5 million times per day. It combines Dun & Bradstreet's data with Avention's sales acceleration platform. Subscriptions are sold primarily to sales, marketing, and business development professionals seeking contact information for prospective customers. The database is used for lead generation, outreach, prepping for sales calls, researching companies, being alerted to changes in leadership, and acquiring new customers.
Besides pub |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RapidIO | The RapidIO architecture is a high-performance packet-switched electrical connection technology. RapidIO supports messaging, read/write and cache coherency semantics. Based on industry-standard electrical specifications such as those for Ethernet, RapidIO can be used as a chip-to-chip, board-to-board, and chassis-to-chassis interconnect.
History
The RapidIO protocol was originally designed by Mercury Computer Systems and Motorola (Freescale) as a replacement for Mercury's RACEway proprietary bus and Freescale's PowerPC bus. The RapidIO Trade Association was formed in February 2000, and included telecommunications and storage OEMs as well as FPGA, processor, and switch companies.
Releases
The RapidIO specification revision 1.1 (3xN Gen1), released in March 2001, defined a wide, parallel bus. This specification did not achieve extensive commercial adoption.
The RapidIO specification revision 1.2, released in June 2002, defined a serial interconnect based on the XAUI physical layer. Devices based on this specification achieved significant commercial success within wireless baseband, imaging and military compute.
The RapidIO specification revision 1.3 was released in June 2005.
The RapidIO specification revision 2.0 (6xN Gen2), was released in March 2008, added more port widths (2×, 8×, and 16×) and increased the maximum lane speed to 6.25 GBd / 5 Gbit/s. Revision 2.1 has repeated and expanded the commercial success of the 1.2 specification.
The RapidIO specification revision 2.1 was released in September 2009.
The RapidIO specification revision 2.2 was released in May 2011.
The RapidIO specification revision 3.0 (10xN Gen3), was released in October 2013, has the following changes and improvements compared to the 2.x specifications:
Based on industry-standard Ethernet 10GBASE-KR electrical specifications for short (20 cm + connector) and long (1 m + 2 connector) reach applications
Directly leverages the Ethernet 10GBASE-KR DME training scheme for long-reach |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger%20variational%20principle | Schwinger variational principle is a variational principle which expresses the scattering T-matrix as a functional depending on two unknown wave functions. The functional attains stationary value equal to actual scattering T-matrix. The functional is stationary if and only if the two functions satisfy the Lippmann-Schwinger equation. The development of the variational formulation of the scattering theory can be traced to works of L. Hultén and J. Schwinger in 1940s.
Linear form of the functional
The T-matrix expressed in the form of stationary value of the functional reads
where and are the initial and the final states respectively, is the interaction potential and is the retarded Green's operator for collision energy . The condition for the stationary value of the functional is that the functions and satisfy the Lippmann-Schwinger equation
and
Fractional form of the functional
Different form of the stationary principle for T-matrix reads
The wave functions and must satisfy the same Lippmann-Schwinger equations to get the stationary value.
Application of the principle
The principle may be used for the calculation of the scattering amplitude in the similar way like the variational principle for bound states, i.e. the form of the wave functions is guessed, with some free parameters, that are determined from the condition of stationarity of the functional.
See also
Lippmann-Schwinger equation
Quantum scattering theory
T-matrix
Green's operator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20Strang | William Gilbert Strang (born November 27, 1934) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to finite element theory, the calculus of variations, wavelet analysis and linear algebra. He has made many contributions to mathematics education, including publishing mathematics textbooks. Strang was the MathWorks Professor of Mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He taught Linear Algebra, Computational Science, and Engineering, Learning from Data, and his lectures are freely available through MIT OpenCourseWare.
Biography
Strang was born in Chicago in 1934. His parents William and Mary Catherine Strang migrated to the USA from Scotland. He and his sister Vivian grew up in Washington DC and Cincinnati, and went to high school at Principia in St. Louis.
Strang graduated from MIT in 1955 with a Bachelor of Science in mathematics. He then received a Rhodes Scholarship to University of Oxford, where he received his B.A. and M.A. from Balliol College in 1957.
Strang earned his Ph.D. from University of California, Los Angeles in 1959 as a National Science Foundation Fellow, under the supervision of Peter K. Henrici. His dissertation was titled "Difference Methods for Mixed Boundary Value Problems".
While at Oxford, Strang met his future wife Jillian Shannon, and they married in 1958. Following his Ph.D. at UCLA, they have lived in Wellesley, Massachusetts for almost all of his 62 years on the MIT faculty. The Strangs have three sons David, John, and Robert and describe themselves as a very close-knit family. He retired on May 15, 2023 after giving his final Linear Algebra and Learning from Data lecture at MIT.
Strang's teaching has focused on linear algebra which has helped the subject become essential for students of many majors. His linear algebra video lectures are popular on YouTube and MIT OpenCourseware. Strang founded Wellesley-Cambridge Press to publish Introduction to Linear Algebra (now in 6th edition) and ten other books.
U |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20interface%20device | In telecommunications, a network interface device (NID; also known by several other names) is a device that serves as the demarcation point between the carrier's local loop and the customer's premises wiring. Outdoor telephone NIDs also provide the subscriber with access to the station wiring and serve as a convenient test point for verification of loop integrity and of the subscriber's inside wiring.
Naming
Generically, an NID may also be called a network interface unit (NIU), telephone network interface (TNI), system network interface (SNI), or telephone network box.
Australia's National Broadband Network uses the term network termination device or NTD.
A smartjack is a type of NID with capabilities beyond simple electrical connection, such as diagnostics.
An optical network terminal (ONT) is a type of NID used with fiber-to-the-premises applications.
Wiring termination
The simplest NIDs are essentially just a specialized set of wiring terminals. These will typically take the form of a small, weather-proof box, mounted on the outside of the building. The telephone line from the telephone company will enter the NID and be connected to one side. The customer connects their wiring to the other side. A single NID enclosure may contain termination for a single line or multiple lines.
In its role as the demarcation point (dividing line), the NID separates the telephone company's equipment from the customer's wiring and equipment. The telephone company owns the NID itself, and all wiring up to it. Anything past the NID is the customer's responsibility. To facilitate this, there is typically a test jack inside the NID. Accessing the test jack disconnects the customer premises wiring from the public switched telephone network and allows the customer to plug a "known good" telephone into the jack to isolate trouble. If the telephone works at the test jack, the problem is the customer's wiring, and the customer is responsible for repair. If the telephone does not wor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-slit%20interferometric%20equation | Quantum mechanics was first applied to optics, and interference in particular, by Paul Dirac. Richard Feynman, in his Lectures on Physics, uses Dirac's notation to describe thought experiments on double-slit interference of electrons. Feynman's approach was extended to -slit interferometers for either single-photon illumination, or narrow-linewidth laser illumination, that is, illumination by indistinguishable photons, by Frank Duarte. The -slit interferometer was first applied in the generation and measurement of complex interference patterns.
In this article the generalized -slit interferometric equation, derived via Dirac's notation, is described. Although originally derived to reproduce and predict -slit interferograms, this equation also has applications to other areas of optics.
Probability amplitudes and the -slit interferometric equation
In this approach the probability amplitude for the propagation of a photon from a source to an interference plane , via an array of slits , is given using Dirac's bra–ket notation as
This equation represents the probability amplitude of a photon propagating from to via an array of slits. Using a wavefunction representation for probability amplitudes, and defining the probability amplitudes as
where and are the incidence and diffraction phase angles, respectively. Thus, the overall probability amplitude can be rewritten as
where
and
after some algebra, the corresponding probability becomes
where is the total number of slits in the array, or transmission grating, and the term in parentheses represents the phase that is directly related to the exact path differences derived from the geometry of the -slit array (), the intra interferometric distance, and the interferometric plane . In its simplest version, the phase term can be related to the geometry using
where is the wavenumber, and and represent the exact path differences. Here the Dirac–Duarte (DD) interferometric equation is a probability distribution |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurimetrics | Jurimetrics is the application of quantitative methods, and often especially probability and statistics, to law. In the United States, the journal Jurimetrics is published by the American Bar Association and Arizona State University. The Journal of Empirical Legal Studies is another publication that emphasizes the statistical analysis of law.
The term was coined in 1949 by Lee Loevinger in his article "Jurimetrics: The Next Step Forward". Showing the influence of Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Loevinger quoted Holmes' celebrated phrase that:
The first work on this topic is attributed to Nicolaus I Bernoulli in his doctoral dissertation De Usu Artis Conjectandi in Jure, written in 1709.
Common methods
Bayesian inference
Causal inference
Instrumental variables
Design of experiments
Vital for epidemiological studies
Generalized linear models
Ordinary least squares, logistic regression, Poisson regression
Meta-analysis
Probability distributions
Binomial distribution, hypergeometric distribution, normal distribution
Survival analysis
Kaplan-Meier estimator, proportional hazards model, Weibull distribution
Applications
Accounting fraud detection (Benford's law)
Airline deregulation
Analysis of police stops (Negative binomial regression)
Ban the Box legislation and subsequent impact on job applications
Statistical discrimination (economics)
Calorie labeling mandates and food consumption
Risk compensation
Challenging election results (Hypergeometric distribution)
Condorcet's jury theorem
Cost-benefit analysis of renewable portfolio standards for greenhouse gas abatement
Effect of compulsory schooling on future earnings
Effect of corporate board size on firm performance
Effect of damage caps on medical malpractice claims
Effect of a fiduciary standard on financial advice
False conviction rate of inmates sentenced to death
Legal evidence (Bayesian network)
Impact of "pattern-or-practice" investigations on crime
Legal informatics
Ogden tables
Optimal stopping of clin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless%20quantity | A dimensionless quantity (also known as a bare quantity, pure quantity as well as quantity of dimension one) is a quantity to which no physical dimension is assigned.
Dimensionless quantities are widely used in many fields, such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, engineering, and economics. Dimensionless quantities are distinct from quantities that have associated dimensions, such as time (measured in seconds).
The corresponding unit of measurement is one (symbol 1), which is not explicitly shown.
For any system of units, the number one is considered a base unit.
Dimensionless units are special names that serve as units of measurement for expressing other dimensionless quantities. For example, in the SI, radians (rad) and steradians (sr) are dimensionless units for plane angles and solid angles, respectively. For example, optical extent is defined as having units of metres multiplied by steradians.
Some dimensionless quantities are called dimensionless numbers or characteristic numbers; they result from the product or quotient of other general quantities (e.g., characteristic lengths) and serve as parameters in equations and models. Characteristic numbers often carry the term "number" in their names (e.g., "Reynolds number") and may be denoted mathematically with a capitalized two-letter acronym (e.g., "Re" or "Re", italicized or not). Several such numbers are defined as part of the International System of Quantities (ISQ), as standardized in ISO 80000-11.
Dimensionless physical constants (e.g., fine-structure constant) and dimensionless material constants (e.g., refractive index) are dimensionless quantities having a fixed value for the whole universe or for a given material, respectively
History
Quantities having dimension one, dimensionless quantities, regularly occur in sciences, and are formally treated within the field of dimensional analysis. In the 19th century, French mathematician Joseph Fourier and Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell led signi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Time%20Series%20Analysis | The Journal of Time Series Analysis is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering mathematical statistics as it relates to the analysis of time series data. It was established in 1980 and is published by John Wiley & Sons. The editor-in-chief is Robert Taylor (University of Essex). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 1.208, ranking it 94th out of 108 journals in the category "Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications" and 88th out of 125 in the category "Statistics & Probability". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20C.%20Martin | Robert Cecil Martin (born 5 December 1952), colloquially called "Uncle Bob", is an American software engineer, instructor, and author. He is most recognized for promoting many software design principles and for being an author and signatory of the influential Agile Manifesto.
Martin has authored many books and magazine articles. He was the editor-in-chief of C++ Report magazine and served as the first chairman of the Agile Alliance.
Companies
In 1991, Martin founded Object Mentor, now defunct, which provided instructor-led training on the extreme programming methodology. , he operated two companies:
Uncle Bob Consulting – provides consulting and training services
Clean Coders – which provides training videos
Software principles and advocacy
Martin is a proponent of software craftsmanship, agile software development, and test-driven development.
He is credited with coining the SOLID mnemonic, a collection of software principles including "Single Responsibility Principle", "Open-Closed Principle" (invented by Bertrand Meyer.), "Liskov Substitution Principle" (invented by Barbara Liskov,), "Interface Segregation Principle", and "Dependency Inversion Principle".
Publications
1995. Designing Object-Oriented C++ Applications Using the Booch Method. Prentice Hall. .
2002. Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices. Pearson. .
2009. Clean Code: A Handbook of Agile Software Craftsmanship. Prentice Hall. .
2011. The Clean Coder: A Code Of Conduct For Professional Programmers. Prentice Hall. .
2017. Clean Architecture: A Craftsman's Guide to Software Structure and Design. Prentice Hall. .
2019. Clean Agile: Back to Basics. Prentice Hall. .
2021. Clean Craftsmanship: Disciplines, Standards, and Ethics. Addison-Wesley Professional. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20polynomial | In mathematics, exponential polynomials are functions on fields, rings, or abelian groups that take the form of polynomials in a variable and an exponential function.
Definition
In fields
An exponential polynomial generally has both a variable x and some kind of exponential function E(x). In the complex numbers there is already a canonical exponential function, the function that maps x to ex. In this setting the term exponential polynomial is often used to mean polynomials of the form P(x, ex) where P ∈ C[x, y] is a polynomial in two variables.
There is nothing particularly special about C here; exponential polynomials may also refer to such a polynomial on any exponential field or exponential ring with its exponential function taking the place of ex above. Similarly, there is no reason to have one variable, and an exponential polynomial in n variables would be of the form P(x1, ..., xn, ex1, ..., exn), where P is a polynomial in 2n variables.
For formal exponential polynomials over a field K we proceed as follows. Let W be a finitely generated Z-submodule of K and consider finite sums of the form
where the fi are polynomials in K[X] and the exp(wi X) are formal symbols indexed by wi in W subject to exp(u + v) = exp(u) exp(v).
In abelian groups
A more general framework where the term 'exponential polynomial' may be found is that of exponential functions on abelian groups. Similarly to how exponential functions on exponential fields are defined, given a topological abelian group G a homomorphism from G to the additive group of the complex numbers is called an additive function, and a homomorphism to the multiplicative group of nonzero complex numbers is called an exponential function, or simply an exponential. A product of additive functions and exponentials is called an exponential monomial, and a linear combination of these is then an exponential polynomial on G.
Properties
Ritt's theorem states that the analogues of unique factorization and the fac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian%20Young%20Researchers%20Conference%20on%20Computational%20and%20Omics%20Biology | The Asian Young Researchers Conference on Computational and Omics Biology (AYRCOB) is a conference series for young researchers and students who are conducting their research in the fields of computational, omics and systems biology in Asia. The main objectives of AYRCOB are to promote international exchange among young researchers in Asia and to deliver lectures given by leading researchers. One of unique characteristics of AYRCOB is that the conference itself is organized by young researchers (graduate students and post-doctoral fellows). From the outstanding performance of young students, the Dean Prize of the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences by the University of Tokyo has been awarded to the committee in 2009 and 2011 respectively.
In 2016 and 2017, AYRCOB was held jointly with the International Conference on Genome Informatics Workshop (GIW).
Affiliated Organizations
The AYRCOB has several affiliated organizations including:
China
Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)
Japan
The University of Tokyo
Graduate University for Advanced Studies
Korea
Yonsei University
Ewha Womans University
University of Science and Technology (UST)
Singapore
Nanyang Technological University
National University of Singapore
Taiwan
National Yang-Ming University
National Cheng Kung University
Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica
Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology of National Tsing Hua University
National Chiao Tung University
National Central University
Sponsors
The AYRCOB has various sponsors including:
China
Beijing Genomics Institute
Japan
The University of Tokyo Global COE Program (Deciphering Biosphere from Genome Big Bang)
Japanese Society for Bioinformatics
Korea
Korean Bioinformation Center
Korean University of Science and Technology (UST)
Daejeon Convention and Visitors Bureau
Yonsei University
Hankyoreh Media Group
The Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI)
Singapore
The Asia Pacific Bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergradation | In zoology, intergradation is the way in which two distinct subspecies are connected via areas where populations are found that have the characteristics of both. There are two types of intergradation: primary and secondary intergradation.
Primary intergradation
This occurs in cases where two subspecies are connected via one or more intermediate populations, each of which is in turn intermediate to its adjacent populations and exhibits more or less the same amount of variability as any other population within the species. Adjacent populations and subspecies are subject to cline intergradation, and in these situations it is usually taken for granted that the clines are causally related (by natural selection) to environmental gradients.
Secondary intergradation
When contact between a geographically isolated subspecies is reestablished with the main body of the species or with another isolate subspecies, interbreeding takes place as long as the isolate has not yet evolved an effective set of isolating mechanisms. Consequently, a relatively distinct zone or belt of hybridization will develop depending on the degree of genetic and phenotypic difference that was achieved by the previously isolated subspecies.
See also
Ring species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20human%20anatomy | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy:
Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).
Essence of human anatomy
Human body
Anatomy
Branches of human anatomy
Gross anatomy- systemic or region-wise study of human body parts and organs. Gross anatomy encompasses cadaveric anatomy and osteology
Microscopic anatomy/histology
Cell biology (Cytology) & cytogenetics
Surface anatomy
Radiological anatomy
Developmental anatomy/embryology
Anatomy of the human body
The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation.
General anatomy
Parts of human body
Head
Ear
Face
Forehead
Cheek
Chin
Eye
Nose
Nostril
Mouth
Lip
Tongue
Tooth
Neck
Torso
Thorax
Abdomen
Pelvis
Back
Pectoral girdle
Shoulder
Arm
Axilla
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Finger
Thumb
Palm
Lower limb
Pelvic girdle
Leg
Buttocks
Hip
Thigh
Knee
Calf
Foot
Ankle
Heel
Toe
Big toe
Sole
Cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Planes, lines, and regions
Regions of head
Regions of neck
Anterior and lateral thoracic regions
Abdominal regions
Regions of back
Perineal regions
Regions of upper limb
Regions of lower limb
Bones
General terms
Bony part
Cortical bone
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Cartilaginous part
Membranous part
Periosteum
Perichondrium
Axial skele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immersion%20silver%20plating | Immersion silver plating (or IAg plating) is a surface plating process that creates a thin layer of silver over copper objects. It consists in dipping the object briefly into a solution containing silver ions.
Immersion silver plating is used by the electronics industry in manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs), to protect copper conductors from oxidation and improve solderability.
Advantages and disadvantages
Immersion silver coatings have excellent surface planarity, compared more traditional coating processes such as hot air solder leveling (HASL). They also have low losses in high-frequency applications due to the skin effect.
On the other hand, silver coatings will degrade over time due to oxidation or air contaminants such as sulfur compounds and chlorine. A problem peculiar to silver coatings is the formation of silver whiskers under electric fields, which may short out components.
Specifications
IPC Standard: IPC-4553
See also
Electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG)
Hot air solder leveling (HASL)
Organic solderability preservative (OSP)
Reflow soldering
Wave soldering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email%20art | Email art refers to artwork created for the medium of email. It includes computer graphics, animations, screensavers, digital scans of artwork in other media, and even ASCII art. When exhibited, Email art can be either displayed on a computer screen or similar type of display device, or the work can be printed out and displayed.
Email art is an evolution of the networking Mail Art movement and began during the early 1990s. Chuck Welch, also known as Cracker Jack Kid, connected with early online artists and created a net-worker telenetlink. The historical evolution of the term "Email art" is documented in Chuck Welch's Eternal Network: A Mail Art Anthology published and edited by University of Calgary Press.
By the end of the 1990s, many mailartists, aware of increasing postal rates and cheaper internet access, were beginning the gradual migration of collective art projects towards the web and new, inexpensive forms of digital communication. The Internet facilitated faster dissemination of Mail Art calls (invitations), Mail Art blogs and websites have become commonly used to display contributions and online documentation, and an increasing number of projects include an invitation to submit Email art digitally, either as the preferred channel or as an alternative to sending contributions by post.
In 2006, Ramzi Turki received an e-mail containing a scanned work of Belgian artist Luc Fierens, so he sent this picture to about 7000 e-mail addresses artists seeking their interactions in order to acquire about 200 contributions and answers.
See also
Cyberculture
Digital art
Fax art
Internet art
Mail art |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geroprotector | A geroprotector is a senotherapeutic that aims to affect the root cause of aging and age-related diseases, and thus prolong the life span of animals. Some possible geroprotectors include melatonin, carnosine, metformin, rapamycin, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and delta sleep-inducing peptide.
See also
Anti-aging product
Growth hormone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypsis | In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals. It may be a predation strategy or an antipredator adaptation. Methods include camouflage, nocturnality, subterranean lifestyle and mimicry. Crypsis can involve visual, olfactory (with pheromones) or auditory concealment. When it is visual, the term cryptic coloration, effectively a synonym for animal camouflage, is sometimes used, but many different methods of camouflage are employed by animals or plants.
Overview
There is a strong evolutionary pressure for animals to blend into their environment or conceal their shape, for prey animals to avoid predators and for predators to be able to avoid detection by prey. Exceptions include large herbivores without natural enemies, brilliantly colored birds that rely on flight to escape predators, and venomous or otherwise powerfully armed animals with warning coloration. Cryptic animals include the tawny frogmouth (feather patterning resembles bark), the tuatara (hides in burrows all day; nocturnal), some jellyfish (transparent), the leafy sea dragon, and the flounder (covers itself in sediment).
Methods
Methods of crypsis include (visual) camouflage, nocturnality, and subterranean lifestyle. Camouflage can be achieved by a wide variety of methods, from disruptive coloration to transparency and some forms of mimicry, even in habitats like the open sea where there is no background.
As a strategy, crypsis is used by predators against prey and by prey against predators.
Crypsis also applies to eggs and pheromone production. Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory, or auditory camouflage.
Visual
Many animals have evolved so that they visually resemble their surroundings by using any of the many methods of natural camouflage that may match the color and texture of the surroundings (cryptic coloration) and/or break up the visual outline of the animal itself (disruptive coloration). Such animals, like the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20expression | In mathematics, an algebraic expression is an expression built up from constant algebraic numbers, variables, and the algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation by an exponent that is a rational number). For example, is an algebraic expression. Since taking the square root is the same as raising to the power , the following is also an algebraic expression:
An algebraic equation is an equation involving only algebraic expressions.
By contrast, transcendental numbers like and are not algebraic, since they are not derived from integer constants and algebraic operations. Usually, is constructed as a geometric relationship, and the definition of requires an infinite number of algebraic operations.
A rational expression is an expression that may be rewritten to a rational fraction by using the properties of the arithmetic operations (commutative properties and associative properties of addition and multiplication, distributive property and rules for the operations on the fractions). In other words, a rational expression is an expression which may be constructed from the variables and the constants by using only the four operations of arithmetic. Thus,
is a rational expression, whereas
is not.
A rational equation is an equation in which two rational fractions (or rational expressions) of the form
are set equal to each other. These expressions obey the same rules as fractions. The equations can be solved by cross-multiplying. Division by zero is undefined, so that a solution causing formal division by zero is rejected.
Terminology
Algebra has its own terminology to describe parts of an expression:
1 – Exponent (power), 2 – coefficient, 3 – term, 4 – operator, 5 – constant, - variables
In roots of polynomials
The roots of a polynomial expression of degree n, or equivalently the solutions of a polynomial equation, can always be written as algebraic expressions if n < 5 (see quadratic formula, cubic function, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20growth | In mathematics, logarithmic growth describes a phenomenon whose size or cost can be described as a logarithm function of some input. e.g. y = C log (x). Any logarithm base can be used, since one can be converted to another by multiplying by a fixed constant. Logarithmic growth is the inverse of exponential growth and is very slow.
A familiar example of logarithmic growth is a number, N, in positional notation, which grows as logb (N), where b is the base of the number system used, e.g. 10 for decimal arithmetic. In more advanced mathematics, the partial sums of the harmonic series
grow logarithmically. In the design of computer algorithms, logarithmic growth, and related variants, such as log-linear, or linearithmic, growth are very desirable indications of efficiency, and occur in the time complexity analysis of algorithms such as binary search.
Logarithmic growth can lead to apparent paradoxes, as in the martingale roulette system, where the potential winnings before bankruptcy grow as the logarithm of the gambler's bankroll. It also plays a role in the St. Petersburg paradox.
In microbiology, the rapidly growing exponential growth phase of a cell culture is sometimes called logarithmic growth. During this bacterial growth phase, the number of new cells appearing is proportional to the population. This terminological confusion between logarithmic growth and exponential growth may be explained by the fact that exponential growth curves may be straightened by plotting them using a logarithmic scale for the growth axis.
See also
(an even slower growth model) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier%20Leroy | Xavier Leroy (born 15 March 1968) is a French computer scientist and programmer. He is best known for his role as a primary developer of the OCaml system. He is
Professor of software science at Collège de France. Before his appointment at Collège de France in 2018, he was senior scientist (directeur de recherche) at the French government research institution Inria.
Leroy was admitted to the École normale supérieure in Paris in 1987, where he studied mathematics and computer science. From 1989 to 1992 he did his PhD in computer science under the supervision of Gérard Huet.
He is an internationally recognized expert on functional programming languages and compilers. In recent years, he has taken an interest in formal methods, formal proofs and certified compilation. He is the leader of the CompCert project that develops an optimizing compiler for C (programming language), formally verified in Coq.
Leroy was also the original author of LinuxThreads, the most widely used threading package for Linux versions prior to 2.6. Linux 2.6 introduced NPTL, with much more extensive support from the kernel, to replace LinuxThreads.
In 2015 he was named a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to safe, high-performance functional programming languages and compilers, and to compiler verification." He was awarded the 2016 Milner Award by the Royal Society, the 2021 ACM Software System Award, and the 2022 ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflicted%20insight | Inflicted insight is a possible consequence for subjects participating in certain kinds of research. It occurs when the subject is given insight into his or her flaws through his or her participation in an experiment, often unexpectedly or causing emotional pain. It is particularly common in social and psychological research, particularly when the researcher deceives the subject.
The Milgram experiment is a well-known example of an experiment with a very high potential for inflicted insight. Through their participation in the experiment, many subjects realized that they were capable of committing acts of extreme violence on other human beings. After having this realization, many subjects experienced prolonged symptoms of anxiety.
(However, 84 percent of former participants surveyed later said they were "glad" or "very glad" to have participated.)
Deceptive debriefing is one method for avoiding inflicted insight in psychological experiments, although it is considered ethically questionable in and of itself.
The American Psychological Association's guidelines for ethical experimentation strongly discourage experiments where deceptive debriefing is the only alternative to inflicted insight. However, such experiments may be deemed ethically acceptable if they are counterbalanced by other ethical concerns. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickle%20charging | Trickle charging means charging a fully charged battery at a rate equal to its self-discharge rate, thus enabling the battery to remain at its fully charged level; this state occurs almost exclusively when the battery is not loaded, as trickle charging will not keep a battery charged if current is being drawn by a load. A battery under continuous float voltage charging is said to be float-charging.
For lead-acid batteries under no load float charging (such as in SLI batteries), trickle charging happens naturally at the end-of-charge, when the lead-acid battery internal resistance to the charging current increases enough to reduce additional charging current to a trickle, hence the name. In such cases, the trickle charging equals the energy expended by the lead-acid battery splitting the water in the electrolyte into hydrogen and oxygen gases.
Other battery chemistries, such as lithium-ion battery technology, cannot be safely trickle charged. In that case, supervisory circuits (sometimes called battery management system) adjust electrical conditions during charging to match the requirements of the battery chemistry. For Li-ion batteries generally, and for some variants especially, failure to accommodate the limitations of the chemistry and electro-chemistry of a cell, with regard to trickle charging after reaching a fully charged state, can lead to overheating and, possibly to fire or explosion. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult%20neurogenesis%20in%20songbirds | Adult neurogenesis is the process in which new neurons are born and subsequently integrate into functional brain circuits after birth and into adulthood. Avian species including songbirds are among vertebrate species that demonstrate particularly robust adult neurogenesis throughout their telencephalon, in contrast with the more limited neurogenic potential that are observed in adult mammals after birth. Adult neurogenesis in songbirds is observed in brain circuits that underlie complex specialized behavior, including the song control system and the hippocampus. The degree of postnatal and adult neurogenesis in songbirds varies between species, shows sexual dimorphism, fluctuates seasonally, and depends on hormone levels, cell death rates, and social environment. The increased extent of adult neurogenesis in birds compared to other vertebrates, especially in circuits that underlie complex specialized behavior, makes birds an excellent animal model to study this process and its functionality. Methods used in research to track adult neurogenesis in birds include the use of thymidine analogues and identifying endogenous markers of neurogenesis. Historically, the discovery of adult neurogenesis in songbirds substantially contributed to establishing the presence of adult neurogenesis and to progressing a line of research tightly associated with many potential clinical applications.
Mechanism
General mechanism
New neurons are born on the walls of the lateral ventricles (ventricular zone) and migrate to their destination where they integrate into the existing circuits. Neurogenesis occurs throughout the ventricular zone, but proliferation is especially high in specific locations in the lateral wall of the ventricle. Radial glia, a subset of vimentin-expressing glial cells that are the adult neural stem cells, reside in the dorsal and ventral ventricular zone and extend long processes that permeate the neural tissue. Radial glia asymmetrically divide to give rise to new |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennation | In botany, perennation is the ability of organisms, particularly plants, to survive from one germinating season to another, especially under unfavourable conditions such as drought or winter cold. It typically involves development of a perennating organ, which stores enough nutrients to sustain the organism during the unfavourable season, and develops into one or more new plants the following year. Common forms of perennating organs are storage organs (e.g. tubers, rhizomes and corm), and buds. Perennation is closely related with vegetative reproduction, as the organisms commonly use the same organs for both survival and reproduction.
See also
Overwintering
Plant pathology
Sclerotium
Turion (botany) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguerre%20transform | In mathematics, Laguerre transform is an integral transform named after the mathematician Edmond Laguerre, which uses generalized Laguerre polynomials as kernels of the transform.
The Laguerre transform of a function is
The inverse Laguerre transform is given by
Some Laguerre transform pairs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreso | Doreso, is an automatic content recognition (ACR) company specialized in music discovery and social TV recognition service for the second screen. Their sound-to-sound music search engine allows users to obtain more detailed information about music and songs by singing, humming or by recording original music.
Features
The music search currently has three ways of searching music: by identifying a recorded original music fragment; by humming or singing the melody using a microphone; and by direct input of the name of a song or singer. Users can share their search results on Facebook, Twitter or other SNS website and get similar music recommendations. The app also gives information about the song title, its singer and allows you to purchase the song.
History
The Music Radar team got 1st place in the Query by Singing/Humming (QBSH) task at the Music Information Retrieval Evaluation eXchange (MIREX) in 2012 and 2013. The app was launched at the end of January 2013, supporting query by singing/humming and audio fingerprinting. The app reached its first one million user milestone in April 2013. In May 2013, Music Radar announced that they had integrated deep learning techniques into their software to improve the rate of recognition. In July 2013, Music Radar released their cloud based music recognition open API to the public.
See also
Search by sound
Query by humming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential%20motor%20reinnervation | Preferential motor reinnervation (PMR) refers to the tendency of a regenerating axon in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to reinnervate a motor pathway as opposed to a somatosensory pathway. PMR affects how nerves regenerate and reinnervate within the PNS after surgical procedures or traumatic injuries. It is important to understand in order to further develop axonal regrowth surgical techniques. Further research of preferential motor reinnervation will lead to a better understanding of peripheral nervous system function in the human body regarding cell roles and abilities.
Summary
Motor vs sensory nerve reinnervation
The peripheral nervous system has the ability to regrow cut nerves. Motor axons preferentially reinnervate motor pathways. The tendency of motor axons to reinnervate motor pathways instead of cutaneous pathways is influenced by a number of factors in the PNS system. Some factors include Schwann cell characteristics, neurotrophic factors, and nerve branch size. These factors influence the pathway preference of the motor neuron.
The different nervous systems are illustrated in the image displayed on the right. Preferential motor reinnervation is a tendency that is specifically seen in the peripheral nervous system, which is illustrated in the photos of the bottom of the system shown.
Regeneration vs reinnervation
When peripheral axons are severed, the distal part of the cut axon degenerates. The only remaining distal parts from the original nerve are the Schwann cells which myelinate the peripheral axons. The basal lamina components that the Schwann cells secrete help to guide axon regeneration. The more precisely the axon stump is able to regrow along its original path, the better the recovery of function – especially when it comes to experiencing fine touch and movements. The growth of the axon stump to its original target is regeneration.
Reinnervation on the other hand, is the recovery of function through reestablishing synaptic connections. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical%20and%20horizontal | In astronomy, geography, and related sciences and contexts, a direction or plane passing by a given point is said to be vertical if it contains the local gravity direction at that point.
Conversely, a direction or plane is said to be horizontal (or leveled) if it is perpendicular to the vertical direction.
In general, something that is vertical can be drawn from up to down (or down to up), such as the y-axis in the Cartesian coordinate system.
Historical definition
The word horizontal is derived from the Latin , which derives from the Greek , meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. The word vertical is derived from the late Latin , which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.
Girard Desargues defined the vertical to be perpendicular to the horizon in his 1636 book Perspective.
Geophysical definition
The plumb line and spirit level
In physics, engineering and construction, the direction designated as vertical is usually that along which a plumb-bob hangs. Alternatively, a spirit level that exploits the buoyancy of an air bubble and its tendency to go vertically upwards may be used to test for horizontality. A water level device may also be used to establish horizontality.
Modern rotary laser levels that can level themselves automatically are robust sophisticated instruments and work on the same fundamental principle.
The spherical Earth
When the curvature of the Earth is taken into account, the concepts of vertical and horizontal take on yet another meaning. On the surface of a smoothly spherical, homogenous, non-rotating planet, the plumb bob picks out as vertical the radial direction. Strictly speaking, it is now no longer possible for vertical walls to be parallel: all verticals intersect. This fact has real practical applications in construction and civil engineering, e.g., the tops of the towers of a suspension bridge are further apart than at the bottom.
Also, ho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20%26%20Computational%20Geometry | Discrete & Computational Geometry is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published quarterly by Springer. Founded in 1986 by Jacob E. Goodman and Richard M. Pollack, the journal publishes articles on discrete geometry and computational geometry.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed in:
Mathematical Reviews
Zentralblatt MATH
Science Citation Index
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing and Technology
Notable articles
Two articles published in Discrete & Computational Geometry, one by Gil Kalai in 1992 with a proof of a subexponential upper bound on the diameter of a polytope and another by Samuel Ferguson in 2006 on the Kepler conjecture on optimal three-dimensional sphere packing, earned their authors the Fulkerson Prize. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20death | Brain death is the permanent, irreversible, and complete loss of brain function which may include cessation of involuntary activity necessary to sustain life. It differs from persistent vegetative state, in which the person is alive and some autonomic functions remain. It is also distinct from comas as long as some brain and bodily activity and function remain, and it is also not the same as the condition locked-in syndrome. A differential diagnosis can medically distinguish these differing conditions.
Brain death is used as an indicator of legal death in many jurisdictions, but it is defined inconsistently and often confused by the public. Various parts of the brain may keep functioning when others do not anymore, and the term "brain death" has been used to refer to various combinations. For example, although one major medical dictionary considers "brain death" to be synonymous with "cerebral death" (death of the cerebrum), the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) system defines brain death as including the brainstem. The distinctions are medically significant because, for example, in someone with a dead cerebrum but a living brainstem, spontaneous breathing may continue unaided, whereas in whole-brain death (which includes brainstem death), only life support equipment would maintain ventilation. In certain countries, patients classified as brain-dead may legally have their organs surgically removed for organ donation.
Medicolegal history
Differences in operational definitions of death have obvious medicolegal implications (in medical jurisprudence and medical law). Traditionally, both the legal and medical communities determined death through the permanent end of certain bodily functions in clinical death, especially respiration and heartbeat. With the increasing ability of the medical community to resuscitate people with no respiration, heartbeat, or other external signs of life, the need for another definition of death occurred, rai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwent%3A%20The%20Witcher%20Card%20Game | Gwent: The Witcher Card Game is a free-to-play digital collectible card game developed and published by CD Projekt for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2018, for iOS in 2019, for Android in 2020, and for macOS in 2021. The game is derived from the card game of the same name featured in Andrzej Sapkowski's The Witcher novels and playable in The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt video game. An expansion, titled Gwent: Rogue Mage, was released in 2022.
Gameplay
Gwent is a turn-based card game between two players that can last two to three rounds. Players play one card each turn from a hand of 10 cards, chosen from a deck of 25. Each deck belongs to one of six factions that offer different play styles. In contrast to The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt variation of Gwent, the Siege row is removed, leaving two rows where cards can be played: the Melee and Ranged rows.
The goal is to win two of three rounds by playing cards to gain points called "power" on the board. Each card has a certain power (which can be boosted or reduced), resulting in the player's points being the total of all of their cards. A player wins a round by having more points on board than their opponent. Each card can potentially have multiple special abilities, such as the ability to damage other units on deployment, boost other units' point value, spawn other units when given conditions are met, trigger an effect when destroyed, and lock another card's ability. Rounds end when either both players pass to the next round, or when both players run out of cards. The first to win two out of three rounds wins the game.
Each deck is built with a chosen faction combined with a unique leader ability. The deck will have a 150 Provision Limit plus the Provision the leader adds on. A minimum of 25 cards is required, with at least 13 of those being unit cards that are played on the field and have power (as opposed to special/artifact cards which are discarded upon use or remain on the field with no power). Each card has a Pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt.culture | alt.culture was an online encyclopedia of youth culture, especially relating to Generation X, in the 1990s, based on the book Alt.Culture: An A-to-Z Guide to the 90's - Underground, Online and Over-the-Counter by Nathaniel Wice and Steven Daly.
The website was described by Chuck Klosterman in The Nineties as "an unknowing precursor to Wikipedia" and provided "countercultural definitions for things that weren't important enough to be defined anywhere else." It had entries "covering everything from Alicia Silverstone to *69," which the book described as "a relationship-altering phone feature, also a 1994 song by R.E.M."
In 1997, Wice and Daly signed an agreement with Pathfinder, Time Warner Inc.'s content portal, which contracted them to write five new entries a week and regularly updating the site.
See also
List of online encyclopedias |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad%20ligament%20of%20the%20uterus | The broad ligament of the uterus is the wide fold of peritoneum that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis.
Structure
Subdivisions
Contents
The contents of the broad ligament include the following:
Reproductive
uterine tubes (or Fallopian tube)
ovary (some sources consider the ovary to be on the broad ligament, but not in it.)
vessels
ovarian artery (in the suspensory ligament)
uterine artery (in reality, travels in the cardinal ligament)
ligaments
ovarian ligament
round ligament of uterus
suspensory ligament of the ovary (Some sources consider it a part of the broad ligament, while other sources just consider it a "termination" of the ligament.)
Relations
The peritoneum surrounds the uterus like a flat sheet that folds over its fundus, covering it anteriorly and posteriorly; on the sides of the uterus, this sheet of peritoneum comes in direct contact with itself, forming the double layer of peritoneum known as the broad ligament of the uterus.
The part where this peritoneal sheet is folded (i.e. the free edge) has the uterine tubes running between the two layers; this part is known as the mesosalpinx.
Function
The broad ligament serves as a mesentery for the uterus, ovaries, and the uterine tubes. It helps in maintaining the uterus in its position, but it is not a major contributing factor.
Clinical significance
Broad ligament hernias are rare. Due to their vague clinical presentation they are difficult to distinguish from other types of internal hernias, which can cause small bowel obstruction.
Additional images
See also
Cardinal ligament
Pelvic diaphragm
Parametrium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastContact | FastContact is an algorithm for the rapid estimate of contact and binding free energies for protein–protein complex structures. It is based on a statistically determined desolvation contact potential and Coulomb electrostatics with a distance-dependent dielectric constant. The application also reports residue contact free energies that rapidly highlight the hotspots of the interaction.
The programme was written in Fortran 77 by Carlos J. Camacho and Chao Zhang at the Department of Computational Biology, University of Pittsburgh, PA. A web server for running FastContact online or downloading the binary was set up by P. Christoph Champ in July 2005. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried%20and%20salted%20cod | Dried and salted cod, sometimes referred to as salt cod or saltfish or salt dolly, is cod which has been preserved by drying after salting. Cod which has been dried without the addition of salt is stockfish. Salt cod was long a major export of the North Atlantic region, and has become an ingredient of many cuisines around the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean.
Dried and salted cod has been produced for over 500 years in Newfoundland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, and most particularly in Norway where it is called klippfisk, literally "cliff-fish". Traditionally it was dried outdoors by the wind and sun, often on cliffs and other bare rock-faces. Today klippfisk is usually dried indoors with the aid of electric heaters.
History
Salt cod formed a vital item of international commerce between the New World and the Old, and formed one leg of the so-called triangular trade. Thus, it spread around the Atlantic and became a traditional ingredient not only in Northern European cuisine, but also in Mediterranean, West African, Caribbean, and Brazilian cuisines.
The drying of food is the world's oldest known preservation method, and dried fish has a storage life of several years. Traditionally, salt cod was dried only by the wind and the sun, hanging on wooden scaffolding or lying on clean cliffs or rocks near the seaside.
Drying preserves many nutrients, and the process of salting and drying codfish is said to make it tastier. Salting became economically feasible during the 17th century, when cheap salt from Southern Europe became available to the maritime nations of Northern Europe. The method was cheap, and the work could be done by the fisherman or his family. The resulting product was easily transported to market, and salt cod became a staple item in the diet of the populations of Catholic countries on 'meatless' Fridays and during Lent.
The British Newfoundland Colony lacked the cold dry weather necessary to make stockfish and the plentiful salt required to mak |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay%20product | In nuclear physics, a decay product (also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often proceeds via a sequence of steps (decay chain). For example, 238U decays to 234Th which decays to 234mPa which decays, and so on, to 206Pb (which is stable):
In this example:
234Th, 234mPa,...,206Pb are the decay products of 238U.
234Th is the daughter of the parent 238U.
234mPa (234 metastable) is the granddaughter of 238U.
These might also be referred to as the daughter products of 238U.
Decay products are important in understanding radioactive decay and the management of radioactive waste.
For elements above lead in atomic number, the decay chain typically ends with an isotope of lead or bismuth. Bismuth itself decays to thallium, but the decay is so slow as to be practically negligible.
In many cases, individual members of the decay chain are as radioactive as the parent, but far smaller in volume/mass. Thus, although uranium is not dangerously radioactive when pure, some pieces of naturally occurring pitchblende are quite dangerous owing to their radium-226 content, which is soluble and not a ceramic like the parent. Similarly, thorium gas mantles are very slightly radioactive when new, but become more radioactive after only a few months of storage as the daughters of 232Th build up.
Although it cannot be predicted whether any given atom of a radioactive substance will decay at any given time, the decay products of a radioactive substance are extremely predictable. Because of this, decay products are important to scientists in many fields who need to know the quantity or type of the parent product. Such studies are done to measure pollution levels (in and around nuclear facilities) and for other matters.
See also
Decay chain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIAMI%20Facilities | The MIAMI facility (acronym for Microscopes and Ion Accelerators for Materials Investigation) is a scientific laboratory located within the Ion Beam Centre at the University of Huddersfield. This facility is dedicated to the study of the interaction of ion beams with matter. The facilities combine ion accelerators in situ with Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM): a technique that allows real-time monitoring of the effects of radiation damage on the microstructures of a wide variety of materials. Currently the laboratory operates two such systems MIAMI-1 and MIAMI-2 that are the only facilities of this type in the United Kingdom, with only a few other such systems in the world. The MIAMI facility is also part of the UKNIBC (UK National Ion Beam Centre) along with the Universities of Surrey and Manchester, which provides a single point of access to a wide range of accelerators and techniques.
MIAMI-1
MIAMI-1 consists of a JEOL 2000FX TEM combined with a 10 keV Colutron ion source that can be post accelerated up to a 100 keV. This system was initially constructed at the University of Salford in 2008 and moved to the University of Huddersfield in 2011. It is capable of irradiating materials with Inert gas atoms within the energy range of 2-100 keV, enabling the observation at the nanoscale of displacing irradiation. In particular it has been used to observe effects such as: large sputtering yields of gold nanoparticles that have been irradiated with Xe ions; kink band formation in graphite under heavy ion irradiation; and the observation of ordered arrays of helium nanobubbles in tungsten.
MIAMI-2
Recently built within the MIAMI facility is the new MIAMI-2 system, this was funded by an EPSRC grant that was awarded in 2015 and was officially opened on 16 March 2018 by Sir Patrick Stewart and Professor Stephen E. Donnelly (the Facility Director at the time). MIAMI-2 consists of two ion beams: a 10-350 kV medium-energy beamline (National Electrostatic Corp.) capab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Indian%20Ocean%20Islands%20tundra | The Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra is a tundra ecoregion that includes several subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean.
Location and description
The ecoregion stretches from Prince Edward Islands in the west, past the Crozet Islands to the Kerguelen Islands 1500 km to the east, and includes the active volcano Heard Island and the nearby McDonald Islands.
Flora
These rocky islands support a variety of plant life, such as tussock grasses, that has adapted to the snowy and icy conditions. There are a number of endemic plant species including Poa cookii grass and the Kerguelen cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica), historically a source of vitamin C for sailors, is found on all the islands, not only the Kerguelens. There are also a number of endemic lichens and liverworts.
Fauna
The islands are home to birds and insects such as butterflies, moths, weevils, and spiders as well as wildlife typical of the southern oceans such as penguins, seals and seabirds. This ecoregion is a melting pot where related Antarctic and subantarctic species and subspecies co-exist, for example the following can all be found here: the sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria fusca), light-mantled albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata), northern giant petrel (Macronectes halli), southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus)), Antarctic fur seal (Arctophoca gazella) and subantarctic fur seal (Arctophoca tropicalis) on Prince Edward, Crozet and Heard Islands.
Vulnerable or endangered birds include three endemics, the duck, Eaton’s pintail (Anas eatoni), the large wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) and Kerguelen tern (Sterna virgata) as well as a number of albatrosses (the two sooty albatrosses, Indian yellow-nosed albatross (Thalassarche carteri) (the smallest of the mollymawk albatrosses), the large gray-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma), and black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophrys)), three penguins (western rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome), macaroni penguin (Eudy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic%20search%20technology | Phonetic Search Technology (PST) is a method of speech recognition. An audio signal of speech is broken down into series of phonemes, which can be used to identify words.
A string of six phonemes for example, “_B _IY _T _UW _B _IY,” represent the acronym “B2B”. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20theorem%20of%20topos%20theory | In mathematics, The fundamental theorem of topos theory states that the slice of a topos over any one of its objects is itself a topos. Moreover, if there is a morphism in then there is a functor which preserves exponentials and the subobject classifier.
The pullback functor
For any morphism f in there is an associated "pullback functor" which is key in the proof of the theorem. For any other morphism g in which shares the same codomain as f, their product is the diagonal of their pullback square, and the morphism which goes from the domain of to the domain of f is opposite to g in the pullback square, so it is the pullback of g along f, which can be denoted as .
Note that a topos is isomorphic to the slice over its own terminal object, i.e. , so for any object A in there is a morphism and thereby a pullback functor , which is why any slice is also a topos.
For a given slice let denote an object of it, where X is an object of the base category. Then is a functor which maps: . Now apply to . This yields
so this is how the pullback functor maps objects of to . Furthermore, note that any element C of the base topos is isomorphic to , therefore if then and so that is indeed a functor from the base topos to its slice .
Logical interpretation
Consider a pair of ground formulas and whose extensions and (where the underscore here denotes the null context) are objects of the base topos. Then implies if and only if there is a monic from to . If these are the case then, by theorem, the formula is true in the slice , because the terminal object of the slice factors through its extension . In logical terms, this could be expressed as
so that slicing by the extension of would correspond to assuming as a hypothesis. Then the theorem would say that making a logical assumption does not change the rules of topos logic.
See also
Timeline of category theory and related mathematics
Deduction Theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Tall | David Orme Tall (born 15 May 1941) is Emeritus Professor in Mathematical Thinking at the University of Warwick. One of his early influential works is the joint paper with Vinner "Concept image and concept definition in mathematics with particular reference to limits and continuity". The "concept image" is a notion in cognitive theory. It consists of all the cognitive structure in the individual's mind that is associated with a given concept. Tall and Vinner point out that the concept image may not be globally coherent, and may have aspects which are quite different from the formal concept definition. They study the development of limits and continuity, as taught in secondary school and university, from the cognitive viewpoint, and report on investigations which exhibit individual concept images differing from the formal theory, and containing factors which cause cognitive conflict.
Tall is also known within mathematics education for his longstanding collaboration with Eddie Gray. This partnership, based at the Mathematics Education Research Centre at the University of Warwick, resulted in the theoretically important notion of procept. Gray and Tall (1994) noted that mathematical symbolism often ambiguously refers to both process and concept, and that successful learners must be able to flexibly move between these different interpretations.
In recent years Tall has been working on what he calls 'three fundamentally different ways of operation' in mathematics, 'one through physical embodiment, including physical action and the use of visual and other senses, a second through the use of mathematical symbols that operate as process and concept (procepts) in arithmetic, algebra and symbolic calculus, and a third through formal mathematics in advanced mathematical thinking'. These three ways have become known as Tall’s Three Worlds of Mathematics: (conceptual) embodied; (operational) symbolic; and, (axiomatic) formal (see http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/themes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variome | The variome is the whole set of genetic variations found in populations of species that have gone through a relatively short evolution change. For example, among humans, about 1 in every 1,200 nucleotide bases differ. The size of human variome in terms of effective population size is claimed to be about 10,000 individuals. This variation rate is comparatively small compared to other species. For example, the effective population size of tigers which perhaps has the whole population size less than 10,000 in the wild is not much smaller than the human species indicating a much higher level of genetic diversity although they are close to extinction in the wild. In practice, the variome can be the sum of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indels, and structural variation (SV) of a population or species. The Human Variome Project seeks to compile this genetic variation data worldwide. Variomics is the study of variome and a branch of bioinformatics.
Ethnic variomes
The human variome can be subdivided into smaller ethnicity specific variomes. Each variome can have a utility in terms of filtering out common ethnic specific variants in the analyses of cancer normal variants filtering for more efficient detection of somatic mutations that can be relevant to certain anti-cancer drugs. KoVariome is one such ethnic specific variome where the project uses the term variome to denote their identity and connection to the concept of the broader human variome. KoVariome founders have been affiliated with HVP since early days of HVP where Prof. Richard Cotton initiated various efforts to compile the human variome resources.
Many curated databases has been established to document the impact of clinically significant sequence variations, such as dbSNP or ClinVar. Similarly, many services have been developed by the bioinformatics community to search the literature for variants.
Etymology
The blend word 'variome' is from genetic variant (“a version of a gene that differ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucine | Brucine, is an alkaloid closely related to strychnine, most commonly found in the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. Brucine poisoning is rare, since it is usually ingested with strychnine, and strychnine is more toxic than brucine. In synthetic chemistry, it can be used as a tool for stereospecific chemical syntheses.
Brucine is named from the genus Brucea, named after James Bruce who brought back Brucea antidysenterica from Ethiopia.
History
Brucine was discovered in 1819 by Pelletier and Caventou in the bark of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. While its structure was not deduced until much later, it was determined that it was closely related to strychnine in 1884, when the chemist Hanssen converted both strychnine and brucine into the same molecule.
Identification
Brucine can be detected and quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Historically, brucine was distinguished from strychnine by its reactivity toward chromic acid.
Applications
Chemical applications
Since brucine is a large chiral molecule, it has been used in chiral resolution. Fisher first reported its use as a resolving agent in 1899, and it was the first natural product used as an organocatalyst in a reaction resulting in an enantiomeric enrichment by Marckwald, in 1904. Its bromide salt has been used as the stationary phase in HPLC in order to selectively bind one of two anionic enantiomers. Brucine has also been used in fractional distillation in acetone in order to resolve dihydroxy fatty acids, as well as diarylcarbinols.
Medical applications
While brucine has been shown to have good anti-tumor effects, on both hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, its narrow therapeutic window has limited its use as a treatment for cancer.
Brucine is also used in traditional Chinese medicine as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent, as well as in some Ayurveda and homeopathy drugs.
Alcohol denaturant
Brucine is one of the many chemicals used as a denaturant to make alcohol unfit for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatranscriptomics | Metatranscriptomics is the set of techniques used to study gene expression of microbes within natural environments, i.e., the metatranscriptome.
While metagenomics focuses on studying the genomic content and on identifying which microbes are present within a community, metatranscriptomics can be used to study the diversity of the active genes within such community, to quantify their expression levels and to monitor how these levels change in different conditions (e.g., physiological vs. pathological conditions in an organism). The advantage of metatranscriptomics is that it can provide information about differences in the active functions of microbial communities that would otherwise appear to have similar make-up.
Introduction
The microbiome has been defined as a microbial community occupying a well-defined habitat. These communities are ubiquitous and can play a key role in maintenance of the characteristics of their environment, and an imbalance in these communities can negatively affect the activities of the setting in which they reside. To study these communities, and to then determine their impact and correlation with their niche, different omics approaches have been used. While metagenomics can help researchers generate a taxonomic profile of the sample, metatranscriptomics provides a functional profile by analysing which genes are expressed by the community. It is possible to infer what genes are expressed under specific conditions, and this can be done using functional annotations of expressed genes.
Function
Since metatranscriptomics focuses on what genes are expressed, it enables the characterization of the active functional profile of the entire microbial community. The overview of the gene expression in a given sample is obtained by capturing the total mRNA of the microbiome and performing whole-metatranscriptomics shotgun sequencing.
Tools and techniques
Although microarrays can be exploited to determine the gene expression profiles of some mode |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius%20normal%20form | In linear algebra, the Frobenius normal form or rational canonical form of a square matrix A with entries in a field F is a canonical form for matrices obtained by conjugation by invertible matrices over F. The form reflects a minimal decomposition of the vector space into subspaces that are cyclic for A (i.e., spanned by some vector and its repeated images under A). Since only one normal form can be reached from a given matrix (whence the "canonical"), a matrix B is similar to A if and only if it has the same rational canonical form as A. Since this form can be found without any operations that might change when extending the field F (whence the "rational"), notably without factoring polynomials, this shows that whether two matrices are similar does not change upon field extensions. The form is named after German mathematician Ferdinand Georg Frobenius.
Some authors use the term rational canonical form for a somewhat different form that is more properly called the primary rational canonical form. Instead of decomposing into a minimum number of cyclic subspaces, the primary form decomposes into a maximum number of cyclic subspaces. It is also defined over F, but has somewhat different properties: finding the form requires factorization of polynomials, and as a consequence the primary rational canonical form may change when the same matrix is considered over an extension field of F. This article mainly deals with the form that does not require factorization, and explicitly mentions "primary" when the form using factorization is meant.
Motivation
When trying to find out whether two square matrices A and B are similar, one approach is to try, for each of them, to decompose the vector space as far as possible into a direct sum of stable subspaces, and compare the respective actions on these subspaces. For instance if both are diagonalizable, then one can take the decomposition into eigenspaces (for which the action is as simple as it can get, namely by a scalar), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolith | In Arctic and Antarctic ecology, a hypolith is a photosynthetic organism, and an extremophile, that lives
underneath rocks in climatically extreme deserts such as Cornwallis Island and Devon Island in the Canadian high Arctic. The community itself is the hypolithon.
Hypolithons are protected by their rock from harsh ultraviolet radiation and wind scouring. The rocks can also trap moisture and are generally translucent allowing light to penetrate. Writing in Nature, ecologist Charles S. Cockell of the British Antarctic Survey and Dale Stokes (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) describe how hypoliths reported to date (until 2004) had been found under quartz, which is one of the most common translucent minerals.
However, Cockell reported that on Cornwallis Island and Devon Island, 94-95% of a random sample of 850 opaque dolomitic rocks were colonized by hypoliths, and found that the communities were dominated by cyanobacteria. The rocks chosen were visually indistinguishable from those nearby, and were about 10 cm across; the hypolithon was visible as a greenish coloured band. Cockell proposed that rock sorting by periglacial action, including that during freeze–thaw cycles, improves light penetration around the edges of rocks (see granular material and Brazil nut effect).
Cockell and Stokes went on to estimate the productivity of the Arctic communities by monitoring the uptake of sodium bicarbonate labelled with Carbon-14 and found that (for Devon Island) productivity of the hypolithon was comparable to that of plants, lichens, and bryophytes combined (0.8 ± 0.3 g m−2 y−1 and 1 ± 0.4 g m−2 y−1 respectively) and concluded that the polar hypolithon may double previous estimates of the productivity of that region of the rocky polar desert.
See also
Endolith |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genaille%E2%80%93Lucas%20rulers | Genaille–Lucas rulers (also known as Genaille's rods) are an arithmetic tool invented by Henri Genaille, a French railway engineer, in 1891. The device is a variant of Napier's bones. By representing the carry graphically, the user can read off the results of simple multiplication problems directly, with no intermediate mental calculations.
History
In 1885, French mathematician Édouard Lucas posed an arithmetic problem during a session of the Académie française. Genaille, already known for having invented a number of arithmetic tools, created his rulers in the course of solving the problem. He presented his invention to the Académie française in 1891. The popularity of Genaille's rods was widespread but short-lived, as mechanical calculators soon began to displace manual arithmetic methods.
Appearance
A full set of Genaille–Lucas rulers consists of eleven strips of wood or metal. On each strip is printed a column of triangles and a column of numbers:
Multiplication
By arranging these rulers in the proper order, the user can solve multiplication problems.
Consider multiplying 52749 by 4. Five rulers, one for each digit of 52749, are arranged side-by-side, next to the "index" ruler:
The second multiplicand is 4, so we look at the fourth row:
We start from the top number in the last column of the selected row:
The grey triangle points the way to the next number:
We follow the triangles from right to left, until we reach the first column.
Then we simply read off the digits that we visited. The product, shown in red, is 210996.
Division
Soon after their development by Genaille, the rulers were adapted to a set of rods that can perform division. The division rods are aligned similarly to the multiplication rods, with the index rod on the left denoting the divisor, and the following rods spelling out the digits of the dividend. After these, a special "remainder" rod is placed on the right. The quotient is read from left to right, following the lines from o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Poupart | François Poupart (1661–1709) French physician, anatomist and entomologist.
He described Poupart's ligament, which had been discovered by Gabriele Falloppio.
In 1789, botanists published Poupartia a genus of plants from Islands in the Indian Ocean in family Anacardiaceae. It was named in Poupart's honour.
Then in 2006, botanists published Poupartiopsis. a genus of flowering plants from Madagascar, belonging to the family Anacardiaceae and also named in Francois honour. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTQ%20tree | CTQ trees (critical-to-quality trees) are the key measurable characteristics of a product or process whose performance standards or specification limits must be met in order to satisfy the customer. They align improvement or design efforts with customer requirements.
CTQs are used to decompose broad customer requirements into more easily quantified elements. CTQ trees are often used as part of Six Sigma methodology to help prioritize such requirements.
CTQs represent the product or service characteristics as defined by the customer/user. Customers may be surveyed to elicit quality, service and performance data. They may include upper and lower specification limits or any other factors. A CTQ must be an actionable, quantitative business specification.
CTQs reflect the expressed needs of the customer. The CTQ practitioner converts them to measurable terms using tools such as DFMEA. Services and products are typically not monolithic. They must be decomposed into constituent elements (tasks in the cases of services).
See also
Business process
Design for Six Sigma
Total quality management
Total productive maintenance
External links
Six Sigma CTQ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FANCI | Fanconi anemia, complementation group I (FANCI) also known as KIAA1794, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FANCI gene. Mutations in the FANCI gene are known to cause Fanconi anemia.
Function
The Fanconi anemia complementation group (FANC) currently includes FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1 (also called BRCA2), FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCI, FANCJ (also called BRIP1), FANCL, FANCM and FANCN (also called PALB2). The previously defined group FANCH is the same as FANCA. Fanconi anemia is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder characterized by cytogenetic instability, hypersensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, increased chromosomal breakage, and defective DNA repair. The members of the Fanconi anemia complementation group do not share sequence similarity; they are related by their assembly into a common nuclear protein complex. This gene encodes the protein for complementation group I. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
FANCI forms a heterodimer with FANCD2 protein. Both FANCD2 and FANCI are monoubiquitinated by the Fanconi anemia core complex subunit FANCL. FANCI monoubiquitination is essential for repairing DNA interstrand crosslinks, and clamps the protein on DNA together with its partner protein FANCD2. The monoubiquitinated FANCD2:FANCI complex coats DNA in a filament-like array, potentially as a way to protect DNA associated with stalled replication.
In addition to proteins involved in DNA repair, FANCI interacts with proteins localized to the nucleolus, the nuclear body where ribosome biogenesis initiates. FANCI functions in the processing of the pre-ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) for the large ribosomal subunit, the transcription of pre-rRNA by RNAPI, maintaining levels of the mature 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and the global cellular translation of proteins by ribosomes. In the nucleolus, FANCI is predominantly in the deubiquitinated form and interacts with the large subunit of RNAPI and membe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective%20cell%20migration | Collective cell migration describes the movements of group of cells and the emergence of collective behavior from cell-environment interactions and cell-cell communication. Collective cell migration is an essential process in the lives of multicellular organisms, e.g. embryonic development, wound healing and cancer spreading (metastasis). Cells can migrate as a cohesive group (e.g. epithelial cells) or have transient cell-cell adhesion sites (e.g. mesenchymal cells). They can also migrate in different modes like sheets, strands, tubes, and clusters. While single-cell migration has been extensively studied, collective cell migration is a relatively new field with applications in preventing birth defects or dysfunction of embryos. It may improve cancer treatment by enabling doctors to prevent tumors from spreading and forming new tumors.
Cell-environment interactions
The environment of the migrating cell can affect its speed, persistence and direction of migration by stimulating it. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides not only the structural and biochemical support, but also plays a major role in regulating cell behavior. Different ECM proteins (such as collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and others) allow cells to adhere and migrate, while forming focal adhesions in the front and disassembling them in the back. Using these adhesion sites, cells also sense the mechanical properties of the ECM. Cells can be guided by a gradient of those proteins (haptotaxis) or a gradient of soluble substrates in the liquid phase surrounding the cell (chemotaxis). Cells sense the substrate through their receptors and migrate toward the concentration (or the opposite direction). Another form of stimulation can be rigidity gradients of the ECM (durotaxis).
Confinement
Collective cell migration is enhanced by geometrical confinement of an extracellular matrix molecule (e.g. the proteoglycan versican in neural crest cells), that acts as a barrier, to promote the emergence of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma%20Falk | Ruma Falk (, née Oren-Aharonovich, 1932–2020) was an Israeli psychologist and philosopher of mathematics known for her work on probability theory and human understanding of probability and statistics.
Falk was born in Jerusalem, and educated at the Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium and Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She completed her PhD on the perception of chance at the Hebrew University in 1975 under the supervision of Amos Tversky, and became a professor there. She was married to Raphael Falk, a geneticist and historian of science.
Falk won the George Pólya Award of the Mathematical Association of America with Maya Bar-Hillel in 1984 for their joint work on probability. She died on August 15, 2020.
Selected works
Falk was the author of books including:
Understanding Probability and Statistics: A Book of Problems (A K Peters, 1993)
אתגרים לתאים האפורים (Challenges to the Gray Cells, Poalim Library Publishing, 2004)
יש בעיה! (There is a Problem, Poalim Library Publishing, 2013)
Many Faces of the Gambler's Fallacy: Subjective Randomness and Its Diverse Manifestations (self-published, 2016)
She also created a board game, ברירה וסיכוי (Choice and Chance).
Her other publications include: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20server | Strictly, a private server is any machine or virtual machine used as a server that is privately administrated. Colloquially the term is nearly-exclusively used to refer to independently operated, unofficial servers for video games.
Private Servers (Broadly Defined)
As servers need adequate internet connection, power and can be noisy, they are often located in a colocation center. Servers are available on the market the same way as laptops or desktops are available and can be purchased by individual already pre-configured. Ordinary desktop computers are not suitable to house in colocation centers as servers have specific form factor that allows them to fit many into a standard rack. This group also includes custom-designed experimental servers, made by hobbyists Virtual server also offer high degree of freedom, superuser access and low-cost service.
Private Servers for Video Games
A private server is a reimplementation in online game servers, typically as clones of proprietary commercial software by a third party of the game community. The private server is often not made or sanctioned by the original company.
Private servers often host MMORPG genre games such as World of Warcraft, Runescape, and MapleStory. These servers can attempt to provide a "stock"/standard experience, or can modify gameplay to change the difficulty, pace of character progress, available content, or available controls over the gameplay environment.
Many private servers encourage players to donate funds for server upkeep. Sometimes these donations are rewarded with in-game benefits. Less commonly, private server operators might sell in-game benefits directly.
Rightsholding companies often attempt to and succeed in shutting down private server versions of their games. Between this and potential for operators to lose interest, private servers can be short-lived. However, there are also cases of games no longer being operated by the rightsholders, in which case a private server may have gr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRB1 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB1 gene.
Function
The gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAA receptor) is a multisubunit chloride channel that mediates the fastest inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. This gene encodes GABA A receptor, beta 1 subunit. It is mapped to chromosome 4p12 in a cluster of genes encoding alpha 4, alpha 2 and gamma 1 subunits of the GABAA receptor. Alteration of this gene is implicated in the pathogenetics of schizophrenia.
Clinical significance
Mice bearing mutant copies of this gene have been shown to be vulnerable to binge drinking of alcohol.
See also
GABAA receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude%20change | Attitudes are associated beliefs and behaviors towards some object. They are not stable, and because of the communication and behavior of other people, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs—when two attitudes or attitude and behavior conflict. Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of affective and cognitive components. It has been suggested that the inter-structural composition of an associative network can be altered by the activation of a single node. Thus, by activating an affective or emotional node, attitude change may be possible, though affective and cognitive components tend to be intertwined.
Bases
There are three bases for attitude change: compliance, identification, and internalization. These three processes represent the different levels of attitude change.
Compliance
Compliance refers to a change in behavior based on consequences, such as an individual's hopes to gain rewards or avoid punishment from another group or person. The individual does not necessarily experience changes in beliefs or evaluations of an attitude object, but rather is influenced by the social outcomes of adopting a change in behavior.
The individual is also often aware that he or she is being urged to respond in a certain way.
Compliance was demonstrated through a series of laboratory experiments known as the Asch experiments. Experiments led by Solomon Asch of Swarthmore College asked groups of students to participate in a "vision test". In reality, all but one of the participants were confederates of the experimenter, and the study was really about how the remaining student would react to the confederates' behavior. Participants were asked to pick, out of three line options, the line that is the same length as a sample and were asked to give the answer out loud. Unbeknown to the participants, Asch had placed a number of confederates to deliberately give |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville%20Ridge | The Louisville Ridge, often now referred to as the Louisville Seamount Chain, is an underwater chain of over 70 seamounts located in the Southwest portion of the Pacific Ocean. As one of the longest seamount chains on Earth it stretches some from the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge northwest to the Tonga-Kermadec Trench, where it subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate as part of the Pacific Plate. The chains formation is best explained by movement of the Pacific Plate over the Louisville hotspot although others had suggested by leakage of magma from the shallow mantle up through the Eltanin fracture zone, which it follows closely for some of its course.
Depth-sounding data first revealed existence consistent with a seamount chain in 1972 although some of the seamounts had been assigned as a ridge in 1964 linked to the Eltanin fracture zone system, hence the name.
Geology
The oldest volcanic rocks of the chain come from Osbourn Seamount at 78.8 ± 1.3 and ages become younger in a non linear fashion towards the south east with a youngest age of 1.1 .
Composition studies of the erupted dominantly alkali basalt are consistent with a single Louisville mantle source distinct from other hotspots and the composition has remained homogeneous over at least the last 70 million years. In the past 25 million years magma upwelling rates may have decreased. There is almost certainly a deep plume origin to the hotspot.
The Louisville hotspot chain passes through the western and eastern branches of the Wishbone scarp and while the seamounts show no compositional change as they cross the scarps, the East Wishbone scarp crossing point is associated with a distinct decrease in the volume of the younger seamount eruptives from that point east into the Pacific Plate.
Tectonics
Volcanic hotspot chains are used to suggest the net movements of tectonic plates and so in the case of the large Pacific Plate validation of models of its movement and indeed the hot spot hypothesis itself relie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Intelligent%20Systems%20for%20Molecular%20Biology%20keynote%20speakers | The following is a list of Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) keynote speakers.
ISMB is an academic conference on the subjects of bioinformatics and computational biology organised by the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB). The conference has been held annually since 1993 and keynote talks have been presented since 1994. Keynotes are chosen to reflect outstanding research in bioinformatics. The recipients of the ISCB Overton Prize and ISCB Accomplishment by a Senior Scientist Award are invited to give keynote talks as part of the programme.
Keynote speakers include eight Nobel laureates: Richard J. Roberts (1994, 2006), John Sulston (1995), Manfred Eigen (1999), Gerald Edelman (2000), Sydney Brenner (2003), Kurt Wüthrich (2006), Robert Huber (2006) and Michael Levitt (2015).
List of speakers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeReal | BeReal (stylized as BeReal.) is a French social media app released in 2020, developed by Alexis Barreyat and Kévin Perreau. Its main feature is a daily notification that encourages users to share a photo of themselves and their immediate surroundings given a randomly selected two-minute window every day. Critics noted its emphasis on authenticity, which some felt crossed the line into the mundane. The name "BeReal" is a pun. Its primary reference relates to its focus on users uploading unpolished photos, while also being a pun of the term b-reel.
According to the app's description on Apple's App Store, BeReal encourages its users to "show their friends who they really are, for once," by removing filters and opportunities to stage or edit photos.
After a couple of years of relative obscurity, it rapidly gained popularity in early and mid-2022, before experiencing a decrease in use in 2023.
History
The app was developed by Alexis Barreyat, a former employee of GoPro in Munich, Germany, and Kévin Perreau, a graduate from 42 in Paris. Initially released in 2020, it first gained widespread popularity in early 2022. It first spread widely on college campuses, partially due to a paid ambassador program. In late August 2022, the application had over 10 million active daily users and 21.6 million active monthly users. As of February 2023, the app has grown to 13 million active daily users and 47.8 million active monthly users.
In June 2021, BeReal received a $30 million funding round led by Andreessen Horowitz and Accel. In May 2022, BeReal secured $85 million in a funding round led by Yuri Milner's DST Global, increasing its valuation to about $600 million.
On July 25, 2022, BeReal topped Apple's free app list in the iOS App Store, and remained until September 2022. BeReal also received Apple's iPhone App of the Year in 2022.
By late spring 2023, the app's momentum was waning, as daily users dropped to about 6 million, from 15 million in October 2022.
Features
Once |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular%20array | In mathematics and computing, a triangular array of numbers, polynomials, or the like, is a doubly indexed sequence in which each row is only as long as the row's own index. That is, the ith row contains only i elements.
Examples
Notable particular examples include these:
The Bell triangle, whose numbers count the partitions of a set in which a given element is the largest singleton
Catalan's triangle, which counts strings of parentheses in which no close parenthesis is unmatched
Euler's triangle, which counts permutations with a given number of ascents
Floyd's triangle, whose entries are all of the integers in order
Hosoya's triangle, based on the Fibonacci numbers
Lozanić's triangle, used in the mathematics of chemical compounds
Narayana triangle, counting strings of balanced parentheses with a given number of distinct nestings
Pascal's triangle, whose entries are the binomial coefficients
Triangular arrays of integers in which each row is symmetric and begins and ends with 1 are sometimes called generalized Pascal triangles; examples include Pascal's triangle, the Narayana numbers, and the triangle of Eulerian numbers.
Generalizations
Triangular arrays may list mathematical values other than numbers; for instance the Bell polynomials form a triangular array in which each array entry is a polynomial.
Arrays in which the length of each row grows as a linear function of the row number (rather than being equal to the row number) have also been considered.
Applications
Apart from the representation of triangular matrices, triangular arrays are used in several algorithms. One example is the CYK algorithm for parsing context-free grammars, an example of dynamic programming.
Romberg's method can be used to estimate the value of a definite integral by completing the values in a triangle of numbers.
The Boustrophedon transform uses a triangular array to transform one integer sequence into another.
See also
Triangular number, the number of entries in such an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20of%20Integrated%20Environmental%20and%20Economic%20Accounting | System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) is a framework to compile statistics linking environmental statistics to economic statistics. SEEA is described as a satellite system to the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). This means that the definitions, guidelines and practical approaches of the SNA are applied to the SEEA. This system enables environmental statistics to be compared to economic statistics as the system boundaries are the same after some processing of the input statistics. By analysing statistics on the economy and the environment at the same time it is possible to show different patterns of sustainability for production and consumption. It can also show the economic consequences of maintaining a certain environmental standard.
Scope
The SEEA is a satellite system of the SNA that consists of several sets of accounts. In broad terms, the area can be described as enabling any user of statistics to compare environmental issues to general economics, knowing that the comparisons are based on the same entities, for example, pollution levels caused by a producing industry can be linked to the specific economics of that industry.
The different areas of SEEA can be briefly described as follows:
Flows of materials and energy
By this is meant flows of materials and energy through the economy, e.g., fuels, natural resources and chemicals, together with their emissions, may it be air emissions, water pollution or waste to which these flows give rise. Data on emissions, above all to the air, have been published for many countries, in particular, European countries following SEEA. The main difference between traditional emissions statistics and emissions in environmental accounts are related to the system boundaries. For example, the inventories produced for the reporting of air emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on the geographic borders of a country while the air emission accounts fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel%20Institute%20for%20Immunology | The Basel Institute for Immunology (BII) was founded in 1969 as a basic research institute in immunology located at 487 Grenzacherstrasse, Basel, Switzerland on the Rhine River down the street from the main Hoffmann-La Roche campus near the Swiss-German border. The institute opened its doors in 1971.
Description
It was a unique concept in the history of mechanisms for funding basic science and the relationship between basic science and industry. Through the influence of Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor and patron of the arts and sciences, drug company Hoffmann-LaRoche committed unrestricted support of $24 million per year and freedom of design of the institute to its founding director Niels K. Jerne. Jerne retired in 1980 and was succeeded by Fritz Melchers, who generally maintained Jerne's themes and vision.
Research groups
The institute was constructed to consist of about 50 scientists in interactive research groups of 3 to 5 researchers supported by technical staff with no titles other than “member” with renewable contracts of 2 to 5 years. Interaction was facilitated by laboratories split into two floors per lab connected by a spiral staircase surrounding a central gathering room. Famously, Charley Steinberg mostly presided over casual meetings in the cafeteria. Scientists from beginning postdoctoral to senior professor were provided complete freedom of research design without the pressures of individual fund raising, proposal writing, politicking and pressure to fit research to popular demands and funding source. The institute's administrative structure was minimal. Continuous visits by distinguished visiting scientists from around the world for periods of a day to months enriched the environment.
Culture and achievements
Establishment of the BII coincided with a convergence of a critical mass of young and energetic scientists from around the world in Basel to staff three startup research ventures to exploit the newly breaking technologies related to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Antennas%20and%20Propagation | IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society. It covers research on and applications of all aspects of antenna technology and the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The journal was established in 1952 and since 2022 the Editor-in-chief is Konstantina Nikita. Since 1952, this journal has delivered many thousands of articles on a wide range of topics of interest to specialists, practicing engineers, educators and students in the field of interest of the IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society. The Transactions publishes 12 issues per year and occasional Special Issues amounting to about 6000 pages annually.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index and Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 5.7.
See also
IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno%20First | is an arcade video game developed by Konami and released in 1983. It was licensed to Gottlieb in the United States. Juno First is a fixed shooter with a slightly tilted perspective, similar to Nintendo's Radar Scope from 1980. The game was ported to the Commodore 64, Atari 8-bit family, MSX, IBM PC, and IBM PCjr.
Gameplay
Juno First presents a set number of enemies per level, but they do not make a gallery formation like Galaga or Space Invaders. Instead, the player's ship can move forward and backward (in addition to left and right) to hunt enemies in an orientation that is vertical, but has some horizon-oriented tilt. This style of gameplay would be re-used in a later Konami shooter, Axelay.
The player destroys waves of enemies to finish levels. Starting formations vary from stage to stage. In addition, the player can pick up a humanoid, upon which the screen will have a red tint. While this happens, every enemy the player shoots will earn the player 200 more points than the previous enemy destroyed. The original score for shooting an enemy while in humanoid mode depends on the stage.
Ports
Juno First was first ported in the western market to the Commodore 64 in 1983. In 1984, Atari 8-bit family and IBM PC/IBM PCjr conversions were also released. All of these ports were handled by Datasoft. The Commodore and Atari ports were programmed by Greg Hiscott, whereas the IBM version was programmed by Scott Titus.
In Japan, Sony released a conversion of Juno First in 1983 for MSX computers. This version soon made its way to other MSX markets as well.
Legacy
An unofficial hobbyist port—with the same name as the original—was made available for the Atari 2600.
See also
Beamrider (1983) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZCast | EZCast is a line of digital media players, built by Actions Microelectronics, that allows users to mirror media content from smart devices, including mobile devices, personal computers, and project to high-definition televisions.
History
The first generation of EZCast was developed in 2013, shipped 1 million units within a year, and accumulated more than 2 million EZCast app users worldwide. The latest device in the family, called EZCast 4K, was launched in November 2016 which supports 4K HEVC video streaming.
EZCast technology is built into a dongle that interacts with EZCast app to stream content from smart devices, and it works across Android, ChromeOS, iOS, macOS, Windows and Windows Phone.
EZCast SDK has been released to enable third party development on Android and iOS.
In 2018 became possible to voice control EZCast 2 and EZCast 4K devices using Google Assistant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20cover | A canonical cover for F (a set of functional dependencies on a relation scheme) is a set of dependencies such that F logically implies all dependencies in , and logically implies all dependencies in F.
The set has two important properties:
No functional dependency in contains an extraneous attribute.
Each left side of a functional dependency in is unique. That is, there are no two dependencies and in such that .
A canonical cover is not unique for a given set of functional dependencies, therefore one set F can have multiple covers .
Algorithm for computing a canonical cover
Repeat:
Use the union rule to replace any dependencies in of the form and with ..
Find a functional dependency in with an extraneous attribute and delete it from
... until does not change
Canonical cover example
In the following example, Fc is the canonical cover of F.
Given the following, we can find the canonical cover: R = (A, B, C, G, H, I) F = {A→BC, B→C, A→B, AB→C}
{A→BC, B→C, A→B, AB→C}
{A → BC, B →C, AB → C}
{A → BC, B → C}
{A → B, B →C}
Fc = {A → B, B →C}
Extraneous Attributes
An attribute is extraneous in a functional dependency if its removal from that functional dependency does not alter the closure of any attributes.
Extraneous Determinant Attributes
Given a set of functional dependencies and a functional dependency in , the attribute is extraneous in if and any of the functional dependencies in can be implied by using Armstrong's Axioms.
Using an alternate method, given the set of functional dependencies , and a functional dependency X → A in , attribute Y is extraneous in X if , and .
For example:
If F = {A → C, AB → C}, B is extraneous in AB → C because A → C can be inferred even after deleting B. This is true because if A functionally determines C, then AB also functionally determines C.
If F = {A → D, D → C, AB → C}, B is extraneous in AB → C because {A → D, D → C, AB → C} logically implies A → C.
Extraneous Dependent Attr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essure | Essure was a device for female sterilization. It is a metal coil which when placed into each fallopian tube induces fibrosis and blockage. Essure was designed as an alternative to tubal ligation. However, it was recalled by Bayer in 2018, and the device is no longer sold due to complications secondary to its implantation. The company has reported that several patients implanted with the Essure System for Permanent Birth Control have experienced and/or reported adverse effects, including: perforation of the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, identification of inserts in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, persistent pain, and suspected allergic or hypersensitivity reaction.
Although designed to remain in place for a lifetime, it was approved based on short-term safety studies. Of the 745 women with implants in the original premarket studies, 92% were followed up at one year, and 25% for two years, for safety outcomes. A 2009 review concluded that Essure appeared safe and effective based on short-term studies, that it was less invasive and could be cheaper than laparoscopic bilateral tubal ligation. About 750,000 women have received the device worldwide.
Initial trials found about 4% of women had tubal perforation, expulsion, or misplacement of the device at the time of the procedure. Since 2013, the product has been controversial, with thousands of women reporting severe side effects leading to surgical extraction. Rates of repeat surgery in the first year were ten times greater with Essure than with tubal ligation. Campaigner Erin Brockovich has been hosting a website where women can share their stories after having the procedure. As of 2015 many adverse events, including tubal perforations, intractable pain and bleeding leading to hysterectomies, possible device-related deaths, and hundreds of unintended pregnancies occurred, according to the US FDA adverse events database and other studies.
It was developed by Conceptus Inc. and approved for use in the United States in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20line%20ratios | The analysis of line intensity ratios is an important tool to obtain information about laboratory and space plasmas. In emission spectroscopy, the intensity of spectral lines can provide various information about the plasma (or gas) condition. It might be used to determine the temperature or density of the plasma. Since the measurement of an absolute intensity in an experiment can be challenging, the ratio of different spectral line intensities can be used to achieve information about the plasma, as well.
Theory
The emission intensity density of an atomic transition from the upper state to the lower state is:
where:
is the density of ions in the upper state,
is the energy of the emitted photon, which is the product of the Planck constant and the transition frequency,
is the Einstein coefficient for the specific transition.
The population of atomic states N is generally dependent on plasma temperature and density. Generally, the more hot and dense the plasma, the higher atomic states are populated. The observance or not-observance of spectral lines from certain ion species can, therefore, help to give a rough estimation of the plasma parameters.
More accurate results can be obtained by comparing line intensities:
The transition frequencies and the Einstein coefficients of transitions are well known and listed in various tables as in NIST Atomic Spectra Database. It is often that atomic modeling is required for determination of the population densities and as a function of density and temperature. While for the temperature determination of plasma in thermal equilibrium Saha's equation and Boltzmann's formula might be used, the density dependence usually requires atomic modeling.
See also
Plasma diagnostics
Spectral line
External links
NIST Atomic Spectra Database |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243%20%28number%29 | 243 (two hundred [and] forty-three) is the natural number following 242 and preceding 244.
Additionally, 243 is:
the only 3-digit number that is a fifth power (35).
a perfect totient number.
the sum of five consecutive prime numbers (41 + 43 + 47 + 53 + 59).
an 82-gonal number. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Goldsmith%20%28computer%20scientist%29 | Michael Goldsmith (born 1959) is a British computer scientist, senior research fellow and Lecturer at the University of Oxford, England.
He is a member of Oxford University's Department of Computer Science. He is an associate director of Oxford University's Cyber Security Centre, and an Oxford Martin Fellow of The Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre. He is a fellow of Worcester College, Oxford.
Career
Goldsmith is a senior research fellow at the University of Oxford's Computer Science Department, From 2006 to 2011 he was principal fellow: High-Integrity Techniques in the e-Security Group of the WMG Digital Laboratory in the University of Warwick.
Publications
Goldsmith's publications cover security, cryptography in general, CSP, and formal methods in particular. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20bone | Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. These bones are expanded into broad, flat plates, as in the cranium (skull), the ilium (pelvis), sternum and the rib cage.
The flat bones are: the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.
These bones are composed of two thin layers of compact bone enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous bone, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones. In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the vitreous (glass-like) table. The intervening cancellous tissue is called the diploë, and this, in the nasal region of the skull, becomes absorbed so as to leave spaces filled with air–the paranasal sinuses between the two tables.
Ossification in flat bones
Ossification is started by the formation of layers of undifferentiated connective tissue that hold the area where the flat bone is to come. On a baby, those spots are known as fontanelles. The fontanelles contain connective tissue stem cells, which form into osteoblasts, which secrete calcium phosphate into a matrix of canals. They form a ring in between the membranes, and begin to expand outwards. As they expand they make a bony matrix.
This hardened matrix forms the body of the bone. Since flat bones are usually thinner than the long bones, they only have red bone marrow, rather than both red and yellow bone marrow (yellow bone marrow being made up of mostly fat). The bone marrow fills the space in the ring of osteoblasts, and eventually fills the bony matrix.
After the bone is completely ossified, the osteoblasts retract their calcium phosphate secreting tendrils, leaving tiny canals in the bony matrix, known as canaliculi. These |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin%20Medal | The Darwin Medal is one of the medals awarded by the Royal Society for "distinction in evolution, biological diversity and developmental, population and organismal biology".
In 1885, International Darwin Memorial Fund was transferred to the Royal Society. The fund was devoted for promotion of biological research, and was used to establish the Darwin Medal. The medal was first awarded to Alfred Russel Wallace in 1890 for "his independent origination of the theory of the origin of species by natural selection." The medal commemorates the work of English biologist Charles Darwin (1809–1882). Darwin, most famous for his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, was a fellow of the Royal Society, and had received the Royal Medal in 1853 and the Copley Medal in 1864.
The diameter of the Darwin Medal is inch (5.7 cm). It is made of silver. The obverse has Darwin's portrait, while the reverse has a wreath of plants with Darwin's name in Latin, "Carolus Darwin". It is surrounded by the years of his birth and death in Roman numerals (MDCCCIX and MDCCCLXXXII). The general design of the medal was by John Evans, the president of the Royal Numismatic Society.
Since its creation the Darwin Medal has been awarded over 60 times. Among the recipients are Francis Darwin, Charles Darwin's son, and two married couples: Jack and Yolande Heslop-Harrison in 1982 and Peter and Rosemary Grant in 2002. Initially accompanied by a grant of £100, the medal is currently awarded with a grant of £2,000. All citizens who have been residents of the United Kingdom, Commonwealth of Nations, or the Republic of Ireland for more than three years are eligible for the medal. The medal was awarded biennially from 1890 until 2018; since then it is awarded annually. The most recent winner of the Darwin Medal is Canadian biologist Dolph Schluter, who received it in 2021.
List of recipients
See also
Awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-serial%20dependencies | In linguistics, cross-serial dependencies (also called crossing dependencies by some authors) occur when the lines representing the dependency relations between two series of words cross over each other. They are of particular interest to linguists who wish to determine the syntactic structure of natural language; languages containing an arbitrary number of them are non-context-free. By this fact, Dutch and Swiss-German have been proven to be non-context-free.
Example
As Swiss-German allows verbs and their arguments to be ordered cross-serially, we have the following example, taken from Shieber:
That is, "we help Hans paint the house."
Notice that the sequential noun phrases em Hans (Hans) and es huus (the house), and the sequential verbs hälfed (help) and aastriiche (paint) both form two separate series of constituents. Notice also that the dative verb hälfed and the accusative verb aastriiche take the dative em Hans and accusative es huus as their arguments, respectively.
Non-context-freeness
Let to be the set of all Swiss-German sentences. We will prove mathematically that is not context-free.
In Swiss-German sentences, the number of verbs of a grammatical case (dative or accusative) must match the number of objects of that case. Additionally, a sentence containing an arbitrary number of such objects is admissible (in principle). Hence, we can define the following formal language, a subset of :Thus, we have , where is the regular language defined by where the superscript plus symbol means "one or more copies". Since the set of context-free languages is closed under intersection with regular languages, we need only prove that is not context-free (, pp 130--135).
After a word substitution, is of the form . Since can be mapped to by the following map: , and since the context-free languages are closed under mappings from terminal symbols to terminal strings (that is, a homomorphism) (, pp 130--135), we need only prove that is not context-free.
is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20hypergeometric%20series | In mathematics, basic hypergeometric series, or q-hypergeometric series, are q-analogue generalizations of generalized hypergeometric series, and are in turn generalized by elliptic hypergeometric series.
A series xn is called hypergeometric if the ratio of successive terms xn+1/xn is a rational function of n. If the ratio of successive terms is a rational function of qn, then the series is called a basic hypergeometric series. The number q is called the base.
The basic hypergeometric series was first considered by . It becomes the hypergeometric series in the limit when base .
Definition
There are two forms of basic hypergeometric series, the unilateral basic hypergeometric series φ, and the more general bilateral basic hypergeometric series ψ.
The unilateral basic hypergeometric series is defined as
where
and
is the q-shifted factorial.
The most important special case is when j = k + 1, when it becomes
This series is called balanced if a1 ... ak + 1 = b1 ...bkq.
This series is called well poised if a1q = a2b1 = ... = ak + 1bk, and very well poised if in addition a2 = −a3 = qa11/2.
The unilateral basic hypergeometric series is a q-analog of the hypergeometric series since
holds ().
The bilateral basic hypergeometric series, corresponding to the bilateral hypergeometric series, is defined as
The most important special case is when j = k, when it becomes
The unilateral series can be obtained as a special case of the bilateral one by setting one of the b variables equal to q, at least when none of the a variables is a power of q, as all the terms with n < 0 then vanish.
Simple series
Some simple series expressions include
and
and
The q-binomial theorem
The q-binomial theorem (first published in 1811 by Heinrich August Rothe) states that
which follows by repeatedly applying the identity
The special case of a = 0 is closely related to the q-exponential.
Cauchy binomial theorem
Cauchy binomial theorem is a special case of the q-binomial theore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flags%20of%20Christmas%20Island | The Following is a List of Flags used in Christmas Island in Australia.
State Flag
Historical Flags
See also
List of Australian flags |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCumber%20cube | In 1991, John McCumber created a model framework for establishing and evaluating information security (information assurance) programs, now known as The McCumber Cube.
This security model is depicted as a three-dimensional Rubik's Cube-like grid.
The concept of this model is that, in developing information assurance systems, organizations must consider the interconnectedness of all the different factors that impact them. To devise a robust information assurance program, one must consider not only the security goals of the program (see below), but also how these goals relate specifically to the various states in which information can reside in a system and the full range of available security safeguards that must be considered in the design. The McCumber model helps one to remember to consider all important design aspects without becoming too focused on any one in particular (i.e., relying exclusively on technical controls at the expense of requisite policies and end-user training).
Dimensions and attributes
Desired goals
Confidentiality: assurance that sensitive information is not intentionally or accidentally disclosed to unauthorized individuals.
Integrity: assurance that information is not intentionally or accidentally modified in such a way as to call into question its reliability.
Availability: ensuring that authorized individuals have both timely and reliable access to data and other resources when needed.
Information states
Storage: Data at rest (DAR) in an information system, such as that stored in memory or on a magnetic tape or disk.
Transmission: transferring data between information systems - also known as data in transit (DIT).
Processing: performing operations on data in order to achieve the desired objective.
Safeguards
Policy and practices: administrative controls, such as management directives, that provide a foundation for how information assurance is to be implemented within an organization. (examples: acceptable use policies or inci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladder%20training | Bladder training, also known as scheduled voiding and bladder re-education is urinating at specific times of the day. It is used as a first line treatment of overactive bladder on mixed urinary incontinence. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20DNA%20binary%20system | A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a vir helper plasmid. The two plasmids are used together (thus binary) to produce genetically modified plants. They are artificial vectors that have been derived from the naturally occurring Ti plasmid found in bacterial species of the genus Agrobacterium, such as A. tumefaciens. The binary vector is a shuttle vector, so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts (e.g. Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium).
Systems in which T-DNA and vir genes are located on separate replicons are called T-DNA binary systems. T-DNA is located on the binary vector (the non-T-DNA region of this vector containing origin(s) of replication that could function both in E. coli and Agrobacterium, and antibiotic resistance genes used to select for the presence of the binary vector in bacteria, became known as vector backbone sequences). The replicon containing the vir genes became known as the vir helper plasmid. The vir helper plasmid is considered disarmed if it does not contain oncogenes that could be transferred to a plant.
Binary system components
T-DNA binary vector
There are several binary vectors that replicate in Agrobacterium and can be used for delivery of T-DNA from Agrobacterium into plant cells. The T-DNA portion of the binary vector is flanked by left and right border sequences and may include a transgene as well as a plant selectable marker. Outside of the T-DNA, the binary vector also contains a bacterial selectable marker and an origin of replication (ori) for bacteria.
Representative series of binary vectors are listed below.
Vir helper plasmid
The vir helper plasmid contains the vir genes that originated from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. These genes code for a series of proteins that cut the binary vector at the left and right border sequences, and facilitate transfer and integration of T-DNA to the plant's cells and genomes, respectively.
Several vir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Allan%20Award | The William Allan Award, given by the American Society of Human Genetics, was established in 1961 in memory of William Allan (1881–1943), one of the first American physicians to conduct extensive research in human genetics.
The William Allan Award is presented annually to recognize substantial and far-reaching scientific contributions to human genetics carried out over a sustained period of scientific inquiry and productivity. An award of $25,000 and an engraved medal are presented at the Annual Meeting.
Award recipients
Source: ASHG
See also
List of genetics awards
List of medicine awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defoliant | A defoliant is any herbicidal chemical sprayed or dusted on plants to cause their leaves to fall off. Defoliants are widely used for the selective removal of weeds in managing croplands and lawns. Worldwide use of defoliants, along with the development of other herbicides and pesticides, allowed for the Green Revolution, an increase in agricultural production in mid-20th century. Defoliants have also been used in warfare as a means to deprive an enemy of food crops and/or hiding cover, most notably by the United Kingdom during the Malayan Emergency and the United States in the Vietnam War. Defoliants were also used by Indonesian forces in various internal security operations.
Use and application
A primary application of defoliants is the selective killing of plants. Two of the oldest chemical herbicides used as defoliants are 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T are absorbed by broad-leafed plants, killing them by causing excessive hormonal growth. These phenoxy herbicides were designed to selectively kill weeds and unwanted plants in croplands. They were first introduced at the beginning of World War II and became widespread in use in agriculture following the end of the War.
Defoliants have a practical use in the harvesting of certain crops, particularly cotton, in the United States as well as a number of other cotton-producing countries. The use of defoliants aids in the effective harvesting of cotton and finer lint quality. The effectiveness of defoliant use in cotton harvesting depends on the type of defoliant(s) used, the number of applications, the amount applied, and environmental variables. Common harvest-aiding chemical defoliants include tribufos, dimethipin, and thidiazuron. According to a 1998 report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), tribufos and thidiazuron accounted for 60% of crop area that was treated by defoliants during that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stericycle | Stericycle is a compliance company that specializes in collecting and disposing regulated medical waste, such as medical waste and sharps, pharmaceuticals, hazardous waste, and providing services for recalled and expired goods. It also provides related education and training services, and patient communication services. The company was founded in 1989 and is headquartered in Bannockburn, Illinois, with many more bases of operation around the world, including Medical waste incinerators in Utah and North Carolina.
Overview
Stericycle, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, offers regulated waste management services, sharps disposal containers to reduce the risk of needlestick injuries, healthcare compliance services, pharmaceutical disposal, and medication disposal services such as kiosks or drug take back program for disposing expired medication disposal or recalled medication products through incineration processes. In addition, with the acquisition of Shred-it in 2015, Stericycle also offers secure information destruction services including document shredding and hard drive destruction.
The company serves healthcare facilities such as hospitals, blood banks, pharmaceutical manufacturers,. Stericycle also serves myriad small businesses, which include outpatient clinics, medical and dental offices, abortion clinics, veterinary and animal hospitals, funeral homes, home healthcare agencies, body art studios, and long-term and sub-acute care facilities. Medical device manufacturers, consumer goods manufacturers, and retailers are also key customers.
Stericycle has been harshly criticized by residents living near their incinerators and environmentalists across the globe. Currently, Stericycle is being investigated by the state of Utah for burning hazardous, radioactive waste above legal levels at their North Salt Lake location. The investigations also are in response to Stericycle's alleged falsification of records to hide the alleged illegal quantity burning near Foxb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McConnell%20%28peace%20activist%29 | John McConnell (March 22, 1915 – October 20, 2012) was the founder and creator of Earth Day, and The Earth Society Foundation. He was known for designing the Earth Flag, pursuing causes relating to peace, religion, and science.
Early years
John McConnell was born on March 22, 1915, in Davis City, Iowa, United States. He was the son of a Pentecostal preacher and traveling doctor. His first interest in the Earth began in 1939 while partnering with Albert Nobell, a chemist, in the Nobell Research Laboratory in Los Angeles that built a factory for the manufacture of plastics. Realizing how much the manufacture of plastic polluted the Earth, his concern for ecology grew. Afterward, he was a lifetime believer in care of the environment, founded on his Christian beliefs. He stated that, leading into World War II, he believed that love and prayer could be more powerful than bombs.
On October 31, 1957, soon after the first successful Sputnik launch, McConnell wrote an editorial entitled, "Make Our Satellite A Symbol Of Hope", calling for peaceful cooperation in the exploration of Space with a visible "Star of Hope" satellite. This led him to create a "Star of Hope" organization to foster international cooperation in space.
Major actions and campaigns
Peace activism
In 1959 to pursue his dream of peace, John McConnell moved to California where he and his co-publisher, Erling Toness, founded the "Mountain View". Along with the "Mountain View", he organized a campaign in San Francisco in 1962 called "Meals for Millions". It was used to feed thousands of Hong Kong refugees. In 1963, after the "Meals for Millions" campaign, McConnell worked on another campaign called "Minute for Peace" for seven years following "Meals for Millions". He began his "Minute for Peace" campaign with a broadcast on December 22, 1963, ending the mourning period for the late president, John F. Kennedy. On June 26, 1965, McConnell spoke at the National Education Association Convention in Madison Squa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20differencing | In computer science and information theory, data differencing or differential compression is producing a technical description of the difference between two sets of data – a source and a target. Formally, a data differencing algorithm takes as input source data and target data, and produces difference data such that given the source data and the difference data, one can reconstruct the target data ("patching" the source with the difference to produce the target).
Examples
One of the best-known examples of data differencing is the diff utility, which produces line-by-line differences of text files (and in some implementations, binary files, thus being a general-purpose differencing tool). Differencing of general binary files goes under the rubric of delta encoding, with a widely used example being the algorithm used in rsync. A standardized generic differencing format is VCDIFF, implemented in such utilities as Xdelta version 3. A high-efficiency (small patch files) differencing program is bsdiff, which uses bzip2 as a final compression step on the generated delta.
Concerns
Main concerns for data differencing are usability and space efficiency (patch size).
If one simply wishes to reconstruct the target given the source and patch, one may simply include the entire target in the patch and "apply" the patch by discarding the source and outputting the target that has been included in the patch; similarly, if the source and target have the same size one may create a simple patch by XORing source and target. In both these cases, the patch will be as large as the target. As these examples show, if the only concern is reconstruction of target, this is easily done, at the expense of a large patch, and the main concern for general-purpose binary differencing is reducing the patch size.
For structured data especially, one has other concerns, which largely fall under "usability" – for example, if one is comparing two documents, one generally wishes to know which sections |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seega%20%28game%29 | Seega is an abstract strategy game that originated in Egypt. It can be played on boards with cells in a 5×5, 7×7 or 9×9 disposition. Other names include Seejeh, Siga and Sidjah.
The board starts out empty, and players take turns placing two pieces in any empty cell, excluding the center cell. Then, players move their pieces trying to bound their opponent's pieces to remove them.
The game has been described in literature at least since 1836.
Rules
The game is played by two players, one with dark pieces and the other with clear pieces. Both start with the same number of pieces, equal to half the number of cells in the board minus one cell. Therefore, if the board has 25 cells, each player starts with 12 pieces. If the board has 49 cells, each player starts with 24 pieces. Some Seega boards have an X in the center cell.
Similar to Yoté, the Seega board starts empty, and players may place their pieces in the cells of their own choice.
The game has two stages. In the first, the positioning stage, players place their pieces in the board cells, and cannot place any piece in the center cell. In each turn, each player places two pieces, until they have placed all their pieces.
In the second stage, the moving stage, players move their pieces and capture their opponent's pieces. The first move of player 1 must be moving a piece to the center of the board. Pieces can be moved horizontally or vertically, never diagonally, and cannot jump over other pieces.
To capture a piece, a player must move one of their pieces in such way as to "bound" an opponent piece in one way (either vertically or horizontally). That is, if moving a dark piece results in a clear piece having a dark piece to its right and to its left (that is, the piece that has just been moved and another one), the clear piece will be removed. Same thing happens if the clear piece has a dark piece below and above it. If a player places one of its pieces between two opponent's pieces, nothing happens: captures on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forme%20fruste | In medicine, a forme fruste (French, "crude, or unfinished, form"; pl., formes frustes) is an atypical or attenuated manifestation of a disease or syndrome, with the implications of incompleteness, partial presence or aborted state. The context is usually one of a well defined clinical or pathological entity, which the case at hand almost — but not quite — fits.
An opposite term in medicine, forme pleine — seldom used by English-speaking physicians — means the complete, or full-blown, form of a disease.
Use
According to gastroenterologist William Haubrich: A patient may exhibit sudden, intense, epigastric pain and a rigid abdomen. He is thought to have a perforated peptic ulcer. But at operation, only a penetrating ulcer is found, sealed off by adhesion to the omentum or anterior abdominal wall. Such a patient is said to have a forme fruste of acute free perforation as a complication of his peptic ulcer disease.
History
The Latin phrase frustra esse means "to be mistaken" or "to be confused". As a technical term in French, the cognate fruste has been used in two related ways. First, as an antiquarian’s term it refers to a coin, medal or ancient stone on which figures and characters can no longer be recognized due to wear. Secondly, it was employed in natural history to denote mollusk shells whose striations, grooves or tips were worn down. By extension, this sense could be applied to sculpture, pottery, or other objects of great antiquity.
It was in this sense of "indistinctness due to wear or through long use" that the great French internist Armand Trousseau (1801–67) first employed the term in connection with an obscured form of Graves' disease, which he described as a "…maladie dite fruste par l’absence du goitre et de l’exophthalmie" ("…disease said to be crude [i.e., indistinct] for its absence of goiter and exophthalmia")
The sense of the term in medicine has slightly evolved to mean a "not fully developed form of an illness", rather than simply an obscur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AirSim | AirSim (Aerial Informatics and Robotics Simulation) is an open-source, cross platform simulator for drones, ground vehicles such as cars and various other objects, built on Epic Games’ proprietary Unreal Engine 4 as a platform for AI research. It is developed by Microsoft and can be used to experiment with deep learning, computer vision and reinforcement learning algorithms for autonomous vehicles. This allows testing of autonomous solutions without worrying about real-world damage.
AirSim provides some 12 kilometers of roads with 20 city blocks and APIs to retrieve data and control vehicles in a platform independent way. The APIs are accessible via a variety of programming languages, including C++, C#, Python and Java. AirSim supports hardware-in-the-loop with driving wheels and flight controllers such as PX4 for physically and visually realistic simulations. The platform also supports common robotic platforms, such as Robot Operating System (ROS). It is developed as an Unreal plug-in that can be dropped into any Unreal environment. An experimental release for a Unity plug-in is also available.
See also
Vehicle simulation game
Microsoft Flight Simulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVSP | OpenVSP, also known as Open Vehicle Sketch Pad, is an open source parametric aircraft geometry tool originally developed by NASA. It can be used to create 3D models of aircraft and to support engineering analysis of those models. Predecessors to OpenVSP including VSP and Rapid Aircraft Modeler (RAM) were developed by J.R. Gloudemans and others for NASA beginning in the early 1990s. OpenVSP v2.0 was released as open source under the NOSA license in January 2012. Development has been led by Rob McDonald since around 2012 and has been supported by NASA and AFRL among other contributions.
OpenVSP allows the user to quickly generate computer models from ideas, which can then be analyzed. As such, it is especially powerful in generating and evaluating unconventional design concepts.
Features
User interface
OpenVSP displays a graphical user interface upon launch. A workspace window and a "Geometry Browser" window open. The workspace is where the model is displayed while the Geometry Browser lists individual components in the workspace, such as fuselage and wings. These components can be selected, added or deleted, somewhat like a feature tree in CAD software such as Solidworks. When a component is selected in the Geometry Browser window, a component geometry window opens. This window is used to modify the component.
OpenVSP also provides API capabilities which may be accessed using Matlab, Python or AngelScript.
Geometry modelling
OpenVSP offers a multitude of basic geometries, common to aircraft modelling, which users modify and assemble to create models. Wing, pod, fuselage, and propeller are a few available geometries. Advanced components like body of revolution, duct, conformal geometry and such are also available.
Analysis tools
Besides the geometry modeller, OpenVSP contains multiple tools that help with aerodynamic or structural analysis of models. The tools available are:
CompGeom - mesh generation tool that can handle model intersection and trimming
M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20matroid | In mathematics, a partition matroid or partitional matroid is a matroid that is a direct sum of uniform matroids. It is defined over a base set in which the elements are partitioned into different categories. For each category, there is a capacity constraint - a maximum number of allowed elements from this category. The independent sets of a partition matroid are exactly the sets in which, for each category, the number of elements from this category is at most the category capacity.
Formal definition
Let be a collection of disjoint sets ("categories"). Let be integers with ("capacities"). Define a subset to be "independent" when, for every index , . The sets satisfying this condition form the independent sets of a matroid, called a partition matroid.
The sets are called the categories or the blocks of the partition matroid.
A basis of the partition matroid is a set whose intersection with every block has size exactly . A circuit of the matroid is a subset of a single block with size exactly . The rank of the matroid is .
Every uniform matroid is a partition matroid, with a single block of elements and with . Every partition matroid is the direct sum of a collection of uniform matroids, one for each of its blocks.
In some publications, the notion of a partition matroid is defined more restrictively, with every . The partitions that obey this more restrictive definition are the transversal matroids of the family of disjoint sets given by their blocks.
Properties
As with the uniform matroids they are formed from, the dual matroid of a partition matroid is also a partition matroid, and every minor of a partition matroid is also a partition matroid. Direct sums of partition matroids are partition matroids as well.
Matching
A maximum matching in a graph is a set of edges that is as large as possible subject to the condition that no two edges share an endpoint. In a bipartite graph with bipartition , the sets of edges satisfying the condition that no two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture%20Description%20Language | Gesture Description Language (GDL or GDL Technology) is a method of describing and automatic (computer) syntactic classification of gestures and movements created
by doctor Tomasz Hachaj (PhD) and professor Marek R. Ogiela(PhD, DSc).
GDL uses context-free formal grammar named GDLs (Gesture Description Language script). With GDLs it is possible to define rules that describe set of gestures. Those rules play similar role as rules in classic expert systems. With rules it is possible to define static body positions (so called key frames) and sequences of key frames that create together definitions of gestures or movements. The recognition is done by forward chaining inference engine.
The latest GDL implementations utilize Microsoft Kinect controller and enable real time classification. The license for GDL-based software allows using those programs for educational and scientific purposes for free. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fubini%E2%80%93Study%20metric | In mathematics, the Fubini–Study metric (IPA: /fubini-ʃtuːdi/) is a Kähler metric on projective Hilbert space, that is, on a complex projective space CPn endowed with a Hermitian form. This metric was originally described in 1904 and 1905 by Guido Fubini and Eduard Study.
A Hermitian form in (the vector space) Cn+1 defines a unitary subgroup U(n+1) in GL(n+1,C). A Fubini–Study metric is determined up to homothety (overall scaling) by invariance under such a U(n+1) action; thus it is homogeneous. Equipped with a Fubini–Study metric, CPn is a symmetric space. The particular normalization on the metric depends on the application. In Riemannian geometry, one uses a normalization so that the Fubini–Study metric simply relates to the standard metric on the (2n+1)-sphere. In algebraic geometry, one uses a normalization making CPn a Hodge manifold.
Construction
The Fubini–Study metric arises naturally in the quotient space construction of complex projective space.
Specifically, one may define CPn to be the space consisting of all complex lines in Cn+1, i.e., the quotient of Cn+1\{0} by the equivalence relation relating all complex multiples of each point together. This agrees with the quotient by the diagonal group action of the multiplicative group C* = C \ {0}:
This quotient realizes Cn+1\{0} as a complex line bundle over the base space CPn. (In fact this is the so-called tautological bundle over CPn.) A point of CPn is thus identified with an equivalence class of (n+1)-tuples [Z0,...,Zn] modulo nonzero complex rescaling; the Zi are called homogeneous coordinates of the point.
Furthermore, one may realize this quotient mapping in two steps: since multiplication by a nonzero complex scalar z = R eiθ can be uniquely thought of as the composition of a dilation by the modulus R followed by a counterclockwise rotation about the origin by an angle , the quotient mapping Cn+1 → CPn splits into two pieces.
where step (a) is a quotient by the dilation Z ~ RZ for R ∈ R+, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girsanov%20theorem | In probability theory, the Girsanov theorem tells how stochastic processes change under changes in measure. The theorem is especially important in the theory of financial mathematics as it tells how to convert from the physical measure, which describes the probability that an underlying instrument (such as a share price or interest rate) will take a particular value or values, to the risk-neutral measure which is a very useful tool for evaluating the value of derivatives on the underlying.
History
Results of this type were first proved by Cameron-Martin in the 1940s and by Igor Girsanov in 1960. They have been subsequently extended to more general classes of process culminating in the general form of Lenglart (1977).
Significance
Girsanov's theorem is important in the general theory of stochastic processes since it enables the key result that if Q is a measure that is absolutely continuous with respect to P then every P-semimartingale is a Q-semimartingale.
Statement of theorem
We state the theorem first for the special case when the underlying stochastic process is a Wiener process. This special case is sufficient for risk-neutral pricing in the Black–Scholes model.
Let be a Wiener process on the Wiener probability space . Let be a measurable process adapted to the natural filtration of the Wiener process ; we assume that the usual conditions have been satisfied.
Given an adapted process define
where is the stochastic exponential of X with respect to W, i.e.
and denotes the quadratic variation of the process X.
If is a martingale then a probability
measure Q can be defined on such that Radon–Nikodym derivative
Then for each t the measure Q restricted to the unaugmented sigma fields is equivalent to P restricted to
Furthermore if is a local martingale under P then the process
is a Q local martingale on the filtered probability space .
Corollary
If X is a continuous process and W is Brownian motion under measure P then
is Brownian motion |
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