source
stringlengths 31
227
| text
stringlengths 9
2k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary%20target%20indication
|
Stationary target indication (STI) is a mode of operation for radar that enables the operator to discriminate between a target and clutter.
Contrast with MTI
In contrast to another mode, moving target indication (MTI), it cannot take an advantage of the fact that the target moves with respect to clutter. Therefore, the radar must exploit some intrinsic characteristics of the target which are different from those of clutter. The simplest method is available when the apparent size of the target is relatively small with respect to clutter source. In this case the reduced pulse and beam width, which matches the expected target size, may produce good signal-to-noise ratio (target to clutter ratio). Additional discrimination capabilities rely on target imaging or scattering properties of the target.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GiFT
|
giFT Internet File Transfer (giFT) is a computer software daemon that allows several file sharing protocols to be used with a simple client having a graphical user interface (GUI). The client dynamically loads plugins implementing the protocols, as they are required.
General
Clients implementing frontends for the giFT daemon communicate with its process using a lightweight network protocol. This allows the networking protocol code to be completely abstracted from the user interface. The giFT daemon is written using relatively cross-platform C code, which means that it can be compiled for and executed on a big variety of operating systems. There are several giFT GUI front-ends for Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, and Unix-like operating systems.
The name giFT (giFT Internet File Transfer) is a so-called recursive acronym, which means that it refers to itself in the expression for which it stands.
One of the biggest drawbacks of the giFT engine is that it currently lacks Unicode support, which prevents sharing files with Unicode characters in their file names (such as "ø","ä", "å", "é" etc.). Also, giFT lacks many features needed to use the gnutella network effectively.
Available plugins
Available protocols are:
Stable
OpenFT, giFT's own file sharing protocol
gnutella (used by FrostWire, Shareaza)
Turtle F2F
Beta version
FastTrack (used by Kazaa). The giFT plugin is giFT-FastTrack.
Alpha version
OpenNap
eDonkey network
Soulseek
OpenFT protocol
giFT's sibling project is OpenFT, a peer-to-peer file-sharing network protocol that has a structure in which nodes are divided into 'search' nodes and 'index' supernodes in addition to common nodes. Since both projects are related very closely, when one says 'OpenFT', one can mean either one of two different things: the OpenFT protocol, or the implementation in the form of a plugin for giFT.
Although the name OpenFT stands for "Open FastTrack", the OpenFT protocol is an entirely new protocol design: only a few id
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20tasting
|
Wine tasting is the sensory examination and evaluation of wine. While the practice of wine tasting is as ancient as its production, a more formalized methodology has slowly become established from the 14th century onward. Modern, professional wine tasters (such as sommeliers or buyers for retailers) use a constantly evolving specialized terminology which is used to describe the range of perceived flavors, aromas and general characteristics of a wine. More informal, recreational tasting may use similar terminology, usually involving a much less analytical process for a more general, personal appreciation.
Results that have surfaced through scientific blind wine tasting suggest the unreliability of wine tasting in both experts and consumers, such as inconsistency in identifying wines based on region and price.
History
The Sumerian stories of Gilgamesh in the 3rd millennium BCE differentiate the popular beers of Mesopotamia, as well as wines from Zagros Mountains or Lebanon. In the fourth century BCE, Plato listed the main flavors of wine, and classified the aromas as "species", or families.
Aristotle proposed a sensory tasting defined by the four elements (air, water, fire, and earth) further deepened by the Roman philosopher Lucretius in the first century BCE.
Although the practice of tasting is as old as the history of wine, the term "tasting" first appeared in 1519. The methodology of wine tasting was formalized by the 18th century when Linnaeus, Poncelet, and others brought an understanding of tasting up to date.
In 2004, Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their contribution to the knowledge of the senses of taste and smell.
Tasting stages
The results of the four recognized stages to wine tasting:
appearance
"in glass" the aroma of the wine
"in mouth" sensations
"finish" (aftertaste)
– are combined in order to establish the following properties of a wine:
complexity and character
potential (suitability for aging or dri
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPS25
|
Vacuolar protein-sorting-associated protein 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VPS25 gene.
It is a component of the endosome-associated complex ESCRT-II (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport protein II). ESCRT (ESCRT-I, -II, -III) complexes orchestrate efficient sorting of ubiquitinated transmembrane receptors to lysosomes via multivesicular bodies (MVBs). ESCRT-II recruits the transport machinery for protein sorting at MVB. In addition, the human ESCRT-II has been shown to form a complex with RNA polymerase II elongation factor ELL in order to exert transcriptional control activity. ESCRT-II transiently associates with the endosomal membrane and thereby initiates the formation of ESCRT-III, a membrane-associated protein complex that functions immediately downstream of ESCRT-II during sorting of MVB cargo. ESCRT-II in turn functions downstream of ESCRT-I, a protein complex that binds to ubiquitinated endosomal cargo.
ESCRT-II is a trilobal complex composed of two copies of vps25, one copy of vps22 and the C-terminal region of vps36. The crystal structure of vps25 revealed two winged-helix domains, the N-terminal domain of vps25 interacting with vps22 and vps36.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP%20matrix
|
In mathematics, an EP matrix (or range-Hermitian matrix or RPN matrix) is a square matrix A whose range is equal to the range of its conjugate transpose A*. Another equivalent characterization of EP matrices is that the range of A is orthogonal to the nullspace of A. Thus, EP matrices are also known as RPN (Range Perpendicular to Nullspace) matrices.
EP matrices were introduced in 1950 by Hans Schwerdtfeger, and since then, many equivalent characterizations of EP matrices have been investigated through the literature. The meaning of the EP abbreviation stands originally for Equal Principal, but it is widely believed that it stands for Equal Projectors instead, since an equivalent characterization of EP matrices is based in terms of equality of the projectors AA+ and A+A.
The range of any matrix A is perpendicular to the null-space of A*, but is not necessarily perpendicular to the null-space of A. When A is an EP matrix, the range of A is precisely perpendicular to the null-space of A.
Properties
An equivalent characterization of an EP matrix A is that A commutes with its Moore-Penrose inverse, that is, the projectors AA+ and A+A are equal. This is similar to the characterization of normal matrices where A commutes with its conjugate transpose. As a corollary, nonsingular matrices are always EP matrices.
The sum of EP matrices Ai is an EP matrix if the null-space of the sum is contained in the null-space of each matrix Ai.
To be an EP matrix is a necessary condition for normality: A is normal if and only if A is EP matrix and AA*A2 = A2A*A.
When A is an EP matrix, the Moore-Penrose inverse of A is equal to the group inverse of A.
A is an EP matrix if and only if the Moore-Penrose inverse of A is an EP matrix.
Decomposition
The spectral theorem states that a matrix is normal if and only if it is unitarily similar to a diagonal matrix.
Weakening the normality condition to EPness, a similar statement is still valid. Precisely, a matrix A of rank r is a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibronic%20spectroscopy
|
Vibronic spectroscopy is a branch of molecular spectroscopy concerned with vibronic transitions: the simultaneous changes in electronic and vibrational energy levels of a molecule due to the absorption or emission of a photon of the appropriate energy. In the gas phase, vibronic transitions are accompanied by changes in rotational energy also.
Vibronic spectra of diatomic molecules have been analysed in detail; emission spectra are more complicated than absorption spectra. The intensity of allowed vibronic transitions is governed by the Franck–Condon principle. Vibronic spectroscopy may provide information, such as bond length, on electronic excited states of stable molecules. It has also been applied to the study of unstable molecules such as dicarbon, C2, in discharges, flames and astronomical objects.
Principles
Electronic transitions are typically observed in the visible and ultraviolet regions, in the wavelength range approximately 200–700 nm (50,000–14,000 cm−1), whereas fundamental vibrations are observed below about 4000 cm−1. When the electronic and vibrational energy changes are so different, vibronic coupling (mixing of electronic and vibrational wave functions) can be neglected and the energy of a vibronic level can be taken as the sum of the electronic and vibrational (and rotational) energies; that is, the Born–Oppenheimer approximation applies. The overall molecular energy depends not only on the electronic state but also on vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, denoted v and J respectively for diatomic molecules. It is conventional to add a double prime for levels of the electronic ground state and a single prime for electronically excited states.
Each electronic transition may show vibrational coarse structure, and for molecules in the gas phase, rotational fine structure. This is true even when the molecule has a zero dipole moment and therefore has no vibration-rotation infrared spectrum or pure rotational microwave spectrum.
It is
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conoid
|
In geometry a conoid () is a ruled surface, whose rulings (lines) fulfill the additional conditions:
(1) All rulings are parallel to a plane, the directrix plane.
(2) All rulings intersect a fixed line, the axis.
The conoid is a right conoid if its axis is perpendicular to its directrix plane. Hence all rulings are perpendicular to the axis.
Because of (1) any conoid is a Catalan surface and can be represented parametrically by
Any curve with fixed parameter is a ruling, describes the directrix and the vectors are all parallel to the directrix plane. The planarity of the vectors can be represented by
.
If the directrix is a circle, the conoid is called a circular conoid.
The term conoid was already used by Archimedes in his treatise On Conoids and Spheroides.
Examples
Right circular conoid
The parametric representation
describes a right circular conoid with the unit circle of the x-y-plane as directrix and a directrix plane, which is parallel to the y--z-plane. Its axis is the line
Special features:
The intersection with a horizontal plane is an ellipse.
is an implicit representation. Hence the right circular conoid is a surface of degree 4.
Kepler's rule gives for a right circular conoid with radius and height the exact volume: .
The implicit representation is fulfilled by the points of the line , too. For these points there exist no tangent planes. Such points are called singular.
Parabolic conoid
The parametric representation
describes a parabolic conoid with the equation . The conoid has a parabola as directrix, the y-axis as axis and a plane parallel to the x-z-plane as directrix plane. It is used by architects as roof surface (s. below).
The parabolic conoid has no singular points.
Further examples
hyperbolic paraboloid
Plücker conoid
Whitney Umbrella
helicoid
Applications
Mathematics
There are a lot of conoids with singular points, which are investigated in algebraic geometry.
Architecture
Like other ruled surface
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytropic%20process
|
A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation:
where p is the pressure, V is volume, n is the polytropic index, and C is a constant. The polytropic process equation describes expansion and compression processes which include heat transfer.
Particular cases
Some specific values of n correspond to particular cases:
for an isobaric process,
for an isochoric process.
In addition, when the ideal gas law applies:
for an isothermal process,
for an isentropic process.
Where is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure () to heat capacity at constant volume ().
Equivalence between the polytropic coefficient and the ratio of energy transfers
For an ideal gas in a closed system undergoing a slow process with negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy the process is polytropic, such that
where C is a constant, , , and with the polytropic coefficient .
Relationship to ideal processes
For certain values of the polytropic index, the process will be synonymous with other common processes. Some examples of the effects of varying index values are given in the following table.
When the index n is between any two of the former values (0, 1, γ, or ∞), it means that the polytropic curve will cut through (be bounded by) the curves of the two bounding indices.
For an ideal gas, 1 < γ < 5/3, since by Mayer's relation
Other
A solution to the Lane–Emden equation using a polytropic fluid is known as a polytrope.
See also
Adiabatic process
Compressor
Internal combustion engine
Isentropic process
Isobaric process
Isochoric process
Isothermal process
Polytrope
Quasistatic equilibrium
Thermodynamics
Vapor-compression refrigeration
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbid%20map
|
In genetics, a morbid map is a chart or diagram of diseases and the chromosomal location of genes the diseases are associated with. A morbid map exists as an appendix of the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) knowledgebase, listing chromosomes and the genes mapped to specific sites on those chromosomes, and this format most clearly reveals the relationship between gene and phenotype.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercompensation
|
In sports science theory, supercompensation refers to the post training period during which the trained function/parameter has a higher performance capacity than it did prior to the training period.
Description
Adaptation of load is called supercompensation.
The fitness level of a human body in training can be broken down into four periods: initial fitness, training, recovery, and supercompensation. During the initial fitness period, the target of the training has a base level of fitness (shown by the first time sector in the graph). Upon entering the training period, the target's level of fitness decreases (shown by the second time sector in the graph). After fitness training, the human body enters the recovery period during which level of fitness increases up to the initial fitness level (shown by the third time sector in the graph). Because the human body is an adaptable organism, it will feel the need to adapt itself to a higher level of fitness in anticipation of the next training session. Accordingly, the increase in fitness following a training session does not stop at the initial fitness level. Instead the body enters a period of supercompensation during which fitness surpasses the initial fitness level (shown by the fourth time sector in the graph). If there are no further workouts, this fitness level will slowly decline back towards the initial fitness level (shown by the last time sector in the graph). First put forth by Russian scientist Nikolai N. Yakovlev in 1949–1959, this theory is a basic principle of athletic training.
If the next workout takes place during the recovery period, overtraining may occur. If the next workout takes place during the supercompensation period, the body will advance to a higher level of fitness. If the next workout takes place after the supercompensation period, the body will remain at the base level.
More complex variations are possible; for instance, sometimes a few workouts are intentionally made in the recover
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20bilayer%20characterization
|
Lipid bilayer characterization is the use of various optical, chemical and physical probing methods to study the properties of lipid bilayers. Many of these techniques are elaborate and require expensive equipment because the fundamental nature of the lipid bilayer makes it a very difficult structure to study. An individual bilayer, since it is only a few nanometers thick, is invisible in traditional light microscopy. The bilayer is also a relatively fragile structure since it is held together entirely by non-covalent bonds and is irreversibly destroyed if removed from water. In spite of these limitations dozens of techniques have been developed over the last seventy years to allow investigations of the structure and function of bilayers. The first general approach was to utilize non-destructive in situ measurements such as x-ray diffraction and electrical resistance which measured bilayer properties but did not actually image the bilayer. Later, protocols were developed to modify the bilayer and allow its direct visualization at first in the electron microscope and, more recently, with fluorescence microscopy. Over the past two decades, a new generation of characterization tools including AFM has allowed the direct probing and imaging of membranes in situ with little to no chemical or physical modification. More recently, dual polarisation interferometry has been used to measure the optical birefringence of lipid bilayers to characterise order and disruption associated with interactions or environmental effects.
Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is a technique whereby certain molecules can be excited with one wavelength of light and will emit another longer wavelength of light. Because each fluorescent molecule has a unique spectrum of absorption and emission, the location of particular types of molecules can be determined. Natural lipids do not fluoresce, so it is always necessary to include a dye molecule in order to study lipid bilayers with fluo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon%20Fight
|
is an action video game developed by Nintendo and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. The original arcade version was released for the Nintendo VS. System internationally as Vs. Balloon Fight, while its Nintendo Entertainment System counterpart was released in Japan in 1985 and internationally in 1986.
The gameplay is similar to the 1982 game Joust from Williams Electronics. The home Nintendo Entertainment System version was ported to the NEC PC-8801 in October 1985, the Sharp X1 in November 1985, the Game Boy Advance as Balloon Fight-e for the e-Reader in the United States on September 16, 2002, and as part of the Famicom Mini Series in Japan on May 21, 2004. It was later rereleased through Nintendo's Virtual Console and NES Classic Edition. It was released on Nintendo Switch Online in 2018.
Gameplay
The player controls an unnamed Balloon Fighter with two balloons attached to his helmet. Repeatedly pressing the A button or holding down the B button causes the Balloon Fighter to flap his arms and rise into the air. If a balloon is popped, the player's flotation is decreased, making it harder to rise. A life is lost if both balloons are popped by enemy Balloon Fighters, if the player falls in the water, gets eaten by the large piranha near the surface of the water, or is hit by lightning.
There are two modes of play: the 1-player/2-player game where the goal is to clear the screen of enemies, and Balloon Trip where the goal is to avoid obstacles in a side-scrolling stage. The original arcade game does not include Balloon Trip, but all the level layouts are completely different so as to take advantage of vertical scrolling in addition to some minor gameplay differences.
1-player/2-player game
Defeat all of the enemies on screen to clear the stage. This mode can be played alone or co-operatively with a second player. Each player starts with three extra lives. The 3DS Balloon Fight port comes with the Download Play option, that allows you to play along with a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3K36me2
|
H3K36me2 is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3. It is a mark that indicates the di-methylation at the 36th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein.
There are diverse modifications at H3K36 and have many important biological processes. H3K36 has different acetylation and methylation states with no similarity to each other.
Nomenclature
H3K36me2 indicates dimethylation of lysine 36 on histone H3 protein subunit:
Lysine Methylation
This diagram shows the progressive methylation of a lysine residue. The di-methylation denotes the methylation present in H3K36me2.
Understanding histone modifications
The genomic DNA of eukaryotic cells is wrapped around special protein molecules known as Histones. The complexes formed by the looping of the DNA are known as chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome: this consists of the core octamer of histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) as well as a linker histone and about 180 base pairs of DNA. These core histones are rich in lysine and arginine residues. The carboxyl (C) terminal end of these histones contribute to histone-histone interactions, as well as histone-DNA interactions. The amino (N) terminal charged tails are the site of the post-translational modifications, such as the one seen in H3K36me3.
Epigenetic implications
The post-translational modification of histone tails by either histone modifying complexes or chromatin remodelling complexes are interpreted by the cell and lead to complex, combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex interaction between the histones in a particular region. The current understanding and interpretation of histones comes from two large scale projects: ENCODE and the Epigenomic roadmap. The purpose of the epigenomic study was to investigate epigenetic changes across the entire genome. This led to chromatin states which define genomic regions by grouping the interac
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers%E2%80%93Szeg%C5%91%20polynomials
|
In mathematics, the Rogers–Szegő polynomials are a family of polynomials orthogonal on the unit circle introduced by , who was inspired by the continuous q-Hermite polynomials studied by Leonard James Rogers. They are given by
where (q;q)n is the descending q-Pochhammer symbol.
Furthermore, the satisfy (for ) the recurrence relation
with and .
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar%20%28supercomputer%29
|
Jaguar or OLCF-2 was a petascale supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The massively parallel Jaguar had a peak performance of just over 1,750 teraFLOPS (1.75 petaFLOPS). It had 224,256 x86-based AMD Opteron processor cores, and operated with a version of Linux called the Cray Linux Environment. Jaguar was a Cray XT5 system, a development from the Cray XT4 supercomputer.
In both November 2009 and June 2010, TOP500, the semiannual list of the world's top 500 supercomputers, named Jaguar as the world's fastest computer. In late October 2010, the BBC reported that the Chinese supercomputer Tianhe-1A had taken over the top spot, achieving over 2.5 quadrillion calculations per second, thereby bumping Jaguar to second place. The November 2010 TOP500 list confirmed the new rankings.
In 2012, the Cray XT5 Jaguar was upgraded to the Cray XK7 Titan hybrid supercomputing system by adding the Gemini network interconnect and fitting all of the compute nodes with Kepler generation Nvidia GPUs.
Development
The Jaguar system has been through a series of upgrades since installation as a 25-teraFLOPS Cray XT3 in 2005. By early 2008, Jaguar was a 263-teraFLOPS Cray XT4. In 2008, Jaguar was expanded with the addition of a 1.4-petaFLOPS Cray XT5. By 2009, after an upgrade from 2.3 GHz 4-core Barcelona AMD processors to 2.6 GHz 6-core Istanbul AMD processors, the resulting system had over 200,000 processing cores connected internally with Cray's Seastar2+ network. The XT4 and XT5 parts of Jaguar are combined into a single system using an InfiniBand network that links each piece to the Spider file system.
Jaguar's XT5 partition contains 18,688 compute nodes in addition to dedicated login/service nodes. Each XT5 compute node contains dual hex-core AMD Opteron 2435 (Istanbul) processors and 16 GiB of memory. Jaguar's XT4 partition contains 7,832 compute nodes in addition to dedicated login/service nodes. Each XT4 compute node cont
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20Union%20NNF
|
The Food Union NNF () is a trade union representing food and tobacco workers in Denmark.
The union was founded in 1980, when the Bakery, Pastry and Mill Workers' Union merged with the Danish Union of Slaughterhouse Workers, the Danish Tobacco Workers' Union, and the Confectionery and Chocolate Workers' Union. They formed the Danish Food and Allied Workers' Union (NNF), and in 1983, the Association of Dairy Workers also merged in. In 2009, the union shortened its name, to become the "Food Union NNF".
Like its predecessors, the union affiliated to the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, and since 2019 has been a member of its successor, the Danish Trade Union Confederation. In 1997, it had 41,913 members, but by 2018, membership had dropped to only 17,095.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3orf56
|
C3orf56 is a protein encoding gene found on chromosome 3. Although, the structure and function of the protein is not well understood, it is known that the C3orf56 protein is exclusively expressed in metaphase II of oocytes and degrades as the oocyte develops towards the blastocyst stage. Degradation of the C3orf56 protein suggests that this gene plays a role in the progression from maternal to embryonic genome and in embryonic genome activation.
Gene
The C3orf56 gene is positioned at 3q21.3 on the plus strand and is 5,055 base pairs in length. The gene occupies base pair 127193131 to 127198185. C3orf56 has two aliases: FLJ40141 and LOC285311.
Transcript
The primary assembly contains 2 exons and is 242 amino acids in length.
Protein
C3orf56 has a predicted molecular weight of 26 kdal and an isoelectric point of 8.48.
Primary Structure
C3orf56 is rich in proline, serine, and tryptophan. It has one highly conserved internal repeat which spans from G85 to P125 and G146 to P178.
Secondary Structure
Only one highly conserved alpha helical structure was predicted.
Tertiary Structure
The tertiary structure of C3orf56 was predicted with a confidence score of -3.08. It is suggested to possess many hydrogen bonds and salt bridges.
Protein-Protein Interactions
C3orf56 has been predicted to interact with tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor (ROR2) and oocyte-expressed protein homolog (OOEP).
Gene level regulation
Expression
C3orf56 has shown to be over-expressed in the testes. Relative to the expression of all other genes, C3orf56 has shown an almost absence of expression in human tissues (excluding the ovary) than in metaphase II oocytes. C3orf56 also has an expression relatively lower in the 8-cell embryo stage and significantly lower in the morula and blastocyst stages compared to the 1-cell, 2-cell, and 4-cell stages.
RNA binding proteins and transcription factors
RNA binding proteins seem to be conserved within the 5’ UTR and show some function
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isophote
|
In geometry, an isophote is a curve on an illuminated surface that connects points of equal brightness. One supposes that the illumination is done by parallel light and the brightness is measured by the following scalar product:
where is the unit normal vector of the surface at point and the unit vector of the light's direction. If , i.e. the light is perpendicular to the surface normal, then point is a point of the surface silhouette observed in direction Brightness 1 means that the light vector is perpendicular to the surface. A plane has no isophotes, because every point has the same brightness.
In astronomy, an isophote is a curve on a photo connecting points of equal brightness.
Application and example
In computer-aided design, isophotes are used for checking optically the smoothness of surface connections. For a surface (implicit or parametric), which is differentiable enough, the normal vector depends on the first derivatives. Hence, the differentiability of the isophotes and their geometric continuity is 1 less than that of the surface. If at a surface point only the tangent planes are continuous (i.e. G1-continuous), the isophotes have there a kink (i.e. is only G0-continuous).
In the following example (s. diagram), two intersecting Bezier surfaces are blended by a third surface patch. For the left picture, the blending surface has only G1-contact to the Bezier surfaces and for the right picture the surfaces have G2-contact. This difference can not be recognized from the picture. But the geometric continuity of the isophotes show: on the left side, they have kinks (i.e. G0-continuity), and on the right side, they are smooth (i.e. G1-continuity).
Determining points of an isophote
on an implicit surface
For an implicit surface with equation the isophote condition is
That means: points of an isophote with given parameter are solutions of the non linear system
which can be considered as the intersection curve of two implicit surfaces. Using t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TalkOrigins%20Archive
|
The TalkOrigins Archive is a website that presents mainstream science perspectives on the antievolution claims of young-earth, old-earth, and "intelligent design" creationists. With sections on evolution, creationism, geology, astronomy and hominid evolution, the web site provides broad coverage of evolutionary biology and the socio-political antievolution movement.
Origins and history
The TalkOrigins Archive began in 1994 when Brett J. Vickers collected several separately posted FAQs from the talk.origins newsgroup and made them available from a single anonymous FTP site. In 1995, Vickers, then a computer science graduate student at the University of California at Irvine, created the TalkOrigins Archive web site. In 2001, Vickers transferred the TalkOrigins Archive to Wesley R. Elsberry, who organized a group of volunteers to handle the maintenance of the Archive.
In 2004, Kenneth Fair incorporated the TalkOrigins Foundation as a Texas 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The Foundation's purposes include funding and maintaining the TalkOrigins Archive and holding copyrights to Archive articles, thereby simplifying the process of reprinting and updating those articles. The copyright issue has posed a particular problem since the FAQs started off as a small collection with little thought given to copyright but have since mushroomed. In 2005, the Foundation was granted tax-exempt status by the IRS.
Features
The FAQs and FRAs (Frequently Rebutted Assertions) on the TalkOrigins Archive cover a wide range of topics associated with evolutionary biology and creationism. These include Mark Isaak's Index to Creationist Claims, a list of creationist positions on various issues, rebuttals, and links to primary source material. The TalkDesign site fulfills a similar role with the Intelligent Design movement. Also hosted is Jim Foley's Fossil Hominids sub-site which studies the evidence for human evolution and has an extensive list of links to websites on both evolutionary bio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%3A48%20scale
|
1:48 scale is a scale commonly used in diecast models, plastic models made from kits, and construction toys. It is especially popular with manufacturers of model aircraft and model trains, where it is known as "O scale". 1:48 is also a popular scale among Lego enthusiasts, since it is approximately the scale of the Lego minifigure.
At this scale, inch represents 1 foot. It is similar in size to 1:50 scale and 1:43 scale, which are popular for diecast vehicles.
In 2003, Tamiya began to manufacture a line of military ground vehicle models in 1:48 in addition to their more traditional 1:35 scale line. This has been seen as an attempt to break into a new market due to the stiff competition in the larger scale.
Bandai also produces giant robots in this size, called Mega Size.
See also
Die-cast toy
Rail transport modelling scales
Scale model
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph
|
In mathematics, a hypergraph is a generalization of a graph in which an edge can join any number of vertices. In contrast, in an ordinary graph, an edge connects exactly two vertices.
Formally, a directed hypergraph is a pair , where is a set of elements called nodes, vertices, points, or elements and is a set of pairs of subsets of . Each of these pairs is called an edge or hyperedge; the vertex subset is known as its tail or domain, and as its head or codomain.
The order of a hypergraph is the number of vertices in . The size of the hypergraph is the number of edges in . The order of an edge in a directed hypergraph is : that is, the number of vertices in its tail followed by the number of vertices in its head.
The definition above generalizes from a directed graph to a directed hypergraph by defining the head or tail of each edge as a set of vertices ( or ) rather than as a single vertex. A graph is then the special case where each of these sets contains only one element. Hence any standard graph theoretic concept that is independent of the edge orders will generalize to hypergraph theory.
Under one definition, an undirected hypergraph is a directed hypergraph which has a symmetric edge set: If then . For notational simplicity one can remove the "duplicate" hyperedges since the modifier "undirected" is precisely informing us that they exist: If then where means implicitly in.
While graph edges connect only 2 nodes, hyperedges connect an arbitrary number of nodes. However, it is often desirable to study hypergraphs where all hyperedges have the same cardinality; a k-uniform hypergraph is a hypergraph such that all its hyperedges have size k. (In other words, one such hypergraph is a collection of sets, each such set a hyperedge connecting k nodes.) So a 2-uniform hypergraph is a graph, a 3-uniform hypergraph is a collection of unordered triples, and so on. An undirected hypergraph is also called a set system or a family of sets drawn from the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching%20%28agriculture%29
|
In agriculture, leaching is the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, due to rain and irrigation. Soil structure, crop planting, type and application rates of fertilizers, and other factors are taken into account to avoid excessive nutrient loss. Leaching may also refer to the practice of applying a small amount of excess irrigation where the water has a high salt content to avoid salts from building up in the soil (salinity control). Where this is practiced, drainage must also usually be employed, to carry away the excess water.
Leaching is a natural environment concern when it contributes to groundwater contamination. As water from rain, flooding, or other sources seeps into the ground, it can dissolve chemicals and carry them into the underground water supply. Of particular concern are hazardous waste dumps and landfills, and, in agriculture, excess fertilizer, improperly stored animal manure, and biocides (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, insecticides and herbicides).
Nitrogen leaching
Nitrogen is a common element in nature and an essential plant nutrient. Approximately 78% of Earth's atmosphere is nitrogen (N2). The strong bond between the atoms of N2 makes this gas quite inert and not directly usable by plants and animals. As nitrogen naturally cycles through the air, water and soil it undergoes various chemical and biological transformations. Nitrogen promotes plant growth. Livestock then eat the crops producing manure, which is returned to the soil, adding organic and mineral forms of nitrogen. The cycle is complete when the next crop uses the amended soil. To increase food production, fertilizers, such as nitrate (NO3–) and ammonium (NH4+), which are easily absorbed by plants, are introduced to the plant root zone. However, soils do not absorb the excess NO3– ions, which then move downward freely with drainage water, and are leached into groundwater, streams and oceans. The degree of leaching is affected by:
soil type and structure. For exam
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Radiological%20Protection
|
Journal of Radiological Protection is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering radiobiological research on all aspects of radiological protection, including non-ionizing as well as ionizing radiations. It is the official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection and published on their behalf by IOP Publishing. It was established in 1981 as the Journal of the Society for Radiological Protection, before obtaining its current name in 1988. The editor-in-chief is Mike THorne.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 1.394.
See also
Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE) in Oxfordshire
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20mating%20strategies
|
In evolutionary psychology and behavioral ecology, human mating strategies are a set of behaviors used by individuals to select, attract, and retain mates. Mating strategies overlap with reproductive strategies, which encompass a broader set of behaviors involving the timing of reproduction and the trade-off between quantity and quality of offspring.
Relative to those of other animals, human mating strategies are unique in their relationship with cultural variables such as the institution of marriage. Humans may seek out individuals with the intention of forming a long-term intimate relationship, marriage, casual relationship, or friendship. The human desire for companionship is one of the strongest human drives. It is an innate feature of human nature and may be related to the sex drive. The human mating process encompasses the social and cultural processes whereby one person may meet another to assess suitability, the courtship process and the process of forming an interpersonal relationship. Commonalities, however, can be found between humans and nonhuman animals in mating behavior, as in the case of animal sexual behavior in general and assortative mating in particular.
Theoretical background
Parental investment
Research on human mating strategies is guided by the theory of sexual selection, and in particular, Robert Trivers' concept of parental investment. Trivers defined parental investment as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring." The support given to each offspring typically differs between the father and mother. Trivers posited that it is the differential parental investment between males and females that drives the process of sexual selection. In turn, sexual selection leads to the evolution of sexual dimorphism in mate choice, competitive ability, and courtship displays (see secondar
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite%20Blocking%20List
|
In computer networking, the Composite Blocking List (CBL) is a DNS-based Blackhole List of suspected E-mail spam sending computer infections.
Overview
The CBL takes its source data from very large spamtraps/mail infrastructures, and only lists IPs exhibiting characteristics such as:
Open proxies of various sorts (HTTP, socks, AnalogX, wingate etc.)
Worms/viruses/botnets that do their own direct mail transmission, or are otherwise participating in a botnet.
Trojan horse or "stealth" spamware.
The CBL attempts to avoid listing real mail servers, but certain misconfigurations of mail servers can make the system appear infected (for example, servers that send HELO with 'localhost' or a similar incorrect domain.)
Entries automatically expire after a period of time.
The CBL does not provide public access to gathered evidence.
CBL data are used in Spamhaus XBL list.
See also
Comparison of DNS blacklists
CBL Index — estimate of outgoing spam reputation
External links
The CBL
CBL lookup and removal page
Computer security procedures
Spamming
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20River%20Laboratories
|
Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., is an American pharmaceutical company specializing in a variety of preclinical and clinical laboratory, gene therapy and cell therapy services for the Pharmaceutical, Medical device and Biotechnology industries. It also supplies assorted biomedical products, outsourcing services, and animals for research and development in the pharmaceutical industry (for example, contract research organization services) and offers support in the fields of basic research, drug discovery, safety and efficacy, clinical support, and manufacturing.
According to the company, it supported the development of approximately 85% of novel FDA-approved drugs in 2021.
Its customers include leading pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, government, and academic organization around the globe. The company has over 90 facilities, operates in 20 countries, and employs approximately 18,400 people worldwide.
Charles River Laboratories is often criticized by animal rights activists who condemn the company's usage of dogs and non-human primates for pharmaceutical purposes. The company is also a major harvester of horseshoe crab blood.
History
Charles River was founded in 1947 by Henry Foster, a young veterinarian who purchased one thousand rat cages from a Virginia farm and set up a one-person laboratory in Boston overlooking the Charles River. To fulfill the regional need for laboratory animal models, he bred, fed, and cared for the animals and personally delivered them to local researchers.
In 1955, the company's headquarters were relocated to their current home in Wilmington, Massachusetts. The organization became an international entity in 1966 by opening a new animal production facility in France.
The first commercial, comprehensive genetic monitoring program was implemented by Charles River in 1981. Three years later, they were acquired by Bausch & Lomb.
In 1988, the organization expanded its portfolio to include the creation of transgen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal%20observer%20analysis
|
Ideal observer analysis is a method for investigating how information is processed in a perceptual system. It is also a basic principle that guides modern research in perception.
The ideal observer is a theoretical system that performs a specific task in an optimal way. If there is uncertainty in the task, then perfect performance is impossible and the ideal observer will make errors.
Ideal performance is the theoretical upper limit of performance. It is theoretically impossible for a real system to perform better than ideal. Typically, real systems are only capable of sub-ideal performance.
This technique is useful for analyzing psychophysical data (see psychophysics).
Definition
Many definitions of this term have been offered.
Geisler (2003) (slightly reworded): The central concept in ideal observer analysis is the ideal observer, a theoretical device that performs a given task in an optimal fashion given the available information and some specified constraints. This is not to say that ideal observers perform without error, but rather that they perform at the physical limit of what is possible in the situation. The fundamental role of uncertainty and noise implies that ideal observers must be defined in probabilistic (statistical) terms. Ideal observer analysis involves determining the performance of the ideal observer in a given task and then comparing its performance to that of a real perceptual system, which (depending on the application) might be the system as a whole, a subsystem, or an elementary component of the system (e.g. a neuron).
Sequential ideal observer analysis
In sequential ideal observer analysis, the goal is to measure a real system's performance deficit (relative to ideal) at different processing stages. Such an approach is useful when studying systems that process information in discrete (or semi-discrete) stages or modules.
Natural and pseudo-natural tasks
To facilitate experimental design in the laboratory, an artificial t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire%20chamber
|
A wire chamber or multi-wire proportional chamber is a type of proportional counter that detects charged particles and photons and can give positional information on their trajectory, by tracking the trails of gaseous ionization.
Description
The multi-wire chamber uses an array of wires at high voltage (anode), which run through a chamber with conductive walls held at ground potential (cathode). Alternatively, the wires may be at ground potential and the cathode held at a high negative voltage; the important thing is that a uniform electric field draws extra electrons or negative ions to the anode wires with little lateral motion.
The chamber is filled with carefully chosen gas, such as an argon/methane mix, such that any ionizing particle that passes through the tube will ionize surrounding gaseous atoms. The resulting ions and electrons are accelerated by the electric field across the chamber, causing a localised cascade of ionization known as a Townsend avalanche. This collects on the nearest wire and results in a charge proportional to the ionisation effect of the detected particle. By computing pulses from all the wires, the particle trajectory can be found.
Adaptations of this basic design are the thin gap, resistive plate and drift chambers. The drift chamber is also subdivided into ranges of specific use in the chamber designs known as time projection, microstrip gas, and those types of detectors that use silicon.
Development
In 1968, Georges Charpak, while at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), invented and developed the multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC). This invention resulted in him winning the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992. The chamber was an advancement of the earlier bubble chamber rate of detection of only one or two particles every second to 1000 particle detections every second. The MWPC produced electronic signals from particle detection, allowing scientists to examine data via computers. The multi-wire chamber is a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20signs%20in%20New%20Zealand
|
Call signs in New Zealand are no longer generally used to identify broadcast stations. However, New Zealand's radio stations were once known by their call signs and would usually broadcast their call signs as a number followed by X, Y, or Z, and another letter (e.g. 1YA). Call signs are regulated internationally by the ITU and nationally by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE), formerly the Ministry of Economic Development. The ministry is also responsible for providing policy advice to Government on the allocation of New Zealand's radio spectrum to support, efficient, reliable and responsive wireless telecommunications and broadcasting infrastructure.
In 1924, New Zealand was granted the prefix 'Z', and in 1925 the number of licensed amateur(?) reached 100. In 1927, the International Telecommunication Union Conference in Washington (D.C., USA) established internally agreed upon call sign prefixes – New Zealand was assigned 'OZ'. In 1929 this was expanded to the ZK–ZM letter block, with New Zealand opting for the ZL prefix for land based stations. 'OZ' by 1927 was reassigned to Denmark. In 1969 the ZM prefix was allowed to celebrate the Captain James Cook bicentenary. In 1974 the prefix was allowed again to celebrate the Commonwealth Games, as well as in 1989 when the Games returned. In 1981 the ZL0 prefix was allowed for visitors to New Zealand.
Allocations and assignments
The International Telecommunication Union has assigned New Zealand the following call sign blocks for all radio communication, broadcasting or transmission:
While not directly related to call signs, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) further has divided all countries assigned amateur radio prefixes into three regions; New Zealand is located in ITU Region 3, within ITU Zone 60.
There are 4 possible 2-letter prefixes and 40 2-letter/1-number prefixes available to New Zealand operators based on the ITU blocks (ZK, ZL, ZM and E5). This provides for about 7
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding%20properties%20pattern
|
The binding properties pattern is combining multiple observers to force properties in different objects to be synchronized or coordinated in some way. This pattern was first described as a technique by Victor Porton. This pattern comes under concurrency patterns.
Comparison with aspect-oriented implementation
As an alternative to the aspect-oriented implementation of mutual properties, property binding can be proposed. In LibPropC++ C++ library it is implemented too.
Some weakness in the LibPropC++ (with property binding):
Its use is not transparent as it requires to be declared necessary object attributes as properties and appropriate accessor methods must be provided
Binding of attributes in LibPropC++ is not designed to replace method calls
The library does not maintain an interaction history.
Implementation
There are two types of binding. One-way binding should be applied when one of the properties is read-only. In other cases, two-way binding must be applied.
Infinite loops can be eliminated by blocking the signal, or comparing the assigned value with the property value before assignment, or eliminating unnecessary assignments.
Binding properties of different types can be achieved through type conversions.
Binding properties with transformations can be achieved through reducing the transformation function to the problem of binding properties, and the function can be imaginary consider as Type Conversions.
Resulting context
Properties are being kept synchronized automatically. Between library calls they always have the values expressed by the EqualityConstraints.
Deficiencies
Property changes watching mechanism acquires some resources.
Sample code
Code sketch for one-way binding may look like as follows:
bind_multiple_one_way(src_obj, src_prop, dst_objs[], dst_props[])
{
for (i, j) in (dst_objs, dst_props)
{
bind_properties_one_way(src_obj, src_prop, i, j);
}
}
Two-way binding can be expressed as follows (in C++):
// In this pseudo-c
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung%20constant
|
The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist.
Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid attract each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion–cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy.
Formal expression
The Madelung constant allows for the calculation of the electric potential of all ions of the lattice felt by the ion at position
where is the distance between the th and the th ion. In addition,
number of charges of the th ion
the elementary charge, 1.6022 C
; is the permittivity of free space.
If the distances are normalized to the nearest neighbor distance , the potential may be written
with being the (dimensionless) Madelung constant of the th ion
Another convention is to base the reference length on the cubic root of the unit cell volume, which for cubic systems is equal to the lattice constant. Thus, the Madelung constant then reads
The electrostatic energy of the ion at site then is the product of its charge with the potential acting at its site
There occur as many Madelung constants in a crystal structure as ions occupy different lattice sites. For example, for the ionic crystal NaCl, there arise two Madelung constants – one for Na and another for Cl. Since both ions, however, occupy lattice sites of the same symmetry they both are of the same magnitude and differ only by sign. The electrical charge of the and ion are assumed to be onefold positive and negative, respectively, and . The nearest neighbour distance amounts to half the lattice constant of the cubic unit cell and the Madelung constants become
The prime indicates that the term is to be left out. Sin
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Bertalanffy%20function
|
The von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF), or von Bertalanffy curve, is a type of growth curve for a time series and is named after Ludwig von Bertalanffy. It is a special case of the generalised logistic function. The growth curve is used to model mean length from age in animals. The function is commonly applied in ecology to model fish growth and in paleontology to model sclerochronological parameters of shell growth.
The model can be written as the following:
where is age, is the growth coefficient, is the theoretical age when size is zero, and is asymptotic size. It is the solution of the following linear differential equation:
Seasonally-adjusted von Bertalanffy
The seasonally-adjusted von Bertalanffy is an extension of this function that accounts for organism growth that occurs seasonally. It was created by I. F. Somers in 1988.
See also
Gompertz function
Monod equation
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holos%20%28software%29
|
Holos was an influential OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) product of the 1990s. Developed by Holistic Systems in 1987, the product remained in use until around 2004.
The core of the Holos Server was a business intelligence (BI) virtual machine. The Holos Language was a very broad language in that it covered a wide range of statements and concepts, including the reporting system, business rules, OLAP data, SQL data (using the Embedded SQL syntax within the hosting HL), device properties, analysis, forecasting, and data mining. Holos Server provided an array of different, but compatible, storage mechanisms for its multi-cube architecture: memory, disk, SQL. It was therefore the first product to provide "hybrid OLAP" (HOLAP). The Holos Client was both a design and delivery vehicle, and this made it quite large. Around about 2000, the Holos Language was made object-oriented (HL++) with a view to allowing the replacement of the Holos Client with a custom Java or VB product. However, the company were never sold on this, and so the project was abandoned. Before its demise, the Holos Server product ran under Windows NT (Intel and Alpha), VMS (VAX and Alpha), plus about 10 flavors of UNIX, and accessed over half-a-dozen different SQL databases. It was also ported to several different locales, including Japanese.
Company
Holistic Systems was purchased by the hardware company Seagate Technology in 1996. Along with other companies such as Crystal Services, it was used to create a new subsidiary company called Seagate Software. Only Holistic and Crystal remained, and Seagate Software was renamed to Crystal Decisions. Holistic and Crystal had very different sales models. The average sale for the Holos Product in the United States was in excess of $250,000 and was sold primarily to Fortune 500 companies by a direct sales force. The main Holos development team finally started to leave around 2000, and Crystal Decisions was finally taken over by Business Objects in 2004. Foll
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20ball
|
In topology, a formal ball is an extension of the notion of ball to allow unbounded and negative radius. The concept of formal ball was introduced by Weihrauch and Schreiber in 1981 and the negative radius case (the generalized formal ball) by Tsuiki and Hattori in 2008.
Specifically, if is a metric space and the nonnegative real numbers, then an element of is a formal ball. Elements of are known as generalized formal balls.
Formal balls possess a partial order defined by if , identical to that defined by set inclusion.
Generalized formal balls are interesting because this partial order works just as well for as for , even though a generalized formal ball with negative radius does not correspond to a subset of .
Formal balls possess the Lawson topology and the Martin topology.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosensitive%20channels
|
Mechanosensitive channels (MSCs), mechanosensitive ion channels or stretch-gated ion channels are membrane proteins capable of responding to mechanical stress over a wide dynamic range of external mechanical stimuli. They are present in the membranes of organisms from the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. They are the sensors for a number of systems including the senses of touch, hearing and balance, as well as participating in cardiovascular regulation and osmotic homeostasis (e.g. thirst). The channels vary in selectivity for the permeating ions from nonselective between anions and cations in bacteria, to cation selective allowing passage Ca2+, K+ and Na+ in eukaryotes, and highly selective K+ channels in bacteria and eukaryotes.
All organisms, and apparently all cell types, sense and respond to mechanical stimuli. MSCs function as mechanotransducers capable of generating both electrical and ion flux signals as a response to external or internal stimuli. Under extreme turgor in bacteria, non selective MSCs such as MSCL and MSCS serve as safety valves to prevent lysis. In specialized cells of the higher organisms, other types of MSCs are probably the basis of the senses of hearing and touch and sense the stress needed for muscular coordination. However, none of these channels have been cloned. MSCs also allow plants to distinguish up from down by sensing the force of gravity. MSCs are not pressure-sensitive, but sensitive to local stress, most likely tension in the surrounding lipid bilayer.
History
Mechanosensitive channels were discovered in 1983 in the skeletal muscle of embryonic chicks by Falguni Guharay and Frederick Sachs. They were also observed (pub. 1986) in Xenopus oocytes, and frequently studied since that time.
Since then, MSCs have been found in cells from bacteria to humans: they are now known to be present in all three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya, incl. plants and fungi). In the decades since the disco
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20%28linear%20algebra%29
|
In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the linear subspace of the domain of the map which is mapped to the zero vector. That is, given a linear map between two vector spaces and , the kernel of is the vector space of all elements of such that , where denotes the zero vector in , or more symbolically:
Properties
The kernel of is a linear subspace of the domain .
In the linear map two elements of have the same image in if and only if their difference lies in the kernel of , that is,
From this, it follows that the image of is isomorphic to the quotient of by the kernel:
In the case where is finite-dimensional, this implies the rank–nullity theorem:
where the term refers the dimension of the image of , while refers to the dimension of the kernel of ,
That is,
so that the rank–nullity theorem can be restated as
When is an inner product space, the quotient can be identified with the orthogonal complement in of This is the generalization to linear operators of the row space, or coimage, of a matrix.
Application to modules
The notion of kernel also makes sense for homomorphisms of modules, which are generalizations of vector spaces where the scalars are elements of a ring, rather than a field. The domain of the mapping is a module, with the kernel constituting a submodule. Here, the concepts of rank and nullity do not necessarily apply.
In functional analysis
If V and W are topological vector spaces such that W is finite-dimensional, then a linear operator L: V → W is continuous if and only if the kernel of L is a closed subspace of V.
Representation as matrix multiplication
Consider a linear map represented as a m × n matrix A with coefficients in a field K (typically or ), that is operating on column vectors x with n components over K.
The kernel of this linear map is the set of solutions to the equation , where 0 is understood as the zero vector. The dimension of the kernel of A is ca
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercostal%20arteries
|
The intercostal arteries are a group of arteries passing within an intercostal space (the space between two adjacent ribs). There are 9 anterior and 11 posterior intercostal arteries on each side of the body. The anterior intercostal arteries are branches of the internal thoracic artery and its terminal branch - the musculophrenic artery. The posterior intercostal arteries are branches of the supreme intercostal artery and thoracic aorta.
Each anterior intercostal artery anastomoses with the corresponding posterior intercostal artery arising from the thoracic aorta.
Anterior intercostal arteries
Origin
The upper five or six anterior intercostal arteries are branches of the internal thoracic artery (anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery). The internal thoracic artery then divides into its two terminal branches, one of which - the musculophrenic artery - proceeds to issue anterior intercostal arteries to the remaining 6th, 7th, and 9th intercostal spaces; these diminish in size as the spaces decrease in length.
Course and relations
They are at first situated between the pleurae and the intercostales interni, and then between the mm. intercostales interni et intimi.
Distribution
They supply the intercostal muscles and, by branches which perforate the intercostales externi, the pectoral muscles and the mamma.
Posterior intercostal arteries
There are eleven posterior intercostal arteries on each side. Each artery divides into an anterior and a posterior ramus.
Origin
The 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries arise from the supreme intercostal artery (also called superior intercostal artery or supreme intercostal artery) (usually a branch of the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery).
The remaining nine arteries arise from (the posterior aspect of) the thoracic aorta.
Course and relations
Each posterior intercostal artery travels along the bottom of the rib alongside its corresponding posterior intercostal vein and intercost
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20learning
|
Latent learning is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation. In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information.
Latent learning is when the observation of something, rather than experiencing something directly, can affect later behavior. Observational learning can be many things. A human observes a behavior, and later repeats that behavior at another time (not direct imitation) even though no one is rewarding them to do that behavior.
In the social learning theory, humans observe others receiving rewards or punishments, which invokes feelings in the observer and motivates them to change their behavior.
In latent learning particularly, there is no observation of a reward or punishment. Latent learning is simply animals observing their surroundings with no particular motivation to learn the geography of it; however, at a later date, they are able to exploit this knowledge when there is motivation - such as the biological need to find food or escape trouble.
The lack of reinforcement, associations, or motivation with a stimulus is what differentiates this type of learning from the other learning theories such as operant conditioning or classical conditioning.
Comparison to other types of learning
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is when an animal eventually subconsciously anticipates a biological stimulus such as food when they experience a seemingly random stimulus, due to a repeated experience of their association. One significant example of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov's experiment in which dogs showed a conditioned response to a bell the experimenters had purposely tried to associate with feeding time. After the dogs had been conditioned, the dogs no longer only salivated for the food, which was a biological need and therefore an unconditioned stimulus. The dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell, the be
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20operator
|
In probability theory and ergodic theory, a Markov operator is an operator on a certain function space that conserves the mass (the so-called Markov property). If the underlying measurable space is topologically sufficiently rich enough, then the Markov operator admits a kernel representation. Markov operators can be linear or non-linear. Closely related to Markov operators is the Markov semigroup.
The definition of Markov operators is not entirely consistent in the literature. Markov operators are named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov.
Definitions
Markov operator
Let be a measurable space and a set of real, measurable functions .
A linear operator on is a Markov operator if the following is true
maps bounded, measurable function on bounded, measurable functions.
Let be the constant function , then holds. (conservation of mass / Markov property)
If then . (conservation of positivity)
Alternative definitions
Some authors define the operators on the Lp spaces as and replace the first condition (bounded, measurable functions on such) with the property
Markov semigroup
Let be a family of Markov operators defined on the set of bounded, measurables function on . Then is a Markov semigroup when the following is true
.
for all .
There exist a σ-finite measure on that is invariant under , that means for all bounded, positive and measurable functions and every the following holds
.
Dual semigroup
Each Markov semigroup induces a dual semigroup through
If is invariant under then .
Infinitesimal generator of the semigroup
Let be a family of bounded, linear Markov operators on the Hilbert space , where is an invariant measure. The infinitesimale generator of the Markov semigroup is defined as
and the domain is the -space of all such functions where this limit exists and is in again.
The carré du champ operator measuers how far is from being a derivation.
Kernel representation of a Markov operator
A Markov operator
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloferacaceae
|
Haloferacaceae is a family of halophilic, chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the order Haloferacales. The type genus of this family is Haloferax. Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order Haloferacales.
The name Haloferacaceae is derived from the Latin term Haloferax, referring to the type genus of the family and the suffix "-ceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, Haloferacaceae refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus Haloferax.
Taxonomy and molecular signatures
As of 2021, Haloferacaceae contains 10 validly published genera. This family can be molecularly distinguished from other Halobacteria by the presence of five conserved signature proteins (CSPs) and four conserved signature indels (CSIs) present in the following proteins: thermosome, ribonuclease BN and hypothetical proteins.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
See also
List of Archaea genera
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido%20da%20Imprensa%20Golpista
|
Partido da Imprensa Golpista (PiG, ) is a term used by left-wing Brazilian websurfers since 2007 to characterize an alleged attitude of the Brazilian mass media towards President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during the 2006 presidential election. The term was popularized by journalist Paulo Henrique Amorim in his blog. Whenever he uses the term, Amorim writes it with an "i" in lowercase as a pun with the name of the web portal where he was a journalist before he was dismissed on March 18, 2008, which he describes as a process of "ideological cleansing".
The term is also used by journalists Luiz Carlos Azenha and Rodrigo Vianna on their blogs, which also helped to spread its popularity.
The term gained notoriety when it was first used in the Brazilian Congress in a speech by Pernambuco Congressman Fernando Ferro, a member of the Workers' Party. He said that film director and Rede Globo commentator Arnaldo Jabor should run for "President of the PIG".
Definition
Paulo Henrique Amorim explains the expression whenever he uses it in his articles. According to him, "In no serious democracy in the world, conservative, low-quality and even sensationalistic newspapers, and one single television network matter as much as they do in Brazil. They have become a political party – the PiG, Pro-coup Press Party". Amorim said that some politicians have become part of the PiG. He said that "the political parties are no longer an instrument of the coup but they have become the coup itself. Pretending [to do] objective journalism, they not only do the job of a press that omits information; but do the job of a press that lies, distorts and deceits. Former President FHC was among the first politicians who realized that the political strength he needed could be found in the PIG, and thus nowadays he enjoys the image of being a prominent world leader".
Historical background
Paulo Henrique said that the mainstream Brazilian press historically defends coup d'états whenever the Brazilian P
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20ecology
|
Soil ecology is the study of the interactions among soil organisms, and between biotic and abiotic aspects of the soil environment. It is particularly concerned with the cycling of nutrients, formation and stabilization of the pore structure, the spread and vitality of pathogens, and the biodiversity of this rich biological community.
Overview
Soil is made up of a multitude of physical, chemical, and biological entities, with many interactions occurring among them. Soil is a variable mixture of broken and weathered minerals and decaying organic matter. Together with the proper amounts of air and water, it supplies, in part, sustenance for plants as well as mechanical support.
The diversity and abundance of soil life exceeds that of any other ecosystem. Plant establishment, competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the ecology below-ground, so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and terrestrial ecology.
Features of the ecosystem
Moisture is a major limiting factor on land. Terrestrial organisms are constantly confronted with the problem of dehydration. Transpiration or evaporation of water from plant surfaces is an energy dissipating process unique to the terrestrial environment.
Temperature variations and extremes are more pronounced in the air than in the water medium.
On the other hand, the rapid circulation of air throughout the globe results in a ready mixing and remarkably constant content of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Although soil offers solid support, air does not. Strong skeletons have been evolved in both land plants and animals and also special means of locomotion have been evolved in the latter.
Land, unlike the ocean, is not continuous; there are important geographical barriers to free movement.
The nature of the substrate, although important in water is especially vital in terrestrial environment. Soil, not air, is the source of highly variable nutrients; it is a highly developed ecological subsystem.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS-tan
|
OS-tan is an Internet meme consisting of moe anthropomorphs of popular operating systems, originating on the Japanese imageboard Futaba Channel. The designs of OS-tan, which were created by various amateur Japanese artists, are typically female; for example, the personifications of Microsoft Windows operating systems are often depicted as sisters of varying ages. The -tan element in the term is a hypocoristic suffix in Japanese that implies extremely youthful endearment.
Though initially appearing only in fan works, the OS-tan proved popular enough that Microsoft branches in Singapore and Taiwan used the OS-tan concept as the basis for ad campaigns for Internet Explorer and Microsoft Silverlight, respectively.
History
The concept of the OS-tan is reported to have begun as a personification of the common perception of Windows Me (Released in 2000 by Microsoft as the 9x counterpart to Windows 2000) as unstable and prone to frequent crashes. Discussions on Futaba Channel likened this to the stereotype of a fickle, troublesome girl and as this personification expanded Me-tan was created and followed by the other characters. One of the early works to predominantly feature the OS-tan was an interactive Flash animation showing a possible intro to an imaginary anime show known as Trouble Windows. It was first published on April 2004 and appears to have quickly spread worldwide.
Commercial products
Ohzora Publishing produced one book based on OS-tan characters, titled . It includes illustrations by over 25 contributors. It also includes 95-tan, ME-tan, XP-tan figures, titled OS Girl 95, OS Girl me, OS Girl XP respectively, but include a molded space for 2k-tan (named OS Girl 2K).
ME-tan, 2K-tan, XP-tan were designed by GUHICO of Stranger Workshop, while 95-tan was designed by Fujisaki Shiro from H.B.Company.
Parthenon Production Limited, company had commercialized Pink Company's OS-tan products.
MALINO from Deja Vu ArtWorks produced the Me Document and Shared Folder!
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortase
|
Sortase refers to a group of prokaryotic enzymes that modify surface proteins by recognizing and cleaving a carboxyl-terminal sorting signal. For most substrates of sortase enzymes, the recognition signal consists of the motif LPXTG (Leu-Pro-any-Thr-Gly), then a highly hydrophobic transmembrane sequence, followed by a cluster of basic residues such as arginine. Cleavage occurs between the Thr and Gly, with transient attachment through the Thr residue to the active site Cys residue, followed by transpeptidation that attaches the protein covalently to cell wall components. Sortases occur in almost all Gram-positive bacteria and the occasional Gram-negative bacterium (e.g. Shewanella putrefaciens) or Archaea (e.g. Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum), where cell wall LPXTG-mediated decoration has not been reported. Although sortase A, the "housekeeping" sortase, typically acts on many protein targets, other forms of sortase recognize variant forms of the cleavage motif, or catalyze the assembly of pilins into pili.
Reaction
The Staphylococcus aureus sortase is a transpeptidase that attaches surface proteins to the cell wall; it cleaves between the Gly and Thr of the LPXTG motif and catalyses the formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl-group of threonine and the amino-group of the cell-wall peptidoglycan.
Biological role
Substrate proteins attached to cell walls by sortases include enzymes, pilins, and adhesion-mediating large surface glycoproteins. These proteins often play important roles in virulence, infection, and colonization by pathogens.
Surface proteins not only promote interaction between the invading pathogen and animal tissues, but also provide ingenious strategies for bacterial escape from the host's immune response. In the case of S. aureus protein A, immunoglobulins are captured on the microbial surface and camouflage bacteria during the invasion of host tissues. S. aureus mutants lacking the srtA gene fail to anchor and display some surfac
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigfox
|
Sigfox is a French global network operator founded in 2010 that built wireless networks to connect low-power objects such as electricity meters and smartwatches, which need to be continuously on and emitting small amounts of data.
Sigfox is based in Labège near Toulouse, France, and had over 375 employees. The firm also has offices in Madrid, San Francisco, Sydney and Paris.
Sigfox had raised more than $300 million from investors that included Salesforce, Intel, Samsung, NTT, SK Telecom, energy groups Total and Air Liquide. In November 2016 Sigfox was valued at around €600 million. In January 2022 it filed for bankruptcy.
In April 2022 Singapore-based IoT network firm Unabiz subsequently acquired Sigfox and its French network operations for a reported €25 million ($27m).
Technology
Sigfox employs the differential binary phase-shift keying (DBPSK) and the Gaussian frequency shift keying (GFSK) that enables communication using the Short-range device band of 868 MHz in Europe, and the Industrial, Scientific and Medical radio band of 902 MHz in the US. It utilizes a wide-reaching signal that passes freely through solid objects, called "Ultra Narrowband" and requires little energy, being termed a "low-power wide-area network" (LPWAN). The network is based on one-hop star topology and requires a mobile operator to carry the generated traffic. The signal can also be used to easily cover large areas and to reach underground objects. As of November 2020, the Sigfox IoT network has covered a total of 5.8 million square kilometers in a total of 72 countries with 1.3 billion of the world population reached.
Sigfox has partnered with a number of firms in the LPWAN industry such as Texas Instruments, Silicon Labs and ON Semiconductor. The ISM radio bands support limited bidirectional communication. The existing standard for Sigfox communications supports up to 140 uplink messages a day, each of which can carry a payload of 12 octets at a data rate of up to 100 bits per se
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BufferGel
|
BufferGel is the brand name of a spermicide and microbicide gel which is being tested for its potential development into a preventive medicine to stop the transmission of HIV.
Testing
In macaques, after BufferGel's effect on microflora and pH were measured by vaginal colposcopy and rectal lavage researchers determined that it fit the safety profile of a drug which could be tested on humans.
A phase I clinical trial done on women in India, Thailand gave supporting evidence that users tolerate the drug well. A similar trial in the United States also showed drug tolerance.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamyl%20alcohol
|
Cinnamyl alcohol or styron is an organic compound that is found in esterified form in storax, Balsam of Peru, and cinnamon leaves. It forms a white crystalline solid when pure, or a yellow oil when even slightly impure. It can be produced by the hydrolysis of storax.
Cinnamyl alcohol has a distinctive odour described as "sweet, balsam, hyacinth, spicy, green, powdery, cinnamic" and is used in perfumery and as a deodorant.
Cinnamyl alcohol is naturally occurrent only in small amount, so its industrial demand is usually fulfilled by chemical synthesis starting from cinnamaldehyde.
Properties
The compound is a solid at room temperature, forming colourless crystals that melt upon gentle heating. As is typical of most higher-molecular weight alcohols, it is sparingly soluble in water at room temperature, but highly soluble in most common organic solvents.
Safety
Cinnamyl alcohol has been found to have a sensitising effect on some people and as a result is the subject of a Restricted Standard issued by IFRA (International Fragrance Association).
Glycosides
Rosarin and rosavin are cinnamyl alcohol glycosides isolated from Rhodiola rosea.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20%28particle%20physics%29
|
A jet is a narrow cone of hadrons and other particles produced by the hadronization of a quark or gluon in a particle physics or heavy ion experiment. Particles carrying a color charge, such as quarks, cannot exist in free form because of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) confinement which only allows for colorless states. When an object containing color charge fragments, each fragment carries away some of the color charge. In order to obey confinement, these fragments create other colored objects around them to form colorless objects. The ensemble of these objects is called a jet, since the fragments all tend to travel in the same direction, forming a narrow "jet" of particles. Jets are measured in particle detectors and studied in order to determine the properties of the original quarks.
A jet definition includes a jet algorithm and a recombination scheme. The former defines how some inputs, e.g. particles or detector objects, are grouped into jets, while the latter specifies how a momentum is assigned to a jet. For example, jets can be characterized by the thrust. The jet direction (jet axis) can be defined as the thrust axis. In particle physics experiments, jets are usually built from clusters of energy depositions in the detector calorimeter. When studying simulated processes, the calorimeter jets can be reconstructed based on a simulated detector response. However, in simulated samples, jets can also be reconstructed directly from stable particles emerging from fragmentation processes. Particle-level jets are often referred to as truth-jets. A good jet algorithm usually allows for obtaining similar sets of jets at different levels in the event evolution. Typical jet reconstruction algorithms are, e.g., the anti-kT algorithm, kT algorithm, cone algorithm. A typical recombination scheme is the E-scheme, or 4-vector scheme, in which the 4-vector of a jet is defined as the sum of 4-vectors of all its constituents.
In relativistic heavy ion physics, jets are importan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free%20module
|
In mathematics, a free module is a module that has a basis, that is, a generating set consisting of linearly independent elements. Every vector space is a free module, but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules.
Given any set and ring , there is a free -module with basis , which is called the free module on or module of formal -linear combinations of the elements of .
A free abelian group is precisely a free module over the ring of integers.
Definition
For a ring and an -module , the set is a basis for if:
is a generating set for ; that is to say, every element of is a finite sum of elements of multiplied by coefficients in ; and
is linearly independent if for every of distinct elements, implies that (where is the zero element of and is the zero element of ).
A free module is a module with a basis.
An immediate consequence of the second half of the definition is that the coefficients in the first half are unique for each element of M.
If has invariant basis number, then by definition any two bases have the same cardinality. For example, nonzero commutative rings have invariant basis number. The cardinality of any (and therefore every) basis is called the rank of the free module . If this cardinality is finite, the free module is said to be free of finite rank, or free of rank if the rank is known to be .
Examples
Let R be a ring.
R is a free module of rank one over itself (either as a left or right module); any unit element is a basis.
More generally, If R is commutative, a nonzero ideal I of R is free if and only if it is a principal ideal generated by a nonzerodivisor, with a generator being a basis.
Over a principal ideal domain (e.g., ), a submodule of a free module is free.
If R is commutative, the polynomial ring in indeterminate X is a free module with a possible basis 1, X, X2, ....
Let be a polynomial ring over a commutative ring A, f a m
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonuclear%20fusion
|
Pycnonuclear fusion () is a type of nuclear fusion reaction which occurs due to zero-point oscillations of nuclei around their equilibrium point bound in their crystal lattice. In quantum physics, the phenomenon can be interpreted as overlap of the wave functions of neighboring ions, and is proportional to the overlapping amplitude. Under the conditions of above-threshold ionization, the reactions of neutronization and pycnonuclear fusion can lead to the creation of absolutely stable environments in superdense substances.
The term "pycnonuclear" was coined by A.G.W. Cameron in 1959, but research showing the possibility of nuclear fusion in extremely dense and cold compositions was published by W. A. Wildhack in 1940.
Astrophysics
Pycnonuclear reactions can occur anywhere and in any matter, but under standard conditions, the speed of the reaction is exceedingly low, and thus, have no significant role outside of extremely dense systems, neutron-rich and free electron-rich environments, such as the inner crust of a Neutron star. A feature of pycnonuclear reactions is that the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the density of the space that the reaction is occurring in, but is almost fully independent of the temperature of the environment.
The pycnonuclear reactions occurred most violently in the initial phases of the universe, as the baryonic matter was a billion times denser than today. Pycnonuclear reactions are still observed today in neutron stars or white dwarfs, with evidence present of them occurring in lab-generated deuterium-tritium plasma. Some speculations also relate the fact that Jupiter emits more radiation than it receives from the Sun with pycnonuclear reactions or cold fusion.
Black dwarfs
White dwarfs
In white dwarfs, the core of the star is cold, under which conditions, so, if treated classically, the nuclei that arrange themselves into a crystal lattice are in their ground state. The zero-point oscillations of nuclei in the crys
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleroderma%20citrinum
|
Scleroderma citrinum, commonly known as the common earthball, pigskin poison puffball, or common earth ball, is the most common species of earthball in the UK and occurs widely in woods, heathland and in short grass from autumn to winter.
Scleroderma citrinum has two synonyms, Scleroderma aurantium (Vaill.) and Scleroderma vulgare Horn.
Earthballs are superficially similar to, and considered look-alikes of, the edible puffball (particularly Apioperdon pyriforme), but whereas the puffball has a single opening on top through which the spores are dispersed, the earthball just breaks up to release the spores. Moreover, Scleroderma citrinum has much firmer flesh and a dark gleba (interior) much earlier in development than puffballs. Scleroderma citrinum has no stem but is attached to the soil by mycelial cords. The peridium, or outer wall, is thick and firm, usually ochre yellow externally with irregular warts.
The earthball may be parasitized by Pseudoboletus parasiticus.
Scleroderma citrinum can be mistaken with truffles by inexperienced mushroom hunters. Ingestion of Scleroderma citrinum can cause gastrointestinal distress in humans and animals. Some individuals may experience lacrimation, rhinitis and rhinorrhea, and conjunctivitis from exposure to its spores.
Pigments found in the fruiting body of Scleroderma citrinum Pers. are sclerocitrin, norbadione A, xerocomic acid, and badione A.
Notes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory%20imprinting%20in%20sheep
|
Imprinting is most often used to describe an early-life bond that can later affect an animal's mate choice. More broadly, the term refers to a rapid and selective learning process that only can occur during certain times in an animal's life. In sheep, ewes having just given birth imprint onto their lambs on the basis of olfactory cues, allowing mothers to distinguish their own offspring from other lambs in the flock. This olfactory-based imprinting is dependent on a ewe's behavior after giving birth, on the presence of amniotic fluid, and on a specialized odor-influenced learning process which allows the ewe to quickly memorize the smell of her offspring, to whom she then forms an exclusive maternal bond.
Bonding and selective attachment
Some species of mammals show selective maternal bond between mother and infant. This type of bonding is characterized by an exclusive relationship; selective mothers will not provide maternal care to young with which they have not formed a bond.
Domesticated sheep, Ovis aries, are one such mammal, forming a strong and exclusive bond with their young. In sheep, olfaction, the sense of smell, plays a vital role in the establishment of the exclusive bond, though other senses, particularly sight and to an extent hearing, are involved as well.
This bonding process appears to operate in the same fashion in wild and feral sheep populations (Genus ‘’Ovis’’, various species) as in domesticated breeds, though wild and feral populations have received less study.
Sheep are ideal for studying attachment because there are ethical and logistic difficulties that limit laboratory and research use of most other species known to develop selective mother-young social relationships, namely seals, primates, and other ungulates.
Additionally, domestic sheep are common worldwide, easily bred and handled, and well understood in terms of behavior and natural history, providing a solid base for more intricate study. Olfaction plays a role in responsivene
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breather
|
In physics, a breather is a nonlinear wave in which energy concentrates in a localized and oscillatory fashion. This contradicts with the expectations derived from the corresponding linear system for infinitesimal amplitudes, which tends towards an even distribution of initially localized energy.
A discrete breather is a breather solution on a nonlinear lattice.
The term breather originates from the characteristic that most breathers are localized in space and oscillate (breathe) in time. But also the opposite situation: oscillations in space and localized in time, is denoted as a breather.
Overview
A breather is a localized periodic solution of either continuous media equations or discrete lattice equations. The exactly solvable sine-Gordon equation and the focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation are examples of one-dimensional partial differential equations that possess breather solutions. Discrete nonlinear Hamiltonian lattices in many cases support breather solutions.
Breathers are solitonic structures. There are two types of breathers: standing or traveling ones. Standing breathers correspond to localized solutions whose amplitude vary in time (they are sometimes called oscillons). A necessary condition for the existence of breathers in discrete lattices is that the breather main frequency and all its multipliers are located outside of the phonon spectrum of the lattice.
Example of a breather solution for the sine-Gordon equation
The sine-Gordon equation is the nonlinear dispersive partial differential equation
with the field u a function of the spatial coordinate x and time t.
An exact solution found by using the inverse scattering transform is:
which, for ω < 1, is periodic in time t and decays exponentially when moving away from x = 0.
Example of a breather solution for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation
The focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation is the dispersive partial differential equation:
with u a complex field as a function of x and t. Fu
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelling%20sugar
|
Gelling sugar or (British) Jam sugar or (US) Jelly sugar or sugar with pectin is a kind of sugar that is used to produce preserves, and which contains pectin as a gelling agent. It also usually contains citric acid as a preservative, sometimes along with other substances, such as sorbic acid or sodium benzoate
Gelling sugar from German suppliers comes in three different varieties, labeled 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, where the first number indicates the amount of fruit to be used in relation to the sugar. Sugar regulates the gelling of fruit jellies and preserves and is essential to obtain the desired consistency and firmness. This gel-forming process is called gelation. Sugar is essential because it attracts and holds water during the gelling process. Gelling sugar is used for traditional British recipes for jam, marmalade and preserves with the following formulas:
1:1 – Use for jellies and jams with equal weights of fruit and Gelling Sugar.
2:1 – Use for preserves to produce less sweetness. Use twice as much fruit in weight as you do Gelling Sugar.
3:1 – Use for preserves to produce maximum fruit taste. Use three times as much fruit in weight as you do Gelling Sugar.
Gelling sugar cannot be stored as long as normal sugar, because of its pectin content. Pectin requires acid and sugar for the gelling process.
Gelling sugar is different from preserving sugar, which does not contain pectin and is just sugar with larger crystals to avoid foam.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20profile
|
Shadow profile refers to the collection of users' or non-users' information without their consent. The term is mostly commonly used to describe the practices of Facebook to collect information on people that they did not provide.
History
Early in 2012, a data breach of over six million Facebook users' personal information indicated the existence of shadow profiles, since the leaked information was not provided by the users themselves. After this, Facebook started to combine users' shadow profiles with their public profiles. The combined profiles were then further shared with the users' friends if they used Facebook's Download Your Information (DYI) tool.
Possible solutions
In addition, the conversation among users is another factor that leads to information leakage, such that people share their information with each other but they become incapable of controlling the spread of that information afterward. Thus some argue that instead of focusing on what companies can do to provide a clearer picture of the possible information access, users themselves should be the primary target of controlling over their personal information online and this would work as an efficient way to ease both companies' and consumers' concerns with data collection. Another proposed argument also emphasizes the focus on users, which claims that by making users fully aware of what they are doing online and the logistics behind online behaviors, they will put more trust into the virtual world and would take care of their personal information even more.
Instead of focusing on users, some others suggest the interdependent relationship between users and online platforms or companies, and the social contract between them: while companies collect personal data and feedback from users, users would benefit from the modified functional improvements. As a result, as companies are not merely the side notifying users about the privacy norms but a contractor responsible for maintaining a mutually benefi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20cycle%20of%20sea%20level%20height
|
The annual cycle of sea level height (or seasonal cycle or annual harmonic) describes the variation of sea level that occurs with a period of one year. Historically, analysis of the annual cycle has been limited by locations with tide gauge records, i.e., coastlines and some islands in the deep ocean, and by sparse records in the Southern Hemisphere. Since 1992, satellite-based altimeters have provided near global coverage of sea level variability, allowing for a more thorough understanding of the annual cycle both in the deep ocean and in coastal margins.
Tide Gauge Era
Prior to the introduction of satellite-based altimeters, sea level was measured by a network of tide gauges located along continental coastlines and some deep ocean islands. The first analysis of the annual cycle of sea level height on a global scale was done in 1955 by Pattullo et al. An update to this initial study was completed by Tsimplis and Woodworth in 1994 at the beginning of the satellite altimetry era. In general, amplitudes of the annual cycle are less than 150mm (6 inches) and are typically larger in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. Annual amplitudes also vary within ocean basins and along stretches of coastline. On the European side of the North Atlantic Ocean annual amplitudes generally increase from south to north, in contrast with the American side where annual amplitudes generally decrease from south to north. Similarly, on the American side of the North Pacific Ocean annual amplitudes generally increase from south to north (with increased amplitudes in the north likely linked to meteorological forcing), while the western side of the Pacific generally sees annual amplitudes decrease with increasing latitude.
Determining the exact cause of the annual cycle is difficult as there are several factors that influence the amplitude and timing of the annual cycle along the coast including winds, water temperature and salinity, local bathymetry, coastal geometry, oc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20cryptosystem
|
In cryptography, a hybrid cryptosystem is one which combines the convenience of a public-key cryptosystem with the efficiency of a symmetric-key cryptosystem. Public-key cryptosystems are convenient in that they do not require the sender and receiver to share a common secret in order to communicate securely. However, they often rely on complicated mathematical computations and are thus generally much more inefficient than comparable symmetric-key cryptosystems. In many applications, the high cost of encrypting long messages in a public-key cryptosystem can be prohibitive. This is addressed by hybrid systems by using a combination of both.
A hybrid cryptosystem can be constructed using any two separate cryptosystems:
a key encapsulation mechanism, which is a public-key cryptosystem
a data encapsulation scheme, which is a symmetric-key cryptosystem
The hybrid cryptosystem is itself a public-key system, whose public and private keys are the same as in the key encapsulation scheme.
Note that for very long messages the bulk of the work in encryption/decryption is done by the more efficient symmetric-key scheme, while the inefficient public-key scheme is used only to encrypt/decrypt a short key value.
All practical implementations of public key cryptography today employ the use of a hybrid system. Examples include the TLS protocol and the SSH protocol, that use a public-key mechanism for key exchange (such as Diffie-Hellman) and a symmetric-key mechanism for data encapsulation (such as AES). The OpenPGP file format and the PKCS#7 file format are other examples.
Hybrid Public Key Encryption (HPKE, published as RFC 9180) is a modern standard for generic hybrid encryption. HPKE is used within multiple IETF protocols, including MLS and TLS Encrypted Hello.
Envelope encryption is an example of a usage of hybrid cryptosystems in cloud computing. In a cloud context, hybrid cryptosystems also enable centralized key management.
Example
To encrypt a message addressed to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai%20%28symbol%29
|
Chai or Hai ( "living" ) is a symbol that figures prominently in modern Jewish culture; the Hebrew letters of the word are often used as a visual symbol.
History
According to The Jewish Daily Forward, its use as an amulet originates in 18th century Eastern Europe. Chai as a symbol goes back to medieval Spain. Letters as symbols in Jewish culture go back to the earliest Jewish roots, the Talmud states that the world was created from Hebrew letters which form verses of the Torah. In medieval Kabbalah, Chai is the lowest (closest to the physical plane) emanation of God. According to 16th century Greek rabbi Shlomo Hacohen Soloniki, in his commentary on the Zohar, Chai as a symbol has its linkage in the Kabbalah texts to God's attribute of 'Ratzon', or motivation, will, muse. The Jewish commentaries give an especially long treatment to certain verses in the Torah with the word as their central theme. Three examples are Leviticus 18:5 'Chai Bahem', 'and you shall live by [this faith]' (as opposed to just doing it), this is part of the section dealing with the legacy of Moses after his death. Deuteronomy 30:15 "Verily, I have set before thee this day life and good, and death and evil, in that I command thee this day to love the thy God, to walk in His ways, and to keep His commandments and His statutes and His ordinances; then thou shalt live." There is nary an ancient Jewish commentator who does not comment on that verse. The Shema prayer as well speaks of the importance of Chai, to live and walk in the Jewish cultural lifestyle.
Two common Jewish names used since Talmudic times, are based on this symbol, Chaya feminine, Chayim masculine. The Jewish toast (on alcoholic beverages such as wine) is l'chaim, 'to life'.
Linguistics
The word is made up of two letters of the Hebrew alphabet – Chet () and Yod (), forming the word "chai", meaning "alive", or "living". The most common spelling in Latin script is "Chai", but the word is occasionally also spelled "Hai". The u
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscanivirinae
|
Piscanivirinae is a virus subfamily of the family Tobaniviridae within the order Nidovirales which comprises different fish viruses. The virions have a viral envelope and a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome which is linear and unsegmented.
The subfamily is hitherto bigeneric with the two genera Bafinivirus and Oncotshavirus. Both genera comprise rod shaped (bacilliform) viruses with relatively large genoms like they mostly occur in the nidoviruses. Occasionally, also strongly pleomorphic (e.g. spheric) virions were observed.
The name is a siglum typical for virus taxonomy which here supposedly refers to the host animals fishes (Latin pisces), the host species Blicca bjoerkna of the virus species White bream virus, and the overarching order of the nidoviruses.
Taxonomy
The subfamily contains the following genera, subgenera, and species:
Bafinivirus
Blicbavirus
White bream virus
Pimfabavirus
Fathead minnow nidovirus 1
Oncotshavirus
Salnivirus
Chinook salmon nidovirus 1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette%20Syndrome%20Clinical%20Global%20Impression
|
The Tourette Syndrome Clinical Global Impression (TS-CGI) is a psychological measure used to briefly assess severity of tics.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humerus
|
The humerus (; : humeri) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a rounded head, a narrow neck, and two short processes (tubercles, sometimes called tuberosities). The body is cylindrical in its upper portion, and more prismatic below. The lower extremity consists of 2 epicondyles, 2 processes (trochlea & capitulum), and 3 fossae (radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa). As well as its true anatomical neck, the constriction below the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is referred to as its surgical neck due to its tendency to fracture, thus often becoming the focus of surgeons.
Etymology
The word "humerus" is derived from meaning upper arm, shoulder, and is linguistically related to Gothic ams shoulder and Greek ōmos.
Structure
Upper extremity
The upper or proximal extremity of the humerus consists of the bone's large rounded head joined to the body by a constricted portion called the neck, and two eminences, the greater and lesser tubercles.
Head
The head (caput humeri), is nearly hemispherical in form. It is directed upward, medialward, and a little backward, and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint). The circumference of its articular surface is slightly constricted and is termed the anatomical neck, in contradistinction to a constriction below the tubercles called the surgical neck which is frequently the seat of fracture. Fracture of the anatomical neck rarely occurs.
The diameter of the humeral head is generally larger in men than in women.
Anatomical neck
The anatomical neck (collum anatomicum) is obliquely directed, forming an obtuse angle with the body. It is best marked in the lower half of its circumference; in the upper half it is represented by a narrow groove separating the head from the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%20loop
|
In computer science a for-loop or for loop is a control flow statement for specifying iteration. Specifically, a for loop functions by running a section of code repeatedly until a certain condition has been satisfied.
For-loops have two parts: a header and a body. The header defines the iteration and the body is the code that is executed once per iteration. The header often declares an explicit loop counter or loop variable. This allows the body to know which iteration is being executed. For-loops are typically used when the number of iterations is known before entering the loop. For-loops can be thought of as shorthands for while-loops which increment and test a loop variable.
Various keywords are used to indicate the usage of a for loop: descendants of ALGOL use "", while descendants of Fortran use "". There are other possibilities, for example COBOL which uses .
The name for-loop comes from the word for. For is used as the keyword in many programming languages to introduce a for-loop. The term in English dates to ALGOL 58 and was popularized in ALGOL 60. It is the direct translation of the earlier German and was used in Superplan (1949–1951) by Heinz Rutishauser. Rutishauser was involved in defining ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60. The loop body is executed "for" the given values of the loop variable. This is more explicit in ALGOL versions of the for statement where a list of possible values and increments can be specified.
In Fortran and PL/I, the keyword is used for the same thing and it is called a do-loop; this is different from a loop.
FOR
A for-loop statement is available in most imperative programming languages. Even ignoring minor differences in syntax there are many differences in how these statements work and the level of expressiveness they support. Generally, for-loops fall into one of the following categories:
Traditional for-loops
The for-loop of languages like ALGOL, Simula, BASIC, Pascal, Modula, Oberon, Ada, Matlab, Ocaml, F#, and so on, re
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Roman
|
In computing HP Roman is a family of character sets consisting of HP Roman Extension, HP Roman-8, HP Roman-9 and several variants. Originally introduced by Hewlett-Packard around 1978, revisions and adaptations were published several times up to 1999. The 1985 revisions were later standardized as IBM codepages 1050 and 1051. Supporting many European languages, the character sets were used by various HP workstations, terminals, calculators as well as many printers, also from third-parties.
Overview
HP Roman is a family of single byte character encodings supporting several Latin script based languages of Europe. It was originally introduced by Hewlett-Packard around 1978 as 7- and 8-bit HP Roman Extension for some of their computer terminals and printers. Early versions of the 8-bit variant were also used by some HP workstations in 1978/1979. Several revisions led to more characters being added before the 8-bit variant of the character set became officially known as HP Roman-8 in 1983. Soon later, this became the default character set of the HP-UX operating system and the page description language PCL for inkjet and laser printers in 1984. The character set was again expanded in 1985. A modified adaptation of the 1984 definition of Roman-8 was used in the HP Portable series of computers, whereas a derivation of the updated 1985 definition of Roman-8 was used in several early RPL calculators and corresponding thermal printers since 1986. The latest off-spring of the family is HP Roman-9, which was introduced in 1999 to include the euro sign. PCL Ventura International is based on HP Roman-8.
Character set
Roman Extension
The character set was originally introduced by Hewlett-Packard as extended ASCII 7-bit codepage named HP Roman Extension, which existed at least since 1978. This character set was used as a secondary character set in conjunction with the primary character set, which was identical to ASCII, except for character 127, which was a medium shaded box inst
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20of%20eusociality
|
Eusociality evolved repeatedly in different orders of animals, notably termites and the Hymenoptera (the wasps, bees, and ants). This 'true sociality' in animals, in which sterile individuals work to further the reproductive success of others, is found in termites, ambrosia beetles, gall-dwelling aphids, thrips, marine sponge-dwelling shrimp (Synalpheus regalis), naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber), and many genera in the insect order Hymenoptera. The fact that eusociality has evolved so often in the Hymenoptera (between 8 and 11 times), but remains rare throughout the rest of the animal kingdom, has made its evolution a topic of debate among evolutionary biologists. Eusocial organisms at first appear to behave in stark contrast with simple interpretations of Darwinian evolution: passing on one's genes to the next generation, or fitness, is a central idea in evolutionary biology.
Current theories propose that the evolution of eusociality occurred either due to kin selection, proposed by W. D. Hamilton, or by the competing theory of multilevel selection as proposed by E.O. Wilson and colleagues. No single trait or model is sufficient to explain the evolution of eusociality, and most likely the pathway to eusociality involved a combination of pre-conditions, ecological factors, and genetic influences.
Overview of eusociality
Eusociality can be characterized by four main criteria: overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, philopatry, and reproductive altruism. Overlapping generations means that multiple generations live together, and that older offspring may help the parents raise their siblings. Cooperative brood care is when individuals other than the parents assist in raising the offspring through means such as food gathering and protection. Philopatry is when individuals remain living in their birthplace.
The final category, reproductive altruism, is the most divergent from other social orders. Altruism occurs when an individual performs a behavio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trends%20in%20Food%20Science%20and%20Technology
|
Trends in Food Science and Technology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering food science and technology. It is an official publication of the European Federation of Food Science and Technology and of the International Union of Food Science and Technology. The editors-in-chief are Rickey Yada and Fidel Todra (Institute of Food Research).
Abstracting an indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 12.563.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charopinesta%20suavis
|
Charopinesta suavis, also known as the sweet pinhead snail, is a species of land snail that is endemic to Australia's Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea.
Description
The depressedly turbinate shell of the mature snail is 1.4 mm in height, with a diameter of 2.6 mm, and a low, stepped spire. It is golden amber in colour. The whorls are slightly rounded, with impressed sutures and fine, very closely spaced radial ribs. It has a roundedly lunate aperture and moderately widely open umbilicus.
Distribution and habitat
This extremely rare snail is only been recorded by a single shell collected from the summit of Mount Lidgbird and may be extinct.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20eigenvector
|
In linear algebra, a generalized eigenvector of an matrix is a vector which satisfies certain criteria which are more relaxed than those for an (ordinary) eigenvector.
Let be an -dimensional vector space and let be the matrix representation of a linear map from to with respect to some ordered basis.
There may not always exist a full set of linearly independent eigenvectors of that form a complete basis for . That is, the matrix may not be diagonalizable. This happens when the algebraic multiplicity of at least one eigenvalue is greater than its geometric multiplicity (the nullity of the matrix , or the dimension of its nullspace). In this case, is called a defective eigenvalue and is called a defective matrix.
A generalized eigenvector corresponding to , together with the matrix generate a Jordan chain of linearly independent generalized eigenvectors which form a basis for an invariant subspace of .
Using generalized eigenvectors, a set of linearly independent eigenvectors of can be extended, if necessary, to a complete basis for . This basis can be used to determine an "almost diagonal matrix" in Jordan normal form, similar to , which is useful in computing certain matrix functions of . The matrix is also useful in solving the system of linear differential equations where need not be diagonalizable.
The dimension of the generalized eigenspace corresponding to a given eigenvalue is the algebraic multiplicity of .
Overview and definition
There are several equivalent ways to define an ordinary eigenvector. For our purposes, an eigenvector associated with an eigenvalue of an × matrix is a nonzero vector for which , where is the × identity matrix and is the zero vector of length . That is, is in the kernel of the transformation . If has linearly independent eigenvectors, then is similar to a diagonal matrix . That is, there exists an invertible matrix such that is diagonalizable through the similarity transformation .
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeisaurus
|
Omeisaurus (meaning "Omei lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period (Bathonian-Callovian stage) of what is now China. Its name comes from Mount Emei, where it was discovered in the lower Shaximiao Formation of Sichuan Province.
Like most sauropods, Omeisaurus was herbivorous and large. The largest species, O. tianfuensis, measured long, and weighed . Other species were much smaller, as the type species O. junghsiensis reached a size of in length and in body mass, and O. maoianus reached a size of and .
Discovery and species
Initial discovery and O. changshouensis
The initial discovery of Omeisaurus was in 1936 when Charles Lewis Camp and Yang Zhongjian collected a partial skeleton from strata of the Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan, China. The material was taken to and prepared in what is now the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. The skeleton was named Omeisaurus junghsiensis in 1939 by Yang Zhongjian, the skeleton consisting of a partial postcranial skeleton that included four cervical (neck) vertebrae. It was named after the sacred mountain Omeishan, which is near where O. junghsiensis was found, and the species name after the locality. The skeleton of O. junghsiensis was lost during WWII. In 1955, Xuanmin Li and colleagues collected several Sauropod remains from the same strata as O. junghsiensis in Changshou during construction of a reservoir. The IVPP sent Youling Su to conduct the excavation in Changshou, the crew finding eleven vertebrae and several appendicular elements (IVPP V930). The specimen was described later in 1958, also by Yang Zhongjian, as a new species, O. changshouensis.
Discoveries at Wujiaba
During the construction of the Wujiaba Dam in Zigong during the mid-to-late 1970s, crews discovered many large Sauropod remains from strata of the Upper Shaximiao Formation. The amount of material was vast and was collected by the Chongqing Museum of Natural History over five year
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20%28mathematics%29
|
In mathematics, more particularly in functional analysis, differential topology, and geometric measure theory, a k-current in the sense of Georges de Rham is a functional on the space of compactly supported differential k-forms, on a smooth manifold M. Currents formally behave like Schwartz distributions on a space of differential forms, but in a geometric setting, they can represent integration over a submanifold, generalizing the Dirac delta function, or more generally even directional derivatives of delta functions (multipoles) spread out along subsets of M.
Definition
Let denote the space of smooth m-forms with compact support on a smooth manifold A current is a linear functional on which is continuous in the sense of distributions. Thus a linear functional
is an m-dimensional current if it is continuous in the following sense: If a sequence of smooth forms, all supported in the same compact set, is such that all derivatives of all their coefficients tend uniformly to 0 when tends to infinity, then tends to 0.
The space of m-dimensional currents on is a real vector space with operations defined by
Much of the theory of distributions carries over to currents with minimal adjustments. For example, one may define the support of a current as the complement of the biggest open set such that
whenever
The linear subspace of consisting of currents with support (in the sense above) that is a compact subset of is denoted
Homological theory
Integration over a compact rectifiable oriented submanifold M (with boundary) of dimension m defines an m-current, denoted by :
If the boundary ∂M of M is rectifiable, then it too defines a current by integration, and by virtue of Stokes' theorem one has:
This relates the exterior derivative d with the boundary operator ∂ on the homology of M.
In view of this formula we can define a boundary operator on arbitrary currents
via duality with the exterior derivative by
for all compactly supported m-forms
Certain
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XJB-5-131
|
XJB-5-131 is a synthetic antioxidant. In a mouse model of Huntington's disease, it has been shown to reduce oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA, and to maintain mitochondrial DNA copy number. XJB-5-131 also strongly protects against ferroptosis, a form of iron-dependent regulated cell death.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20collision%20approximation
|
In condensed-matter physics, the binary collision approximation (BCA) is a heuristic used to more efficiently simulate the penetration depth and defect production by energetic ions (with kinetic energies in the kilo-electronvolt (keV) range or higher) in solids. In the method, the ion is approximated to travel through a material by experiencing a sequence of independent binary collisions with sample atoms (nuclei). Between the collisions, the ion is assumed to travel in a straight path, experiencing electronic stopping power, but losing no energy in collisions with nuclei.
Simulation approaches
In the BCA approach, a single collision between the incoming ion and a target atom (nucleus) is treated by solving the classical scattering integral between two colliding particles for the
impact parameter of the incoming ion. Solution of the integral gives the scattering angle of the
ion as well as its energy loss to the sample atoms, and hence what the energy is after the collision compared to before it.
The scattering integral is defined in the centre-of-mass coordinate system (two particles reduced to one single particle with one interatomic potential) and relates the angle of scatter with the interatomic potential.
It is also possible to solve the time integral of the collision to know what time has elapsed during the collision. This is necessary at least when BCA is used in the "full cascade" mode, see below.
The energy loss to electrons, i.e. electronic stopping power,
can be treated either with impact-parameter dependent electronic stopping models
,
by subtracting a stopping power dependent on the ion velocity only between the collisions, or a combination of the two approaches.
The selection method for the impact parameter divided BCA codes into two main
varieties: "Monte Carlo" BCA and crystal-BCA codes.
In the so-called Monte Carlo BCA
approach the distance to and impact parameter of the next colliding atom is chosen randomly
from a probability distribution
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tare%20%28legume%29
|
Wild tare or tare is the name given to several flowering plants of the pea family (Fabaceae), of the genus Vicia, or 'vetch', hence they look very similar to the vetches in the same genus. These plants are found in Britain and northern Europe and have flowers ranging from pale to deep lilac in colour. Three species found in Britain are hairy tare (Vicia hirsuta), smooth tare (Vicia tetrasperma), and slender tare (Vicia tenuissima).
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorochromasia
|
Fluorochromasia (Greek flōr χρῶμα- Pronunciation: flｕ̇r·ō·krə′mā·zhə), is a cellular phenomenon characterized by immediate appearance of bright green fluorescence inside viable cells upon exposure to certain membrane-permeable fluorogenic substrates such as fluorescein diacetate, fluorescein dibutyrate and fluorescein dipropionate.
The phenomenon is widely used to measure cellular viability of many different species including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Moreover, fluorochromasia has been observed within organs, embryos, and zebrafish. Fluorochromasia has many applications including histocompatibility testing, measurement of cytotoxic antibodies, in vitro chemo sensitivity testing of tumors, and fluorochrome intercellular translocation. It has been applied with plants, bacteria, mammalian oocytes, mouse embryos, and human tumor cells.
History
In 1966, Rotman and Papermaster accidentally discovered fluorochromasia while studying intracellular enzymes using fluorogenic substrates. They studied its mode of action and presented a molecular model in which intracellular retention of fluorescein depends on the integrity of the cell membrane. Non- polar molecules of fluorescein-esters, such as fluorescein diacetate, readily enter the cell and are hydrolyzed
by non-specific esterases producing fluorescein, as the polar compound. In viable cells, the intracellular fluorescein is unable to readily pass through the intact membrane (i.e., it leaks slowly), accumulating in the cytoplasm of the cell. Their model is illustrated in Figure 1.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI%20Enclosure%20Services
|
SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) is a protocol for more modern SCSI enclosure products. An initiator can communicate with the enclosure using a specialized set of SCSI commands to access power, cooling, and other non-data characteristics.
SES devices
There are two major classes of SES devices:
Attached enclosure services devices allow SES communication through a logical unit within one SCSI disk drive located in the enclosure. The disk-drive then communicates with the enclosure by some other method, the only commonly used one being Enclosure Services Interface (ESI). In fault-tolerant enclosures, more than one disk-drive slot has ESI enabled to allow SES communications to continue even after the failure of any of the disk-drives. The definition of the ESI protocols is owned by an ANSI committee and defined in their specifications ANSI SFF-8067 and SFF-8045.
Standalone enclosure services enclosures have a separate SES processor which occupies its own address on the SCSI bus. The protocol for this uses direct SCSI commands. An enclosure can be fault-tolerant by containing two SES processors.
SES commands
The SCSI initiator communicates with an SES device using two SCSI commands: Send Diagnostic and Receive Diagnostic Results. Some universal SCSI commands such as Inquiry are also used with standalone enclosure services to perform basic functions such as initial discovery of the devices.
SES elements
The SCSI Send Diagnostic and Receive Diagnostic Results commands can be addressed to a specific SES element in the enclosure. There are many different element codes defined to cover a wide range of devices. The most common SES elements are power supply, cooling fan, temperature sensor, and UPS. The SCSI command protocols assume that there may be more than one of each device type so they must be each given an 8-bit address.
When an SES controller is interrogated for the status of an SES element, the response includes a 4-bit element status code. The most commo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20Fungorum
|
Index Fungorum is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom. the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partners along with Landcare Research and the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
It is somewhat comparable to the International Plant Names Index (IPNI), in which the Royal Botanic Gardens is also involved. A difference is that where IPNI does not indicate correct names, the Index Fungorum does indicate the status of a name. In the returns from the search page a currently correct name is indicated in green, while others are in blue (a few, aberrant usages of names are indicated in red). All names are linked to pages giving the correct name, with lists of synonyms.
Index Fungorum is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi; the others are MycoBank and Fungal Names.
Current names in Index Fungorum (Species Fungorum)
The main part of Index Fungorum is intended to be a global list of all fungal names which have ever been validly defined, but many of them are conflicting or no longer used. Species Fungorum is a closely related project based at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew supported by CABI to decide a consistent subset of the Index Fungorum names which can be recommended as currently valid. It is possible to search in either the Index Fungorum or the Species Fungorum list separately and the Index Fungorum results also give a cross-reference to Species Fungorum where an entry is available - names without such a reference are generally only of historical interest and should not be considered reliable for present use.
Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs)
Index Fungorum provides Life Science Identifiers (LSIDs) for records in its database.
Services
Index Fungorum provides a SOAP protocol web service for searching its database and retrieving records. A WSDL file describing the services is available.
See also
Australian
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubGene
|
PubGene AS is a bioinformatics company located in Oslo, Norway and is the daughter company of PubGene Inc.
In 2001, PubGene founders demonstrated one of the first
applications of text mining to research in biomedicine (i.e., biomedical text mining). They went on to create the PubGene public search engine, exemplifying the approach they pioneered by presenting biomedical terms as graphical networks based on their co-occurrence in MEDLINE texts. The PubGene search engine has since been discontinued and incorporated into a commercial product. Co-occurrence networks provide a visual overview of possible relationships between terms and facilitate medical literature retrieval for relevant sets of articles implied by the network display. Commercial applications of the technology are available.
Original development of PubGene technologies was undertaken in collaboration between the Norwegian Cancer Hospital (Radiumhospitalet) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The work is supported by the Research Council of Norway and commercialization assisted by Innovation Norway.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIK%20%28character%20set%29
|
MIK (МИК) is an 8-bit Cyrillic code page used with DOS. It is based on the character set used in the Bulgarian Pravetz 16 IBM PC compatible system. Kermit calls this character set "BULGARIA-PC" / "bulgaria-pc". In Bulgaria, it was sometimes incorrectly referred to as code page 856 (which clashes with IBM's definition for a Hebrew code page). This code page is known by FreeDOS as Code page 3021.
This is the most widespread DOS/OEM code page used in Bulgaria, rather than CP 808, CP 855, CP 866 or CP 872.
Almost every DOS program created in Bulgaria, which has Bulgarian strings in it, was using MIK as encoding, and many such programs are still in use.
Character set
Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as ASCII.
Notes for implementors of mapping tables to Unicode
Implementors of mapping tables to Unicode should note that the MIK Code page unifies some characters:
Binary character manipulations
The MIK code page maintains in alphabetical order all Cyrillic letters which enables very easy character manipulation in binary form:
10xx xxxx - is a Cyrillic Letter
100x xxxx - is an Upper-case Cyrillic Letter
101x xxxx - is a Lower-case Cyrillic Letter
In such case testing and character manipulating functions as:
IsAlpha(), IsUpper(), IsLower(), ToUpper() and ToLower(),
are bit operations and sorting is by simple comparison of character values.
See also
Hardware code page
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20metacarpal%20bone
|
The second metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the index finger) is the longest, and its base the largest, of all the metacarpal bones.
Human anatomy
Its base is prolonged upward and medialward, forming a prominent ridge.
It presents four articular facets, three on the upper surface and one on the ulnar side:
Of the facets on the upper surface:
the intermediate is the largest and is concave from side to side, convex from before backward for articulation with the lesser multangular;
the lateral is small, flat and oval for articulation with the greater multangular;
the medial, on the summit of the ridge, is long and narrow for articulation with the capitate.
The facet on the ulnar side articulates with the third metacarpal.
The extensor carpi radialis longus muscle is inserted on the dorsal surface and the flexor carpi radialis muscle on the volar surface of the base. The shaft gives origin to the first palmar interosseus and the first and second dorsal interossei.
This bone is often the most prone to damage from fast bowlers in cricket, as it is furthest down the bat handle on both left- and right-handers, and as such is in danger of being struck by balls that are pitched short.
Evolution
The articulation between the second metacarpal and the capitate is considered uniquely specialized in hominids. On the second metacarpal, the facet for the capitate is directed proximally, almost perpendicular to the facet for the third metacarpal, while the corresponding facet on the capitate is oriented distally. This is to receive compressive forces generated by the pad-to-pad opposition between the thumb and the index finger. In contrast, in apes, including fossil apes such as Dryopithecus and Proconsul, these facets are oriented in a sagittal plane. In quadrupedal monkeys these facets are oriented slightly differently due to their locomotor behaviour.
In Oreopithecus, a Miocene hominid that became extinct , the orientation of the facet on the second metacarpal i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COSBI
|
The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology (COSBI) is a nonprofit research center in Trentino, Italy. Its first office opened on December 6, 2005, in Trento; the second opened in 2011 in Rovereto. It is a limited liability consortium, half owned by Microsoft Research Cambridge and half by the University of Trento.
History
Origin
COSBI is a joint venture between Microsoft Research and the University of Trento. The founding agreement was signed in Prague on February 2, 2005, by the Minister of Education, University and Research (Minister Letizia Moratti), the Minister of Innovation and Technology (Minister Lucio Stanca), the Province of Trento (Gianluca Salvatori, Councillor of Planning, Research, and Innovation), the University of Trento (Davide Bassi, Rector), the Microsoft Corporation (Bill Gates, president and founder). COSBI was inaugurated on December 7, 2005.
Merging knowledge
COSBI celebrated its fifth anniversary by hosting the conference Merging Knowledge: Trento, Italy (November 30 – December 3, 2010). During the event scientific speakers discussed the relevance of computer science to the study of systems biology by exploring the main fields of computational and systems biology, as well as nutrigenomics, which merges personalized medicine with personalized diet. Among the lecturers: Tony Hoare, principal researcher at Microsoft Research; Leroy Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology; James Kaput, a director within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; and Jeannette Wing, President’s Professor of Computer Science and department head of the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University.
Research
COSBI is a multi-disciplinary group of researchers, software developers and analysts studying algorithmic systems biology through research, projects and solutions. It develops and applies programming language technologies to model, simulate and analyze complex biological systems.
See also
S
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial%20mesoderm
|
Axial mesoderm, or chordamesoderm, is the mesoderm in the embryo that lies along the central axis under the neural tube.
will give rise to notochord
starts as the notochordal process, whose formation finishes at day 20 in humans.
important not only in forming the notochord itself but also in inducing development of the overlying ectoderm into the neural tube
will eventually induce the formation of vertebral bodies.
ventral floor of the notochordal process fuses with endoderm.
The notochord will form the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs. There is some discussion as to whether these cells contributed from the notochord are replaced by others from the adjacent mesoderm.
It gives rise to the notochordal process, which later becomes the notochord.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference%20freedom
|
In computer science, interference freedom is a technique for proving partial correctness of
concurrent programs with shared variables. Hoare logic had been introduced earlier
to prove correctness of sequential programs. In her PhD thesis (and papers arising from it ) under advisor David Gries, Susan Owicki
extended this work to apply to concurrent programs.
Concurrent programming had been in use since the mid 1960s for coding operating systems as sets
of concurrent processes (see, in particular, Dijkstra.), but there was no
formal mechanism for proving correctness. Reasoning about interleaved execution
sequences of the individual processes was difficult, was error prone,
and didn't scale up. Interference freedom
applies to proofs instead of execution sequences;
one shows that execution of one process cannot interfere with the correctness
proof of another process.
A range of intricate concurrent programs have been proved correct using interference
freedom, and interference freedom provides the basis for much of the ensuing work on
developing concurrent programs with shared variables and proving them correct.
The Owicki-Gries paper An axiomatic proof technique for parallel programs I
received the 1977 ACM Award for best paper in programming languages and
systems.
Note. Lamport
presents a similar idea. He writes, "After writing the
initial version of this paper, we learned of the recent work of
Owicki."
His paper has not received as much attention as Owicki-Gries, perhaps because it used
flow charts instead of the text of programming constructs like the if statement and while loop.
Lamport was generalizing Floyd's method while Owicki-Gries was generalizing
Hoare's method.
Essentially all later work in this area uses text and not flow charts.
Another difference is mentioned below in the
section on Auxiliary variables.
Dijkstra's Principle of non-interference
Edsger W. Dijkstra introduced the principle of non-interference in EWD 117,
"Programming Considered
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT%20Subject%20Test%20in%20Biology%20E/M
|
The SAT Subject Test in Biology was the name of a one-hour multiple choice test given on biology by the College Board. A student chose whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student is planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests; and from 1995 until January 2005, they were known as SAT IIs. Of all SAT subject tests, the Biology E/M test was the only SAT II that allowed the test taker a choice between the ecological or molecular tests. A set of 60 questions was taken by all test takers for Biology and a choice of 20 questions was allowed between either the E or M tests. This test was graded on a scale between 200 and 800. The average for Molecular is 630 while Ecological is 591.
On January 19 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Biology E/M. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students. This was done as a response to changes in college admissions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.
Format
This test had 80 multiple-choice questions that were to be answered in one hour. All questions had five answer choices. Students received one point for each correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank. The student's score was based entirely on his or her performance in answering the multiple-choice questions.
The questions covered a broad range of topics in general biology. There were more specific questions related respectively on ecological concepts (such as population studies and general Ecology) on the E test and molecular concepts such as DNA structure, translation, and biochemistry on the M test.
Preparation
The College Board suggested a year-long course in biology at the college preparatory level, as well as a one-year course in algebra, a
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20Studio
|
Discovery Studio is a suite of software for simulating small molecule and macromolecule systems. It is developed and distributed by Dassault Systemes BIOVIA (formerly Accelrys).
The product suite has a strong academic collaboration programme, supporting scientific research and makes use of a number of software algorithms developed originally in the scientific community, including CHARMM, MODELLER, DELPHI, ZDOCK, DMol3 and more.
Scope
Discovery Studio provides software applications covering the following areas:
Simulations
Including Molecular Mechanics, Molecular Dynamics, Quantum Mechanics
For molecular mechanics based simulations: Include implicit and explicit-based solvent models and membrane models
Also includes the ability to perform hybrid QM/MM calculations
Ligand Design
Including tools for enumerating molecular libraries and library optimization
Pharmacophore modeling
Including creation, validation and virtual screening
Structure-based Design
Including tools for fragment-based placement and refinement, receptor-ligand docking and pose refinement, de novo design
Macromolecule design and validation
Macromolecule engineering
Specialist tools for protein-protein docking
Specialist tools for Antibody design and optimization
Specialist tools for membrane-bound proteins, including GPCRs
QSAR
Covering methods such as multiple linear regression, partial least squares, recursive partitioning, Genetic Function approximation and 3D field-based QSAR
ADME
Predictive toxicity
See also
Molecular Mechanics Programs
Quantum Mechanics Software
Molecular Modeling
Molecular Design Software
Protein homology modeling
MDL Chime
External links
Accelrys.com
Discovery Studio
Supporting free software tools: Discovery Studio Visualizer and ActiveX Controls
Recent News Articles
BioIT World News article on Discovery Studio
BioInform (GenomeWeb)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20resonance
|
Stochastic resonance (SR) is a phenomenon in which a signal that is normally too weak to be detected by a sensor, can be boosted by adding white noise to the signal, which contains a wide spectrum of frequencies. The frequencies in the white noise corresponding to the original signal's frequencies will resonate with each other, amplifying the original signal while not amplifying the rest of the white noise – thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio, which makes the original signal more prominent. Further, the added white noise can be enough to be detectable by the sensor, which can then filter it out to effectively detect the original, previously undetectable signal.
This phenomenon of boosting undetectable signals by resonating with added white noise extends to many other systems – whether electromagnetic, physical or biological – and is an active area of research.
Stochastic resonance was first proposed by the Italian physicists Roberto Benzi, Alfonso Sutera and Angelo Vulpiani in 1981, and the first application they proposed (together with Giorgio Parisi) was in the context of climate dynamics.
Technical description
Stochastic resonance (SR) is observed when noise added to a system changes the system's behaviour in some fashion. More technically, SR occurs if the signal-to-noise ratio of a nonlinear system or device increases for moderate values of noise intensity. It often occurs in bistable systems or in systems with a sensory threshold and when the input signal to the system is "sub-threshold." For lower noise intensities, the signal does not cause the device to cross threshold, so little signal is passed through it. For large noise intensities, the output is dominated by the noise, also leading to a low signal-to-noise ratio. For moderate intensities, the noise allows the signal to reach threshold, but the noise intensity is not so large as to swamp it. Thus, a plot of signal-to-noise ratio as a function of noise intensity contains a peak.
Strictly sp
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona%20pellucida
|
The zona pellucida (: zonae pellucidae, also egg coat or pellucid zone) is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes. It is a vital constitutive part of the oocyte. The zona pellucida first appears in unilaminar primary oocytes. It is secreted by both the oocyte and the ovarian follicles. The zona pellucida is surrounded by the corona radiata. The corona is composed of cells that care for the egg when it is emitted from the ovary.
This structure binds spermatozoa, and is required to initiate the acrosome reaction. In the mouse (the best characterised mammalian system), the zona glycoprotein, ZP3, is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane. ZP3 is then involved in the induction of the acrosome reaction, whereby a spermatozoon releases the contents of the acrosomal vesicle. The exact characterisation of what occurs in other species has become more complicated as further zona proteins have been identified.
In humans, five days after the fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes, to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells.
The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization.
Structure
The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked glycoprotein filaments that surrounds the mammalian oocyte and is 6.5–20 μm thick depending on the species. Its formation, which depends on a conserved Zona pellucida-like (ZP) module that mediates the polymerization of egg coat components, is critical to successful fertilization. In non-mammals it is called the vitelline membrane or vitelline envelope.
Function
The thick membrane of the zona pellucida functions to only allow species-specific fertilization; to prevent polyspermy, and enable the acrosome reaction for the successful adhesion and penetration by the sperm cell. Also allows correct embryo development and size. The major glycoproteins o
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumiso
|
is a Japanese sauce used in cooking. It consists of miso, vinegar, and sugar. Various types of miso may be used, including the red, white, or saikyō categories. Sumiso has a sweet and sour taste and is commonly eaten with Japanese seasonal vegetables or seafood.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtacapillary%20receptors
|
Juxtacapillary receptors, J-receptors, or pulmonary C-fiber receptors are sensory nerve endings located within the alveolar walls in juxtaposition to the pulmonary capillaries of the lung, and are innervated by fibers of the vagus nerve. Although their functional role is unclear, J-receptors respond to events such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli, pneumonia, congestive heart failure and barotrauma, which cause a decrease in oxygenation and thus lead to an increase in respiration. They may be also stimulated by hyperinflation of the lung as well as intravenous or intracardiac administration of chemicals such as capsaicin.
The stimulation of the J-receptors causes a reflex increase in breathing rate, and is also thought to be involved in the sensation of dyspnea, the subjective sensation of difficulty breathing. The reflex response that is produced is apnea followed by rapid breathing, bradycardia, and hypotension (pulmonary chemoreflex). The physiologic role of this reflex is uncertain, but it probably occurs in pathologic states such as pulmonary congestion or embolization. These receptors were discovered by Autar Paintal.
Because these receptors have been found in the walls of bronchi, the larynx, and the nose, they appear to be part of a widespread population of nociceptors found in most tissue. For this reason, they are now usually referred to as pulmonary C-fiber receptors.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20problem
|
In the analytic theory of continued fractions, the convergence problem is the determination of conditions on the partial numerators ai and partial denominators bi that are sufficient to guarantee the convergence of the continued fraction
This convergence problem for continued fractions is inherently more difficult than the corresponding convergence problem for infinite series.
Elementary results
When the elements of an infinite continued fraction consist entirely of positive real numbers, the determinant formula can easily be applied to demonstrate when the continued fraction converges. Since the denominators Bn cannot be zero in this simple case, the problem boils down to showing that the product of successive denominators BnBn+1 grows more quickly than the product of the partial numerators a1a2a3...an+1. The convergence problem is much more difficult when the elements of the continued fraction are complex numbers.
Periodic continued fractions
An infinite periodic continued fraction is a continued fraction of the form
where k ≥ 1, the sequence of partial numerators {a1, a2, a3, ..., ak} contains no values equal to zero, and the partial numerators {a1, a2, a3, ..., ak} and partial denominators {b1, b2, b3, ..., bk} repeat over and over again, ad infinitum.
By applying the theory of linear fractional transformations to
where Ak-1, Bk-1, Ak, and Bk are the numerators and denominators of the k-1st and kth convergents of the infinite periodic continued fraction x, it can be shown that x converges to one of the fixed points of s(w) if it converges at all. Specifically, let r1 and r2 be the roots of the quadratic equation
These roots are the fixed points of s(w). If r1 and r2 are finite then the infinite periodic continued fraction x converges if and only if
the two roots are equal; or
the k-1st convergent is closer to r1 than it is to r2, and none of the first k convergents equal r2.
If the denominator Bk-1 is equal to zero then an infinite number of the deno
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaxtr
|
Jaxtr was a social communications company that melds together global calling, SMS, and social networking. Founded by Phillip Mobin and Touraj Parang in October 2005, jaxtr uses Voice over Internet Protocol to offer competitive rates as well as free international and long distance calling. Some key differentiators for jaxtr in its market include allowing phone-to-phone calls to and from any mobile and landline phones, offering social networking focused on voice (café jaxtr), requiring no software downloads or access pins, and giving users local Direct Inward Dialing (DID) phone numbers. Offered in 56 countries, these numbers allow users in those countries to dial a local phone number which would ring a long distance or international destination phone. Jaxtr also offers users a set number of global SMS messages each month.
Jaxtr reported having over 10 million users in 220 countries in 2008. In June 2008, they raised $10 million in a Series B round of venture capital funding from Lehman Brothers Venture Partners. In the same month, they also launched their paid services. In October, Jaxtr laid off thirty percent of its employees, and its CEO, Konstantin Guericke, was fired.
The company was located in Menlo Park, CA.
On 14 June 2009, Hotmail Founder Sabeer Bhatia's Sabsebolo acquired Jaxtr for an unknown amount., which as stated by co-founded Touraj Parang effectively meant closing down the service.
Technology
While Skype popularized the concept to make calls through personal computers for consumers, jaxtr builds on that concept by allowing calls to be routed through VoIP to and from both mobile and landline phones. As a hybrid of telephony and Web technologies, jaxtr is built with Java components and MySQL database servers, which run a protocol-independent calls engine that combines users' voice and text conversations. Jaxtr uses open source software throughout the system--memcached, Asterisk, and OpenSER SIP server among others.
Jaxtr provided local phone n
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocybernetics
|
Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to biological science disciplines such as neurology and multicellular systems. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. The field of cybernetics itself has origins in biological disciplines such as neurophysiology. Biocybernetics is an abstract science and is a fundamental part of theoretical biology, based upon the principles of systemics. Biocybernetics is a psychological study that aims to understand how the human body functions as a biological system and performs complex mental functions like thought processing, motion, and maintaining homeostasis.(PsychologyDictionary.org)Within this field, many distinct qualities allow for different distinctions within the cybernetic groups such as humans and insects such as beehives and ants. Humans work together but they also have individual thoughts that allow them to act on their own, while worker bees follow the commands of the queen bee. (Seeley, 1989). Although humans often work together, they can also separate from the group and think for themselves.(Gackenbach, J. 2007) A unique example of this within the human sector of biocybernetics would be in society during the colonization period, when Great Britain established their colonies in North America and Australia. Many of the traits and qualities of the mother country were inherited by the colonies, as well as niche qualities that were unique to them based on their areas like language and personality—similar vines and grasses, where the parent plant produces offshoots, spreading from the core. Once the shoots grow their roots and get separated from the mother plant, they will survive independently and be considered their plant. Society is more closely related to plants than to animals since, like plants, there is no distinct separation between parent and offspring. The branching of society is more similar t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20condition
|
A chronic condition (also known as chronic disease or chronic illness) is a health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects or a disease that comes with time. The term chronic is often applied when the course of the disease lasts for more than three months. Common chronic diseases include diabetes, functional gastrointestinal disorder, eczema, arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autoimmune diseases, genetic disorders and some viral diseases such as hepatitis C and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An illness which is lifelong because it ends in death is a terminal illness. It is possible and not unexpected for an illness to change in definition from terminal to chronic. Diabetes and HIV for example were once terminal yet are now considered chronic due to the availability of insulin for diabetics and daily drug treatment for individuals with HIV which allow these individuals to live while managing symptoms.
In medicine, chronic conditions are distinguished from those that are acute. An acute condition typically affects one portion of the body and responds to treatment. A chronic condition, on the other hand, usually affects multiple areas of the body, is not fully responsive to treatment, and persists for an extended period of time.
Chronic conditions may have periods of remission or relapse where the disease temporarily goes away, or subsequently reappears. Periods of remission and relapse are commonly discussed when referring to substance abuse disorders which some consider to fall under the category of chronic condition.
Chronic conditions are often associated with non-communicable diseases which are distinguished by their non-infectious causes. Some chronic conditions though, are caused by transmissible infections such as HIV/AIDS.
63% of all deaths worldwide are from chronic conditions. Chronic diseases constitute a major cause of mortality, and the World Health Organization (WHO) attributes 38
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20India
|
Mother India is a 1957 Indian epic drama film, directed by Mehboob Khan and starring Nargis, Sunil Dutt, Rajendra Kumar and Raaj Kumar. A remake of Khan's earlier film Aurat (1940), it is the story of a poverty-stricken village woman named Radha (Nargis), who in the absence of her husband, struggles to raise her sons and survive against a cunning money-lender amidst many troubles.
The title of the film was chosen to counter American author Katherine Mayo's 1927 polemical book Mother India, which vilified Indian culture. Mother India metaphorically represents India as a nation in the aftermath of its independence in 1947, and alludes to a strong sense of Indian nationalism and nation-building. Allusions to Hindu mythology are abundant in the film, and its lead character has been seen as a metonymic representation of an Indian woman who reflects high moral values and the concept of what it means to be a mother to society through self-sacrifice. While some authors treat Radha as the symbol of women's empowerment, others see her cast in female stereotypes. The film was shot in Mumbai's Mehboob Studios and in the villages of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh. The music by Naushad introduced global music, including Western classical music and orchestra, to Hindi cinema.
The film was one of the most expensive Indian (Bollywood) productions and earned the highest revenue for any Indian film at that time. Adjusted for inflation, Mother India still ranks among the all-time Indian box office hits. It was released in India amid fanfare in October 1957 and had several high-profile screenings, including one at the capital, New Delhi, attended by the country's president and prime minister. Mother India became a definitive cultural classic and is regarded as one of the best films in Indian cinema. The film won the All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film, the Filmfare Best Film Award for 1957, and Nargis and Khan won the Best Actress and Best Director awards res
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum%20Institute%20of%20India
|
Serum Institute of India (SII) is an Indian biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals company, based in Pune. It is the world's largest manufacturer of vaccines. It was founded by Cyrus Poonawalla in 1966 and is a part of Cyrus Poonawalla Group.
Overview
The Serum Institute of India was founded in 1966 in the city of Pune, India. The company set out to produce immunobiologicals, which were imported into India at high prices. Among the first products the Serum Institute of India manufactured in large quantities were the tetanus antitoxin, snake antivenom, DPT vaccine, and MMR vaccine. The company's product lines was expanded to include different types of vaccines against bacterial or virus infections, combination vaccines, influenza vaccine, and meningococcal vaccine. Besides vaccine the company also manufactures antisera, blood plasma, and hormone products. As of 2014 the vaccines manufactured by the Serum Institute of India have been used in international vaccination programmes run by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Today the Serum Institute of India is run by the Poonawalla Group and engages in research, development, and manufacturing.
In 2009, the company began developing an intranasal swine flu vaccine. In 2012, the company's first international acquisition was Bilthoven Biologicals, a biopharmaceutical company in Netherlands. In 2016, with support from US-based Mass Biologics of University of Massachusetts Medical School, the Serum Institute of India invented a fast-acting anti-rabies agent, Rabies Human Monoclonal Antibody (RMAb), also known as Rabishield.
, the company is the world's largest vaccine producer by number of doses produced, manufacturing around 1.9 billion doses of vaccines each year with plans to produce 4 billion doses of vaccines. The products developed include tuberculosis vaccine Tubervac (BCG), Poliovac for poliomyelitis, and other vaccinations for the childhood vaccination schedul
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learnable%20evolution%20model
|
The learnable evolution model (LEM) is a non-Darwinian methodology for evolutionary computation that employs machine learning to guide the generation of new individuals (candidate problem solutions). Unlike standard, Darwinian-type evolutionary computation methods that use random or semi-random operators for generating new individuals (such as mutations and/or recombinations), LEM employs hypothesis generation and instantiation operators.
The hypothesis generation operator applies a machine learning program to induce descriptions that distinguish between high-fitness and low-fitness individuals in each consecutive population. Such descriptions delineate areas in the search space that most likely contain the desirable solutions. Subsequently the instantiation operator samples these areas to create new individuals.
LEM has been modified from optimization domain to classification domain by augmented LEM with ID3 (February 2013 by M. Elemam Shehab, K. Badran, M. Zaki and Gouda I. Salama).
Selected references
Evolutionary computation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20stereo%20vision
|
Computer stereo vision is the extraction of 3D information from digital images, such as those obtained by a CCD camera. By comparing information about a scene from two vantage points, 3D information can be extracted by examining the relative positions of objects in the two panels. This is similar to the biological process of stereopsis.
Outline
In traditional stereo vision, two cameras, displaced horizontally from one another, are used to obtain two differing views on a scene, in a manner similar to human binocular vision. By comparing these two images, the relative depth information can be obtained in the form of a disparity map, which encodes the difference in horizontal coordinates of corresponding image points. The values in this disparity map are inversely proportional to the scene depth at the corresponding pixel location.
For a human to compare the two images, they must be superimposed in a stereoscopic device, with the image from the right camera being shown to the observer's right eye and from the left one to the left eye.
In a computer vision system, several pre-processing steps are required.
The image must first be undistorted, such that barrel distortion and tangential distortion are removed. This ensures that the observed image matches the projection of an ideal pinhole camera.
The image must be projected back to a common plane to allow comparison of the image pairs, known as image rectification.
An information measure which compares the two images is minimized. This gives the best estimate of the position of features in the two images, and creates a disparity map.
Optionally, the received disparity map is projected into a 3d point cloud. By utilising the cameras' projective parameters, the point cloud can be computed such that it provides measurements at a known scale.
Active stereo vision
The active stereo vision is a form of stereo vision which actively employs a light such as a laser or a structured light to simplify the stereo matching
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructification
|
Fructification () are the generative parts of the plant (flower and fruit) (as opposed to its vegetative parts: trunk, roots and leaves). Sometimes it is applied more broadly to the generative parts of gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes, though they produce neither fruit nor flower.
Since the works of Andrea Caesalpino (1519–1603) the characters of fructification have been extensively used as a basis for the scientific classification of plants. Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) raised the description of the parts of fructification to an unprecedented level of precision. He insisted that genera and the higher groups of plants must be characterised in terms of the fructification alone without using vegetative parts (which can be used only to characterise the species within genera). At that time it was believed that all plants have flowers and fruits. It was not until the nineteenth century that the important difference between seeds and spores was recognised and the use of terms flower and fruit was restricted to the flowering plants (angiosperms).
Later plant taxonomists used a more balanced approach and re-introduced the use of the vegetative parts of the plant as a basis for characters at different levels of taxonomic hierarchy.
See also
Scientific classification
Plant morphology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithospheric%20flexure
|
Lithospheric flexure (also called regional isostasy) is the process by which the lithosphere (rigid, thin outer layer of the Earth) bends under the action of forces such as the weight of a growing orogeny or changes in ice thickness related to glaciation. The lithosphere rests on the asthenosphere, a viscous layer that in geological time scales behaves like a fluid. Thus, when loaded, the lithosphere progressively reaches an isostatic equilibrium, which represents Archimedes' principle applied to geological settings.
This phenomenon was first described in the late 19th century to explain the shorelines uplifted in Scandinavia by the removal of large ice massed during the last glaciation. G. K. Gilbert used it to explain the uplifted shorelines of Lake Bonneville. The concept was not retaken until the 1950s by Vening Meinesz.
The geometry of the lithospheric bending is often modeled adopting a pure elastic thin plate approach (sometimes by fitting the gravity anomaly produced by that bending rather than more direct data of it). The thickness of such plate that best fits the observed lithospheric bending is called the equivalent elastic thickness of the lithosphere and is related to the stiffness or rigidity of the lithosphere. These lithospheric bending calculations are typically performed following the Euler-Bernoulli bending formulation, or alternatively the Lagrange equation.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20engineering
|
Computer engineering (CoE or CpE) is a branch of electronic engineering and computer science that integrates several fields of computer science and electronic engineering required to develop computer hardware and software.
Computer engineering is referred to as computer science and engineering at some universities.
Computer engineers require training in electronic engineering, computer science, hardware-software integration, software design, and software engineering. It uses the techniques and principles of electrical engineering and computer science, and can encompass areas such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, computer networks, computer architecture and operating systems. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual microcontrollers, microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also on how to integrate them into the larger picture. Robotics are one of the applications of computer engineering.
Computer engineering usually deals with areas including writing software and firmware for embedded microcontrollers, designing VLSI chips, designing analog sensors, designing mixed signal circuit boards, and designing operating systems. Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors.
In many institutions of higher learning, computer engineering students are allowed to choose areas of in-depth study in their junior and senior year because the full breadth of knowledge used in the design and application of computers is beyond the scope of an undergraduate degree. Other institutions may require engineering students to complete one or two years of general engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus.
History
Comp
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert%20variety
|
In algebraic geometry, a Schubert variety is a certain subvariety of a Grassmannian, of -dimensional subspaces of a vector space , usually with singular points. Like the Grassmannian, it is a kind of moduli space, whose elements satisfy conditions giving lower bounds to the dimensions of the intersections of its elements , with the elements of a specified complete flag. Here may be a vector space over an arbitrary field, but most commonly this taken to be either the real or the complex numbers.
A typical example is the set of -dimensional subspaces of a 4-dimensional space that intersect a fixed (reference) 2-dimensional subspace nontrivially.
Over the real number field, this can be pictured in usual xyz-space as follows. Replacing subspaces with their corresponding projective spaces, and intersecting with an affine coordinate patch of , we obtain an open subset X° ⊂ X. This is isomorphic to the set of all lines L (not necessarily through the origin) which meet the x-axis. Each such line L corresponds to a point of X°, and continuously moving L in space (while keeping contact with the x-axis) corresponds to a curve in X°. Since there are three degrees of freedom in moving L (moving the point on the x-axis, rotating, and tilting), X is a three-dimensional real algebraic variety. However, when L is equal to the x-axis, it can be rotated or tilted around any point on the axis, and this excess of possible motions makes L a singular point of X.
More generally, a Schubert variety in is defined by specifying the minimal dimension of intersection of a -dimensional subspace with each of the spaces in a fixed reference complete flag , where . (In the example above, this would mean requiring certain intersections of the line L with the x-axis and the xy-plane.)
In even greater generality, given a semisimple algebraic group with a Borel subgroup and a standard parabolic subgroup , it is known that the homogeneous space , which is an example of a flag variety
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor%20scalping
|
Flavor scalping is a term used in the packaging industry to describe the loss of quality of a packaged item due to either its volatile flavors being absorbed by the packaging or the item absorbing undesirable flavors from its packaging. A classic example is the absorption of various plastic flavors when soft drinks are stored in plastic bottles for an extended period.
See also
Cork tainting
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.