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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%20colic | Baby colic, also known as infantile colic, is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for three weeks in an otherwise healthy child. Often crying occurs in the evening. It typically does not result in long-term problems. The crying can result in frustration of the parents, depression following delivery, excess visits to the doctor, and child abuse.
The cause of colic is unknown. Some believe it is due to gastrointestinal discomfort like intestinal cramping. Diagnosis requires ruling out other possible causes. Concerning findings include a fever, poor activity, or a swollen abdomen. Fewer than 5% of infants with excess crying have an underlying organic disease.
Treatment is generally conservative, with little to no role for either medications or alternative therapies. Extra support for the parents may be useful. Tentative evidence supports certain probiotics for the baby and a low-allergen diet by the mother in those who are breastfed. Hydrolyzed formula may be useful in those who are bottlefed.
Colic affects 10–40% of babies. Equally common in bottle and breast-fed infants, it begins during the second week of life, peaks at 6 weeks, and resolves between 12 and 16 weeks. It rarely lasts up to one year of age. It occurs at the same rate in boys and in girls. The first detailed medical description of the problem was published in 1954.
Signs and symptoms
Colic is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week for at least a three-week duration in an otherwise healthy child. It is most common around six weeks of age and gets better by six months of age. By contrast, infants normally cry an average of just over two hours a day, with the duration peaking at six weeks. With colic, periods of crying most commonly happen in the evening and for no obvious reason. Associated symptoms may include legs pulled up to the stomach, a flushed face, clenched hands, and a wrinkle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Drury%20%28mathematician%29 | Stephen William Drury is a Anglo-Canadian mathematician and professor of mathematics at McGill University. He specializes in mathematical analysis, harmonic analysis and linear algebra. He received his doctorate from the University of Cambridge in 1970 under the supervision of Nicholas Varopoulos and completed his postdoctoral training at the Faculté des sciences d'Orsay, France. He was recruited to McGill by Professor Carl Herz in 1972.
Among other contributions, he solved the Sidon set union problem, worked on restrictions of Fourier and Radon transforms to curves, and generalized von Neumann's inequality. In operator theory, the Drury–Arveson space is named after William Arveson and him.
His research now pertains to the interplay between matrix theory and harmonic analysis and their applications to graph theory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient | A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health care provider.
Etymology
The word patient originally meant 'one who suffers'. This English noun comes from the Latin word , the present participle of the deponent verb, , meaning 'I am suffering,' and akin to the Greek verb (, to suffer) and its cognate noun ().
This language has been construed as meaning that the role of patients is to passively accept and tolerate the suffering and treatments prescribed by the healthcare providers, without engaging in shared decision-making about their care.
Outpatients and inpatients
An outpatient (or out-patient) is a patient who attends an outpatient clinic with no plan to stay beyond the duration of the visit. Even if the patient will not be formally admitted with a note as an outpatient, their attendance is still registered, and the provider will usually give a note explaining the reason for the visit, tests, or procedure/surgery, which should include the names and titles of the participating personnel, the patient's name and date of birth, signature of informed consent, estimated pre-and post-service time for history and exam (before and after), any anesthesia, medications or future treatment plans needed, and estimated time of discharge absent any (further) complications. Treatment provided in this fashion is called ambulatory care. Sometimes surgery is performed without the need for a formal hospital admission or an overnight stay, and this is called outpatient surgery or day surgery, which has many benefits including lowered healthcare cost, reducing the amount of medication prescribed, and using the physician's or surgeon's time more efficiently. Outpatient surgery is suited best for more healthy patients undergoing minor or intermediate procedures (limited urinary-tract, eye |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniofacial%20regeneration | Craniofacial regeneration refers to the biological process by which the skull and face regrow to heal an injury. This page covers birth defects and injuries related to the craniofacial region, the mechanisms behind the regeneration, the medical application of these processes, and the scientific research conducted on this specific regeneration. This regeneration is not to be confused with tooth regeneration. Craniofacial regrowth is broadly related to the mechanisms of general bone healing.
Function
Craniofacial regeneration is necessary following injury to the facial tissue. This can occur during surgery, where doctors fracture the face of a patient in order to correct craniofacial abnormalities such as cleft lip, Apert syndrome, Treacher Collins syndrome, Oligodontia, Cherubism, Crouzon syndrome, Pfeiffer Syndrome, Craniosynostosis, or Goldenhar Syndrome. Other applications include corrections to birth defects (such as hypertelorism), maxillofacial surgery, craniosynostosis, rare craniofacial clefts, or removal of tumors. This regeneration can also be necessary following trauma to the face, most often due to automotive accidents.
Craniofacial defects are most common congenitally (present at birth), with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 700 live births (270,000 children per year). Common corrective procedures include intracranial surgeries (making room for brain growth through skull expansion), Cleft palate surgeries (repairing a gap in the roof of the mouth), and Cleft lip surgeries (closing a gap in the lips).
Most patients who suffer from craniofacial abnormalities have a normal life expectancy, but symptoms are often present throughout the patient's life. Common symptoms and features of a craniofacial defect include abnormal cranial morphology, difficulty in cranio-related functions such as breathing, hearing, swallowing, or speech, or facial paralysis.
Research and historical context
In the 1970s, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were discovered by A.J. Fried |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-pointed%20category | In category theory, a category with a terminal object is well-pointed if for every pair of arrows such that , there is an arrow such that . (The arrows are called the global elements or points of the category; a well-pointed category is thus one that has "enough points" to distinguish non-equal arrows.)
See also
Pointed category |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollweide%27s%20formula | In trigonometry, Mollweide's formula is a pair of relationships between sides and angles in a triangle.
A variant in more geometrical style was first published by Isaac Newton in 1707 and then by in 1746. Thomas Simpson published the now-standard expression in 1748. Karl Mollweide republished the same result in 1808 without citing those predecessors.
It can be used to check the consistency of solutions of triangles.
Let a, b, and c be the lengths of the three sides of a triangle.
Let α, β, and γ be the measures of the angles opposite those three sides respectively. Mollweide's formulas are
Relation to other trigonometric identities
Because in a planar triangle these identities can alternately be written in a form in which they are more clearly a limiting case of Napier's analogies for spherical triangles,
Dividing one by the other to eliminate results in the law of tangents,
In terms of half-angle tangents alone, Mollweide's formula can be written as
or equivalently
Multiplying the respective sides of these identities gives one half-angle tangent in terms of the three sides,
which becomes the law of cotangents after taking the square root,
where is the semiperimeter.
The identities can also be proven equivalent to the law of sines and law of cosines.
Dual relations
In spherical trigonometry, the law of cosines and derived identities such as Napier's analogies have precise duals swapping central angles measuring the sides and dihedral angles at the vertices. In the infinitesimal limit, the law of cosines for sides reduces to the planar law of cosines and two of Napier's analogies reduce to Mollweide's formulas above. But the law of cosines for angles degenerates to By dividing squared side length by the spherical excess we obtain a non-vanishing ratio, the spherical trigonometry relation:
In the infinitesimal limit, as the half-angle tangents of spherical sides reduce to lengths of planar sides, the half-angle tangent of sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Digital%20Library | The California Digital Library (CDL) was founded by the University of California in 1997. Under the leadership of then UC President Richard C. Atkinson, the CDL's original mission was to forge a better system for scholarly information management and improved support for teaching and research. In collaboration with the ten University of California Libraries and other partners, CDL assembled one of the world's largest digital research libraries. CDL facilitates the licensing of online materials and develops shared services used throughout the UC system. Building on the foundations of the Melvyl Catalog (UC's union catalog), CDL has developed one of the largest online library catalogs in the country and works in partnership with the UC campuses to bring the treasures of California's libraries, museums, and cultural heritage organizations to the world. CDL continues to explore how services such as digital curation, scholarly publishing, archiving and preservation support research throughout the information lifecycle.
History
The California Digital Library (CDL) is the eleventh library for the University of California (UC). A collaborative effort of the ten campuses, organizationally housed at the University of California Office of the President, it is responsible for the design, creation, and implementation of systems that support the shared collections of the University of California. Several CDL projects focus on collaboration with other California Universities and organizations to create and extend access to digital material to UC partners and to the public at large.
The CDL was created as the result of a three-year planning process, beginning with the Digital Library Executive Working Group commissioned by Library Council and culminating with the Library Planning and Action Initiative commissioned by the Provost, which involved UC faculty, librarians, and administrators.
On February 7, 2012, CDL partnered with the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), joining severa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Mobile | Windows Mobile was a family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for smartphones and personal digital assistants.
Its origin dated back to Windows CE in 1996, though Windows Mobile itself first appeared in 2000 as Pocket PC 2000 which ran on Pocket PC PDAs. It was renamed "Windows Mobile" in 2003, at which point it came in several versions (similar to the desktop versions of Windows) and was aimed at business and enterprise consumers. When initially released in the mid-2000s, it was to be the portable equivalent of what Windows desktop OS was: a major force in the then-emerging mobile/portable areas.
Following the rise of newer smartphone OSs (iOS and Android) Windows Mobile never equalled the success and faded rapidly in the following years. By February 2010, Microsoft announced the more modern and consumer-focused Windows Phone to supersede Windows Mobile. As a result, Windows Mobile has been deprecated since existing devices and software are incompatible with Windows Phone. The last version of Windows Mobile, released after the announcement of Windows Phone, was 6.5.5. After this, Microsoft ceased development on Windows Mobile in order to concentrate on Windows Phone.
Microsoft released a similarly-named Windows 10 Mobile in 2015 which was part of the Windows Phone series, and it is unrelated to the former Windows Mobile operating systems.
Features
Most versions of Windows Mobile have a standard set of features, such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9x and Windows NT, including support for many of the same file types. Similarly to its desktop counterpart, it comes bundled with a set of applications that perform basic tasks. Internet Explorer Mobile is the default web browser, and Windows Media Player is the default media player used for playing digital media. The mobile version of Microsoft Office is the default office suite.
Internet Connection Sharing, supported on compatible devices, allows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20respiration | Community respiration (CR) refers to the total amount of carbon-dioxide that is produced by individuals organisms in a given
community, originating from the cellular respiration of organic material. CR is an important ecological index as it dictates the amount
of production for the higher trophic levels and influence biogeochemical cycles.
CR is often used as a proxy for the biological activity of the microbial community.
Overview
The process of cellular respiration is foundational to the ecological index, community respiration (CR). Cellular respiration can be used to explain relationships between heterotrophic organisms and the autotrophic ones they consume. The process of cellular respiration consists of a series of metabolic reactions using biological material produced by autotrophic organisms, such as oxygen () and glucose (C6H12O6) to turn its chemical energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which can then be used in other metabolic reactions to power the organism, creating carbon dioxide () and water () as a by-product.The overall process of cellular respiration can be summarized with, C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
The ATP created during cellular respiration is absolutely necessary for a living being to function as it is the 'Energy currency" of the cell and none of the other metabolic functions could be sustained without it. The process of cellular respiration is an essential component of the Carbon Cycle, which tracks the recycling of carbon through the earth and atmosphere in various compounds such as: CO2 ,H2CO3, HCO3- ,C6H12O6 , CH4 to name a few.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in a given area can act as a proxy indicator for metabolic metabolic function of an individual, or individuals in that area. Since the process of cellular respiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide the amount of carbon dioxide can be used to infer the amount of oxygen used in the environment specifically for metabolic requirements. Since cellular respi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema%20nodosum | Erythema nodosum (EN) is an inflammatory condition characterized by inflammation of the fat cells under the skin, resulting in tender red nodules or lumps that are usually seen on both shins. It can be caused by a variety of conditions, and typically resolves spontaneously within 30 days. It is common in young people aged 12–20 years.
Signs and symptoms
Pre-eruptive phase
The first signs of erythema nodosum are often flu-like symptoms such as a fever, cough, malaise, and aching joints. Some people also experience stiffness or swelling in the joints and weight loss.
Eruptive stage
Erythema nodosum is characterised by nodules (rounded lumps) below the skin surface, usually on the shins. These subcutaneous nodules can appear anywhere on the body, but the most common sites are the shins, arms, thighs, and torso. Each nodule typically disappears after around two weeks, though new ones may continue to form for up to six or eight weeks. A new nodule usually appears red and is hot and firm to the touch. The redness starts to fade and it gradually becomes softer and smaller until it disappears. Each nodule usually heals completely without scarring over the course of about two weeks. Joint pain and inflammation sometimes continue for several weeks or months after the nodules appear.
Less common variants of erythema nodosum include:
Ulcerating forms, seen in Crohn's disease
Erythema contusiforme, when a subcutaneous hemorrhage (bleeding under the skin) occurs with an erythema nodosum lesion, causing the lesion to look like a contusion (bruise)
Erythema nodosum migrans (also known as subacute nodular migratory panniculitis), a rare form of chronic erythema nodosum characterized by asymmetrical nodules that are mildly tender and migrate over time.
Causes
EN is associated with a wide variety of conditions.
Idiopathic
About 30–50% of EN cases are idiopathic (of an unknown cause).
Infection
Infections associated with EN include:
Streptococcal infection which, in childr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20test%20software | Enterprise test software (ETS) is a type of software that electronics and other manufacturers use to standardize product testing enterprise-wide, rather than simply in the test engineering department. It is designed to integrate and synchronize test systems to other enterprise functions such as research and development (R&D), new product introduction (NPI), manufacturing, and supply chain, overseeing the collaborative test processes between engineers and managers in their respective departments.
Details
Like most enterprise software subcategories, ETS represents an evolution away from custom-made, in-house software development by original equipment manufacturers (OEM). It typically replaces a cumbersome, unsophisticated, test management infrastructure that manufacturers have to redesign for every new product launch. Some large companies, such as Alcatel, Cisco, and Nortel, develop ETS systems internally to standardize and accelerate their test engineering activities, while others such as Harris Corporation and Freescale Semiconductor choose commercial off-the-shelf ETS options for advantages that include test data management and report generation. This need results from the extensive characterization efforts associated with IC design, characterization, validation, and verification. ETS accelerates design improvements through test system management and version control.
ETS supports test system development and can be interconnected with manufacturing execution systems (MES), enterprise resource planning (ERP), and product lifecycle management (PLM) software packages to eliminate double-data entry and enable real-time information sharing throughout all company departments.
Enterprise-wide test applications
ETS covers five major enterprise-wide test applications.
Test and automation—By using ETS in conjunction with virtual instrumentation programming tools, design and test engineers avoid custom software programming unrelated to device characterization, and can ther |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluentgrid | Fluentgrid (formerly Phoenix IT Solutions) is an Indian software product company, which was founded in 1998. It provides digital transformation services for power, water, and gas distribution utilities and smart cities and communities. The company received the 2012 IBM Beacon Award and was also the winner of the Fierce Innovation Award 2015.
In 2016, Fluentgrid placed 14th in the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 Awards, recognising it as one of the fastest growing technology businesses in India. Company was also selected for Deloitte Technology Fast 500 Asia Pacific ratings. It was formerly known as Phoenix IT Solutions and a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact.
History
The company was originally founded by Gannamani Sesha Murali Krishna as Phoenix Cybertech India Pvt Ltd in 1998. In 2001, the company was renamed as Phoenix IT Solutions Ltd. Furthermore, In December 2015, the name of the company was changed to Fluentgrid Limited.
The company helped the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation to set up and launch a state-of-the-art centralized City Command Center in 2016.
UPPCL CIS project implemented by the company became the finalist in DCD Global Awards 2018 under the Cloud Migration of the Year category.
In October 2021, the state government of Odisha assigned the company as the system integrator for the newly launched OPTCL's New Electricity Consumer Billing System in Odisha.
The company is credited for conceptualising the Utility Operations Center (UOC) in India. One of its customer care and billing software was live for over 11 million consumers on a cloud pay-as-you-go model for multiple DISCOMs in Uttar Pradesh. It became a case study under the Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY program) of the Ministry of Power, presently serving over 23 million rural consumers on cloud. The AMI product suite of Fluentgrid powers smart metering rollouts in New Delhi Municipal Council and Kanpur Electricity Supply Company.
In July 2020, during the COVID-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20diagrams | Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this material. For instance, a temperature–entropy diagram (T–s diagram) may be used to demonstrate the behavior of a fluid as it is changed by a compressor.
Overview
Especially in meteorology they are used to analyze the actual state of the atmosphere derived from the measurements of radiosondes, usually obtained with weather balloons. In such diagrams, temperature and humidity values (represented by the dew point) are displayed with respect to pressure. Thus the diagram gives at a first glance the actual atmospheric stratification and vertical water vapor distribution. Further analysis gives the actual base and top height of convective clouds or possible instabilities in the stratification.
By assuming the energy amount due to solar radiation it is possible to predict the 2 m (6.6 ft) temperature, humidity, and wind during the day, the development of the boundary layer of the atmosphere, the occurrence and development of clouds and the conditions for soaring flight during the day.
The main feature of thermodynamic diagrams is the equivalence between the area in the diagram and energy. When air changes pressure and temperature during a process and prescribes a closed curve within the diagram the area enclosed by this curve is proportional to the energy which has been gained or released by the air.
Types of thermodynamic diagrams
General purpose diagrams include:
PV diagram
T–s diagram
h–s (Mollier) diagram
Psychrometric chart
Cooling curve
Indicator diagram
Saturation vapor curve
Thermodynamic surface
Specific to weather services, there are mainly three different types of thermodynamic diagrams used:
Skew-T log-P diagram
Tephigram
Emagram
All three diagrams are derived from the physical P–alpha diagram which combines pressure (P) and specific volume (alpha) as its basic coordinates. The P–alpha diagram s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydraulic%20servo%20valve | An electrohydraulic servo valve (EHSV) is an electrically-operated valve that controls how hydraulic fluid is sent to an actuator. Servo valves are often used to control powerful hydraulic cylinders with a very small electrical signal. Servo valves can provide precise control of position, velocity, pressure, and force with good post-movement damping characteristics.
History of electrohydraulic servo valves
The electrohydraulic servo valve first appeared in World War II. The EHSVs in use during the 1940s were characterized by poor accuracy and slow response times due to the inability to rapidly convert electrical signals into hydraulic flows. The first two-stage servo valve used a solenoid to actuate a first stage spool which in turn drove a rotating main stage. The servo valves of the World War II-era were similar to this — using a solenoid to drive a spool valve.
Advancement of EHSVs took off in the 1950s, largely due to the adoption of permanent magnet torque motors as the first stage (as opposed to solenoids). This resulted in greatly improved response times and a reduction in power used to control the valves.
Description
Types
Electrohydraulic servo valves may consist of one or more stages. A single-stage servo valve uses a torque motor to directly position a spool valve. Single-stage servo valves suffer from limitations in flow capability and stability due to torque motor power requirements. Two-stage servo valves may use flapper, jet pipe, or deflector jet valves as hydraulic amplifier first stages to position a second-stage spool valve. This design results in significant increases in servo valve flow capability, stability, and force output. Similarly, three-stage servo valves may use an intermediate stage spool valve to position a larger third stage spool valve. Three-stage servo valves are limited to very high power applications, where significant flows are required.
Furthermore, two-stage servo valves may be classified by the type of feedback used for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene | α-Pinene is an organic compound of the terpene class. It is one of the two isomers of pinene, the other being β-pinene. An alkene, it contains a reactive four-membered ring. It is found in the oils of many species of many coniferous trees, notably the pine. It is also found in the essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Satureja myrtifolia (also known as Zoufa in some regions). Both enantiomers are known in nature; (1S,5S)- or (−)-α-pinene is more common in European pines, whereas the (1R,5R)- or (+)-α-isomer is more common in North America. The enantiomers' racemic mixture is present in some oils such as eucalyptus oil and orange peel oil.
Reactivity
Commercially important derivatives of alpha-pinene are linalool, geraniol, nerol, a-terpineol, and camphene.
α-Pinene 1 is reactive owing to the presence of the four-membered ring adjacent to the alkene. The compound is prone to skeletal rearrangements such as the Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement. Acids typically lead to rearranged products. With concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol the major products are terpineol 2 and its ethyl ether 3, while glacial acetic acid gives the corresponding acetate 4. With dilute acids, terpin hydrate 5 becomes the major product.
With one molar equivalent of anhydrous HCl, the simple addition product 6a can be formed at low temperature in the presence of diethyl ether, but it is very unstable. At normal temperatures, or if no ether is present, the major product is bornyl chloride 6b, along with a small amount of fenchyl chloride 6c. For many years 6b (also called "artificial camphor") was referred to as "pinene hydrochloride", until it was confirmed as identical with bornyl chloride made from camphene. If more HCl is used, achiral 7 (dipentene hydrochloride) is the major product along with some 6b. Nitrosyl chloride followed by base leads to the oxime 8 which can be reduced to "pinylamine" 9. Both 8 and 9 are stable compounds containing an intact four-membered ring, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species%20Survival%20Plan | The American Species Survival Plan or SSP program was developed in 1981 by the (American) Association of Zoos and Aquariums to help ensure the survival of selected species in zoos and aquariums, most of which are threatened or endangered in the wild.
SSP program
SSP programs focus on animals that are near threatened, threatened, endangered, or otherwise in danger of extinction in the wild, when zoo and zoology conservationists believe captive breeding programs will aid in their chances of survival. These programs help maintain healthy and genetically diverse animal populations within the Association of Zoos and Aquariums-accredited zoo community. AZA accredited zoos and AZA conservation partners that are involved in SSP programs engage in cooperative population management and conservation efforts that include research, conservation genetics, public education, reintroduction, and in situ or field conservation projects. The process for selecting recommended species is guided by Taxon Advisory Groups, whose sole objective is to curate Regional Collection Plans for the conservation needs of a species and how AZA institutions will cooperate to reach those needs. Today, there are almost 300 existing SSP programs. The SSP has been met with widespread success in ensuring that, should a species population become functionally extinct in its natural habitat, a viable population still exists within a zoological setting. This has also led to AZA species reintroduction programs, examples of which include the black-footed ferret, the California condor, the northern riffleshell, the golden lion tamarin, the Karner blue butterfly, the Oregon spotted frog, the palila finch, the red wolf, and the Wyoming toad.
SSP master plan
An SSP master plan is a document produced by the SSP coordinator (generally a zoo professional under the guidance of an elected management committee) for a certain species. This document sets ex situ population goals and other management recommendations to ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautochrone%20curve | A tautochrone curve or isochrone curve (from Greek prefixes tauto- meaning same or iso- equal, and chrono time) is the curve for which the time taken by an object sliding without friction in uniform gravity to its lowest point is independent of its starting point on the curve. The curve is a cycloid, and the time is equal to π times the square root of the radius (of the circle which generates the cycloid) over the acceleration of gravity. The tautochrone curve is related to the brachistochrone curve, which is also a cycloid.
The tautochrone problem
The tautochrone problem, the attempt to identify this curve, was solved by Christiaan Huygens in 1659. He proved geometrically in his Horologium Oscillatorium, originally published in 1673, that the curve is a cycloid.
The cycloid is given by a point on a circle of radius tracing a curve as the circle rolls along the axis, as:
Huygens also proved that the time of descent is equal to the time a body takes to fall vertically the same distance as diameter of the circle that generates the cycloid, multiplied by . In modern terms, this means that the time of descent is , where is the radius of the circle which generates the cycloid, and is the gravity of Earth, or more accurately, the earth's gravitational acceleration.
This solution was later used to solve the problem of the brachistochrone curve. Johann Bernoulli solved the problem in a paper (Acta Eruditorum, 1697).
The tautochrone problem was studied by Huygens more closely when it was realized that a pendulum, which follows a circular path, was not isochronous and thus his pendulum clock would keep different time depending on how far the pendulum swung. After determining the correct path, Christiaan Huygens attempted to create pendulum clocks that used a string to suspend the bob and curb cheeks near the top of the string to change the path to the tautochrone curve. These attempts proved unhelpful for a number of reasons. First, the bending of the string cau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/275%20%28number%29 | 275 is the natural number following 274 and preceding 276.
In mathematics
275 is an odd composite number with 2 prime factors.
275 is equivalent to the number of partitions of 28 when no partition occurs only once. Partitions are the number of ways of writing a number as a sum of other positive integers.
275 is the sum of fifth powers of the first two primes (2^5 + 3^5 = 275).
275 is the maximum number of pieces made by cutting an annulus with 22 cuts.
275 is the smallest non semiprime that follows the equations n>1 and the greatest common denominator of n and b^n-b is 1 for some value of b.
World Records
In May 2011, Angry Birds ended its 275 day streak of the best-selling app in the Apple App Store.
On November 14, 2007, the Guinness World Record for the greatest number of people dressed as mobile phones at 275 people. It was completed in Puerto Rico.
On April 11, 2015, the largest welding lesson was completed in Willowbrook, Illinois. There were 275 attendees.
The greatest number of certificates that a show dog earned as 275 certificates. It was earned by German Shepherd Mystique.
Other fields
The calendar years 275 AD and 275 BC.
In the French Republican calendar, The year 275 would be a year 10 cycle and be in 2065.
275 is the number of several highways in Canada, India, Japan, and the United States
275 Sapientia is an asteroid in the asteroid belt. It is a C-type asteroid that was discovered by Johann Palisa. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20%28Mega%20Man%20X%29 | is the main antagonist of the Mega Man X video game series. Created by Dr. Cain, Sigma was considered the finest of the Reploids and was the first leader of the Maverick Hunters, peacekeeping androids who defend humans against their renegade counterparts. Although he was once respectable, Sigma unexpectedly goes berserk during Mega Man X and rebels against humankind after coming into contact with the Maverick Virus. He defects to the Mavericks and assumes the role of their leader. Due to the virus integrated into his circuits, he can survive seemingly anything, and constantly returns to menace the world.
Sigma has appeared in almost every Mega Man X video game since his first appearance in the 1993 title Mega Man X. He has received praise from critics and fans for his design and charisma as a villain, though his introduction was noted as marking a darker and more pessimistic theme for Mega Man X compared to other Mega Man sub-series.
Characteristics
Sigma appears as a tall, bald humanoid in most of his forms. As the former leader of the Maverick Hunters, Sigma is a capable military leader, rendering him a devious and strategic opponent to his primary enemies, X and Zero. Sigma is a skilled and charismatic manipulator, managing to turn various Reploids, Maverick Hunters, and Mavericks to his side. Although he has been destroyed countless times, Sigma's programming always survives, either building himself a new form, or is revived by Reploid and Maverick admirers alike; it is implied that he grows more insane with each revival. He is fond of incorporating himself into battlesuits vastly more significant than his "regular" form. He serves as the final boss in all games except Mega Man X: Command Mission and Mega Man X8 (he does not appear in the former and in the latter, Sigma is the penultimate boss).
Appearances
Mega Man X series
Prior to the first Mega Man X game, Sigma was the most advanced Reploid of his time, leading the Maverick Hunters. However, one day, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20reabsorption | Selective reabsorption is the process whereby certain molecules (e.g. ions, glucose and amino acids), after being filtered out of the capillaries along with nitrogenous waste products (i.e. urea) and water in the glomerulus, are reabsorbed from the filtrate as they pass through the nephron.
Selective reabsorbtion occurs in the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule). The PCT is highly permeable meaning it is easy for molecules to diffuse through it.
A basic outline of the process
The co-transport sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium out of the PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) wall (using energy from converting ATP to ADP + Pi) to maintain a low Na+ concentration gradient in the wall.
This low concentration gradient means that Na+ ions from the glomerulus filtrate can easily passively diffuse into the wall of the PCT.
However, the Na+ ions cannot diffuse freely across the membrane, but can only enter through special transporter (carrier) proteins in the membrane of the wall.
There are several different kinds of these transporter proteins, each of which transports another molecule, such as glucose or amino acids. The concentration gradient for the sodium provides the energy to pull in these other molecules into the wall of the PCT.
As the substances listed above (Na+ ions, amino acids and glucose) enter the wall of the PCT, so does 65–70% of the water in the glomerulus filtrate via osmosis. Water can move freely through the wall of the PCT (it does not require a transporter protein). Nearly all the rest of the water is reabsorbed into the blood in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.
However, as urea is a small molecule it can pass easily through the membrane of the PCT wall. As the concentration of urea in the filtrate is significantly higher than in the blood, around 50% of urea on the filtrate is reabsorbed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20story | In software development and product management, a user story is an informal, natural language description of features of a software system. They are written from the perspective of an end user or user of a system, and may be recorded on index cards, Post-it notes, or digitally in project management software. Depending on the project, user stories may be written by different stakeholders like client, user, manager, or development team.
User stories are a type of boundary object. They facilitate sensemaking and communication; and may help software teams document their understanding of the system and its context.
History
1997: Kent Beck introduces user stories at the Chrysler C3 project in Detroit.
1998: Alistair Cockburn visited the C3 project and coined the phrase "A user story is a promise for a conversation."
1999: Kent Beck published the first edition of the book Extreme Programming Explained, introducing Extreme Programming (XP), and the usage of user stories in the planning game.
2001: Ron Jeffries proposed a "Three Cs" formula for user story creation:
The Card (or often a post-it note) is a tangible physical token to hold the concepts;
The Conversation is between the stakeholders (customers, users, developers, testers, etc.). It is verbal and often supplemented by documentation;
The Confirmation ensures that the objectives of the conversation have been reached.
2001: The XP team at Connextra in London devised the user story format and shared examples with others.
2004: Mike Cohn generalized the principles of user stories beyond the usage of cards in his book User Stories Applied: For Agile Software Development that is now considered the standard reference for the topic according to Martin Fowler. Cohn names Rachel Davies as the inventor of user stories. While Davies was a team member at Connextra she credits the team as a whole with the invention.
2014: After a first article in 2005 and a blog post in 2008, in 2014 Jeff Patton published the user-st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosteroid | Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors. The term neurosteroid was coined by the French physiologist Étienne-Émile Baulieu and refers to steroids synthesized in the brain. The term, neuroactive steroid refers to steroids that can be synthesized in the brain, or are synthesized by an endocrine gland, that then reach the brain through the bloodstream and have effects on brain function. The term neuroactive steroids was first coined in 1992 by Steven Paul and Robert Purdy. In addition to their actions on neuronal membrane receptors, some of these steroids may also exert effects on gene expression via nuclear steroid hormone receptors. Neurosteroids have a wide range of potential clinical applications from sedation to treatment of epilepsy and traumatic brain injury. Ganaxolone, a synthetic analog of the endogenous neurosteroid allopregnanolone, is under investigation for the treatment of epilepsy.
Classification
Based on differences in activity and structure, neurosteroids can be broadly categorized into several different major groupings.
Inhibitory neurosteroids
These neurosteroids exert inhibitory actions on neurotransmission. They act as positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor (especially δ subunit-containing isoforms), and possess, in no particular order, antidepressant, anxiolytic, stress-reducing, rewarding, prosocial, antiaggressive, prosexual, sedative, pro-sleep, cognitive and memory-impairing, analgesic, anesthetic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and neurogenic effects.
Major examples include tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), the androstane 3α-androstanediol, the cholestane cholesterol and the pregnanes pregnanolone (eltanolone), allopregnanolone (3α,5α-THP).
Excitatory neurosteroids
These neurosteroids have excitatory effects on neurotransmission. They act as pote |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydroGeoSphere | HydroGeoSphere (HGS) is a 3D control-volume finite element groundwater model, and is based on a rigorous conceptualization of the hydrologic system consisting of surface and subsurface flow regimes. The model is designed to take into account all key components of the hydrologic cycle. For each time step, the model solves surface and subsurface flow, solute and energy transport equations simultaneously, and provides a complete water and solute balance.
History
The original name for the code was FRAC3DVS, which was created by René Therrien in 1992. The code was further developed jointly at the University of Waterloo and the Laval University, and was primarily used for academic research. It was renamed to HydroGeoSphere in 2002 with the implementation of 2D surface water flow and transport. In 2012, the software became commercialized under the support and management of Aquanty Inc.
Governing equations
In order to accomplish the integrated analysis, HydroGeoSphere utilizes a rigorous, mass conservative modeling approach that fully couples the surface flow and transport equations with the 3-D, variably saturated subsurface flow and transport equations. This approach is significantly more robust than previous conjunctive approaches that rely on linkage of separate surface and subsurface modeling codes.
Groundwater Flow
HydroGeoSphere assumes that the subsurface flow equation in a porous medium is always solved during a simulation, either for fully saturated or variably saturated flow conditions. The subsurface flow equation can be expanded to incorporate discrete fractures, a second interacting porous continuum, wells, tile drains and surface flow. The following assumptions are made for subsurface flow:
The fluid is essentially incompressible.
The porous medium and fractures (or macropores), if present, are non-deformable.
The system is under isothermal conditions.
The air phase is infinitely mobile.
The Richards’ equation is used to describe three-dimensional t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20economy | Neutron economy is defined as the ratio of excess neutron production divided by the rate of fission. The numbers are a weighted average based primarily on the energies of the neutrons.
Nuclear fission is a process in which the nuclei of atoms are split apart. Among the various particles released in this process are high-energy neutrons with energies spread over the neutron spectrum. Those neutrons may cause other nuclei to undergo fusion, leading to the possibility of a chain reaction. However, the neutrons can only cause another fission under certain conditions based on their energy; high-energy, or "relativistic", neutrons will often fly right through another nucleus without causing fission. The chance that a neutron will be captured increases greatly when its energy is about that of the target nucleus, which is known as a "thermal neutron". In order to maintain a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor, a neutron moderator is used to slow the neutrons down. This moderator is often used as the coolant that is used for energy extraction as well, and the most common moderator is water. The neutrons also slow due to elastic and inelastic collisions with fuel and other materials in the reactor.
A fission reactor is based on the idea of maintaining criticality, where every fission event leads to another fission event, no more and no less. As fission of uranium releases two or three neutrons, this means some of the neutrons must be removed as part of the overall process. Some will be lost purely due to geometry, those released travelling outward from the outer edge of the fuel mass will not have a chance to cause fission, for instance. Others will be absorbed through various processes in the mass, and still others will be deliberately absorbed by control rods or similar devices to maintain the correct overall balance. The process of moderating the neutrons almost always leads to some of them being absorbed as well.
Neutron economy is a measure of the number of neutrons b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare%20particle | In theoretical physics, a bare particle is an excitation of an elementary quantum field. Such a particle is not identical to the particles observed in experiments: the real particles are dressed particles that also include additional particles surrounding the bare one.
Quantum field theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture | Algaculture is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae.
The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae (also referred to as phytoplankton, microphytes, or planktonic algae). Macroalgae, commonly known as seaweed, also have many commercial and industrial uses, but due to their size and the specific requirements of the environment in which they need to grow, they do not lend themselves as readily to cultivation (this may change, however, with the advent of newer seaweed cultivators, which are basically algae scrubbers using upflowing air bubbles in small containers).
Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses, including production of nutraceuticals such as omega-3 fatty acids (as algal oil) or natural food colorants and dyes, food, fertilizers, bioplastics, chemical feedstock (raw material), protein-rich animal/aquaculture feed, pharmaceuticals, and algal fuel, and can also be used as a means of pollution control and natural carbon sequestration.
Global production of farmed aquatic plants, overwhelmingly dominated by seaweeds, grew in output volume from 13.5 million tonnes in 1995 to just over 30 million tonnes in 2016. Cultured microalgae already contribute to a wide range of sectors in the emerging bioeconomy. Research suggests there are large potentials and benefits of algaculture for the development of a future healthy and sustainable food system.
Uses of algae
Food
Several species of algae are raised for food. While algae have qualities of a sustainable food source, "producing highly digestible proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, and are rich in essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals" and e.g. having a high protein productivity per acre, there are several challenges "between current biomass production and large-scale economic algae production for the food market".
Micro-algae can be used to create microbial protein used as a powder or in a variety of products. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBU%20%28radio%20station%29 | RBU is a time code radio station located in Moscow (). It transmits a continuous 10 kW time code on 66⅔ kHz. This is commonly written as 66.66 or 66.666 kHz, but is actually 200/3 kHz. Until 2008, the transmitter site was near Kupavna and used as antenna three T-antennas spun between three 150 metres tall grounded masts. In 2008, it has been transferred to the Taldom transmitter at .
RBU is controlled by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology. It is operated by Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network.
Time code
Every 100 ms, synchronized to the UTC second, one bit is transmitted:
100 Hz modulation encodes a binary 0, while 312.5 Hz modulation encodes a binary 1.
Each UTC second consists of 10 such bits. 6 of them are fixed, two encode minute boundaries, and two provide time code information:
Each minute, the two bits of time code encode the local time of the following minute (like DCF77) and some additional information. Because the time code starts with two 1 bits, the top of the minute is uniquely marked by 5 consecutive 1 bits.
dUT1 is an additional, higher-precision correction to DUT1. UT1 = UTC + DUT1 + dUT1.
Bits with a weight of ± are 0 for positive, 1 for negative. The time transmitted is Moscow local time; UTC can be computed by subtracting the value of the ΔUT field. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Lights%20Local%20Exchange%20Point | The Northern Lights Local Exchange Point (NLLXP) is a free Internet Exchange Point (IXP) in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in the United States. The NLLXP public peering exchange is closely linked with the Northern Lights GigaPoP (NLG), an Internet2 project of the University of Minnesota Office of Information and Technology: the NLG is the regional Internet2 access point for research and educational institutions, and the NLLXP is the regional peering exchange between those institutions and commercial networks, and among commercial networks.
As of August 23, 2008 there were 22 members participating in the NLLXP, advertising 439 unique BGP routes from 93 originating autonomous systems. NLLXP participants include Internet content creators, Internet service hosting providers, and Internet access providers.
Technology
The core of the Northern Lights Local Exchange Point (NLLXP) is a single Juniper Networks T640 router, acting as a Layer-3 IXP. Similar to at IXPs using a route reflector, each member peers with the IXP's autonomous system, making member BGP configurations simple to configure and maintain.
The NLLXP core router is located at 90 Church Street, on the campus of the University of Minnesota. Using Metro Ethernet, the NLLXP has been extended to an Ethernet switch located in the Minnesota Gateway colocation facility, where many metro-area members connect. Cross-connects from the NLLXP Ethernet switch are available within the Minnesota Gateway colocation facility. Extensions of these cross-connects to other locations using Metro Ethernet or intercity managed wavelength are available from several carriers.
See also
List of Internet exchange points |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Methylcytosine | 5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (C) that regulates gene transcription and takes several other biological roles. When cytosine is methylated, the DNA maintains the same sequence, but the expression of methylated genes can be altered (the study of this is part of the field of epigenetics). 5-Methylcytosine is incorporated in the nucleoside 5-methylcytidine.
In 5-methylcytosine, a methyl group is attached to the 5th atom in the 6-atom ring, counting counterclockwise from the NH-bonded nitrogen at the six o'clock position. This methyl group distinguishes 5-methylcytosine from cytosine.
Discovery
While trying to isolate the bacterial toxin responsible for tuberculosis, W.G. Ruppel isolated a novel nucleic acid named tuberculinic acid in 1898 from Tubercle bacillus. The nucleic acid was found to be unusual, in that it contained in addition to thymine, guanine and cytosine, a methylated nucleotide. In 1925, Johnson and Coghill successfully detected a minor amount of a methylated cytosine derivative as a product of hydrolysis of tuberculinic acid with sulfuric acid. This report was severely criticized because their identification was based solely on the optical properties of the crystalline picrate, and other scientists failed to reproduce the same result. But its existence was ultimately proven in 1948, when Hotchkiss separated the nucleic acids of DNA from calf thymus using paper chromatography, by which he detected a unique methylated cytosine, quite distinct from conventional cytosine and uracil. After seven decades, it turned out that it is also a common feature in different RNA molecules, although the precise role is uncertain.
In vivo
The function of this chemical varies significantly among species:
In bacteria, 5-methylcytosine can be found at a variety of sites, and is often used as a marker to protect DNA from being cut by native methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes.
In plants, 5-methylcytosine occurs at CpG, CpHpG and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitnikov%20problem | The Sitnikov problem is a restricted version of the three-body problem named after Russian mathematician Kirill Alexandrovitch Sitnikov that attempts to describe the movement of three celestial bodies due to their mutual gravitational attraction. A special case of the Sitnikov problem was first discovered by the American scientist William Duncan MacMillan in 1911, but the problem as it currently stands wasn't discovered until 1961 by Sitnikov.
Definition
The system consists of two primary bodies with the same mass , which move in circular or elliptical Kepler orbits around their center of mass. The third body, which is substantially smaller than the primary bodies and whose mass can be set to zero , moves under the influence of the primary bodies in a plane that is perpendicular to the orbital plane of the primary bodies (see Figure 1). The origin of the system is at the focus of the primary bodies. A combined mass of the primary bodies , an orbital period of the bodies , and a radius of the orbit of the bodies are used for this system. In addition, the gravitational constant is 1. In such a system that the third body only moves in one dimension – it moves only along the z-axis.
Equation of motion
In order to derive the equation of motion in the case of circular orbits for the primary bodies, use that the total energy is:
After differentiating with respect to time, the equation becomes:
This, according to Figure 1, is also true:
Thus, the equation of motion is as follows:
which describes an integrable system since it has one degree of freedom.
If on the other hand the primary bodies move in elliptical orbits then the equations of motion are
where is the distance of either primary from their common center of mass. Now the system has one-and-a-half degrees of freedom and is known to be chaotic.
Significance
Although it is nearly impossible in the real world to find or arrange three celestial bodies exactly as in the Sitnikov problem, the problem is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20synchronization | Phase synchronization is the process by which two or more cyclic signals tend to oscillate with a repeating sequence of relative phase angles.
Phase synchronisation is usually applied to two waveforms of the same frequency with identical phase angles with each cycle. However it can be applied if there is an integer relationship of frequency, such that the cyclic signals share a repeating sequence of phase angles over consecutive cycles. These integer relationships are called Arnold tongues which follow from bifurcation of the circle map.
One example of phase synchronization of multiple oscillators can be seen in the behavior of Southeast Asian fireflies. At dusk, the flies begin to flash periodically with random phases and a gaussian distribution of native frequencies. As night falls, the flies, sensitive to one another's behavior, begin to synchronize their flashing. After some time all the fireflies within a given tree (or even larger area) will begin to flash simultaneously in a burst.
Thinking of the fireflies as biological oscillators, we can define the phase to be 0° during the flash and +-180° exactly halfway until the next flash. Thus, when they begin to flash in unison, they synchronize in phase.
One way to keep a local oscillator "phase synchronized" with a remote transmitter uses a phase-locked loop.
See also
Algebraic connectivity
Coherence (physics)
Kuramoto model
Synchronization (alternating current) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoline%20Yellow%20WS | Quinoline Yellow WS is a mixture of organic compounds derived from the dye Quinoline Yellow SS (spirit soluble). Owing to the presence of sulfonate groups, the WS dyes are water-soluble (WS). It is a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione with a maximum absorption wavelength of 416 nm.p. 119
Uses
Quinoline Yellow is used as a greenish yellow food additive in certain countries, designated in Europe as the E number E104. In the EU and Australia, Quinoline Yellow is permitted in beverages and is used in foods, like sauces, decorations, and coatings; Quinoline Yellow is not listed as a permitted food additive in Canada or the US, where it is permitted in medicines and cosmetics and is known as D&C Yellow 10. The Codex Alimentarius does not list it.
Health effects
Quinoline Yellow WS has not been associated with any significant long-term toxicity, is not genotoxic or carcinogenic and there is no evidence of adverse effects on reproduction or development. Food colorants in general have been the subject of much scrutiny for their effect on health.
Possible cause of hyperactivity
Since the 1970s and the well-publicized advocacy of Benjamin Feingold, there has been public concern that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children. These concerns have led the U.S. FDA and other food safety authorities to regularly review the scientific literature, and led the UK FSA to commission a study by researchers at the University of Southampton to assess the effect of a mixture of six food dyes (Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow WS, Sunset Yellow FCF and Carmoisine (dubbed the "Southampton 6")) and sodium benzoate (a preservative) on children in the general population, who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackelhahn | The rackelhahn or rackelwild is a hybrid between the western capercaillie and the black grouse. It is likely unable to produce offspring in the wild.
Tetraonini
Birds of Europe
Grouse
Bird hybrids
Intergeneric hybrids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraxial%20approximation | In geometric optics, the paraxial approximation is a small-angle approximation used in Gaussian optics and ray tracing of light through an optical system (such as a lens).
A paraxial ray is a ray which makes a small angle (θ) to the optical axis of the system, and lies close to the axis throughout the system. Generally, this allows three important approximations (for θ in radians) for calculation of the ray's path, namely:
The paraxial approximation is used in Gaussian optics and first-order ray tracing. Ray transfer matrix analysis is one method that uses the approximation.
In some cases, the second-order approximation is also called "paraxial". The approximations above for sine and tangent do not change for the "second-order" paraxial approximation (the second term in their Taylor series expansion is zero), while for cosine the second order approximation is
The second-order approximation is accurate within 0.5% for angles under about 10°, but its inaccuracy grows significantly for larger angles.
For larger angles it is often necessary to distinguish between meridional rays, which lie in a plane containing the optical axis, and sagittal rays, which do not. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DayCent | Daycent is a daily time series biogeochemical model used in agroecosystems to simulate fluxes of carbon and nitrogen between the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil. It is a daily version of the CENTURY biogeochemical model.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Department of Agriculture/ARS and the Colorado State University Natural Resource Ecology Lab are currently using the Daycent model to develop a national inventory of N2O emissions from U.S. agricultural soils. This inventory will be compared and contrasted with the existing Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) agricultural N2O emissions inventory for the United States. Having more accurate data to account for nutrient cycling could have significant implications for public policy associated with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and potential future mitigation efforts in the United States.
Model inputs include daily maximum/minimum air temperature and precipitation, surface soil texture class, and land cover/use data. Model outputs include daily fluxes of various N-gas species (e.g., N2O, NOx, N2); daily CO2 flux from heterotrophic soil respiration; soil organic C and N; net primary productivity; daily water and nitrate (NO3) leaching, and other ecosystem parameters. Daycent has been tested with data from various native and managed systems. In similar studies, comparisons between Daycent simulated data and measured values for annual crop yields, N2O emissions, and NO3 leaching produced r2 values of 0.72, 0.68, and 0.61 respectively.
Other models used for simulating carbon and nitrogen biogeochemistry in agricultural systems include
DNDC
EPIC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntrophobacter | Syntrophobacter is a genus of bacteria from the family of Syntrophobacteraceae. Syntrophobacter have the ability to grow on propionate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghevont%20Alishan |
Ghevont Alishan () (July 6, 1820 – November 9, 1901) also spelled Ghevond Alishan, or Leonzio Alishan in Italian or Léonce Alichan in French) was an ordained Armenian Catholic priest, historian and a poet. He was awarded by the Legion of Honour of the French Academy (1866), an honorary member of the Asian Society of Italia, , Venice Academy and Archeological Society of Saint-Petersburg.
John Ruskin wrote that he "always looked upon him Padre Alishan as a sort of saint; he has been our friend for a great many of years."
He was a member of the Mekhitarist Congregation on Saint Lazarus Island in Venice beginning in 1838. He was the director of the in 1859-1861.
In 1885 he created the first modern Armenian flag. His first design was a horizontal tricolor, but with a set of colors different from those used on the Armenian flag of today. The top band would be red to symbolize the first Sunday of Easter (called "Red" Sunday), the green to represent the "Green" Sunday of Easter, and finally an arbitrary color, white, was chosen to complete the combination. While in France, Alishan also designed a second flag inspired by the national Flag of France. Its colors were red, green, and blue respectively, representing the band of colors that Noah saw after landing on Mount Ararat.
A bust of Alishan, created in 1903 by the sculptor , is displayed in the National Gallery of Armenia.
Gallery
Publications
Armenian popular Songs: translated into English by the R. Leo M. Alishan DD. of the Mechitaristic Society, Venice, S. Lazarus, 1852.
Etude de la patrie: physiographie de l'Arménie: discours prononcé le 12 août 1861 à la distribution annuelle des prix au collège arménien Samuel Moorat, Venise, S. Lazar, 1861.
«Յուշիկք հայրենեաց հայոց» (Memories of the Armenian Homeland) 1869.
«Շնորհալի եւ պարագայ իւր» ('Shnorhali ew paragay iwr', Armenian History). 1873, Venice.
«Շիրակ» (Shirak) 1881.
Deux descriptions arméniennes des lieux Saints de Palestine, Gènes, 1883.
«Սիսուան» |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20CAD%2C%20CAM%2C%20and%20CAE%20file%20viewers | This is an overview of notable viewers for files, that are produced by Computer aided design (CAD), Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and Computer-aided engineering (CAE) applications.
Comparison of notable CAD/CAM/CAE file viewers
See also
Comparison of computer-aided design software
List of CAD file formats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%20type%20inclusion | B-type inclusions, formerly known as Guarnieri bodies are cellular features found upon microscopic inspection of epithelial cells of individuals suspected of having poxvirus (e.g. smallpox or vaccinia). In cells stained with eosin, they appear as pink blobs in the cytoplasm of affected epithelial cells. The absence of Guarnieri bodies cannot be used as to rule out smallpox, however, as more sensitive test need to be performed.
B-type inclusions are the sites of viral replication and are found in all poxvirus-infected cells, unlike A-type inclusions which are more strongly eosinophilic and only found in infections with certain poxviruses.
They are named after the Italian physician Giuseppe Guarnieri. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostate%20biopsy | Prostate biopsy is a procedure in which small hollow needle-core samples are removed from a man's prostate gland to be examined for the presence of prostate cancer. It is typically performed when the result from a PSA blood test is high. It may also be considered advisable after a digital rectal exam (DRE) finds possible abnormality. PSA screening is controversial as PSA may become elevated due to non-cancerous conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), by infection, or by manipulation of the prostate during surgery or catheterization. Additionally many prostate cancers detected by screening develop so slowly that they would not cause problems during a man's lifetime, making the complications due to treatment unnecessary.
The most frequent side effect of the procedure is blood in the urine (31%). Other side effects may include infection (0.9%) and death (0.2%).
Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy
The procedure may be performed transrectally, through the urethra or through the perineum. The most common approach is transrectally, and historically this was done with tactile finger guidance. The most common method of prostate biopsy was transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate (TRUS) biopsy.
Extended biopsy schemes take 12 to 14 cores from the prostate gland through a thin needle in a systematic fashion from different regions of the prostate.
A biopsy procedure with a higher rate of cancer detection is template prostate mapping (TPM) or transperineal template-guided mapping biopsy (TTMB), whereby typically 50 to 60 samples are taken of the prostate through the outer skin between the rectum and scrotum, to thoroughly sample and map the entire prostate, through a template with holes every 5mm, usually under a general or spinal anaesthetic.
Antibiotics are usually prescribed to minimize the risk of infection. A healthcare provider may also prescribe an enema to be taken in the morning of the procedure. During the transrectal procedure, an ultrasound probe is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20visual%20display | An electronic visual display, informally a screen, is a display device for presentation of images, text, or video transmitted electronically, without producing a permanent record. Electronic visual displays include television sets, computer monitors, and digital signage. By the above definition, an overhead projector (along with screen onto which the text, images, or video is projected) could reasonably be considered an electronic visual display since it is a display device for the presentation of an images, plain text, or video transmitted electronically without producing a permanent record. They are also ubiquitous in mobile computing applications like tablet computers, smartphones, and information appliances.
From the mid-2000s through to the early 2020s, flat-panel displays dominated the industry, as cathode-ray tubes (CRT) were phased out, especially for computer applications, and curved panels were not yet developed.
Types
These are the technologies used to create the various displays in use today.
Electroluminescent (EL) display
Liquid crystal display (LCD) with Light-emitting diode (LED)-backlit Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Light-emitting diode (LED) display
OLED display
AMOLED display
Plasma (P) display
Quantum dot (QD) display
Additionally, CRTs were widely used in the past and microLED displays are under development.
Classification
Electronic visual displays present visual information according to the electrical input signal (analog or digital) either by emitting light (then they are called active displays) or, alternatively, by modulating available light during the process of reflection or transmission (light modulators are called passive displays).
Display mode of observation
Electronic visual displays can be observed directly (direct view display) or the displayed information can be projected to a screen (transmissive or reflective screen). This usually happens with smaller displays at a certain magnification.
A different kind of project |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavoatrial%20junction | The cavoatrial junction (CAJ) is the point at which the superior vena cava meets and melds into the superior wall of the cardiac right atrium. Both the superior and inferior vena cavae enter the right atrium, but only the superior entry is called the cavoatrial junction. This junction marks the inferior end of the superior vena cava, the continuation below that point being considered part of the heart.
For purposes of radiographic visualization, the most reliable indicator of junction location is to find the carina, then observe the vertebrae it overlies. The junction will lie two vertebral body units (VBUs) below the carina, counting the single intervertebral disc between them, but not the disc below them. It has been demonstrated that the more ordinary method of looking for the "bulge" in the cardiac outline is unreliable, since cardiac or other thoracic pathology can shift the apparent position of that landmark.
Hospitalized patients may need to receive solutions and medications that, if given through an ordinary intravenous therapy catheter, would severely damage both blood cells and the vascular system. In these cases, it is common to insert a central venous catheter. All such catheters placed for the purpose of venous access and being inserted in the upper body will ideally have the tip placed within the superior vena cava at or just above the cavoatrial junction. Passing the line through the junction and into the atrium is avoided by some practitioners, as they fear the result may be cardiac arrythmias and even cardiac tamponade, a potentially fatal outcome. However, other practitioners prefer the proximal RA and state that there is no evidence of harm. Modern catheter tip verification systems often rely on ECG readouts which correlate with tip position. A chest xray may still be obtained to confirm or when an ECG is contraindicated. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Chlorokynurenic%20acid | 7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-CKA) is a tool compound that acts as a potent and selective competitive antagonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It produces ketamine-like rapid antidepressant effects in animal models of depression. However, 7-CKA is unable to cross the blood-brain-barrier, and for this reason, is unsuitable for clinical use. As a result, a centrally-penetrant prodrug of 7-CKA, 4-chlorokynurenine (AV-101), has been developed for use in humans, and is being studied in clinical trials as a potential treatment for major depressive disorder, and anti-nociception. In addition to antagonizing the NMDA receptor, 7-CKA also acts as a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles (or as a vesicular glutamate reuptake inhibitor), an action that it mediates via competitive blockade of vesicular glutamate transporters (Ki = 0.59 mM).
See also
5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid
Evans blue
Kynurenic acid
Xanthurenic acid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetry | Asymmetry is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry (the property of an object being invariant to a transformation, such as reflection). Symmetry is an important property of both physical and abstract systems and it may be displayed in precise terms or in more aesthetic terms. The absence of or violation of symmetry that are either expected or desired can have important consequences for a system.
In organisms
Due to how cells divide in organisms, asymmetry in organisms is fairly usual in at least one dimension, with biological symmetry also being common in at least one dimension.
Louis Pasteur proposed that biological molecules are asymmetric because the cosmic [i.e. physical] forces that preside over their formation are themselves asymmetric. While at his time, and even now, the symmetry of physical processes are highlighted, it is known that there are fundamental physical asymmetries, starting with time.
Asymmetry in biology
Asymmetry is an important and widespread trait, having evolved numerous times in many organisms and at many levels of organisation (ranging from individual cells, through organs, to entire body-shapes). Benefits of asymmetry sometimes have to do with improved spatial arrangements, such as the left human lung being smaller, and having one fewer lobes than the right lung to make room for the asymmetrical heart. In other examples, division of function between the right and left half may have been beneficial and has driven the asymmetry to become stronger. Such an explanation is usually given for mammal hand or paw preference (handedness), an asymmetry in skill development in mammals. Training the neural pathways in a skill with one hand (or paw) may take less effort than doing the same with both hands.
Nature also provides several examples of handedness in traits that are usually symmetric. The following are examples of animals with obvious left-right asymmetries:
Most snails, because of torsion during development, show remarkable as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMA-ES | Covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is a particular kind of strategy for numerical optimization. Evolution strategies (ES) are stochastic, derivative-free methods for numerical optimization of non-linear or non-convex continuous optimization problems. They belong to the class of evolutionary algorithms and evolutionary computation. An evolutionary algorithm is broadly based on the principle of biological evolution, namely the repeated interplay of variation (via recombination and mutation) and selection: in each generation (iteration) new individuals (candidate solutions, denoted as ) are generated by variation, usually in a stochastic way, of the current parental individuals. Then, some individuals are selected to become the parents in the next generation based on their fitness or objective function value . Like this, over the generation sequence, individuals with better and better -values are generated.
In an evolution strategy, new candidate solutions are sampled according to a multivariate normal distribution in . Recombination amounts to selecting a new mean value for the distribution. Mutation amounts to adding a random vector, a perturbation with zero mean. Pairwise dependencies between the variables in the distribution are represented by a covariance matrix. The covariance matrix adaptation (CMA) is a method to update the covariance matrix of this distribution. This is particularly useful if the function is ill-conditioned.
Adaptation of the covariance matrix amounts to learning a second order model of the underlying objective function similar to the approximation of the inverse Hessian matrix in the quasi-Newton method in classical optimization. In contrast to most classical methods, fewer assumptions on the underlying objective function are made. Because only a ranking (or, equivalently, sorting) of candidate solutions is exploited, neither derivatives nor even an (explicit) objective function is required by the method. For exampl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror%20blocks | The Mirror Blocks, also known as the Mirror Cube and Bump Cube, is a type of combination puzzle and shape modification of the standard 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and was invented in 2006. The puzzle's internal mechanism is nearly identical to that of the Rubik's Cube, although it differs from normal 3×3 cubes in that all pieces are the same color (typically reflective gold or silver stickers) and are identified by shape since each one is also a distinct rectangular prism. Like the Ghost Cube and Mastermorphix, the mirror cube has a 3×3×3 shape, meaning that it can be solved the same way as the 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube. The fastest time to solve a mirror cube is 13.66 seconds and was achieved by Lim Kai Yi (Malaysia) in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia, on 1 December 2022..
Origin
The Mirror Blocks were originally invented by Hidetoshi Takeji in 2006. He initially named the puzzle the "Bump Cube" due to it having an uneven, bumpy surface when scrambled. At a competition in Osaka, Hidetoshi showed his puzzle to a speedcuber who took great interest in it. Hidetoshi decided to lend his puzzle to the speedcuber, who showed it to a project group. In the fall of 2008, the puzzle was first mass-produced in Boston by Rubik's and manufactured by MegaHouse. When it was released, it was officially named the Mirror Blocks. Mirror Blocks cubes have since been made by multiple manufacturers, and in versions with 4×4×4 and 5×5×5 mechanisms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariski%E2%80%93Riemann%20space | In algebraic geometry, a Zariski–Riemann space or Zariski space of a subring k of a field K is a locally ringed space whose points are valuation rings containing k and contained in K. They generalize the Riemann surface of a complex curve.
Zariski–Riemann spaces were introduced by who (rather confusingly) called them Riemann manifolds or Riemann surfaces. They were named Zariski–Riemann spaces after Oscar Zariski and Bernhard Riemann by who used them to show that algebraic varieties can be embedded in complete ones.
Local uniformization (proved in characteristic 0 by Zariski) can be interpreted as saying that the Zariski–Riemann space of a variety is nonsingular in some sense, so is a sort of rather weak resolution of singularities. This does not solve the problem of resolution of singularities because in dimensions greater than 1 the Zariski–Riemann space is not locally affine and in particular is not a scheme.
Definition
The Zariski–Riemann space of a field K over a base field k is a locally ringed space whose points are the valuation rings containing k and contained in K. Sometimes the valuation ring K itself is excluded, and sometimes the points are restricted to the zero-dimensional valuation rings (those whose residue field has transcendence degree zero over k).
If S is the Zariski–Riemann space of a subring k of a field K, it has a topology defined by taking a basis of open sets to be the valuation rings containing a given finite subset of K. The space S is quasi-compact. It is made into a locally ringed space by assigning to any open subset the intersection of the valuation rings of the points of the subset. The local ring at any point is the corresponding valuation ring.
The Zariski–Riemann space of a function field can also be constructed as the inverse limit of all complete (or projective) models of the function field.
Examples
The Riemann–Zariski space of a curve
The Riemann–Zariski space of a curve over an algebraically closed field k with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan%20Cornelis%20Zaanen | Adriaan Cornelis "Aad" Zaanen (14 June 1913 in Rotterdam – 1 April 2003 in Wassenaar) was a Dutch mathematician working in analysis. He is known for his books on Riesz spaces (together with Wim Luxemburg).
Biography
Zaanen was born in Rotterdam, where he attended the Hogere Burgerschool. He graduated in 1930 with excellent marks, and started his studies in mathematics at Leiden University. Having obtained his master's degree in 1935, he did research under the guidance of his doctoral advisor Johannes Droste, and was awarded a Ph.D. in 1938. His doctoral thesis dealt with the convergence of series of eigenvalues of boundary value problems of the Sturm–Liouville type. The same year he was appointed a mathematics teacher at the Hogere Burgerschool in Rotterdam, a profession that he continued until 1947.
In the next years and also in the period of the German occupation of the Netherlands, Zaanen continued to do mathematical research in his spare time. He studied Stefan Banach's Théorie des Opérations Linéaires, the book that laid the foundations of functional analysis, and Marshall H. Stone's Linear Transformations in Hilbert Space. During this period he wrote nine scientific papers on integral equations with symmetrisable kernels that were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946-47.
In parallel to his job as a secondary-school teacher, Zaanen was appointed in 1946 as a mathematics teacher for three hours per week at the Technische Hogeschool Delft, and as an unpaid privaatdocent at Leiden University where he taught a course on Lebesgue integration.
In 1947 Zaanen accepted the position of Professor of Mathematics at the Technische Hogeschool Bandoeng. In 1950 he returned to the Netherlands where he was appointed Professor of Mathematics at the Technische Hogeschool Delft. In these years he continued his work on the book Linear Analysis, which was published in 1953 and for years was a prominent work on functional ana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylglycine | Trimethylglycine is an amino acid derivative that occurs in plants. Trimethylglycine was the first betaine discovered; originally it was simply called betaine because, in the 19th century, it was discovered in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris).
Medical uses
Betaine, sold under the brand name Cystadane among others, is indicated for the adjunctive treatment of homocystinuria, involving deficiencies or defects in cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), or cobalamin cofactor metabolism (cbl).
The most common side effect is elevated levels of methionine in the blood.
Structure and reactions
Trimethylglycine is an N-methylated amino acid. It is a zwitterion as the molecule contains both a quaternary ammonium group and a carboxyl group. The carboxyl group will be partially protonated in aqueous solution below pH 4, that is, approximately below pH equal to (pKa + 2).
(aq) + (aq)
Demethylation of trimethylglycine gives dimethylglycine.
Production and biochemical processes
Processing sucrose from sugar beets yields glycine betaine as a byproduct. The economic value of the trimethylglycine rivals that of the sugar content in sugar beets.
Biosynthesis
In most organisms, glycine betaine is biosynthesized by oxidation of choline in two steps. The intermediate, betaine aldehyde, is generated by the action of the enzyme mitochondrial choline oxidase (choline dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.99.1). Betaine aldehyde is further oxidised in the mitochondria in mice to betaine by the enzyme betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.8). In humans betaine aldehyde activity is performed by a nonspecific cystosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme (EC 1.2.1.3)
Biological function
Trimethylglycine is an organic osmolyte. Sugar beet was cultivated from sea beet, which requires osmolytes in order to survive in the salty soils of coastal areas. Trimethylglycine also occurs in high concentrations (~10 mM) in many marine invertebrates, su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20F.%20Thompson | Richard Frederick Thompson (September 6, 1930 – September 16, 2014) was an American behavioral neuroscientist. He was the William M. Keck Professor of Psychology and Biological Sciences at the University of Southern California, with a parallel appointment as professor of neurology. Thompson was known for his groundbreaking work on learning and memory. His graduate student, David A. McCormick discovered that the cerebellum was critical in learning and performance in classical conditioning. During his career, he served as editor-in-chief of the scientific journals Physiological Psychology, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, and Behavioral Neuroscience.
Life and education
Thompson was born in Portland, Oregon and obtained a bachelor's degree in psychology from Reed College and a master's and PhD in psychology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Thompson died in Los Angeles, California.
Influence
Thompson published 450 research papers, which, according to the Web of Science, have been cited nearly over 23,000 times, giving him an h-index of 80. In 1967, Thompson also authored Foundations of Physiological Psychology (New York, Harper & Row, ), which "revolutionized the way that behavioral neuroscience was presented and learned". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20%C3%89mile%20Appell | M. P. Appell is the same person: it stands for Monsieur Paul Appell.
Paul Émile Appell (27 September 1855, in Strasbourg – 24 October 1930, in Paris) was a French mathematician and Rector of the University of Paris. Appell polynomials and Appell's equations of motion are named after him, as is rue Paul Appell in the 14th arrondissement of Paris and the minor planet 988 Appella.
Life
Paul Appell entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1873.
He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences in 1892.
In 1895, he became a Professor at the École Centrale Paris. Between 1903 and 1920 he was Dean of the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris, then Rector of the University of Paris from 1920 to 1925.
Appell was the President of the Société astronomique de France (SAF), the French astronomical society, from 1919 to 1921.
His daughter Marguerite Appell (1883–1969), who married the mathematician Émile Borel, is known as a novelist under her pen-name Camille Marbo.
Appell was an atheist. He was awarded Order of the White Eagle.
Work
He worked first on projective geometry in the line of Chasles, then on algebraic functions, differential equations, and complex analysis. Appell was the editor of the collected works of Henri Poincaré. Jules Drach was co-editor of the first volume.
Appell series
He introduced a set of four hypergeometric series F1, F2, F3, F4 of two variables, now called Appell series, that generalize Gauss's hypergeometric series.
He established the set of partial differential equations of which these functions are solutions, and found formulas and expressions of these series in terms of hypergeometric series of one variable. In 1926, with Professor Joseph-Marie Kampé de Fériet, he authored a treatise on generalized hypergeometric series.
Mechanics
In mechanics, he proposed an alternative formulation of analytical mechanics known as Appell's equation of motion.
He discovered a physical interpretation of the imaginary period of the doubly period |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Macchiarini | Paolo Macchiarini (born 22 August 1958) is a Swiss-born Italian thoracic surgeon and former regenerative medicine researcher who became known for research fraud and manipulative behavior. He has been convicted of research-related crimes in Italy and Sweden.
Previously considered a pioneer for using both biological and synthetic scaffolds seeded with patients' own stem cells as trachea transplants, Macchiarini was a visiting professor and director on a temporary contract at Sweden's Karolinska Institutet (KI) from 2010. Macchiarini has been accused of unethically performing experimental surgeries, even on relatively healthy patients, resulting in fatalities for seven of the eight patients who received one of his synthetic trachea transplants. Articles in Vanity Fair and Aftonbladet further suggested that he had falsified some of his academic credentials on résumés.
, the secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine, resigned in February 2016, owing to his involvement in recruiting Macchiarini to KI.
Shortly afterwards KI's vice chancellor, , who in 2015 had cleared Macchiarini of misconduct, also resigned. KI terminated its clinical relationship with Macchiarini in 2013 but allowed him to continue as a researcher; in February 2016, the university announced that it would not renew his research contract, which was due to expire in November, and terminated the contract the following month. After being dismissed from KI, Macchiarini worked at the Kazan Federal University in Russia until that institution terminated his project in April 2017, effectively firing him.
After a one-year medico-legal investigation, the Swedish Prosecution Authority announced in October 2017 that Macchiarini had been negligent in four of the five cases investigated due to the use of devices and procedures not supported by evidence, but that a crime could not be proven because the patients might have died under any other treatment given. Sweden's Expert Group on Scientific Misco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Play | Google Play, also known as the Google Play Store and formerly Android Market, is a digital distribution service operated and developed by Google. It serves as the official app store for certified devices running on the Android operating system and its derivatives, as well as ChromeOS, allowing users to browse and download applications developed with the Android software development kit (SDK) and published through Google. Google Play has also served as a digital media store, offering games, music, books, movies, and television programs. Content that has been purchased on Google Play Movies & TV and Google Play Books can be accessed on a web browser and through the Android and iOS apps.
Applications are available through Google Play either for free or at a cost. They can be downloaded directly on an Android device through the proprietary Google Play Store mobile app or by deploying the application to a device from the Google Play website. Applications utilizing the hardware capabilities of a device can be targeted at users of devices with specific hardware components, such as a motion sensor (for motion-dependent games) or a front-facing camera (for online video calling). The Google Play Store had over 82 billion app downloads in 2016 and over 3.5 million apps published in 2017, while after a purge of apps, it is back to over 3 million. It has been the subject of multiple issues concerning security, in which malicious software has been approved and uploaded to the store and downloaded by users, with varying degrees of severity.
Google Play was launched on March 6, 2012, bringing together Android Market, Google Music, Google Movies, and the Google eBookstore under one brand, marking a shift in Google's digital distribution strategy. Following their rebranding, Google has expanded the geographical support for each of the services. Since 2018, Google has gradually sunsetted the Play brand: Play Newsstand was rebranded as Google News in 2018; Play Music was discontinued |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Henri%20L%C3%A9onard%20Pirenne | Maurice Henri Léonard Pirenne (30 May 1912, Verviers–11 October 1978, Oxford) was a Belgian scientist known for his work in vision physiology.
Early life and education
Pirenne was born to Maria (née Duesberg) and artist Maurice Lucien Henri Joseph Marie Pirenne on 30 May 1912 in Verviers, Belgium. His uncles were medievalist historian, Henri Pirenne and anatomist and cytologist . Pirenne's lifelong interest in drawing and painting, nurtured by his artist father, underscored his fascination with the convergence of visual physiology and artistic expression. While still at school he read Brücke and Helmholtz on the optics of painting.
Scientist
After earning his Doctor of Science degree from Liege in 1937 and supported by a grant from the Belgian government, he engaged in a year of research in molecular physics under Peter Debye's mentorship, attending seminars led by Victor Henri in which he established connections with significant fellow students. A pivotal phase of his career was the next three years, 1938–40, spent at Columbia University in New York as a Fellow of the Belgian American Educational Foundation where he collaborated with Selig Hecht to explore the biophysics of vision. With Hecht, Pirenne investigated iris contraction in the nocturnal long-eared owl in reaction to infrared radiation. This experience significantly influenced his future devotion to the biophysics of vision.
Visual perception
After experiments they reported to the American Association for the Advancement of Science that received attention oil the media, in 1942, a joint paper authored by Hecht, Shlaer, and Pirenne marked a turning point in the understanding of visual perception near the absolute threshold level by measuring the minimum number of photons the human eye can detect 60% of the time. This paper highlighted that the perceived variability, previously attributed to biological causes, predominantly stemmed from physical fluctuations in the small quantity of light quanta ab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20mass%20%28solid-state%20physics%29 | In solid state physics, a particle's effective mass (often denoted ) is the mass that it seems to have when responding to forces, or the mass that it seems to have when interacting with other identical particles in a thermal distribution. One of the results from the band theory of solids is that the movement of particles in a periodic potential, over long distances larger than the lattice spacing, can be very different from their motion in a vacuum. The effective mass is a quantity that is used to simplify band structures by modeling the behavior of a free particle with that mass. For some purposes and some materials, the effective mass can be considered to be a simple constant of a material. In general, however, the value of effective mass depends on the purpose for which it is used, and can vary depending on a number of factors.
For electrons or electron holes in a solid, the effective mass is usually stated as a factor multiplying the rest mass of an electron, me (9.11 × 10−31 kg). This factor is usually in the range 0.01 to 10, but can be lower or higher—for example, reaching 1,000 in exotic heavy fermion materials, or anywhere from zero to infinity (depending on definition) in graphene. As it simplifies the more general band theory, the electronic effective mass can be seen as an important basic parameter that influences measurable properties of a solid, including everything from the efficiency of a solar cell to the speed of an integrated circuit.
Simple case: parabolic, isotropic dispersion relation
At the highest energies of the valence band in many semiconductors (Ge, Si, GaAs, ...), and the lowest energies of the conduction band in some semiconductors (GaAs, ...), the band structure can be locally approximated as
where is the energy of an electron at wavevector in that band, is a constant giving the edge of energy of that band, and is a constant (the effective mass).
It can be shown that the electrons placed in these bands behave as free electr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippotragine%20gammaherpesvirus%201 | Hippotragine gammaherpesvirus 1 (HiHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Macavirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breyer%20Animal%20Creations | Breyer Animal Creations (commonly referred to as simply Breyer) is primarily a manufacturer of model horses. Founded in 1950, the company, now a division of Reeves International, Inc, specializes in model horses made from cellulose acetate, a form of plastic, and produces other animal models from the same material as well. Less well known are its porcelain horse figures, which are aimed at the adult collector market. The company also produces model tack accessories and horse-related structures, such as stables, barns, and grooming implements in scale to its model horses.
History
Breyer Animal Creations was founded in 1950 in Chicago, Illinois, as Breyer Molding Company. It gained recognition when commissioned by F.W. Woolworth to create a horse statue (now known as the # 57 Western Horse) to adorn a mantel clock. It was approximately 1:9 scale and the model was retained as payment for molding the parts. Orders began to roll in for the horse only and the Breyer Animal Creations company was founded. Since then, Breyer has become a leader in producing model horses.
In 1984, Reeves International acquired Breyer Animal Creations and spent the next 20 years completing its transformation from toy distribution to manufacturing. Model horses are sold through independent distributors and the Breyer website.
While Breyer products were originally manufactured in the United States, production now takes place in China.
Production processes
Each horse is cast in a two to three piece mold. Both halves are then put together and the seams are sanded and polished. Markings and color patterns are usually obtained by using a stencil known as a mask, although most older models were airbrushed by hand, with markings such as undefined socks or a bald face merely left unpainted. Most detailing, such as eye-whites (common on 1950s and 1960s models and is now enjoying a resurgence in modern models), brands, or other individual markings are painstakingly hand-painted. Sometimes, a variatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-mass%20system | In mechanics, a variable-mass system is a collection of matter whose mass varies with time. It can be confusing to try to apply Newton's second law of motion directly to such a system. Instead, the time dependence of the mass m can be calculated by rearranging Newton's second law and adding a term to account for the momentum carried by mass entering or leaving the system. The general equation of variable-mass motion is written as
where Fext is the net external force on the body, vrel is the relative velocity of the escaping or incoming mass with respect to the center of mass of the body, and v is the velocity of the body. In astrodynamics, which deals with the mechanics of rockets, the term vrel is often called the effective exhaust velocity and denoted ve.
Derivation
There are different derivations for the variable-mass system motion equation, depending on whether the mass is entering or leaving a body (in other words, whether the moving body's mass is increasing or decreasing, respectively). To simplify calculations, all bodies are considered as particles. It is also assumed that the mass is unable to apply external forces on the body outside of accretion/ablation events.
Mass accretion
The following derivation is for a body that is gaining mass (accretion). A body of time-varying mass m moves at a velocity v at an initial time t. In the same instant, a particle of mass dm moves with velocity u with respect to ground. The initial momentum can be written as
Now at a time t + dt, let both the main body and the particle accrete into a body of velocity v + dv. Thus the new momentum of the system can be written as
Since dmdv is the product of two small values, it can be ignored, meaning during dt the momentum of the system varies for
Therefore, by Newton's second law
Noting that u - v is the velocity of dm relative to m, symbolized as vrel, this final equation can be arranged as
Mass ablation/ejection
In a system where mass is being ejected or ablated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate%20Structure%20Database | Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB) is a free curated database and service platform in glycoinformatics, launched in 2005 by a group of Russian scientists from N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences. CSDB stores published structural, taxonomical, bibliographic and NMR-spectroscopic data on natural carbohydrates and carbohydrate-related molecules.
Overview
The main data stored in CSDB are carbohydrate structures of bacterial, fungal, and plant origin. Each structure is assigned to an organism and is provided with the link(s) to the corresponding scientific publication(s), in which it was described. Apart from structural data, CSDB also stores NMR spectra, information on methods used to decipher a particular structure, and some other data.
CSDB provides access to several carbohydrate-related research tools:
Simulation of 1D and 2D NMR spectra of carbohydrates (GODDESS: glycan-oriented database-driven empirical spectrum simulation).
Automated NMR-based structure elucidation (GRASS: generation, ranking and assignment of saccharide structures).
Statistical analysis of structural feature distribution in glycomes of living organisms
Generation of optimized atomic coordinates for an arbitrary saccharide and subdatabase of conformation maps.
Taxon clustering based on similarities of glycomes (carbohydrate-based tree of life)
Glycosyltransferase subdatabase (GT-explorer)
History and funding
Until 2015, Bacterial Carbohydrate Structure Database (BCSDB) and Plant&Fungal Carbohydrate Structure Database (PFCSDB) databases existed in parallel. In 2015, they were joined into the single Carbohydrate Structure Database (CSDB). The development and maintenance of CSDB have been funded by International Science and Technology Center (2005-2007), Russian Federation President grant program (2005-2006), Russian Foundation for Basic Research (2005-2007,2012-2014,2015-2017,2018-2020), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (short-term in 2006-2010), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroelongated%20pentagonal%20birotunda | In geometry, the gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda is one of the Johnson solids (). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by gyroelongating a pentagonal birotunda (either or the icosidodecahedron) by inserting a decagonal antiprism between its two halves.
The gyroelongated pentagonal birotunda is one of five Johnson solids which are chiral, meaning that they have a "left-handed" and a "right-handed" form. In the illustration to the right, each pentagonal face on the bottom half of the figure is connected by a path of two triangular faces to a pentagonal face above it and to the left. In the figure of opposite chirality (the mirror image of the illustrated figure), each bottom pentagon would be connected to a pentagonal face above it and to the right. The two chiral forms of are not considered different Johnson solids.
Area and Volume
With edge length a, the surface area is
and the volume is
See also
Birotunda
External links
Johnson solids
Chiral polyhedra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superb%20Internet | Superb Internet Technologies is a web hosting and Internet domain registrar company in business since 1996. According to Netcraft's January 2008 statistics, Superb Internet hosts over 340,000 unique sites, making it one of the world's 60 largest web hosts. Services offered by Superb Internet include basic web hosting, dedicated hosting, VPS hosting, as well as reseller hosting.
Superb Internet is led by CEO Jeremy Gulban, and is currently a private company. Superb Internet's corporate offices are located in Honolulu, Hawaii, and with data centers located coast-to-coast in the United States in McLean, Virginia and South Seattle, Washington. Purchase of HopOne Internet and Superb Internet was completed by CherryRoad Technologies in May 2019. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artade | ARTADE (ARabidopsis Tiling Array-based Detection of Exons) is a database for the annotation of genome-wide tiling-array data in Arabidopsis
See also
DNA microarray |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReDigi | ReDigi was an online marketplace for used digital music, eBooks, games, apps, and software. It claims to be the only cloud storage service that verifies whether each digital file uploaded for storage was legally acquired from an eligible source. ReDigi's Cloud and Marketplace only accept lawfully purchased digital media. The service allowed users to buy and sell pre-owned digital content directly from one user to another. As of December 2020, the website is offline.
History
ReDigi launched its public beta site in October 2011. It was founded by John Ossenmacher, along with his daughter, who had the idea of creating an online drop box where people could donate their unwanted digital media. Ossenmacher hired a team of programmers, mathematicians, business professionals, and legal advisors to build the service.
ReDigi filed voluntary petitions for Chapter 11 reorganization in United States bankruptcy court in August 2016. The company arranged multiple sources of funding to restructure its current debt and planned to exit its restructure in 2017.
Services currently offered include cloud storage for verifiable music, ebooks and other digital goods that were legally purchased, cloud streaming for listening to stored music, reading books, and utilizing other digital media, and buying and selling of used digital goods such as music, ebooks, games, apps and other digital media directly from other users on ReDigi.
Capitol Records lawsuit
In January 2012, Capitol Records sued ReDigi in New York Federal Court stating that Redigi was liable for contributing to copyright infringement demanding that ReDigi remove Capitol-owned material and pay $150,000 per track. On February 6, 2012, U.S. District Judge Richard Sullivan denied the preliminary injunction.
Vicarious liability for copyright infringement exists where the defendant "has the right and ability to supervise the infringing activity and also has a direct financial interest in such activities." In ReDigi, the cour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSR3 | TSR3, or TSR3 Ribosome Maturation Factor, is a hypothetical human protein found on chromosome 16. Its protein is 312 amino acids long and its cDNA has 1214 base pairs. It was previously designated C16orf42.
Function
The function of C16orf42 is unknown. It is predicted to be a transmembrane protein, however the cellular or subcellular membrane in which is resides is as well unknown.
Homology
C16orf42 can also be found in many other organisms, including mammals, and certain fungi and plants. It is not found in bacteria. C16orf42 is highly conserved in many of its orthologs, especially its mammalian orthologs, as high as 95% identity in rhesus monkeys. It also has fairly high conservation in its more distant homologs, 53% identity in corn for example. It has one potential human paralog, the protein EGFL6.
Ortholog Analysis:
Expression
C16orf42 is not expressed ubiquitously in humans. It is most highly expressed in the ovary, but not expressed at all in the blood and very little in the brain. One microarray experiment suggested that malaria causes its expression in the blood, but further experimentation is needed to support this claim. Its expression in tissues tends to remain constant when the tissue is diseased. However, a brief analysis of its orthologs show inconsistencies in tissue expression. This could be due to a lack of research of this protein in other species.
Structure
The structure of C16orf42 is unknown. It is predicted to have multiple regions of alpha-helices, and a few short stretches of beta-strands. It contains a potential metal binding domain between amino acids 60–90. It has a predicted molecular weight of 33.6 kdal and an isoelectric point of 6.496000, making it slightly acidic. Compared to other human proteins, C16orf42 is high in the amino acids arginine and alanine, and low in the amino acid threonine. A brief analysis of its strict orthologs show that they too are generally high in arginine and low in threonine as well as compared to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringent%20response | The stringent response, also called stringent control, is a stress response of bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to amino-acid starvation, fatty acid limitation, iron limitation, heat shock and other stress conditions. The stringent response is signaled by the alarmone (p)ppGpp, and modulates transcription of up to 1/3 of all genes in the cell. This in turn causes the cell to divert resources away from growth and division and toward amino acid synthesis in order to promote survival until nutrient conditions improve.
Response
In Escherichia coli, (p)ppGpp production is mediated by the ribosomal protein L11 (rplK resp. relC) and the ribosome-associated (p)ppGpp synthetase I, RelA; deacylated tRNA bound in the ribosomal A-site is the primary induction signal. RelA converts GTP and ATP into pppGpp by adding the pyrophosphate from ATP onto the 3' carbon of the ribose in GTP, releasing AMP. pppGpp is converted to ppGpp by the gpp gene product, releasing Pi. ppGpp is converted to GDP by the spoT gene product, releasing pyrophosphate (PPi).
GDP is converted to GTP by the ndk gene product. Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) provides the Pi, and is converted to Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP).
In other bacteria, the stringent response is mediated by a variety of RelA/SpoT Homologue (RSH) proteins, with some having only synthetic, or hydrolytic or both (Rel) activities.
During the stringent response, (p)ppGpp accumulation affects the resource-consuming cell processes replication, transcription, and translation. (p)ppGpp is thought to bind RNA polymerase and alter the transcriptional profile, decreasing the synthesis of translational machinery (such as rRNA and tRNA), and increasing the transcription of biosynthetic genes. Additionally, the initiation of new rounds of replication is inhibited and the cell cycle arrests until nutrient conditions improve. Translational GTPases involved in protein biosynthesis are also affected by ppGpp, with Initiation Factor 2 (IF2) being |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitability%20of%20K-type%20main-sequence%20star%20systems | K-type main-sequence stars, also known as orange dwarfs, may be candidates for supporting extraterrestrial life. These stars are known as "Goldilocks stars" as they emit enough radiation in the non-UV ray spectrum to provide a temperature that allows liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet; they also remain stable in the main sequence longer than the Sun by burning their hydrogen slower, allowing more time for life to form on a planet around a K-type main-sequence star. The planet's habitable zone, ranging from 0.1–0.4 to 0.3–1.3 astronomical units (AU), depending on the size of the star, is often far enough from the star so as not to be tidally locked to the star, and to have a sufficiently low solar flare activity not to be lethal to life. In comparison, red dwarf stars have too much solar activity and quickly tidally lock the planets in their habitable zones, making them less suitable for life. The odds of complex life arising may be better on planets around K-type main-sequence stars than around Sun-like stars, given the suitable temperature and extra time available for it to evolve. Some planets around K-type main-sequence stars are potential candidates for extraterrestrial life.
Habitable zone
A K-type star's habitable zone approximately ranges between 0.1–0.4 to 0.3–1.3 AU from the star. Here, exoplanets will receive only a relatively small amount of ultraviolet radiation, especially so towards the outer edge. This is favorable to support life, as it means that there is enough radiated energy to allow liquid water to exist on the surface, but not so much, especially ionizing radiation, as to destroy life.
The habitable zone is also very stable, lasting for most of the K-type main-sequence star's main sequence phase and with little instability of luminosity during that phase.
Potentially habitable planets
The super-Earth HD 40307 g around the K2.5V star HD 40307 orbits in the CHZ, although it has a reasonably elliptical orbit (e=0.22). There may |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20capacitance | Differential capacitance in physics, electronics, and electrochemistry is a measure of the voltage-dependent capacitance of a nonlinear capacitor, such as an electrical double layer or a semiconductor diode. It is defined as the derivative of charge with respect to potential.
Description
In electrochemistry differential capacitance is a parameter introduced for characterizing electrical double layers:
where σ is surface charge and ψ is electric surface potential.
Capacitance is usually defined as the stored charge between two conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric divided by the voltage between the surfaces. Another definition is the rate of change of the stored charge or surface charge (σ) divided by the rate of change of the voltage between the surfaces or the electric surface potential (ψ). The latter is called the "differential capacitance," but usually the stored charge is directly proportional to the voltage, making the capacitances given by the two definitions equal.
This type of differential capacitance may be called "parallel plate capacitance," after the usual form of the capacitor. However, the term is meaningful when applied to any two conducting bodies such as spheres, and not necessarily ones of the same size, for example, the elevated terminals of a Tesla wireless system and the earth. These are widely spaced insulated conducting bodies positioned over a spherically conducting ground plane.
"The differential capacitance between the spheres is obtained by assuming opposite charges ±q on them..."
Another form of differential capacitance refers to single isolated conducting bodies. It is usually discussed in books under the topic of "electrostatics." This capacitance is best defined as the rate of change of charge stored in the body divided by the rate of change of the potential of the body. The definition of the absolute potential of the body depends on what is selected as a reference. This is sometimes referred to as the "self-capacita |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostow%20rigidity%20theorem | In mathematics, Mostow's rigidity theorem, or strong rigidity theorem, or Mostow–Prasad rigidity theorem, essentially states that the geometry of a complete, finite-volume hyperbolic manifold of dimension greater than two is determined by the fundamental group and hence unique. The theorem was proven for closed manifolds by and extended to finite volume manifolds by in 3 dimensions, and by in all dimensions at least 3. gave an alternate proof using the Gromov norm. gave the simplest available proof.
While the theorem shows that the deformation space of (complete) hyperbolic structures on a finite volume hyperbolic -manifold (for ) is a point, for a hyperbolic surface of genus there is a moduli space of dimension that parameterizes all metrics of constant curvature (up to diffeomorphism), a fact essential for Teichmüller theory. There is also a rich theory of deformation spaces of hyperbolic structures on infinite volume manifolds in three dimensions.
The theorem
The theorem can be given in a geometric formulation (pertaining to finite-volume, complete manifolds), and in an algebraic formulation (pertaining to lattices in Lie groups).
Geometric form
Let be the -dimensional hyperbolic space. A complete hyperbolic manifold can be defined as a quotient of by a group of isometries acting freely and properly discontinuously (it is equivalent to define it as a Riemannian manifold with sectional curvature -1 which is complete). It is of finite volume if the integral of a volume form is finite (which is the case, for example, if it is compact). The Mostow rigidity theorem may be stated as:
Suppose and are complete finite-volume hyperbolic manifolds of dimension . If there exists an isomorphism then it is induced by a unique isometry from to .
Here is the fundamental group of a manifold . If is an hyperbolic manifold obtained as the quotient of by a group then .
An equivalent statement is that any homotopy equivalence from to can be homotoped to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%20cage | A Faraday cage or Faraday shield is an enclosure used to block electromagnetic fields. A Faraday shield may be formed by a continuous covering of conductive material, or in the case of a Faraday cage, by a mesh of such materials. Faraday cages are named after scientist Michael Faraday, who invented them in 1836.
A Faraday cage operates because an external electrical field causes the electric charges within the cage's conducting material to be distributed so that they cancel the field's effect in the cage's interior. This phenomenon is used to protect sensitive electronic equipment (for example RF receivers) from external radio frequency interference (RFI) often during testing or alignment of the device. They are also used to protect people and equipment against actual electric currents such as lightning strikes and electrostatic discharges, since the enclosing cage conducts current around the outside of the enclosed space and none passes through the interior.
Faraday cages cannot block stable or slowly varying magnetic fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field (a compass will still work inside). To a large degree, though, they shield the interior from external electromagnetic radiation if the conductor is thick enough and any holes are significantly smaller than the wavelength of the radiation. For example, certain computer forensic test procedures of electronic systems that require an environment free of electromagnetic interference can be carried out within a screened room. These rooms are spaces that are completely enclosed by one or more layers of a fine metal mesh or perforated sheet metal. The metal layers are grounded to dissipate any electric currents generated from external or internal electromagnetic fields, and thus they block a large amount of the electromagnetic interference. See also electromagnetic shielding. They provide less attenuation of outgoing transmissions than incoming: they can block electromagnetic pulse (EMP) waves from natural phenomen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHANK3 | SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3), also known as proline-rich synapse-associated protein 2 (ProSAP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHANK3 gene on chromosome 22. Additional isoforms have been described for this gene but they have not yet been experimentally verified.
Function
This gene is a member of the Shank gene family. The gene encodes a protein that contains 5 interaction domains or motifs including the ankyrin repeats domain (ANK), a src 3 domain (SH3), a proline-rich domain, a PDZ domain and a sterile α motif domain (SAM). Shank proteins are multidomain scaffold proteins of the postsynaptic density that connect neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and other membrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton and G-protein-coupled signaling pathways. Shank proteins also play a role in synapse formation and dendritic spine maturation.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are associated with autism spectrum disorder. This gene is often missing in patients with 22q13.3 deletion syndrome (Phelan-McDermid syndrome), although not in all cases.
Interactions
SHANK3 has been shown to interact with ARHGEF7.
Mouse models
Mouse models of SHANK3 include N-terminal knock-outs and a PDZ domain knock-out all of which also show social interaction deficits and variable other phenotypes. Most of these mice are homozygous knock-outs whereas all the human Shank3 mutations have been heterozygous.
In an inducible knockout, restoration of Shank3 expression in adult mice promoted dendritic spine growth and recovered normal grooming behaviour and voluntary social interaction. However, the reduced locomotion, anxiety and rotarod deficits remained. Germline restoration of the gene's expression rescued all measured phenotypes. Experiments on different developmental windows suggested that early intervention was more effective in restoring behavioural traits.
Rat models
A rat model of SHANK3 was developed using zinc finger nucleases tar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memristor | A memristor (; a portmanteau of memory resistor) is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. It was described and named in 1971 by Leon Chua, completing a theoretical quartet of fundamental electrical components which also comprises the resistor, capacitor and inductor.
Chua and Kang later generalized the concept to memristive systems. Such a system comprises a circuit, of multiple conventional components, which mimics key properties of the ideal memristor component and is also commonly referred to as a memristor. Several such memristor system technologies have been developed, notably ReRAM.
The identification of memristive properties in electronic devices has attracted controversy. Experimentally, the ideal memristor has yet to be demonstrated.
As a fundamental electrical component
Chua in his 1971 paper identified a theoretical symmetry between the non-linear resistor (voltage vs. current), non-linear capacitor (voltage vs. charge), and non-linear inductor (magnetic flux linkage vs. current). From this symmetry he inferred the characteristics of a fourth fundamental non-linear circuit element, linking magnetic flux and charge, which he called the memristor. In contrast to a linear (or non-linear) resistor, the memristor has a dynamic relationship between current and voltage, including a memory of past voltages or currents. Other scientists had proposed dynamic memory resistors such as the memistor of Bernard Widrow, but Chua introduced a mathematical generality.
Derivation and characteristics
The memristor was originally defined in terms of a non-linear functional relationship between magnetic flux linkage Φm(t) and the amount of electric charge that has flowed, q(t):
The magnetic flux linkage, Φm, is generalized from the circuit characteristic of an inductor. It does not represent a magnetic field here. Its physical meaning is discussed below. The symbol Φm may be regarded as the integral of voltage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Communications%20Riser | The Advanced Communications Riser, or ACR, is a form factor and technical specification for PC motherboard expansion slots. It is meant as a supplement to PCI slots, a replacement for the original Audio/modem riser (AMR) slots, and a competitor and alternative to Intel's communications and networking riser (CNR) slots.
Technology
The ACR specification provides a lower cost method to connect certain expansion cards to a computer, with an emphasis on audio and communications devices. Sound cards and modems are the most common devices to use the specification. ACR and other riser cards lower hardware costs by offloading much of the computing tasks of the peripheral to the CPU.
ACR uses a 120 pin PCI connector which is reversed and offset, retaining backward compatibility with 46 pin AMR cards while including support for newer technologies. It is also more cost-effective and simple for the manufacturer, since the connectors are identical to the PCI connectors already purchased in quantity. New features supported by ACR include standards for an EEPROM for storing model and vendor information, USB support, and the Integrated Packet Bus for digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, and wireless networking support.
History
The ACR specification was created by the Advanced Communications Riser Special Interest Group (ACR SIG) in 2000 with the intent to replace the AMR specification. Because it was backwards compatible with AMR cards, and technically superior, it quickly replaced it.
ACR is rendered obsolete by discrete components mounted on the motherboard.
See also
Mobile Daughter Card (MDC), a version of ACR for mobile devices
GeoPort, a similar standard for the Apple Macintosh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeoviscous%20adaptation | Homeoviscous adaptation is the adaptation of the cell membrane lipid composition to keep the adequate membrane fluidity.
The maintenance of proper cell membrane fluidity is of critical importance for the function and integrity of the cell, essential for the mobility and function of embedded proteins and lipids, diffusion of proteins and other molecules laterally across the membrane for signaling reactions, and proper separation of membranes during cell division.
A fundamental biophysical determinant of membrane fluidity is the balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Regulating membrane fluidity is especially important in poikilothermic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protists, plants, fish and other ectothermic animals. The general trend is an increase in unsaturated fatty acids at lower growth temperatures and an increase in saturated fatty acids at higher temperatures.
A recent work has explored the importance of the homeoviscous adaptation of the cell membrane for a psychrotolerant bacteria living in the cold biosphere of earth. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20t%20intron | Plasmid vectors are circular strands of DNA, found in virions, that are used in genetic engineering to integrate new genes into a host cell genome.
The small T intron is an intron, that is used in some plasmid vectors, in order to induce gene expression in mammalian cells.
Function
The function of this intron in the vectors is unknown, but it is theorized that it might be involved in splicing or translation efficiency.
Vectors such as pME18s contain it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-high-density%20cable%20interconnect | A very-high-density cable interconnect (VHDCI) is a 68-pin connector that was introduced in the SPI-2 document of SCSI-3. The VHDCI connector is a very small connector that allows placement of four wide SCSI connectors on the back of a single PCI card slot. Physically, it looks like a miniature Centronics type connector. It uses the regular 68-contact pin assignment. The male connector (plug) is used on the cable and the female connector ("receptacle") on the device.
Other uses
Apart from the standardized use with the SCSI interface, several vendors have also used VHDCI connectors for other types of interfaces:
Nvidia: for an external PCI Express 8-lane interconnect, and used in Quadro Plex VCS and in Quadro NVS 420 as a display port connector
ATI Technologies: on the FireMV 2400 to convey two DVI and two VGA signals on a single connector, and ganging two of these connectors side by side in order to allow the FireMV 2400 to be a low-profile quad display card. The Radeon X1950 XTX Crossfire Edition also used a pair of the connectors to grant more inter-card bandwidth than the PCI Express bus allowed at the time for Crossfire.
AMD: Some Visiontek variants of the Radeon HD 7750 use a VHDCI connector alongside a Mini DisplayPort to allow a 5 (breakout to 4 HDMI+1 mDP) display Eyefinity array on a low profile card. VisionTek also released a similar Radeon HD 5570, though it lacked a Mini DisplayPort.
Juniper Networks: for their 12- and 48-port 100BASE-TX PICs (physical interface cards). The cable connects to the VHDCI connector on the PIC on one end, via an RJ-21 connector on the other end, to an RJ-45 patch panel.
Cisco: 3750 StackWise stacking cables
National Instruments: on their high-speed digital I/O cards.
AudioScience uses VHDCI to carry multiple analog balanced audio and digital AES/EBU audio streams, and clock and GPIO signals.
See also
SCSI connector |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Harbisson | Neil Harbisson (27 July 1982) is a Spanish-raised British-Irish-American cyborg artist and activist for transpecies rights. He is best known for being the first person in the world with an antenna implanted in his skull. Since 2004, international media has described him as the world's first legally recognised cyborg and as the world's first cyborg artist. His antenna sends audible vibrations through his skull to report information to him. This includes measurements of electromagnetic radiation, phone calls, and music, as well as videos or images which are translated into audible vibrations. His WiFi-enabled antenna also allows him to receive signals and data from satellites.
In 2010, he co-founded the Cyborg Foundation, an international organisation that defends cyborg rights, promotes cyborg art and supports people who want to become cyborgs. In 2017, he co-founded the Transpecies Society, an association that gives voice to people with non-human identities, raises awareness of the challenges transpecies face, advocates for the freedom of self-design and offers the development of new senses and organs in community.
Early life
Harbisson is the son of a Spanish mother and a Northern Irish father. He was born with achromat vision. He grew up in Barcelona where he studied piano and began to compose music at the age of 11. At 16, he studied fine art at the Institut Alexandre Satorras, where he was given special permission to use no colour in his work. His early works are all in black and white.
As a teenager, Harbisson lived in a tree for several days in Mataró to save the trees from being cut down. His initiative was supported by over 3,000 people who signed a petition to maintain the trees. After days of protest, the city hall announced the trees would not be cut.
At the age of 19, he moved to England to study music composition at Dartington College of Arts.
Works
Harbisson defines his work as cyborg art, the art of designing new senses and new organs, and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic%20food%20environment | A food environment is the "physical presence of food that affects a person’s diet, a person’s proximity to food store locations, the distribution of food stores, food service, and any physical entity by which food may be obtained, or a connected system that allows access to food".
The term toxic food environment was coined by Kelly D. Brownell in his book, Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry which describes American culture at the end of the 20th century as one that fosters and promotes obesity and unprecedented food consumption. In the United States, the food environment the citizens are encompassed in makes it far too hard to choose healthy foods, and all too easy to choose unhealthy foods. Some call this food environment "'toxic' because of the way it corrodes healthy lifestyles and promotes obesity".
Brownell was a Yale professor and director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale. He is now director of the World Food Policy Center of the Sanford School of Public Policy at Duke University. He uses the term “toxic” to describe unparalleled exposure to high-calorie, high-fat, heavily marketed, inexpensive, and readily accessible foods. The toxic environment is the result of ubiquity of unhealthy, processed foods, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle in which individuals spend more time watching TV and using computers than they spend exercising, the explosion of fast food restaurants, the enormous growth of portion sizes, the power of food advertising and marketing, and the junk food industry’s takeover of schools by selling unhealthy items in vending machines, cafeterias, and through school fundraisers.
A main contributor to the notion of a toxic food environment is the marketing of it. Finding an advertisement that promotes “toxic” is not a difficult task. The Federal Trade Commission found, in 2008, that the food industry spent almost $10 billion per year on marketing food and beverages, including $1.6 billion toward children.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing | Ageing (or aging in American English) is the process of becoming older. The term refers mainly to humans, many other animals, and fungi, whereas for example, bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially biologically immortal. In a broader sense, ageing can refer to single cells within an organism which have ceased dividing, or to the population of a species.
In humans, ageing represents the accumulation of changes in a human being over time and can encompass physical, psychological, and social changes. Reaction time, for example, may slow with age, while memories and general knowledge typically increase. Ageing increases the risk of human diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke and many more. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two-thirds die from age-related causes.
Current ageing theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed ageing concept, whereby the internal processes (epigenetic maintenance such as DNA methylation) inherently may cause ageing. Programmed ageing should not be confused with programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Obesity has been proposed to accelerate ageing, whereas dietary calorie restriction in non-primate animals slows ageing while maintaining good health and body functions. In primates (including humans), such life-extending effects remain uncertain.
Ageing versus immortality
Human beings and members of other species, especially animals, age and die. Fungi, too, can age. In contrast, many species can be considered potentially immortal: for example, bacteria fission to produce daughter cells, strawberry plants grow runners to produce clones of themselves, and animals in the genus Hydra have a regenerative ability by which they avoid dying of old age.
Early life forms on Earth, starting at least 3.7 billion years ago, were |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%2021164 | The Alpha 21164, also known by its code name, EV5, is a microprocessor developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corporation that implemented the Alpha instruction set architecture (ISA). It was introduced in January 1995, succeeding the Alpha 21064A as Digital's flagship microprocessor. It was succeeded by the Alpha 21264 in 1998.
History
First silicon of the Alpha 21164 was produced in February 1994, and the OpenVMS, Digital UNIX and Windows NT operating systems were successfully booted on it. It was sampled in late 1994 and was introduced in January 1995 at 266 MHz. A 300 MHz version was introduced in March 1995. The final Alpha 21164, a 333 MHz version, was announced on 2 October 1995, available in sample quantities. The Alpha 21164 was replaced by the Alpha 21164A as Digital's flagship microprocessor in 1996 when a 400 MHz version became available in volume quantities.
Users
Digital used the Alpha 21164 operating at various clock frequencies in their AlphaServer servers, AlphaStation workstations. Digital also used the Alpha 21164 in their Alpha VME 5/352 and Alpha VME 5/480 single board computers and AlphaPC 164 and AlphaPC 164LX motherboards. Alpha partner Cray Research used a 300 MHz Alpha 21164 in their T3E-600 supercomputer. Third parties such as DeskStation also built workstations using the Alpha 21164.
Performance
The 21164 continued the performance lead from the 275 MHz Alpha 21064A until the introduction of the Intel Pentium Pro in November 1995, when a 200 MHz version outperformed the 300 MHz 21164 on the SPECint95_base benchmark suite. The 21164 retained its floating-point performance lead. The 333 MHz 21164 introduce the following year outperformed the Pentium Pro, but it was later surpassed by the MIPS Technologies R10000 and then by the Hewlett-Packard PA-8000 in the same year.
Description
The Alpha 21164 is a four-issue superscalar microprocessor capable of issuing a maximum of four instructions per clock cycle to four execution units: tw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound%20research%20interface | An ultrasound research interface (URI) is a software tool loaded onto a diagnostic clinical ultrasound device which provides functionality beyond typical clinical modes of operation.
A normal clinical ultrasound user only has access to the ultrasound data in its final processed form, typically a B-Mode image, in DICOM format. For reasons of device usability they also have limited access to the processing parameters that can be modified.
A URI allows a researcher to achieve different results by either acquiring the image at various intervals through the processing chain, or changing the processing parameters.
Typical B-mode receive processing chain
A typical digital ultrasound processing chain for B-Mode imaging may look as follows:
Multiple analog signals are acquired from the ultrasound transducer (the transmitter/receiver applied to the patient)
Analog signals may pass through one or more analog notch filters and a variable-gain amplifier (VCA)
Multiple analog-to-digital converters convert the analog radio frequency (RF) signal to a digital RF signal sampled at a predetermined rate (typical ranges are from 20MHz to 160MHz) and at a predetermined number of bits (typical ranges are from 10 bits to 16 bits)
Beamforming is applied to individual RF signals by applying time delays and summations as a function of time and transformed into a single RF signal
The RF signal is run through one or more digital FIR or IIR filters to extract the most interesting parts of the signal given the clinical operation
The filtered RF signal runs through an envelope detector and is log compressed into a grayscale format
Multiple signals processed in this way are lined up together and interpolated and rasterized into a readable image.
Data access
A URI may provide data access at many different stages of the processing chain, these include:
Pre-beamformed digital RF data from individual channels
Beamformed RF data
Envelope detected data
Interpolated image data
Where many diagnost |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Weinstein conjecture refers to a general existence problem for periodic orbits of Hamiltonian or Reeb vector flows. More specifically, the conjecture claims that on a compact contact manifold, its Reeb vector field should carry at least one periodic orbit.
By definition, a level set of contact type admits a contact form obtained by contracting the Hamiltonian vector field into the symplectic form. In this case, the Hamiltonian flow is a Reeb vector field on that level set. It is a fact that any contact manifold (M,α) can be embedded into a canonical symplectic manifold, called the symplectization of M, such that M is a contact type level set (of a canonically defined Hamiltonian) and the Reeb vector field is a Hamiltonian flow. That is, any contact manifold can be made to satisfy the requirements of the Weinstein conjecture. Since, as is trivial to show, any orbit of a Hamiltonian flow is contained in a level set, the Weinstein conjecture is a statement about contact manifolds.
It has been known that any contact form is isotopic to a form that admits a closed Reeb orbit; for example, for any contact manifold there is a compatible open book decomposition, whose binding is a closed Reeb orbit. This is not enough to prove the Weinstein conjecture, though, because the Weinstein conjecture states that every contact form admits a closed Reeb orbit, while an open book determines a closed Reeb orbit for a form which is only isotopic to the given form.
The conjecture was formulated in 1978 by Alan Weinstein. In several cases, the existence of a periodic orbit was known. For instance, Rabinowitz showed that on star-shaped level sets of a Hamiltonian function on a symplectic manifold, there were always periodic orbits (Weinstein independently proved the special case of convex level sets). Weinstein observed that the hypotheses of several such existence theorems could be subsumed in the condition that the level set be of contact type. (Weinstein's ori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfigurement | Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, such as from a disease, birth defect, or wound. General societal attitudes towards disfigurement have varied greatly across cultures and over time, with cultures possessing strong social stigma against it often causing psychological distress to disfigured individuals. Alternatively, many societies have regarded some forms of disfigurement in a medical, scientific context where someone having ill will against the disfigured is viewed as anathema. In various religious and spiritual contexts, disfigurement has been variously described as being a punishment from the divine for sin (such as Yahweh's defacement of Cain for Abel's murder in Judaism), as being (such as Paul of the New Testament's arguments about Christ's sufferings) caused by supernatural forces of hate and evil against the good and just, which will be later atoned for, or as being without explanation per se with people just having to endure.
The topic has been frequently commented on and referred to in a great many forms of fictional media as well. Villainous examples include the iconic fiend The Joker from various DC Comics and the mysterious figure with a "red right hand" from the song of the same name by the band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Heroic examples include Daredevil, a crime-fighter who was rendered blind (from Marvel Comics), and the compassionate character Edward Scissorhands from the film of the same name. Antiheroic examples include Deadpool, a mercenary whose healing factor gives his skin a scarred appearance, and The Punisher, who has facial disfigurement, also from Marvel Comics.
Overview
Disfigurement, whether caused by a benign or malignant condition, often leads to severe psychosocial problems such as negative body image; depression; difficulties in one's social, sexual, and professional lives; prejudice; and intolerance. This is partly due to how the individual copes with looking 'visibl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiCortex | SiCortex was a supercomputer manufacturer founded in 2003 and headquartered in Clock Tower Place,
Maynard, Massachusetts. On 27 May 2009, HPCwire reported that the company had shut down its operations, laid off most of its staff, and is seeking a buyer for its assets. The Register reported that Gerbsman Partners was hired to sell SiCortex's intellectual properties. While SiCortex had some sales, selling at least 75 prototype supercomputers to several large customers, the company had never produced an operating profit and ran out of venture capital. New funding could not be found.
The company built and marketed a family of clusters of between 12 and 972 compute nodes, connected in a Kautz graph. The clusters are the SC5832, SC648 and SC072. It was reported that the company has been working on the next generation of clusters since March 2009, but development ceased when operations were closed.
The SC5832 is a high-end model housed in a cabinet. It has 972 nodes, 5,832 cores and 972 to 7,776 GB of memory. It uses a diameter-6 Kautz graph for 2,916 links. The SC648 is a mid-range model housed in a standard 19-inch rack. Each rack may contain two systems. It has 108 nodes, 648 cores and 108 to 864 GB of memory. It uses a diameter-4 Kautz graph for 324 links. The SC072 is a desktop model for developing software.
Each node is system-on-chip (SoC), codenamed ICE9, consisting of six cores that implement the MIPS64 instruction set architecture (ISA). Each core has a 32 KB instruction cache and a 32 KB data cache. The six cores have their own 256 KB L2 cache, which can be accessed by other cores. The MIPS cores execute instructions in-order and have a six-stage pipeline. They can issue and execute two instructions per cycle for peak double-precision (64-bit) performance of 1 GFLOPS at 500 MHz. This was later increased to 1.4 GFLOPS when the clock frequency of the SoC was increased to 700 MHz when the SoC was fabricated in a 90 nm process. The SoC contains two DDR2 memory c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-machine%20scheduling | Single-machine scheduling or single-resource scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as the throughput.
Single-machine scheduling is a special case of identical-machines scheduling, which is itself a special case of optimal job scheduling. Many problems, which are NP-hard in general, can be solved in polynomial time in the single-machine case.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job scheduling problems, the single-machine variant is denoted by 1 in the first field. For example, " 1||" is an single-machine scheduling problem with no constraints, where the goal is to minimize the sum of completion times.
The makespan-minimization problem 1||, which is a common objective with multiple machines, is trivial with a single machine, since the makespan is always identical. Therefore, other objectives have been studied.
Minimizing the sum of completion times
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Shortest Processing Time First rule (SPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of their processing time .
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the weighted sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Weighted Shortest Processing Time First rule (WSPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of the ratio .
The problem 1|chains| is a generalization of the above problem for jobs with dependencies in the form of chains. It can also be solved optimally by a suitable generalization of WSPT.
Minimizing the cost of lateness
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the maximum lateness. For each job j, there is a due date . If it is completed after its due date, it suffers lateness defined as . 1|| can be solved optimally by the Earliest Due Date First rule (EDD): the jobs are scheduled by ascendi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed%20field%20gradient | A pulsed field gradient is a short, timed pulse with spatial-dependent field intensity. Any gradient is identified by four characteristics: axis, strength, shape and duration.
Pulsed field gradient (PFG) techniques are key to magnetic resonance imaging, spatially selective spectroscopy and studies of diffusion via diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY). PFG techniques are widely used as an alternative to phase cycling in modern NMR spectroscopy.
Common field gradients in NMR
The effect of a uniform magnetic field gradient in the z-direction on spin I, is considered to be a rotation around z-axis by an angle = γIGz; where Gz is the gradient magnitude (along the z-direction) and γI is the gyromagnetic ratio of spin I. It introduces a phase factor to the magnetizations:
Φ (z,τ) = (γI)(Gz)(τ)
The time duration τ is in the order of milliseconds.
See also
Gradient enhanced NMR spectroscopy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillai%27s%20arithmetical%20function | In number theory, the gcd-sum function,
also called Pillai's arithmetical function, is defined for every by
or equivalently
where is a divisor of and is Euler's totient function.
it also can be written as
where, is the divisor function, and is the Möbius function.
This multiplicative arithmetical function was introduced by the Indian mathematician Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai in 1933. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt%20criticality | In nuclear engineering, prompt criticality describes a nuclear fission event in which criticality (the threshold for an exponentially growing nuclear fission chain reaction) is achieved with prompt neutrons alone and does not rely on delayed neutrons. As a result, prompt supercriticality causes a much more rapid growth in the rate of energy release than other forms of criticality. Nuclear weapons are based on prompt criticality, while nuclear reactors rely on delayed neutrons or external neutrons to achieve criticality.
Criticality
An assembly is critical if each fission event causes, on average, exactly one additional such event in a continual chain. Such a chain is a self-sustaining fission chain reaction. When a uranium-235 (U-235) atom undergoes nuclear fission, it typically releases between one and seven neutrons (with an average of 2.4). In this situation, an assembly is critical if every released neutron has a 1/2.4 = 0.42 = 42 % probability of causing another fission event as opposed to either being absorbed by a non-fission capture event or escaping from the fissile core.
The average number of neutrons that cause new fission events is called the effective neutron multiplication factor, usually denoted by the symbols k-effective, k-eff or k. When k-effective is equal to 1, the assembly is called critical, if k-effective is less than 1 the assembly is said to be subcritical, and if k-effective is greater than 1 the assembly is called supercritical.
Critical versus prompt-critical
In a supercritical assembly, the number of fissions per unit time, N, along with the power production, increases exponentially with time. How fast it grows depends on the average time it takes, T, for the neutrons released in a fission event to cause another fission. The growth rate of the reaction is given by:
Most of the neutrons released by a fission event are the ones released in the fission itself. These are called prompt neutrons, and strike other nuclei and cause a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic%20mimetic%20cells | Thymic mimetic cells are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the thymus that exhibit phenotypes of a wide variety of differentiated peripheral cells. They arise from medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and also function in negative selection of self-reactive T cells.
History
Some subsets of these cells were observed as early as the mid-1800s because of their distinct, seemingly misplaced, phenotype. The most readily observed subsets were those accumulating and forming microscopic structures, most notably Hassall's corpuscles resembling skin keratinocytes. Many subsets with a more dispersed distribution were found later. Substantial progress has been made in recent years owing to the rapid development of single cell sequencing methods, such as scRNA-seq or scATAC-seq.
Diversity
Although thymic mimetic cells exhibit transcriptional programmes of cells from other tissues, they are not identical to them and share a part of their gene expression with mTECs from which they arise. The entire range of phenotypes as well as the pathways that lead to them are still in need of further research. A recent review recognizes (based on expression of lineage specific transcription factors and cell products) the following subtypes: Basal (skin/lung) mTEC, Enterocyte/hepatocyte mTEC, Ciliated mTEC, Ionocyte mTEC, Keratinocyte mTEC, Microfold mTEC, Muscle mTEC, Neuroendocrine mTEC, Parathyroid mTEC, Secretory mTEC, Thyroid mTEC, Tuft mTEC.
Function
Since its discovery in 2001, AIRE (Autoimmune regulator) has been the main focus of studies of thymic (central) immune tolerance. AIRE induces the expression of many antigens specific to differentiated cells not found in the thymus (termed peripheral tissue antigens or tissue restricted antigens) thus helping to detect and remove T cells that react with these antigens. The mechanism of AIRE is complicated and there are reasons to believe that it is not the sole mechanism of TRA (tissue restricted antigen) expression. A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candido%27s%20identity | __notoc__
Candido's identity, named after the Italian mathematician Giacomo Candido, is an identity for real numbers. It states that for two arbitrary real numbers and the following equality holds:
The identity however is not restricted to real numbers but holds in every commutative ring.
Candido originally devised the identity to prove the following identity for Fibonacci numbers:
Proof
A straightforward algebraic proof can be attained by simply completely expanding both sides of the equation. The identity however can also be interpreted geometrically. In this case it states that the area of square with side length equals twice the sum of areas of three squares with side lengths , and . This allows for the following proof due to Roger B. Nelsen:
Further reading
S. Melham: "'YE OLDE FIBONACCI CURIOSITY SHOPPE REVISITED". In: Fibonacci Quarterly, 2004, 2, pp. 155–160
Zvonko Cerin: "ON CANDIDO LIKE IDENTITIES". In: Fibonacci Quarterly, Volume 55, No. 5, 2017, pp. 46–51
Claudi Alsina, Roger B. Nelsen: "On Candido's Identity". In: Mathematics Magazine, Band 80, Nr. 3 (June, 2007), pp. 226-228 (JSTOR)
External links
Candido's identity at cut-the-knot.org |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional%20contact%20mechanics | Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. This can be divided into compressive and adhesive forces in the direction perpendicular to the interface, and frictional forces in the tangential direction. Frictional contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of bodies in the presence of frictional effects, whereas frictionless contact mechanics assumes the absence of such effects.
Frictional contact mechanics is concerned with a large range of different scales.
At the macroscopic scale, it is applied for the investigation of the motion of contacting bodies (see Contact dynamics). For instance the bouncing of a rubber ball on a surface depends on the frictional interaction at the contact interface. Here the total force versus indentation and lateral displacement are of main concern.
At the intermediate scale, one is interested in the local stresses, strains and deformations of the contacting bodies in and near the contact area. For instance to derive or validate contact models at the macroscopic scale, or to investigate wear and damage of the contacting bodies' surfaces. Application areas of this scale are tire-pavement interaction, railway wheel-rail interaction, roller bearing analysis, etc.
Finally, at the microscopic and nano-scales, contact mechanics is used to increase our understanding of tribological systems (e.g., investigate the origin of friction) and for the engineering of advanced devices like atomic force microscopes and MEMS devices.
This page is mainly concerned with the second scale: getting basic insight in the stresses and deformations in and near the contact patch, without paying too much attention to the detailed mechanisms by which they come about.
History
Several famous scientists, engineers and mathematicians contributed to our understanding of friction.
They include Leonardo da Vinci, Guillaume Amontons, John Theophilus Desaguliers, Leonhard Euler, and Charles-Augustin de C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Soldier%20%28video%20game%29 | is a shoot 'em up video game developed and published by Hudson Soft for the Nintendo Entertainment System and the MSX. The player pilots the starship "Caesar", travelling through space stations occupied by powerful supercomputers known as "Starbrains" who threaten the galactic empire. Star Soldier greatly resembles the earlier arcade game Star Force.
Mobile versions were released on January 26, 2001, in Japan as Star Soldier Special+ in 2004, Star Soldier SP Arcade in 2005 and in 2008; they were also released for Palm OS in November 2001 in Japan and iOS on January 4, 2012 in United States.
Star Soldier has spawned numerous sequels, starting with Super Star Soldier on the PC Engine. It was ported to the Game Boy Advance in 2004 in Japan as part of the Famicom Mini series, and to the Wii's Virtual Console in the Japanese and North American regions in July 2007. An enhanced remake of the game was released on PlayStation Portable only in Japan in 2005.
Star Soldier was re-released by Konami on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on November 14, 2012 in Japan, August 15, 2013 in PAL Version and September 24 in North America, and the iOS Version, titled on June 20, 2013 in Japan. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20ribbon | The yellow ribbon is used for various purposes. It may be worn on a person, placed on a vehicle, around a tree, or for a neck tie.
History and etymology
Early Puritan history
The song/poem "She wore a yellow ribbon" has appeared in various forms for at least four centuries. It is based upon the same general theme: A woman of destiny is under some sort of test or trial as she waits for her beloved to return. Will she be true to him? This seems to be the lingering question and the basis for a great unfolding drama.
The song appears to have been brought to America from Europe by English settlers. The origin of the yellow ribbons seems likely to have come from out of the Puritan heritage. It was during the English Civil War that the Puritan Army of English Parliament wore yellow ribbons and yellow sashes onto the battlefield.
"She Wore a Yellow Ribbon"
Yellow is the official color of the armor branch of the U.S. Army, used in insignia, etc., and depicted in Hollywood movies by the yellow neckerchief adorning latter-half 19th century, horse-mounted U.S. Cavalry soldiers. However, a review of the U.S. War Department's Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of the Army of the United States (1872, 1898) reveals that a neckerchief, of any color, was not an item required by dress code. Despite this, neckerchiefs were a popular accessory employed by cavalrymen to cope with the frequently dusty environs. The specific association of the yellow neckerchief with the U.S. Cavalry may have arisen from a work of popular American West artist Frederic Remington—Lieutenant Powhatan H. Clarke, Tenth Cavalry (1888).
In the United States military, the symbol of the yellow ribbon is used in a popular marching song. The first version copyrighted was the 1917 version by George A. Norton, which he titled "Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon" (For Her Lover Who Is Far, Far Away). While he tells in the song about the love between Susie Simpkins and her soldier lover Silas Hubbard, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic%20entomology | Economic entomology is a field of entomology, which involves the study of insects that benefit or harm humans, domestic animals, and crops. Insects that pose disadvantages are considered pests. Some species can cause indirect damage by spreading diseases, and these are termed as disease vectors. Those that are beneficial include those that are reared for food such as honey, substances such as lac or pigments, and for their role in pollinating crops and controlling pests.
History
In the 18th century many works were published on agriculture. Many contained accounts of pest insects. In France Claude Sionnest (1749–1820) was a notable figure.
19th century
In Britain, John Curtis wrote the influential 1860 treatise Farm Insects, dealing with the insect pests of corn, roots, grass and stored grain. Fruit and pests were described by authors such as Saunders, Joseph Albert Lintner, Eleanor Anne Ormerod, Charles Valentine Riley, Mark Vernon Slingerland in America and Canada. The pioneers in Europe were Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg, Sven Lampa (1839–1914), Enzio Reuter (1867–1951) and Vincenze Kollar. Charles French (1842–1933), Walter Wilson Froggatt (1858–1937) and Henry Tryon (1856–1943) pioneered in Australia.
It was not until the last quarter of the 19th century that any real advance was made in the study of economic entomology. Among the early writings, apart from the book of Curtis, there was a publication by Pohl and Kollar, entitled Insects Injurious to Gardeners, Foresters and Farmers, published in 1837, and Taschenberg's Praktische Insecktenkunde. During the 19th century, Italian entomologists made significant progress in controlling diseases of the silkworm moth, in the control of agricultural pests and in stored product entomology. Significant figures were: Agostino Bassi ( 1773–1856), Camillo Rondani (1808–1879), Adolfo Targioni Tozzetti (1823–1902), Pietro Stefanelli (1835, 1919), Camillo Acqua (1863–1936) Antonio Berlese (1863–1927), Gustavo Leonardi(1869–191 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munc-13 | Munc-13 (an acronym for mammalian uncoordinated-13) is a protein which complexes with RIM and likely comprises part of cellular structure which anchors synaptic vesicles. Its activation by DAG seems to be important for maintaining high rate of synaptic release during prolonged repetitive stimulation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20with%20memory | In continuum physics, materials with memory, also referred as materials with hereditary effects are a class of materials whose constitutive equations contains a dependence upon the past history of thermodynamic, kinetic, electromagnetic or other kind of state variables.
Historical notes
The study of these materials arises from the pioneering articles of Ludwig Boltzmann and Vito Volterra, in which they sought an extension of the concept of an elastic material. The key assumption of their theory was that the local stress value at a time depends upon the history of the local deformation up to . In general, in materials with memory the local value of some constitutive quantity (stress, heat flux, electric current, polarization and magnetization, etc.) at a time depends upon the history of the state variables (deformation, temperature, electric and magnetic fields, etc.). The hypothesis that the remote history of a variable has less influence than its values in the recent past, was stated in modern continuum mechanics as the fading memory principle by Bernard Coleman and Walter Noll.
This assumption was implicit in the pioneer works: when restricted to cyclic hystories, it traces back to the closed cycle principle stated by Volterra, which leads to a constitutive relation of integral convolution type.
In the linear case, this relation takes the form of a Volterra equation
Constitutive relations of materials with memory
In the linear case, this relation takes the form of a Volterra equation
See also
Biomaterial
Biomechanics
Dielectric relaxation
Hysteresis
Rheology
Viscosity
Viscoelasticity
Viscoplasticity
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20load%20testing | The term load testing is used in different ways in the professional software testing community. Load testing generally refers to the practice of modeling the expected usage of a software program by simulating multiple users accessing the program concurrently. As such, this testing is most relevant for multi-user systems; often one built using a client/server model, such as web servers. However, other types of software systems can also be load tested. For example, a word processor or graphics editor can be forced to read an extremely large document; or a financial package can be forced to generate a report based on several years' worth of data. The most accurate load testing simulates actual use, as opposed to testing using theoretical or analytical modeling.
Load testing lets you measure your website's quality of service (QOS) performance based on actual customer behavior. Nearly all the load testing tools and frameworks follow the classical load testing paradigm: when customers visit your website, a script recorder records the communication and then creates related interaction scripts. A load generator tries to replay the recorded scripts, which could possibly be modified with different test parameters before replay. In the replay procedure, both the hardware and software statistics will be monitored and collected by the conductor, these statistics include the CPU, memory, disk IO of the physical servers and the response time, the throughput of the system under test (SUT), etc. And at last, all these statistics will be analyzed and a load testing report will be generated.
Load and performance testing analyzes software intended for a multi-user audience by subjecting the software to different numbers of virtual and live users while monitoring performance measurements under these different loads. Load and performance testing is usually conducted in a test environment identical to the production environment before the software system is permitted to go live.
As an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Information%20Assurance%20Training%20and%20Education%20Center | The National Information Assurance Training and Education Center (NIATEC) is an American consortium of academic, industry, and government organizations to improve the literacy, awareness, training and education standards in Information Assurance. It serves to develop professionals with IA expertise in various disciplines and ultimately contributes to the protection of the National Information Infrastructure.
NIATEC is associated with Idaho State University, a National Security Agency Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Education. The Centers of Academic Excellence and NIATEC are components of a plan to establish a federal cyber corps to defend against cyber-based disruption and attacks.
NIATEC has been active in the development of training standards associated with both the National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-16 and Committee on National Security Systems Instructions 4011, 4012, 4013, 4014, 4015, and 4016.
Dr. Corey Schou is the director of NIATEC. Dr. James Frost is the associate director. The group subscribes to the (ISC)² Code of Ethics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-impact%20hypothesis | The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Big Splash, or the Theia Impact, suggests that the Moon was formed from the ejecta of a collision between the early Earth and a Mars-sized planet, approximately 4.5 billion years ago in the Hadean eon (about 20 to 100 million years after the Solar System coalesced). The colliding body is sometimes called Theia, named after the mythical Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene, the goddess of the Moon. Analysis of lunar rocks published in a 2016 report suggests that the impact might have been a direct hit, causing a fragmentation and thorough mixing of both parent bodies.
The giant-impact hypothesis is currently the favored scientific hypothesis for the formation of the Moon. Supporting evidence includes:
Earth's spin and the Moon's orbit have similar orientations.
The Earth–Moon system contains an anomalously high angular momentum, meaning the momentum contained in Earth's rotation, the Moon's rotation and the Moon revolving around Earth is significantly higher than the other terrestrial planets. A giant impact might have supplied this excess momentum.
Moon samples indicate that the Moon was once molten down to a substantial, but unknown, depth. This might have required more energy than predicted to be available from the accretion of a body of the Moon's size. An extremely energetic process, such as a giant impact, could provide this energy.
The Moon has a relatively small iron core, which gives the Moon a lower density than Earth. Computer models of a giant impact of a Mars-sized body with Earth indicate the impactor's core would likely penetrate Earth and fuse with its own core. This would leave the Moon, which was formed from the ejecta that were not fused with proto-Earth, with less remaining metallic iron than other planetary bodies.
The Moon is depleted in volatile elements compared to Earth. Vaporizing at comparably lower temperatures, they could be lost in a high-energy event, with the Moon's smaller |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicate%20perovskite | Silicate perovskite is either (the magnesium end-member is called bridgmanite) or (calcium silicate known as davemaoite) when arranged in a perovskite structure. Silicate perovskites are not stable at Earth's surface, and mainly exist in the lower part of Earth's mantle, between about depth. They are thought to form the main mineral phases, together with ferropericlase.
Discovery
The existence of silicate perovskite in the mantle was first suggested in 1962, and both and had been synthesized experimentally before 1975. By the late 1970s, it had been proposed that the seismic discontinuity at about 660 km in the mantle represented a change from spinel structure minerals with an olivine composition to silicate perovskite with ferropericlase.
Natural silicate perovskite was discovered in the heavily shocked Tenham meteorite. In 2014, the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) approved the name bridgmanite for perovskite-structured , in honor of physicist Percy Bridgman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1946 for his high-pressure research.
In 2021 perovskite-structured was found as an inclusion in a natural diamond. The name davemaoite has been adopted for this mineral.
Structure
The perovskite structure (first identified in the mineral perovskite) occurs in substances with the general formula , where A is a metal that forms large cations, typically magnesium, ferrous iron, or calcium. B is another metal that forms smaller cations, typically silicon, although minor amounts of ferric iron and aluminum can occur. X is typically oxygen. The structure may be cubic, but only if the relative sizes of the ions meet strict criteria. Typically, substances with the perovskite structure show lower symmetry, owing to the distortion of the crystal lattice and silicate perovskites are in the orthorhombic crystal system.
Occurrence
Stability range
Bridgmanite is a high-pressure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology%3A%20Can%20We%20Survive%20Under%20Capitalism%3F | Ecology: Can We Survive Under Capitalism? is a book by Gus Hall, published in 1972 by International Publishers.
Reception
The book received reviews from publications including Ecology Law Quarterly and Labour Monthly.
A review from Labour Monthly written by John Moss stated that "A book on ecology written by the general secretary of a political party is an event in itself, and I cannot recall another, not in this country anyway… At a time when there are so many books about the effects of pollution, this one that explains so clearly its causes, and the root and branch cure of socialism is refreshingly welcome."
Book Description
"Pollution and environmental deterioration are often ascribed to the negative effects of science and technology, and remedies are seen only in that area. The Communist leader ascribes these new dangers of extinction basically to the unplanned, anarchic system of capitalism and to the profit motive of monopoly. He gives the discussion a class dimension, showing that workers suffer the most, both at the place of work and at home. While urging immediate remedies, he holds that socialism provides the solution, as show in the countries which have made the turn to the new social system."
Chapters
Introduction
The author briefly introduces the problem of pollution and destruction in order to extract more natural resources. The author identifies the popular view as this problem is caused by science and technology, and declares that on the contrary, the problem lies in the social system that we live in - capitalism.
The Eggs and the Chickens Are Being Destroyed!
The author explores the effects that pollution has on the food supply of humans as well as important lifeforms on Earth. Forms of pollution such as lead, industrial mercury, as well as radiation from nuclear testing.
The Oldest Crime
The author brings to light the "oldest crime" of capitalism, which is the killing of workers by overworking as well as dangerous work conditions. Suc |
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