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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape%20and%20Urban%20Planning | Landscape and Urban Planning is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier. It covers landscape science (including landscape planning, design, and architecture), urban and regional planning, landscape and ecological engineering, landscape and urban ecology, and other practice-oriented fields. The editors-in-chief are Joan I. Nassauer (University of Michigan) and Peter H. Verburg (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam).
History
The journal was established in 1974 as Landscape Planning under founding editor-in-chief Arnold E. Weddle. In 1986 the journal was renamed and merged with the journal Urban Ecology. In 1988 the journal also incorporated Reclamation and Revegetation Research.
Editors-in-chief
Landscape and Urban Planning
The following persons are or have been editor-in-chief of Landscape and Urban Planning:
Joan I. Nassauer (University of Michigan): June 2014–present
Peter H. Verburg (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam): October 2018 – present
Wei-Ning Xiang (Tongji University): November 2011–October 2018
Paul H. Gobster (United States Forest Service): October 2010–June 2014
Jon E. Rodiek (Texas A&M University): 1991–September 2010
Michael M. McCarthy (Texas A&M University): 1991–June 1992
Arnold E. Weddle (University of Sheffield): 1974–1990
Urban Ecology
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of Urban Ecology:
Amos Rapoport (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee): April 1981 – 1986
Royce LaNier (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee): 1975–March 1981
Reclamation and Revegetation Research
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of Reclamation and Revegetation Research:
Mohan K. Wali (University of North Dakota): 1982–1988
Edward M. Watkin (Mine Waste Reclamation, Guelph, Ontario): 1983–1988
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 5.144. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDMI | PDMI (Portable Digital Media Interface) is an interconnection standard for portable media players. It has been developed by CEA (Consumer Electronics Association) as ANSI/CEA-2017-A standard Common Interconnection for Portable Media Players in February 2010. Chaired by David McLauchlan from Microsoft, the standard was developed with the input or support of over fifty consumer electronics companies worldwide.
Development and history
CEA-2017-A is the new revision of the earlier ANSI/CEA-2017 standard adopted in July 2007, which used a proprietary serial protocol based on Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST) in-vehicle network; the 2007 revision has seen only marginal use in actual devices. New CEA-2017-A devices are not compatible with devices manufactured under the 2007 revision.
PDMI connector is intended to serve as a common interconnection between docking devices and displays and portable/nomadic devices with media playback capability. Intended host devices include docking stations for home A/V equipment, in-car entertainment systems, digital media kiosks, and hotel/in-flight entertainment systems, where PDMI aims to replace the ubiquitous iPod cradle connector.
PDMI uses a 30 pin receptacle with approximate size of 2.5 mm by 22 mm; a cradle-style connector is also defined. The PDMI connector includes the following electrical interfaces:
2-lane DisplayPort v1.1a with AUX Channel, Hot Plug Detect, and 3.3 V power line
USB 3.0, USB 2.0, and USB On-The-Go
Analog stereo line-out for legacy audio
HDMI CEC for remote control
High output power line from both host and portable device
DisplayPort component provides data rate of 4.32 Gbit/s and supports up to 1080p60 video and 8-channel audio playback on an attached display device, as well as EDID and display control commands. DisplayPort signal can be converted to HDMI format using active converter circuitry in the dock or external signal conversion adapter powered by 3.3 V DisplayPort power.
Power supply f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRGT-TV | WRGT-TV (channel 45) is a television station in Dayton, Ohio, United States, affiliated with the digital multicast network Dabl. It is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting, which maintains a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of ABC/Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WKEF (channel 22), for the provision of certain services. However, Sinclair effectively owns WRGT-TV as the majority of Cunningham's stock is owned by the family of deceased group founder Julian Smith. Both stations share studios on Corporate Place in Miamisburg, while WRGT-TV's transmitter is located off South Gettysburg Avenue in southwest Dayton.
WRGT-TV was a charter Fox affiliate from the network's sign-on in 1986 until 2021.
History
WRGT-TV signed on as an independent station on September 23, 1984, owned by Meridian Communications, based in Pittsburgh. WRGT-TV was Meridian's second station; it had launched WVAH-TV in Charleston, West Virginia, two years earlier. Meridian founded WRGT-TV following a high-stakes "in-contest" competition among four potential owners in the late 1970s. The station ran a general-entertainment format consisting of cartoons, classic sitcoms, recent off-network sitcoms, old movies, drama shows, and sports. On its sign on date, WRGT-TV broadcast 2001: A Space Odyssey, with a stereo simulcast of the audio over WTUE-FM 104.7. It originally used the slogan "Off To a Flying Start", featuring an animated Wright "B" Flyer used in its first promos (the "WRGT" calls are a reference to the Wright brothers).
Prior to its sign on, the only source of non-network programming in Dayton was WTJC (channel 26, now WBDT) a mostly religious station. However, WXIX-TV and WIII-TV (now WSTR-TV), both in Cincinnati, and WTTE in Columbus all reached portions of the Dayton market, and WTTV in Indianapolis was available on cable. Meridian persuaded WTJC's owner, Miami Valley Christian Television, to sell most of that station's non-religious programming to WRGT-TV. For all int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Tedlock | Barbara Helen Tedlock (born September 9, 1942- September 11,2023) was an American cultural anthropologist and oneirologist. She was a Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the State University of New York, Buffalo. Her work explores cross-cultural understanding and communication of dreams, ethnomedicine, and aesthetics and focuses on the indigenous Zuni of the Southwestern United States and the Kʼicheʼ Maya of Mesoamerica. Through her study and practice of the healing traditions of the Kʼicheʼ Maya of Guatemala, Tedlock became initiated into shamanism. She was the collaborator and wife of the late anthropologist and poet Dennis Tedlock.
Early life and education
Barbara Helen Tedlock was born in Battle Creek, Michigan, to Byron Taylor and Mona Gerteresse (O'Connor) McGrath.
Tedlock earned a Bachelor's degree in Rhetoric from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967. In 1973, she earned a Master's in Anthropology and Ethnomusicology from Wesleyan University. Tedlock completed her PhD in Anthropology at SUNY Albany in 1978.
Career
After earning her PhD, Tedlock taught at Tufts University, Princeton University, the University of Texas at Austin, and the University of British Columbia. In 1987, Tedlock joined the State University of New York, Buffalo anthropology faculty. That same year, she edited Dreaming: Anthropological and Psychological Interpretations, an anthology significant for presenting cross-cultural perspectives on dreaming. The collection featured cultural perspectives that challenge the typical Western conception of dreaming as a phenomenon existing completely separate from objective reality.
Tedlock examined how linguistic conventions mediate the performance and interpretation of dream experience. She explored how communications about dreams reveal patterns and variations around how different cultures perceive the role and significance of dreaming. For example, the Kʼicheʼ Maya people use the first-person pronoun "I" to narrate dreams w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20F.%20Boruch | Robert Francis Boruch (born 1942) is an American psychologist.
Boruch studied metallurgical engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology, graduating in 1964, and completed a doctorate in psychology alongside a minor in statistics in 1968 at Iowa State University. He was a fellow at Stanford University between 1986 and 1987. Dr. Boruch taught at Northwestern University until 1989, when he joined the University of Pennsylvania faculty. Dr. Boruch was later appointed University Trustee Professor of Education and Statistics within the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education. Over the course of his career Dr. Boruch has been elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Academy for Experimental Criminology, the American Educational Research Association, and the American Statistical Association. Dr. Boruch is co-founder of the International Campbell Collaboration, and an award named in his honor is given each year to people who have contributed remarkably to evidence-based policy. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand%20jack | A strand jack (also known as strandjack) is a jack used to lift very heavy (e.g. thousands of tons or more with multiple jacks) loads for construction and engineering purposes. Strandjacking was invented by VSL Australia's Patrick Kilkeary & Bruce Ramsay in 1969 for concrete post tensioning systems, and is now widely used for heavy lifting, to erect bridges, offshore structures, refineries, power stations, major buildings and other structures where the use of conventional cranes is either impractical or too expensive.
Use
Strand jacks can be used horizontally for pulling objects and structures, and are widely used in the oil and gas industry for skidded loadouts. Oil rigs of 38,000 t have been moved in this way from the place of construction on to a barge.
Since multiple jacks can be operated simultaneously by hydraulic controllers, they can be used in tandem to lift very large loads of thousands of tons. Tandem use of even two cranes is a very difficult operation.
How it works
A strand jack is a hollow hydraulic cylinder with a set of steel cables (the "strands") passing through the open centre, each one passing through two clamps - one mounted to either end of the cylinder.
The jack operates in the manner of a caterpillar's walk: climbing (or descending) along the strands by releasing the clamp at one end, expanding the cylinder, clamping there, releasing the trailing end, contracting, and clamping the trailing end before starting over again. The real significance of this device lies in the facility for precision control.
The expansion and contraction can be done at any speed, and paused at any location. Although a lone jack may lift only 1700 tons or so, there exist computer control systems that can operate 120 jacks simultaneously, offering fingertip feel movement control over extremely massive objects.
In construction
Strand jacking is a construction process whereby large pre-fabricated building sections are carefully lifted and precisely placed. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20E.%20Shaw%20Research | D. E. Shaw Research (DESRES) is a privately held biochemistry research company based in New York City. Under the scientific direction of David E. Shaw, the group's chief scientist, D. E. Shaw Research develops technologies for molecular dynamics simulations (including Anton, a massively parallel special-purpose supercomputer, and Desmond, a software package for use on conventional computers and computer clusters) and applies such simulations to basic scientific research in structural biology and biochemistry, and to the process of computer-aided drug design.
This interdisciplinary laboratory is composed of members with backgrounds in chemistry, biology, hardware engineering and design, computer science, or applied mathematics. In addition to its main New York facility, D. E. Shaw Research has offices in Durham, North Carolina and Hyderabad, India. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictydiaethalium | Dictydiaethalium is a genus of slime molds composed of D. plumbeum and D. dictyosporum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BChring%27s%20rule | Dühring's rule is a scientific rule developed by Eugen Dühring which states that a linear relationship exists between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the same vapour pressure. The rule is often used to compare a pure liquid and a solution at a given concentration.
Dühring's plot is a graphical representation of such a relationship, typically with the pure liquid's boiling point along the x-axis and the mixture's boiling point along the y-axis; each line of the graph represents a constant concentration.
See also
Solubility
Evaporator
Raoult's law |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam | Rostam or Rustam ( ) is a legendary hero in Persian mythology, the son of Zāl and Rudaba, whose life and work was immortalized by the 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi in the Shahnameh, or Epic of Kings, which contains pre-Islamic Iranian folklore and history. However, the roots of the narrative date much earlier.
In the Shahnameh, Rostam and his predecessors are Marzbans of Sistan (present-day Iran and Afghanistan). Rostam is best known for his tragic fight with Esfandiyār, the other legendary Iranian hero; for his expedition to Mazandaran (not to be confused with the modern Mazandaran Province); and for tragically fighting and killing his son, Sohrab, without knowing who his opponent is. He is also known for the story of his Seven Labours. Rostam is eventually killed by Shaghad, his half-brother.
Rostam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins (holy warriors), and the atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the Parthian Empire. He rides the legendary stallion Rakhsh and wears a special suit named Babr-e Bayan in battles.
Origins
While the narrative of the Shahname is the definitive work on Rostam, Ferdowsi did not invent the character; Rostam stories were popular as far back as the seventh century in Pars and originated much earlier, likely in Eastern Iranian-speaking territories. He famously wears the zīn-i palang or "panther-skin garment":
Background
In the Shahnameh, Rostam is a native of Zabulistan, a historical region roughly corresponding to today's Zabul Province, southern Afghanistan. His mother Rudaba was a princess of Kabul. Rostam is the champion of champions and is involved in numerous stories, constituting some of the most popular (and arguably some of most masterfully created) parts of the Shahnameh. In Shahnameh, Rostam—like his grandfather Sam—works as both a faithful military general as well as king-maker for the Kayanian dynasty of Persia.
As a young child, he slays the maddened white |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalodium | A cephalodium () is a small gall-like structure found in some species of lichen. Only lichens which contain both cyanobacterial and green algal partners have them. Cephalodia can occur within the tissues of the lichen, or on its upper or lower surface. Lichens with cephalodia can fix nitrogen, and may be an important contributor of nitrogen to the ecosystem.
Overview
Lichens are complex organisms composed of a fungal partner and a photosynthetic partner. While the photosynthetic partner is most often a species of green alga, in about 10 percent of all lichens, a species of cyanobacterium is involved instead. In an even smaller number of cases – estimated at between 2 and 4 percent of all lichens – species of both a green alga and a cyanobacterium serve as photosynthetic partners. They are found in roughly 520 lichen species in at least 21 different genera. In these tripartite lichens, the green algae live within the lichen's medulla while the cyanobacteria are housed in specialized structures called cephalodia. These can be located on the upper or lower surface of the lichen, or within its interior.
Description
Most external cephalodia are gall-like structures that are simple in shape: generally rounded, lobed or sac-like. A few are more complexly coral-like. They can range in size from "minute" to several millimeters across and are typically a different color than the rest of the lichen's thallus. In some lichens, internal cephalodia form as lumps within the lichen's medulla. These can become large enough that the swellings are visible on the lichen's surface. The fungal partner forms a thick layer of cortical tissue around the outside of each internal or external cephalodium, which helps to reduce the oxygen levels in the structure's interior. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatolysis | In cellular neuroscience, chromatolysis is the dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron. It is an induced response of the cell usually triggered by axotomy, ischemia, toxicity to the cell, cell exhaustion, virus infections, and hibernation in lower vertebrates. Neuronal recovery through regeneration can occur after chromatolysis, but most often it is a precursor of apoptosis. The event of chromatolysis is also characterized by a prominent migration of the nucleus towards the periphery of the cell and an increase in the size of the nucleolus, nucleus, and cell body. The term "chromatolysis" was initially used in the 1940s to describe the observed form of cell death characterized by the gradual disintegration of nuclear components; a process which is now called apoptosis. Chromatolysis is still used as a term to distinguish the particular apoptotic process in the neuronal cells, where Nissl substance disintegrates.
History
In 1885, researcher Walther Flemming described dying cells in degenerating mammalian ovarian follicles. The cells showed variable stages of pyknotic chromatin. These stages included chromatin condensation, which Flemming described as "half-moon" shaped and appearing as "chromatin balls," or structures resembling large, smooth, and round electron-dense chromatin masses. Other stages included cell fractionation into smaller bodies. Flemming named this degenerative process "chromatolysis" to describe the gradual disintegration of nuclear components. The process he described now fits with the relatively new term, apoptosis, to describe cell death.
Around the same time of Flemming's research, chromatolysis was also studied in the lactating mammary glands and in breast cancer cells. From observing the regression of ovarian follicles in mammals, it was argued that a necessary cellular process existed to counterbalance the proliferation of cells by mitosis. At this time, chromatolysis was proposed to play a major role in this ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat%20diagnostics | Sweat diagnostics is an emerging non-invasive technique used to provide insights to the health of the human body. Common sweat diagnostic tests include testing for cystic fibrosis and illicit drugs. Most testing of human sweat is in reference to the eccrine sweat gland which in contrast to the apocrine sweat gland, has a lower composition of oils.
Although sweat is mostly water, there are many solutes which are found in sweat that have at least some relation to biomarkers found in blood. These include: sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), potassium (K+), ammonium (NH), alcohols, lactate, peptides & proteins. Development of devices, sensing techniques and biomarker identification in sweat continues to be an expanding field for medical diagnostics and athletics applications.
The use of smart biosensors for on-skin sweat analysis has been described as internet-enabled Sudorology (iSudorology) by Brasier et al. in 2019. It describes the lab-independent detection of molecular, next-generation digital biomarkers in sweat.
History
Some of the earliest, published studies on sweat composition date back to the 19th century. Further studies in the 20th century began to solidify understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of the eccrine sweat gland. In-vivo and in-vitro studies from this time period, and even those continuing today, have identified numerous structural nuances and new molecules present within sweat. The first commercially adopted use for sweat diagnostics included testing of sodium and chloride levels in children for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Today, one of the most popular devices for this testing is the Macroduct Sweat Collection System from ELITechGroup.
General evidence
More recently, numerous studies have identified the plausibility of sweat as an alternative to blood analysis. The potential substitution for sweat versus blood analysis has many potential benefits. For example, sweat can be: extracted in a non-invasive manner via iontophor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphant | An organism which has been treated with a morpholino antisense oligo to temporarily knock down expression of a targeted gene is called a morphant.
Background
This term was coined by Prof. Steve Ekker to describe the zebrafish with which he was experimenting; by knocking down embryonic gene expression using Morpholinos, Prof. Ekker "phenocopied" known zebrafish mutations, that is, he raised embryos that had the same morphological phenotype as embryonic zebrafish with specific gene mutations. Prof. Ekker's papers and presentations describing morphant phenocopies of mutant phenotypes, in combination with Prof. Janet Heasman's earlier work with Morpholinos in Xenopus embryos, led to rapid adoption of Morpholino technology by the developmental biology community. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSC%20buffer | In biochemistry and molecular biology, saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer is used as a hybridization buffer, to control stringency for washing steps in protocols for Southern blotting, in situ hybridization, DNA Microarray or Northern blotting. 20X SSC may be used to prevent drying of agarose gels during a vacuum transfer.
A 20X stock solution consists of 3 M sodium chloride and 300 mM trisodium citrate (adjusted to pH 7.0 with HCl).
See also
Southern Blot
Northern Blot
DNA Microarray
DNA Fingerprinting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoaminergic | Monoaminergic means "working on monoamine neurotransmitters", which include serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and histamine.
A monoaminergic, or monoaminergic drug, is a chemical, which functions to directly modulate the serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and/or histamine neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Monoaminergics include catecholaminergics (which can be further divided into adrenergics and dopaminergics), serotonergics, and histaminergics.
Examples of monoaminergic drugs include monoamine precursors, monoamine receptor modulators, monoamine reuptake inhibitors, monoamine releasing agents, and monoamine metabolism modulators such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
See also
Adenosinergic
Adrenergic
Cannabinoidergic
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
GABAergic
Glycinergic
Histaminergic
Melatonergic
Opioidergic
Serotonergic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen%20%28House%29 | Remy "Thirteen" Hadley, M.D., is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama House, portrayed by Olivia Wilde. She is part of the new diagnostic team assembled by Dr. Gregory House after the disbanding of his previous team in the third-season finale. The character's nickname derives from the episode "The Right Stuff", when she is assigned the number during a competition for her position at the Princeton-Plainsboro Teaching Hospital.
The show depicts Thirteen as a secretive character who does not divulge personal information; her surname was not used on the show until the fourth season's penultimate episode "House's Head", nor her given name until the fifth-season episode "Emancipation". Instead, several of the character's traits are implied before they are depicted as true. In the season four episode "You Don't Want to Know", Thirteen tells House that her mother died from Huntington's disease; a test she performs several episodes later confirms she carries the gene. After hints were given regarding her character's sexuality, Wilde confirmed that her character is indeed bisexual. This is confirmed by Eric Foreman in the episode "Don't Ever Change".
Characterization
Thirteen is reluctant to reveal information about herself and is extremely secretive. During House's new team member selection process in the fourth season, she simply lets her fellow applicants refer to her as "Thirteen" rather than her real name, and constantly deflects curious prodding from both House and Amber Volakis about her personal life and past. Amber admits to feeling threatened by how Thirteen's unusually secretive nature is fascinating to the prying House, who in season seven tells Thirteen she has the best "game face" he has ever seen. In the episode "Lockdown" Thirteen spends the episode engaged in a game of truth or dare with James Wilson, but at the end it is implied that everything she has said has been a lie.
Although his meddling with her personal affairs and insatiable curiosity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal%20imprinting | Hormonal imprinting (HI) is a phenomenon which takes place at the first encounter between a hormone and its developing receptor in the critical periods of life (in unicellulars during the whole life) and determines the later signal transduction capacity of the cell. The most important period in mammals is the perinatal one, however this system can be imprinted at weaning, at puberty and in case of continuously dividing cells during the whole life. Faulty imprinting is caused by drugs, environmental pollutants and other hormone-like molecules present in excess at the critical periods with lifelong receptorial, morphological, biochemical and behavioral consequences. HI is transmitted to the hundreds of progeny generations in unicellulars and (as proved) to a few generations also in mammals. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto%20Prize%20in%20Basic%20Sciences | The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded once a year by the Inamori Foundation. The Prize is one of three Kyoto Prize categories; the others are the Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology and the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy. The first Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences was awarded to Claude Elwood Shannon, the “Establishment of Mathematical Foundation of Information Theory”. The Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in fields which are traditionally not honored with a Nobel Prize.
Fields
The Kyoto Prize in Basic Sciences is awarded on a rotating basis to researchers in the following four fields:
Mathematical sciences (including pure mathematics)
Biological sciences (evolution, behavior, ecology, environment)
Earth and planetary sciences, astronomy and astrophysics
Cognitive science/Life sciences (molecular biology, cell biology, neurobiology)
Laureates
Source: Kyoto Prize
Biological sciences
Mathematical sciences
Earth and planetary sciences, astronomy and astrophysics
Life sciences
Cognitive science
See also
Kyoto Prize
Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology
Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy
List of Kyoto Prize winners
List of astronomy awards
List of biology awards
List of mathematics awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20predicate | In formal logic and related branches of mathematics, a functional predicate, or function symbol, is a logical symbol that may be applied to an object term to produce another object term.
Functional predicates are also sometimes called mappings, but that term has additional meanings in mathematics.
In a model, a function symbol will be modelled by a function.
Specifically, the symbol F in a formal language is a functional symbol if, given any symbol X representing an object in the language, F(X) is again a symbol representing an object in that language.
In typed logic, F is a functional symbol with domain type T and codomain type U if, given any symbol X representing an object of type T, F(X) is a symbol representing an object of type U.
One can similarly define function symbols of more than one variable, analogous to functions of more than one variable; a function symbol in zero variables is simply a constant symbol.
Now consider a model of the formal language, with the types T and U modelled by sets [T] and [U] and each symbol X of type T modelled by an element [X] in [T].
Then F can be modelled by the set
which is simply a function with domain [T] and codomain [U].
It is a requirement of a consistent model that [F(X)] = [F(Y)] whenever [X] = [Y].
Introducing new function symbols
In a treatment of predicate logic that allows one to introduce new predicate symbols, one will also want to be able to introduce new function symbols. Given the function symbols F and G, one can introduce a new function symbol F ∘ G, the composition of F and G, satisfying (F ∘ G)(X) = F(G(X)), for all X.
Of course, the right side of this equation doesn't make sense in typed logic unless the domain type of F matches the codomain type of G, so this is required for the composition to be defined.
One also gets certain function symbols automatically.
In untyped logic, there is an identity predicate id that satisfies id(X) = X for all X.
In typed logic, given any type T, there is an identit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical%20state%20routing | Hierarchical state routing (HSR), proposed in Scalable Routing Strategies for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks by Iwata et al. (1999), is a typical example of a hierarchical routing protocol.
HSR maintains a hierarchical topology, where elected clusterheads at the lowest level become members of the next higher level. On the higher level, superclusters are formed, and so on. Nodes which want to communicate to a node outside of their cluster ask their clusterhead to forward their packet to the next level, until a clusterhead of the other node is in the same cluster. The packet then travels down to the destination node.
Furthermore, HSR proposes to cluster nodes in a logical way instead of in a geological way: members of the same company or in the same battlegroup are clustered together, assuming they will communicate much within the logical cluster.
HSR does not specify how a cluster is to be formed.
Routing algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%2C%20root-power%2C%20and%20field%20quantities | A power quantity is a power or a quantity directly proportional to power, e.g., energy density, acoustic intensity, and luminous intensity. Energy quantities may also be labelled as power quantities in this context.
A root-power quantity is a quantity such as voltage, current, sound pressure, electric field strength, speed, or charge density, the square of which, in linear systems, is proportional to power. The term root-power quantity refers to the square root that relates these quantities to power. The term was introduced in ; it replaces and deprecates the term field quantity.
Implications
It is essential to know which category a measurement belongs to when using decibels (dB) for comparing the levels of such quantities. A change of one bel in the level corresponds to a 10× change in power, so when comparing power quantities x and y, the difference is defined to be 10×log10(y/x) decibel. With root-power quantities, however the difference is defined as 20×log10(y/x) dB.
In the analysis of signals and systems using sinusoids, field quantities and root-power quantities may be complex-valued, as in the propagation constant.
"Root-power quantity" vs. "field quantity"
In justifying the deprecation of the term "field quantity" and instead using "root-power quantity" in the context of levels, ISO 80000 draws attention to the conflicting use of the former term to mean a quantity that depends on the position, which in physics is called a field. Such a field is often called a field quantity in the literature, but is called a field here for clarity. Several types of field (such as the electromagnetic field) meet the definition of a root-power quantity, whereas others (such as the Poynting vector and temperature) do not. Conversely, not every root-power quantity is a field (such as the voltage on a loudspeaker).
See also
Level (logarithmic quantity)
Fresnel reflection field and power equations
Sound level, defined for each of several quantities associated with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Institute%20for%20Regenerative%20Medicine | The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) was created in 2004 after 59% of California voters approved California Proposition 71: the Research and Cures Initiative, which allocated $3 billion to fund stem cell research in California.
Institutes dedicated to stem cell research and training exist at Sanford Consortium, University of California, Santa Cruz, Stanford University, University of California Davis, University of California Irvine, University of California San Francisco, University of California Los Angeles and University of Southern California. Five “Alpha Stem Cell Clinics have also been established to lead clinical trials for stem cell therapies at City of Hope, University of California San Diego, University of California San Francisco, University of California Davis and a joint clinic at University of California Los Angeles and University of California Irvine.
History
CIRM was established via California Proposition 71 (2004). However, its implementation was delayed when out-of-state based opponents incorporated in California to file two lawsuits that challenged the proposition's constitutionality. Opponents argued that the initiative created a taxpayer-funded entity not under state control, that the Independent Citizen's Oversight Committee (ICOC) had a conflict of interest with representatives being eligible for grant money, and that the initiative violated the single-subject requirement of initiatives by funding areas beyond stem cell research. In May 2007, the Supreme Court of California declined to review the two lower court decisions, thereby upholding Proposition 71 as constitutional and permitting CIRM to fund stem cell research in California.
Examples of CIRM funding include:
In 2018, UC San Francisco (UCSF) received a $12 million grant to study severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The research UCSF was able to conduct due to the funding the institution received contributed in part to a potential cure in 2019, described in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot%20effect | The Slashdot effect, also known as slashdotting, occurs when a popular website links to a smaller website, causing a massive increase in traffic. This overloads the smaller site, causing it to slow down or even temporarily become unavailable. Typically, less robust sites are unable to cope with the huge increase in traffic and become unavailable – common causes are lack of sufficient data bandwidth, servers that fail to cope with the high number of requests, and traffic quotas. Sites that are maintained on shared hosting services often fail when confronted with the Slashdot effect. This has the same effect as a denial-of-service attack, albeit accidentally. The name stems from the huge influx of web traffic which would result from the technology news site Slashdot linking to websites. The term flash crowd is a more generic term.
The original circumstances have changed, as flash crowds from Slashdot were reported in 2005 to be diminishing due to competition from similar sites, and the general adoption of elastically scalable cloud hosting platforms.
Terminology
The term "Slashdot effect" refers to the phenomenon of a website becoming virtually unreachable because too many people are hitting it after the site was mentioned in an interesting article on the popular Slashdot news service. It was later extended to describe any similar effect from being listed on a popular site, similar to the more generic term, flash crowd, which is a more appropriate term.
The term "flash crowd" was coined in 1973 by Larry Niven in his science fiction short story, Flash Crowd. It predicted that a consequence of inexpensive teleportation would be huge crowds materializing almost instantly at the sites of interesting news stories. Twenty years later, the term became commonly used on the Internet to describe exponential spikes in website or server usage when it passes a certain threshold of popular interest. This effect was anticipated years earlier in 1956 in Alfred Bester's novel The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei-Hwa%20Huang | Wei-Hwa Huang (born August 4, 1975 in Eugene, Oregon) is an American puzzler, member of the US Team for the World Puzzle Championship, and game designer.
Huang was a member of the United States International Math Olympiad team in 1992 and 1993, where he was awarded a Silver Medal both years. He was a Putnam Fellow in 1993. Huang has won the annual World Puzzle Championship on four occasions: 1995 and 1997–1999. He also won the 2008 Sudoku National Championship. With team Left Out, he won the 2019 MIT Mystery Hunt.
With Tom Lehmann, Huang designed the board game Roll for the Galaxy released in 2014 by Rio Grande Games. Roll for the Galaxy is a dice-based adaption of the award-winning card game Race for the Galaxy with deck-building mechanics. Huang and Lehmann also designed Roll for the Galaxy: Ambition, an expansion released in 2015. Roll for the Galaxy was nominated for three Golden Geek Awards and an International Gamers Award.
Huang graduated from Montgomery Blair High School and the California Institute of Technology and was an employee at Google until July 2008. One of his most famous projects was the Da Vinci Code Quest on Google, which was a set of 24 puzzles launched on April 17, 2006, in cooperation with Columbia Pictures.
Huang submitted a crossword puzzle to The New York Times newspaper which was published on Tuesday, September 10, 2002. In 2012, Huang co-authored a book with Will Shortz, the editor of The New York Times crossword puzzle.
Huang is an investor and co-producer of the Broadway musical The Lightning Thief (musical). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical%20thinking | Magical thinking, or superstitious thinking, is the belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them, particularly as a result of supernatural effects. Examples include the idea that personal thoughts can influence the external world without acting on them, or that objects must be causally connected if they resemble each other or have come into contact with each other in the past. Magical thinking is a type of fallacious thinking and is a common source of invalid causal inferences. Unlike the confusion of correlation with causation, magical thinking does not require the events to be correlated.
The precise definition of magical thinking may vary subtly when used by different theorists or among different fields of study. In anthropology, the posited causality is between religious ritual, prayer, sacrifice, or the observance of a taboo, and an expected benefit or recompense.
In psychology, magical thinking is the belief that one's thoughts by themselves can bring about effects in the world or that thinking something corresponds with doing it. These beliefs can cause a person to experience an irrational fear of performing certain acts or having certain thoughts because of an assumed correlation between doing so and threatening calamities.
In psychiatry, magical thinking defines false beliefs about the capability of thoughts, actions or words to cause or prevent undesirable events. It is a commonly observed symptom in thought disorder, schizotypal personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Types
Direct effect
Bronisław Malinowski's Magic, Science and Religion (1954) discusses another type of magical thinking, in which words and sounds are thought to have the ability to directly affect the world. This type of wish fulfillment thinking can result in the avoidance of talking about certain subjects ("speak of the devil and he'll appear"), the use of euphemisms instead of certain words, or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20isotropy | A transversely isotropic material is one with physical properties that are symmetric about an axis that is normal to a plane of isotropy. This transverse plane has infinite planes of symmetry and thus, within this plane, the material properties are the same in all directions. Hence, such materials are also known as "polar anisotropic" materials. In geophysics, vertically transverse isotropy (VTI) is also known as radial anisotropy.
This type of material exhibits hexagonal symmetry (though technically this ceases to be true for tensors of rank 6 and higher), so the number of independent constants in the (fourth-rank) elasticity tensor are reduced to 5 (from a total of 21 independent constants in the case of a fully anisotropic solid). The (second-rank) tensors of electrical resistivity, permeability, etc. have two independent constants.
Example of transversely isotropic materials
An example of a transversely isotropic material is the so-called on-axis unidirectional fiber composite lamina where the fibers are circular in cross section. In a unidirectional composite, the plane normal to the fiber direction can be considered as the isotropic plane, at long wavelengths (low frequencies) of excitation. In the figure to the right, the fibers would be aligned with the axis, which is normal to the plane of isotropy.
In terms of effective properties, geological layers of rocks are often interpreted as being transversely isotropic. Calculating the effective elastic properties of such layers in petrology has been coined Backus upscaling, which is described below.
Material symmetry matrix
The material matrix has a symmetry with respect to a given orthogonal transformation () if it does not change when subjected to that transformation.
For invariance of the material properties under such a transformation we require
Hence the condition for material symmetry is (using the definition of an orthogonal transformation)
Orthogonal transformations can be represented in Carte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Demazure | Michel Demazure (; born 2 March 1937) is a French mathematician. He made contributions in the fields of abstract algebra, algebraic geometry, and computer vision, and participated in the Nicolas Bourbaki collective. He has also been president of the French Mathematical Society and directed two French science museums.
Biography
In the 1960s, Demazure was a student of Alexandre Grothendieck, and, together with Grothendieck, he ran and edited the Séminaire de Géométrie Algébrique du Bois Marie on group schemes at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris from 1962 to 1964. Demazure obtained his doctorate from the Université de Paris in 1965 under Grothendieck's supervision, with a dissertation entitled Schémas en groupes réductifs. He was maître de conférence at Strasbourg University (1964–1966), and then university professor at Paris-Sud in Orsay (1966–1976) and the École Polytechnique in Palaiseau (1976–1999). From approximately 1965 to 1985, he was also one of the core members of the Bourbaki group, a group of French mathematicians writing under the collective pseudonym Nicolas Bourbaki.
In 1988 Demazure was the president of the Société Mathématique de France.
From 1991 to 1998, he was the director of the Palais de la Découverte in Paris and, from 1998 to 2002, the chairman of the Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie in La Villette, two major science museums in France; in taking these positions, he changed places with Jean Audouze, who was at La Villette from 1993 to 1996, and became director of the Palais de la Découverte on Demazure's departure. Demazure also chairs the regional advisory committee of research for Languedoc-Roussillon.
Research contributions
In SGA3, Demazure introduced the definition of a root datum, a generalization of root systems for reductive groups that is central to the notion of Langlands duality. A 1970 paper of Demazure on subgroups of the Cremona group has been later recognized as the beginning of the study of toric varie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singulisphaera%20mucilagenosa | Singulisphaera mucilagenosa is an acid-tolerant bacterium from the genus of Singulisphaera which has been isolated from dystrophic humified water. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary%20set | In mathematics, specifically set theory and model theory, a stationary set is a set that is not too small in the sense that it intersects all club sets and is analogous to a set of non-zero measure in measure theory. There are at least three closely related notions of stationary set, depending on whether one is looking at subsets of an ordinal, or subsets of something of given cardinality, or a powerset.
Classical notion
If is a cardinal of uncountable cofinality, and intersects every club set in then is called a stationary set. If a set is not stationary, then it is called a thin set. This notion should not be confused with the notion of a thin set in number theory.
If is a stationary set and is a club set, then their intersection is also stationary. This is because if is any club set, then is a club set, thus is nonempty. Therefore, must be stationary.
See also: Fodor's lemma
The restriction to uncountable cofinality is in order to avoid trivialities: Suppose has countable cofinality. Then is stationary in if and only if is bounded in . In particular, if the cofinality of is , then any two stationary subsets of have stationary intersection.
This is no longer the case if the cofinality of is uncountable. In fact, suppose is moreover regular and is stationary. Then can be partitioned into many disjoint stationary sets. This result is due to Solovay. If is a successor cardinal, this result is due to Ulam and is easily shown by means of what is called an Ulam matrix.
H. Friedman has shown that for every countable successor ordinal , every stationary subset of contains a closed subset of order type .
Jech's notion
There is also a notion of stationary subset of , for a cardinal and a set such that , where is the set of subsets of of cardinality : . This notion is due to Thomas Jech. As before, is stationary if and only if it meets every club, where a club subset of is a set unbounded under and closed under union of chains of lengt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing%20tarpit | A Turing tarpit (or Turing tar-pit) is any programming language or computer interface that allows for flexibility in function but is difficult to learn and use because it offers little or no support for common tasks. The phrase was coined in 1982 by Alan Perlis in the Epigrams on Programming:
In any Turing complete language, it is possible to write any computer program, so in a very rigorous sense nearly all programming languages are equally capable. However, having that theoretical ability is not the same as usefulness in practice. Turing tarpits are characterized by having a simple abstract machine that requires the user to deal with many details in the solution of a problem. At the extreme opposite are interfaces that can perform very complex tasks with little human intervention but become obsolete if requirements change slightly.
Some esoteric programming languages, such as Brainfuck or Malbolge, are specifically referred to as "Turing tarpits" because they deliberately implement the minimum functionality necessary to be classified as Turing complete languages. Using such languages is a form of mathematical recreation: programmers can work out how to achieve basic programming constructs in an extremely difficult but mathematically Turing-equivalent language.
See also
Greenspun's tenth rule
Write-only language
Zawinski's law of software envelopment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20vaccination | Mass vaccination is a public policy effort to vaccinate a large number of people, possibly the entire population of the world or of a country or region, within a short period of time. This policy may be directed during a pandemic, when there is a localized outbreak or scare of a disease for which a vaccine exists, or when a new vaccine is invented.
Under normal circumstances, vaccines are provided as part of an individual's medical care starting from birth and given as part of routine checkups. But there are times when there is a need to vaccinate the population at large and provide easy access to the service. When this occurs, temporary clinics may be established around communities that can efficiently handle the many people within at once.
Challenges of a mass vaccination effort include vaccine supply, logistics, storage, finding vaccinators and other necessary staff, vaccine safety and public outreach.
Historic mass vaccinations
Smallpox
Early successes in eradication (prior to 1950)
In 1947, after a man traveled from Mexico to New York City and developed smallpox, Dr. Israel Weinstein announced to the residents of New York the need to get vaccinated. Vaccine clinics were established throughout the city and within less than a month, 6,350,000 residents were vaccinated. This was enabled by improvements in vaccine production and storage. Prior to new developments, transportation represented a major issue and hindered mass vaccinations. Because smallpox vaccination requires a live virus, it originally required a sample to be transferred from person-to-person or animal-to-person directly. The creation of a liquid vaccine stored in capillary tubes marked a major advancement for the smallpox vaccine. This method involved the use of glycerol as a preservative and was significant for storage and transportation. In addition to these benefits, it enabled mass production through the use of animals, and ensured long term viability at temperatures below freezing. Howeve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter%27s%20chain | Gunter's chain (also known as Gunter's measurement) is a distance measuring device used for surveying. It was designed and introduced in 1620 by English clergyman and mathematician Edmund Gunter (1581–1626). It enabled plots of land to be accurately surveyed and plotted, for legal and commercial purposes.
Gunter developed an actual measuring chain of 100 links. These, the chain and the link, became statutory measures in England and subsequently the British Empire.
Description
The chain is divided into 100 links, usually marked off into groups of 10 by brass rings or tags which simplify intermediate measurement. Each link is thus long. A quarter chain, or 25 links, measures and thus measures a rod (or pole). Ten chains measure a furlong and 80 chains measure a statute mile.
Gunter's chain reconciled two seemingly incompatible systems: the traditional English land measurements, based on the number four, and decimals based on the number 10. Since an acre measured 10 square chains in Gunter's system, the entire process of land area measurement could be computed using measurements in chains, and then converted to acres by dividing the results by 10. Hence 10 chains by 10 chains (100 square chains) equals 10 acres, 5 chains by 5 chains (25 square chains) equals 2.5 acres. By the 1670s the chain and the link had become statutory units of measurement in England.
Method
The method of surveying a field or other parcel of land with Gunter's chain is to first determine corners and other significant locations, and then to measure the distance between them, taking two points at a time. The surveyor is assisted by a chainman. A ranging rod (usually a prominently coloured wooden pole) is placed in the ground at the destination point. Starting at the originating point the chain is laid out towards the ranging rod, and the surveyor then directs the chainman to make the chain perfectly straight and pointing directly at the ranging rod. A pin is put in the ground at the forw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpirational%20cooling%20%28biological%29 | Transpirational cooling is the cooling provided as plants transpire water. Excess heat generated from solar radiation is damaging to plant cells and thermal injury occurs during drought or when there is rapid transpiration which produces wilting. Green vegetation contributes to moderating climate by being cooler than adjacent bare earth or constructed areas. As plant leaves transpire they use energy to evaporate water aggregating up to a huge volume globally every day.
An individual tree transpiring 100 litres of water is equivalent to a cooling power of 70 kWh. Urban heat island effects can be attributed to the replacement of vegetation by constructed surfaces. Deforested areas reveal a higher temperature than adjacent intact forest. Forests and other natural ecosystems support climate stabilisation.
The Earth’s energy budget reveals pathways to mitigate climate change using our knowledge of the efficacy of how plants cool and moderating Western approaches with proven indigenous and traditional sources of knowledge.
Transpiration and cooling
Evapotranspiration is the combined processes moving water from the earth’s surface into the atmosphere. Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant and out of its leaves and other aerial parts into the atmosphere. This movement is driven by solar energy. In the tallest trees, such as Sequoia sempervirens, the water rises well over 100 metres from root-tip to canopy leaves. Such trees also exploit evaporation to keep the surface cool. Water vapour from evapotranspiration mixed with air moves upwards to the point of saturation and then, helped by the emissions of cloud condensation nuclei, forms clouds. Each gram molecule (mole) of condensing water will bring about a marked 1200-fold plus reduction in volume.The simultaneous release of latent heat will drive air from below to fill the partial vacuum. The energy required for the surrounding air to move in is readily calculated from the small (one-fifteenth of late |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppyseed%20oil | Poppyseed oil (also poppy seed oil and poppy oil) is an edible oil obtained from poppy seeds (specifically seeds of Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy).
Poppy seeds yield 45–50% oil. Like poppy seeds, poppyseed oil is highly palatable, high in vitamin E, and has no narcotic properties. Poppy seeds are especially high in tocopherols other than vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol). Compared to other vegetable oils, poppyseed oil has a moderate amount of phytosterols: higher than soybean oil and peanut oil, lower than safflower oil, sesame oil, wheat germ oil, corn oil, and rice bran oil. It has little or no odor and a pleasant taste, and it is less likely than some other oils to become rancid.
Uses
The oil is sometimes used as a cooking oil; it is also used for moisturizing skin. Its primary use, however, is in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, and soaps.
Poppyseed oil is a drying oil. In oil painting, the most popular oil for binding pigment, thinning paint, and varnishing finished paintings is linseed oil. Walnut oil and poppyseed oil are also favored by oil painters, though each oil is used for a different purpose. Poppyseed oil is used especially in white paints. Up through the late 19th century, when these oils became available prepared in tubes, painters tended to prepare them by hand.
While poppyseed oil does not leave the unwanted yellow tint for which linseed oil is known, it is much weaker in the test of time than the contemporary linseed oil. Poppyseed oil dries much more slowly (5–7 days) than linseed oil (3–5 days). For this reason poppyseed oil should not be used for a ground layer of a painting, and linseed oil should not be painted over a layer of poppyseed oil.
Poppyseed oil is the basis of lipiodol, a radiocontrast agent used in medical radiology.
History
An early 20th century industry manual states that while the opium poppy was grown extensively in Eurasia, most of the world production of poppyseed oil occurred in France and Germany, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambulatory%20Patient%20Group | Ambulatory Patient Group (APG) is a classification system for outpatient services reimbursement developed for the American Medicare service by the Health Care Financing Administration. It classifies patients into nearly 300 pathology groups rather than the 14,000 of the International Classification of Diseases.
The APG system is similar to the diagnosis-related groups (DRG), which apply to inpatient care rendered by a hospital. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20Aided%20Verification | In computer science, the International Conference on Computer-Aided Verification (CAV) is an annual academic conference on the theory and practice of computer-aided formal analysis of software and hardware systems, broadly known as formal methods. It is one of the highest-ranked conferences in computer science. Among the important results originally published in CAV are breakthrough techniques in model checking, such as Counterexample-Guided Abstraction Refinement (CEGAR) and partial order reduction.
The first CAV was held in 1989 in Grenoble, France. The CAV proceedings (1989-present) are published by Springer Science+Business Media and are open access.
See also
List of computer science conferences
Symposium on Logic in Computer Science
European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software
External links
bibliography for CAV at DBLP
Conference proceedings |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TITAN2D | TITAN2D is a geoflow simulation software application, intended for geological researchers. It is distributed as free software.
Overview
TITAN2D is a free software application developed by the Geophysical Mass Flow Group at the State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo.
TITAN2D was developed for the purpose of simulating granular flows (primarily geological mass
flows such as debris avalanches and landslides) over
digital elevation models (DEM)s of natural terrain.
The code is designed to help scientists and civil protection authorities assess the
risk of, and mitigate, hazards due to dry debris flows and avalanches.
TITAN2D combines numerical simulations of a flow with digital elevation data of natural terrain
supported through a Geographical Information System (GIS) interface such as GRASS.
TITAN2D is capable of multiprocessor runs.
A Message Passing Interface (MPI) Application
Programming Interface (API) allows
for parallel computing on multiple processors, which effectively increases computational power, decreases computing time,
and allows for the use of large data sets.
Adaptive gridding allows
for the concentration of computing power on regions of special
interest. Mesh refinement captures the complex flow features that occur at the leading edge
of a flow, as well as locations where rapid changes in topography induce large mass and momentum fluxes. Mesh
unrefinement is applied where solution values are relatively constant
or small to further improve computational efficiency.
TITAN2D requires an initial volume and shape estimate for the starting material, a basal friction angle, and an
internal friction angle for the simulated granular flow. The direct outputs of the program are
dynamic representations of a flow's depth and momentum. Secondary or derived outputs include flow velocity, and such field-observable quantities as run-up height, deposit thickness, and inundation area.
Mathematical Model
The TITAN2D program is based upon a depth-averaged |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20economy | Distributed economies (DE) is a term that was coined by Allan Johansson et al. in 2005.
Definition
There is no official definition for DE, but it could be described as a regional approach to promote innovation by small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as sustainable development. The concept is illustrated in the figure below, that shows centralised, decentralised and distributed economies respectively.
Features
The relations in DE are much more complex than those in a centralised economy. This feature makes the whole economy more stable – leaf nodes no longer rely on just one central node. It also resembles ecological networks, making it a good practical example of industrial ecology.
A big advantage of DE is that it enables entities within the network to work much more with regional/local natural resources, finances, human capital, knowledge, technology, and so on. It also makes the entities more flexible to respond to the local market needs and thus generating a bigger innovation drive. By doing this, they become a better reflection of their social environment and in that way they can improve quality of life.
The whole concept of DE is not at all a new invention – this is how most pre-industrial economies were organised. However, information technology has opened new doors for the concept: information can be shared much more easily and small-scale production facilities (rapid prototyping) are becoming cheaper.
The DE concept works well with the development of fab labs.
Not all industries are fit for DE; for example, many chemical processes only become economically feasible & efficient on a large scale. On the other hand, bio-energy and consumer products are interesting candidates.
See also
Decentralized planning (economics)
Distributism
Long tail
Open-design movement
Slow design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logopenic%20progressive%20aphasia | Logopenic progressive aphasia (LPA) is a variant of primary progressive aphasia. It is defined clinically by impairments in naming and sentence repetition. It is similar to conduction aphasia and is associated with atrophy to the left posterior temporal cortex and inferior parietal lobule. It is suspected that an atypical form of Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of logopenic progressive aphasia.
Although patients with the logopenic variant of PPA are still able to produce speech, their speech rate may be significantly slowed due to word retrieval difficulty. Over time, they may experience the inability to retain lengthy information, causing problems with understanding complex verbal information. Some additional behavioral features include irritability, anxiety and agitation.
Compared to other subtypes of primary progressive aphasia, the logopenic variant has been found to be associated with cognitive and behavioral characteristics. Studies have shown that patients with the logopenic variant perform significantly worse on tests of calculation than other primary progressive aphasia patients. Several logopenic variant patients, especially those with Alzheimer's disease pathology, have also been found to perform poorly on memory tasks.
Logopenic progressive aphasia is caused by damage to segregated brain regions, specifically the inferior parietal lobe and superior temporal regions. Difficulties in naming are produced from the thinning of the inferior parietal lobe. Damage to the dorsal pathways creates language deficiency in patients that is characteristic of logopenic progressive aphasia.
See also
Aphasia
Dementia
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileipellis | The pileipellis is the uppermost layer of hyphae in the pileus of a fungal fruit body. It covers the trama, the fleshy tissue of the fruit body. The pileipellis is more or less synonymous with the cuticle, but the cuticle generally describes this layer as a macroscopic feature, while pileipellis refers to this structure as a microscopic layer. Pileipellis type is an important character in the identification of fungi. Pileipellis types include the cutis, trichoderm, epithelium, and hymeniderm types.
Types
Cutis
A cutis is a type of pileipellis characterized by hyphae that are repent, that is, that run parallel to the pileus surface. In an ixocutis, the hyphae are gelatinous.
Trichoderm
In a trichoderm, the outermost hyphae emerge roughly parallel, like hairs, perpendicular to the cap surface. The prefix "tricho-" comes from a Greek word for "hair". In an ixotrichodermium, the outermost hyphae are gelatinous.
Epithelium
An epithelium is a pileipellis consisting of rounded cells in multiple layers, often connected in chains, and sometimes breaking off.
Hymeniderm
Also called hymeniform, or palisade at times. When viewed from above, a hymeniderm or "cellular cuticle" appears to be paved with roughly circular polygonal elements (similar to the fertile cells of the actual hymenium on the gills). The elements may be globular cells or may be the tips of hyphae extending deeper into the surface.
External links
IMA Mycological Glossary: Pileipellis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrability%20conditions%20for%20differential%20systems | In mathematics, certain systems of partial differential equations are usefully formulated, from the point of view of their underlying geometric and algebraic structure, in terms of a system of differential forms. The idea is to take advantage of the way a differential form restricts to a submanifold, and the fact that this restriction is compatible with the exterior derivative. This is one possible approach to certain over-determined systems, for example, including Lax pairs of integrable systems. A Pfaffian system is specified by 1-forms alone, but the theory includes other types of example of differential system. To elaborate, a Pfaffian system is a set of 1-forms on a smooth manifold (which one sets equal to 0 to find solutions to the system).
Given a collection of differential 1-forms on an -dimensional manifold , an integral manifold is an immersed (not necessarily embedded) submanifold whose tangent space at every point is annihilated by (the pullback of) each .
A maximal integral manifold is an immersed (not necessarily embedded) submanifold
such that the kernel of the restriction map on forms
is spanned by the at every point of . If in addition the are linearly independent, then is ()-dimensional.
A Pfaffian system is said to be completely integrable if admits a foliation by maximal integral manifolds. (Note that the foliation need not be regular; i.e. the leaves of the foliation might not be embedded submanifolds.)
An integrability condition is a condition on the to guarantee that there will be integral submanifolds of sufficiently high dimension.
Necessary and sufficient conditions
The necessary and sufficient conditions for complete integrability of a Pfaffian system are given by the Frobenius theorem. One version states that if the ideal algebraically generated by the collection of αi inside the ring Ω(M) is differentially closed, in other words
then the system admits a foliation by maximal integral manifolds. (The converse is obvious |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Digital | Western Digital Corporation (WDC, commonly known as Western Digital or WD) is an American computer drive manufacturer and data storage company, headquartered in San Jose, California. It designs, manufactures and sells data technology products, including data storage devices, data center systems and cloud storage services.
Western Digital has a long history in the electronics industry as an integrated circuit maker and a storage products company. It is one of the largest computer hard disk drive manufacturers, along with producing solid state drives and flash memory devices. Its competitors include the data management and storage companies Seagate Technology and Micron Technology.
History
1970s
Western Digital was founded on April 23, 1970, by Alvin B. Phillips, a Motorola employee, as General Digital Corporation, initially a manufacturer of MOS test equipment. It was originally based in Newport Beach, California, shortly thereafter moving to Santa Ana, California, and would go on to become one of the largest technology firms headquartered in Orange County. It rapidly became a specialty semiconductor maker, with start-up capital provided by several individual investors and industrial giant Emerson Electric. Around July 1971, it adopted its current name and soon introduced its first product, the WD1402A UART.
During the early 1970s, the company focused on making and selling calculator chips, and by 1975, Western Digital was the largest independent calculator chip maker in the world. The oil crisis of the mid-1970s and the bankruptcy of its biggest calculator customer, Bowmar Instrument, changed its fortunes, however, and in 1976 Western Digital declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. After this, Emerson Electric withdrew their support of the company. Chuck Missler joined Western Digital as chairman and chief executive in June 1977, and became the largest shareholder of Western Digital.
In 1973, Western Digital established its Malaysian plant, initially to manufacture s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar%20Pool | Lunar Pool (known as in Japan) is a sports video game. It was developed by Compile for the Nintendo Entertainment System and MSX. The game combines pool (pocket billiards) with aspects of miniature golf. The object is to knock each ball into a pocket using a cue ball. The game offers sixty levels, and the friction of the table is adjustable (thus the lunar reference in the title, along with Moon-related background imagery within the game). The game was re-released for the Wii on the North American Virtual Console on October 22, 2007.
Gameplay
Lunar Pool is played in boards of different shapes. The player has to shoot the cue ball to knock other colored balls into the pockets. One life is lost whenever the player either fails to pocket a ball on three consecutive shots or pockets the cue ball. Completing a level awards one extra life, or two if the player has pocketed at least one ball on every shot.
The value of each ball is determined by its number and the displayed "Rate" value, which starts at 1 and increases after every shot in which the player pockets at least one ball. Failing to do so resets the Rate to 1. Bonus points are awarded for completing a level without a miss.
The game ends after all lives are lost or 60 levels have been completed, whichever occurs first.
Modes
Lunar Pool can either be played alone, against another player, or against the computer. If the game is played against another player or the computer, players take turns shooting the cue ball. If one player fails to knock at least one of the colored balls into a pocket, or pockets their own cue ball, then it becomes the opponent's turn.
The game includes an adjustable friction setting, which determines the rate at which balls slow down after being hit.
Legacy
In the Mexican soap opera María la del Barrio, José María (Roberto Blandón) plays Lunar Pool on the NES. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20single-board%20microcontrollers | Comparison of Single-board microcontrollers excluding Single-board computers
See also
Comparison of single-board computers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20variables%20and%20bound%20variables | In mathematics, and in other disciplines involving formal languages, including mathematical logic and computer science, a variable may be said to be either free or bound. The terms are opposites. A free variable is a notation (symbol) that specifies places in an expression where substitution may take place and is not a parameter of this or any container expression. Some older books use the terms real variable and apparent variable for free variable and bound variable, respectively. The idea is related to a placeholder (a symbol that will later be replaced by some value), or a wildcard character that stands for an unspecified symbol.
In computer programming, the term free variable refers to variables used in a function that are neither local variables nor parameters of that function. The term non-local variable is often a synonym in this context.
An instance of a variable symbol is bound, in contrast, if the value of that variable symbol has been bound to a specific value or range of values in the domain of discourse or universe. This may be achieved through the use of logical quantifiers, variable-binding operators, or an explicit statement of allowed values for the variable (such as, "...where is a positive integer".) A variable symbol overall is bound if at least one occurrence of it is bound.pp.142--143 Since the same variable symbol may appear in multiple places in an expression, some occurrences of the variable symbol may be free while others are bound,p.78 hence "free" and "bound" are at first defined for occurrences and then generalized over all occurrences of said variable symbol in the expression. However it is done, the variable ceases to be an independent variable on which the value of the expression depends, whether that value be a truth value or the numerical result of a calculation, or, more generally, an element of an image set of a function.
While the domain of discourse in many contexts is understood, when an explicit range of values for the bou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw%20Marzantowicz | Wacław Bolesław Marzantowicz is a Polish mathematician known for his contributions in number theory and topology. He was President of the Polish Mathematical Society from 2014 to 2019.
Biography
In 1967 he became the finalist of the 18th Mathematical Olympiad. In 1972, he graduated in mathematics at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. He obtained his doctorate in Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1977, based on the work Lefschetz Numbers of Maps Commuting with an Action of a Group written under the direction Kazimierz Gęba. He got habilitation there in 1991, based on the work Invariant topology methods used in variational problems.
From 1993 to 1996, he was the director of the Institute of Mathematics University of Gdańsk. Since 1996, he has been working at Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, where he heads the Department of Geometry and Topology. In 2002 he received the title of professor of mathematics. References to his papers can be found in mathematical databases.
From 1993 to 1996, he was the president of the Gdańsk Branch of the Polish Mathematical Society (PMS) and then its vice president (2011–2013). Since 2014, he has been the president of the Polish Mathematical Society.
He received the Stefan Banach Prize of the Polish Mathematical Society (ex aequo with .
Further reading
Jerzy Jezierski; Wacław Marzantowicz, Homotopy methods in topological fixed and periodic points theory. Topological Fixed Point Theory and Its Applications, 3. Springer, Dordrecht, 2006. xii+319 pp. ; , .
Złota księga nauk ekonomicznych, prawnych i ścisłych 2005, wyd. Gliwice 2005, p. 205 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20dash | Wave dash () is a character represented in Japanese character encoding, usually used to represent a range. The wave dash is similar to, but not the same as, the tilde character (), which is often used interchangeably with it.
The vertical wave dash () is not currently included in Unicode, but there is a similar symbol available called the wavy line (). It is created by rotating right (clockwise) the wavy dash symbol () to form a vertical wave-like pattern.
Wave dash is also written in vertical text layout. Vertical wave dash is the vertical form by rotation and flip in Unicode and JIS C 6226.
See also
Dash#Swung dash
Tilde#Unicode and Shift JIS encoding of wave dash
Japanese punctuation#Wave dash
Code reference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FrostWire | FrostWire is a free and open-source BitTorrent client first released in September 2004, as a fork of LimeWire. It was initially very similar to LimeWire in appearance and functionality, but over time developers added more features, including support for the BitTorrent protocol. In version 5, support for the Gnutella network was dropped entirely, and FrostWire became a BitTorrent-only client.
History
FrostWire, a BitTorrent client (formerly a Gnutella client), is a collaborative, open-source project licensed under the GPL-3.0-or-later license. In late 2005, concerned developers of LimeWire's open source community announced the start of a new project fork "FrostWire" that would protect the developmental source code of the LimeWire client. FrostWire has evolved to replace LimeWire's BitTorrent core for that of Vuze, the Azureus BitTorrent Engine, and ultimately to remove the LimeWire's Gnutella core to become a 100% BitTorrent client powered by the libtorrent library through FrostWire's jLibtorrent Java wrapper library since August 2014.
Gnutella client
The project was started in September 2004 after LimeWire's distributor considered adding "blocking" code in response to RIAA pressure. The RIAA threatened legal action against several peer-to-peer developers including LimeWire as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd..
The second beta release of FrostWire was available in the last quarter of 2005.
Multiprotocol P2P client
Since version 4.20.x, FrostWire was able to handle torrent files and featured a new junk filter. Also, in version 4.21.x support was added for most Android devices.
BitTorrent client
Since version 5.0 (2011), FrostWire relaunched itself as a BitTorrent application, so those using the Gnutella network either have to use version 4, or switch to another client altogether.
Preview before download
Since version 6.0, FrostWire adds preview files before download.
Adware and malware
Since around 2008 som |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmarTeach | SmarTeach UGMed – a product of MedRC is a digital version of the undergraduate medicine classroom where students pursuing medicine can see and hear lectures delivered by expert subject teachers from all over the country. These lectures have a large amount of relevant multimedia components like 2D and 3D animations, text slides, still images and panoramas, audio and videos.
This product is currently catering to the MBBS and BDS curriculum. The curriculum is based on MBBS curriculum as prescribed by Medical Council of India MCI. The entire curriculum has been broken into component subjects, chapters and topics. Each topic constitutes a module of learning consisting of several granular learning objects such as video lectures, slides, animations of concepts, textual notes, glossaries, questions relevant to the topic, book and journal references, etc. The approach to development, quality practices adopted during development and content presented in product have been inspected and approved by MCI. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPS%20panel | IPS (in-plane switching) is a screen technology for liquid-crystal displays (LCDs). In IPS, a layer of liquid crystals is sandwiched between two glass surfaces. The liquid crystal molecules are aligned parallel to those surfaces in predetermined directions (in-plane). The molecules are reoriented by an applied electric field, whilst remaining essentially parallel to the surfaces to produce an image. It was designed to solve the strong viewing angle dependence and low-quality color reproduction of the twisted nematic field effect (TN) matrix LCDs prevalent in the late 1980s.
History
The TN method was the only viable technology for active matrix TFT LCDs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Early panels showed grayscale inversion from up to down, and had a high response time (for this kind of transition, 1 ms is visually better than 5 ms). In the mid-1990s new technologies were developed—typically IPS and vertical alignment (VA)—that could resolve these weaknesses and were applied to large computer monitor panels.
One approach patented in 1974 was to use inter-digitated electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates. However, the inventor was not yet able to implement such IPS-LCDs superior to TN displays.
After thorough analysis, details of advantageous molecular arrangements were filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries including the US on 9 January 1990. The Fraunhofer Society in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigned these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
Shortly thereafter, Hitachi of Japan filed patents to improve this technology. A leader in this field was Katsumi Kondo, who worked at the Hitachi Research Center. In 1992, engineers at Hitachi worked out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels. Hitachi also improved the vie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20congruence | In mathematics, two square matrices A and B over a field are called congruent if there exists an invertible matrix P over the same field such that
PTAP = B
where "T" denotes the matrix transpose. Matrix congruence is an equivalence relation.
Matrix congruence arises when considering the effect of change of basis on the Gram matrix attached to a bilinear form or quadratic form on a finite-dimensional vector space: two matrices are congruent if and only if they represent the same bilinear form with respect to different bases.
Note that Halmos defines congruence in terms of conjugate transpose (with respect to a complex inner product space) rather than transpose, but this definition has not been adopted by most other authors.
Congruence over the reals
Sylvester's law of inertia states that two congruent symmetric matrices with real entries have the same numbers of positive, negative, and zero eigenvalues. That is, the number of eigenvalues of each sign is an invariant of the associated quadratic form.
See also
Congruence relation
Matrix similarity
Matrix equivalence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomics | Phenomics is the systematic study of traits that make up a phenotype. It was coined by UC Berkeley and LBNL scientist Steven A. Garan. As such, it is a transdisciplinary area of research that involves biology, data sciences, engineering and other fields. Phenomics is concerned with the measurement of the phenotype where a phenome is a set of traits (physical and biochemical traits) that can be produced by a given organism over the course of development and in response to genetic mutation and environmental influences. It is also important to remember that an organisms phenotype changes with time. The relationship between phenotype and genotype enables researchers to understand and study pleiotropy. Phenomics concepts are used in functional genomics, pharmaceutical research, metabolic engineering, agricultural research, and increasingly in phylogenetics.
Technical challenges involve improving, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the capacity to measure phenomes.
Applications
Plant sciences
In plant sciences, phenomics research occurs in both field and controlled environments. Field phenomics encompasses the measurement of phenotypes that occur in both cultivated and natural conditions, whereas controlled environment phenomics research involves the use of glass houses, growth chambers, and other systems where growth conditions can be manipulated. The University of Arizona's Field Scanner in Maricopa, Arizona is a platform developed to measure field phenotypes. Controlled environment systems include the Enviratron at Iowa State University, the Plant Cultivation Hall under construction at IPK, and platforms at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and elsewhere.
Standards, methods, tools, and instrumentation
A Minimal Information About a Plant Phenotyping Experiment (MIAPPE) standard is available and in use among many researchers collecting and organizing plant phenomics data. A diverse set of computer vision methods exist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical%20Society%20of%20Canada | The Botanical Society of Canada was founded in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, in November 1860. Among its founding members was Scottish-Canadian botanist George Lawson, who created the Society with the goal of establishing a botanical garden at Queen's College (now Queen's University), and publishing a catalogue of Canadian plants.
Membership
The Society's first meeting attracted 91 members. By the second meeting, held in January 1861, the Society had 140 paying members, including John A. Macdonald (who would later become Canada's first Prime Minister). William Leitch, the principal of Queen's College, was elected president, while Lawson became the Society's secretary.
200 people attended the Society's third meeting, and by this time, the Society began earning favourable notices from abroad. From its beginnings, the Botanical Society of Canada had practical and theoretical purposes. Members created a library and herbarium, and shared seeds and plant cuttings at their meetings. Farmers received advice on dealing with pests. One member, Andrew T. Drummond, published a report on plants which could be used for paper, and exhibited dyes made from lichens. Drummond and other members prepared floras of Kingston, southwestern Ontario, and the Red River region in Manitoba.“Botanical [research] of great value had been carried out by ladies in other countries and all other departments of scientific knowledge had benefitted from their exertions.” – Annals of the Botanical Society of Canada, p. 52
The Society had five categories of membership; Honorary Members, Fellows, Lady Members, Annual Subscribers, and Corresponding Members. Several notable Honorary Members were admitted; including Asa Gray, Sir William Jackson Hooker, John Lindley, and John Torrey. Women were granted equal membership, and the Society's Annals contain several references to the work of its female members. For example, Mrs. Lawson, the wife of George Lawson, published a paper on silkworm cultivation. She ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodellophyceae | Rhodellophyceae is a grouping of red algae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialidase-2 | Sialidase-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NEU2 gene.
This gene belongs to a family of glycohydrolytic enzymes which remove sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids. Expression studies in COS-7 cells confirmed that this gene encodes a functional sialidase. Its cytosolic localization was demonstrated by cell fractionation experiments. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areole | In botany, areoles are small light- to dark-colored bumps on cacti out of which grow clusters of spines. Areoles are important diagnostic features of cacti, and identify them as a family distinct from other succulent plants. The spines are not easily detachable, but on certain cacti, members of the subfamily Opuntioideae, smaller, detachable bristles, glochids, also grow out of the areoles and afford additional protection.
Areoles represent highly specialized branches on cacti. Apparently, they evolved as abortive branch buds while their spines evolved as vestigial leaves. In branched cacti, such as Opuntioidiae and the saguaro, new branches grow from areoles, because that is where the buds are. The development of the areole seems to have been an important element in the adaptation of cacti to niches in desert ecology.
Some of the Opuntioideae have spines, as well as glochids, on their areoles; some have only glochids. Structurally, the glochids seem to be bristles rather than evolved leaves. They are detachable and resemble small, sharp splinters. Unlike the spines, glochids generally are barbed and are very difficult to remove from the skin.
Evolution
The cactus family, the Cactaceae, evolved 30–40 million years ago in the Americas, originally completely separately from Africa, Europe, and Asia, although, probably within the last few million years, some species of Rhipsalis appear to have been carried to parts of Asia and Africa, most likely by birds.
The areole was one of the unique features that cacti developed, possibly in adaptation to the ambient climate in the area in which they emerged. Accordingly, the areoles distinguish the family Cactaceae from other succulent plants both in the New World and the Old World.
Importance
For the cacti, areoles are an important evolutionary modification. They give rise to spines and glochids, which are their primary means of self-defense. In addition, because these spines arise from areoles and not directly from the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Reference%20Sequence | The Cambridge Reference Sequence (CRS) for human mitochondrial DNA was first announced in 1981.
A group led by Fred Sanger at the University of Cambridge had sequenced the mitochondrial genome of one woman of European descent during the 1970s, determining it to have a length of 16,569 base pairs (0.0006% of the nuclear human genome) containing some 37 genes and published this sequence in 1981.
When other researchers repeated the sequencing, some striking discrepancies were noted. The original published sequence included eleven errors, including one extra base pair in position 3107, and incorrect assignments of single base pairs. Some of these were the result of contamination with bovine and HeLa specimens. The corrected revised CRS was published by Andrews et al. in 1999. (The original nucleotide numbering was retained to avoid confusion.) The reference sequence belongs to European haplogroup H2a2a1. The revised CRS is designated as rCRS. It is deposited in the GenBank NCBI database under accession number NC_012920.
When mitochondrial DNA sequencing is used for genealogical purposes, the results are often reported as differences from the revised CRS. The CRS is a reference sequence rather than a record of the earliest human mtDNA. A difference between a tested sample and the CRS may have arisen in the lineage of the CRS or in the lineage of the tested sample.
An alternative African (Yoruba) reference sequence has also been used sometimes instead of the Cambridge. It has a different numbering system with a length of 16,571 base pairs and represents the mitochondrial genome of one African individual. Other alternative reference sequences that have also sometimes been used include the African (Uganda), Swedish and Japanese sequences.
In 2012, it was proposed that the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS), should be replaced by a new Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence (RSRS). The RSRS keeps the same numbering system as the CRS, but represents the ance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20meridian%20west | The meridian 1° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 1st meridian west forms a great circle with the 179th meridian east.
It is the most populous meridian west of Greenwich, being home to between 41.2 million and 44.9 million people as of 2019.
From pole to pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 1st meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Scotland — islands of Yell and Hascosay, Shetland
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | North Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Scotland — island of Whalsay, Shetland
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | North Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of the Isle of Noss, Scotland, (at )
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| England — making landfall just west of Saltburn-by-the-Sea, North Yorkshire
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | English Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of the Isle of Wight, England, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Passing just west of Cartagena, Murcia at
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mediterranean Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 1 km at the easternmost part of the co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20functor | In mathematics, a group functor is a group-valued functor on the category of commutative rings. Although it is typically viewed as a generalization of a group scheme, the notion itself involves no scheme theory. Because of this feature, some authors, notably Waterhouse and Milne (who followed Waterhouse), develop the theory of group schemes based on the notion of group functor instead of scheme theory.
A formal group is usually defined as a particular kind of a group functor.
Group functor as a generalization of a group scheme
A scheme may be thought of as a contravariant functor from the category of S-schemes to the category of sets satisfying the gluing axiom; the perspective known as the functor of points. Under this perspective, a group scheme is a contravariant functor from to the category of groups that is a Zariski sheaf (i.e., satisfying the gluing axiom for the Zariski topology).
For example, if Γ is a finite group, then consider the functor that sends Spec(R) to the set of locally constant functions on it. For example, the group scheme
can be described as the functor
If we take a ring, for example, , then
Group sheaf
It is useful to consider a group functor that respects a topology (if any) of the underlying category; namely, one that is a sheaf and a group functor that is a sheaf is called a group sheaf. The notion appears in particular in the discussion of a torsor (where a choice of topology is an important matter).
For example, a p-divisible group is an example of a fppf group sheaf (a group sheaf with respect to the fppf topology).
See also
automorphism group functor
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20separator | A geometric separator is a line (or another shape) that partitions a collection of geometric shapes into two subsets, such that proportion of shapes in each subset is bounded, and the number of shapes that do not belong to any subset (i.e. the shapes intersected by the separator itself) is small.
When a geometric separator exists, it can be used for building divide-and-conquer algorithms for solving various problems in computational geometry.
Separators that are lines
General question
In 1979, Helge Tverberg raised the following question. For two positive integers k, l, what is the smallest number n(k,l) such that, for any family of pairwise-disjoint convex objects in the plane, there exists a straight line that has at least k objects on one side and at least l on the other side?
The following results are known.
Obviously, n(1,1)=1.
Hope and Katchalski proved that n(k,1) ≤ 12(k-1) for all k ≥ 2.
Villanger proved that n(2,2) = ∞: he showed an infinite family of pairwise-disjoint segments such that no straight line has two segments in each side. Pach and Tardos showed a simpler construction using only unit segments, and another construction using only discs (or squares).
Separators for axes-parallel rectangles
Given a set of N=4k disjoint axis-parallel rectangles in the plane, there is a line, either horizontal or vertical, such that at least N/4 rectangles lie entirely to each side of it (thus at most N/2 rectangles are intersected by the separator line).
Proof
Define W as the most western vertical line with at least N/4 rectangles entirely to its west. There are two cases:
If there are at least N/4 rectangles entirely to the east of W, then W is a vertical separator.
Otherwise, by moving W slightly to the west, we get a vertical line that intersects more than N/2 rectangles. Find a point on this line that has at least N/4 rectangles above and N/4 rectangles below it, and draw a horizontal separator through it.
Optimality
The number of interse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEIL1 | Endonuclease VIII-like 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NEIL1 gene.
NEIL1 belongs to a class of DNA glycosylases homologous to the bacterial Fpg/Nei family. These glycosylases initiate the first step in base excision repair by cleaving bases damaged by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and introducing a DNA strand break via the associated lyase reaction.
Targets
NEIL1 recognizes (targets) and removes certain ROS-damaged bases and then incises the abasic site via β,δ elimination, leaving 3′ and 5′ phosphate ends. NEIL1 recognizes oxidized pyrimidines, formamidopyrimidines, thymine residues oxidized at the methyl group, and both stereoisomers of thymine glycol. The best substrates for human NEIL1 appear to be the hydantoin lesions, guanidinohydantoin, and spiroiminodihydantoin that are further oxidation products of 8-oxoG. NEIL1 is also capable of removing lesions from single-stranded DNA as well as from bubble and forked DNA structures. Because the expression of NEIL1 is cell-cycle dependent, and because it acts on forked DNA structures and interacts with PCNA and FEN-1, it has been proposed that NEIL1 functions in replication associated DNA repair.
Deficiency in cancer
NEIL1 is one of the DNA repair genes most frequently hypermethylated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). When 160 human DNA repair genes were evaluated for aberrant methylation in HNSCC tumors, 62% of tumors were hypermethylated in the NEIL1 promoter region, causing NEIL1 messenger RNA and NEIL1 protein to be repressed. When 8 DNA repair genes were evaluated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumors, 42% were hypermethylated in the NEIL1 promoter region. This was the most frequent DNA repair deficiency found among the 8 DNA repair genes tested. NEIL1 was also one of six DNA repair genes found to be hypermethylated in their promoter regions in colorectal cancer.
While other DNA repair genes, such as MGMT and MLH1, are often evaluated for epigenetic repression i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel%20R%C3%A1dl | Emanuel Rádl (December 21, 1873 – May 12, 1942) was an original Czech biologist, historian of science, philosopher and a critical supporter of Masaryk´s pre-war democratic Czechoslovakia. He earned international renown by his works on the evolution of neural system and as historian of evolution theories.
Life and thought
One of five children of a village merchant's family in Pyšely (35 km south of Prague), Rádl studied biology at Charles University in Prague, where he became assistant professor in 1904 and full professor in 1919. He worked on the neural system of insects, on phototropism and on the evolution of sight. Influenced by the German biologist and philosopher Hans Driesch, he became interested in philosophy of life and in a large work The History of Biological Theories (in German 1905–1909, in English 1930; reprint in 1988) he criticized the evolutionism of the 19th century. At the book's climax at the end of Chapter 33, Rádl dismisses Darwinism with the words
Under the influence of Masaryk he inclined more and more towards philosophical questions, became a critic of scientific positivism and after the establishment of Czechoslovakia (1918) a public critic of several contemporary tendencies he considered dangerous. He wrote books on Czech and German nationalism, on social justice, on the fundamental differences between the West and the East and very early against the misuse of racial theories and against antisemitism. Together with the Protestant theologian J. L. Hromádka he co-founded the Czech Academic YMCA and published numerous booklets on various public topics. In 1934 he presided the 8th International Congress of Philosophy in Prague, but after 1935 he was gradually excluded from public life by a serious illness. He died in 1942 in Prague during the German occupation in almost complete isolation. His posthumous book Consolation from Philosophy, in the oppressive mood of war, is a highly personal profession of faith in the lasting values of truth an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheuermann%27s%20disease | Scheuermann's disease is a self-limiting skeletal disorder of childhood. Scheuermann's disease describes a condition where the vertebrae grow unevenly with respect to the sagittal plane; that is, the posterior angle is often greater than the anterior. This uneven growth results in the signature "wedging" shape of the vertebrae, causing kyphosis. It is named after Danish surgeon Holger Scheuermann.
Signs and symptoms
Scheuermann's disease is considered to be a form of juvenile osteochondrosis of the spine. It is found mostly in teenagers and presents a significantly worse deformity than postural kyphosis. Patients suffering with Scheuermann’s kyphosis cannot consciously correct their posture. The apex of their curve, located in the thoracic vertebrae, is quite rigid.
Scheuermann's disease is notorious for causing lower and mid-level back and neck pain, which can be severe and disabling. The sufferer may feel pain at the apex of the curve, which is aggravated by physical activity and by periods of standing or sitting; this can have a significantly detrimental effect to their lives as their level of activity is curbed by their disability. The sufferer may feel isolated or uneasy amongst their peers if they are children, depending on the level of deformity.
In addition to the pain associated with Scheuermann's disease, many sufferers of the disorder have loss of vertebral height, and depending on where the apex of the curve is, may have a visual 'hunchback' or 'roundback'. It has been reported that curves in the lower thoracic region cause more pain, whereas curves in the upper region present a more visual deformity. Nevertheless, it is typically pain or cosmetic reasons that prompt sufferers to seek help for their condition. In studies, kyphosis is better characterized for the thoracic spine than for the lumbar spine.
The seventh and tenth thoracic vertebrae are most commonly affected. It causes backache and spinal curvature. In very serious cases it may cause in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard%20Mark%20III | The Harvard Mark III, also known as ADEC (for Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator) was an early computer that was partially electronic and partially electromechanical. It was built at Harvard University under the supervision of Howard Aiken for use at Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division.
Technical overview
The Mark III processed numbers of 16 decimal digits (plus sign), each digit encoded with four bits, though using a form of encoding that is different to conventional binary-coded decimal today. Numbers were read and processed serially, meaning one decimal digit at a time, but the four bits for the digit were read in parallel. The instruction length, however, was 38 bits, read in parallel.
It used 5,000 vacuum tubes and 1,500 crystal diodes. It weighed . It used magnetic drum memory of 4,350 words. Its addition time was 4,400 microseconds and the multiplication time was 13,200 microseconds (times include memory access time). Aiken boasted that the Mark III was the fastest electronic computer in the world.
The Mark III used nine magnetic drums (one of the first computers to do so). One drum could contain 4,000 instructions and has an access time of 4,400 microseconds; thus it was a stored-program computer. The arithmetic unit could access two other drums – one contained 150 words of constants and the other contained 200 words of variables. Both of these drums also had an access time of 4,400 microseconds. This separation of data and instructions is now sometimes referred to as the Harvard architecture although that term was not coined until the 1970s (in the context of microcontrollers). There were six other drums that held a total of 4,000 words of data, but the arithmetic unit couldn't access these drums directly. Data had to be transferred between these drums and the drum the arithmetic unit could access via registers implemented by electromechanical relays. This was a bottleneck in the computer and made the access time to data on these drums long |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMDF%20%28E-book%20format%29 | XMDF (ever-eXtending Mobile Document Format) is a file format for viewing electronic books. It was originally developed by Sharp Corporation for its Zaurus platform. It is primarily used in Japan. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberration%20%28astronomy%29 | In astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direction of motion. The change in angle is of the order of v/c where c is the speed of light and v the velocity of the observer. In the case of "stellar" or "annual" aberration, the apparent position of a star to an observer on Earth varies periodically over the course of a year as the Earth's velocity changes as it revolves around the Sun, by a maximum angle of approximately 20 arcseconds in right ascension or declination.
The term aberration has historically been used to refer to a number of related phenomena concerning the propagation of light in moving bodies.
Aberration is distinct from parallax, which is a change in the apparent position of a relatively nearby object, as measured by a moving observer, relative to more distant objects that define a reference frame. The amount of parallax depends on the distance of the object from the observer, whereas aberration does not. Aberration is also related to light-time correction and relativistic beaming, although it is often considered separately from these effects.
Aberration is historically significant because of its role in the development of the theories of light, electromagnetism and, ultimately, the theory of special relativity. It was first observed in the late 1600s by astronomers searching for stellar parallax in order to confirm the heliocentric model of the Solar System. However, it was not understood at the time to be a different phenomenon.
In 1727, James Bradley provided a classical explanation for it in terms of the finite speed of light relative to the motion of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun,
which he used to make one of the earliest measurements of the speed of light. However, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20mosaic%20model | The fluid mosaic model explains various characteristics regarding the structure of functional cell membranes. According to this biological model, there is a lipid bilayer (two molecules thick layer consisting primarily of amphipathic phospholipids) in which protein molecules are embedded. The phospholipid bilayer gives fluidity and elasticity to the membrane. Small amounts of carbohydrates are also found in the cell membrane. The biological model, which was devised by Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972, describes the cell membrane as a two-dimensional liquid that restricts the lateral diffusion of membrane components. Such domains are defined by the existence of regions within the membrane with special lipid and protein cocoon that promote the formation of lipid rafts or protein and glycoprotein complexes. Another way to define membrane domains is the association of the lipid membrane with the cytoskeleton filaments and the extracellular matrix through membrane proteins. The current model describes important features relevant to many cellular processes, including: cell-cell signaling, apoptosis, cell division, membrane budding, and cell fusion. The fluid mosaic model is the most acceptable model of the plasma membrane. In this definition of the cell membrane, its main function is to act as a barrier between the contents inside the cell and the extracellular environment.
Chemical makeup
Experimental evidence
The fluid property of functional biological membranes had been determined through labeling experiments, x-ray diffraction, and calorimetry. These studies showed that integral membrane proteins diffuse at rates affected by the viscosity of the lipid bilayer in which they were embedded, and demonstrated that the molecules within the cell membrane are dynamic rather than static.
Previous models of biological membranes included the Robertson Unit Membrane Model and the Davson-Danielli Tri-Layer model. These models had proteins present as sheets |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar%20calcaneocuboid%20ligament | The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short calcaneocuboid ligament; short plantar ligament) is a ligament on the bottom of the foot that connects the calcaneus to the cuboid bone. It lies deep to the long plantar ligament.
Structure
The plantar calcaneocuboid ligament lies nearer to the bones than the long plantar ligament, from which it is separated by a little areolar tissue.
It is a short but wide band of great strength, and extends from the anterior tubercle of calcaneus and the depression in front of it, on the forepart of the plantar surface of the calcaneus, to the plantar surface of the cuboid posterior to the groove for the fibularis longus tendon.
See also
Arches of the foot
Long plantar ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksym%20Radziwill | Maksym Radziwill (born 24 February 1988) is a Polish-Canadian mathematician specializing in number theory. He is currently a professor of mathematics at the California Institute of Technology.
Life
He was born in Moscow in 1988. His family moved to Poland in 1991 where he graduated from high school and in 2006 to Canada. Radziwill graduated from McGill University in Montreal in 2009, and in 2013 earned a PhD under Kannan Soundararajan at Stanford University in California. In 2013–2014, he was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey as a visiting member, and in 2014 became a Hill assistant professor at Rutgers University. In 2016, he became an assistant professor at McGill. In 2018, he became Professor of Mathematics at California Institute of Technology, and in 2022 he moved to the University of Texas at Austin.
Honors and awards
In 2016, along with Kaisa Matomäki of the University of Turku, Radziwill was awarded the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize.
In February 2017, Maksym Radziwill was awarded the prestigious Sloan Fellowship.
In 2018, he was awarded the Coxeter–James Prize by the Canadian Mathematical Society. In 2018 he was invited with Matomäki to present their work at the International Congress of Mathematicians.
With Matomäki, he is one of five winners of the 2019 New Horizons Prize for Early-Career Achievement in Mathematics, associated with the Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics.
In the same year he was awarded the Stefan Banach Prize by the Polish Mathematical Society. For 2023 he received the Cole Prize in Number Theory of the AMS. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%20model | In thermodynamics and solid-state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (Heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein photoelectron model, which treats the solid as many individual, non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators. The Debye model correctly predicts the low-temperature dependence of the heat capacity of solids, which is proportional to – the Debye T 3 law. Similarly to the Einstein photoelectron model, it recovers the Dulong–Petit law at high temperatures. Due to simplifying assumptions, its accuracy suffers at intermediate temperatures.
Derivation
The Debye model is a solid-state equivalent of Planck's law of black body radiation, where one treats electromagnetic radiation as a photon gas confined in a vacuum space. The Debye model treats atomic vibrations as phonons confined in the solid’s volume. Most of the calculation steps are identical as both are examples of a massless Bose gas with linear dispersion relation.
Consider a cube of side . From the particle in a box article, the resonating modes of the sonic disturbances inside the box (considering for now only those aligned with one axis) have wavelengths given by
where is an integer. The energy of a phonon is
where is the Planck constant and is the frequency of the phonon. Making the approximation that the frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength, we have
in which is the speed of sound inside the solid. In three dimensions we will use
in which is the magnitude of the three-dimensional momentum of the phonon.
The approximation that the frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength (giving a constant speed of sound) is good for low-energy phonons but not for high-energy phonons (see the article on phonons). This disagreement is one of the limitations of the Debye model. It produces incorrect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stifle%20joint | The stifle joint (often simply stifle) is a complex joint in the hind limbs of quadruped mammals such as the sheep, horse or dog. It is the equivalent of the human knee and is often the largest synovial joint in the animal's body. The stifle joint joins three bones: the femur, patella, and tibia. The joint consists of three smaller ones: the femoropatellar joint, medial joint, and lateral femorotibial joint.
The stifle joint consists of the femorotibial articulation (femoral and tibial condyles), femoropatellar articulation (femoral trochlea and the patella), and the proximal articulation.
The joint is stabilized by paired collateral ligaments which act to prevent abduction/adduction at the joint, as well as paired cruciate ligaments. The cranial cruciate ligament and the caudal cruciate ligament restrict cranial and caudal translation (respectively) of the tibia on the femur. The cranial cruciate also resists over-extension and inward rotation, and is the most commonly damaged stifle ligament in dogs.
"Cushioning" of the joint is provided by two C-shaped pieces of cartilage called menisci which sit between the medial and lateral condyles of the distal femur and the tibial plateau. The main biomechanical function of the menisci is probably to divide the joint into two functional units—the "femoromeniscal joint" for flexion/extension movements and the "meniscotibial joint" for rotation—a function analogous to that of the disc dividing the temporomandibular (jaw) joint. The menisci also contain nerve endings which are used to assist in proprioception.
The menisci are attached via a variety of ligaments: two ligaments for each meniscus, the from the lateral meniscus to the femur, the from the medial meniscus to the medial collateral ligament, and the transverse ligament (or ) which runs between the two menisci.
There are between one and four sesamoid bones associated with the stifle joint in different species. These sesamoids assist with the smooth movement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20the%20Korean%20Astronomical%20Society | The Journal of the Korean Astronomical Society is a bimonthly open access peer-reviewed scientific journal of astronomy published by the Korean Astronomical Society. It covers original work and review articles from all branches of astronomy and astrophysics. The journal was established in 1968 and the editor-in-chief is Sascha Trippe.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Astrophysics Data System
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences
Inspec
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
SIMBAD
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.545.
See also
List of astronomy journals
List of physics journals
Journal of the Korean Physical Society |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff%20%28music%29 | In Western musical notation, the staff (US and UK) or stave (UK) (plural: staffs or staves) is a set of five horizontal lines and four spaces that each represent a different musical pitch or in the case of a percussion staff, different percussion instruments. Appropriate music symbols, depending on the intended effect, are placed on the staff according to their corresponding pitch or function. Musical notes are placed by pitch, percussion notes are placed by instrument, and rests and other symbols are placed by convention.
The absolute pitch of each line of a non-percussive staff is indicated by the placement of a clef symbol at the appropriate vertical position on the left-hand side of the staff (possibly modified by conventions for specific instruments). For example, the treble clef, also known as the G clef, is placed on the second line (counting upward), fixing that line as the pitch first G above "middle C".
The lines and spaces are numbered from bottom to top; the bottom line is the first line and the top line is the fifth line.
The musical staff is analogous to a mathematical graph of pitch with respect to time. Pitches of notes are given by their vertical position on the staff and notes are played from left to right. Unlike a graph, however, the number of semitones represented by a vertical step from a line to an adjacent space depends on the key, and the exact timing of the beginning of each note is not directly proportional to its horizontal position; rather, exact timing is encoded by the musical symbol chosen for each note in addition to the tempo.
A time signature to the right of the clef indicates the relationship between timing counts and note symbols, while bar lines group notes on the staff into measures.
Usage and etymology
Staff is more common than stave in both American English and British English. The plural of staff is staffs or staves in both American and British English. (Stave is, in fact, a back-formation from staves.) In addition to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20symmetry%20breaking | In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking generally refers to the dynamical spontaneous breaking of a chiral symmetry associated with massless fermions. This is usually associated with a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction, and it also occurs through the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism in the electroweak interactions of the standard model. This phenomenon is analogous to magnetization and superconductivity in condensed matter physics. The basic idea was introduced to particle physics by Yoichiro Nambu, in particular, in the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model, which is a solvable theory of composite bosons that exhibits dynamical spontaneous chiral symmetry when a 4-fermion coupling constant becomes sufficiently large. Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics."
Overview
Quantum chromodynamics
Massless fermions in 4 dimensions are described by either left or right-handed spinors
that each have 2 complex components. These have spin either aligned (right-handed chirality), or counter-aligned (left-handed chirality), with their momenta. In this case the chirality is a conserved quantum number of the given fermion, and the left and right handed spinors can be independently phase transformed. More generally they can form multiplets under some symmetry group .
A Dirac mass term explicitly breaks the chiral symmetry. In quantum electrodynamics (QED) the electron mass unites left and right handed spinors forming a 4 component Dirac spinor. In the absence
of mass and quantum loops, QED would have a chiral symmetry, but the Dirac mass of the electron breaks this to a single symmetry that allows a common phase rotation of left and right together, which is the gauge symmetry of electrodynamics. (At the quantum loop level, the chiral symmetry is broken, even for massless electrons, by the chiral anomaly, but the gauge s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolk%20%28vortex%29 | A kolk (colc) is an underwater vortex created when rapidly rushing water passes an underwater obstacle in boundary areas of high shear. High-velocity gradients produce a violently rotating column of water, similar to a tornado. Kolks can pluck multiple-ton blocks of rock and transport them in suspension for thousands of metres.
Kolks leave clear evidence in the form of plucked-bedrock pits, called rock-cut basins or kolk lakes and downstream deposits of gravel-supported blocks that show percussion but no rounding.
Examples
Kolks were first identified by the Dutch, who observed kolks hoisting several-ton blocks of riprap from dikes and transporting them away, suspended above the bottom. The Larrelt kolk near Emden appeared during the 1717 Christmas flood which broke through a long section of the dyke. The newly formed body of water measured roughly 500 × 100 m and was 25 m deep. In spite of the repair to the dyke, another breach occurred in 1721, which produced more kolks between 15 and 18 m deep. In 1825 during the February flood near Emden, a kolk of 31 m depth was created. The soil was saturated from here for a further 5 km inland.
Kolks are credited with creating the pothole-like features in the highly jointed basalts in the channeled scablands of the Columbia Basin region in Eastern Washington. Depressions were scoured out within the scablands that resemble virtually circular steep-sided potholes. Examples from the Missoula floods in this area include:
The region below Dry Falls includes a number of lakes scoured out by kolks.
Sprague Lake is a kolk-formed basin created by a flow estimated to be wide and deep.
The Alberton Narrows on the Clark Fork River show evidence that kolks plucked boulders from the canyon and deposited them in a rock and gravel bar immediately downstream of the canyon.
The south wall of Hellgate Canyon in Montana shows the rough-plucked surface characteristic of kolk-eroded rock.
Both the walls of the Wallula Gap and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%E2%80%93Thurston%20map | In mathematics, a Cannon–Thurston map is any of a number of continuous group-equivariant maps between the boundaries of two hyperbolic metric spaces extending a discrete isometric actions of the group on those spaces.
The notion originated from a seminal 1980s preprint of James Cannon and William Thurston "Group-invariant Peano curves" (eventually published in 2007) about fibered hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
Cannon–Thurston maps provide many natural geometric examples of space-filling curves.
History
The Cannon–Thurston map first appeared in a mid-1980s preprint of James W. Cannon and William Thurston called "Group-invariant Peano curves". The preprint remained unpublished until 2007, but in the meantime had generated numerous follow-up works by other researchers.
In their paper Cannon and Thurston considered the following situation. Let M be a closed hyperbolic 3-manifold that fibers over the circle with fiber S. Then S itself is a closed hyperbolic surface, and its universal cover can be identified with the hyperbolic plane . Similarly, the universal cover of M can be identified with the hyperbolic 3-space . The inclusion lifts to a -invariant inclusion . This inclusion is highly distorted because the action of on
is not geometrically finite.
Nevertheless, Cannon and Thurston proved that this distorted inclusion extends to a continuous -equivariant map
,
where and . Moreover, in this case the map j is surjective, so that it provides a continuous onto function from the circle onto the 2-sphere, that is, a space-filling curve.
Cannon and Thurston also explicitly described the map , via collapsing stable and unstable laminations of the monodromy pseudo-Anosov homeomorphism of S for this fibration of M. In particular, this description implies that the map j is uniformly finite-to-one, with the pre-image of every point of having cardinality at most 2g, where g is the genus of S.
After the paper of Cannon and Thurston generated a large amount of follow-up |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Centre%20for%20Alternatives%20to%20Animal%20Methods | The Canadian Centre for Alternatives to Animal Methods (CCAAM) and its subsidiary, the Canadian Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (CaCVAM), is a research centre founded in 2017 and based at the University of Windsor, in Canada. Its goal is “to develop, validate, and promote laboratory methods and techniques that don’t use animal test subjects”. It is the first centre in Canada dedicated to non-animal testing and the promotion of human-relevant alternatives.
Mission and projects
The CCAAM's mission is based on three pillars:
scientific research relying exclusively on human-based biomaterials and human biology-based methodologies, including human cells, stem cells, tissues from cadavers, biopsies, and explanted organs from surgeries;
academic training for scientists, ethicists, regulators, and policy makers, including development of a one-year masters programme;
regulatory initiatives for changing chemical safety methods in Canada, with academic, industry, government, and public partnerships.
One of its main focuses of research is diabetes, using “human stem cells to create diabetes in a dish”.The CCAAM is opposed to animal testing based on ethical and scientific reasons. The director, biochemist Dr. Charu Chandrasekera who specializes in heart disease and diabetes, states that “Ninety-five per cent of drugs tested to be safe and effective in animal models fail in human clinical trials”.
Funding
In 2018, it received a $1 million donation from the Eric S. Margolis Family Foundation, considered “the largest research donation in University of Windsor history”, part of which will be used to create a research and training facility.
See also
Alternatives to animal testing
Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing
Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
Animal testing regulations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaltMod | SaltMod is computer program for the prediction of the salinity of soil moisture, groundwater and drainage water, the depth of the watertable, and the drain discharge (hydrology) in irrigated agricultural lands, using different (geo)hydrologic conditions, varying water management options, including the use of ground water for irrigation, and several cropping rotation schedules.
The water management options include irrigation, drainage, and the use of subsurface drainage water from pipe drains, ditches or wells for irrigation.
Soil salinity models
The majority of the computer models available for water and solute transport in the soil (e.g. Swatre, DrainMod ) are based on Richard's differential equation for the movement of water in unsaturated soil in combination with a differential salinity dispersion equation. The models require input of soil characteristics like the relation between unsaturated soil moisture content, water tension, hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity.
These relations vary to a great extent from place to place and are not easy to measure. The models use short time steps and need at least a daily data base of hydrological phenomena. Altogether this makes model application to a fairly large project the job of a team of specialists with ample facilities.
Simplified salinity model: SaltMod
Literature references (chronological) to case studies after 2000:
Older examples of application can be found in:
Salinity in the Nile Delta
Integration of irrigation and drainage management
Rationale
There is a need for a computer program that is easier to operate and that requires a simpler data structure than most currently available models. Therefore, the SaltModod program was designed keeping in mind a relative simplicity of operation to facilitate the use by field technicians, engineers and project planners instead of specialized geo-hydrologists.
It aims at using input data that are generally available, or that can be estimated with reasonable accura |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour%20sanding | Sour sanding, or sour sugar, is a food ingredient that is used to impart a sour flavor, made from citric or tartaric acid and sugar. It is used to coat sour candies such as lemon drops and Sour Patch Kids, or to make hard candies taste tart, such as SweeTarts.
See also
Acidulant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal%20biopsy | Renal biopsy (also kidney biopsy) is a medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is removed from the body for examination, usually under a microscope. Microscopic examination of the tissue can provide information needed to diagnose, monitor or treat problems of the kidney.
A renal biopsy can be targeted to a particular lesion, for example a tumour arising from the kidney (targeted renal biopsy). More commonly, however, the biopsy is non-targeted as medical conditions affecting the kidney typically involve all kidney tissue indiscriminately. In the latter situation, any sufficiently sized piece of kidney tissue can be used.
A native renal biopsy is one in which the patient's own kidneys are biopsied. In a transplant renal biopsy, the kidney of another person that has been transplanted into the patient is biopsied. Transplant kidney biopsy can be performed when nothing is apparently wrong with the transplant kidney for the purposes of surveillance for hidden disease (protocol transplant biopsy). This is typically done at 0, 3 and 12 months post-transplant according to a transplant unit protocol. Biopsy of the transplanted kidney taken during the transplant operation is termed implantation transplant biopsy or post-perfusion transplant biopsy depending on the timing of the biopsy with respect to key stages of the operation. When the transplanted kidney is not working properly, biopsy may be undertaken to identify the cause of dysfunction. This is referred to as an indication transplant biopsy, because something has prompted the performance of the biopsy.
Renal biopsy may be performed with the aid of "real-time" medical imaging to guide the positioning of biopsy equipment (imaging-guided renal biopsy). Alternatively, a biopsy may be performed without imaging-guidance using indirect assessments of position such as "needle-swing" to confirm appropriate placement of biopsy equipment (blind renal biopsy).
History
Before 1951, the only way of obtaining kidney ti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20search | In the design and analysis of algorithms for combinatorial optimization, parametric search is a technique invented by for transforming a decision algorithm (does this optimization problem have a solution with quality better than some given threshold?) into an optimization algorithm (find the best solution). It is frequently used for solving optimization problems in computational geometry.
Technique
The basic idea of parametric search is to simulate a test algorithm that takes as input a numerical parameter , as if it were being run with the (unknown) optimal solution value as its input. This test algorithm is assumed to behave discontinuously when , and to operate on its parameter only by simple comparisons of with other computed values, or by testing the sign of low-degree polynomial functions of . To simulate the algorithm, each of these comparisons or tests needs to be simulated, even though the of the simulated algorithm is unknown.
To simulate each comparison, the parametric search applies a second algorithm, a decision algorithm, that takes as input another numerical parameter , and that determines whether is above, below, or equal to the optimal solution value .
Since the decision algorithm itself necessarily behaves discontinuously at , the same algorithm can also be used as the test algorithm. However, many applications use other test algorithms (often, comparison sorting algorithms). Advanced versions of the parametric search technique use a parallel algorithm as the test algorithm, and group the comparisons that must be simulated into batches, in order to significantly reduce the number of instantiations of the decision algorithm.
Sequential test algorithm
In the most basic form of the parametric search technique, both the test algorithm and the decision algorithms are sequential (non-parallel) algorithms, possibly the same algorithm as each other. The technique simulates the test algorithm step by step, as it would run when given the (unknown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploinsufficiency | Haploinsufficiency in genetics describes a model of dominant gene action in diploid organisms, in which a single copy of the wild-type allele at a locus in heterozygous combination with a variant allele is insufficient to produce the wild-type phenotype. Haploinsufficiency may arise from a de novo or inherited loss-of-function mutation in the variant allele, such that it yields little or no gene product (often a protein). Although the other, standard allele still produces the standard amount of product, the total product is insufficient to produce the standard phenotype. This heterozygous genotype may result in a non- or sub-standard, deleterious, and (or) disease phenotype. Haploinsufficiency is the standard explanation for dominant deleterious alleles.
In the alternative case of haplosufficiency, the loss-of-function allele behaves as above, but the single standard allele in the heterozygous genotype produces sufficient gene product to produce the same, standard phenotype as seen in the homozygote. Haplosufficiency accounts for the typical dominance of the "standard" allele over variant alleles, where the phenotypic identity of genotypes heterozygous and homozygous for the allele defines it as dominant, versus a variant phenotype produced only by the genotype homozygous for the alternative allele, which defines it as recessive.
Mechanism
The alteration in the gene dosage, which is caused by the loss of a functional allele, is also called allelic insufficiency.
Haploinsufficiency in humans
About 3,000 human genes cannot tolerate loss of one of the two alleles.
An example of this is seen in the case of Williams syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by the haploinsufficiency of genes at 7q11.23. The haploinsufficiency is caused by the copy-number variation (CNV) of 28 genes led by the deletion of ~1.6 Mb. These dosage-sensitive genes are vital for human language and constructive cognition.
Another example is the haploinsufficiency of telomerase rever |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber%20Abaci | (also spelled as Liber Abbaci; "The Book of Calculation") is a historic 1202 Latin manuscript on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci.
Premise
was among the first Western books to describe the Hindu–Arabic numeral system and to use symbols resembling modern "Arabic numerals". By addressing the applications of both commercial tradesmen and mathematicians, it promoted the superiority of the system, and the use of these glyphs.
Although the book's title is sometimes translated as "The Book of the Abacus", notes that it is an error to read this as referring to calculating devices called "abacus". Rather, the word "abacus" was used at the time to refer to calculation in any form; the spelling "abbacus" with two "b"s (which is how Leonardo spelled it in the original Latin manuscript) was, and still is in Italy, used to refer to calculation using Hindu-Arabic numerals, which can avoid confusion. The book describes methods of doing calculations without aid of an abacus, and as confirms, for centuries after its publication the algorismists (followers of the style of calculation demonstrated in ) remained in conflict with the abacists (traditionalists who continued to use the abacus in conjunction with Roman numerals). The historian of mathematics Carl Boyer emphasizes in his History of Mathematics that although "Liber abaci...is not on the abacus" per se, nevertheless "...it is a very thorough treatise on algebraic methods and problems in which the use of the Hindu-Arabic numerals is strongly advocated."
Summary of sections
The first section introduces the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, including methods for converting between different representation systems. This section also includes the first known description of trial division for testing whether a number is composite and, if so, factoring it.
The second section presents examples from commerce, such as conversions of currency and measurements, and calculations of profit and interest.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetogravity%20wave | A magnetogravity wave is a type of plasma wave. A magnetogravity wave is an acoustic gravity wave which is associated with fluctuations in the background magnetic field. In this context, gravity wave refers to a classical fluid wave, and is completely unrelated to the relativistic gravitational wave.
Examples
Magnetogravity waves are found in the corona of the Sun.
See also
Wave
Plasma
Magnetosonic wave
Helioseismology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEORGE%20%28operating%20system%29 | GEORGE was the name given to a series of operating systems released by International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) in the 1960s, for the ICT 1900 series of computers. These included GEORGE 1, GEORGE 2, GEORGE 3, and GEORGE 4.
Initially the 1900 series machines, like the Ferranti-Packard 6000 on which they were based, ran a simple operating system known as Executive which allowed the system operator to load and run programs from a Teletype Model 33 ASR based system console.
In December 1964 ICT set up an Operating Systems Branch to develop a new operating system for the 1906/7. The branch was initially staffed with people being released by the end of work on the OMP operating system for the Ferranti Orion. The initial design of the new system, named George after George E. Felton head of the Basic Programming Division, was based on ideas from the Orion and the spooling system of the Atlas computer.
(In public it was claimed that George stood for GEneral ORGanisational Environment, but contemporary sources say that was a backronym).
In July 1965 a team from ICT was present at a seminar at NPL describing the CTSS operating system developed for MIT's Project MAC. They decided that the ICT would need to provide multi-access facilities, known to ICT as MOP, "Multiple Online Processing". In November 1965 H. P. Goodman, head of the Operating Systems Branch attended the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas where plans for Multics were initially described. Some of the Multics features discussed influenced future development of George, notably the tree structured filestore.
Towards the end of 1965 ICT marketing requested that a simpler operating system be made available quickly, especially for the smaller members of the range. It was decided that two smaller systems, known as George 1 and George 2 be released rapidly, and the larger operating system was renamed George 3.
GEORGE 1 & 2
George 1 was a simple batch processing system, Job descriptions were rea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs | Sound-in-Syncs is a method of multiplexing sound and video signals into a channel designed to carry video, in which data representing the sound is inserted into the line synchronising pulse of an analogue television waveform. This is used on point-to-point links within broadcasting networks, including studio/transmitter links (STL). It is not used for broadcasts to the public.
History
The technique was first developed by the BBC in the late 1960s. In 1966, The corporation's Research Department made a feasibility study of the use of pulse-code modulation (PCM) for transmitting television sound during the synchronising period of the video signal. This had several advantages: it removed the necessity for a separate sound link, reduced the possibility of operational errors and offered improved sound quality and reliability.
Awards
Sound-in-Syncs and its R&D engineers have won several awards, including:
The Royal Television Society's Geoffrey Parr Award in 1972
A Queen's Award for Enterprise in 1974
In 1999, a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award
Versions
Original mono S-i-S
In the original system, as applied to 625 line analogue TV, the audio signal was sampled twice during each television line and each sample converted to 10-bit PCM. Two such samples were inserted into the next line synchronising pulse. At the destination, the audio samples were converted back to analogue form and the video waveform restored to normal. Compandors operating on the signal before encoding and after decoding enabled the required signal-to-noise ratio to be achieved. As the PCM noise was predominantly high-pitched, the compandor only needed to operate on the high frequencies. Also, the compandor only operated at high audio levels, so that modulation of the noise by the companding would be masked by the relatively loud high-frequency audio components. A pilot tone at half the sampling frequency was transmitted to enable the expander to track the gain adjustment applied by the compress |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular%20fluid | In cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 50–60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells.
Extracellular fluid is the internal environment of all multicellular animals, and in those animals with a blood circulatory system, a proportion of this fluid is blood plasma. Plasma and interstitial fluid are the two components that make up at least 97% of the ECF. Lymph makes up a small percentage of the interstitial fluid. The remaining small portion of the ECF includes the transcellular fluid (about 2.5%). The ECF can also be seen as having two components – plasma and lymph as a delivery system, and interstitial fluid for water and solute exchange with the cells.
The extracellular fluid, in particular the interstitial fluid, constitutes the body's internal environment that bathes all of the cells in the body. The ECF composition is therefore crucial for their normal functions, and is maintained by a number of homeostatic mechanisms involving negative feedback. Homeostasis regulates, among others, the pH, sodium, potassium, and calcium concentrations in the ECF. The volume of body fluid, blood glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are also tightly homeostatically maintained.
The volume of extracellular fluid in a young adult male of 70 kg (154 lbs) is 20% of body weight – about fourteen liters. Eleven liters are interstitial fluid and the remaining three liters are plasma.
Components
The main component of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the interstitial fluid, or tissue fluid, which surrounds the cells in the body. The other major component of the ECF is the intravascula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coates%20graph | In mathematics, the Coates graph or Coates flow graph, named after C.L. Coates, is a graph associated with the Coates' method for the solution of a system of linear equations.
The Coates graph Gc(A) associated with an n × n matrix A is an n-node, weighted, labeled, directed graph. The nodes, labeled 1 through n, are each associated with the corresponding row/column of A. If entry aji ≠ 0 then there is a directed edge from node i to node j with weight aji. In other words, the Coates graph for matrix A is the one whose adjacency matrix is the transpose of A.
See also
Flow graph (mathematics)
Mason graph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BetterHelp | BetterHelp is a mental health platform that provides online mental health services directly to clients. The online counseling and therapy services are provided through web-based interaction as well as phone and text communication. BetterHelp was founded in 2013 by Alon Matas and Danny Bragonier, and acquired by Teladoc, Inc. in 2015. BetterHelp maintained its brand name post acquisition and continues to provide online counseling services to consumers.
History
BetterHelp was founded by Alon Matas in 2013, after he faced personal challenges finding professional counseling services that accommodated his schedule. With the mission of helping all those facing similar challenges in gaining access to professional counseling, Matas partnered with co-founder Danny Bragonier to develop BetterHelp's web-based counseling portal and therapist directory. Revenue had reached a projected $60 million by 2018.
Services
The "room" is open 24/7 and can be accessed from any Internet-connected device from any physical location.
Acquisition
In 2015, BetterHelp was acquired by Teladoc, Inc., a telehealth company that uses telephone and videoconferencing technology to provide on-demand remote therapy. Teladoc acquired BetterHelp for $3.5 million in cash and a $1.0 million promissory note, with an agreement to make annual payments to the sellers equal to 15% of the total net revenue generated by the BetterHelp business for each of the next three years.
Controversies
In October 2018, BetterHelp gained attention from media personalities after concerns were raised about alleged use of unfair pricing, bad experiences with the app, paid reviews from actors, and terms of service that allegedly did not correspond with ads promoted by professional YouTubers. CEO Alon Matas issued a statement responding to the allegations. YouTube content creators such as PewDiePie and Boogie2988 have spoken out on this issue.
BetterHelp has received backlash for supposedly sharing its customers' personal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAA1 | 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal also known as acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACAA1 gene.
Acetyl-Coenzyme A acyltransferase 1 is an acetyl-CoA C-acyltransferase enzyme.
Function
This gene encodes an enzyme operative in the beta oxidation system of the peroxisomes.
Clinical significance
Deficiency of this enzyme leads to pseudo-Zellweger syndrome. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetScaler | NetScaler is a line of networking products owned by Cloud Software Group. The products consist of NetScaler, an application delivery controller (ADC), NetScaler AppFirewall, an application firewall, NetScaler Unified Gateway, NetScaler Application Delivery Management (ADM), and NetScaler SD-WAN, which provides software-defined wide-area networking management. NetScaler was initially developed in 1997 by Michel K Susai and acquired by Citrix Systems in 2005. Citrix consolidated all of its networking products under the NetScaler brand in 2016. On September 30, 2022, when Citrix was taken private as part of the merger with TIBCO Software, NetScaler was formed as a business unit under the Cloud Software Group.
Overview
The NetScaler line of products are the networking business unit for Cloud Software Group It includes NetScaler ADCs, NetScaler Unified Gateway, NetScaler AppFirewall, NetScaler Intelligent Traffic Management, and NetScaler Application Delivery Manager. The products can work in conjunction with other Cloud Software Group offerings, including its Citrix and Xen line of products.
NetScaler is integrated with OpenStack as part of Cloud Software Group's sponsorship of the OpenStack Foundation.
NetScaler offers a cloud native solution leveraging the advanced traffic management, observability, and comprehensive security of the NetScaler Platform as part of Cloud Software Group's contribution to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF).
Products
NetScaler is Cloud Software Group’s core networking product. It is an application delivery controller (ADC), a tool that improves the delivery speed and quality of applications to an end user. The product is aimed at business customers and it performs tasks such as traffic optimization, L4-L7 load balancing, and web app acceleration while maintaining data security.
NetScaler monitors server health and allocates network and application traffic to additional servers for efficient use of resources. It also performs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulium%20phosphide | Thulium phosphide is an inorganic compound of thulium and phosphorus with the chemical formula TmP.
Synthesis
Reaction of thulium metal with phosphorus:
4 Tm + P4 → 4 TmP
Physical properties
The dense phosphide film will prevent further reactions inside the metal. After etching gallium arsenide, an epitaxial layer of thulium phosphide can be grown on the surface to obtain a TmP/GaAs heterostructure.
The compound forms crystals of a cubic system, space group Fm3m. TmP crystallizes in a NaCl-type structure at ambient pressure.
Uses
The compound is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser and other photo diodes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Polkinghorne%20Pascoe | Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe (1 September 1813 – 20 June 1893) was an English entomologist mainly interested in beetles.
Biography
He was born in Penzance, Cornwall and trained at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Appointed surgeon in the Navy he served on Australian, West Indian and Mediterranean stations. He married a Miss Mary Glasson of Cornwall and settled at Trewhiddle near St Austell where his wife's property produced china clay. Widowed in 1851 he settled in London devoting himself to natural history and entomology in particular. The results of collecting trips to Europe, North Africa and the Lower Amazons were poor and Pascoe worked mainly on insects collected by others. His entomological papers listed and described species collected by Alfred Russel Wallace (in Longicornia Malayana), Robert Templeton and other assiduous collectors but not prolific writers on systematic entomology. He became a Fellow of the Entomological Society in 1854, was president from 1864–1865, a Member of the Société Entomologique de France and belonged to the Belgian and Stettin Societies. He was also a Fellow of the Linnean Society (elected 1852) and was on the Council of the Ray Society. His 2,500 types are in the Natural History Museum, London.
Evolution
Pascoe accepted the fact of evolution but was an opponent to natural selection. Pascoe's 1890 book The Darwinian Theory of the Origin of Species was an attack on natural selection. It received a lengthy review in the Nature journal by Raphael Meldola who disagreed with Pascoe's criticisms but noted the work should be taken seriously as Pascoe was a respected systematic entomologist.
Works
1858 On new genera and species of longicorn Coleoptera. Part III Trans. Entomol. Soc. London, (2)4:236–266.
1859 On some new genera and species of longicorn Coleoptera. Part IV.Trans.Entomol. Soc. London, (2)5:12–61.
1860 Notices of new or little-known genera and species of Coleoptera. J.Entomol., 1(1):36–64.
1860 Notices of new or little- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation | Condensation is the change of the state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase, and is the reverse of vaporization. The word most often refers to the water cycle. It can also be defined as the change in the state of water vapor to liquid water when in contact with a liquid or solid surface or cloud condensation nuclei within the atmosphere. When the transition happens from the gaseous phase into the solid phase directly, the change is called deposition.
Initiation
Condensation is initiated by the formation of atomic/molecular clusters of that species within its gaseous volume—like rain drop or snow flake formation within clouds—or at the contact between such gaseous phase and a liquid or solid surface. In clouds, this can be catalyzed by water-nucleating proteins, produced by atmospheric microbes, which are capable of binding gaseous or liquid water molecules.
Reversibility scenarios
A few distinct reversibility scenarios emerge here with respect to the nature of the surface.
absorption into the surface of a liquid (either of the same substance or one of its solvents)—is reversible as evaporation.
adsorption (as dew droplets) onto solid surface at pressures and temperatures higher than the species' triple point—also reversible as evaporation.
adsorption onto solid surface (as supplemental layers of solid) at pressures and temperatures lower than the species' triple point—is reversible as sublimation.
Most common scenarios
Condensation commonly occurs when a vapor is cooled and/or compressed to its saturation limit when the molecular density in the gas phase reaches its maximal threshold. Vapor cooling and compressing equipment that collects condensed liquids is called a "condenser".
Measurement
Psychrometry measures the rates of condensation through evaporation into the air moisture at various atmospheric pressures and temperatures. Water is the product of its vapor condensation—condensation is the process of such phase conversion.
Applicatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovalent%20hybridization | In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bond formation when the molecular geometry deviates from ideal bond angles.
Only bonding with 4 equivalent substituents results in exactly hybridization. For molecules with different substituents, we can use isovalent hybridization to rationalize the differences in bond angles between different atoms. In the molecule methyl fluoride for example, the HCF bond angle (108.73°) is less than the HCH bond angle (110.2°). This difference can be attributed to more character in the C−F bonding and more character in the C−H bonding orbitals. The hybridisation of bond orbitals is determined by Bent's rule: "Atomic s character concentrates in orbitals directed toward electropositive substituents".
The bond length between similar atoms also shortens with increasing s character. For example, the C−H bond length is 110.2 pm in ethane, 108.5 pm in ethylene and 106.1 pm in acetylene, with carbon hybridizations sp3 (25% s), sp2 (33% s) and sp (50% s) respectively.
To determine the degree of hybridization of each bond one can utilize a hybridization parameter (). For hybrids of s and p orbitals, this is the coefficient multiplying the p orbital when the hybrid orbital is written in the form . The square of the hybridization parameter equals the hybridization index () of an orbital. .
The fractional s character of orbital i is , and the s character of all the hybrid orbitals must sum to one, so that
The fractional character of orbital i is , and the p character of all the hybrid orbitals sums to the number of p orbitals involved in the formation of hybrids:
These hybridization parameters can then be related to physical properties like bond angles. Using the two bonding atomic orbitals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebrun%20manifold | In mathematics, a LeBrun manifold is a connected sum of copies of the complex projective plane, equipped with an explicit self-dual metric. Here, self-dual means that the Weyl tensor is its own Hodge star. The metric
is determined by the choice of a finite collection of points in hyperbolic 3-space. These metrics were discovered by , and named after LeBrun by . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial%20site | In crystallography, interstitial sites, holes or voids are the empty space that exists between the packing of atoms (spheres) in the crystal structure.
The holes are easy to see if you try to pack circles together; no matter how close you get them or how you arrange them, you will have empty space in between. The same is true in a unit cell; no matter how the atoms are arranged, there will be interstitial sites present between the atoms. These sites or holes can be filled with other atoms (interstitial defect). The picture with packed circles is only a 2D representation. In a crystal lattice, the atoms (spheres) would be packed in a 3D arrangement. This results in different shaped interstitial sites depending on the arrangement of the atoms in the lattice.
Close packed
A close packed unit cell, both face-centered cubic and hexagonal close packed, can form two different shaped holes. Looking at the three green spheres in the hexagonal packing illustration at the top of the page, they form a triangle-shaped hole. If an atom is arranged on top of this triangular hole it forms a tetrahedral interstitial hole. If the three atoms in the layer above are rotated and their triangular hole sits on top of this one, it forms an octahedral interstitial hole. In a close-packed structure there are 4 atoms per unit cell and it will have 4 octahedral voids (1:1 ratio) and 8 tetrahedral voids (1:2 ratio) per unit cell. The tetrahedral void is smaller in size and could fit an atom with a radius 0.225 times the size of the atoms making up the lattice. An octahedral void could fit an atom with a radius 0.441 times the size of the atoms making up the lattice. An atom that fills this empty space could be larger than this ideal radius ratio, which would lead to a distorted lattice due to pushing out the surrounding atoms, but it cannot be smaller than this ratio.
Face-centered cubic (FCC)
If half of the tetrahedral sites of the parent FCC lattice are filled by ions of opposit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos%20K%C3%B6rner | János Körner is a Hungarian mathematician who works on information theory and combinatorics.
Körner studied Mathematics at the Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest with a degree in 1970 and was then at the Alfréd Rényi Institute of Mathematics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences until 1992. From 1981 to 1983 he was at the Bell Laboratories and in 1987–88 at Télécom Paris (ENST) in Paris. He has been a professor at the Sapienza University of Rome since 1993.
Over his career, he frequently collaborated with fellow information theorists such as Rudolf Ahlswede, Katalin Marton, and Imre Csiszár. Together with Rudolf Ahlswede and Peter Gács he proved the blowing-up lemma. Besides information theory, he also works on extremal graph theory.
In 2014 he received the Claude E. Shannon Award. He served as Associated editor of the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory on multiple occasions. He is a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Books
With Imre Csiszár: Information Theory: Coding Theorems for Discrete Memoryless Systems, Academic Press 1981, 2nd edition Cambridge University Press 2011. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20Journal%20of%20Ecology | The African Journal of Ecology (formerly East African Wildlife Journal) is a quarterly scientific journal focused on the ecology and conservation of the animals and plants of Africa. It is published by Blackwell Publishing in association with the East African Wildlife Society.
Abstracting and Indexing
This journal is indexed at:
AgBiotechNet (CABI)
Animal Breeding Abstracts (CABI)
BIOBASE: Current Awareness in Biological Sciences (Elsevier)
Current Contents: Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences (Clarivate Analytics)
GEOBASE (Elsevier)
Helminthological Abstracts (CABI)
Horticultural Science Abstracts (CABI)
Irrigation & Drainage Abstracts (CABI)
Maize Abstracts (CABI)
Zoological Record (Clarivate Analytics)
The complete list of index can be found at their official websites. |
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