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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott%20Laboratories | Abbott Laboratories is an American multinational medical devices and health care company with headquarters in Abbott Park, Illinois, United States. The company was founded by Chicago physician Wallace Calvin Abbott in 1888 to formulate known drugs; today, it sells medical devices, diagnostics, branded generic medicines and nutritional products. It split off its research-based pharmaceuticals business into AbbVie in 2013.
Abbott's products include Pedialyte, Similac, BinaxNOW, Ensure, Glucerna, ZonePerfect, FreeStyle Libre, i-STAT and MitraClip.
History
Foundation and early history
In 1888 at the age of 30, Wallace Abbott (1857–1921), an 1885 graduate of the University of Michigan, founded the Abbott Alkaloidal Company in Ravenswood, Chicago. At the time, he was a practising physician and owned a drug store. His innovation was formulating the active part of alkaloid medicinal plants—morphine, quinine, strychnine and codeine—as tiny "dosimetric granules", producing more consistent and effective dosages for patients than the liquid preparations previously used, which deteriorated over time. In 1922, the company moved from Ravenswood to North Chicago, Illinois.
International expansion
Abbott's first international affiliate was in London in 1907; the company later added an affiliate in Montreal, Canada. Abbott India Ltd was originally incorporated on August 22, 1944, as Boots Pure Drug Company (India) Ltd. The company name was changed to The Boots Company (India) Ltd on November 1, 1971, and to Boots Pharmaceuticals Ltd on January 1, 1991. On October 31, 1995, the name was changed to Knoll Pharmaceuticals Ltd and on July 1, 2002, to their present name Abbott India Ltd.I Abbott started operations in Pakistan as a marketing affiliate in 1948; the company has steadily expanded to comprise a work force of over 1500 employees. Currently, two manufacturing facilities located at Landhi and Korangi in Karachi continue to produce pharmaceutical products. In 1962 Abbott |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternotomis%20mirabilis | Sternotomis mirabilis is a genus of long-horned beetle belonging to the family Cerambycidae. It was first described in 1773 by Dru Drury from Sierra Leone.
Description
Varied with beautiful green and black colours, the former exceedingly bright. Head green, with two others running downwards from the eyes. Jaws with the upper part green, the extremities black, with four green palpi. Antennae black, ten-jointed, the basal joint being thickest. Thorax green, with black streaks running round it, the sides terminating in an obtuse point. Scutellum very small, black, and triangular. Elytra black and margined, beautifully streaked and spotted with green: the streaks running across the anterior part, the spots placed near the extremities. Abdomen green, with black rings. Legs green, streaked with black. Tarsi green at top, brown beneath. Body length a little less than an inch (22 mm). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20Weapons%20Act%201996 | The Chemical Weapons Act 1996 was passed in the UK during the time of a Conservative government under John Major. It was adopted on the 03/04/1996 and came into force in 16/09/1996. This act was made so that the UK could be compliant with the 1993 Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and their Destruction. Not only that, but it also creates the criminal offence of producing, developing, handling or transferring chemical weapons. This act gives Britain extra territorial jurisdiction in regard to British nationals who are handling such material. This act also applies to Isle of Man, Guernsy and to Jersey. The department of trade and industry acts as a liaison between the UK and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
The general interpretation of chemical weapons according to this act is as follows:
"Toxic chemicals and their precursors"
"Munitions and other devices designed to cause death or harm through the toxic properties of toxic chemicals released by them"
And finally- "equipment designed for use in connection with munitions and devices falling within paragraph (b)"
Yet there are some exceptions to these rules. For example: the chemical weapons can be used for "peaceful purposes", "purposes related to protection against toxic chemicals", "legitimate military purposes" and "purposes of enforcing the law".
"Legitimate military purposes" are described as being military purposes, which do not cause harm to people, animals or otherwise harm them.
Section 33 of the Chemical Weapon's act requires The secretary of State to prepare a document on the operation of this act and present it to Parliament annually. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weisfeiler%20Leman%20graph%20isomorphism%20test | In graph theory, the Weisfeiler Leman graph isomorphism test is a heuristic test for the existence of an isomorphism between two graphs G and H. It is based on a normal form for graphs first described in an article by Weisfeiler and Leman in 1968. There are several versions of the test, these versions are referred to in the literature by various names, which easily leads to confusion.
The basic Weisfeiler Leman graph isomorphism test
The basic version called WLtest takes a graph as input, produces a partition of the nodes which is invariant under automorphisms and outputs a string certificate encoding the partition. When applied to two graphs G and H we can compare the certificates. If the certificates do not agree the test fails and G and H cannot be isomorphic. If the certificates agree, G and H may or may not be isomorphic.
The partition is produced in several rounds starting from the trivial partition where all nodes belong to the same component. In each round the partition is refined, which means that once two nodes are in different components they will also be in different components at future rounds. The partition refinement stops when the partition from the last round and the current partition are the same. This means that the refinement stops after rounds where n is the number of nodes in the graph. This is because the number of components need to grow by at least 1 in each step and the number of components cannot exceed n.
Membership of a node in a component is indicated by a label. In each round labels are recomputed and refined. After termination of the refinement, stringing together the labels after sorting yields the certificate. In order for isomorphic graphs to produce the same certificate one has to be very cautious with the labels because an isomorphism may swap nodes and may modify the order in which nodes are processed which in turn may alter the certificate. As an example the labels in the end may be 2-fold x, a single y and 2-fold z for on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction%20risk%20from%20climate%20change | There are several plausible pathways that could lead to an increased extinction risk from climate change. This is because every plant and animal species has evolved to exist within a certain ecological niche, and as climate change represents the long-term alteration of temperature and average weather patterns, it can push climatic conditions outside of the species' niche, which will ultimately render it extinct. Normally, species faced with changing conditions can either adapt in place through microevolution or move to another habitat with suitable conditions. However, the speed of recent climate change is so unprecedented, that even under "mid-range" scenarios of future warming, only 5% of current ectotherm locations (a category which includes amphibians, reptiles and all invertebrates) are within 50 km of a place which could serve as an equally suitable habitat at the end of this century.
Climate change also increases both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, which can directly wipe out regional populations of species. Those species occupying coastal and low-lying island habitats can also be rendered extinct by sea level rise; this has already happened with Bramble Cay melomys in Australia. Finally, climate change has been linked with the increased prevalence and global spread of certain diseases affecting wildlife. This includes Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a fungus identified as one of the main drivers of the worldwide decline in amphibian populations.
So far, climate change has not yet been a major contributor to the Holocene extinction, and nearly all of the irreversible biodiversity loss to date has been caused by other anthropogenic pressures such as habitat loss or the introduction of invasive species. Yet, its effects are certain to become more prevalent in the future. As of 2021, 19% of species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species are already being impacted by climate change. Out of 4000 species analyzed by the IPCC Sixth Ass |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20Science%20%28journal%29 | Surface Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier that covers the physics and chemistry of surfaces and interfaces. It was established in 1964. The journal encompasses Surface Science Letters, which was published separately until 1993.
The scope of the journal includes nanotechnology, catalysis, and soft matter and features both experimental and computational studies. Extended reviews are published in its companion journal, Surface Science Reports.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.942. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20oxygen | Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Solid oxygen O2, like liquid oxygen, is a clear substance with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red part of the visible light spectrum.
Oxygen molecules have attracted attention because of the relationship between the molecular magnetization and crystal structures, electronic structures, and superconductivity. Oxygen is the only simple diatomic molecule (and one of the few molecules in general) to carry a magnetic moment. This makes solid oxygen particularly interesting, as it is considered a "spin-controlled" crystal that displays antiferromagnetic magnetic order in the low temperature phases. The magnetic properties of oxygen have been studied extensively. At very high pressures, solid oxygen changes from an insulating to a metallic state; and at very low temperatures, it even transforms to a superconducting state. Structural investigations of solid oxygen began in the 1920s and, at present, six distinct crystallographic phases are established unambiguously.
The density of solid oxygen ranges from 21 cm3/mol in the α-phase, to 23.5 cm3/mol in the γ-phase.
Phases
Six different phases of solid oxygen are known to exist:
α-phase: light blue forms at 1 atm, below 23.8 K, monoclinic crystal structure, space group C2/m (no. 12).
β-phase: faint blue to pink forms at 1 atm, below 43.8 K, rhombohedral crystal structure, space group Rm (no. 166). At room temperature and high pressure begins transformation to tetraoxygen.
γ-phase: faint blue forms at 1 atm, below 54.36 K, cubic crystal structure, Pmm (no. 221).
δ-phase: orange forms at room temperature at a pressure of 9 GPa
ε-phase: dark-red to black forms at room temperature at pressures greater than 10 GPa
ζ-phase: metallic forms at pressures greater than 96 GPa
It has been known that oxygen is solidified into a state called the β-phase at room temperature by applying pressure, and w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-reaction | In theoretical physics, back-reaction (or backreaction) is often necessary to calculate the self-consistent behaviour of a particle or an object in an external field.
Intuitive definition
When a particle is considered to have no mass or to have an infinitesimal charge, this can be described as saying that we deal with a probe and that back-reaction is neglected. However, a real object also carries (in general) a mass and a charge itself. These properties imply that the model of the original environment needs to be modified to reach self-consistency. For example, a particle can be described as helping to curve the space in general relativity. Taking into account the constraints implied on the model by the particle's properties – the back-reaction – is one way of reaching a more accurate model than if those constraints are ignored.
Cosmology
In inhomogeneous cosmology, in which structure formation is taken into account in a general-relativistic model of the Universe, the term "backreaction" is used for a measure of the non-commutativity of the averaging procedure
(which comes from the non-linearity of Einstein field equations) and the dynamical evolution of spatial slices of space-time.
, the role of backreaction in possibly leading to an alternative to dark energy is an open question of debate among cosmologists. The existence of a homogeneity length scale can be considered to be that at which the calculations with and without backreaction give the same results. , the existence of such a scale needs experimental confirmation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan%20Inc. | Raritan is a multinational technology company that manufactures hardware for data center power distribution, remote server management, and audio visual solutions. The company is headquartered in Somerset, New Jersey (which is located near Raritan, New Jersey), and has a commercial presence in over 76 countries. Raritan was acquired by Legrand in September 2015.
History
Raritan was established in 1985, when the founder, Ching-I Hsu, and his wife, created a business reselling PC components out of their house. This later changed from reselling to manufacturing PCs. To make the manufacturing more efficient, Hsu developed the first KVM switch, a tool that provides a way to control numerous PCs from a single product. The KVM switch advanced Raritan as an international company and led to other company advancements.
Raritan entered the intelligent power business in 2007. Intelligent power management provides companies with an accurate measurement of the amount of energy devices use. This kind of power management is much more energy efficient because it consumes less energy/produces less heat, improves environmental conditions with sensors that adjust things like temperature and humidity levels, and overall decrease costs.
In 2008, Raritan's Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) business began. This software provides the ability to better manage assets, change and capacity through monitoring of power, the environment, and energy use.
In June 2015, Legrand, North America announced an agreement to acquire Raritan. The scope of the acquisition would include Raritan's intelligent power and KVM businesses, while its Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) software business would spin off into Sunbird Software, a new company and strategic partner of Raritan to be chaired by Ching-I Hsu, CEO and founder of Raritan. The acquisition was complete on September 28, 2015. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiling%20puzzle | Tiling puzzles are puzzles involving two-dimensional packing problems in which a number of flat shapes have to be assembled into a larger given shape without overlaps (and often without gaps). Some tiling puzzles ask you to dissect a given shape first and then rearrange the pieces into another shape. Other tiling puzzles ask you to dissect a given shape while fulfilling certain conditions. The two latter types of tiling puzzles are also called dissection puzzles.
Tiling puzzles may be made from wood, metal, cardboard, plastic or any other sheet-material. Many tiling puzzles are now available as computer games.
Tiling puzzles have a long history. Some of the oldest and most famous are jigsaw puzzles and the tangram puzzle.
Other examples of tiling puzzles include:
Conway puzzle
Domino tiling, of which the mutilated chessboard problem is one example
Eternity puzzle
Geometric magic square
Puzz-3D
Squaring the square
Tantrix
T puzzle
Many three-dimensional mechanical puzzles can be regarded as three-dimensional tiling puzzles.
See also
Dissection puzzle
Polyforms
Sliding puzzle
Tessellation
Wang tile
Tessellation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect%20ratio%20%28image%29 | The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height, and is expressed with two numbers separated by a colon, such as 16:9, sixteen-to-nine. For the x:y aspect ratio, the image is x units wide and y units high. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1 in cinematography, 4:3 and 16:9 in television photography, and 3:2 in still photography.
Some common examples
The common film aspect ratios used in cinemas are 1.85:1 and 2.4:1. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.:1), the universal video format of the 20th century, and 16:9 (1.:1), universal for high-definition television and European digital television. Other cinematic and video aspect ratios exist, but are used infrequently.
In still camera photography, the most common aspect ratios are 4:3, 3:2 (1.5:1), and more recently found in consumer cameras, 16:9. Other aspect ratios, such as 5:3, 5:4, and 1:1 (square format), are used in photography as well, particularly in medium format and large format.
With television, DVD and Blu-ray Disc, converting formats of unequal ratios is achieved by enlarging the original image to fill the receiving format's display area and cutting off any excess picture information (zooming and cropping), by adding horizontal mattes (letterboxing) or vertical mattes (pillarboxing) to retain the original format's aspect ratio, by stretching (hence distorting) the image to fill the receiving format's ratio, or by scaling by different factors in both directions, possibly scaling by a different factor in the center and at the edges (as in Wide Zoom mode).
Practical limitations
In motion picture formats, the physical size of the film area between the sprocket perforations determines the image's size. The universal standard (established by William Dickson and Thomas Edison in 1892) is a frame that is four perforations high. The film itself is 35 mm wide (1.38 in), but the area between the perforations is 24.89 mm × 18.67 mm (0.980 in × 0.735 in), leaving the de fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout%20Bear | The Dropout Bear, also referred to as the Kanye bear, is an anthropomorphic symbol, character, and mascot for American rapper Kanye West. The bear was originally designed by graphic designer Sam Hansen, and was used in the album cover art, promotion, and music videos for West's first three studio albums, The College Dropout (2004), Late Registration (2005), and Graduation (2007).
Background
The Dropout bear was originally designed by graphic designer Sam Hansen. Its first commercial appearance came on the cover art for West's debut single "Through the Wire" in September 2003. The character would later appear on the cover art of West's debut studio album The College Dropout in February 2004. The album's cover was handled by art director Eric Duvauchelle of Roc-A-Fella Records, which depicts the Dropout bear in a school gymnasium, wearing a suit coat, red t-shirt, and jeans.
The Dropout bear suit also made an appearance in the music video for West's "The New Workout Plan" in 2004.
First redesign
The first redesign of the Dropout bear came with the development of West's sophomore album Late Registration.
Similar to the cover art of The College Dropout, the artwork on Late Registration features West's "Dropout Bear" mascot, showing it at a child's size and stood in the center of two large wooden doors at Princeton University. The mascot has goggle eyes, perky ears, and a collegian outfit, wearing a blazer with a school insignia. In the album booklet, Dropout Bear appears in the university, sitting alone in classrooms and reads books before exiting.
This design for the Dropout bear on Late Registration was carried over onto the cover art for West's live album Late Orchestration in 2006.
Second redesign and Takashi Murakami
The second redesign of the Dropout bear came with the development of West's third studio album Graduation.
West collaborated with Japanese contemporary artist Takashi Murakami to oversee the art direction of Graduation as well as design the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepenthes%20sp.%20Anipahan | Nepenthes'' sp. Anipahan is an undescribed tropical pitcher plant known only from Mount Anipahan in central Palawan, the Philippines, where it grows in upper montane forest at 1200–1400 m above sea level.McPherson, S.R. 2011. Comparison of the highland Palaweño Nepenthes. In: New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 364–381. It is very closely allied to N. leonardoi and may be conspecific with it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20association%20mapping | Nested association mapping (NAM) is a technique designed by the labs of Edward Buckler, James Holland, and Michael McMullen for identifying and dissecting the genetic architecture of complex traits in corn (Zea mays). It is important to note that nested association mapping (unlike association mapping) is a specific technique that cannot be performed outside of a specifically designed population such as the Maize NAM population,
the details of which are described below.
Theory behind NAM
NAM was created as a means of combining the advantages and eliminating the disadvantages of two traditional methods for identifying quantitative trait loci: linkage analysis and association mapping. Linkage analysis depends upon recent genetic recombination between two different plant lines (as the result of a genetic cross) to identify general regions of interest, with the advantage of requiring few genetic markers to ensure genome wide coverage and high statistical power per allele. Linkage analysis, however, has the disadvantages of low mapping resolution and low allele richness. Association mapping, by contrast, takes advantage of historic recombination, and is performed by scanning a genome for SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with a trait of interest. Association mapping has advantages over linkage analysis in that it can map with high resolution and has high allelic richness, however, it also requires extensive knowledge of SNPs within the genome and is thus only now becoming possible in diverse species such as maize.
NAM takes advantage of both historic and recent recombination events in order to have the advantages of low marker density requirements, high allele richness, high mapping resolution, and high statistical power, with none of the disadvantages of either linkage analysis or association mapping. In these regards, the NAM approach is similar in principle to the MAGIC lines and AMPRILs in Arabidopsis and the Collaborative Cross in mouse.
Creation of the maize NAM p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20Z%20Tools | The Community Z Tools (CZT) initiative is based around a SourceForge project to build a set of tools for the Z notation, a formal method useful in software engineering. Tools include support for editing, typechecking and animating Z specifications. There is some support for extensions such as Object-Z and TCOZ. The tools are built using the Java programming language.
CZT was proposed by Andrew Martin of Oxford University in 2001. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontella%20sinensis | Odontella sinensis, also known as the Chinese diatom, is a marine, unicellular species of diatom in the family Triceratiaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Mass%20Spectrometry%20Foundation | The International Mass Spectrometry Foundation (IMSF) is a non-profit scientific organization in the field of mass spectrometry. It operates the International Mass Spectrometry Society, which consists of 37 member societies and sponsors the International Mass Spectrometry Conference that is held once every two years.
Aims
The foundation has four aims:
organizing international conferences and workshops in mass spectrometry
improving mass spectrometry education
standardizing terminology in the field
aiding in the dissemination of mass spectrometry through publications
Conferences
Before the formation of the IMSF, the first International Mass Spectrometry Conference was held in London in 1958 and 41 papers were presented. Since then, conferences were held every three years until 2012, and every two years since. Conference proceedings are published in a book series, Advances in Mass Spectrometry, which is the oldest continuous series of publications in mass spectrometry. The International Mass Spectrometry Society evolved from this series of International Mass Spectrometry Conferences. The IMSF was officially registered in the Netherlands in 1998 following an agreement at the 1994 conference.
Past meetings were held in these locations:
Awards
The society sponsors several awards including the Curt Brunnée Award for achievements in instrumentation by a scientist under 45 years of age, the Thomson Medal Award for achievements in mass spectrometry, as well as travel awards and student paper awards:
Curt Brunnée Award winners:
See also
American Society for Mass Spectrometry
British Mass Spectrometry Society
Canadian Society for Mass Spectrometry
List of female mass spectrometrists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithfully%20flat%20descent | Faithfully flat descent is a technique from algebraic geometry, allowing one to draw conclusions about objects on the target of a faithfully flat morphism. Such morphisms, that are flat and surjective, are common, one example coming from an open cover.
In practice, from an affine point of view, this technique allows one to prove some statement about a ring or scheme after faithfully flat base change.
"Vanilla" faithfully flat descent is generally false; instead, faithfully flat descent is valid under some finiteness conditions (e.g., quasi-compact or locally of finite presentation).
A faithfully flat descent is a special case of Beck's monadicity theorem.
Idea
Given a faithfully flat ring homomorphism , the faithfully flat descent is, roughy, the statement that to give a module or an algebra over A is to give a module or an algebra over together with the so-called descent datum (or data). That is to say one can descend the objects (or even statements) on to provided some additional data.
For example, given some elements generating the unit ideal of A, is faithfully flat over . Geometrically, is an open cover of and so descending a module from to would mean gluing modules on to get a module on A; the descend datum in this case amounts to the gluing data; i.e., how are identified on overlaps .
Affine case
Let be a faithfully flat ring homomorphism. Given an -module , we get the -module and because is faithfully flat, we have the inclusion . Moreover, we have the isomorphism of -modules that is induced by the isomorphism and that satisfies the cocycle condition:
where are given as:
with . Note the isomorphisms are determined only by and do not involve
Now, the most basic form of faithfully flat descent says that the above construction can be reversed; i.e., given a -module and a -module isomorphism such that , an invariant submodule:
is such that .
Here is the precise definition of descent datum. Given a ring homomorphism , we writ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20ionization | Chemical ionization (CI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry. This was first introduced by Burnaby Munson and Frank H. Field in 1966. This technique is a branch of gaseous ion-molecule chemistry. Reagent gas molecules (often methane or ammonia) are ionized by electron ionization to form reagent ions, which subsequently react with analyte molecules in the gas phase to create analyte ions for analysis by mass spectrometry. Negative chemical ionization (NCI), charge-exchange chemical ionization, atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are some of the common variants of the technique. CI mass spectrometry finds general application in the identification, structure elucidation and quantitation of organic compounds as well as some utility in biochemical analysis. Samples to be analyzed must be in vapour form, or else (in the case of liquids or solids), must be vapourized before introduction into the source.
Principles of operation
The chemical ionization process generally imparts less energy to an analyte molecule than does electron impact (EI) ionization, resulting in less fragmentation and usually a simpler spectrum. The amount of fragmentation, and therefore the amount of structural information produced by the process can be controlled to some degree by selection of the reagent ion. In addition to some characteristic fragment ion peaks, a CI spectrum usually has an identifiable protonated molecular ion peak [M+1]+, allowing determination of the molecular mass. CI is thus useful as an alternative technique in cases where EI produces excessive fragmentation of the analyte, causing the molecular-ion peak to be weak or completely absent.
Instrumentation
The CI source design for a mass spectrometer is very similar to that of the EI source. To facilitate the reactions between the ions and molecules, the chamber is kept relatively gas tight at a pressure of about 1 torr. Electrons are produced ext |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadwiger%20conjecture%20%28combinatorial%20geometry%29 | In combinatorial geometry, the Hadwiger conjecture states that any convex body in n-dimensional Euclidean space can be covered by 2n or fewer smaller bodies homothetic with the original body, and that furthermore, the upper bound of 2n is necessary if and only if the body is a parallelepiped. There also exists an equivalent formulation in terms of the number of floodlights needed to illuminate the body.
The Hadwiger conjecture is named after Hugo Hadwiger, who included it on a list of unsolved problems in 1957; it was, however, previously studied by and independently, . Additionally, there is a different Hadwiger conjecture concerning graph coloring—and in some sources the geometric Hadwiger conjecture is also called the Levi–Hadwiger conjecture or the Hadwiger–Levi covering problem.
The conjecture remains unsolved even in three dimensions, though the two dimensional case was resolved by .
Formal statement
Formally, the Hadwiger conjecture is: If K is any bounded convex set in the n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, then there exists a set of 2n scalars si and a set of 2n translation vectors vi such that all si lie in the range 0 < si < 1, and
Furthermore, the upper bound is necessary iff K is a parallelepiped, in which case all 2n of the scalars may be chosen to be equal to 1/2.
Alternate formulation with illumination
As shown by Boltyansky, the problem is equivalent to one of illumination: how many floodlights must be placed outside of an opaque convex body in order to completely illuminate its exterior? For the purposes of this problem, a body is only considered to be illuminated if for each point of the boundary of the body, there is at least one floodlight that is separated from the body by all of the tangent planes intersecting the body on this point; thus, although the faces of a cube may be lit by only two floodlights, the planes tangent to its vertices and edges cause it to need many more lights in order for it to be fully illuminated. For any conve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAP47 | Synaptosome-associated protein, 47 kDal (SNAP47) is a human protein encoded by the SNAP47 gene. Other aliases of this gene are SVAP1, HEL170, ESFI5812, and HEL-S-290. SNAP47 is a synaptosome protein which is associated with the protein coding in multiple diseases, including non small cell lung cancer and schizophrenia. SNAP47 is a member of the SNAP protein family. SNAP proteins are t-snare proteins that are a component of SNARE complex. The SNARE complex mediates vesicle fusion by creating tight complex that brings vesicle and membrane together. This protein causes ubiquitous expression in testis, ovary, and many other tissues
Gene
The gene is located at 1q42.13, meaning on chromosome 1 on the long arm of the chromosome in region 42, sub region 13. There are a total of 13 exons and 12 introns. This gene spans 52,693 base pairs. It is encoded on the plus strand. The coordinates for this gene are 227728518-227781231. The gene is flanked by ZNF678 gene and PRSS38 gene on the chromosome while the same location on the minus strand JMJD4 gene.
Protein
The most common isoform of SNAP47 is 419 amino acids long. SNAP47 protein is a synaptosome associated protein. Its molecular weight has been found to be 47167 M. SNARE complex (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) includes syntaxin proteins, VAMP proteins and SNAP proteins. SNARE proteins are generally known to be related to vesicle fusion - mediating exocytosis or neurotransmitter release.
They have also been associated with BLOC-1 (biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1). Hippocampal neurons deficient in BLOC-1 suggest neurite outgrowth defects which when taken with association of SNARE leads to possible variants of genes encoding BLOC-1 - DTNBP1 - in Schizophrenia models.
Secondary structure
The secondary structure of SNAP47 has some long alpha helices intermixed with beta sheet and random coils. The alpha helix are placed at about amino acid 120-150 and amino acid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Facility%20for%20Food%20Irradiation%20Technology | The International Facility for Food Irradiation Technology (IFFIT) was a research and training centre at the Institute of Atomic Research in Agriculture in Wageningen, Netherlands, sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Aims
The organisation's aim was to address food loss and food safety in developing countries by speeding up the practical introduction of the food irradiation process. They achieved this by training initiatives, research and feasibility studies.
It was founded in 1978 and was operational until 1990, and during those twelve years over four hundred key personnel from over fifty countries were trained in aspects of food irradiation, making a significant contribution to the development and use of the radiation process. The Facility also co-ordinated research into the technology, economics and implementation of food irradiation, assisted in the assessment of the feasibility of using radiation to preserve foodstuffs, and evaluated trial shipments of irradiated material.
Facilities
The Facility had a pilot plant with a cobalt-60 source whose activity was , which was stored underwater. Drums or boxes containing products were placed on rotating tables or conveyor belts, and irradiation took place by raising the source out of the pool.
Details
During IFFIT's first five years of operation, 109 scientists from 40 countries attended six training courses, five of them being general training courses on food irradiation and the sixth being a specialised course on public health aspects. IFFIT also evaluated shipments of irradiated mangoes, spices, avocado, shrimp, onions and garlic, and produced 46 reports.
One trainee noted that Professor D. A. A. Mossel (1918–2004) assisted with the training courses with what he described as "remarkably suggestive lectures and his phenomenal foreign language abilities". From 1988 onwards, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20flow%20problem | In optimization theory, maximum flow problems involve finding a feasible flow through a flow network that obtains the maximum possible flow rate.
The maximum flow problem can be seen as a special case of more complex network flow problems, such as the circulation problem. The maximum value of an s-t flow (i.e., flow from source s to sink t) is equal to the minimum capacity of an s-t cut (i.e., cut severing s from t) in the network, as stated in the max-flow min-cut theorem.
History
The maximum flow problem was first formulated in 1954 by T. E. Harris and F. S. Ross as a simplified model of Soviet railway traffic flow.
In 1955, Lester R. Ford, Jr. and Delbert R. Fulkerson created the first known algorithm, the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm. In their 1955 paper, Ford and Fulkerson wrote that the problem of Harris and Ross is formulated as follows (see p. 5):Consider a rail network connecting two cities by way of a number of intermediate cities, where each link of the network has a number assigned to it representing its capacity. Assuming a steady state condition, find a maximal flow from one given city to the other.In their book Flows in Network, in 1962, Ford and Fulkerson wrote:It was posed to the authors in the spring of 1955 by T. E. Harris, who, in conjunction with General F. S. Ross (Ret.), had formulated a simplified model of railway traffic flow, and pinpointed this particular problem as the central one suggested by the model [11].where [11] refers to the 1955 secret report Fundamentals of a Method for Evaluating Rail net Capacities by Harris and Ross (see p. 5).
Over the years, various improved solutions to the maximum flow problem were discovered, notably the shortest augmenting path algorithm of Edmonds and Karp and independently Dinitz; the blocking flow algorithm of Dinitz; the push-relabel algorithm of Goldberg and Tarjan; and the binary blocking flow algorithm of Goldberg and Rao. The algorithms of Sherman and Kelner, Lee, Orecchia and Sidford, respective |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocladium | In taxonomy, Thermocladium is a genus of the Thermoproteaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, specifically the theory of elliptic functions, the nome is a special function that belongs to the non-elementary functions. This function is of great importance in the description of the elliptic functions, especially in the description of the modular identity of the Jacobi theta function, the Hermite elliptic transcendents and the Weber modular functions, that are used for solving equations of higher degrees.
Definition
The nome function is given by
where and are the quarter periods, and and are the fundamental pair of periods, and is the half-period ratio. The nome can be taken to be a function of any one of these quantities; conversely, any one of these quantities can be taken as functions of the nome. Each of them uniquely determines the others when . That is, when , the mappings between these various symbols are both 1-to-1 and onto, and so can be inverted: the quarter periods, the half-periods and the half-period ratio can be explicitly written as functions of the nome. For general with , is not a single-valued function of . Explicit expressions for the quarter periods, in terms of the nome, are given in the linked article.
Notationally, the quarter periods and are usually used only in the context of the Jacobian elliptic functions, whereas the half-periods and are usually used only in the context of Weierstrass elliptic functions. Some authors, notably Apostol, use and to denote whole periods rather than half-periods.
The nome is frequently used as a value with which elliptic functions and modular forms can be described; on the other hand, it can also be thought of as function, because the quarter periods are functions of the elliptic modulus : .
The complementary nome is given by
Sometimes the notation is used for the square of the nome.
The mentioned functions and are called complete elliptic integrals of the first kind. They are defined as follows:
Applications
The nome solves the following equation:
This analo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair%20tourniquet | Hair tourniquet is a condition where hair or thread becomes tightly wrapped around most commonly a toe, and occasionally a finger, genitals, or other body parts. This results in pain and swelling of the affected part. Complications can include tissue death due to lack of blood flow. It occurs most commonly among children around 4 months of age, though cases have been described in older children and adults.
Most cases occur accidentally. Risk factors may include autism and trichotillomania. The mechanism is believed to involve wet hair become wrapped around a body part and then tightening as it dries. Diagnosis involves examination of the entire child. Prevention is by keeping the parent's hair from contact with the baby such as by the parent keeping their hair brushed and back and washing the baby's clothing separately.
Treatment is with a substance that breaks down hair or cutting through the hair. The condition is rare. Males and females are equally frequently affected. The first medical description dates from 1832. In some cultures thread is tied around the penis of children with bedwetting or for luck.
Signs and symptoms
As this is a condition primarily of young children, symptoms are rarely reported. The child will become suddenly uncomfortable and miserable. As the digit is often inside a sock, the cause may not be clear.
The affected toe can no longer receive an adequate blood supply via the arteries, nor can blood be drained via the veins. The toe will therefore swell and turn blue, indicating ischemia.
The ligature will not stretch in response to the toe swelling and will therefore cut into the skin in more severe cases, like a cheese-wire.
Treatment
The ligature is cut or dissolved as quickly as possible. Often it is possible to lift a portion of it to enable cutting, but in a severe case the ligature must be cut through the skin. This is, of course, injurious to the child, but may prevent loss of the digit. It must take place on the side of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grypania | Grypania is an early, tube-shaped fossil from the Proterozoic eon. The organism, with a size over one centimeter and consistent form, could have been a giant bacterium, a bacterial colony, or a eukaryotic alga. The oldest probable Grypania fossils date to about 2100 million years ago (redated from the previous 1870 million) and the youngest extended into the Ediacaran period. This implies that the time range of this taxon extended for 1200 million years. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitfinex | Bitfinex is a cryptocurrency exchange owned and operated by iFinex Inc, and is registered in the British Virgin Islands. Bitfinex was founded in 2012. It was originally a peer-to-peer Bitcoin exchange, and later added support for other cryptocurrencies.
Bitfinex was one of the first professional platforms built for cryptocurrency trading. It offers high-volume trading and both spot and derivatives products, including exchange trading, margin trading, margin funding (P2P lending), over-the-counter markets, and derivatives trading.
History
2012: Early history
Bitfinex was founded in December 2012 as a peer-to-peer Bitcoin exchange offering digital asset trading services to users worldwide. Bitfinex initially started as a P2P margin lending platform for Bitcoin and later added support for more cryptocurrencies. It was one of the first professional platforms built for cryptocurrency trading.
Raphael Nicolle, an IT technician from Paris, launched Bitfinex following a previous project called Bitcoinica. He continued to work as a developer for the platform until the beginning of 2017.
Bitfinex was designed to offer high-volume trading and both spot and derivatives products, including exchange trading, margin trading, margin funding (P2P lending), over-the-counter markets, and derivatives trading.
2015–2016: New partnership and security breach
In 2015, Bitfinex partnered with Palo Alto company BitGo to offer highly-secured "wallets" that allow people to store their digital currencies online. BitGo has insurance against Bitcoin theft.
In May 2015, the exchange was hacked, which resulted in the loss of 1,500 Bitcoins or about $400,000 USD of their customers' assets.
In June 2016, the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission ordered Bitfinex to pay a $75,000 fine for offering illegal off-exchanged financed commodity transactions. The order also found that Bitfinex violated the Commodity Exchange Act by not registering as a Futures Commission Merchant.
2016 hack
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary%20variable | In computer programming, a temporary variable is a variable with short lifetime, usually to hold data that will soon be discarded, or before it can be placed at a more permanent memory location. Because it is short-lived, it is usually declared as a local variable, i.e., a variable with local scope. There is no formal definition of what makes a variable temporary, but it is an often-used term in programming.
A typical example would be that of swapping the contents of two variables. Temporary variables, along with XOR swaps and arithmetic operators, are one of three main ways to exchange the contents of two variables. To swap the contents of variables "a" and "b" one would typically use a temporary variable temp as follows, so as to preserve the data from a as it is being overwritten by b:
temp := a
a := b
b := temp
Temporary variables are usually named with identifiers that abbreviate the word temporary, such as temp, tmp or simply t, or
with common metasyntactic variable names, the most common of which are foo, bar, baz (see also foobar).
Computer hardware is designed to exploit the behaviour of temporary data: a cache or register file may contain temporaries internally to a microprocessor, such that they never need to be committed to main memory (hence consuming no external memory bandwidth).
See also
Temporary folder
Temporary file
Temporary filesystem
Variable (computer science) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilic%20vein | The basilic vein is a large superficial vein of the upper limb that helps drain parts of the hand and forearm. It originates on the medial (ulnar) side of the dorsal venous network of the hand and travels up the base of the forearm, where its course is generally visible through the skin as it travels in the subcutaneous fat and fascia lying superficial to the muscles. The basilic vein terminates by uniting with the brachial veins to form the axillary vein.
Anatomy
Course
As it ascends the medial side of the biceps in the arm proper (between the elbow and shoulder), the basilic vein normally perforates the brachial fascia (deep fascia) superior to the medial epicondyle, or even as high as mid-arm.
Tributaries and anastomoses
Near the region anterior to the cubital fossa (in the bend of the elbow joint), the basilic vein usually communicates with the cephalic vein (the other large superficial vein of the upper extremity) via the median cubital vein. The layout of superficial veins in the forearm is highly variable from person to person, and there is a profuse network of unnamed superficial veins that the basilic vein communicates with.
Around the inferior border of the teres major muscle and just proximal to the basilic vein's termination, the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral veins drain into it.
Clinical significance
Venipuncture
Along with other superficial veins in the forearm, the basilic vein is an acceptable site for venipuncture. Nevertheless, IV nurses sometimes refer to the basilic vein as the "virgin vein", since with the arm typically supinated during phlebotomy the basilic vein below the elbow becomes awkward to access, and is therefore infrequently used.
Venous grafts
Vascular surgeons sometimes utilize the basilic vein to create an AV (arteriovenous) fistula or AV graft for hemodialysis access in patients with kidney failure.
Additional images
See also
Cephalic vein
Median cubital vein
External links
Illustration |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20Statistics | Spatial Statistics is an academic journal published by Elsevier about spatial statistics.
Its editor-in-chief is Alfred Stein;
its 2018 impact factor is 1.219. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clicker.com | Clicker was an Internet video directory and search company based in Los Angeles, California. Their website aimed to be the TV Guide for all full episodes of programs available to watch on the Web. It is owned by CBS Interactive.
Clicker indexed only legal video that is streamable online. It did not host any content, instead focusing on helping users discover and navigate to professional content hosted by rights-holders. While much of the streaming video content Clicker indexes was available for free, Clicker also pointed to paid services like Amazon Video-on-Demand, iTunes and Netflix Watch Instantly. Clicker also began indexing Comcast Xfinity, Comcast's online library of TV shows and movies, in August 2010.
In addition to search and directory services, Clicker offered DVR-like features that enabled users to subscribe to shows and track when programs became available online. Additionally, Clicker offered many social features for sharing programming information on Facebook pages and Twitter. In July 2010, Clicker launched Clicker Social, which brought social discovery to the online television guide and let users share what they were watching, follow their friends, recommend shows and movies, and earn awards from content partners like HBO, PBS, Showtime, Crackle, Revision3, Snag Films, NCAA Vault and more.
In April, Clicker launched its iPad Edition. Users who visit the site from their iPad will be automatically redirected to a special version of Clicker that provides a complete programming guide for the iPad, making it easy for iPad users to find what broadcast-quality programming is available to watch and what's not. Clicker also has mobile apps for the iPhone and Android devices which let users check-in to share what they're watching, find programming to watch on their phone, and manage their Playlist.
History
Clicker received an $8 million Series A investment in October 2008 from investors Benchmark Capital and Redpoint Ventures, and an $11 million Series |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabiaugmented%20dodecahedron | In geometry, the metabiaugmented dodecahedron is one of the Johnson solids (). It can be viewed as a dodecahedron with two pentagonal pyramids () attached to two faces that are separated by one face. (The two faces are not opposite, but not adjacent either.) When pyramids are attached to a dodecahedron in other ways, they may result in an augmented dodecahedron (), a parabiaugmented dodecahedron (), a triaugmented dodecahedron (), or even a pentakis dodecahedron if the faces are made to be irregular.
External links
Johnson solids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersociety%20Council%20for%20Pathology%20Information | The Intersociety Council for Pathology Information (ICPI) is a nonprofit educational organization that provides information about academic paths and career options in medical and research pathology.
Directory of Pathology Training Programs in the United States and Canada
ICPI publishes the annual Directory of Pathology Training Programs in the United States and Canada and a companion online searchable directory.
Career Development Resources
The Pathology: A Career in Medicine brochure describes the role of a pathologist in medical, research, and academic settings.
Pathology: A Career in Medicine
Sponsors
ICPI is sponsored by five charter pathology societies and twelve Associate member societies in North America.
Awards and Grants
Travel Awards support participation of medical students, graduate students, residents, and fellows in the scientific meetings of its sponsoring societies.
Career Outreach Grants promote awareness of pathology to the public, media, students, and professional and educational organizations.
The Medical Student Interest Group Matching Grants (MSIGs) encourages medical students to consider pathology as a career by providing funds to pathology departments to support MSIGs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferol%203-O-rutinoside | Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside is a bitter-tasting flavonol glycoside. It can be isolated from the rhizomes of the fern Selliguea feei. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque%20hybridization | Plaque hybridization is a technique used in Molecular biology for the identification of recombinant phages.
The procedure can also be used for the detection of differentially represented repetitive DNA.
The technique (similar to colony hybridization) involves hybridizing isolated phage DNA to a label probe for the gene of study. This is followed by autoradiography to detect the position of the label.
The plaque hybridization procedure has some advantages over colony hybridization due to the smaller and well defined area of the filter to which the DNA binds. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STD%20Bus | The STD Bus is a computer bus that was used primarily for industrial control systems, but has also found applications in computing. The STD Bus has also been designated as STD-80, referring to its relation to the Zilog Z80 series microprocessors. The term STD is in reference to "standard", but several marketing terms were also promulgated, including simple to design, simple to debug, and swift to deliver.
Description
The STD Bus uses 6.5" by 4.5" expansion card with an edge connector with 56 pins. Many different types of cards have been available for the STD Bus, from processing cards, RAM cards, I/O cards, and specialized cards for various applications.
The use of the STD bus has declined. From the over one hundred manufacturers of components during its peak, vendor numbers have dwindled to under a dozen, but it is still used by hobbyists, manufacturers and in industrial applications.
Connector pin assignments
The STD Bus has a card edge connector with 56 contacts. The pin configuration is as follows. Flow is relative using a STD Bus processor card.
Applications
A focus of the STD bus was its ability to build a system using the exact bus cards required for an application. The compact size of a card made the STD bus system more adaptable to various applications than the contemporary computer buses of the mid-1980s such as the S-100 and the SS-50, because it could use servo control cards along with a fully programmable computer for mathematical operations.
In applications for running an astronomical observatory, the large industrial base of cards, and the system's expandability, made the system desirable for use in a photometry lab to control the telescope as well as do the data logging and computations required.
In typical university laboratory settings of the mid - late 80's, STD bus data acquisition systems were commonplace using Z80 or similar processor cards for the data capture, processing and control, parallel I/O cards for experiment control as well as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticulate%20evolution | Reticulate evolution, or network evolution is the origination of a lineage through the partial merging of two ancestor lineages, leading to relationships better described by a phylogenetic network than a bifurcating tree. Reticulate patterns can be found in the phylogenetic reconstructions of biodiversity lineages obtained by comparing the characteristics of organisms. Reticulation processes can potentially be convergent and divergent at the same time. Reticulate evolution indicates the lack of independence between two evolutionary lineages. Reticulation affects survival, fitness and speciation rates of species.
Reticulate evolution can happen between lineages separated only for a short time, for example through hybrid speciation in a species complex. Nevertheless, it also takes place over larger evolutionary distances, as exemplified by the presence of organelles of bacterial origin in eukaryotic cells.
Reticulation occurs at various levels: at a chromosomal level, meiotic recombination causes evolution to be reticulate; at a species level, reticulation arises through hybrid speciation and horizontal gene transfer; and at a population level, sexual recombination causes reticulation.
The adjective reticulate stems from the Latin words reticulatus, "having a net-like pattern" from reticulum, "little net."
Underlying mechanisms and processes
Since the nineteenth century, scientists from different disciplines have studied how reticulate evolution occurs. Researchers have increasingly succeeded in identifying these mechanisms and processes. It has been found to be driven by symbiosis, symbiogenesis (endosymbiosis), lateral gene transfer, hybridization and infectious heredity.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis is a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Often, both of the organisms involved develop new features upon the interaction with the other organism. This may lead to the development of new, distinct organisms. The alterati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Ch%C3%A2telet%20%28mathematician%29 | François Châtelet (11 September 1912 – 19 April 1987, age 75) was a mathematician at the Université de Besançon who introduced the Weil–Châtelet group and Châtelet surfaces. His father was the mathematician Albert Châtelet. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Feynman%20diagrams | This is a list of common Feynman diagrams.
Particle physics
Physics-related lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLITRK1 | SLITRK1 ("SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 1") is a human gene that codes for a transmembrane and signalling protein that is part of the SLITRK gene family, which is responsible for synapse regulation and presynaptic differentiation in the brain. Expression of the gene has been linked to early formation of excitatory synapses through binding with receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP (LAR-RPTP). Various studies over the years have linked mutations in the gene to conditions on the OCD spectrum, Tourette syndrome and trichotillomania, however the mutations in the genome itself vary greatly between individuals, with most mutations observed being hard to find in repeat studies.
Members of the SLITRK family, such as SLITRK1, are integral membrane proteins with 2 N-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains similar to those of SLIT proteins (see SLIT1; MIM 603742). Most SLITRKs, but not SLITRK1, also have C-terminal regions that share homology with neurotrophin receptors (see NTRK1; MIM 191315). SLITRKs are expressed predominantly in neural tissues and have neurite-modulating activity (Aruga et al., 2003).
Gene
The gene for SLITRK1 is located on chromosome 13q31.1. The gene is expressed only in the brain of humans. The mRNA can differ from alternative splicing, and contains domains for the extracellular matrix as well as for the LRRs. Mice contain an ortholog of the gene called Slitrk1.
Protein structure
SLITRK1 contains 2 horseshoe shaped leucine rich repeat domains (LRRs) in its extracellular domain which are vital to its function. The LRRs have 6 modules each and are connected by a 70-90 amino acid loops. LRR1 is a more conserved sequence and is present as a dimer while LRR2 is a monomer and has a more variable sequence. The conserved sequence of LRR1 contains critical binding pockets and specific charged residues that are important for it to carry out its function of binding to LAR-RPTPs on the N-terminus. Both LRR sequences are randomly positioned on the protein a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermohaline%20circulation | Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. The adjective thermohaline derives from thermo- referring to temperature and referring to salt content, factors which together determine the density of sea water. Wind-driven surface currents (such as the Gulf Stream) travel polewards from the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, cooling en route, and eventually sinking at high latitudes (forming North Atlantic Deep Water). This dense water then flows into the ocean basins. While the bulk of it upwells in the Southern Ocean, the oldest waters (with a transit time of about 1000 years) upwell in the North Pacific. Extensive mixing therefore takes place between the ocean basins, reducing differences between them and making the Earth's oceans a global system. The water in these circuits transport both energy (in the form of heat) and mass (dissolved solids and gases) around the globe. As such, the state of the circulation has a large impact on the climate of the Earth.
The thermohaline circulation is sometimes called the ocean conveyor belt, the great ocean conveyor, or the global conveyor belt, coined by climate scientist Wallace Smith Broecker. On occasion, it is used to refer to the meridional overturning circulation (often abbreviated as MOC). The term MOC is more accurate and well defined, as it is difficult to separate the part of the circulation which is driven by temperature and salinity alone as opposed to other factors such as the wind and tidal forces.
Moreover, temperature and salinity gradients can also lead to circulation effects that are not included in the MOC itself.
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation (AMOC) is part of a global thermohaline circulation.
Overview
The movement of surface currents pushed by the wind is fairly intuitive. For example, the wind easily produces ripples on the surface of a pond. Thus, the deep ocean—devo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20risk | The ICUN has many ranks that define an animal's population and risk of extinction. Species are classified into one of nine Red List Categories: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data Deficient, and Not Evaluated. They formerly used a identification called "lower risk" to describe some animals.
The ICUN defines an animal with the conservation status of lower risk is one with populations levels high enough to ensure its survival. Animals with this status do not qualify as being threatened or extinct. However, natural disasters or certain human activities would cause them to change to either of these classifications.
When it was in use, this classification was sub-divided into three types:
Conservation dependent - where cessation of current conservation measures may result in it being classified at a higher risk level.
Near threatened - may become vulnerable to endangerment in the near future but not meeting the criteria.
Least concern - where neither of the two above apply.
See also
Biodiversity action plan
Endangered species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouse%20model | The Rouse model is frequently used in polymer physics.
The Rouse model describes the conformational dynamics of an ideal chain. In this model, the single chain diffusion is represented by Brownian motion of beads connected by harmonic springs. There are no excluded volume interactions between the beads and each bead is subjected to a random thermal force and a drag force as in Langevin dynamics. This model was proposed by Prince E. Rouse in 1953. The mathematical formalism of the dynamics of Rouse model is described here.
An important extension to include hydrodynamic interactions mediated by the solvent between different parts of the chain was worked out by Bruno Zimm in 1956. Whilst the Rouse model applies to polymer melts, the Zimm model applies to polymer in solution where the hydrodynamic interaction is not screened. In solution, the Rouse-Zimm model predicts D~1/Nν which is consistent with the experiments.
In a polymer melt, the Rouse model correctly predicts long-time diffusion only for chains shorter than the entanglement length. For long chains with noticeable entanglement, the Rouse model holds only up to a crossover time τe. For longer times the chain can only move within a tube formed by the surrounding chains. This slow motion is usually approximated by the reptation model. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Giusti | Enrico Giusti (born Priverno, 1940), is an Italian mathematician mainly known for his contributions to the fields of calculus of variations, regularity theory of partial differential equations, minimal surfaces and history of mathematics. He has been professor of mathematics at the Università di Firenze; he also taught and conducted research at the Australian National University at Canberra, at the Stanford University and at the University of California, Berkeley. After retirement, he devoted himself to the managing of the "Giardino di Archimede", a museum entirely dedicated to mathematics and its applications. Giusti is also the editor-in-chief of the international journal, dedicated to the history of mathematics "Bollettino di storia delle scienze matematiche".
One of the most famous results of Giusti, is the one obtained with Enrico Bombieri and Ennio De Giorgi, concerning the minimality of Simons' cones, and allowing to disprove the validity of Bernstein's theorem in dimension larger than 8. The work on minimal surfaces was mentioned in the citation of the Fields medal eventually awarded to Bombieri in 1974.
Giusti has a sustained interest in the history of mathematics, e.g. the mathematics of Pierre de Fermat (see Giusti 2009). He is currently the director of the Garden of Archimedes, a museum devoted to mathematics in Florence, Italy.
Awards
Giusti won the Caccioppoli Prize of the Italian Mathematical Union in 1978 and in 2003 was awarded with the national medal for mathematics by the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze (dei XL).
Selected publications
"Minimal cones and the Bernstein problem" (with E. Bombieri e E. De Giorgi), Inventiones Mathematicae 7 (1969) 243–268
"Harnack's inequality for elliptic differential equations on minimal surfaces" (with E. Bombieri), Inventiones Mathematicae 15 (1972), 24–46
.
"On the equation of surfaces of prescribed mean curvature. Existence and uniqueness without boundary conditions", Inventiones Mathematicae 46 (1978), 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya%20%28walrus%29 | Freya was a young female walrus who appeared along the coasts of several western European countries (the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway) from October 2021 until her death on 14 August 2022. A rare sighting in the areas where she appeared, she attracted the attention of wildlife enthusiasts and the wider public. In the summer of 2022, after sunbathing on and sinking boats in the Oslofjord, she was shot after concerns about her and the public's safety. She weighed approximately . The decision to kill Freya was criticised by many wildlife experts.
Name
Freya was nicknamed after Freyja, the Norse goddess of love and beauty. The name was chosen by Frisian broadcaster Omrop Fryslân, after being spotted near Terschelling, from over 2,000 submissions from their audience.
Biography
Although she might have been seen elsewhere as early as 2019, Freya was first spotted and subsequently named in October 2021 resting on top of the Dutch . She was the first walrus to visit the Netherlands in 23 years; walruses usually live several hundred miles north in the Arctic. In December 2021, she was seen relaxing on a salmon farm cage near the island of Vementry in Shetland. Before this, Freya had been spotted off the coasts of Denmark, Germany, and Northumberland in England. She was identifiable by a pink spot on her nose, as well as her small tusks and an old injury on her flipper, making her distinguishable from other wandering walruses Wally and Stena.
Scientists suspect that Freya originally lived on Svalbard in Norway, some away from Oslo. Caroline Radnofsky of the American NBC News speculated that climate change in the Arctic, which causes the ice cover to melt and thus increases competition for food, might have been a reason for Freya to stray so far from her natural habitat.
In the summer of 2022, Freya had become known for hauling out on and occasionally sinking boats in the Oslofjord in order to sunbathe. Due to the attention from t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procambarus%20angustatus | Procambarus angustatus was a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It was only known from the type specimen, described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1856. He reported that it "lives in lesser Georgia, in the rivulets of pure water which flow between little sand hills". It was endemic to the U. S. state of Georgia, but is now believed to be extinct. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozow | Ozow, previously known as i-Pay, is a fintech company based in South Africa.
The company provides a variety of online payment services for South African businesses and consumers.
History
Established in 2014, Ozow has headquarters in Johannesburg and Cape Town, South Africa. It was co-founded by Thomas Pays, Mitchan Adams and Lyle Eckstein. Ozow has developed and currently operates an online automated Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) payment gateway in South Africa.
Ozow is accessible to all who have an internet banking profile and allows for instant payments across all smart mobile and desktop devices. On March 5, 2020, the company achieved a milestone of R10 billion in transactions processed.
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic the company experienced increased huge demand for their services as large numbers of South Africans turned to online purchases amidst widespread lockdowns.
In November 2020, the company processed R1 billion in transactions in the month, including over Black Friday. The single biggest transaction processed was R500 000.
Investments
Kalon Venture Partners invested in the company during early funding rounds of the business. In June 2019, Ozow raised follow-on funding from Kalon Venture Partners as part of a larger Series A round.
In November 2021, the company announced a $48 million Series B funding round led by Tencent. The investment round also included Endeavor Catalyst and Endeavor Harvest Fund. Notably, Endeavor Catalyst’s investment committee approval was chaired by Reid Hoffman, partner at Greycroft, and co-founder and former executive chairman of LinkedIn.
Services
Ozow offers consumers card-free services whereby they are able to access their accounts using internet banking. Ozow uses a payment gateway to provide customers with payments. No registration is required and all customers need is an internet banking profile. Customers who pay through Ozow only pay the merchant. There are no other fees.
There are no charge backs on payments. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz%20gauge%20condition | In electromagnetism, the Lorenz gauge condition or Lorenz gauge (after Ludvig Lorenz) is a partial gauge fixing of the electromagnetic vector potential by requiring The name is frequently confused with Hendrik Lorentz, who has given his name to many concepts in this field. The condition is Lorentz invariant. The Lorenz gauge condition does not completely determine the gauge: one can still make a gauge transformation where is the four-gradient and is any harmonic scalar function: that is, a scalar function obeying the equation of a massless scalar field.
The Lorenz gauge condition is used to eliminate the redundant spin-0 component in Maxwell's equations when these are used to describe a massless spin-1 quantum field. It is also used for massive spin-1 fields where the concept of gauge transformations does not apply at all.
Description
In electromagnetism, the Lorenz condition is generally used in calculations of time-dependent electromagnetic fields through retarded potentials. The condition is
where is the four-potential, the comma denotes a partial differentiation and the repeated index indicates that the Einstein summation convention is being used. The condition has the advantage of being Lorentz invariant. It still leaves substantial gauge degrees of freedom.
In ordinary vector notation and SI units, the condition is
where is the magnetic vector potential and is the electric potential; see also gauge fixing.
In Gaussian units the condition is
A quick justification of the Lorenz gauge can be found using Maxwell's equations and the relation between the magnetic vector potential and the magnetic field:
Therefore,
Since the curl is zero, that means there is a scalar function such that
This gives a well known equation for the electric field:
This result can be plugged into the Ampère–Maxwell equation,
This leaves
To have Lorentz invariance, the time derivatives and spatial derivatives must be treated equally (i.e. of the same order). Therefor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbadox | Carbadox is a veterinary drug that combats infection in swine, particularly swine dysentery.
Indications
Carbadox is indicated for control of swine dysentery (vibrionic dysentery, bloody scours, or hemorrhagic dysentery); control of bacterial swine enteritis (salmonellosis or necrotic enteritis caused by Salmonella enterica); aid in the prevention of migration and establishment of large roundworm (Ascaris suum) infections; aid in the prevention of establishment of nodular worm (Oesophagostomum) infections.
Safety
In animal models, carbadox has been shown to be carcinogenic and to induce birth defects. The Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine has questioned the safety in light of its possible carcinogenicity.
Regulation
Carbadox is approved in the United States only for use in swine and may not be used within 42 days of slaughter or used in pregnant animals. In 2016, the United States Food and Drug Administration moved to ban its use in pork, citing a potential cancer risk to humans. However, as of August 2018, FDA had indefinitely stayed its withdrawal of approval and carbadox remains available.
In 2004, carbadox was banned by the Canadian government as a livestock feed additive and for human consumption. The European Union also forbids the use of carbadox at any level. Australia forbids the use of carbadox in food producing animals. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staircase%20paradox | In mathematical analysis, the staircase paradox is a pathological example showing that limits of curves do not necessarily preserve their length. It consists of a sequence of "staircase" polygonal chains in a unit square, formed from horizontal and vertical line segments of decreasing length, so that these staircases converge uniformly to the diagonal of the square. However, each staircase has length two, while the length of the diagonal is the square root of 2, so the sequence of staircase lengths does not converge to the length of the diagonal. Martin Gardner calls this "an ancient geometrical paradox". It shows that, for curves under uniform convergence, the length of a curve is not a continuous function of the curve.
For any smooth curve, polygonal chains with segment lengths decreasing to zero, connecting consecutive vertices along the curve, always converge to the arc length. The failure of the staircase curves to converge to the correct length can be explained by the fact that some of their vertices do not lie on the diagonal. In higher dimensions, the Schwarz lantern provides an analogous example showing that polyhedral surfaces that converge pointwise to a curved surface do not necessarily converge to its area, even when the vertices all lie on the surface.
As well as highlighting the need for careful definitions of arc length in mathematics education, the paradox has applications in digital geometry, where it motivates methods of estimating the perimeter of pixelated shapes that do not merely sum the lengths of boundaries between pixels.
See also
Aliasing, a more general phenomenon of inaccuracies caused by pixelation
Cantor staircase, a fractal curve along the diagonal of a unit square
Taxicab geometry, in which the lengths of the staircases and of the diagonal are equal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RUN%20domain | The RUN domain is an evolutionary conserved protein–protein binding protein domain. They often interact with GTPases and could play a role in multiple Ras-like GTPase signalling pathways.
This domain is present in several proteins that are linked to the functions of GTPases in the Rap and Rab families. They could hence play important roles in multiple Ras-like GTPase signaling pathways. The domain comprises six conserved regions, which in some proteins have considerable insertions between them. The domain core is thought to take up a predominantly alpha fold, with basic amino acids in regions A and D possibly playing a functional role in interactions with Ras GTPases.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
LOC440456;
PLEKHM1; PLEKHM2;
RAB6IP1; RPIB9; RPIP8; RUFY1; RUFY2; RUFY3; RUFY4; RUNDC1; RUNDC2A; RUNDC3B; RUSC1; RUSC2;
SGSM1; SGSM2; SGSM3; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20range | In medicine and health-related fields, a reference range or reference interval is the range or the interval of values that is deemed normal for a physiological measurement in healthy persons (for example, the amount of creatinine in the blood, or the partial pressure of oxygen). It is a basis for comparison for a physician or other health professional to interpret a set of test results for a particular patient. Some important reference ranges in medicine are reference ranges for blood tests and reference ranges for urine tests.
The standard definition of a reference range (usually referred to if not otherwise specified) originates in what is most prevalent in a reference group taken from the general (i.e. total) population. This is the general reference range. However, there are also optimal health ranges (ranges that appear to have the optimal health impact) and ranges for particular conditions or statuses (such as pregnancy reference ranges for hormone levels).
Values within the reference range (WRR) are those within normal limits (WNL). The limits are called the upper reference limit (URL) or upper limit of normal (ULN) and the lower reference limit (LRL) or lower limit of normal (LLN). In health care–related publishing, style sheets sometimes prefer the word reference over the word normal to prevent the nontechnical senses of normal from being conflated with the statistical sense. Values outside a reference range are not necessarily pathologic, and they are not necessarily abnormal in any sense other than statistically. Nonetheless, they are indicators of probable pathosis. Sometimes the underlying cause is obvious; in other cases, challenging differential diagnosis is required to determine what is wrong and thus how to treat it.
A cutoff or threshold is a limit used for binary classification, mainly between normal versus pathological (or probably pathological). Establishment methods for cutoffs include using an upper or a lower limit of a reference range.
S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelter%20Island%20Conference | The first Shelter Island Conference on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics was held from June 2–4, 1947 at the Ram's Head Inn in Shelter Island, New York. Shelter Island was the first major opportunity since Pearl Harbor and the Manhattan Project for the leaders of the American physics community to gather after the war. As Julian Schwinger would later recall, "It was the first time that people who had all this physics pent up in them for five years could talk to each other without somebody peering over their shoulders and saying, 'Is this cleared?'"
The conference, which cost $850, was followed by the Pocono Conference of 1948 and the Oldstone Conference of 1949. They were arranged with the assistance of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Later Oppenheimer deemed Shelter Island the most successful scientific meeting he had ever attended; and as Richard Feynman recalled to Jagdish Mehra in April 1970: "There have been many conferences in the world since, but I've never felt any to be as important as this.... The Shelter Island Conference was my first conference with the big men.... I had never gone to one like this in peacetime."
Organization
The conference was conceived by Duncan A. MacInnes, a electrochemistry researcher at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Once the president of the New York Academy of Sciences, MacInnes had already organized a number of small scientific conferences. However, he believed that the later conferences had suffered from a bloated attendance, and over this issue, he resigned from the academy in January 1945. That fall, he approached the NAS with the idea of a series of 2–3 day conferences limited to 20–25 people. Frank Jewett, the head of the NAS, liked the idea; he envisioned a "meeting at some quiet place where the men could live together intimately", possibly "at an inn somewhere", and suggested that MacInnes focus on a couple of pilot programs. MacInnes' first choice was "The Nature of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essbase | Essbase is a multidimensional database management system (MDBMS) that provides a platform upon which to build analytic applications. Essbase began as a product from Arbor Software, which merged with Hyperion Software in 1998. Oracle Corporation acquired Hyperion Solutions Corporation in 2007. Until late 2005 IBM also marketed an OEM version of Essbase as DB2 OLAP Server.
The database researcher E. F. Codd coined the term "on-line analytical processing" (OLAP) in a whitepaper
that set out twelve rules for analytic systems (an allusion to his earlier famous set of twelve rules defining the relational model). This whitepaper, published by Computerworld, was somewhat explicit in its reference to Essbase features, and when it was later discovered that Codd had been sponsored by Arbor Software, Computerworld withdrew the paper.
In contrast to "on-line transaction processing" (OLTP), OLAP defines a database technology optimized for processing human queries rather than transactions. The results of this orientation were that multidimensional databases oriented their performance requirements around a different set of benchmarks (Analytic Performance Benchmark, APB-1) than that of RDBMS (Transaction Processing Performance Council [TPC]).
Hyperion renamed many of its products in 2005, giving Essbase an official name of Hyperion System 9 BI+ Analytic Services, but the new name was largely ignored by practitioners. The Essbase brand was later returned to the official product name for marketing purposes, but the server software still carried the "Analytic Services" title until it was incorporated into Oracle's Business Intelligence Foundation Suite (BIFS) product.
In August 2005, Information Age magazine named Essbase as one of the 10 most influential technology innovations of the previous 10 years, along with Netscape, the BlackBerry, Google, virtualization, Voice Over IP (VOIP), Linux, XML, the Pentium processor, and ADSL. Editor Kenny MacIver said: "Hyperion Essbase was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive%20closure | In mathematics, the transitive closure of a homogeneous binary relation on a set is the smallest relation on that contains and is transitive. For finite sets, "smallest" can be taken in its usual sense, of having the fewest related pairs; for infinite sets is the unique minimal transitive superset of .
For example, if is a set of airports and means "there is a direct flight from airport to airport " (for and in ), then the transitive closure of on is the relation such that means "it is possible to fly from to in one or more flights".
More formally, the transitive closure of a binary relation on a set is the smallest (w.r.t. ⊆) transitive relation on such that ⊆ ; see . We have = if, and only if, itself is transitive.
Conversely, transitive reduction adduces a minimal relation from a given relation such that they have the same closure, that is, ; however, many different with this property may exist.
Both transitive closure and transitive reduction are also used in the closely related area of graph theory.
Transitive relations and examples
A relation R on a set X is transitive if, for all x, y, z in X, whenever and then . Examples of transitive relations include the equality relation on any set, the "less than or equal" relation on any linearly ordered set, and the relation "x was born before y" on the set of all people. Symbolically, this can be denoted as: if and then .
One example of a non-transitive relation is "city x can be reached via a direct flight from city y" on the set of all cities. Simply because there is a direct flight from one city to a second city, and a direct flight from the second city to the third, does not imply there is a direct flight from the first city to the third. The transitive closure of this relation is a different relation, namely "there is a sequence of direct flights that begins at city x and ends at city y". Every relation can be extended in a similar way to a transitive relation.
An example |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fountain%20of%20Age | The Fountain of Age is a book written by Betty Friedan, who also wrote The Feminine Mystique. It is a study of aging and how people face aging.
External links
Booknotes interview with Friedan on Fountain of Age, November 28, 1993.
Geriatrics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulus%20%28zoology%29 | In zoology, an annulus is an external circular ring. Annuli are commonly found in segmented animals such as earthworms and leeches. The bodies of these annelids are externally marked by annuli that are arranged in series with each other.
An annulus may also be an indication of growth in certain species, similar to dendrochronology. For example, in fish, it is a series of concentric rings (or annuli) formed in the scales of bony fish. In bivalve mollusks, annuli are concentric growth rings in their shells. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonating%20valence%20bond%20theory | In condensed matter physics, the resonating valence bond theory (RVB) is a theoretical model that attempts to describe high-temperature superconductivity, and in particular the superconductivity in cuprate compounds. It was first proposed by an American physicist P. W. Anderson and Indian theoretical physicist Ganapathy Baskaran in 1987. The theory states that in copper oxide lattices, electrons from neighboring copper atoms interact to form a valence bond, which locks them in place. However, with doping, these electrons can act as mobile Cooper pairs and are able to superconduct. Anderson observed in his 1987 paper that the origins of superconductivity in doped cuprates was in the Mott insulator nature of crystalline copper oxide. RVB builds on the Hubbard and t-J models used in the study of strongly correlated materials.
In 2014, evidence showing that fractional particles can happen in quasi two-dimensional magnetic materials, was found by EPFL scientists lending support for Anderson's theory of high-temperature superconductivity.
Description
The physics of Mott insulators is described by the repulsive Hubbard model Hamiltonian:
In 1971, Anderson first suggested that this Hamiltonian can have a non-degenerate ground state that is composed of disordered spin states. Shortly after the high-temperature superconductors were discovered, Anderson and Kivelson et al. proposed a resonating valence bond ground state for these materials, written as
where represented a covering of a lattice by nearest neighbor dimers. Each such covering is weighted equally. In a mean field approximation, the RVB state can be written in terms of a Gutzwiller projection, and displays a superconducting phase transition per the Kosterlitz–Thouless mechanism. However, a rigorous proof for the existence of a superconducting ground state in either the Hubbard or the t-J Hamiltonian is not yet known. Further the stability of the RVB ground state has not yet been confirmed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatherium | Phosphatherium escuillei is a basal proboscidean that lived from the Late Paleocene to the early stages of the Ypresian age until the early Thanetian some 56 million years ago in North Africa. Research has suggested that Phosphatherium existed during the Eocene period.
Description
P. escuillei possessed rather flat features, centered around a low skull and a long, straight dorsal profile. The skull itself was rather disproportionate, consisting of an elongated cranial region and a rather short rostrum. The sagittal crest, the ridge along the dorsomedian line of its skull, spans across nearly half of the skull itself. The nasal cavity is high and wide, suggesting a large snout in life.
One of the main factors of Phosphatherium body is its nontraditional musculoskeletal system. The shape of its head is composed of attributes of a snout, more vividly, turning into
a mouth with a rounded jawline. Similar mammals in its order retained a more snout-like nose, which was also a factor that pertained to it having a semiaquatic lifestyle. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism can be noticed on Phosphatherium face by a varying degrees of muscle attachments on its upper jaw.<ref name="gheerbrant2005"/
Phosphatherium lacked a trunk. The tooth rows extend back to roughly 45% of its total skull length. The dental structures suggests that P. escuillei is a heterodont, meaning it possessed more than one type of tooth morphology. This is evident because they possessed more than one type of molar upon fossil examinations. The various dental formations of heterodonts suggest that this animal, unlike later proboscideans, may have been omnivorous.
The unique traits of Phosphatherium teeth suggest them to be intraspecific. Some features of P. escuilliei's teeth and jaw structures also show noticeable variation, which is related to sexual dimorphism. This suggests physiological differences existed between males and females, which ultimately suggest behavioral differences.<ref name="gheerbran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamedes%20%28video%20game%29 | is a puzzle video game released by Taito in 1990.
Gameplay
Palamedes is a puzzle game requiring the players to match the dice they are holding to the dice at the top of the screen. Using the "B" button, the player can change the number on their dice, then throw it using the "A" button when it matches the dice at the top of the screen, which wipes the target dice off the board. By matching dice in some combinations, like doing it with the same number several times in a row, or by doing a 1-to-6 sequence, the player is awarded a special move where they can eliminate three to five lines of dice on the game field. At regular time intervals (which get smaller as the game progresses) new dice lines are added, and when a die touches the bottom of the screen, the game ends.
The player can play in "solitaire" mode against the computer or another player, or "tournament" mode against AI opponents. There are six sides and numbers on the dice, making an attempt to match all the numbers on the screen and eliminating them a challenge.
Ports
Ports of the game were published for the NES, MSX, FM Towns and Game Boy by HOT-B. The Japan-only sequel, Palamedes 2: Star Twinkles, was released in 1991 for the NES by HOT-B. It featured most of the same basic gameplay elements as the original but with the play field scrolling in the opposite direction.
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Palamedes on their December 15, 1990 issue as being the sixteenth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.
David Wilson of Your Sinclair magazine reviewed the arcade game, giving it an 80% score. Zero magazine rated it three out of five.
Famitsu magazine reviewed the Game Boy version, scoring the game a 22 out of 40. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulegone | Pulegone is a naturally occurring organic compound obtained from the essential oils of a variety of plants such as Nepeta cataria (catnip), Mentha piperita, and pennyroyal. It is classified as a monoterpene.
Pulegone is a clear colorless oily liquid and has a pleasant odor similar to pennyroyal, peppermint and camphor. It is used in flavoring agents, in perfumery, and in aromatherapy.
Toxicology
It was reported that the chemical is toxic to rats if a large quantity is consumed.
Pulegone is also an insecticide − the most powerful of three insecticides naturally occurring in many mint species.
As of October 2018, the FDA withdrew authorization for the use of pulegone as a synthetic flavoring substance for use in food, but that naturally-occurring pulegone can continue to be used.
Sources
Creeping charlie
Mentha longifolia
Mentha suaveolens
Pennyroyal
Peppermint
Schizonepeta tenuifolia
Bursera graveolens
See also
Menthofuran
Menthol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20fermion | In lattice field theory, Wilson fermions are a fermion discretization that allows to avoid the fermion doubling problem proposed by Kenneth Wilson in 1974. They are widely used, for instance in lattice QCD calculations.
An additional so-called Wilson term
is introduced supplementing the naively discretized Dirac action in -dimensional Euclidean spacetime with lattice spacing , Dirac fields at every lattice point , and the vectors being unit vectors in the direction. The inverse free fermion propagator in momentum space now reads
where the last addend corresponds to the Wilson term again. It modifies the mass of the doublers to
where is the number of momentum components with . In the continuum limit
the doublers become very heavy and decouple from the theory.
Wilson fermions do not contradict the Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem because they explicitly violate chiral symmetry since the Wilson term does not anti-commute with . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent%20drawing | A patent application or patent may contain drawings, also called patent drawings, illustrating the invention, some of its embodiments (which are particular implementations or methods of carrying out the invention), or the prior art. The drawings may be required by the law to be in a particular form, and the requirements may vary depending on the jurisdiction.
Jurisdictions
Europe
Under the European Patent Convention, provides that a European patent application shall contain any drawings referred to in the description or the claims. Drawings are therefore optional. specifies the form in which the drawings must be executed.
The European search report is drawn up in respect of a European patent application on the basis of the claims, with due regard to the description and any drawings. In addition, the extent of the protection conferred by a European patent or a European patent application is determined by the claims, with the description and drawings being used to interpret the claims.
Patent Cooperation Treaty
Under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, notably provides that the drawings are required when they are necessary for the understanding of the invention. specifies special physical requirements for drawings in an international application.
United States
In the United States, the applicant for a patent is required by law to furnish a drawing of the invention whenever the nature of the case requires a drawing to understand the invention. This drawing must be filed with the application. This includes practically all inventions except compositions of matter or processes, but a drawing may also be useful in the case of many processes.
The drawing must show every feature of the invention specified in the claims, and is required by the U.S. patent office rules to be in a particular form. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) specifies the size of the sheet on which the drawing is made, the type of paper, the margins, and other details relating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastichy | Parastichy, in phyllotaxy, is the spiral pattern of particular plant organs on some plants, such as areoles on cacti stems, florets in sunflower heads and scales in pine cones. These spirals involve the insertion of a single primordium.
See also
Embryology
Gerrit van Iterson
Phyllotaxis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeolithophyllaceae | The Archaeolithophyllaceae are a family of algae that are thought to represent the stem lineage of the corallinaceae.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Cyber%20Security%20Centre | The Australian Cyber Security Centre (ACSC), the successor to the Cyber Security Operations Centre, is the Australian Government's lead agency for cyber security. The ACSC is part of the Australian Signals Directorate and is based at the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation headquarters in Brindabella Business Park in Canberra. The Centre is overseen by the Cyber Security Operations Board and is the joint responsibility of the Minister for Defence.
History
The Australian Cyber Security Centre was established in 2014, replacing the Cyber Security Operations Centre, also housed by the Australian Signals Directorate. In line with the recommendations of the 2017 Independent Review of the Australian Intelligence Community led by Michael L'Estrange and Stephen Merchant, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull announced that the role of the Australian Cyber Security Centre would be strengthened and that the Prime Minister's Special Adviser on Cyber Security, Alastair MacGibbon, would assume the responsibilities as the Head of the Centre within the Australian Signals Directorate, which was established as a statutory agency.
Role and responsibilities
The role of the Australian Cyber Security Centre is to:
lead the Australian Government’s operational response to cyber security incidents
organise national cyber security operations and resources
encourage and receive reporting of cyber attacks and cyber security incidents
raise awareness of the level of cyber threats to Australia
study and investigate cyber threats
The ACSC integrates the national security cyber capabilities across the Australian Signals Directorate cyber security mission, cyber security experts from the Digital Transformation Agency, the Defence Intelligence Organisation strategic intelligence analysts, the Computer Emergency Response Team, the Cyber Security Policy Division of the Department of Home Affairs, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation cyber and telecommunications specialists, Australian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCI | HDCI (High Definition Camera Interface) used in Polycom video conferencing systems. It uses a 60-Pin Low-force helix high-density connector interface.
Provides input for the main camera and second camera. These inputs support multiple formats in a single connector (Composite, S-Video, or analog Component YPbPr) and RS232 Serial PTZ control, using its own protocol (not Sony VISCA Protocol),
Pinouts
1 RS232 Rx
2 RS232 Tx
3 IR
4 +12 V DC
5 +12 V DC
7 Ground - IR RTN
8 Ground
10 +12 V DC
11 +12 V DC
12 Pb / B Shield
13 Pb / B
14 Pr / R / C Shield - CHROMA
15 Pr / R / C ( pg 70 of Integrators's Reference indicates 15 is Shield and 14 is Chroma for SVideo input )
16 Left Mic
17 Right Mic
18 ARM Mic
19 Center Mic
42 A Ground
43 A Ground
44 Right Mic Shield
45 Left Mic Shield
46 Y / G / C Shield
47 Y / G / C - LUMA
48 P Ground
50 H Sync
51 V Sync
52 H / V Shield
58 P Ground
Cable end size
Length to base of interface: 56mm
Length to end of plug: 62mm
Width of plug at base of interface: 41.5mm
External links
HDCI Camera Break-Out Cable
Integrator’s Reference Manual for Polycom HDX Systems
Image processing
Videotelephony
Analog video connectors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrotroph%20Thyroid%20Hormone%20Sensitivity%20Index | The Thyrotroph Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity Index (abbreviated TTSI, also referred to as Thyrotroph T4 Resistance Index or TT4RI) is a calculated structure parameter of thyroid homeostasis. It was originally developed to deliver a method for fast screening for resistance to thyroid hormone. Today it is also used to get an estimate for the set point of thyroid homeostasis, especially to assess dynamic thyrotropic adaptation of the anterior pituitary gland, including non-thyroidal illnesses.
How to determine TTSI
Universal form
The TTSI can be calculated with
from equilibrium serum or plasma concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free T4 (FT4) and the assay-specific upper limit of the reference interval for FT4 concentration (lu).
Reference ranges
Short form
Some publications use a simpler form of this equation that doesn't correct for the reference range of free T4. It is calculated with
.
The disadvantage of this uncorrected version is that its numeric results are highly dependent on the used assays and their units of measurement.
Biochemical associations
In case of resistance to thyroid hormone, the magnitude of TTSI depends on which nucleotide in the THRB gene is mutated, but also on the genotype of coactivators. A systematic investigation in mice demonstrated a strong association of TT4RI to the genotypes of THRB and the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC-1) gene.
Clinical significance
The TTSI is used as a screening parameter for resistance to thyroid hormone due to mutations in the THRB gene, where it is elevated. It is also beneficial for assessing the severity of already confirmed thyroid hormone resistance, even on replacement therapy with L-T4, and for monitoring the pituitary response to substitution therapy with thyromimetics (e.g. TRIAC) in RTH Beta.
In autoimmune thyroiditis the TTSI is moderately elevated.
A large cohort study demonstrated TTSI to be strongly influenced by genetic factors. A variant of the TTSI that is not corrected for the u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20%28symbol%29 | The victor symbol (Spanish: or ) is an emblem that is painted on the walls of some Spanish and Latin American universities to commemorate students who have received the degree of doctorate. The custom dates back to the 14th century, and the symbol has historically been used at older universities in the Spanish-speaking world, such as the University of Salamanca, the University of Alcalá, and the University of Seville in Spain, as well as the National University of San Marcos in Lima, Peru. According to the custom, when a student receives the doctorate, the victor symbol is painted on the walls of the university in red or black paint along with the student's name.
At the end of the Spanish Civil War, the victor sign was appropriated by the nationalists as a symbol of their victory in the war, and it came to be used as a personal emblem for the dictator Francisco Franco. Despite its former use by Franco, it is still used in its original sense at several universities.
The victor symbol takes the shape of the letters V, I, C, T, O, and R arranged in a monogram that varies from symbol to symbol. In some cases, the letter C is omitted. Usually, the name of the student is painted alongside the symbol. The symbol is sometimes used to commemorate a notable person that visited the university or has some special connection with the university.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogao | Hogao is a variant of Spanish sofrito and is typically used in Colombian cuisine. Traditionally made with only long green onions and tomatoes, differing from guiso, which can also be made with round onions, garlic, cumin, salt, and pepper that are sauteed over low heat during the cooking process. It is used for meats, arepas, rice, and other dishes, and can complement the famous bandeja paisa. The ingredients and naming tradition varies from region to region, though it is originally from Antioquia and the region whose people are known as paisa. Its name comes from the old use of the verbs ahogar and rehogar that reference a slow cooking technique.
Goya Foods sells bottled hogao commercially in the United States. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicellular%20organism | A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of a single cell, unlike a multicellular organism that consists of multiple cells. Organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Most prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but some are unicellular such as protozoa, unicellular algae, and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early protocells possibly emerging 3.8–4.0 billion years ago.
Although some prokaryotes live in colonies, they are not specialised cells with differing functions. These organisms live together, and each cell must carry out all life processes to survive. In contrast, even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells that depend on each other to survive.
Most multicellular organisms have a unicellular life-cycle stage. Gametes, for example, are reproductive unicells for multicellular organisms. Additionally, multicellularity appears to have evolved independently many times in the history of life.
Some organisms are partially unicellular, like Dictyostelium discoideum. Additionally, unicellular organisms can be multinucleate, like Caulerpa, Plasmodium, and Myxogastria.
Evolutionary hypothesis
Primitive protocells were the precursors to today's unicellular organisms. Although the origin of life is largely still a mystery, in the currently prevailing theory, known as the RNA world hypothesis, early RNA molecules would have been the basis for catalyzing organic chemical reactions and self-replication.
Compartmentalization was necessary for chemical reactions to be more likely as well as to differentiate reactions with the external environment. For example, an early RNA replicator ribozyme may have replicated other replicator ribozymes of different RNA sequences if not kept separate. Such hypothetic cells with an RNA genome instead of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail%20Thompson | Abigail A. Thompson (born 1958 in Norwalk, Connecticut) is an American mathematician. She works as a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Davis, where she specializes in knot theory and low-dimensional topology.
Education and career
Thompson graduated from Wellesley College in 1979, and earned her Ph.D. in 1986 from Rutgers University under the joint supervision of Martin Scharlemann and Julius L. Shaneson. After visiting positions at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of California, Berkeley, she joined the University of California Davis faculty in 1988. Thompson had a postdoctoral fellowship with the National Science Foundation from 1988 to 1991 and a Sloan Foundation Fellowship from 1991 to 1993. She was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in 1990-1991, 2000-2001, and 2015-2016. She became the Chair of the Department of Mathematics at UC Davis in 2017. She is one of the current vice presidents of the American Mathematical Society; her term is February 1, 2019 to January 31, 2022.
Research
Thompson extended David Gabai's concept of thin position from knots to 3-manifolds and Heegaard splittings.
Education reform
Thompson has also been an activist for reform of primary and secondary school mathematics education. She has publicly attacked the Mathland-based curriculum in use in the mid-1990s when the oldest of her three children began studying mathematics in school, claiming that it provided an inadequate foundation in basic mathematical skills, left no opportunity for independent work, and was based on poorly written materials. As an alternative, she founded a program at UC Davis to improve teacher knowledge of mathematics, and became the director of the California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science, a month-long summer mathematics camp for high school students.
Recognition
Thompson won the 2003 Ruth Lyttle Satter Prize in Mathematics for her research on thin position and Heegard splittings. In 20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20Innovation%20Camp | Social Innovation Camp (SICamp) is a competition and event for software developers, designers and social innovators to create new businesses and projects that use the web to achieve a social goal. It is a method for social innovation.
History
Social Innovation Camp was set up in London, in early 2008, with support from the Young Foundation and NESTA.
Social Innovation Camps have taken place:
April 2008 at the Young Foundation in Bethnal Green, London.
December 2008 at the Young Foundation in Bethnal Green, London.
June 2009 at The Saltire Centre in Glasgow, Scotland.
8–10 August 2009 in Tbilisi, Georgia.
September 2009 in Bratislava, Slovakia.
5–7 March 2010 in Sydney, Australia.
26–28 March 2010 at the Young Foundation in Bethnal Green, London.
18–19 September 2010, Baku, Azerbaijan.
17–19 June 2011 in Seoul, South Korea.
January 2011 in Lagos, Nigeria.
12–14 November 2010, Prague, Czech Republic.
18–19 September 2010, Lagos, Nigeria.
27–29 May 2011, in Kyrgyzstan.
18–20 June 2011 at The Informatics Forum in Edinburgh, Scotland.
18–20 June 2011 in Seoul, South Korea.
July 23–24, 2011, Baku, Azerbaijan
November 18–20, 2011, Yerevan, Armenia.
May 10–12, 2013, Oslo, Norway.
Winners
The winning project from the first event was Enabled By Design.
The winning project from the second camp was The Good Gym.
The winning project from the third camp was MyPolice.
The winning projects from the 8th camp were Yollar.info (project about transports in Baku) and Temizsaxlayaq.com (project about environment protection).
International Camps
The Social Innovation Camp model has been replicated in Australia, Slovakia, South Korea, Georgia, Armenia, Czech Republic, Nigeria, Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan.
"Transitions Online" organized the Social Innovation Camp in Azerbaijan (July 23–24, 2011).
Organisers for International Social Innovation Camps include Soros Foundation, The Hope Institute, IREX, UNDP, Internews, The Eurasia Partnership Foundation, World Wide Narrat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded%20C%2B%2B | Embedded C++ (EC++) is a dialect of the C++ programming language for embedded systems. It was defined by an industry group led by major Japanese central processing unit (CPU) manufacturers, including NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, and Toshiba, to address the shortcomings of C++ for embedded applications. The goal of the effort is to preserve the most useful object-oriented features of the C++ language yet minimize code size while maximizing execution efficiency and making compiler construction simpler. The official website states the goal as "to provide embedded systems programmers with a subset of C++ that is easy for the average C programmer to understand and use".
Differences from C++
Embedded C++ excludes some features of C++.
Some compilers, such as those from Green Hills and IAR Systems, allow certain features of ISO/ANSI C++ to be enabled in Embedded C++. IAR Systems calls this "Extended Embedded C++".
Compilation
An EC++ program can be compiled with any C++ compiler. But, a compiler specific to EC++ may have an easier time doing optimization.
Compilers specific to EC++ are provided by companies such as:
IAR Systems
Freescale Semiconductor, (spin-off from Motorola in 2004 who had acquired Metrowerks in 1999)
Tasking Software, part of Altium Limited
Green Hills Software
Criticism
The language has had a poor reception with many expert C++ programmers. In particular, Bjarne Stroustrup says, "To the best of my knowledge EC++ is dead (2004), and if it isn't it ought to be." In fact, the official English EC++ website has not been updated since 2002. Nevertheless, a restricted subset of C++ (based on Embedded C++) has been adopted by Apple Inc. as the exclusive programming language to create all I/O Kit device drivers for Apple's macOS, iPadOS and iOS operating systems of the popular Macintosh, iPhone, and iPad products. Apple engineers felt the exceptions, multiple inheritance, templates, and runtime type information features of standard C++ were either insuffici |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS | DOS (, ) is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of IBM PC DOS and a rebranded version, Microsoft's MS-DOS, both of which were introduced in 1981. Later compatible systems from other manufacturers include DR-DOS (1988), ROM-DOS (1989), PTS-DOS (1993), and FreeDOS (1998). MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995.
Although the name has come to be identified specifically with this particular family of operating systems, DOS is a platform-independent acronym for disk operating system, whose use predates the IBM PC. Dozens of other operating systems also use the acronym, beginning with the mainframe DOS/360 from 1966. Others include Apple DOS, Apple ProDOS, Atari DOS, Commodore DOS, TRSDOS, and AmigaDOS.
History
Origins
IBM PC DOS (and the separately sold MS-DOS) and its predecessor, 86-DOS, ran on Intel 8086 16-bit processors. It was developed to be similar to Digital Research's CP/M—the dominant disk operating system for 8-bit Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 microcomputers—in order to simplify porting CP/M applications to MS-DOS.
When IBM introduced the IBM PC, built with the Intel 8088 microprocessor, they needed an operating system. Chairman John Opel had a conversation with fellow United Way National Board Executive Committee member Mary Maxwell Gates, who referred Opel to her son Bill Gates for help with an 8088-compatible build of CP/M. IBM was then sent to Digital Research, and a meeting was set up. However, initial negotiations for the use of CP/M broke down: Digital Research wished to sell CP/M on a royalty basis, while IBM sought a single license, and to change the name to "PC DOS". Digital Research founder Gary Kildall refused, and IBM withdrew.
IBM again approached Bill Gates. Gates in turn approached Seattle Computer Products. There, programmer Tim Paterson had developed a variant of CP/M-80, intended as an internal product for testing SCP's new 16-bit Intel 8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorella%20stamsii | Moorella stamsii is a thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from the suspended sludge in a municipal solid waste digester in Barcelona, Spain. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPG%20IleRS%20zinc%20finger | The FPG IleRS zinc finger domain represents a zinc finger domain found at the C-terminal in both DNA glycosylase/AP lyase enzymes and in isoleucyl tRNA synthetase. In these two types of enzymes, the C-terminal domain forms a zinc finger.
DNA glycosylase/AP lyase enzymes are involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. These enzymes have both DNA glycosylase activity (EC) and AP lyase activity (EC). Examples include formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylases (Fpg; MutM) and endonuclease VIII (Nei). Formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylases (Fpg, MutM) is a trifunctional DNA base excision repair enzyme that removes a wide range of oxidation-damaged bases (N-glycosylase activity; EC) and cleaves both the 3'- and 5'-phosphodiester bonds of the resulting apurinic/apyrimidinic site (AP lyase activity; EC). Fpg has a preference for oxidised purines, excising oxidized purine bases such as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). ITs AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity introduces nicks in the DNA strand, cleaving the DNA backbone by beta-delta elimination to generate a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates. Fpg is a monomer composed of 2 domains connected by a flexible hinge. The two DNA-binding motifs (a zinc finger and the helix-two-turns-helix motifs) suggest that the oxidized base is flipped out from double-stranded DNA in the binding mode and excised by a catalytic mechanism similar to that of bifunctional base excision repair enzymes. Fpg binds one ion of zinc at the C terminus, which contains four conserved and essential cysteines. Endonuclease VIII (Nei) has the same enzyme activities as Fpg above, but with a preference for oxidized pyrimidines, such as thymine glycol, 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine.
An Fpg-type zinc finger is also found at the C terminus of isoleucyl tRNA synthetase (EC). This enzyme catalyses the attachment of isoleucine to tRNA(Ile). As IleRS can inadvertently a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20environment%20management | Test environment management (TEM) is a function in a software delivery process which aids the software testing cycle by providing a validated, stable and usable test environment to execute the test scenarios or replicate bugs.
Background
As with a scientific experiment, in Testing repeatability and control of variables is essential. In testing a key component of this control is to manage the environment in which testing is taking place. This environment specifically includes the underlying hardware and software which supports the actual software under test. This encompasses items such as servers, operating systems, communications tools, databases, cloud ecosystems browsers.
In early testing stages only limited formal management of environments is required, if any. For example programmers may typically perform their testing within standardised IDEs which provide control by default. However at later stages, test execution will tend to work across multiple technologies and development streams, and typically involving multiple (teams of) testers. In these circumstances individual testers cannot reasonably be expected to exercise control over the technical landscape. This is where the need for some formal Test Environment Management function arises.
Activities
The activities under the TEM function include:
Maintaining a central repository of test-environments in scope with their latest version and connectivity details (Information management)
Allocation of test environments (booking/scheduling) to teams as per requirement. (Demand management)
Creation of new test environments as per requirement. (Supply management)
Environment Monitoring (Monitoring)
Deleting/ updating outdated test-environments and its details (Housekeeping)
Preliminary investigation of issues on the environment and sometimes co-ordination till an issue resolution (Incident Management)
Analyzing data for environment issues, identifying trends and taking pro-active steps to resolve issues / c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20logic%20programming | Functional logic programming is the combination, in a single programming language, of the paradigms of functional programming and logic programming. This style of programming is embodied by various programming languages, including Curry and Mercury. A more recent example is Verse
A journal devoted to the integration of functional and logic programming was published by MIT Press and the European Association for Programming Languages and Systems between 1995 and 2008. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inducible%20plant%20defenses%20against%20herbivory | Plants and herbivores have co-evolved together for 350 million years. Plants have evolved many defense mechanisms against insect herbivory. Such defenses can be broadly classified into two categories: (1) permanent, constitutive defenses, and (2) temporary, inducible defenses. Both types are achieved through similar means but differ in that constitutive defenses are present before an herbivore attacks, while induced defenses are activated only when attacks occur. In addition to constitutive defenses, initiation of specific defense responses to herbivory is an important strategy for plant persistence and survival.
Benefits of induced defences
Inducible defenses allow plants to be phenotypically plastic. This may confer an advantage over constitutive defenses for multiple reasons. First, it may reduce the chance that attacking insects adapt to plant defenses. Simply, inducible defenses cause variations in the defense constituents of a plant, thereby making the plant a more unpredictable environment for insect herbivores. This variability has an important effect on the fitness and behaviour of herbivores. For example, the study of herbivory on radish (Raphanus sativus) by the cabbage looper caterpillar (Trichoplusia ni) demonstrated that the variation of defensive chemicals (glucosinolates) in R. sativus, due to induction, resulted in a significant decrease in the pupation rates of T. ni. In essence, defensive chemicals can be viewed as having a particular dosage-dependent effect on herbivores: it has little detrimental effect on herbivores when present at a low or moderate dose, but has dramatic effects at higher concentrations. Hence, a plant which produces variable levels of defensive chemicals is better defended than one that always produces the mean level of toxin.
Second, synthesizing a continually high level of defensive chemicals renders a cost to the plant. This is particularly the case where the presence of herbivorous insects is not always predictable. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Preinstallation%20Environment | Windows Preinstallation Environment (also known as Windows PE and WinPE) is a lightweight version of Windows used for the deployment of PCs, workstations, and servers, or troubleshooting an operating system while it is offline. It is intended to replace MS-DOS boot disks and can be booted via USB flash drive, PXE, iPXE, CD, DVD, or hard disk. Traditionally used by large corporations and OEMs (to preinstall Windows client operating systems on PCs during manufacturing), it is now widely available free of charge via Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit (WADK) (formerly Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK)).
Overview
WinPE was originally intended to be used only as a pre-installation platform for deploying Microsoft Windows operating systems, specifically to replace MS-DOS in this respect. WinPE has the following uses:
Deployment of workstations and servers in large corporations as well as pre-installation by system builders of workstations and servers to be sold to end users.
Recovery platform to run 32-bit or 64-bit recovery tools such as Winternals ERD Commander or Windows Recovery Environment (Windows RE).
Platform for running third-party 32-bit or 64-bit disk cloning utilities.
The package can be used for developer testing or as a recovery CD/DVD for system administrators. Many customized WinPE boot CDs packaged with third-party applications for different uses are now available from volunteers via the Internet. The package can also be used as the base of a forensics investigation to either capture a disk image or run analysis tools without mounting any available disks and thus changing state.
Version 2.0 introduced a number of improvements and extended the availability of WinPE to all customers, not just corporate enterprise customers by downloading and installing Microsoft's Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK).
It was originally designed and built by a small team of engineers in Microsoft's Windows Deployment team, including Vijay Jayaseelan, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowcode | Flowcode is a Microsoft Windows-based development environment commercially produced by Matrix TSL for programming embedded devices based on PIC, AVR (including Arduino), ESP32, Raspberry Pi and RP2040 and ARM technologies using graphical programming styles (such as flowcharts) and imperative programming styles (through C, State Machines and Pseudocode). It is currently in its tenth revision.
Flowcode is dedicated to simplifying complex functionality such as Bluetooth, Mobile Phones Communications, USB communications etc. by using pre-developed dedicated open source component libraries of functions. This is achieved by dragging virtual representations of hardware onto a visual panel, providing access to associated libraries. Flowcode is therefore ideal for speeding up software development times and allowing those with little programming experience to get started and help with projects. This makes it appropriate for the formal teaching of principles of programming microcontrollers.
Flowcode allows the user to develop and view their program using four different visual modes. These are the Flowchart view, the Blocks view (a graphical programming paradigm inspired by Blockly), the C code view and the Pseudocode view. There is also a fifth state machine way of entering code.
Flowcode also has a mode named App Developer which is capable of creating Windows based applications via a runtime executable. This allows the software to also create applications for testing or interacting with the embedded system.
Flowcode also has compatibility with Solidworks.
Notes
External links
Official Site
Programming languages
Embedded microprocessors
Integrated development environments |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNARE%20protein | SNARE proteins – "SNAP REceptors" – are a large protein family consisting of at least 24 members in yeasts, more than 60 members in mammalian cells, and some numbers in plants. The primary role of SNARE proteins is to mediate the fusion of vesicles with the target membrane; this notably mediates exocytosis, but can also mediate the fusion of vesicles with membrane-bound compartments (such as a lysosome). The best studied SNAREs are those that mediate the release of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters in neurons. These neuronal SNAREs are the targets of the neurotoxins responsible for botulism and tetanus produced by certain bacteria.
Types
SNAREs can be divided into two categories: vesicle or v-SNAREs, which are incorporated into the membranes of transport vesicles during budding, and target or t-SNAREs, which are associated with nerve terminal membranes. Evidence suggests that t-SNAREs form stable subcomplexes which serve as guides for v-SNARE, incorporated into the membrane of a protein-coated vesicle, binding to complete the formation of the SNARE complex. Several SNARE proteins are located on both vesicles and target membranes, therefore, a more recent classification scheme takes into account structural features of SNAREs, dividing them into R-SNAREs and Q-SNAREs. Often, R-SNAREs act as v-SNAREs and Q-SNAREs act as t-SNAREs. R-SNAREs are proteins that contribute an arginine (R) residue in the formation of the zero ionic layer in the assembled core SNARE complex. One particular R-SNARE is synaptobrevin, which is located in the synaptic vesicles. Q-SNAREs are proteins that contribute a glutamine (Q) residue in the formation of the zero ionic layer in the assembled core SNARE complex. Q-SNAREs include syntaxin and SNAP-25. Q-SNAREs are further classified as Qa-, Qb-, or Qc-SNAREs depending on their location in the four-helix bundle.
Occurrence
Variants are known from yeasts, mammals Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans.
Structure
SNAREs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation%20diminishing%20property | In mathematics, the variation diminishing property of certain mathematical objects involves diminishing the number of changes in sign (positive to negative or vice versa).
Variation diminishing property for Bézier curves
The variation diminishing property of Bézier curves is that they are smoother than the polygon formed by their control points. If a line is drawn through the curve, the number of intersections with the curve will be less than or equal to the number of intersections with the control polygon. In other words, for a Bézier curve B defined by the control polygon P, the curve will have no more intersection with any plane as that plane has with P. This may be generalised into higher dimensions.
This property was first studied by Isaac Jacob Schoenberg in his 1930 paper, . He went on to derive it by a transformation of Descartes' rule of signs.
Proof
The proof uses the process of repeated degree elevation of Bézier curve. The process of degree elevation for Bézier curves can be considered an instance of piecewise linear interpolation. Piecewise linear interpolation can be shown to be variation diminishing.
Thus, if R1, R2, R3 and so on denote the set of polygons obtained by the degree elevation of the initial control polygon R, then it can be shown that
Each Rr has fewer intersections with a given plane than Rr-1 (since degree elevation is a form of linear interpolation which can be shown to follow the variation diminishing property)
Using the above points, we say that since the Bézier curve B is the limit of these polygons as r goes to , it will have fewer intersections with a given plane than Ri for all i, and in particular fewer intersections that the original control polygon R. This is the statement of the variation diminishing property.
Totally positive matrices
The variation diminishing property of totally positive matrices is a consequence of their decomposition into products of Jacobi matrices.
The existence of the decomposition fol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20inversive%20congruential%20pseudorandom%20numbers | An approach to nonlinear congruential methods of generating uniform pseudorandom numbers in the interval [0,1) is the Inversive congruential generator with prime modulus. A generalization for arbitrary composite moduli with arbitrary distinct primes will be present here.
Let . For integers with gcd (a,m) = 1 a generalized inversive congruential sequence of elements of is defined by
where denotes the number of positive integers less than m which are relatively prime to m.
Example
Let take m = 15 = and . Hence and the sequence is not maximum.
The result below shows that these sequences are closely related to the following inversive congruential sequence with prime moduli.
For let and be integers with
Let be a sequence of elements of , given by
Theorem 1
Let for be defined as above.
Then
This theorem shows that an implementation of Generalized Inversive Congruential Generator is possible, where exact integer computations have to be performed only in but not in
Proof:
First, observe that and hence if and only if , for which will be shown on induction on .
Recall that is assumed for . Now, suppose that and for some integer . Then straightforward calculations and Fermat's Theorem yield
,
which implies the desired result.
Generalized Inversive Congruential Pseudorandom Numbers are well equidistributed in one dimension. A reliable theoretical approach for assessing their statistical independence properties is based on the discrepancy of s-tuples of pseudorandom numbers.
Discrepancy bounds of the GIC Generator
We use the notation where of Generalized Inversive Congruential Pseudorandom Numbers for .
Higher bound
Let
Then the discrepancy satisfies
< for any Generalized Inversive Congruential operator.
Lower bound:
There exist Generalized Inversive Congruential Generators with
: for all dimension s 2.
For a fixed number r of prime factors of m, Theorem 2 shows that
for any |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Society%20for%20Pharmaceutical%20Sciences | The Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Research (CSPS) advocates for excellence in pharmaceutical research, promotes the allocation of research funds, seeks involvement in decision and policy making processes and provides a forum for early scientists. It was founded in 1997. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. is the official journal of CSPS. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallyman | A tallyman is an individual who keeps a numerical record with tally marks, historically often on tally sticks.
Vote counter
In Ireland, it is common for political parties to provide private observers when ballot boxes are opened. These tallymen keep a tally of the preferences of visible voting papers and allow an early initial estimate of which candidates are likely to win in the drawn-out single transferable vote counting process. Since the public voting process is by then complete, it is usual for tallymen from different parties to share information.
Head counter
Another possible definition is a person who called to literally do a head count, presumably on behalf of either the town council or the house owners. This is rumoured to have occurred in Liverpool, in the years after the First World War. Mechanical tally counters can make such head counts easier, by removing the need to make any marks.
Debt collector
In poorer parts of England (including the north and the East End of London), the tallyman was the hire purchase collector, who visited each week to collect the payments for goods purchased on the 'never never', or hire purchase. These people still had such employment up until the 1960s.
The title tallyman extended to the keeper of a village pound as animals were often held against debts, and tally sticks were used to prove they could be released.
In popular culture
"'The tallyman,' Mum told me, 'slice off the top of the stems of the bunches as they take them in. Then him count the little stubs he just sliced off and pay the farmer.'" explains a Ms. Wade in Andrea Levy’s novel "Fruit of the Lemon".
Harry Belafonte addresses the tallyman in "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)."
In 1967 Graham Gouldman wrote a song called "Tallyman," which was recorded by Jeff Beck and reached #30 on the British charts.
Heavy metal singer Udo Dirkschneider produced a song called "Tallyman."
The Tally Man is the name of two super villains in the DC Universe, usually ene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen%20rule | The nitrogen rule states that organic compounds containing exclusively hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens either have (1) an odd nominal mass that indicates an odd number of nitrogen atoms are present or (2) an even nominal mass that indicates an even number of nitrogen atoms in the molecular formula of the neutral compound. The nitrogen rule is not a rule as much as a general principle which may prove useful when attempting to solve organic mass spectrometry structures.
Formulation of the rule
This rule is derived from the fact that, perhaps coincidentally, for the most common chemical elements in neutral organic compounds (hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and the halogens), elements with even numbered nominal masses form even numbers of covalent bonds, while elements with odd numbered nominal masses form odd numbers of covalent bonds, with the exception of nitrogen, which has a nominal (or integer) mass of 14, but has a valency of 3.
The nitrogen rule is only true for neutral structures in which all of the atoms in the molecule have a number of covalent bonds equal to their standard valency (counting each sigma bond and pi bond as a separate covalent bond for the purposes of the calculation). Therefore, the rule is typically only applied to the molecular ion signal in the mass spectrum.
Mass spectrometry generally operates by measuring the mass of ions. If the measured ion is generated by creating or breaking a single covalent bond (such as protonating an amine to form an ammonium center or removing a hydride from a molecule to leave a positively charged ion) then the nitrogen rule becomes reversed (odd numbered masses indicate even numbers of nitrogens and vice versa). However, for each consecutive covalent bond that is broken or formed, the nitrogen rule again reverses.
Therefore, a more rigorous definition of the nitrogen rule for organic compounds containing exclusively hyd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneticization | Geneticization is a term that has been widely used by critics of genetic medicine since the early 1990s. Originally coined by Abby Lippman in a series of three papers published in the 1990s (specifically in 1991, 1992, and 1994), geneticization refers to the increasing tendency to define differences between individuals as largely or entirely due to genetics. This includes the growing framing and understanding of human diseases and behaviors in genetic terms. Henk A. M. J. ten Have has defined geneticization as "...a heuristic tool that can help to re-focus the moral debate on the implications of new genetic knowledge towards interpersonal relations, the power of medicine, the cultural context and social constraints, rather than emphasizing issues as personal autonomy and individual rights."
It is common for social scientists and bioethicists to argue that geneticization leads to a growing belief in genetic determinism and essentialism in the general public, and that this, in turn, increases discrimination, stigma, and inequality. When Lippman originally coined the term "geneticization", for example, she was concerned about the potential for geneticization to increase public belief in biological essentialism, thereby reinforcing racism and discrimination against people with disabilities. Some proponents of the heuristic of geneticization also argue that the media's coverage of genetics contributes to geneticization. However, the empirical evidence on the link between geneticization and genetic determinism, and between genetic determinism, discrimination and inequality, is ambiguous, suggesting that the phenomenon of geneticization may not always follow the simple pattern that proponents of the concept ascribe to it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle%20Corporation | Candle Corporation was an American software company active from 1976 to 2004. The company spent the first two decades developing system monitoring applications for a variety of IBM mainframes and their corresponding software, their first being OMEGAMON which saw quick widespread adoption in commercial enterprises. In the mid-1990s, the company made pivots toward non-mainframe monitoring software and middleware. IBM acquired the company for between $350 million and $600 million in 2004.
History
1970s – 1980s
Aubrey G. Chernick (born 1949 in Los Angeles, California), the founder of Candle, grew up in Deloraine, Manitoba, after his family moved there from California. After graduating from the University of Manitoba with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry, he landed a job at the university's environmental protection laboratory, performing analyses of the Red River of the North. The minicomputers at the lab were Chernick's first hands-on experience with computers; with a fellow employee, he learned how to program in BASIC. Following this, Chernick deviated from his original career path of medicine to work as a software developer for Computer Science Corporation (CSC)'s Canadian subsidiary in Ontario. After getting laid off from CSC after three months, he worked as a programmer for Laurentian University, working on IBM's System/360 Model 40 mainframe, and for the Government of Manitoba, where he learned how to operate and code for IBM's MFT and MVS operating systems. These jobs provided Chernick his first experiences with mainframes.
While attending meetings hosted by in Ontario SHARE—a users' group for IBM mainframe personnel—Chernick observed recurring complaints from attendees, who spoke of not being able to satisfy common needs with IBM's operating systems. In 1975, Chernick convinced Canada Life's Ontario branch to let him use their mainframes as a development platform for an application that monitored system performance, in exchange for a bargain license for the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlying%20territory | An outlying territory or separate area is a state territory geographically separated from its parent territory and lies beyond Exclusive Economic Zone of its parent territory.
The tables below are lists of outlying territories which are marked by distinct, non-contiguous maritime boundaries or land boundaries:
Outlying geographical regions
Outlying territories outside the continent
Outlying uninhabited dependent territories
Outlying dependent territories and areas of special sovereignty
Notes
1. Enclaves are not included.
2. Disputed outlying territories in the Spratly Islands are not included.
See also
List of sovereign states
List of dependent territories
External links
Maritime boundaries
Countries’ EEZ
Wiktionary-outlying
A European outlying territory
Map of Spratly Islands
Borders
Dependent territories |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal%20analysis | In proof theory, ordinal analysis assigns ordinals (often large countable ordinals) to mathematical theories as a measure of their strength.
If theories have the same proof-theoretic ordinal they are often equiconsistent, and if one theory has a larger proof-theoretic ordinal than another it can often prove the consistency of the second theory.
In addition to obtaining the proof-theoretic ordinal of a theory, in practice ordinal analysis usually also yields various other pieces of information about the theory being analyzed, for example characterizations of the classes of provably recursive, hyperarithmetical, or functions of the theory.<ref>M. Rathjen, "Admissible Proof Theory and Beyond". In Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics vol. 134 (1995), pp.123--147.</ref>
History
The field of ordinal analysis was formed when Gerhard Gentzen in 1934 used cut elimination to prove, in modern terms, that the proof-theoretic ordinal of Peano arithmetic is ε0. See Gentzen's consistency proof.
Definition
Ordinal analysis concerns true, effective (recursive) theories that can interpret a sufficient portion of arithmetic to make statements about ordinal notations.
The proof-theoretic ordinal of such a theory is the supremum of the order types of all ordinal notations (necessarily recursive, see next section) that the theory can prove are well founded—the supremum of all ordinals for which there exists a notation in Kleene's sense such that proves that is an ordinal notation. Equivalently, it is the supremum of all ordinals such that there exists a recursive relation on (the set of natural numbers) that well-orders it with ordinal and such that proves transfinite induction of arithmetical statements for .
Ordinal notations
Some theories, such as subsystems of second-order arithmetic, have no conceptualization of or way to make arguments about transfinite ordinals. For example, to formalize what it means for a subsystem of Z2 to "prove well-ordered |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing%20by%20mouth | Nothing by mouth is a medical instruction meaning to withhold food and fluids. It is also known as nil per os (npo or NPO), a Latin phrase that translates to English as "nothing through the mouth". Variants include nil by mouth (NBM), nihil/non/nulla per os, or complete bowel rest. A liquid-only diet may also be referred to as bowel rest.
NPO is one of the abbreviations that is not used in AMA style; "nothing by mouth" is spelled out instead.
Purpose
The typical reason for NPO instructions is the prevention of aspiration pneumonia, e.g. in those who will undergo general anesthesia, or those with weak swallowing musculature, or in case of gastrointestinal bleeding, gastrointestinal blockage, or acute pancreatitis. Alcohol overdoses that result in vomiting or severe external bleeding also warrant NPO instructions for a period.
Duration
Pre-surgery NPO orders are typically between 6 and 12 hours prior to surgery, through recovery suite discharge, but may be longer if long acting medications or oral post-meds were administered. It is not uncommon for the food NPO period to be longer than that for liquid, as the American Board of Anesthesiology advises against liquid NPO periods greater than eight hours. The NPO periods for illness tend to be much longer, although exceptions are made for small scheduled amounts of water consumption if an IV drip is not in use. With sufficient IV fluids, NPO periods of several days have been utilized successfully in non-diabetic patients (although short NPO periods in diabetics are possible with IV fluids, insulin, and dextrose. Extended periods (greater than 12 hours) are still contraindicated.
The American Board of Anesthesiology recommends that patients should not eat solid food for at least 8 hours prior to a procedure, and should not drink even clear liquids for at least 2 hours prior. Clear liquid fasting includes water, juices without pulp, carbonated beverages, clear tea, and black coffee. Ingestion of water 2 hours prior to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20of%20the%20exponential%20map | In the theory of Lie groups, the exponential map is a map from the Lie algebra of a Lie group into . In case is a matrix Lie group, the exponential map reduces to the matrix exponential. The exponential map, denoted , is analytic and has as such a derivative , where is a path in the Lie algebra, and a closely related differential .
The formula for was first proved by Friedrich Schur (1891). It was later elaborated by Henri Poincaré (1899) in the context of the problem of expressing Lie group multiplication using Lie algebraic terms. It is also sometimes known as Duhamel's formula.
The formula is important both in pure and applied mathematics. It enters into proofs of theorems such as the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula, and it is used frequently in physics for example in quantum field theory, as in the Magnus expansion in perturbation theory, and in lattice gauge theory.
Throughout, the notations and will be used interchangeably to denote the exponential given an argument, except when, where as noted, the notations have dedicated distinct meanings. The calculus-style notation is preferred here for better readability in equations. On the other hand, the -style is sometimes more convenient for inline equations, and is necessary on the rare occasions when there is a real distinction to be made.
Statement
The derivative of the exponential map is given by
Explanation
To compute the differential of at , , the standard recipe
is employed. With the result
follows immediately from . In particular, is the identity because (since is a vector space) and .
Proof
The proof given below assumes a matrix Lie group. This means that the exponential mapping from the Lie algebra to the matrix Lie group is given by the usual power series, i.e. matrix exponentiation. The conclusion of the proof still holds in the general case, provided each occurrence of is correctly interpreted. See comments on the general case below.
The outline of proof makes use of the tech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye%20gravy | Red-eye gravy is a thin sauce often seen in the cuisine of the Southern United States and associated with the country ham of that region. Other names for this sauce include poor man's gravy, bird-eye gravy, bottom sop, cedar gravy, and red ham gravy. The gravy is made from the drippings of pan-fried country ham mixed with black coffee. Red-eye gravy is often served over ham, grits or biscuits.
A common practice is to dip the inner sides of a split biscuit into the gravy in order to add flavor and keep the biscuit from being too dry when a piece of country ham is added between the two halves, sometimes called the Southern "ham biscuit". (The Appalachian ham biscuit is simply a biscuit with country ham.) Another popular way to serve red-eye gravy, especially in parts of Alabama, is with mustard or ketchup mixed in with the gravy. Biscuits are then dipped in the gravy.
In Louisiana, Cajun cuisine-style gravy is made with a roast beef instead of ham. Black coffee is always used, and it is frequently a strongly brewed coffee substitute made from chicory. The gravy is ladled over the meat on a bed of rice, staining the rice a dark brown color. Often, French bread and some kind of beans, like butter beans, lima beans, or peas, are served as side dishes.
Origin
Red-eye gravy's name comes from its distinct appearance. Prepared traditionally, with coffee and grease combined in the final step (see Preparation below), a heterogeneous mixture forms with the water-based coffee sinking to the bottom and the oil-based grease forming the top layer. In a round bowl the mixture looks much like a red human eye. Use of red pepper enhances the redness of the appearance.
Less traditional preparation techniques do not always result in the "red eye" appearance, leading to folk legends surrounding the origin of the name. For instance, one story is that former United States President Andrew Jackson requested ham with gravy as red as his cook's eyes, which were bloodshot from drinking the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20metabolism | Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug or poison. These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds (although in some cases the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves cause toxic effects). The study of drug metabolism is called pharmacokinetics.
The metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs is an important aspect of pharmacology and medicine. For example, the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of a drug's pharmacologic action. Drug metabolism also affects multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and in chemotherapy for cancer, and the actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. These pathways are also important in environmental science, with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation, or persist in the environment. The enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism, particularly the glutathione S-transferases are also important in agriculture, since they may produce resistance to pesticides and herbicides.
Drug metabolism is divided into three phases. In phase I, enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics. These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. These reactions are catalysed by transferase enzymes such as glutathione S-transferases. Finally, in phase III, the conjugated xenobiotics may |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramac | The Teramac was an experimental massively parallel computer designed by HP in the 1990s. The name reflected the project's vision to provide a programmable gate array system with capacity for a million gates running at a megahertz. Contrary to traditional systems, which are useless if there is one defect, Teramac used defective processors -- intentionally -- to demonstrate its defect-tolerant architecture. Even though the computer had 220,000 hardware defects, it was able to perform some tasks 100 times faster than a single-processor high-end workstation.
Teramac was originally developed by scientists in HP's central research lab, HP Labs, in the mid 1990s. Although it contained conventional silicon integrated circuit technology, it paved the way for some of HP's work in nanoelectronics because it provided an architecture on which a chemically assembled computer could operate.
The experience from this program was used to design the Field Programmable Nanowire Interconnect circuit.
Further reading
Computational science
Massively parallel computers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 84° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, Central America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 84th meridian west forms a great circle with the 96th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 84th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="120" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellesmere Island and Landslip Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Jones Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Devon Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Lancaster Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Baffin Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Fury and Hecla Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Melville Peninsula (mainland) and Vansittart Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Foxe Basin
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Southampton Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Fisher Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Hudson Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Coats Island, Nunavut, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Ontario — mainland and St. Joseph Island
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Michigan
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%20jelly | Pepper jelly is a preserve made with peppers, sugar, and salt in a pectin or vinegar base. The product, which rose in popularity in the United States from the 1980s to mid-1990s, can be described as a piquant mix of sweetness and heat, and is used for meats and as an ingredient in various food preparations. It can be put in sandwiches, or served on cream cheese for a cracker spread or used to make a pepper jelly cheesecake.
History
Pepper jelly's history starts in Lake Jackson, Texas. The first dates for commercial sale start around the late 1970s. The original recipes for pepper jelly were likely to be with jalapeño peppers.
Preparation
The more common preparation of pepper jelly is with jalapeños, bell peppers, pectin, sugar, vinegar, and oftentimes wine or liqueur.
There have been taste tests to observe which pepper combination is most popular and desirable. The peppers looked at were Habanero, Cheiro do Norte, Biquinho, Malagueta, Cayenne, Paprika and Dedo de Moça. The study concluded that less pungent peppers (Biquinho, Paprika and Cheiro do Norte) were the most suitable for making jelly due to the reddish color, characteristic flavor and aroma of a pepper, sweet taste, and low pungency.
See also
List of spreads |
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