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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunway%20BlueLight | The Sunway BlueLight () is a Chinese massively parallel supercomputer. It is the first publicly announced PFLOPS supercomputer using Sunway processors solely developed by the People's Republic of China.
It ranked #2 in the 2011 China HPC Top100, #14 on the November 2011 TOP500 list, and #39 on the November 2011 Green500 List. The machine was installed at National Supercomputing Jǐnán Center () in September 2011 and was developed by National Parallel Computer Engineering Technology Research Center () and supported by Technology Department () 863 project. The water-cooled 9-rack system has 8704 ShenWei SW1600 processors (For the Top100 run 8575 CPUs were used, at 975 MHz each) organized as 34 super nodes (each consisting of 256 compute nodes), 150 TB main memory, 2 PB external storage, peak performance of 1.07016 PFLOPS, sustained performance of 795.9 TFLOPS, LINPACK efficiency 74.37%, and total power consumption 1074 kW.
The Sunway BlueLight is ranked 103rd (ranked highest at 14th when it appeared on the list in November 2011; then 65th in the November 2014)
See also
Sunway TaihuLight
Top500 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-biochemical%20reactor | Electro-biochemical reactor (EBR) is a type of a bioreactor used in water treatment. EBR is a high-efficiency denitrification, metals, and inorganics removal technology that provides electrons directly to the EBR bioreactor as a substitute for using excess electron donors and nutrients. It was patented by INOTEC, a bioremediation company based in Salt Lake City, UT.
The EBR technology is based on the principle that microbes mediate the removal of metal and inorganic contaminants through electron transfer (redox processes). In conventional bioreactors, these electrons are provided by excess organic electron donors (e.g., organic carbon sources such as methanol, glucose, etc.). They require excess nutrients/chemicals to compensate for inefficient and variable electron availability needed to adjust reactor ORP chemistry, compensate for system sensitivity (fluctuation), and to achieve more consistent constituent removal. The Electro-Biochemical Reactor directly supplies needed electrons to the reactor and microbes, using a low applied potential across the reactor cell (1-3 V) at low milli-Amp levels. As a comparison, one molecule of glucose, often used as a cost-effective electron donor, can provide up to 24 electrons under complete glucose metabolism, while a current of 1 mA provides 6.2x10^15 electrons every second. The small amount of power required can even come from a small solar/battery source.
The EBR systems have been successfully demonstrated in the mining and power generation sectors to remove nitrate, nitrite, selenium, cadmium, molybdenum, nickel, tin, uranium, zinc, antimony, copper, lead, silver, vanadium, and mercury. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotonic%20contraction | In an isotonic contraction, tension remains the same, whilst the muscle's length changes. Isotonic contractions differ from isokinetic contractions in that in isokinetic contractions the muscle speed remains constant. While superficially identical, as the muscle's force changes via the length-tension relationship during a contraction, an isotonic contraction will keep force constant while velocity changes, but an isokinetic contraction will keep velocity constant while force changes. A near isotonic contraction is known as Auxotonic contraction.
There are two types of isotonic contractions: (1) concentric and (2) eccentric. In a concentric contraction, the muscle tension rises to meet the resistance, then remains the same as the muscle shortens. In eccentric, the muscle lengthens due to the resistance being greater than the force the muscle is producing.
Concentric
This type is typical of most exercise. The external force on the muscle is less than the force the muscle is generating - a shortening contraction. The effect is not visible during the classic biceps curl, which is in fact auxotonic because the resistance (torque due to the weight being lifted) does not remain the same through the exercise. Tension is highest at a parallel to the floor level, and eases off above and below this point. Therefore, tension changes as well as muscle length.
Eccentric
There are two main features to note regarding eccentric contractions. First, the absolute tensions achieved can be very high relative to the muscle's maximum tetanic tension generating capacity (you can set down a much heavier object than you can lift). Second, the absolute tension is relatively independent of lengthening velocity.
Muscle injury and soreness are selectively associated with eccentric contraction. Muscle strengthening using exercises that involve eccentric contractions is lower than using concentric exercises. However because higher levels of tension are easier to attain during exercises th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20Helix%20%28novel%29 | Double Helix (2004), a novel by Nancy Werlin, is about 18-year-old Eli Samuels, who works for a famous molecular biologist named Dr. Quincy Wyatt. There is a mysterious connection between Dr. Wyatt and Eli's parents, and all Eli knows about the connection is that it has something to do with his mother, who has Huntington's disease. Because of the connection between Dr. Wyatt and the Samuels family, Eli's father is strongly against Eli working there. The job is perfect, and the wages are great, but Eli can't help but notice that Dr. Wyatt seems to be a little too interested in him. Later on, as Eli continues to work in the lab, he discovers with the help of Kayla Matheson, Dr. Wyatt's supposed "niece," that he and Kayla are the product of a highly unethical eugenics experiment.
Characters
Eli Samuels: Eli is 18 years old, 6′9″ (201 centimeters) tall. He's an A student, and is the salutatorian in high school. His mother has Huntington's disease, which he could have too.
Jonathan Samuels: Jonathan Samuels is Eli's father, who loved his wife. He has a problem with Eli working at Wyatt Transgenic's, because of things that went down in the past. He is initially completely unwilling to tell Eli anything about his mother's relationships with Dr. Wyatt.
Dr. Quincy Wyatt: Dr. Quincy Wyatt is a famed geneticist, who is considered to be on par with Mendel, Watson, and Crick. He offers Eli a job. He displays an unexplained interest in Eli.
Vivian Fadiman: Vivian Fadiman is Eli's girlfriend and Valedictorian at his high school. All she wants is to be part of his life and she supports him in everything he does. It's hard for her to understand why Eli hides major parts of his life from her. Eli is devoted to her, though they do go through some rough times.
Kayla Matheson: A year older than Eli, he gets to know her via Dr. Wyatt. He is attracted to her because of her beauty and athleticism.
Ava Samuels: Ava Samuels was Eli's mother and lived in a nursing home because of h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data-driven%20control%20system | Data-driven control systems are a broad family of control systems, in which the identification of the process model and/or the design of the controller are based entirely on experimental data collected from the plant.
In many control applications, trying to write a mathematical model of the plant is considered a hard task, requiring efforts and time to the process and control engineers. This problem is overcome by data-driven methods, which fit a system model to the experimental data collected, choosing it in a specific models class. The control engineer can then exploit this model to design a proper controller for the system. However, it is still difficult to find a simple yet reliable model for a physical system, that includes only those dynamics of the system that are of interest for the control specifications. The direct data-driven methods allow to tune a controller, belonging to a given class, without the need of an identified model of the system. In this way, one can also simply weight process dynamics of interest inside the control cost function, and exclude those dynamics that are out of interest.
Overview
The standard approach to control systems design is organized in two-steps:
Model identification aims at estimating a nominal model of the system , where is the unit-delay operator (for discrete-time transfer functions representation) and is the vector of parameters of identified on a set of data. Then, validation consists in constructing the uncertainty set that contains the true system at a certain probability level.
Controller design aims at finding a controller achieving closed-loop stability and meeting the required performance with .
Typical objectives of system identification are to have as close as possible to , and to have as small as possible. However, from an identification for control perspective, what really matters is the performance achieved by the controller, not the intrinsic quality of the model.
One way to deal with unce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuddling%20cup | A fuddling cup is a three-dimensional puzzle in the form of a drinking vessel, made of three or more cups or jugs all linked together by holes and tubes. The challenge of the puzzle is to drink from the vessel in such a way that the beverage does not spill. To do this successfully, one must drink from the cups in a specific order. Fuddling cups were especially popular in 17th- and 18th-century England.
See also
Dribble glass
Puzzle jug
Pythagorean cup |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello%20Kitty | , also known by her real name , is a fictional character created by Yuko Shimizu, currently designed by Yuko Yamaguchi, and owned by the Japanese company Sanrio. Sanrio depicts Hello Kitty as an anthropomorphized white cat with a red bow and no visible mouth. According to her backstory, she lives in a London suburb with her family, and is close to her twin sister Mimmy, who is depicted with a yellow bow.
Hello Kitty was created in 1974 and the first item, a vinyl coin purse, was introduced in 1975. Originally, Hello Kitty was only marketed towards pre-teenage girls, but beginning in the 1990s, the brand found commercial success among teenage and adult consumers as well. Hello Kitty's popularity also grew with the emergence of kawaii (cute) culture. The brand went into decline in Japan after the 1990s, but continued to grow in the international market. By 2010 the character was worth a year and The New York Times called her a "global marketing phenomenon." By 2014, when Hello Kitty was 40 years old, she was worth about a year.
UNICEF has appointed Hello Kitty children's ambassador and the Japanese government appointed her ambassador of tourism. There are Sanrio theme parks based on Hello Kitty: Harmonyland in Hiji, Ōita, Japan, Sanrio Puroland in Tama New Town, Tokyo, Japan, and Hello Kitty Shanghai Times in Shanghai, China. The Hello Kitty media franchise has grown to include a number of animated series targeted towards children, as well as several comics, animated films, video games, books, music albums and other media productions. A variety of products have featured the character over the years, like school supplies, clothing, accessories, and toys, along with other items. In 2008, there were over 50,000 different Hello Kitty branded products.
Creation and design
In 1962, Shintaro Tsuji, founder of Sanrio, began selling rubber sandals with flowers painted on them. Tsuji noted the profits gained by adding a cute design to the shoes and hired cartoonists to d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyloband | Xylobands are wristbands that contain light-emitting diodes and radio frequency receivers, they were launched by RB Concepts Ltd, a company set up by entrepreneur Clive Banks with inventor Jason Regler. The lights inside the wristband can be controlled by a software program, which sends signals to the wristband, instructing it to light up or blink, for example. The single colour version is available in green, blue, yellow, red, pink, and white.
The first use of Xylobands on a large scale was on Coldplay's 2012 Mylo Xyloto tour. A Xyloband was given to each member of the audience, and as the concert played, the flashing of the wristbands was synchronized to the music. The inventor of the wristbands, Jason Regler, stated that he had the idea for the product while at a Coldplay concert, during the song "Fix You".
Technology
The wristbands themselves are constructed of a thick fabric with LEDs inside the fabric. A radio receiver is located within a plastic case on the band, and it receives wireless signals from a controller. These signals are sent either by a handheld TV remote styled controller, which has a range of 250 meters, or a controller which is hosted on a laptop computer linked to a radio transmitter, which can remotely control the wristbands from up to 300 meters away. The operator of the controller or laptop software may program all wristbands or only those of certain colors to flash on and off at specific intervals and specific moments. The wristbands are not intended to be lit outside of the concert venue, although there exist anecdotes of Xylobands "coming back to life" at seemingly random times.
Uses
The wristbands were given to each audience member at Coldplay's 2012 Mylo Xyloto tour. As the music played, the wristbands flashed with the music to create a colorful light show in the audience, which the Washington Post referred to as a "psychedelicatessen of moving, multicolored lights.". It was wrongly reported that Xylobands were costing the band |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnergyBus | EnergyBus connectors are used for charging electric bicycles and pedelecs within Europe. The connector is circular in shape and specified for charging light electric vehicles at up to 1.5 kilowatts. Electric power is provided at 12–48 volts direct current (DC) so that any battery charger can charge any rechargeable battery.
Data transmission between the battery and charger uses a CAN bus, exchanging CANopen messages defined by the CAN in Automation CiA-454 standard.
Connector
The EnergyBus physical interface consists of the plug and socket used to connect battery packs, battery chargers and other components. The connector used was designed by Rosenberger (de) and contains six contacts:
2 medium pins, for DC power transfer up to 1.5 kW at 12–48 volts DC, limited to 30 A.
2 small pins, for CAN bus data bus high and low lines, transporting CANopen with CAN in Automation–454 messages.
2 small pins, for auxiliary DC power to drive non-power components, such as energy management systems and sensors.
To avoid damage from electric arcing, the power pins are not energised until communication has been established and checks performed.
For bikes with a non-standard connector, charging cables are used which contain a chip programmed with the voltage and charging parameters for the battery in a specific manufacturer's e-bike.
Interchangeability
The main intended benefit for the end-user is that one battery charger can be used for batteries of different manufacturers and different chemistries. This is similar in intent to the common external power supply for mobile phones within Europe, by standardising on USB-A and micro usb cables and the use of the Type 2 connector for electric cars. Battery packs can be replaced or upgraded while keeping the existing battery charger. The EnergyBus data communication protocol is designed to ensure safety.
Vehicle designers and electric systems architects can add additional components or sensors to the bus without having to si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissible%20numbering | In computability theory, admissible numberings are enumerations (numberings) of the set of partial computable functions that can be converted to and from the standard numbering. These numberings are also called acceptable numberings and acceptable programming systems.
Rogers' equivalence theorem shows that all acceptable programming systems are equivalent to each other in the formal sense of numbering theory.
Definition
The formalization of computability theory by Kleene led to a particular universal partial computable function Ψ(e, x) defined using the T predicate. This function is universal in the sense that it is partial computable, and for any partial computable function f there is an e such that, for all x, f(x) = Ψ(e,x), where the equality means that either both sides are undefined or both are defined and are equal. It is common to write ψe(x) for Ψ(e,x); thus the sequence ψ0, ψ1, ... is an enumeration of all partial computable functions. Such enumerations are formally called computable numberings of the partial computable functions.
An arbitrary numbering η of partial functions is defined to be an admissible numbering if:
The function H(e,x) = ηe(x) is a partial computable function.
There is a total computable function f such that, for all e, ηe = ψf(e).
There is a total computable function g such that, for all e, ψe = ηg(e).
Here, the first bullet requires the numbering to be computable; the second requires that any index for the numbering η can be converted effectively to an index to the numbering ψ; and the third requires that any index for the numbering ψ can be effectively converted to an index for the numbering η.
Rogers' equivalence theorem
Hartley Rogers, Jr. showed that a numbering η of the partial computable functions is admissible if and only if there is a total computable bijection p such that, for all e, ηe = ψp(e) (Soare 1987:25).
See also
Friedberg numbering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaerial | In natural science, subaerial (literally "under the air") has been used since 1833, notably in geology and botany, to describe features and events occurring or formed on or near the Earth's land surface. They are thus exposed to Earth's atmosphere. This may be contrasted with subaqueous events or features located below a water surface, submarine events or features located below a sea surface, subterranean events or features located below ground, or subglacial events or features located below glacial ice such as ice sheets.
Geology
For example, a subaerial eruption of a volcano is one that ejects material in the open but "under the air" (under the atmosphere). Subaerial weathering is weathering by rain, frost, rivers etc.
The term "subaerial" may exclude processes occurring in caves.
The term is often used in sedimentology.
Botany
Leaves are subaerial organs of plants.
Some plants may have subaerial roots, either totally (epiphytic plants such as some orchids) or more commonly only partly so. The oil palm tree can grow roots into accumulations of decaying leaves on the soil surface; these roots are said to be subaerial. Epiphyte plants growing above ground that do not feed from their tree support (for example through their haustorium or feeding part having dug into the tree, such as Mistletoe) have subaerial roots (for example some Ficus species).
Subaerial stems are the stems that do not rise up but grow just above the ground. As a type of asexual propagation, these subaerial stolons, also called runners, often develop roots and leaves from their nodes.
Some pond plants have subaerial leaves as well as submerged leaves (water plantain, flowering rush).
See also
Specialized root types
Velamen – epidermis of subaerial roots in some orchids and other epiphytic plants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20network | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a Kelly network is a general multiclass queueing network. In the network each node is quasireversible and the network has a product-form stationary distribution, much like the single-class Jackson network.
The model is named after Frank Kelly who first introduced the model in 1975 in his paper Networks of Queues with Customers of Different Types. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Szafer%20Institute%20of%20Botany%20of%20the%20Polish%20Academy%20of%20Sciences | The Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany (Instytut Botaniki im. Władysława Szafera, Polish) in Kraków, Poland is a major European herbarium containing a collection of over 650,000 vascular plants, bryophytes, algae, fungi, lichens, and various plant fossils. The vascular plant specimens are primarily from Central Europe with a specialization in alpine plants. The bryophytes are Polish, Antarctic and subAntarctic, and East African. The fossil plants are largely Central European. Main publications include Acta Palaeobotanica, and the Polish Botanical Journal.
The herbarium was established in the 1950s by professor of botany and paleobotany, Władysław Szafer, at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORiNOCO | ORiNOCO was the brand name for a family of wireless networking technology by Proxim Wireless (previously Lucent). These integrated circuits (codenamed Hermes) provide wireless connectivity for 802.11-compliant Wireless LANs.
Variants
Lucent offered several variants of the PC Card, referred to by different color-based monikers:
White/Bronze: WaveLAN IEEE Standard 2 Mbit/s PC Cards with 802.11 support.
Silver: WaveLAN IEEE Turbo 11 Mbit/s PC Cards with 802.11b and 64-bit WEP support.
Gold: WaveLAN IEEE Turbo 11 Mbit/s PC Cards with 802.11b and 128-bit WEP support.
Later models dropped the 'Turbo' moniker due to 802.11b 11 Mbit/s becoming widespread.
Proxim, after taking over Lucent's wireless division, rebranded all their wireless cards to ORiNOCO - even cards not based on Lucent/Agere's Hermes chipset. Proxim still offers ORiNOCO-based cards under the 'Classic' brand.
Rebranded products
The WaveLAN chipsets that power ORiNOCO-branded cards were commonly used to power other wireless networking devices, and are compatible with a number of other access points, routers and wireless cards. The following brand and models utilise the chipset, or are rebrands of an ORiNOCO product:
3Com AirConnect
Apple AirPort and AirMac cards (original only, not AirPort Extreme). Modified to remove the antenna stub.
AVAYA World Card
Cabletron RoamAbout 802.11 DS
Compaq WL100 11 Mbit/s Wireless Adapter
D-Link DWL-650
ELSA AirLancer MC-11
Enterasys RoamAbout
Ericsson WLAN Card C11
Farallon SkyLINE
Fujitsu RoomWave
HyperLink Wireless PC Card 11Mbit/s
Intel PRO/Wireless 2011
Lucent Technologies WaveLAN/IEEE Orinoco
Melco WLI-PCM-L11
Microsoft Wireless Notebook Adapter MN-520
NCR WaveLAN/IEEE Adapter
Proxim LAN PC CARD HARMONY 80211B
Samsung 11Mbit/s WLAN Card
Symbol LA4111 Spectrum24 Wireless LAN PC Card
Toshiba Wireless LAN Mini PCI Card
Preferred wireless chipset for wardriving
The ORiNOCO (and their derivatives) is preferred by wardrivers, due to their high |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%E2%80%93Satterthwaite%20equation | In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, corresponding to the pooled variance.
For sample variances , each respectively having degrees of freedom, often one computes the linear combination.
where is a real positive number, typically . In general, the probability distribution of {{math|χ}} cannot be expressed analytically. However, its distribution can be approximated by another chi-squared distribution, whose effective degrees of freedom are given by the Welch–Satterthwaite equation'''
There is no assumption that the underlying population variances are equal. This is known as the Behrens–Fisher problem.
The result can be used to perform approximate statistical inference tests. The simplest application of this equation is in performing Welch's t-test.
See also
Pooled variance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20identity | In mathematics, a trace identity is any equation involving the trace of a matrix.
Properties
Trace identities are invariant under simultaneous conjugation.
Uses
They are frequently used in the invariant theory of matrices to find the generators and relations of the ring of invariants, and therefore are useful in answering questions similar to that posed by Hilbert's fourteenth problem.
Examples
The Cayley–Hamilton theorem says that every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic polynomial. This also implies that all square matrices satisfy where the coefficients are given by the elementary symmetric polynomials of the eigenvalues of .
All square matrices satisfy
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Assembly%20Cache | The Global Assembly Cache (GAC) is a machine-wide CLI assembly cache for the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) in Microsoft's .NET Framework. The approach of having a specially controlled central repository addresses the flaws in the shared library concept and helps to avoid pitfalls of other solutions that led to drawbacks like DLL hell.
Requirements
Assemblies residing in the GAC must adhere to a specific versioning scheme which allows for side-by-side execution of different code versions. Specifically, such assemblies must be strongly named.
Usage
There are two ways to interact with the GAC: the Global Assembly Cache Tool (gacutil.exe) and the Assembly Cache Viewer (shfusion.dll).
Global Assembly Cache Tool
gacutil.exe is an older command-line utility that shipped with .NET 1.1 and is still available with the .NET SDK.
One can check the availability of a shared assembly in GAC by using the command:
gacutil.exe /l <assemblyName>
One can register a shared assembly in the GAC by using the command:
gacutil.exe /i <assemblyName>
Or by copying an assembly file into the following location:
%windir%\assembly\
Note that for .NET 4.0 the GAC location is now:
%windir%\Microsoft.NET\assembly\
Other options for this utility will be briefly described if you use the /? flag, i.e.:
gacutil.exe /?
Assembly Cache Viewer
The newer interface, the Assembly Cache Viewer, is integrated into Windows Explorer. Browsing %windir%\assembly\ (for example, C:\WINDOWS\assembly) or %WINDIR%\Microsoft.NET\assembly, displays the assemblies contained in the cache along with their versions, culture, public key token, and processor architecture. Assemblies are installed by dragging and dropping and uninstalled by selecting and pressing the delete key or using the context menu.
With the launch of the .NET Framework 4, the Assembly Cache Viewer shell extension is obsolete.
Example of use
A computer has two CLI assemblies both named AssemblyA, but one is version 1.0 and the other is ve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20biodiversity%20databases | This is a list of biodiversity databases. Biodiversity databases store taxonomic information alone or more commonly also other information like distribution (spatial) data and ecological data, which provide information on the biodiversity of a particular area or group of living organisms. They may store specimen-level information, species-level information, information on nomenclature, or any combination of the above. Most are available online.
Specimen-focused databases contain data about individual specimens, as represented by vouchered museum specimens, collections of specimen photographs, data on field-based specimen observations and morphological or genetic data. Species-focused databases contain information summarised at the species-level. Some species-focused databases attempt to compile comprehensive data about particular species (FishBase), while others focus on particular species attributes, such as checklists of species in a given area (FEOW) or the conservation status of species (CITES or IUCN Red List). Nomenclators act as summaries of taxonomic revisions and set a key between specimen-focused and species-focused databases. They do this because taxonomic revisions use specimen data to determine species limits.
See also
Taxonomic database
Biodiversity informatics
Global biodiversity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skew-symmetric%20matrix | In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a skew-symmetric (or antisymmetric or antimetric) matrix is a square matrix whose transpose equals its negative. That is, it satisfies the condition
In terms of the entries of the matrix, if denotes the entry in the -th row and -th column, then the skew-symmetric condition is equivalent to
Example
The matrix
is skew-symmetric because
Properties
Throughout, we assume that all matrix entries belong to a field whose characteristic is not equal to 2. That is, we assume that , where 1 denotes the multiplicative identity and 0 the additive identity of the given field. If the characteristic of the field is 2, then a skew-symmetric matrix is the same thing as a symmetric matrix.
The sum of two skew-symmetric matrices is skew-symmetric.
A scalar multiple of a skew-symmetric matrix is skew-symmetric.
The elements on the diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero, and therefore its trace equals zero.
If is a real skew-symmetric matrix and is a real eigenvalue, then , i.e. the nonzero eigenvalues of a skew-symmetric matrix are non-real.
If is a real skew-symmetric matrix, then is invertible, where is the identity matrix.
If is a skew-symmetric matrix then is a symmetric negative semi-definite matrix.
Vector space structure
As a result of the first two properties above, the set of all skew-symmetric matrices of a fixed size forms a vector space. The space of skew-symmetric matrices has dimension
Let denote the space of matrices. A skew-symmetric matrix is determined by scalars (the number of entries above the main diagonal); a symmetric matrix is determined by scalars (the number of entries on or above the main diagonal). Let denote the space of skew-symmetric matrices and denote the space of symmetric matrices. If then
Notice that and This is true for every square matrix with entries from any field whose characteristic is different from 2. Then, since and
where denotes the direct sum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerts.in.ua | alerts.in.ua is an online service that visualizes information about air alerts and other threats on the map of Ukraine.
History
The idea of the site appeared in the first weeks of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, during the development of other projects related to alerting the population about alarms.
So, on March 2, 2022, the "Lviv Siren" bot was created, which reported on air alarms in Lviv on Twitter. Later, the idea arose to monitor alarms all over Ukraine and display them on a map. However, the lack of a single official source reporting alarms made this task much more difficult.
On March 15, 2022, the Ajax Systems company announced the creation of the official Telegram channel "Air Alarm". This channel receives signals from the "Air Alarm" application and instantly publishes messages about the start and end of alarms in different regions of Ukraine. This immediately solved the problem with the source of information and gave impetus to the further implementation of the project.
On March 22, 2022, the first version of the "Air Alarm Map" website was published, located on the war.ukrzen.in.ua domain.
The map quickly gained popularity in social networks. It, like several other similar projects, began to be widely distributed by the mass media: Suspilne, Novyi Kanal, UNIAN, DW, Fakty ICTV, Vikna TV, Ukrainian Radio, STB, Espresso, dev.ua, itc.ua and state bodies: Center for Countering Disinformation at the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Khmelnytska OVA, etc.
On April 8, 2022, the site moved to the alerts.in.ua domain, where it is still available today.
On August 25, 2022, the service began monitoring local official channels in addition to the main "Air Alarm".
On September 11, 2022, the English version of the site was published.
On March 22, 2023, its own Android application was published.
The project is actively developing and has its own community.
Description
The main part of the site is a map of Ukr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20print | Animal print is a clothing and fashion style in which the garment is made to resemble the pattern of the skin and fur, feathers or scales of animals such as a leopard, zebra, giraffe, tiger or cow. Animal print is also used for room decoration, handbags and footwear and even some jewelry. A major difference between animal prints and fur clothing is that animal prints today very often use fake fur instead of animal coat.
History
Animal prints have long been a popular style for many reasons. For one, they are generally expensive and considered rather exotic; hence they are a symbol of wealth and status. Throughout history, kings and other high people have used animal print rugs and such as a sign of status just as mounted animals are kept as trophies. Animal print became popular for women in the United States in the late 1960s during the Bohemian movement.
Other uses
Besides a distinctive natural animal pattern on clothing, "animal prints" may also refer to art prints of animals, printed on canvas or paper. The art prints may replicate the same skin or fur pattern found on the animal, but a flat photographic representation printed on artistic media, such as for as wall decorations. The prints are not limited to just the animal's skin or fur pattern, but may be any part of the animal and still be called an animal print.
Animal print applications extend beyond clothing and art prints and are commonly used for other decorations, including rugs, wallpaper, or painted surfaces. In addition, animal prints may be used in designs for race cars, airplanes, signage, building exteriors, or safety gear such as helmets the NFL team, Cincinnati Bengals, uses.
Environmental Concerns
Many environmentalists do not agree with the use of animal print jackets as they promote the killing and bad usage of animals.
See also
Fake fur
Fur clothing
Fur coat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskeratosis%20congenita | Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), also known as Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome, is a rare progressive congenital disorder with a highly variable phenotype. The entity was classically defined by the triad of abnormal skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy, and leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, and MDS/AML, but these components do not always occur. DKC is characterized by short telomeres. Some of the manifestations resemble premature ageing (similar to progeria) and cognitive impairment can be a feature. The disease initially mainly affects the skin, but a major consequence is progressive bone marrow failure which occurs in over 80%, causing early mortality.
Presentation
DKC can be characterized by cutaneous pigmentation, premature graying, dystrophy of the nails, leukoplakia of the oral mucosa, continuous lacrimation due to atresia of the lacrimal ducts, often thrombocytopenia, anemia, testicular atrophy in the male carriers, and predisposition to cancer. Many of these symptoms are characteristic of geriatrics, and those carrying the more serious forms of the disease often have significantly shortened lifespans. Also, liver abnormalities are associated with this syndrome, Nodular Regenerative Hypoplasia of the liver, although rare, it is one of many manifestations of liver disorders short telomeres can cause.
Predisposition to cancer
Susceptibility to cancer seems counterintuitive because in many known cancers reactivation of telomerase is actually a required step for malignancy to evolve (see telomere). In a disease where telomerase is affected, it does not seem to follow that cancer would be a complication to result. The authors note the paradoxical nature of cancer predisposition in individuals who seem to lack one of the required components for cancer to form. It is thought that without functional telomerase, chromosomes will likely be attached together at their ends through the non-homologous end joining pathway. If this proves to be a common enough occurrence, maligna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaptin | Rabaptin is a key protein involved in regeneration of injured axons.
Regeneration of injured axons at neuromuscular junctions is regulated by extra-cellular protein factors that promote neurite outgrowth. A novel neurite outgrowth factor from chick denervated skeletal muscle has been cloned and characterised. The protein, termed neurocrescin (rabaptin), has been shown to be secreted in an activity-dependent fashion.
Rabaptin is a 100kDa coiled-coil protein that interacts with the GTP form of the small GTPase Rab5 (see RAB5A, RAB5B, RAB5C) a potent regulator of endocytic transport. It is mainly cytosolic, but a fraction co-localises with Rab5 to early endosomes. Rab5 recruits rabaptin-5 to purified early endosomes in a GTP-dependent manner, demonstrating functional similarities with other members of the Ras family. Immunodepletion of rabaptin-5 from cytosol strongly inhibits Rab5-dependent early endosome membrane fusion. Thus, rabaptin-5 is a Rab effector required for membrane docking and fusion.
Rab5 contributes to early endosome fusion that works through the coordination of other effector proteins, as mentioned above. Rabaptin components may serve to control the SNARE activity which are vital in membrane fusion.
Structure
A crystal structure of the GTPase domain of RAB5A complexed with the C-terminal domain of Rabaptin5 has been determined. The two proteins form a symmetric RAB5A-Rabaptin5 ternary complex with a parallel coiled-coil Rabaptin5 homodimer in the middle complexed with two molecules of Rabaptin5, one on each side (see figure to the right).
Human proteins
RABEP1; RABEP2; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion%20epidermal%20cell | The epidermal cells of onions provide a protective layer against viruses and fungi that may harm the sensitive tissues. Because of their simple structure and transparency they are often used to introduce students to plant anatomy or to demonstrate plasmolysis.
The clear epidermal cells exist in a single layer and do not contain chloroplasts, because the onion fruiting body (bulb) is used for storing energy, not photosynthesis.
Each plant cell has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and a large vacuole. The nucleus is present at the periphery of the cytoplasm. The vacuole is prominent and present at the center of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm.
Firm, small onions are best for microscopy. Remove the epidermal layers by cutting the onion and peeling them off (they are the membrane-like sheaths between each onion layer). For advanced microscopy, such as fluorescence microscopy, the layers halfway between the outside and the centre of the onion are best. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-acute%20infection%20syndrome | Post-acute infection syndromes (PAISs) or post-active phase of infection syndromes are a group of medical conditions characterized by chronic illness triggered by an infection. They are sometimes referred to as infection-associated chronic illnesses as well. While it is commonly assumed that people either recover or die from infections, illness is a possible outcome as well. Examples include long COVID (post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, PASC), chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), and post-Ebola virus syndrome. Common symptoms include post-exertional malaise (PEM), severe fatigue, neurocognitive symptoms, flu-like symptoms, and pain. The pathology of most of these conditions is not understood and management is generally symptomatic.
Classification
PAIS is a broad term describing conditions triggered by various infections, including long COVID, ME/CFS, post-Ebola virus syndrome, post-dengue fatigue syndrome, post-polio syndrome, post-SARS syndrome, post-chikungunya disease, Q fever fatigue syndrome, post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome, and symptoms observed after other infections lacking a specific name. Other better-understood sequela of infections include multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), delayed acute encephalitis (a rare sequela of measles), and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. ME/CFS has similar symptoms, and usually, but not always, has an apparent infectious trigger.
Many of these conditions, together with multiple sclerosis, are also sometimes categorized as infection-associated chronic illnesses.
Causes
Pathogens associated with PAISs include SARS-CoV-2 (causing COVID-19), Ebolavirus, Dengue virus, poliovirus, SARS-CoV-1 (causing SARS), Chikungunya virus, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), West Nile virus (WNV), Ross River virus (RRV), Coxsackie B, influenza A virus subtype H1N1, varicella zoster virus (VZV), Coxiella burnetii, Borrelia, and Giardia. However, the strength of evidence associating these pathogens with chronic ill |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20integra | Russula integra, commonly known as the entire russula, is a species of mushroom. The fungus stems from the huge genus of Russula. It is found in conifer forests across Europe and throughout North America. The fruiting body is mildly flavoured with a slight cashew-like taste and dense flesh. It is edible and most commonly consumed in Central Europe.
Description
The cap is almost shaped like a sphere at first, and soon becomes flattened or depressed; it is broad. The cuticle is shiny, varies in color, but is usually brown and tinged with violet, purple, yellow, or green. The gills are thick, widely spaced, easily crumbled into small pieces, white at first and then turns bright yellow eventually. The stipe is thick and white, but stains yellow or russet with age; it measures long and thick. The flesh is white, very firm, and has a mild flavor. The spore print is yellow-ochre, broadly elliptical, and has amyloid warts.
Edibility
The authors of The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms said that the species has a crunchy texture and tastes nutty. It is popular to eat in Northern and Central Europe. In Romanian, the mushroom is called pâinişoară ("little bread") due to its edibility and perceived taste and texture. David Arora said that the species is good when it is young. There are species with unknown edibility that look similar to this species. According to an 1878 study, poisoning from this species used to be frequent, but is now rare. The study concluded that long cooking gets rid of its poisonous properties, but that rapid culinary processes does not such as roasting.
Similar species
Russula mustelina is similar, with a brown cap, white stalk, yellow spores, and firm flesh.
Habitat
David Arora said that species is widely distributed and can commonly be found scattered under conifers. and the authors of The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms said that the species can commonly be found in spruce forests or fir forests in the mountains. The species is
rare in New Yo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexing%20%28motion%29 | Indexing in reference to motion is moving (or being moved) into a new position or location quickly and easily but also precisely. When indexing a machine part, its new location is known to within a few hundredths of a millimeter (thousandths of an inch), or often even to within a few thousandths of a millimeter (ten-thousandths of an inch), despite the fact that no elaborate measuring or layout was needed to establish that location. In reference to multi-edge cutting inserts, indexing is the process of exposing a new cutting edge for use. Indexing is a necessary kind of motion in many areas of mechanical engineering and machining. An object that indexes, or can be indexed, is said to be indexable.
Usually when the word indexing is used, it refers specifically to rotation. That is, indexing is most often the quick and easy but precise rotation of a machine part through a certain known number of degrees. For example, Machinery's Handbook, 25th edition, in its section on milling machine indexing, says, "Positioning a workpiece at a precise angle or interval of rotation for a machining operation is called indexing." In addition to that most classic sense of the word, the swapping of one part for another, or other controlled movements, are also sometimes referred to as indexing, even if rotation is not the focus.
Examples from everyday life
There are various examples of indexing that laypersons (non-engineers and non-machinists) can find in everyday life. These motions are not always called by the name indexing, but the idea is essentially similar:
The motion of a retractable utility knife blade, which often will have well-defined discrete positions (fully retracted, ¼-exposed, ½-exposed, ¾-exposed, fully exposed)
The indexing of a revolver's cylinder with each shot
Manufacturing applications
Indexing is vital in manufacturing, especially mass production, where a well-defined cycle of motions must be repeated quickly and easily—but precisely—for each interchangea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjalmar%20Mellin | Robert Hjalmar Mellin (19 June 1854 – 5 April 1933) was a Finnish mathematician and function theorist.
Biography
Mellin studied at the University of Helsinki and later in Berlin under Karl Weierstrass. He is chiefly remembered as the developer of the integral transform known as the Mellin transform. He studied related gamma functions, hypergeometric functions, Dirichlet series and the Riemann ζ function. He was appointed professor at the Polytechnic Institute in Helsinki, which later became Helsinki University of Technology with Mellin as first rector.
Later in his career Mellin also became known for his critical opposition to the theory of relativity; he published several papers in which he argued against the theory from a chiefly philosophical standpoint. In his private life he was known as an outspoken fennoman: a proponent of adopting Finnish as the language of state and culture in the Grand Duchy of Finland, in preference to Swedish, which had predominantly been used hitherto.
See also
Mellin inversion theorem
Mellin–Barnes integral
Poisson–Mellin–Newton cycle
External links
Hjalmar Mellins obituary, written by Ernst Lindelöf
1854 births
1933 deaths
People from Liminka
20th-century Finnish mathematicians
Relativity critics
Academic staff of the Helsinki University of Technology
19th-century Finnish mathematicians
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
People from the Grand Duchy of Finland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der%E2%80%93Bernstein%20theorem | In set theory, the Schröder–Bernstein theorem states that, if there exist injective functions and between the sets and , then there exists a bijective function .
In terms of the cardinality of the two sets, this classically implies that if and , then ; that is, and are equipotent.
This is a useful feature in the ordering of cardinal numbers.
The theorem is named after Felix Bernstein and Ernst Schröder.
It is also known as the Cantor–Bernstein theorem or Cantor–Schröder–Bernstein theorem, after Georg Cantor, who first published it (albeit without proof).
Proof
The following proof is attributed to Julius König.
Assume without loss of generality that A and B are disjoint. For any a in A or b in B we can form a unique two-sided sequence of elements that are alternately in A and B, by repeatedly applying and to go from A to B and and to go from B to A (where defined; the inverses and are understood as partial functions.)
For any particular a, this sequence may terminate to the left or not, at a point where or is not defined.
By the fact that and are injective functions, each a in A and b in B is in exactly one such sequence to within identity: if an element occurs in two sequences, all elements to the left and to the right must be the same in both, by the definition of the sequences. Therefore, the sequences form a partition of the (disjoint) union of A and B. Hence it suffices to produce a bijection between the elements of A and B in each of the sequences separately, as follows:
Call a sequence an A-stopper if it stops at an element of A, or a B-stopper if it stops at an element of B. Otherwise, call it doubly infinite if all the elements are distinct or cyclic if it repeats. See the picture for examples.
For an A-stopper, the function is a bijection between its elements in A and its elements in B.
For a B-stopper, the function is a bijection between its elements in B and its elements in A.
For a doubly infinite sequence or a cyclic seque |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s%20theorem | Lamé's Theorem is the result of Gabriel Lamé's analysis of the complexity of the Euclidean algorithm. Using Fibonacci numbers, he proved in 1844 that when looking for the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers a and b, the algorithm finishes in at most 5k steps, where k is the number of digits (decimal) of b.
Statement
The number of division steps in Euclidean algorithm with entries and is less than times the number of decimal digits of .
Proof
Let be two positive integers. Applying to them the Euclidean algorithm provides two sequences and of positive integers such that, setting and one has
for and
The number is called the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm, since it is the number of Euclidean divisions that are performed.
The Fibonacci numbers are defined by and
for
The above relations show that and By induction,
So, if the Euclidean algorithm requires steps, one has
One has for every integer , where is the Golden ratio. This can be proved by induction, starting with and continuing by using that
So, if is the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm, one has
and thus
using
If is the number of decimal digits of , one has and
So,
and, as both members of the inequality are integers,
which is exactly what Lamé's theorem asserts.
As a side result of this proof, one gets that the pairs of integers that give the maximum number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm (for a given size of ) are the pairs of consecutive Fibonacci numbers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20sclerosis | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease in which the insulating covers called myelin sheaths, of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals, resulting in a range of signs and symptoms, including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. Specific symptoms can include double vision, visual loss, muscle weakness, and trouble with sensation or coordination. MS takes several forms, with new symptoms either occurring in isolated attacks (relapsing forms) or building up over time (progressive forms). In the relapsing forms of MS, between attacks, symptoms may disappear completely, although some permanent neurological problems often remain, especially as the disease advances.
While the cause is unclear, the underlying mechanism is thought to be either destruction by the immune system or failure of the myelin-producing cells. Proposed causes for this include genetics and environmental factors, such as viral infections. MS is usually diagnosed based on the presenting signs and symptoms and the results of supporting medical tests.
No cure for multiple sclerosis is known. Treatments attempt to improve function after an attack and prevent new attacks. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can help with people's ability to function. Many people pursue alternative treatments, despite a lack of evidence of benefit. The long-term outcome is difficult to predict; better outcomes are more often seen in women, those who develop the disease early in life, those with a relapsing course, and those who initially experienced few attacks.
Multiple sclerosis is the most common immune-mediated disorder affecting the central nervous system. Nearly one million people have MS in the United States in 2022, and in 2020, about 2.8 million people were affected globally, with rates varying widely in different regions and among different populations. The disease usually begins bet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function%20composition%20%28computer%20science%29 | In computer science, function composition is an act or mechanism to combine simple functions to build more complicated ones. Like the usual composition of functions in mathematics, the result of each function is passed as the argument of the next, and the result of the last one is the result of the whole.
Programmers frequently apply functions to results of other functions, and almost all programming languages allow it. In some cases, the composition of functions is interesting as a function in its own right, to be used later. Such a function can always be defined but languages with first-class functions make it easier.
The ability to easily compose functions encourages factoring (breaking apart) functions for maintainability and code reuse. More generally, big systems might be built by composing whole programs.
Narrowly speaking, function composition applies to functions that operate on a finite amount of data, each step sequentially processing it before handing it to the next. Functions that operate on potentially infinite data (a stream or other codata) are known as filters, and are instead connected in a pipeline, which is analogous to function composition and can execute concurrently.
Composing function calls
For example, suppose we have two functions and , as in and . Composing them means we first compute , and then use to compute . Here is the example in the C language:
float x, y, z;
// ...
y = g(x);
z = f(y);
The steps can be combined if we don't give a name to the intermediate result:
z = f(g(x));
Despite differences in length, these two implementations compute the same result. The second implementation requires only one line of code and is colloquially referred to as a "highly composed" form. Readability and hence maintainability is one advantage of highly composed forms, since they require fewer lines of code, minimizing a program's "surface area". DeMarco and Lister empirically verify an inverse relationship between surface area and maintainab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging%20machinery | Packaging machinery is used throughout all packaging operations, involving primary packages to distribution packs. This includes many packaging processes: fabrication, cleaning, filling, sealing, combining, labeling, overwrapping, palletizing.
Overview
Some packaging operations cannot be accomplished without packaging equipment. For example many packages include heat seals to prepare or seal a package. Heat sealers are needed, even in slow labor-intensive operations.
With many industries, the effectiveness of the heat seal is critical to product safety so the heat sealing operation must closely controlled with documented Verification and validation protocols. Food, drug, and medical regulations require consistent seals on packages. Proper equipment is needed.
Automation
Packaging operations can be designed for variable package sizes and forms or for handling only uniform packages, where the machinery or packaging line is adjustable between production runs. Certainly slow manual operations allow workers to be flexible to package variation but also some automated lines can handle significant random variation.
Moving from manual operations, through semi-automatic operations to fully automated packaging lines offers advantages to some packagers. Other than the obvious control of labor costs, quality can be more consistent, and throughput can be optimized.
Efforts at packaging line automation increasingly use programmable logic controllers and robotics.
Large fully automatic packaging lines can involve several pieces of major equipment from different manufactures as well as conveyors and ancillary equipment. Integrating such systems can be a challenge. Often consultants or external engineering firms are used to coordinate large projects.
Choosing packaging machinery
Choosing packaging machinery includes an assessment of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the pack |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%E2%80%93Bernstein%20equation | In convective heat transfer, the Churchill–Bernstein equation is used to estimate the surface averaged Nusselt number for a cylinder in cross flow at various velocities. The need for the equation arises from the inability to solve the Navier–Stokes equations in the turbulent flow regime, even for a Newtonian fluid. When the concentration and temperature profiles are independent of one another, the mass-heat transfer analogy can be employed. In the mass-heat transfer analogy, heat transfer dimensionless quantities are replaced with analogous mass transfer dimensionless quantities.
This equation is named after Stuart W. Churchill and M. Bernstein, who introduced it in 1977. This equation is also called the Churchill–Bernstein correlation.
Heat transfer definition
where:
is the surface averaged Nusselt number with characteristic length of diameter;
is the Reynolds number with the cylinder diameter as its characteristic length;
is the Prandtl number.
The Churchill–Bernstein equation is valid for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and Prandtl numbers, as long as the product of the two is greater than or equal to 0.2, as defined above. The Churchill–Bernstein equation can be used for any object of cylindrical geometry in which boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by other surfaces. Properties of the external free stream fluid are to be evaluated at the film temperature in order to account for the variation of the fluid properties at different temperatures. One should not expect much more than 20% accuracy from the above equation due to the wide range of flow conditions that the equation encompasses. The Churchill–Bernstein equation is a correlation and cannot be derived from principles of fluid dynamics. The equation yields the surface averaged Nusselt number, which is used to determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient. Newton's law of cooling (in the form of heat loss per surface area being equal to heat transfer coefficien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurodam | Madurodam () is a miniature park and tourist attraction in the Scheveningen district of The Hague in the Netherlands. It is home to a range of 1:25 scale model replicas of famous Dutch landmarks, historical cities and large developments. The park was opened in 1952 and has since been visited by tens of millions of visitors. The entirety of net proceeds from the park go towards various charities in the Netherlands.
Name
Madurodam was named after George Maduro, a Dutch law student from Curaçao who fought the Nazi occupation forces, first as a lieutenant in the army and later as a member of the Dutch resistance, and who died at Dachau concentration camp in 1945. In 1946, Maduro was posthumously awarded the Medal of Knight Fourth class of the Military Order of William, the highest and oldest military decoration in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the valor he had demonstrated in the Battle of the Netherlands against German troops.
History
Idea for the park
Mrs B. Boon-van der Starp was a member of a foundation for the Dutch Students Sanatorium. In this sanatorium students with tuberculosis could obtain treatment, and could also study. Financial support was needed to pay for their convalescent care. Mrs Boon-van der Starp heard about Bekonscot, a miniature park in Beaconsfield, England. This park generated large profits, a large part of which was donated to a hospital in London each year.
After a meeting with Mrs Boon-van der Starp, George Maduro's parents donated the funds needed for the Madurodam project, as a memorial to their son. S.J. Bouma was appointed architect of Madurodam, and visited Bekonscot because Mrs Boon-van der Starp wanted the new park to be similar. After his visit he created a plan for Madurodam and came up with a theme: Het stadje met de glimlach ("The little city with the smile").
Mayor and city council
On 2 July 1952, the then teenage Princess Beatrix was appointed mayor of Madurodam, and was given a tour of her town. When Beatrix becam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigarcanum | Gigarcanum delcourti, formerly Hoplodactylus delcourti, is an extinct species of gecko in the family Diplodactylidae. It is the largest known of all geckos, with a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of and an overall length (including tail) of at least . It is only known from a single taxidermied specimen collected in the 19th century that was rediscovered unlabelled in a museum in France. The origin of the specimen was undocumented. While originally suggested to have been from New Zealand and the kawekaweau of Māori oral tradition, DNA evidence from the specimen suggests that it originates from New Caledonia.
History
According to the report of Major W. G. Mair in 1873, in 1870, a Māori chief said that he had killed a kawekaweau he found under the bark of a dead rata tree in the Waimana Valley in Te Urewera on the North Island of New Zealand. This is the only documented report of anyone ever seeing a kawekaweau alive. Mair reported the chiefs description of the animal as being "two feet long and as thick as a man’s wrist; colour brown, striped longitudinally with dull red".
A single stuffed specimen was "discovered" in the basement of the Natural History Museum of Marseille in 1986; the origins and date of collection of the specimen remain a mystery, as it was unlabelled when it was found. It has been present in the collection of the museum since at least the 1870s, and likely since the 1830s based on its unusual preservation style of being eviscerated, dried and mounted, rather than being kept in spirits as is more common for preserved specimens. The specimen is missing the internal organs and most of the axial skeleton, but retains the skull and appendicular skeleton. It was described as the new species Hoplodactylus delcourti. Initially, scientists examining the specimen suggested that it was from New Zealand and was in fact the lost kawekaweau, a giant and mysterious forest lizard of Maori oral tradition.
Attempts to extract DNA from the sole specimen in 1994 were |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog | The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from extinct Pleistocene wolves, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. The dog was the first species to be domesticated by humans. Hunter-gatherers did this, over 15,000 years ago, which was before the development of agriculture. Due to their long association with humans, dogs have expanded to a large number of domestic individuals and gained the ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canids.
The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human–canine bond has been a topic of frequent study. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of "man's best friend".
Taxonomy
In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his Systema Naturae, the two-word naming of species (binomial nomenclature). Canis is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus, he listed the domestic dog, the wolf, and the golden jackal. He classified the domestic dog as Canis familiaris and, on the next page, classified the grey wolf as Canis lupus. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid.
In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of Mammal Species of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox%20of%20radiation%20of%20charged%20particles%20in%20a%20gravitational%20field | The paradox of a charge in a gravitational field is an apparent physical paradox in the context of general relativity. A charged particle at rest in a gravitational field, such as on the surface of the Earth, must be supported by a force to prevent it from falling. According to the equivalence principle, it should be indistinguishable from a particle in flat spacetime being accelerated by a force. Maxwell's equations say that an accelerated charge should radiate electromagnetic waves, yet such radiation is not observed for stationary particles in gravitational fields.
One of the first to study this problem was Max Born in his 1909 paper about the consequences of a charge in uniformly accelerated frame. Earlier concerns and possible solutions were raised by Wolfgang Pauli (1918), Max von Laue (1919), and others, but the most recognized work on the subject is the resolution of Thomas Fulton and Fritz Rohrlich in 1960.
Background
It is a standard result from Maxwell's equations of classical electrodynamics that an accelerated charge radiates. That is, it produces an electric field that falls off as in addition to its rest-frame Coulomb field. This radiation electric field has an accompanying magnetic field, and the whole oscillating electromagnetic radiation field propagates independently of the accelerated charge, carrying away momentum and energy. The energy in the radiation is provided by the work that accelerates the charge.
The theory of general relativity is built on the equivalence principle of gravitation and inertia. This principle states that it is impossible to distinguish through any local measurement whether one is in a gravitational field or being accelerated. An elevator out in deep space, far from any planet, could mimic a gravitational field to its occupants if it could be accelerated continuously "upward". Whether the acceleration is from motion or from gravity makes no difference in the laws of physics. One can also understand it in terms of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broth | Broth, also known as bouillon (), is a savory liquid made of water in which meat, fish, or vegetables have been simmered for a short period of time. It can be eaten alone, but it is most commonly used to prepare other dishes, such as soups, gravies, and sauces.
Commercially prepared liquid broths are available, typically chicken, beef, fish, and vegetable varieties. Dehydrated broth in the form of bouillon cubes were commercialized beginning in the early 20th century.
Stock versus broth
Many cooks and food writers use the terms broth and stock interchangeably. In 1974, James Beard (an American cook) wrote that stock, broth, and bouillon "are all the same thing".
While many draw a distinction between stock and broth, the details of the distinction often differ. One possibility is that stocks are made primarily from animal bones, as opposed to meat, and therefore contain more gelatin, giving them a thicker texture. Another distinction that is sometimes made is that stock is cooked longer than broth and therefore has a more intense flavor. A third possible distinction is that stock is left unseasoned for use in other recipes, while broth is salted and otherwise seasoned and can be eaten alone.
Scotch broth is a soup which includes solid pieces of meat and vegetables. Its name reflects an older usage of the term "broth" that did not distinguish between the complete soup and its liquid component.
See also
Canja de galinha
Rosół
Bouillon, a Haitian soup
Court-bouillon, from the French court or "short broth" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar%20Bose | Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929 – July 12, 2013) was an American entrepreneur and academic. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for over 45 years. He was also the founder and chairman of Bose Corporation.
In 2011, he donated a majority of the company to MIT in the form of non-voting shares to sustain and advance MIT's education and research mission.
Early life and education
Bose was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to an Bengali Indian father, Noni Gopal Bose and an American mother, Charlotte Mechlin (1895-1973). His mother was a schoolteacher of French and German ancestry. His father was an Indian independence activist who, having been imprisoned for his political activities, fled Bengal in the 1920s in order to avoid further persecution by the British colonial police.
Bose first displayed his entrepreneurial skills and his interest in electronics at age thirteen when, during the World War II years, he enlisted school friends as co-workers in a small home business repairing model trains and home radios, to supplement his family's income.
After graduating from Abington Senior High School in Abington, Pennsylvania, Bose enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating with a BS (Bachelor of Science) in Electrical Engineering in the early 1950s. Bose spent a year at Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium in Eindhoven, Netherlands; and a year as a Fulbright research student in New Delhi, India, where he met his future first wife. He completed his PhD in Electrical Engineering from MIT, writing a thesis on non-linear systems under the supervision of Norbert Wiener and Yuk-Wing Lee.
Career
Following graduation, Amar Bose became an assistant professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During his early years as a professor, Bose bought a high-end stereo speaker system in 1956 and he was disappointed to find that speakers with impressive technical specifications failed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20Ligament%20of%20the%20Palmar%20Aponeurosis | The Transverse Ligament of the Palmar Aponeurosis (TLPA) is a thin band of transverse fibers of the distal portion of the palmar aponeurosis. It runs deep and transverse to the longitudinally oriented pretendinous bands of the palmar fascial complex, and serves as an attachment point for the septa of Legueu and Juvara.
The TLPA is also known as the "Ligament of Skoog". It should not be confused with the Natatory Ligament (also known as the "Superficial Transverse Metacarpal Ligament"), which runs parallel and distal to the TLPA, forming the webbing in between the bases of the fingers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis%20Kontoyiannis | Ioannis Kontoyiannis (born January 1972) is a Greek mathematician and information theorist. He is the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, of the University of Cambridge. He is also a Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge, an affiliated member of the Division of Information Engineering, Cambridge, a Research Fellow of the Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, a Senior Member of Robinson College, Cambridge, and a trustee of the Rollo Davidson Trust.
His research interests are in information theory, probability and statistics, including their applications in data compression, bioinformatics, neuroscience, machine learning, and the connections between core information-theoretic ideas and results in probability theory and additive combinatorics.
Academic biography
Kontoyiannis earned a B.S. in mathematics from Imperial College, University of London (1992), he obtained a distinction in Part III of the Cambridge University Pure Mathematics Tripos (1993), and he earned an M.S. in statistics (1997) and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering (1998), both from Stanford University. Between 1998 and 2018 he taught at Purdue University, Brown University, Columbia University, and at the Athens University of Economics and Business. In January 2018 he joined the Information Engineering Division at Cambridge University, as Professor of Information and Communications, and Head of the Signal Processing and Communications Laboratory. Since June 2020 he has been with the Statistical Laboratory, in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge, where he holds the Churchill Chair in Mathematics.
Awards and honors
Manning endowed assistant professorship (2002)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship (2004)
Honorary Master of Arts Degree Ad Eundem, Brown University (2005)
Marie Curie Fellowship (2009)
IEEE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol | 3-Methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol is a primary alcohol that is hexan-1-ol which is substituted by a methyl group and a thiol group at position 3. It is the odor component of human axilla sweat and the major species at pH 7.3.
See also
Body odor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattonella | Chattonella is a genus of the marine class raphidophytes associated with red tides and can be found in the phylum Heterokontophyta in stramenopiles. These unicellular flagellates are found in brackish ecosystems. The genus Chattonella is composed of five species: C. subsalsa, C. antiqua, C. marina, C. minima, and C. ovata.
Structure and Synthesis
The Chattonella species contain an ectoplasm with vacuoles, chloroplasts, and mucocysts and an endoplasm with a nucleus and other organelles. Due to their lack of cell wall, these species have the ability to change size and shape. Therefore, fish populations cannot recognize the toxins and cannot defend themselves. Each species of the Chattonella genus is very similar or identical in DNA sequencing. C. minima has an identical morphological structure to C. antiqua, so researchers are developing ways to search for the gene responsible for differentiating between the different Chattonella strains. The only currently known difference between the two strains is the number of chromosomes; C. minima contains 90-110 chromosomes while C. marina contains 29 chromosomes.
Chattonella algal blooms synthesis is compared to "diatom resting hypothesis" with the only major difference being that Chattonella cysts can germinate in the dark as opposed to diatoms which can germinate only in sunlight. Factors such as water temperature, salinity, irradiance, and nutrients each contribute to the growth of Chattonella.
Environmental Impact
Algal species can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to environmental ecosystems. Three of these species, C. antiqua, C. marina, and C. ovata, contribute the growing problem of harmful algal blooms (HAB). Chattonella outbreaks are known to be enhanced by eutrophication. C. verruculosa was originally categorized with these toxic species, but further phylogenetic analysis showed it actually belonged to class Dictyochophyceae, not Raphidophyceae. These harmful algal species trigger the necrosis of gill cells in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oospore | An oospore is a thick-walled sexual spore that develops from a fertilized oosphere in some algae, fungi, and oomycetes. They are believed to have evolved either through the fusion of two species or the chemically induced stimulation of mycelia, leading to oospore formation.
In Oomycetes, oospores can also result from asexual reproduction, by apomixis. These are found in fungi as sexual spores which help the sexual reproduction of fungi. These haploid, non-motile spores are the site of meiosis and karyogamy in oomycetes.
A dormant oospore, when observed under an electron microscope, has led researchers to draw conclusion that there is only a single central globule with other storage bodies surrounding it. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamfered%20dodecahedron | In geometry, the chamfered dodecahedron is a convex polyhedron with 80 vertices, 120 edges, and 42 faces: 30 hexagons and 12 pentagons. It is constructed as a chamfer (edge-truncation) of a regular dodecahedron. The pentagons are reduced in size and new hexagonal faces are added in place of all the original edges. Its dual is the pentakis icosidodecahedron.
It is also called a truncated rhombic triacontahedron, constructed as a truncation of the rhombic triacontahedron. It can more accurately be called an order-12 truncated rhombic triacontahedron because only the order-12 vertices are truncated.
Structure
These 12 order-5 vertices can be truncated such that all edges are equal length. The original 30 rhombic faces become non-regular hexagons, and the truncated vertices become regular pentagons.
The hexagon faces can be equilateral but not regular with D symmetry. The angles at the two vertices with vertex configuration are and at the remaining four vertices with , they are each.
It is the Goldberg polyhedron , containing pentagonal and hexagonal faces.
It also represents the exterior envelope of a cell-centered orthogonal projection of the 120-cell, one of six convex regular 4-polytopes.
Chemistry
This is the shape of the fullerene ; sometimes this shape is denoted to describe its icosahedral symmetry and distinguish it from other less-symmetric 80-vertex fullerenes. It is one of only four fullerenes found by to have a skeleton that can be isometrically embeddable into an L space.
Related polyhedra
This polyhedron looks very similar to the uniform truncated icosahedron which has 12 pentagons, but only 20 hexagons.
The chamfered dodecahedron creates more polyhedra by basic Conway polyhedron notation. The zip chamfered dodecahedron makes a chamfered truncated icosahedron, and Goldberg (2,2).
Chamfered truncated icosahedron
In geometry, the chamfered truncated icosahedron is a convex polyhedron with 240 vertices, 360 edges, and 122 faces, 110 hexagon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20sensor | A digital sensor is an electronic or electrochemical sensor, where data is digitally converted and transmitted. Sensors are often used for analytical measurements, e.g. the measurement of chemical and physical properties of liquids. Examples of measured parameters are pH value, conductivity, oxygen, redox potentials. Such measurements are used in the industrialized world and give vital input for process control.
Analog sensors were used in the past, but digital sensors have come to dominate in the age of microprocessors. The differences between the two types, and the reasons for the development of digital sensors are discussed:
General aspects
Digital sensors are the modern successors of analog sensors. Digital sensors replace analog sensors stepwise, because they overcome the traditional drawbacks of analog sensor systems (cf chapter 3 –which book?)
History
Electronic and electrochemical sensors are typically one part of a measuring chain. A measuring chain comprises the sensor itself, a cable, and a transmitter.
In the traditional analog systems, the sensor converts the measuring parameter (e.g. pH value) into an analog electrical signal. This analog electrical signal is connected to a transmitter via a cable. The transmitter transforms the electrical signal into a readable form (display, current outputs, bus data transmission, etc.).
The sensor and the cable often are not connected permanently, but through electrical connectors.
This classical design with connectors and transmission of small currents through a cable has four main drawbacks:
1) Humidity and corrosion of the connector falsify the signal.
2) The cable must be shielded and of very high quality to prevent the measuring signal from being altered by electromagnetic noise.
3) The sensor cannot be calibrated or adjusted until installation, because the influence of the cable (length, resistance, impedance) cannot be neglected.
4) The cable length is limited.
Use and design
Digital sensors have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matched%20molecular%20pair%20analysis | Matched molecular pair analysis (MMPA) is a method in cheminformatics that compares the properties of two molecules that differ only by a single chemical transformation, such as the substitution of a hydrogen atom by a chlorine one. Such pairs of compounds are known as matched molecular pairs (MMP). Because the structural difference between the two molecules is small, any experimentally observed change in a physical or biological property between the matched molecular pair can more easily be interpreted. The term was first coined by Kenny and Sadowski in the book Chemoinformatics in Drug Discovery.
Introduction
MMP can be defined as a pair of molecules that differ in only a minor single point change (See Fig 1). Matched molecular pairs (MMPs) are widely used in medicinal chemistry to study changes in compound properties which includes biological activity, toxicity, environmental hazards and much more, which are associated with well-defined structural modifications. Single point changes in the molecule pairs are termed a chemical transformation or Molecular transformation. Each molecular pair is associated with a particular transformation. An example of transformation is the replacement of one functional group by another. More specifically, molecular transformation can be defined as the replacement of a molecular fragment having one, two or three attachment points with another fragment. Useful Molecular transformation in a specified context is termed as "Significant" transformations. For example, a transformation may systematically decrease or increase a desired property of chemical compounds. Transformations that affect a particular property/activity in a statistically significant sense are called as significant transformations. The transformation is considered significant, if it increases the property value "more often" than it decreases it or vice versa. Thus, the distribution of increasing and decreasing pairs should be significantly different from the binomia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica%20intima | The tunica intima (Neo-Latin "inner coat"), or intima for short, is the innermost tunica (layer) of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow.
The three layers of a blood vessel are an inner layer (the tunica intima), a middle layer (the tunica media), and an outer layer (the tunica externa).
In dissection, the inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle (tunica media) by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, because of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles.
Structure
The structure of the tunica intima depends on the blood vessel type.
Elastic arteries – A single layer of Endothelial and a supporting layer of elastin-rich collagen. The layer also contains fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells called 'myointimal cells'
Muscular arteries – Endothelial cells
Arterioles – A single layer of Endothelial cells
Veins – Endothelial cells
The inner coat consists of:
A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate.
A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size.
An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a network of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20G.%20Nell | James G. "Jim" Nell (born 1938) is an American engineer. He was the principal investigator of the Manufacturing Enterprise Integration Project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and is known for his work on enterprise integration.
Biography
Nell received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) from Drexel University and his MBA from Bowling Green State University.
From 1961 until 1993 Nell worked at Westinghouse Electric Company in various assignments in systems engineering, international marketing, program management, and strategic planning and finally Manager of Information Technology Programs at the Manufacturing Systems and Technology Center of Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Columbia, Maryland. From 1993 to 2000 at NIST he was the principal investigator of the Manufacturing Enterprise Integration Project.
Formerly he was active in the TC 184 SC4 work to develop product- and process-data representation, serving as the US expert to the SC4 Strategic Planning Advisory Group. For the IGES/PDES Organization, he was Chairman of the Steering Committee. He was the original chair of the Evolving Standards Focus Group of the Agile Manufacturing Enterprise Forum at the Iacocca Institute, and a founding participant of the ANSI Organization for Harmonization of Product Data Standards. As a member of the National Initiative for Product Data Exchange staff, he was the architect of the NIPDE Electronic Library, an early application of the World-Wide Web.
Work
Nell has concentrated on product-information representation, enterprise integration, and standards that apply to information representation and enterprise integration.
GERAM
Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) is a generalised enterprise architecture framework for enterprise integration and business process engineering. It identifies the set of components recommended for use in enterprise engineering.
This framework was develope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20tenth%20problem | Hilbert's tenth problem is the tenth on the list of mathematical problems that the German mathematician David Hilbert posed in 1900. It is the challenge to provide a general algorithm that, for any given Diophantine equation (a polynomial equation with integer coefficients and a finite number of unknowns), can decide whether the equation has a solution with all unknowns taking integer values.
For example, the Diophantine equation has an integer solution: . By contrast, the Diophantine equation has no such solution.
Hilbert's tenth problem has been solved, and it has a negative answer: such a general algorithm cannot exist. This is the result of combined work of Martin Davis, Yuri Matiyasevich, Hilary Putnam and Julia Robinson that spans 21 years, with Matiyasevich completing the theorem in 1970. The theorem is now known as Matiyasevich's theorem or the MRDP theorem (an initialism for the surnames of the four principal contributors to its solution).
When all coefficients and variables are restricted to be positive integers, the related problem of polynomial identity testing becomes a decidable (exponentiation-free) variation of Tarski's high school algebra problem, sometimes denoted
Background
Original formulation
Hilbert formulated the problem as follows:
Given a Diophantine equation with any number of unknown quantities and with rational integral numerical coefficients: To devise a process according to which it can be determined in a finite number of operations whether the equation is solvable in rational integers.
The words "process" and "finite number of operations" have been taken to mean that Hilbert was asking for an algorithm. The term "rational integral" simply refers to the integers, positive, negative or zero: 0, ±1, ±2, ... . So Hilbert was asking for a general algorithm to decide whether a given polynomial Diophantine equation with integer coefficients has a solution in integers.
Hilbert's problem is not concerned with finding the solutions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-precision%20floating-point%20format | Single-precision floating-point format (sometimes called FP32 or float32) is a computer number format, usually occupying 32 bits in computer memory; it represents a wide dynamic range of numeric values by using a floating radix point.
A floating-point variable can represent a wider range of numbers than a fixed-point variable of the same bit width at the cost of precision. A signed 32-bit integer variable has a maximum value of 231 − 1 = 2,147,483,647, whereas an IEEE 754 32-bit base-2 floating-point variable has a maximum value of (2 − 2−23) × 2127 ≈ 3.4028235 × 1038. All integers with 7 or fewer decimal digits, and any 2n for a whole number −149 ≤ n ≤ 127, can be converted exactly into an IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point value.
In the IEEE 754-2008 standard, the 32-bit base-2 format is officially referred to as binary32; it was called single in IEEE 754-1985. IEEE 754 specifies additional floating-point types, such as 64-bit base-2 double precision and, more recently, base-10 representations.
One of the first programming languages to provide single- and double-precision floating-point data types was Fortran. Before the widespread adoption of IEEE 754-1985, the representation and properties of floating-point data types depended on the computer manufacturer and computer model, and upon decisions made by programming-language designers. E.g., GW-BASIC's single-precision data type was the 32-bit MBF floating-point format.
Single precision is termed REAL in Fortran, SINGLE-FLOAT in Common Lisp, float in C, C++, C#, Java, Float in Haskell and Swift, and Single in Object Pascal (Delphi), Visual Basic, and MATLAB. However, float in Python, Ruby, PHP, and OCaml and single in versions of Octave before 3.2 refer to double-precision numbers. In most implementations of PostScript, and some embedded systems, the only supported precision is single.
IEEE 754 standard: binary32
The IEEE 754 standard specifies a binary32 as having:
Sign bit: 1 bit
Exponent width: 8 bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20Outcomes%20Framework | Canada's Biodiversity Outcomes Framework was approved by Ministers responsible for Environment, Forests, Parks, Fisheries and Aquaculture, and Wildlife in October 2006. It has been developed further to the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy, an implementation measure required under Article 6 of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
Criticism of the Framework
The Framework has been developed from the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy, which has been criticized as having a tendency to focus on species and to assign less importance to other scales of biodiversity from the genetic to the ecosystem level.
See also
Criticisms of the biodiversity paradigm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streak%20seeding | Streak seeding is a method first described during ICCBM-3 by Enrico Stura to induce crystallization in a straight line into a sitting or hanging drop for protein crystallization by introducing microseeds. The purpose is to control nucleation and understand the parameters that make crystals grow. It is also used to test any particular set of conditions to check if crystals could grow under such conditions.
The technique is relatively simple. A cat whisker is used to dislodge seeds from a crystal. The whisker is passed through the drop starting from one side of the drop and ending on the opposite side of the drop in one smooth motion. To allow for vapour diffusion equilibration, the well in which the drop has been placed is resealed. The same procedure is repeated for all the drops whose conditions need testing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosoya%27s%20triangle | Hosoya's triangle or the Hosoya triangle (originally Fibonacci triangle; ) is a triangular arrangement of numbers (like Pascal's triangle) based on the Fibonacci numbers. Each number is the sum of the two numbers above in either the left diagonal or the right diagonal.
Name
The name "Fibonacci triangle" has also been used for triangles composed of Fibonacci numbers or related numbers or triangles with Fibonacci sides and integral area, hence is ambiguous.
Recurrence
The numbers in this triangle obey the recurrence relations
and
Relation to Fibonacci numbers
The entries in the triangle satisfy the identity
Thus, the two outermost diagonals are the Fibonacci numbers, while the numbers on the middle vertical line are the squares of the Fibonacci numbers. All the other numbers in the triangle are the product of two distinct Fibonacci numbers greater than 1. The row sums are the first convolved Fibonacci numbers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20electronic%20substrate | The role of the substrate in power electronics is to provide the interconnections to form an electric circuit (like a printed circuit board), and to cool the components. Compared to materials and techniques used in lower power microelectronics, these substrates must carry higher currents and provide a higher voltage isolation (up to several thousand volts). They also must operate over a wide temperature range (up to 150 or 200 °C).
Direct Bonded Copper (DBC) substrate
DBC substrates are commonly used in power modules, because of their very good thermal conductivity. They are composed of a ceramic material tile with a sheet of copper bonded to one or both sides by a high-temperature oxidation process (the copper and substrate are heated to a carefully controlled temperature in an atmosphere of nitrogen containing about 30 ppm of oxygen; under these conditions, a copper-oxygen eutectic forms which bonds successfully both to copper and the oxides used as substrates). The top copper layer can be preformed prior to firing or chemically etched using printed circuit board technology to form an electrical circuit, while the bottom copper layer is usually kept plain. The substrate is attached to a heat spreader by soldering the bottom copper layer to it.
A related technique uses a seed layer, photoimaging, and then additional copper plating to allow for fine lines (as small as 50 micrometres) and through-vias to connect front and back sides. This can be combined with polymer-based circuits to create high density substrates that eliminate the need for direct connection of power devices to heat sinks.
One of the main advantages of the DBC vs other power electronic substrates is their low coefficient of thermal expansion, which is close to that of silicon (compared to pure copper). This ensures good thermal cycling performances (up to 50,000 cycles). The DBC substrates also have excellent electrical insulation and good heat spreading characteristics.
Ceramic material used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20analogy | The elastic membrane analogy, also known as the soap-film analogy, was first published by pioneering aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl in 1903.
It describes the stress distribution on a long bar in torsion. The cross section of the bar is constant along its length, and need not be circular. The differential equation that governs the stress distribution on the bar in torsion is of the same form as the equation governing the shape of a membrane under differential pressure. Therefore, in order to discover the stress distribution on the bar, all one has to do is cut the shape of the cross section out of a piece of wood, cover it with a soap film, and apply a differential pressure across it. Then the slope of the soap film at any area of the cross section is directly proportional to the stress in the bar at the same point on its cross section.
Application to thin-walled, open cross sections
While the membrane analogy allows the stress distribution on any cross section to be determined experimentally, it also allows the stress distribution on thin-walled, open cross sections to be determined by the same theoretical approach that describes the behavior of rectangular sections. Using the membrane analogy, any thin-walled cross section can be "stretched out" into a rectangle without affecting the stress distribution under torsion. The maximum shear stress, therefore, occurs at the edge of the midpoint of the stretched cross section, and is equal to , where T is the torque applied, b is the length of the stretched cross section, and t is the thickness of the cross section.
It can be shown that the differential equation for the deflection surface of a homogeneous membrane, subjected to uniform lateral pressure and with uniform surface tension and with the same outline as that of the cross section of a bar under torsion, has the same form as that governing the stress distribution over the cross section of a bar under torsion.
This analogy was originally proposed by Ludwig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20element | In category theory, a global element of an object A from a category is a morphism
where is a terminal object of the category. Roughly speaking, global elements are a generalization of the notion of "elements" from the category of sets, and they can be used to import set-theoretic concepts into category theory. However, unlike a set, an object of a general category need not be determined by its global elements (not even up to isomorphism). For example, the terminal object of the category Grph of graph homomorphisms has one vertex and one edge, a self-loop, whence the global elements of a graph are its self-loops, conveying no information either about other kinds of edges, or about vertices having no self-loop, or about whether two self-loops share a vertex.
In an elementary topos the global elements of the subobject classifier form a Heyting algebra when ordered by inclusion of the corresponding subobjects of the terminal object. For example, Grph happens to be a topos, whose subobject classifier is a two-vertex directed clique with an additional self-loop (so five edges, three of which are self-loops and hence the global elements of ). The internal logic of Grph is therefore based on the three-element Heyting algebra as its truth values.
A well-pointed category is a category that has enough global elements to distinguish every two morphisms. That is, for each pair of distinct arrows in the category, there should exist a global element whose compositions with them are different from each other. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten%20Eisentr%C3%A4ger | Anne Kirsten Eisenträger is a professor of mathematics at The Pennsylvania State University, known for her research on computational number theory, Hilbert's tenth problem, and applications in cryptography.
Eisenträger earned a Vordiplom in mathematics in 1996 from the University of Tübingen and a Master's degree (1998) and a Ph.D. (2003) from the University of California, Berkeley; her dissertation, titled Hilbert’s Tenth Problem and Arithmetic Geometry, was supervised by Bjorn Poonen. After temporary positions at the Institute for Advanced Study and the University of Michigan, she joined the Pennsylvania State University faculty in 2007.
Eisenträger appears in the documentary film Julia Robinson and Hilbert's Tenth Problem (2008). In 2017, she became a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to computational number theory and number-theoretic undecidability". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20size%20categories | This list of computer size categories attempts to list commonly used categories of computer by the physical size of the device and its chassis or case, in descending order of size. One generation's "supercomputer" is the next generation's "mainframe", and a "PDA" does not have the same set of functions as a "laptop", but the list still has value, as it provides a ranked categorization of devices. It also ranks some more obscure computer sizes. There are different sizes like-mini computers, microcomputer, mainframe computer and super computer.
Large computers
Supercomputer
Minisupercomputer
Mainframe computer
Midrange computer
Superminicomputer
Minicomputer
Microcomputers
Interactive kiosk
Arcade cabinet
Personal computer (PC)
Desktop computer—see computer form factor for some standardized sizes of desktop computers
Full-size
All-in-one
Compact
Home theater
Home computer
Mobile computers
Desktop replacement computer or desknote
Laptop computer
Subnotebook computer, also known as a Kneetop computer; clamshell varieties may also be known as minilaptop or ultraportable laptop computers
Tablet personal computer
Handheld computers, which include the classes:
Ultra-mobile personal computer, or UMPC
Personal digital assistant or enterprise digital assistant, which include:
HandheldPC or Palmtop computer
Pocket personal computer
Electronic organizer
E-reader
Pocket computer
Calculator, which includes the class:
Graphing calculator
Scientific calculator
Programmable calculator
Accounting / Financial Calculator
Handheld game console
Portable media player
Portable data terminal
Handheld
Smartphone, a class of mobile phone
Feature phone
Wearable computer
Single-board computer
Wireless sensor network components
Plug computer
Stick PC, a single-board computer in a small elongated casing resembling a stick
Microcontroller
Smartdust
Nanocomputer
Others
Rackmount computer
Blade server
Blade PC
Small form factor personal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioclaustration | Bioclaustration is kind of interaction when one organism (usually soft bodied) is embedded in a living substrate (i.e. skeleton of another organism); it means “biologically walled -up”. In case of symbiosis the walling-up is not complete and both organisms stay alive (Palmer and Wilson, 1988). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabistor | The stabistor (also called a forward reference diode) is the technical term used to designate a special type of semiconductor silicon diode featuring extremely stable forward voltage characteristics. These devices are specially designed for low-voltage stabilization applications requiring a guaranteed voltage over a wide current range and highly stable over temperature. In these applications, stabistors offer improved dynamic impedance (voltage change vs. current) than low voltage zener diodes where tunneling instead of avalanche current is dominant. Other typical applications include bias stabilization in class-AB output stages, clipping, clamping, meter protection, etc.
Production
Stabistors are manufactured using planar epitaxial technology and a typical device is the BAS17, manufactured by several semiconductor companies. Devices are also available with multiple diodes connected in series inside a single package offering higher forward voltages than a single device but lower than those obtained using standard zener diodes.
See also
Zener diode
Avalanche diode
Voltage regulator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/512%20%28number%29 | 512 (five hundred [and] twelve) is the natural number following 511 and preceding 513.
In mathematics
512 is a power of two: 29 (2 to the 9th power) and the cube of 8: 83.
It is the eleventh Leyland number.
It is also the third Dudeney number.
It is a self number in base 12.
It is a harshad number in decimal.
It is the cube of the sum of its digits in base 10.
It is the number of directed graphs on 3 labeled nodes.
In computing
512 bytes is a common disk sector size, and exactly a half of kibibyte.
Internet Relay Chat restricts the size of a message to 510 bytes, which fits to 512-bytes buffers when coupled with the message-separating CRLF sequence.
512 = 2·256 is the highest number of glyphs that the VGA character generator can use simultaneously.
In music
Selena Quintanilla released a song titled El Chico del Apartamento 512 (the title referring to area code 512, which serves Austin, Texas), in 1995.
Lamb of God recorded a song titled "512" for their 2015 album VII: Sturm und Drang.
Mora and Jhay Cortez recorded a song titled "512" (The number 512 in this song refers to the Percocet 512 pill, a white, round pill whose active substances are acetaminophen and oxycodone hydrochloride) in February of 2021. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic%20march | The allergic march (also called atopic march) is a medical term used to explain the natural history of atopic manifestations. The allergic march is characterized by some antibody responses to immunoglobulin E (IgE) and clinical symptoms that may appear in childhood, and continue for years or decades and often changing with age.
The atopic march is a term that describes the progression of atopic disorders, from eczema in young infants and toddlers to allergic rhinitis and finally to asthma in adulthood.
Symptoms include atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis and asthma.
See also
Atopy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Botanical%20Garden | The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City. Established in 1891, it is located on a site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, a greenhouse containing several habitats; and the LuEsther T. Mertz Library, which contains one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts. , over a million people visit the New York Botanical Garden annually.
NYBG is also a major educational institution, teaching visitors about plant science, ecology, and healthful eating through NYBG's interactive programming. Nearly 90,000 of the annual visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities. An additional 3,000 are teachers from New York City's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels. NYBG operates one of the world's largest plant research and conservation programs.
NYBG was established in 1891 and the first structures on the grounds opened at the end of that decade. Since 1967, the garden has been listed as a National Historic Landmark, and several buildings have been designated as official New York City landmarks.
Mission statement
History
Context
As early as 1877, ideas had been circulating in New York City to create a botanical garden; funding could not be obtained at the time, although the efforts led to parkland being set aside for future use. By 1888, the Torrey Botanical Society was promoting the construction of a large botanical garden in New York City. The Garden's creation followed a fund-raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Society and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London.
In 1889, the Torrey Botanical Society's members decided to build the botanical garden at Bronx Park in the center of the Bronx, New York City's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl%3A%3ACritic | Perl::Critic is a static code analysis system for the Perl programming language. Perl::Critic is available as a source-code distribution on CPAN. It comes with a commandline tool, perlcritic, which can check Perl source code files and report on the code quality therein. Perl::Critic has an extensible architecture that allows the programmer to choose from many "policies" which enforce different Perl programming styles and tastes. The default policy is largely based on the recommendations in the book Perl Best Practices by Damian Conway.
Perl::Critic is based on the PPI parsing library. For safety, PPI does not execute any code while parsing, unlike the Perl compiler, so it is a close approximation of the real parser rather than an exact representation.
Some new alternatives include Perl::Lint and B::Lint.
External links
Homepage
Perl::Critic on CPAN
Source code repository
Perl::Lint A fork for performance
Perl::Lint in MetaCPAN
B::Lint is equivalent to an extended version of the -w option of perl
Perl
Program analysis
Static program analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube%20root | In mathematics, a cube root of a number is a number such that . All nonzero real numbers have exactly one real cube root and a pair of complex conjugate cube roots, and all nonzero complex numbers have three distinct complex cube roots. For example, the real cube root of , denoted , is , because , while the other cube roots of are and . The three cube roots of are
In some contexts, particularly when the number whose cube root is to be taken is a real number, one of the cube roots (in this particular case the real one) is referred to as the principal cube root, denoted with the radical sign The cube root is the inverse function of the cube function if considering only real numbers, but not if considering also complex numbers: although one has always the cube of a nonzero number has more than one complex cube root and its principal cube root may not be the number that was cubed. For example, , but
Formal definition
The cube roots of a number x are the numbers y which satisfy the equation
Properties
Real numbers
For any real number x, there is one real number y such that y3 = x. The cube function is increasing, so does not give the same result for two different inputs, and it covers all real numbers. In other words, it is a bijection, or one-to-one. Then we can define an inverse function that is also one-to-one. For real numbers, we can define a unique cube root of all real numbers. If this definition is used, the cube root of a negative number is a negative number.
If x and y are allowed to be complex, then there are three solutions (if x is non-zero) and so x has three cube roots. A real number has one real cube root and two further cube roots which form a complex conjugate pair. For instance, the cube roots of 1 are:
The last two of these roots lead to a relationship between all roots of any real or complex number. If a number is one cube root of a particular real or complex number, the other two cube roots can be found by multiplying that cube root |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony%20eVilla | The Sony eVilla was a discontinued Internet appliance from Sony. After 18 months of development, it was released to the public on June 14, 2001 for $499 USD. With the additional $21.95 USD monthly fee, users could access the Internet, send and receive e-mail, play audio and video, and save files to Sony's Memory Stick.
After less than three months in the market, Sony discontinued the product on September 13, 2001. Customers received full refunds for the product and the monthly subscription fee. Spokesman John Dolak remarked that "[the] product did not meet our expectations, it did not operate as planned."
Sony entered the Internet appliance market as other manufacturers were getting out, canceling their plans, and discontinuing their offerings. By the time the Sony eVilla shipped, only 150,000 internet appliance devices had shipped within the past year. In addition, many customers could not justify the purchase of an inherently limited internet appliance when other manufacturers were offering more capable personal computers for the same price.
Hardware and software
The Sony eVilla was powered by a 266 MHz Geode GX 1 CPU, with 64 MiB DRAM, and 24 MiB flash memory. It weighed 31.5 pounds (14.3 kg) and measured 11.81 × 16.18 × 15.82 inches (30 × 41.1 x 40.2 cm).
There was no hard disk, but the system could read and write to Sony's Memory Stick cards. The included keyboard and mouse were connected by two PS/2 ports, and additional devices could be connected with two USB ports. A 56K V.90 modem was built into the case, which also housed an unused Ethernet port.
The display was a portrait-style 15 inch (38 cm) Sony Trinitron, with 800×1024 pixel resolution.
The system used the BeIA 1.0 operating system from Be Inc., and supported Java applications, Macromedia Flash animations, and some Microsoft Office file formats. Also included was RealNetworks's RealPlayer.
One of the major drawbacks of the eVilla was the inability to save pictures and media from internet site |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics | Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics.
In 2022, computational mechanics goes far beyond pure mechanics, and involves other physical actions: chemistry, heat and mass transfer, electric and magnetic stimuli and many others.
Etymology
The word "biomechanics" (1899) and the related "biomechanical" (1856) come from the Ancient Greek βίος bios "life" and μηχανική, mēchanikē "mechanics", to refer to the study of the mechanical principles of living organisms, particularly their movement and structure.
Subfields
Biofluid mechanics
Biological fluid mechanics, or biofluid mechanics, is the study of both gas and liquid fluid flows in or around biological organisms. An often studied liquid biofluid problem is that of blood flow in the human cardiovascular system. Under certain mathematical circumstances, blood flow can be modeled by the Navier–Stokes equations. In vivo whole blood is assumed to be an incompressible Newtonian fluid. However, this assumption fails when considering forward flow within arterioles. At the microscopic scale, the effects of individual red blood cells become significant, and whole blood can no longer be modeled as a continuum. When the diameter of the blood vessel is just slightly larger than the diameter of the red blood cell the Fahraeus–Lindquist effect occurs and there is a decrease in wall shear stress. However, as the diameter of the blood vessel decreases further, the red blood cells have to squeeze through the vessel and often can only pass in a single file. In this case, the inverse Fahraeus–Lindquist effect occurs and the wall shear stress increases.
An example of a gaseous biofluids problem is that of human respiration. Recently, respiratory systems in insects have been studied for bioinspiration for designing improved |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gougerotin | Gougerotin is a water-soluble pyrimidine-based antibiotic which is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces graminearus and Streptomyces gougerotii. Gougerotin is named after the dermatologist Henri-Eugène Gougerot. Gougerotin has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as against viruses. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-939%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-939 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
Human inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
miR-939 directly regulates and translationally blocks the gene expression of human inducible nitric oxide synthase (hiNOS) by binding to its 3'UTR. There is dual regulation of hiNOS gene expression, with cytokines inducing hiNOS transcription whilst also increasing miR-939 levels. Two functional binding sites within the hiNOS 3'UTR are essential for miR-939-mediated translational blockade and miR-939 has been shown to decrease cytokine-induced hiNOS expression, despite hiNOS mRNA levels and stability remaining unaffected. It has further been found that endogenous miR-939 expression in the liver may be induced by cytokines.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungas | The Yungas (Aymara yunka warm or temperate Andes or earth, Quechua yunka warm area on the slopes of the Andes) is a bioregion of a narrow band of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from Peru and Bolivia, and extends into Northwest Argentina at the slope of the Andes pre-cordillera. It is a transitional zone between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. Like the surrounding areas, the Yungas belong to the Neotropical realm; the climate is rainy, humid, and warm.
Setting
The Yungas forests are extremely diverse, ranging from moist lowland forest to evergreen montane forest and cloud forests. The terrain, formed by valleys, fluvial mountain trails and streams, is extremely rugged and varied, contributing to the ecological diversity and richness. A complex mosaic of habitats occur with changing latitude as well as elevation. There are high levels of biodiversity and species endemism throughout the Yungas regions. Many of the forests are evergreen, and the South Andean Yungas contains what may be the last evergreen forests resulting from Quaternary glaciations.
World Wildlife ecoregions
The World Wide Fund for Nature has delineated three yungas ecoregions along the eastern side of the Andes:
The northernmost is the Peruvian Yungas, located entirely within Peru and stretching nearly the whole length of the country.
The Bolivian Yungas lies to the south, entirely within Bolivia. The Cordillera Apolobamba marks the boundary between the Peruvian Yungas and Bolivian Yungas.
The Southern Andean Yungas begins in southern Bolivia and continues to the north of Argentina. It is a humid forest region between the drier Gran Chaco region to the east and the dry, high altitude Puna region to the west.
Yungas are transitional zones between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. The yungas forests are extremely diverse, ranging from moist lowland forest to evergreen montane forest and cloud forests. The terrain is extremely rugged and varied, co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSI | OpenSSI is an open-source single-system image clustering system. It allows a collection of computers to be treated as one large system, allowing applications running on any one machine access to the resources of all the machines in the cluster.
OpenSSI is based on the Linux operating system and was released as an open source project by Compaq in 2001.
It is the final stage of a long process of development, stretching back to LOCUS, developed in the early 1980s.
Description
OpenSSI allows a cluster of individual computers (nodes) to be treated as one large system. Processes run on any node have full access to the resources of all nodes. Processes can be migrated from node to node automatically to balance system utilization. Inbound network connections can be directed to the least loaded node available.
OpenSSI is designed to be used for both high performance and high availability clusters. It is possible to create an OpenSSI cluster with no single point of failure, for example the file system can be mirrored between two nodes, so if one node crashes the process accessing the file will fail over to the other node. Alternatively the cluster can be designed in such a manner that every node has direct access to the file system.
Features
Single process space
OpenSSI provides a single process space – every process is visible from every node, and can be managed from any node using the normal Linux commands (ps, kill, renice and so on). The Linux /proc virtual filesystem shows all running processes on all nodes.
The implementation of the single process space is accomplished using the VPROC abstraction invented by Locus for the OSF/1 AD operating system.
Migration
OpenSSI allows migration of running processes between nodes. When running processes are migrated they continue to have access to any open files, IPC objects or network connections.
Processes can be manually migrated, either by the process calling the special OpenSSI migrate(2) system call, or by writin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Mathematical%20Olympiad%20Subtrust | The British Mathematical Olympiad Subtrust (BMOS) is a section of the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust which currently runs the British Mathematical Olympiad as well as the UK Mathematical Olympiad for Girls, several training camps throughout the year such as a winter camp in Hungary, an Easter camp at Trinity College, Cambridge, and other training and selection of the International Mathematical Olympiad team. Since 1999, it also organizes the UK National Mathematics Summer Schools. It was established alongside the British Mathematical Olympiad Committee (BMOC) in 1991 with the support of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, the London Mathematical Society, and the Mathematical Association, each nominated two members. The BMOS replaced some of the Mathematical Association's activities.
History
In 1996, the United Kingdom Mathematics Trust (UKMT) was set up to manage competitions of this nature, though the BMOC remained in charge of the senior olympiads.
Problems group
The 'problems group' is a subsection of the BMOS which is responsible for supplying new and interesting problems for use domestic competitions and for submission to the IMO each year. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Grundlagen%20der%20Einsteinschen%20Relativit%C3%A4ts-Theorie | Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie (English: The Fundamentals of the Einsteinian Relativity Theory) is a 1922 German partly animated documentary film created with the goal of bringing Einstein's theory of relativity to the broad public. It premiered on 2 April 1922 at the Frankfurt Fair.
With more than 80,000 individual images, it is not only the first great science film, it is also the film with the longest trick sequences.
The original version of the film is lost. As part of the research carried out by the 3sat station, an English copy of the film was filmed in 2005 with the British Film Institute, which was provided with English and English language interludes and "speech bubbles". A companion to the English version is also available.
Part of the film was used to create Max Fleischer's The Einstein Theory of Relativity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-glow%20giving | Warm-glow giving is an economic theory describing the emotional reward of giving to others. According to the original warm-glow model developed by James Andreoni (1989, 1990), people experience a sense of joy and satisfaction for "doing their part" to help others. This satisfaction - or "warm glow" - represents the selfish pleasure derived from "doing good", regardless of the actual impact of one's generosity. Within the warm-glow framework, people may be "impurely altruistic", meaning they simultaneously maintain both altruistic and egoistic (selfish) motivations for giving. This may be partially due to the fact that "warm glow" sometimes gives people credit for the contributions they make, such as a plaque with their name or a system where they can make donations publicly so other people know the “good” they are doing for the community.
Whereas "pure altruists" (sometimes referred to as "perfect altruists") are motivated solely by the desire to provide for a recipient, impure altruists are also motivated by the joy of giving (warm glow). Importantly, warm glow is distinctly non-pecuniary, meaning it arises independent of the possibility of financial reward. Therefore, the warm glow phenomenon is distinct from reciprocal altruism, which may imply a direct financial incentive.
Warm-glow giving is a useful economic framework to consider public good provision, collective action problems, charitable giving, and gifting behavior. The existence of a warm glow helps explain the absence of complete crowding-out of private giving by public grants, as predicted by classical economic models under the neutrality hypothesis. Beyond economics, warm glow has been applied to sociology, political science, environmental policy, healthcare, and business. Conceptually, warm-glow giving is related to the notion of a "helper's high" and appears to be resilient across cultures.
Background in moral philosophy
Warm glow is built upon the idea of impure altruism: the blend of both altr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limacology | Limacology (from Latin , "slug", and Greek , -logia) is the branch of zoology which deals with slugs, i.e. shell-less gastropod mollusks. A person that studies limacology is referred to as a limacologist.
However, slugs are an extremely polyphyletic group, thus "limacology" is not a taxonomically accurate term, and it is now rarely used.
See also
Mollusks
Gastropods
Further reading
Malacology
Gastropods and humans |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scantegrity | Scantegrity is a security enhancement for optical scan voting systems, providing such systems with end-to-end (E2E) verifiability of election results. It uses confirmation codes to allow a voter to prove to themselves that their ballot is included unmodified in the final tally. The codes are privacy-preserving and offer no proof of which candidate a voter voted for. Receipts can be safely shown without compromising ballot secrecy.
Scantegrity II prints the confirmation codes in invisible ink to improve usability and dispute resolution. As the system relies on cryptographic techniques, the ability to validate an election outcome is both software independent as well as independent of faults in the physical chain-of-custody of the paper ballots. The system was developed by a team of researchers including cryptographers David Chaum and Ron Rivest.
Advantages
Optical scan voting systems produce an electronic tally, while maintaining the original paper ballots which can be rescanned or manually hand-counted to provide an ostensibly corroborative tally. However, the correctness of each of these tallies requires the voter to either trust that the software is error-free and has not been hacked, or that the physical chain-of-custody of the ballots has not been broken at any point. Other E2E voting systems such as Punchscan and ThreeBallot, address these issues but require existing polling place equipment and procedures to be greatly altered or replaced. In contrast, Scantegrity is an add-on meant to be used in conjunction with existing optical scan equipment, thereby requiring fewer hardware and software and procedural modifications.
For all other voters, the ballot marking procedure is essentially identical to conventional optical scan paper-ballots. Similarly, the underlying system still produces both an electronic tally as well as a human readable paper trail through which manual recounts can still be conducted.
Method
The Scantegrity II voting procedure is simila |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank | PageRank (PR) is an algorithm used by Google Search to rank web pages in their search engine results. It is named after both the term "web page" and co-founder Larry Page. PageRank is a way of measuring the importance of website pages. According to Google: Currently, PageRank is not the only algorithm used by Google to order search results, but it is the first algorithm that was used by the company, and it is the best known. As of September 24, 2019, all patents associated with PageRank have expired.
Description
PageRank is a link analysis algorithm and it assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. The algorithm may be applied to any collection of entities with reciprocal quotations and references. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given element E is referred to as the PageRank of E and denoted by
A PageRank results from a mathematical algorithm based on the webgraph, created by all World Wide Web pages as nodes and hyperlinks as edges, taking into consideration authority hubs such as cnn.com or mayoclinic.org. The rank value indicates an importance of a particular page. A hyperlink to a page counts as a vote of support. The PageRank of a page is defined recursively and depends on the number and PageRank metric of all pages that link to it ("incoming links"). A page that is linked to by many pages with high PageRank receives a high rank itself.
Numerous academic papers concerning PageRank have been published since Page and Brin's original paper. In practice, the PageRank concept may be vulnerable to manipulation. Research has been conducted into identifying falsely influenced PageRank rankings. The goal is to find an effective means of ignoring links from documents with falsely influenced PageRank.
Other link-based ranking algorithms for Web pages include the HITS algorithm invented by Jon Kleinberg (used by Teoma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroococcidiopsis | Chroococcidiopsis is a photosynthetic, coccoidal bacterium. A diversity of species and cultures exist within the genus, with a diversity of phenotypes. Some extremophile members of the order Chroococidiopsidales are known for their ability to survive harsh environmental conditions, including both high and low temperatures, ionizing radiation, and high salinity.
Desiccation resistance
The ability of Chroococcidiopsis to resist desiccation in arid environments is due in part because it colonizes the underside of translucent rocks. The underside of these rocks provides enough condensed moisture for growth while the rock's translucent nature allows just enough light to reach the organism for photosynthesis to occur.
Mars colonization
Due to its resistance to harsh environmental conditions, especially low temperature, low moisture, and radiation tolerance, Chroococcidiopsis has been thought of as an organism capable of living on Mars. Scientists have speculated about the possibility of introducing Chroococcidiopsis to the Martian environment to aid in the formation of an aerobic environment. In addition to oxygen production, Chroococcidiopsis could aid in the formation of soil on the Martian surface. On Earth, soil is formed by plant, microbial, and geophysical activity on a mineral substrate. The soil produced by chemical weathering of rocks and oxygen produced by photosynthesis could one day provide the conditions necessary for humans to grow food on Mars, possibly allowing for permanent human civilizations on the planet. On a shorter time scale, cyanobacteria such as Chroococcidiopsis could be used in closed systems to produce resources for human-occupied outposts on Mars without altering the planet's surface or atmosphere.
A space mission called EXPOSE-R2 was launched on 24 July 2014 aboard the Russian Progress M-24M, and was attached on 18 August 2014 outside the ISS on the Russian module Zvezda. The experiment included samples of Chroococcidiopsis that were expo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20radio%20systems | Many of the world's radio stations broadcast in a variety of analog and digital formats. This page will list and compare them in chart form.
Table |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarion | Alvarion Technologies is a global provider of autonomous Wi-Fi networks designed with self-organizing capabilities for carrier-grade Wi-Fi, enterprise connectivity, smart city planning, smart hospitality, connected campuses, and connected events.
History
Alvarion was originally incorporated as BreezeCOM Ltd. in September 1992. In March 2000, BreezeCOM had an initial public offering, selling 5 million shares of its common stock at a price of $20 per share. BreezeCOM's shares were listed on the NASDAQ under the symbol BRZE.
In August 2001, BreezeCOM merged with another Israeli company, Floware Wireless Systems Ltd. (NASDAQ: FLRE), which was founded in 1993, changing its name to Alvarion.
In April 2003, Alvarion acquired InnoWave ECI Wireless Systems Ltd, from ECI Telecom.
In July 2003, Alvarion signed a strategic partnership agreement with Intel to co-develop WiMAX based Broadband wireless access systems, using Intel's WiMAX chips.
In December 2004, Alvarion acquired interWAVE Communications International (NASDAQ: IWAV) of Mountain View, California, which expanded the company's product range into the mobile GSM equipment market and provided new expertise in mobile systems. Most of the interWAVE operations became Alvarion's Cellular Mobile business unit, which was sold to LGC Wireless, Inc. in November 2006.
In February 2009, Alvarion announced that it was hired by Orange Botswana for WiMAX deployment, initially to cover Botswana’s two largest cities Gaborone and Francistown.
In November 2009, Alvarion started deploying a WiMAX wireless broadband network for the Australian ISP Adam Internet across metropolitan Adelaide, as a part of Australian government's Broadband Guarantee Program.
In November 2011, Alvarion acquired Wavion, a provider of outdoor Wi-Fi applications for metro and rural areas with deployments in more than 75 countries. This acquisition is part of Alvarion's strategic plan for shifting its primary focus from WiMAX-based radio access network to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptericin | Diptericin is a 9 kDa antimicrobial peptide (AMP) of flies first isolated from the blowfly Phormia terranova. It is primarily active against Gram-negative bacteria, disrupting bacterial membrane integrity. The structure of this protein includes a proline-rich domain with similarities to the AMPs drosocin, pyrrhocoricin, and abaecin, and a glycine-rich domain with similarity to attacin. Diptericin is an iconic readout of immune system activity in flies, used ubiquitously in studies of Drosophila immunity. Diptericin is named after the insect order Diptera.
Structure and function
Diptericins are found throughout Diptera, but are most extensively characterized in Drosophila fruit flies. The mature structures of diptericins are unknown, though previous efforts to synthesize Diptericin have suggested Diptericin in Protophormia terraenovae is one linear peptide. Yet Drosophila melanogaster's Diptericin B peptide is likely cleaved into two separate peptides. Synthesis of Diptericin in vitro found activity of the full-length peptide, but independently synthesizing the two peptides and mixing them does not recapitulate Diptericin activity. Diptericin A activity is strongly tied to residues in the glycine-rich domain.
Diptericin as a model for understanding the specificity of host-pathogen interactions
A polymorphism at a single residue in the diptericin glycine-rich domain drastically affects its activity against the Gram-negative bacterium Providencia rettgeri. Flies with a Diptericin A gene encoding a serine allele survive infection significantly more than flies with an arginine allele. It is unclear how frequently such polymorphisms may dictate host-pathogen interactions, but there is evidence of widespread balancing selection that diptericin is not the only AMP with such polymorphisms. This close association between diptericin and P. rettgeri is further supported by genetic approaches that show that diptericin is the only antimicrobial peptide of the Drosophila immu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Differential%20Geometry | The Journal of Differential Geometry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by International Press on behalf of Lehigh University in 3 volumes of 3 issues each per year. The journal publishes an annual supplement in book form called Surveys in Differential Geometry. It covers differential geometry and related subjects such as differential equations, mathematical physics, algebraic geometry, and geometric topology. The editor-in-chief is Shing-Tung Yau of Harvard University.
History
The journal was established in 1967 by Chuan-Chih Hsiung, who was a professor in the Department of Mathematics at Lehigh University at the time. Hsiung served as the journal's editor-in-chief, and later co-editor-in-chief, until his death in 2009.
In May 1996, the annual Geometry and Topology conference which was held at Harvard University was dedicated to commemorating the 30th anniversary of the journal and the 80th birthday of its founder. Similarly, in May 2008 Harvard held a conference dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the Journal of Differential Geometry.
Reception
In his 2005 book Mathematical Publishing: A Guidebook, Steven Krantz writes: "At some very prestigious journals, like the Annals of Mathematics or the Journal of Differential Geometry, the editorial board meets every couple of months and debates each paper in detail."
The journal is abstracted and indexed in MathSciNet, Zentralblatt MATH, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.093. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/219%20%28number%29 | 219 (two hundred [and] nineteen) is the natural number following 218 and preceding 220.
In mathematics
219 is a happy number.
Mertens function(219) = 4, a record high.
There are 219 partially ordered sets on four labeled elements.
219 is the smallest number that can be represented as a sum of four positive cubes in two different ways.
There are 219 different space groups, discrete and full-dimensional sets of symmetries of three-dimensional space or of crystal structures. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weed%20of%20cultivation | A weed of cultivation is any plant that is well-adapted to environments in which land is cultivated for growing some other plant.
Many such weeds are quite specialised and can only thrive and reproduce where the ground has been broken by plough or spade. They are invariably annual and reproduction is by seed alone, which can in many species lie dormant for years in the soil until brought to the surface during cultivation. They have fast reproduction cycles, usually in one year from seed to seed, though some species can have more than one generation in one season. A few species such as groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), red deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) and chickweed (Stellaria media) can survive unharmed through very cold weather and are often able to seed even in winter.
See also
Crop weed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor%20function | In mathematics, and specifically in number theory, a divisor function is an arithmetic function related to the divisors of an integer. When referred to as the divisor function, it counts the number of divisors of an integer (including 1 and the number itself). It appears in a number of remarkable identities, including relationships on the Riemann zeta function and the Eisenstein series of modular forms. Divisor functions were studied by Ramanujan, who gave a number of important congruences and identities; these are treated separately in the article Ramanujan's sum.
A related function is the divisor summatory function, which, as the name implies, is a sum over the divisor function.
Definition
The sum of positive divisors function σz(n), for a real or complex number z, is defined as the sum of the zth powers of the positive divisors of n. It can be expressed in sigma notation as
where is shorthand for "d divides n".
The notations d(n), ν(n) and τ(n) (for the German Teiler = divisors) are also used to denote σ0(n), or the number-of-divisors function (). When z is 1, the function is called the sigma function or sum-of-divisors function, and the subscript is often omitted, so σ(n) is the same as σ1(n) ().
The aliquot sum s(n) of n is the sum of the proper divisors (that is, the divisors excluding n itself, ), and equals σ1(n) − n; the aliquot sequence of n is formed by repeatedly applying the aliquot sum function.
Example
For example, σ0(12) is the number of the divisors of 12:
while σ1(12) is the sum of all the divisors:
and the aliquot sum s(12) of proper divisors is:
σ-1(n) is sometimes called the abundancy index of n, and we have:
Table of values
The cases x = 2 to 5 are listed in through , x = 6 to 24 are listed in through .
Properties
Formulas at prime powers
For a prime number p,
because by definition, the factors of a prime number are 1 and itself. Also, where pn# denotes the primorial,
since n prime factors allow a sequence of binary s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutely%20maximally%20entangled%20state | The absolutely maximally entangled (AME) state is a concept in quantum information science, which has many applications in quantum error-correcting code, discrete AdS/CFT correspondence, AdS/CMT correspondence, and more. It is the multipartite generalization of the bipartite maximally entangled state.
Definition
The bipartite maximally entangled state is the one for which the reduced density operators are maximally mixed, i.e., . Typical examples are Bell states.
A multipartite state of a system is called absolutely maximally entangled if for any bipartition of , the reduced density operator is maximally mixed , where .
Property
The AME state does not always exist; in some given local dimension and number of parties, there is no AME state. There is a list of AME states in low dimensions created by Huber and Wyderka.
The existence of the AME state can be transformed into the existence of the solution for a specific quantum marginal problem.
The AME can also be used to build a kind of quantum error-correcting code called holographic error-correcting code. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20pharmacy | Nuclear pharmacy, also known as radiopharmacy, involves preparation of radioactive materials for patient administration that will be used to diagnose and treat specific diseases in nuclear medicine. It generally involves the practice of combining a radionuclide tracer with a pharmaceutical component that determines the biological localization in the patient. Radiopharmaceuticals are generally not designed to have a therapeutic effect themselves, but there is a risk to staff from radiation exposure and to patients from possible contamination in production. Due to these intersecting risks, nuclear pharmacy is a heavily regulated field. The majority of diagnostic nuclear medicine investigations are performed using technetium-99m.
History
The concept of nuclear pharmacy was first described in 1960 by Captain William H. Briner while at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland. Along with Mr. Briner, John E. Christian, who was a professor in the School of Pharmacy at Purdue University, had written articles and contributed in other ways to set the stage of nuclear pharmacy. William Briner started the NIH Radiopharmacy in 1958. John Christian and William Briner were both active on key national committees responsible for the development, regulation and utilization of radiopharmaceuticals. A technetium-99m generator was commercially available, followed by the availability of a number of Tc-99m based radiopharmaceuticals.
In the United States nuclear pharmacy was the first pharmacy specialty established in 1978 by the Board of Pharmacy Specialties.
Various models of production exist internationally. Institutional nuclear pharmacy is typically operated through large medical centers or hospitals while commercial centralized nuclear pharmacies provide their services to subscriber hospitals. They prepare and dispense radiopharmaceuticals as unit doses that are then delivered to the subscriber hospital by nuclear pharmacy personnel.
Operation
A few basic st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noether%27s%20theorem%20on%20rationality%20for%20surfaces | In mathematics, Noether's theorem on rationality for surfaces is a classical result of Max Noether on complex algebraic surfaces, giving a criterion for a rational surface. Let S be an algebraic surface that is non-singular and projective. Suppose there is a morphism φ from S to the projective line, with general fibre also a projective line. Then the theorem states that S is rational.
See also
Hirzebruch surface
List of complex and algebraic surfaces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication%20of%20Darwin%27s%20theory | The publication of Darwin's theory brought into the open Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection, the culmination of more than twenty years of work.
Thoughts on the possibility of transmutation of species which he recorded in 1836 towards the end of his five-year voyage on the Beagle were followed on his return by findings and work which led him to conceive of his theory in September 1838. He gave priority to his career as a geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell's uniformitarian ideas, and to publication of the findings from the voyage as well as his journal of the voyage, but he discussed his evolutionary ideas with several naturalists and carried out extensive research on his "hobby" of evolutionary work.
He was writing up his theory in 1858 when he received an essay from Alfred Russel Wallace who was in Borneo, describing Wallace's own theory of natural selection, prompting immediate joint publication of extracts from Darwin's 1844 essay together with Wallace's paper as On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection in a presentation to the Linnaean Society on 1 July 1858. This attracted little notice, but spurred Darwin to write an "abstract" of his work which was published in 1859 as his book On the Origin of Species.
Background
Darwin's ideas developed rapidly from the return in 1836 of the Beagle survey expedition. By December 1838 he had developed the principles of his theory. At that time similar ideas brought others disgrace and association with the revolutionary mob. He was conscious of the need to answer all likely objections before publishing. While he continued with research as his "prime hobby", his priority was an immense amount of work on geology and analysing and publishing findings from the Beagle expedition. This was repeatedly delayed by illness.
Natural history at that time was dominated by clerical naturalists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20physics%20articles%20%28F%29 | The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below.
F
F(R) gravity
F-number
F-term
F-theory
F. David Peat
F. Dow Smith
F. J. Duarte
F. Richard Stephenson
FBI mnemonics
FBTR
FDTD model
FDTD modeling
FDTD models
FFAG accelerator
FLASH
FLEX (satellite)
FLUKA
FOMP
FP420 experiment
FRS Fragment Separator
FTCS scheme
FUTBOLIN
FU Orionis star
Fabiola Gianotti
Fabrication and testing of optical components
Fabry–Pérot interferometer
Face centred cubic metal
Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research
Facility for Rare Isotope Beams
Factors of polymer weathering
Faddeev equations
Faddeev–Popov ghost
Fahrenheit hydrometer
Fall cone test
Falling cat problem
False sunrise
False vacuum
Family (particle physics)
FanWing
Fang Lizhi
Fanning friction factor
Fanno flow
Fano noise
Fano resonance
Fano resonances
Far-infrared laser
Far point
Farad
Faraday's law of induction
Faraday Medal and Prize
Faraday Society
Faraday Wheel
Faraday cage
Faraday constant
Faraday cup
Faraday cup electrometer
Faraday effect
Faraday paradox
Faraday wave
Farhad Ardalan
Farrington Daniels
Fast and Realistic OpenGL Displayer
Fast atom bombardment
Fast fission
Fast ion conductor
Fast multipole method
Faster-than-light
Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly
Fault current limiter
Faxén's law
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Fay Dowker
Fayet–Iliopoulos D-term
Fazle Hussain
Featherstone's algorithm
Federico Capasso
Feedback linearization
Feedback topology
Feigenbaum constants
Feigenbaum function
Feinberg reinterpretation principle
Felice Fontana
Felici's law
Felix Andries Vening Meinesz
Felix Berezin
Felix Bloch
Felix Ehrenhaft
Felix Maria von Exner-Ewarten
Felix Villars
Felix Weinberg
Feng Duan
Feodosy Krasovsky
Ferdinand Brickwedde
Ferdinand Kurlbaum
Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski
Ferenc Krausz
Fereydoon Family
Fermat's principle
Fermi's golden rule
Fermi's interaction
Fermi acceleration
Fermi contact interaction
Fermi coupling constant
Fer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20football%20on%20radio | College football on radio includes the radio broadcasting of college football games, as well as pre- and post-game reports, analysis, and human-interest stories.
Events leading up to radio broadcasts
In 1911, more than 1,000 people gathered in downtown Lawrence, Kansas to watch a mechanical reproduction of the 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game while it was being played. A Western Union telegraph wire was set up direct from Columbia, Missouri. A group of people then would announce the results of the previous play and used a large model of a football playing field to show the results. Those in attendance cheered as though they were watching the game live, including the school's legendary Rock Chalk, Jayhawk cheer.
Radio broadcasts
College football games have been broadcast since at least 1919, including the Wesleyan at New York University contest on November 18th of that year, carried by Lee de Forest's experimental station, 2XG in New York City. The first game broadcast nationwide happened the three years later, with the 1922 Princeton vs. Chicago football game. The game had Grantland Rice dub Princeton the "Team of Destiny."
Today, virtually every college football game (at least from Division III on up; junior college, club/junior varsity squads and sprint football teams tend not to have radio coverage) is broadcast on the radio in their local market and many are broadcast nationally. Division III teams may rely on student-run radio stations (or, sometimes, college-owned public radio stations) as their only broadcast outlet, but Division I teams generally garner enough interest to be broadcast not only on commercial radio, but on a network of stations covering a wide region. These regions vary in size and can reflect not only the geography of a fanbase but geographies of US states and culture regions. Other coverage includes local broadcasts of weekly coach's programs. Sports USA Radio Network, Westwood One, Compass Media Networks, ESPN Radio, Touchdown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee | Zigbee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection. Hence, Zigbee is a low-power, low data rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal area) wireless ad hoc network.
The technology defined by the Zigbee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other wireless personal area networks (WPANs), such as Bluetooth or more general wireless networking such as Wi-Fi. Applications include wireless light switches, home energy monitors, traffic management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range low-rate wireless data transfer.
Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–100 meters (30' to 300') line-of-sight, depending on power output and environmental characteristics. Zigbee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones. Zigbee is typically used in low data rate applications that require long battery life and secure networking. (Zigbee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.) Zigbee has a defined rate of up to 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data transmissions from a sensor or input device.
Zigbee was conceived in 1998, standardized in 2003, and revised in 2006. The name refers to the waggle dance of honey bees after their return to the beehive.
Overview
Zigbee is a low-power wireless mesh network standard targeted at battery-powered devices in wireless control and monitoring applications. Zigbee delivers low-latency communication. Zigbee chips are typically integrated with radios and with microcontrollers. Zigbee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands, including 2.4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedilla | A cedilla ( ; from Spanish , "small ceda", i.e. small "z"), or cedille (from French , ), is a hook or tail ( ¸ ) added under certain letters as a diacritical mark to modify their pronunciation. In Catalan (where it is called trenc), French, and Portuguese (where it is called a cedilha) it is used only under the letter c (forming ç), and the entire letter is called, respectively, (i.e. "broken C"), , and (or , colloquially). It is used to mark vowel nasalization in many languages of sub-Saharan Africa, including Vute from Cameroon.
This diacritic is not to be confused with the ogonek (◌̨), which resembles the cedilla but mirrored. It looks also very similar to the diacrital comma, which is used in the Romanian and Latvian alphabets, and which is misnamed "cedilla" in the Unicode standard.
Origin
The tail originated in Spain as the bottom half of a miniature cursive z. The word cedilla is the diminutive of the Old Spanish name for this letter, (). Modern Spanish and isolationist Galician no longer use this diacritic, although it is used in Reintegrationist Galician, Portuguese, Catalan, Occitan, and French, which gives English the alternative spellings of cedille, from French "", and the Portuguese form . An obsolete spelling of cedilla is cerilla. The earliest use in English cited by the Oxford English Dictionary is a 1599 Spanish-English dictionary and grammar. Chambers' Cyclopædia is cited for the printer-trade variant ceceril in use in 1738. Its use in English is not universal and applies to loan words from French and Portuguese such as façade, limaçon and cachaça (often typed facade, limacon and cachaca because of lack of ç keys on English language keyboards).
With the advent of modernism, the calligraphic nature of the cedilla was thought somewhat jarring on sans-serif typefaces, and so some designers instead substituted a comma design, which could be made bolder and more compatible with the style of the text. This reduces the visual distinction between |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COA5 | Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COA5 gene. This gene encodes an ortholog of yeast Pet191, which in yeast is a subunit of a large oligomeric complex associated with the mitochondrial inner membrane, and required for the assembly of the cytochrome c oxidase complex. Mutations in this gene are associated with mitochondrial complex IV deficiency.
Structure
The COA5 gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 2 at position 11.2 and it spans 9,195 base pairs. The COA5 gene produces an 8 kDa protein composed of 73 amino acids. The structure of the protein contains the twin CX9C motif of yeast Pet191, which is conserved in the 74-amino acid deduced human protein. An example of the twin CX9C would be a repeated motif of 2 cysteines.
Function
The COA3 gene encodes for a protein involved in an early step of the complex IV assembly process. The conserved cysteines in the twin CX9C motif, which is a part of the COA3 protein, has been shown to be essential in cell viability as well as the proper function and assembly of the cytochrome c oxidase complex.
Clinical significance
Variants of COA5 have been mainly associated with a mitochondrial complex IV deficiency, a deficiency of the enzyme complex Complex IV, which is responsible for the catalysis of oxidation of cytochrome c using molecular oxygen. The deficiency is characterized by heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from isolated myopathy to severe multisystem disease affecting several tissues and organs. Other phenotypes include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatomegaly and liver dysfunction, hypotonia, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, developmental delay, delayed motor development and mental retardation. Mutations in COA5 has also known to be associated with Cardioencephalomyopathy, fatal infantile, due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency 3 (CEMCOX3). CEMCOX3 is an infantile disorder associated with a severely fatal course during the first weeks of life. It is character |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matbucha | Matbucha (; , maṭbūkhah) is a Moroccan cuisine condiment or cooked salad consisting of cooked tomatoes and roasted bell peppers seasoned with garlic and chili pepper, and slow-cooked for a number of hours. It is traditionally served on Shabbat with challah or "home bread" (a traditional Moroccan bread just for serving with matbucha), and is a condiment typically served as part of an appetizer, often as part of a salatim, or salad course.
It may be used as a base for shakshuka.
Preparation
Matbucha is prepared by cooking tomatoes, bell peppers, chilis, and garlic over low heat for many hours until they cook down into a smooth, thick spread similar to jam in consistency.
Commercial variants
Commercially-produced matbucha has been commonly sold throughout Israel at most grocery stores for decades, and is available in both the refrigerated and shelf stable varieties. Brands include Sabra, Osem, and others. In recent years matbucha has become available in the United States under the NY Shuk brand, among several others.
See also
Arab cuisine
Shakshuka, a similar dish with eggs
List of Moroccan dishes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptomenysis%20Patefacta | Cryptomenysis Patefacta, or Art of Secret Information Disclosed Without a Key is a 1685 non-fiction book written by John Falconer, it was only the second text written in English on the topic of cryptography. In 1693 it was republished as Rules for Explaining and Deciphering All Manner of Secret Writing.
The book serves as a guide to various cyphers including Egyptian hieroglyphs and fingerspelling. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream%20restoration | Stream restoration or river restoration, also sometimes referred to as river reclamation, is work conducted to improve the environmental health of a river or stream, in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and/or landscape development.
Stream restoration approaches can be divided into two broad categories: form-based restoration, which relies on physical interventions in a stream to improve its conditions; and process-based restoration, which advocates the restoration of hydrological and geomorphological processes (such as sediment transport or connectivity between the channel and the floodplain) to ensure a stream's resilience and ecological health. Form-based restoration techniques include deflectors; cross-vanes; weirs, step-pools and other grade-control structures; engineered log jams; bank stabilization methods and other channel-reconfiguration efforts. These induce immediate change in a stream, but sometimes fail to achieve the desired effects if degradation originates at a wider scale. Process-based restoration includes restoring lateral or longitudinal connectivity of water and sediment fluxes and limiting interventions within a corridor defined based on the stream's hydrology and geomorphology. The beneficial effects of process-based restoration projects may sometimes take time to be felt since changes in the stream will occur at a pace that depends on the stream dynamics.
Despite the significant number of stream-restoration projects worldwide, the effectiveness of stream restoration remains poorly quantified, partly due to insufficient monitoring. However, in response to growing environmental awareness, stream-restoration requirements are increasingly adopted in legislation in different parts of the world.
Definition, objectives and popularity
Stream restoration or river restoration, sometimes called river reclamation in the United Kingdom, is a set of activities that aim to improve the environmental health of a river or stream. These |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20mineralocorticoid%20receptor | Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) or membrane aldosterone receptors are a group of receptors which bind and are activated by mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone. Unlike the classical nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mMRs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. The identities of the mMRs have yet to be fully elucidated, but are thought to include membrane-associated classical MRs as well as yet-to-be-characterized G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Rapid effects of aldosterone were found not be reversed by the MR antagonist spironolactone, indicating additional receptors besides just the classical MR. It has been estimated that as much as 50% of the rapid actions of aldosterone are mediated by mMRs that are not the classical MR, based on findings of insensitivity to classical mR antagonists.
mMRs, along with membrane glucocorticoid receptors (mGRs), have been implicated in the rapid effects of mineralocorticoids in the early central stress response. Aldosterone has been found to have rapid non-genomic effects in the central nervous system, the kidneys, the cardiovascular system, and the colon.
GPER, also known as GPR30, binds and is activated by aldosterone, and may be considered an mMR, although it also binds and is activated by estradiol and is generally described as a membrane estrogen receptor (mER).
See also
Membrane steroid receptor |
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