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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game%20bot
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In video games, a bot is a type of artificial intelligence (AI)–based expert system software that plays a video game in the place of a human. Bots are used in a variety of video game genres for a variety of tasks: a bot written for a first-person shooter (FPS) works very differently from one written for a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). The former may include analysis of the map and even basic strategy; the latter may be used to automate a repetitive and tedious task like farming.
Bots written for first-person shooters usually try to mimic how a human would play a game. Computer-controlled bots may play against other bots and/or human players in unison, either over the Internet, on a LAN or in a local session. Features and intelligence of bots may vary greatly, especially with community created content. Advanced bots feature machine learning for dynamic learning of patterns of the opponent as well as dynamic learning of previously unknown maps – whereas more trivial bots may rely completely on lists of waypoints created for each map by the developer, limiting the bot to play only maps with said waypoints.
Using bots is generally against the rules of current massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), but a significant number of players still use MMORPG bots for games like RuneScape.
MUD players may run bots to automate laborious tasks, which can sometimes make up the bulk of the gameplay. While a prohibited practice in most MUDs, there is an incentive for the player to save time while the bot accumulates resources, such as experience, for the player character bot.
Types
Bots may be static, dynamic, or both. Static bots are designed to follow pre-made waypoints for each level or map. These bots need a unique waypoint file for each map. For example, Quake III Arena bots use an area awareness system file to move around the map, while Counter-Strike bots use a waypoint file. Dynamic bots learn the levels and maps as they play
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20iliac%20lymph%20nodes
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The common iliac lymph nodes, four to six in number, are grouped behind and on the sides of the common iliac artery, one or two being placed below the bifurcation of the aorta, in front of the fifth lumbar vertebra.
They drain chiefly the hypogastric and external iliac glands, and their efferents pass to the lateral aortic glands.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Media%20Academy
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Digital Media Academy is a digital art and technology education company, located in Palo Alto, CA, and Vancouver, BC, primarily offering STEM summer camp and arts programs for students, age 9-18, at several universities in the US and Canada, including Stanford, Harvard, UCSD, Chicago, NYU, UBC, UoT, and more. Digital Media Academy Certified Schools offers curriculum and teaching resources to K-12 schools globally to empower every educator to integrate technology into their classroom in a way that works for them.
Digital Media Academy began as the Academy for New Media at Stanford University in the late 1990s as a program of Stanford's Academic Department and was officially incorporated in 2002. The Academy for New Media was created at Stanford by Phil Gibson in 1999 for K-12 educators and high-school students interested in learning the latest digital media software tools from award-winning creative professionals. Digital Media Academy was born in the Fall of 2001 after the Academy for New Media became closed due to budget cuts. Stanford University's Continuing Studies department offered CEU credits through Digital Media Academy from 2002-2014. In the Fall of 2017, the Company changed ownership, with Gibson exiting completely in 2018. Students may attend Digital Media Academy summer camps with the day camp or residential camp option or enroll in online courses.
Partnerships
Digital Media Academy by a grant from The Nudelman Family Trust offers a 1,000 full scholarship program to make its courses accessible to underprivileged children and has partnered with various non-profit and community-focused organizations including the New Media Consortium and the CUE.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20S.%20Varga
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Richard Steven Varga (October 9, 1928 - February 25, 2022) was an American mathematician who specialized in numerical analysis and linear algebra. He was an Emeritus University Professor of Mathematical Sciences at Kent State University and an adjunct Professor at Case Western Reserve University. Varga was known for his contributions to many areas of mathematics, including matrix analysis, complex analysis, approximation theory, and scientific computation. He was the author of the classic textbook Matrix Iterative Analysis. Varga served as the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis (ETNA).
Birth and education
Richard Varga was born in Cleveland, Ohio of Hungarian-born parents in 1928. He obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Case Institute of Technology (present Case Western Reserve University) in 1950. Varga was a member of the collegiate wrestling team of Case.
Following the advice of Professor Max Morris at Case, Varga joined Harvard University for the master's degree and obtained an A.M. in mathematics. Continuing his doctoral work at Harvard under the supervision of Joseph L. Walsh, Varga worked on the theory of rational approximation of complex analytic functions. Varga received his Ph.D. degree in 1954 with a dissertation Properties of a Special Set of Entire Functions and their Respective Partial Sums.
While at Harvard, Varga also studied with Garrett Birkhoff, who later came to collaborate with Varga in research both on iterative methods for differential equations and on positive matrices (and positive operators on partially ordered vector spaces).
Career
From 1954 until 1960, Varga worked for Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory in Pittsburgh. In 1960 he returned to Case Institute of Technology as a professor of mathematics and remained there for the next nine years. He then moved to Kent State University as University Professor of mathematics. At Kent Varga has held numerous academic positions, including dire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiberg%20duality
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In quantum field theory, Seiberg duality, conjectured by Nathan Seiberg in 1994, is an S-duality relating two different supersymmetric QCDs. The two theories are not identical, but they agree at low energies. More precisely under a renormalization group flow they flow to the same IR fixed point, and so are in the same universality class. It is an extension to nonabelian gauge theories with N=1 supersymmetry of Montonen–Olive duality in N=4 theories and electromagnetic duality in abelian theories.
The statement of Seiberg duality
Seiberg duality is an equivalence of the IR fixed points in an N=1 theory with SU(Nc) as the gauge group and Nf flavors of fundamental chiral multiplets and Nf flavors of antifundamental chiral multiplets in the chiral limit (no bare masses) and an N=1 chiral QCD with Nf-Nc colors and Nf flavors, where Nc and Nf are positive integers satisfying
.
A stronger version of the duality relates not only the chiral limit but also the full deformation space of the theory. In the special case in which
the IR fixed point is a nontrivial interacting superconformal field theory. For a superconformal field theory, the anomalous scaling dimension of a chiral superfield where R is the R-charge. This is an exact result.
The dual theory contains a fundamental "meson" chiral superfield M which is color neutral but transforms as a bifundamental under the flavor symmetries.
The dual theory contains the superpotential .
Relations between the original and dual theories
Being an S-duality, Seiberg duality relates the strong coupling regime with the weak coupling regime, and interchanges chromoelectric fields (gluons) with chromomagnetic fields (gluons of the dual gauge group), and chromoelectric charges (quarks) with nonabelian 't Hooft–Polyakov monopoles. In particular, the Higgs phase is dual to the confinement phase as in the dual superconducting model.
The mesons and baryons are preserved by the duality. However, in the electric theory the meson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear%20form
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In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map on a vector space (the elements of which are called vectors) over a field K (the elements of which are called scalars). In other words, a bilinear form is a function that is linear in each argument separately:
and
and
The dot product on is an example of a bilinear form.
The definition of a bilinear form can be extended to include modules over a ring, with linear maps replaced by module homomorphisms.
When is the field of complex numbers , one is often more interested in sesquilinear forms, which are similar to bilinear forms but are conjugate linear in one argument.
Coordinate representation
Let be an -dimensional vector space with basis .
The matrix A, defined by is called the matrix of the bilinear form on the basis .
If the matrix represents a vector with respect to this basis, and similarly, the matrix represents another vector , then:
A bilinear form has different matrices on different bases. However, the matrices of a bilinear form on different bases are all congruent. More precisely, if is another basis of , then
where the form an invertible matrix . Then, the matrix of the bilinear form on the new basis is .
Maps to the dual space
Every bilinear form on defines a pair of linear maps from to its dual space . Define by
This is often denoted as
where the dot ( ⋅ ) indicates the slot into which the argument for the resulting linear functional is to be placed (see Currying).
For a finite-dimensional vector space , if either of or is an isomorphism, then both are, and the bilinear form is said to be nondegenerate. More concretely, for a finite-dimensional vector space, non-degenerate means that every non-zero element pairs non-trivially with some other element:
for all implies that and
for all implies that .
The corresponding notion for a module over a commutative ring is that a bilinear form is if is an isomorphism. Given a finitely generated module over a commu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramogen
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The term ramogen refers to a biological factor, typically a growth factor or other protein, that causes a developing biological cell or tissue to branch in a tree-like manner. Ramogenic molecules are branch promoting molecules found throughout the human body,.
Brief History
The term was first coined (from the Latin ramus = branch and the Greek genesis = creation) in an article about kidney development by Davies and Davey (Pediatr Nephrol. 1999 Aug;13(6):535-41). In the article, Davies and Davy describe the existence of "ramogens" in the kidney as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors, neurturin and persephin. The term has now passed into general use in the technical literature concerned with branching of biological structures.
Function
A ramogen is a biochemical signal that enables the creation of a physiological branch. The signal can be in the form of a growth factor or a hormone that makes a tube branch. One specific example would be the hormone that forms the simple tube through which the mammary glands begin to form causing the formation of a highly branched “tree” of milk ducts in females.
Types of Ramogens
Mesenchyme-derived ramogens are found throughout the body and serve as chemoattractants to branching tissues.
An example of how this works is found through a study on a bead soaked in the renal ramogen GDNF. When this ramogen was placed next to a kidney sample in culture, the nearby uteric parts branch and grow toward it.
Another example of a ramogen in use was found in the lungs. The existence of Sprouty2 in the body is demonstrated in response to the signaling of the ramogen FGF10, serving as an inhibitor of branching.
The following table is a list of Key Ramogens in Branching Organs of a mouse species.
Studies involving Ramogens
The physiological capabilities of ramogens are still being postulated in medical studies involving kidney functions on mice.
In development maturing nephrons and stroma in the body may cease to prod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-gain%20theorem
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In nonlinear systems, the formalism of input-output stability is an important tool in studying the stability of interconnected systems since the gain of a system directly relates to how the norm of a signal increases or decreases as it passes through the system. The small-gain theorem gives a sufficient condition for finite-gain stability of the feedback connection. The small gain theorem was proved by George Zames in 1966. It can be seen as a generalization of the Nyquist criterion to non-linear time-varying MIMO systems (systems with multiple inputs and multiple outputs).
Theorem. Assume two stable systems and are connected in a feedback loop, then the closed loop system is input-output stable if and both and are stable by themselves. (This norm is typically the -norm, the size of the largest singular value of the transfer function over all frequencies. Any induced Norm will also lead to the same results).
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrivadoVPN
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PrivadoVPN is a VPN service provider with applications for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, AndroidTV and Amazon Fire TV along with custom configuration support for routers and Linux. PrivadoVPN is based in Switzerland and operates under Swiss privacy laws.
Overview
PrivadoVPN has server locations at 60 cities in 47 countries. It has 256-bit-AES encryption, streaming support for all users, kill switch, zero-log guarantee, unlimited speed, SOCKS5 proxy, split tunneling, and 10 simultaneous connections. The VPN offers both free and paid tiers, with users paying to unlock all features.
Reception
In 2021, Paul McNally of PCguide.com wrote: “The Privado[VPN] app has been made deliberately easy to get around and is all the better for that. It’s quite simple to turn it on and never, ever think about it again which is great, and also quite a relief that you can just turn on ‘internet safety’ and forget about it.”
PrivadoVPN was ranked as the #1 free VPN by Security.org and as one of the top 5 VPNs available in 2022 by TechRadar, Tech Advisor, PCMag, Netzwelt, Macworld, and Digital Trends.
The app was praised by Tom’s Guide, as they gave PrivadoVPN “full marks across the board,” stating that the VPN offers “an impressive showing for a near-brand new service just beginning to get a foothold in the industry.”
In a review on PCMag, PrivadoVPN was credited with having a generous free plan and affordable paid plans, but that it lacked additional security features and had not yet conducted a third-party audit.
See also
Comparison of virtual private network services
Encryption
Internet privacy
Secure communication
Virtual private network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASME%20Y14.5
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ASME Y14.5 is a standard published by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) to establish rules, symbols, definitions, requirements, defaults, and recommended practices for stating and interpreting Geometric Dimensions and Tolerances (GD&T). ASME/ANSI issued the first version of this Y-series standard in 1973.
Overview
ASME Y14.5 is a complete definition of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. It contains 15 sections which cover symbols and datums as well as tolerances of form, orientation, position, profile and runout. It is complemented by ASME Y14.5.1 - Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles. Together these standards allow for clear and concise detailing of dimensional requirements on a product drawing or electronic drawing package as well as the verification of the requirements on manufactured parts. Effective application of GD&T allows for parts to be verified by dimensional measurements, gauging, or by CMM.
History
The modern standard can trace its roots to the military standard MIL-STD-8 published in 1949. It was revised by MIL-STD-8A in 1953 which introduced the concept of modern GD&T "Rule 1". Further revisions have continued to add new concepts and address new technology like Computer Aided Design and Model-based definition. A list of revisions follows:
ASME Y14.5-2018, "Dimensioning and Tolerancing"
Current Standard
Preceded by ASME Y14.5-2009
ASME Y14.5-2-2017, "Certification of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Professionals"
Current Standard
Preceded by ASME Y14.5-2-2000
ASME Y14.5-2009
Succeeded by ASME Y14.5-2018
Preceded by ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994
Succeeded by ASME Y14.5-2009
Reaffirmed in 2004
Preceded by ANSI Y14.5M-1982
ANSI Y14.5M-1982
Preceded by ANSI Y14.5-1973
Reaffirmed in 1988
ANSI Y14.5-1973
Succeeded by ASME Y14.5M-1982
Preceded by USASI Y14.5-1966
USASI Y14.5-1966
Succeeded by ANSI Y14.5-1973
Preceded by ASA Y14.5-1957
ASA Y14.5-1957
Succeeded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20bath%20%28electrotherapy%29
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An electric bath is a 19th-century medical treatment in which high-voltage electrical apparatus was used for electrifying patients by causing an electric charge to build up on their bodies. In the US this process was known as Franklinization after Benjamin Franklin. The process became widely known after Franklin described it in the mid-18th century, but after that it was mostly practiced by quacks. Golding Bird brought it into the mainstream at Guy's Hospital in the mid-19th century and it fell into disuse in the early 20th century.
Description
The source of electricity for an electric bath was usually a frictional electrical machine. The patient was seated on a wooden stool, and both the patient and the stool insulated from ground by a platform on glass legs or some other insulator. In some arrangements, the patient was lying down rather than seated. The patient was then charged with static electricity either by direct connection to one electrode of the generator (usually the positive), or else through electrostatic induction by holding a large electrode close to the patient's body. The electric tension applied was around . Treatment could take several hours. Following charging the patient was "bathed" in electricity, hence the name of the procedure. This can be observed in a darkened room as a luminous discharge around the patient, especially at the hair and extremeties.
The electric bath treatment was painless, but it caused the patient to warm and sweat, and the heart rate to increase. It also caused the hair to stand on end. The electric bath could form a treatment in itself. It could also be the first stage in further treatment. A common procedure was to draw sparks from the patient after charging, especially from the spine.
History
Electricity had been in use for medical treatment since the mid-18th century. However, this was mainly at the hands of quacks and charlatans, often promoting the treatment as a universal panacea. One notorious
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20the%20Fuck%20to%20Sleep
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Go the Fuck to Sleep is a satirical book written by American author Adam Mansbach and illustrated by Ricardo Cortés. Described as a "children's book for adults", it reached No. 1 on Amazon.com's bestseller list a month before its release, thanks to an unintended viral marketing campaign during which booksellers forwarded PDF copies of the book by e-mail.
Background
When Adam Mansbach's daughter, Vivien, was three years old, she would take up to four hours to fall asleep. Exhausted and exasperated, one night Mansbach posted a note on Facebook, "Look out for my forthcoming children’s book, Go the Fuck to Sleep". Following his post, friends of Mansbach responded enthusiastically, so that Mansbach began writing what was then only a hypothetical book. Mansbach had the illustrations for the picture book done by a friend, illustrator Ricardo Cortés (a contributor to The New York Times), and approached Akashic Books, a book publisher from New York.
Summary
Go the Fuck to Sleep is written as a "children's book for adults". While its writing is in the style of classic children's bedtime stories, it includes the parent's language as commentary on the tricks used by Mansbach's daughter to avoid having to go to bed. The narrator advises the child that other animals have gone to sleep already including cats and lambs, and asks the child to "Please go the fuck to sleep". As the pleading progresses, the narrator begins to grow more upset, decrying himself as a parent, then eventually falling asleep himself. He wakes to find his child asleep, then quietly exits to watch a movie with his spouse. Unfortunately, a beep from the microwave wakes up their child again.
Publication history
Go the Fuck to Sleep was subject to an unintended viral marketing campaign after PDF copies of the book, presumably from advance copies sent to booksellers, were distributed via email. While the book was originally scheduled for release in October 2011, by the end of April the book had hit No. 2 on A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20diversity
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In ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those sites (beta diversity).
Scale considerations
Both the area or landscape of interest and the sites within it may be of very different sizes in different situations, and no consensus has been reached on what spatial scales are appropriate to quantify alpha diversity. It has therefore been proposed that the definition of alpha diversity does not need to be tied to a specific spatial scale: alpha diversity can be measured for an existing dataset that consists of subunits at any scale. The subunits can be, for example, sampling units that were already used in the field when carrying out the inventory, or grid cells that are delimited just for the purpose of analysis. If results are extrapolated beyond the actual observations, it needs to be taken into account that the species diversity in the subunits generally gives an underestimation of the species diversity in larger areas.
Different concepts
Ecologists have used several slightly different definitions of alpha diversity. Whittaker himself used the term both for the species diversity in a single subunit and for the mean species diversity in a collection of subunits. It has been argued that defining alpha diversity as a mean across all relevant subunits is preferable, because it agrees better with Whittaker's idea that total species diversity consists of alpha and beta components.
Definitions of alpha diversity can also differ in what they assume species diversity to be. Often researchers use the values given by one or more diversity indices, such as specie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Clark%20%28inventor%29
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John Clark (1785-1853) was a British printer and inventor who created the first automated text generator, the Latin Verse Machine (also known as the Eureka) between 1830 and 1843. Clark also patented a method for rubberising cloth that was used for air beds.
Life
John Clark was born on 21 November 1785 and died on 23 May 1853. He was a cousin of Cyrus and James Clark, who founded the shoe manufacturing company C. & J. Clark, still doing business as Clark. He was a Quaker.
Air beds
In 1813 Clark registered a patent for air-tight beds, pillows and cushions. In an article for the Furniture History Society, Edward Joy wrote that this was the first such patent, and that Clark used "unvulcanized rubber filled by means of an air pump." Clark's patent describes various uses for the new technique, including for beds, which would not require stuffing materials other than air. The air pump could be kept beneath the bed. For medical uses, the bed could also be filled with hot steam or cold water, allowing for a variety of temperatures. Clark also described how printers could use the air pillow to His niece wrote that he sold the patent to Charles Macintosh who used it for his raincoats, although this may have been a misunderstanding on his niece's part.
Although a physician used Clark's invention to make a water bed for invalids, there was no widespread adoption of air beds or water beds at this time, largely due to more complicated maintenance than the more common stuffed beds, and because spring beds became popular.
Latin Verse Machine
Between 1830 and 1843 Clark constructed a machine that could generate a new line of Latin hexameter verse every minute. He exhibited the machine at the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly, London, during the spring of 1845.
The Latin Verse Machine is the first automated text generator, and a pioneering work of generative art and generative literature. It is a remarkable precursor of the genre of electronic literature, although it is of course m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric%20polynomial
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In mathematics, a symmetric polynomial is a polynomial in variables, such that if any of the variables are interchanged, one obtains the same polynomial. Formally, is a symmetric polynomial if for any permutation of the subscripts one has .
Symmetric polynomials arise naturally in the study of the relation between the roots of a polynomial in one variable and its coefficients, since the coefficients can be given by polynomial expressions in the roots, and all roots play a similar role in this setting. From this point of view the elementary symmetric polynomials are the most fundamental symmetric polynomials. Indeed, a theorem called the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials states that any symmetric polynomial can be expressed in terms of elementary symmetric polynomials. This implies that every symmetric polynomial expression in the roots of a monic polynomial can alternatively be given as a polynomial expression in the coefficients of the polynomial.
Symmetric polynomials also form an interesting structure by themselves, independently of any relation to the roots of a polynomial. In this context other collections of specific symmetric polynomials, such as complete homogeneous, power sum, and Schur polynomials play important roles alongside the elementary ones. The resulting structures, and in particular the ring of symmetric functions, are of great importance in combinatorics and in representation theory.
Examples
The following polynomials in two variables X1 and X2 are symmetric:
as is the following polynomial in three variables X1, X2, X3:
There are many ways to make specific symmetric polynomials in any number of variables (see the various types below). An example of a somewhat different flavor is
where first a polynomial is constructed that changes sign under every exchange of variables, and taking the square renders it completely symmetric (if the variables represent the roots of a monic polynomial, this polynomial gives its discriminant).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-bit%20message
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A one-bit message is a type of communication that has no personalized or specified content, and as such transmits only a single binary bit of information. It signals an intent and a thought, but does not specify what it is. Marc Andreessen describes "one-bit communication" as having no content other than that it exists. Examples of one-bit messages in the real world include the sound of a car horn, a police siren, and an "open" sign on a retail store. Telephone calls which are deliberately terminated before being answered are also an example of one-bit communication.
In probability
One-bit messages can be used to communicate the outcome of situations with two potential outcomes, such as a coin toss.
Online messaging
In the online world, one-bit messages solve a set of communication initiative problems:
Fear of initiation: "How should I kick off the conversation? It's a daunting task."
Fear of rejection: "What if the other person replies 'sorry, I'm in the middle of something'?"
Fear of inconveniencing someone: "A messenger shows that the other person is available, but maybe he is actually busy."
Fear of being ignored: "What if I message her, and she doesn't respond or goes offline immediately?"
Topic overload: "So many topics to talk about, which one should I start with?"
Lack of topic: "I simply want to say to my friend that I thought of her, without anything specific to say."
Fear of a conversation of unpredictable length: "I have time for a short chat, but how do I cut it off if the conversation develops?"
Unwillingness to type: "I'm on my mobile, and don't want to type."
Fear of follow-up: "What if the person I message will want to meet? I don't want to meet him."
There are several platforms that enable sending one-bit messages including Yo and the Facebook poke.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjorth%20parameters
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Hjorth parameters are indicators of statistical properties used in signal processing in the time domain introduced by Bo Hjorth in 1970. The parameters are Activity, Mobility, and Complexity.
They are commonly used in the analysis of electroencephalography signals for feature extraction. The parameters are normalised slope descriptors (NSDs) used in EEG.
Moreover, in the robotic area, the Hjorth parameters are used for tactile signal processing for the physical object properties detection such as surface textures/material detection and touch modality classification via artificial robotic skin.
Parameters
Hjorth Activity
In the activity parameter represents the signal power, the variance of a time function. This can indicate the surface of power spectrum in the frequency domain. This is represented by the following equation:
Where y(t) represents the signal.
Hjorth Mobility
The mobility parameter represents the mean frequency or the proportion of standard deviation of the power spectrum. This is defined as the square root of variance of the first derivative of the signal y(t) divided by variance of the signal y(t).
Hjorth Complexity
The Complexity parameter represents the change in frequency. The parameter compares the signal's similarity to a pure sine wave, where the value converges to 1 if the signal is more similar.
Tactile Signal Analysis
In the earlier works, researchers employed the Fourier transform technique to interpret the obtained tactile information for texture classification. However, the Fourier transform is not appropriate for analysing non-stationary
signals in which textures are irregular or non-uniform. Short time Fourier transform or Wavelet might be the most appropriate techniques to analyse non-stationary signals. However, these methods deal with a large number of
data points, thereby causing difficulties at the classification step. More features require more training samples resulting in the growth of the computational complexity as wel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock%20network
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A clock network or clock system is a set of synchronized clocks designed to always show exactly the same time by communicating with each other. Clock networks usually consist of a central master clock kept in sync with an official time source, and one or more slave clocks which receive and display the time from the master.
Synchronization sources
The master clock in a clock network can receive accurate time in a number of ways: through the United States GPS satellite constellation, a Network Time Protocol server, the CDMA cellular phone network, a modem connection to a time source, or by listening to radio transmissions from WWV or WWVH, or a special signal from an upstream broadcast network. Some master clocks don't determine the time automatically. Instead, they rely on an operator to manually set them.
Clock networks in critical applications often include a backup source to receive the time, or provisions to allow the master clock to maintain the time even if it loses access to its primary time source. For example, many master clocks can use the reliable frequency of the alternating current line they are connected to.
Slave clocks
Slave clocks come in many shapes and sizes. They can connect to the master clock through either a cable or a short-range wireless signal. In the 19th century Paris used a series of pneumatic tubes to transmit the signal. Some slave clocks will run independently if they lose the master signal, often with a warning light lit. Others will freeze until the connection is restored.
Clock synchronization
Many master clocks include the capability to synchronize devices like computers to the master clock signal. Common features include the transmission of the time via RS-232, a Network Time Protocol, or a Pulse Per Second (PPS) contact. Others provide SMPTE time code outputs, which are often used in television settings to synchronize the video from multiple sources. Master Clocks often come equipped with programmable relay o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-RASAR
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The quantitative Read-Across Structure-Activity Relationship (q-RASAR) concept has been developed by merging Read-Across and QSAR. It is a statistical modeling approach that uses the similarity and error-based measures as descriptors in addition to the usual structural and physicochemical descriptors, and it has been shown to enhance the external predictivity of QSAR/QSPR models.
The novel quantitative read-across structure-activity relationship (q-RASAR) approach clubs the advantages of both QSAR and read-across, thus resulting in enhanced predictivity for the same level of chemical information used. This approach utilizes similarity-based considerations yet can generate simple, interpretable, and transferable models. This approach may be used for any type of structural and physicochemical descriptors and with any modeling algorithms.
The q-RASAR approach has been used by different research groups for different endpoints. Among different RASAR descriptors, RA function, Average Similarity and gm (Banerjee-Roy concordance coefficient) have shown high importance in modeling in some studies. In 2023, Banerjee-Roy similarity coefficients sm1 and sm2 have also been proposed to identify potential activity cliffs in a data set. The q-RASAR approach has the potential in data gap filling in predictive toxicology, materials science, medicinal chemistry, food sciences, nano-sciences, agricultural sciences, etc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer%20solution
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A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an acid or a base aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa. Its pH changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many living systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.
Principles of buffering
Buffer solutions resist pH change because of a chemical equilibrium between the weak acid HA and its conjugate base A−:
When some strong acid is added to an equilibrium mixture of the weak acid and its conjugate base, hydrogen ions (H+) are added, and the equilibrium is shifted to the left, in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Because of this, the hydrogen ion concentration increases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of strong acid added.
Similarly, if strong alkali is added to the mixture, the hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected for the quantity of alkali added. In Figure 1, the effect is illustrated by the simulated titration of a weak acid with pKa = 4.7. The relative concentration of undissociated acid is shown in blue, and of its conjugate base in red. The pH changes relatively slowly in the buffer region, pH = pKa ± 1, centered at pH = 4.7, where [HA] = [A−]. The hydrogen ion concentration decreases by less than the amount expected because most of the added hydroxide ion is consumed in the reaction
and only a little is consumed in the neutralization reaction (which is the reaction that results in an increase in pH)
Once the acid is more than 95% deprotonated, the pH rises rapidly because most of the added alkali is consumed in the neutralization reaction.
Buffer capacity
Buffer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide-predicting%20machine
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A tide-predicting machine was a special-purpose mechanical analog computer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, constructed and set up to predict the ebb and flow of sea tides and the irregular variations in their heights – which change in mixtures of rhythms, that never (in the aggregate) repeat themselves exactly. Its purpose was to shorten the laborious and error-prone computations of tide-prediction. Such machines usually provided predictions valid from hour to hour and day to day for a year or more ahead.
The first tide-predicting machine, designed and built in 1872–73, and followed by two larger machines on similar principles in 1876 and 1879, was conceived by Sir William Thomson. Thomson had introduced the method of harmonic analysis of tidal patterns in the 1860s and the first machine was designed by Thomson with the collaboration of Edward Roberts (assistant at the UK HM Nautical Almanac Office), and of Alexander Légé, who constructed it.
In the US, another tide-predicting machine on a different pattern was designed by William Ferrel and built in 1881–2. Developments and improvements continued in the UK, US and Germany through the first half of the 20th century. The machines became widely used for constructing official tidal predictions for general marine navigation. They came to be regarded as of military strategic importance during World War I, and again during the Second World War, when the US No.2 Tide Predicting Machine, described below, was classified, along with the data that it produced, and used to predict tides for the D-Day Normandy landings and all the island landings in the Pacific war. Military interest in such machines continued even for some time afterwards. They were made obsolete by digital electronic computers that can be programmed to carry out similar computations, but the tide-predicting machines continued in use until the 1960s and 1970s.
Several examples of tide-predicting machines remain on display as museum-pieces, occasi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin%20of%20the%20International%20Statistical%20Institute
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Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute (Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique) was a journal that published the proceedings of the biennial International Statistical Institute World Statistics Congresses. It first appeared in 1886. It last appeared in 2012, being subsumed by webpage listings of all abstracts and some papers presented.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl%20Programming%20Documentation
|
Perl Programming Documentation, also called perldoc, is the name of the user manual for the Perl 5 programming language. It is available in several different formats, including online in HTML and PDF. The documentation is bundled with Perl in its own format, known as Plain Old Documentation (pod). Some distributions, such as Strawberry Perl, include the documentation in HTML, PDF, and pod formats.
perldoc is also the name of the Perl command that provides "access to all the documentation that comes with Perl", from the command line.
See also
Outline of Perl – overview of and topical guide to the Perl programming language
Raku – Perl 5's sister language
man page – form of software documentation usually found on a Unix or Unix-like operating system, invoked by issuing the man command. Perl documentation is sometimes available as man pages.
PerlMonks – community website covering all aspects of Perl programming and other related topics such as web applications and system administration. Includes forums where perl users may seek answers to their questions, and answer the questions of others.
RTFM – Internet slang for "Read the Frickin' Manual"
External links
Official documentation for Perl 5 – displays the documentation, and also includes links to download the HTML and PDF files for off-line use.
The perldoc help page – covers use of the perldoc command
Perl documentation documentation – documentation about perl's documentation
Official documentation for Perl 6
Software documentation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder-head-sector
|
Cylinder-head-sector (CHS) is an early method for giving addresses to each physical block of data on a hard disk drive.
It is a 3D-coordinate system made out of a vertical coordinate head, a horizontal (or radial) coordinate cylinder, and an angular coordinate sector. Head selects a circular surface: a platter in the disk (and one of its two sides). Cylinder is a cylindrical intersection through the stack of platters in a disk, centered around the disk's spindle. Combined, cylinder and head intersect to a circular line, or more precisely: a circular strip of physical data blocks called track. Sector finally selects which data block in this track is to be addressed, as the track is subdivided into several equally-sized portions, each of which is an arc of (360/n) degrees, where n is the number of sectors in the track.
CHS addresses were exposed, instead of simple linear addresses (going from 0 to the total block count on disk - 1), because early hard drives didn't come with an embedded disk controller, that would hide the physical layout. A separate generic controller card was used, so that the operating system had to know the exact physical "geometry" of the specific drive attached to the controller, to correctly address data blocks. The traditional limits were 512 bytes/sector × 63 sectors/track × 255 heads (tracks/cylinder) × 1024 cylinders, resulting in a limit of 8032.5 MiB for the total capacity of a disk.
As the geometry became more complicated (for example, with the introduction of zone bit recording) and drive sizes grew over time, the CHS addressing method became restrictive. Since the late 1980s, hard drives began shipping with an embedded disk controller that had good knowledge of the physical geometry; they would however report a false geometry to the computer, e.g., a larger number of heads than actually present, to gain more addressable space. These logical CHS values would be translated by the controller, thus CHS addressing no longer corresponded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20cooling
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Electron cooling is a method to shrink the emittance (size, divergence, and energy spread) of a charged particle beam without removing particles from the beam. Since the number of particles remains unchanged and the space coordinates and their derivatives (angles) are reduced, this means that the phase space occupied by the stored particles is compressed. It is equivalent to reducing the temperature of the beam. See also stochastic cooling.
The method was invented by Gersh Budker at INP, Novosibirsk, in 1966 for the purpose of increasing luminosity of hadron colliders. It was first tested in 1974 with 68 MeV protons at NAP-M storage ring at INP.
It is used at both operating ion colliders: the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and in the Low Energy Ion Ring at CERN.
Basically, electron cooling works as follows:
A beam of dense quasi-monoenergetic electrons is produced and merged with the ion beam to be cooled.
The velocity of the electrons is made equal to the average velocity of the ions.
The ions undergo Coulomb scattering in the electron “gas” and exchange momentum with the electrons. Thermodynamic equilibrium is reached when the particles have the same momentum, which requires that the much lighter electrons have much higher velocities. Thus, thermal energy is transferred from the ions to the electrons.
The electron beam is finally bent away from the ion beam.
See also
Stochastic cooling
Particle beam cooling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmosome
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The phragmosome is a sheet of cytoplasm forming in highly vacuolated plant cells in preparation for mitosis. In contrast to animal cells, plant cells often contain large central vacuoles occupying up to 90% of the total cell volume and pushing the nucleus against the cell wall. In order for mitosis to occur, the nucleus has to move into the center of the cell. This happens during G2 phase of the cell cycle.
Initially, cytoplasmic strands form that penetrate the central vacuole and provide pathways for nuclear migration. Actin filaments along these cytoplasmic strands pull the nucleus into the center of the cell. These cytoplasmic strands fuse into a transverse sheet of cytoplasm along the plane of future cell division, forming the phragmosome. Phragmosome formation is only clearly visible in dividing plant cells that are highly vacuolated.
Just before mitosis, a dense band of microtubules appears around the phragmosome and the future division plane just below the plasma membrane. This preprophase band marks the equatorial plane of the future mitotic spindle as well as the future fusion sites for the new cell plate with the existing cell wall. It disappears as soon as the nuclear envelope breaks down and the mitotic spindle forms.
When mitosis is completed, the cell plate and new cell wall form starting from the center along the plane occupied by the phragmosome. The cell plate grows outwards until it fuses with the cell wall of the dividing cell at exactly the spots predicted by the preprophase band.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell%20M1000e
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The Dell blade server products are built around their M1000e enclosure that can hold their server blades, an embedded EqualLogic iSCSI storage area network and I/O modules including Ethernet, Fibre Channel and InfiniBand switches.
Enclosure
The M1000e fits in a 19-inch rack and is 10 rack units high (44 cm), 17.6" (44.7 cm) wide and 29.7" (75.4 cm) deep. The empty blade enclosure weighs 44.5 kg while a fully loaded system can weigh up to 178.8 kg.
On the front the servers are inserted while at the backside the power-supplies, fans and I/O modules are inserted together with the management modules(s) (CMC or chassis management controller) and the KVM switch. A blade enclosure offers centralized management for the servers and I/O systems of the blade-system. Most servers used in the blade-system offer an iDRAC card and one can connect to each servers iDRAC via the M1000e management system. It is also possible to connect a virtual KVM switch to have access to the main-console of each installed server.
In June 2013 Dell introduced the PowerEdge VRTX, which is a smaller blade system that shares modules with the M1000e. The blade servers, although following the traditional naming strategy e.g. M520, M620 (only blades supported) are not interchangeable between the VRTX and the M1000e. The blades differ in firmware and mezzanine connectors.
In 2018 Dell introduced the Dell PE MX7000, a new MX enclosure model, next generation of Dell enclosures.
The M1000e enclosure has a front-side and a back-side and thus all communication between the inserted blades and modules goes via the midplane, which has the same function as a backplane but has connectors at both sides where the front side is dedicated for server-blades and the back for I/O modules.
Midplane
The midplane is completely passive. The server-blades are inserted in the front side of the enclosure while all other components can be reached via the back.
The original midplane 1.0 capabilities are Fabric A - Ethernet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches%20Rechtsw%C3%B6rterbuch
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The Deutsches Rechtswörterbuch (DRW) or Dictionary of Historical German Legal Terms is a historic legal dictionary developed under the aegis of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The research unit took up work in 1897 and until today has completed 93,155 articles, ranging from Aachenfahrt (pilgrimage to Aachen) to selbzwölft (being one of twelve persons). These have been published in 12 consecutive volumes and are also freely accessible online. In course of its research, the DRW also touches upon sources in Old English, of Hanseatic provenance and Pennsylvania German. The research unit will presumably conclude its work in 2036.
Objectives
The DRW aims at covering German legal terminology from the Middle Ages up to the beginning of the 19th century. In this context, legal language is understood as a general historical vocabulary in reference to legal meanings. The research unit wants to outline how legal concepts, convictions and institutions manifested themselves in everyday language. Concomitantly, the DRW does not only contain legal terms, but common phrases bearing relation to legal contexts. Furthermore, the DRW as part of its research lists the legally relevant vocabulary, not only of Modern High German, but of all Western German language varieties. The dictionary cites usage of historical vocabulary from various regions of the West Germanic language area from England to Transylvania, from Lorraine to the Baltic Seas. In order to capture the full lexical diversity of meanings for each word, the dictionary employs techniques of synchronic and diachronic comparative law in addition to purely linguistic and lexicographic approaches, against the backdrop of historical contextualisation.
As Germany’s Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker once wrote:
“The Rechtswörterbuch incorporates language- and culture-historical references beyond purely legal understandings, thus making the work truly cross-disciplinary.”
History
The DRW was initiated i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular%20cambium
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The vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain other vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary phloem outwards, towards the bark.
In herbaceous plants, it occurs in the vascular bundles which are often arranged like beads on a necklace forming an interrupted ring inside the stem. In woody plants, it forms a cylinder of unspecialized meristem cells, as a continuous ring from which the new tissues are grown. Unlike the xylem and phloem, it does not transport water, minerals or food through the plant. Other names for the vascular cambium are the main cambium, wood cambium, or bifacial cambium.
Occurrence
Vascular cambia are found in all seed plants except for five angiosperm lineages which have independently lost it; Nymphaeales, Ceratophyllum, Nelumbo, Podostemaceae, and monocots. A few leaf types also have a vascular cambium. In dicot and gymnosperm trees, the vascular cambium is the obvious line separating the bark and wood; they also have a cork cambium. For successful grafting, the vascular cambia of the rootstock and scion must be aligned so they can grow together.
Structure and function
The cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is called the intrafascicular cambium (within vascular bundles). During secondary growth, cells of medullary rays, in a line (as seen in section; in three dimensions, it is a sheet) between neighbouring vascular bundles, become meristematic and form new interfascicular cambium (between vascular bundles). The fascicular and interfascicular cambia thus join up to form a ring (in three dimensions, a tube) which separates the primary xylem and primary phloem, the cambium ring. The vascular cambium produces secondary xylem on the inside of the ring, and secondary phloem on the outside, pushing the primary xylem and phloem apart
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobol%20sequence
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Sobol’ sequences (also called LPτ sequences or (t, s) sequences in base 2) are an example of quasi-random low-discrepancy sequences. They were first introduced by the Russian mathematician Ilya M. Sobol’ (Илья Меерович Соболь) in 1967.
These sequences use a base of two to form successively finer uniform partitions of the unit interval and then reorder the coordinates in each dimension.
Good distributions in the s-dimensional unit hypercube
Let Is = [0,1]s be the s-dimensional unit hypercube, and f a real integrable function over Is. The original motivation of Sobol’ was to construct a sequence xn in Is so that
and the convergence be as fast as possible.
It is more or less clear that for the sum to converge towards the integral, the points xn should fill Is minimizing the holes. Another good property would be that the projections of xn on a lower-dimensional face of Is leave very few holes as well. Hence the homogeneous filling of Is does not qualify because in lower dimensions many points will be at the same place, therefore useless for the integral estimation.
These good distributions are called (t,m,s)-nets and (t,s)-sequences in base b. To introduce them, define first an elementary s-interval in base b a subset of Is of the form
where aj and dj are non-negative integers, and for all j in {1, ...,s}.
Given 2 integers , a (t,m,s)-net in base b is a sequence xn of bm points of Is such that for all elementary interval P in base b of hypervolume λ(P) = bt−m.
Given a non-negative integer t, a (t,s)-sequence in base b is an infinite sequence of points xn such that for all integers , the sequence is a (t,m,s)-net in base b.
In his article, Sobol’ described Πτ-meshes and LPτ sequences, which are (t,m,s)-nets and (t,s)-sequences in base 2 respectively. The terms (t,m,s)-nets and (t,s)-sequences in base b (also called Niederreiter sequences) were coined in 1988 by Harald Niederreiter. The term Sobol’ sequences was introduced in late English-speaking papers in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20network%20hosting%20service
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A social network hosting service is a web hosting service that specifically hosts the user creation of web-based social networking services, alongside related applications. Such services are also known as vertical social networks due to the creation of SNSes which cater to specific user interests and niches; like larger, interest-agnostic SNSes, such niche networking services may also possess the ability to create increasingly niche groups of users.
List of social network hosting services
Federated Media Publishing's BigTent
BroadVision Clearvale
KickApps
Ning
Wall.fm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EntireX
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EntireX DCOM is a commercial implementation of Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) technology by Software AG for the Windows, AIX, HP/UX, Solaris, Linux, AS/400, z/OS, z/VM, and BS2000/OSD platforms.
Description
EntireX is a software product developed and marketed by Software AG. It is primarily an enterprise application integration product, designed to enable application-level integration of Windows clients (desktops, laptops, etc.) with 'legacy systems' (mainframes), packaged systems (such as other Software AG products) and Web services.
It enables communication between DCOM applications running on Windows and non-Windows platforms in heterogeneous networks (networks where software runs in diverse operating Systems and several types of hardware). For instance, it enables a DCOM application running on a Windows machine to communicate with a DCOM application running on an AS/400 platform. In recent years, Software AG has focused EntireX development on 'Web-enabling' mainframe applications. EntireX supports mainframe applications executing COBOL, Natural, Adabas, and other 'legacy' languages.
EntireX allows for direct user and client-computer interactions with the mainframe or web-hosted application, by encapsulating functions in an Active-X like control. Unlike screen scraping, EntireX allows old mainframe applications and web services to remain 'in place', while extending their functional capabilities to new platforms.
EntireX is XML compliant and offers a GUI wizard-based application for building integration solutions.
Components
There are 3 components of EntireX:
EntireX Communicator, which enables communications with back-end systems, and can handle synchronous and asynchronous communication
EntireX XML Mediator, which is primarily a router for XML messages
EntireX Adapters, which provide adapters to integrate with both front-end (e.g., web servers, app servers) and back-end (e.g. mainframe) systems
EntireX supports synchronous an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype
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A haplotype (haploid genotype) is a group of alleles in an organism that are inherited together from a single parent.
Many organisms contain genetic material (DNA) which is inherited from two parents. Normally these organisms have their DNA organized in two sets of pairwise similar chromosomes. The offspring gets one chromosome in each pair from each parent. A set of pairs of chromosomes is called diploid and a set of only one half of each pair is called haploid. The haploid genotype (haplotype) is a genotype that considers the singular chromosomes rather than the pairs of chromosomes. It can be all the chromosomes from one of the parents or a minor part of a chromosome, for example a sequence of 9000 base pairs.
However, there are other uses of this term. First, it is used to mean a collection of specific alleles (that is, specific DNA sequences) in a cluster of tightly linked genes on a chromosome that are likely to be inherited together—that is, they are likely to be conserved as a sequence that survives the descent of many generations of reproduction. A second use is to mean a set of linked single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) alleles that tend to always occur together (i.e., that are associated statistically). It is thought that identifying these statistical associations and a few alleles of a specific haplotype sequence can facilitate identifying all other such polymorphic sites that are nearby on the chromosome. Such information is critical for investigating the genetics of common diseases; which in fact have been investigated in humans by the International HapMap Project. Thirdly, many human genetic testing companies use the term in a third way: to refer to an individual collection of specific mutations within a given genetic segment; (see short tandem repeat mutation).
The term 'haplogroup' refers to the SNP/unique-event polymorphism (UEP) mutations that represent the clade to which a collection of particular human haplotypes belong. (Clade here refers t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapeseed%20oil
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Rapeseed oil is one of the oldest known vegetable oils. There are both edible and industrial forms produced from rapeseed, the seed of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae. Historically, it was restricted as a food oil due to its content of erucic acid, which in laboratory studies was shown to be damaging to the cardiac muscle of laboratory animals in high quantities and which imparts a bitter taste, and glucosinolates, which made it less nutritious in animal feed. Rapeseed oil from standard cultivars can contain up to 54% erucic acid.
Canola oil is a food-grade version derived from rapeseed cultivars specifically bred for low erucic acid content. Also known as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil, it has been generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Canola oil is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US, and the EU, with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid do not cause harm in humans.
In commerce, non-food varieties are typically called colza oil.
Rapeseed is extensively cultivated in Canada, France, Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, and Poland, Slovenia. In France and Denmark, especially, the extraction of the oil is an important industry.
History
The name for rapeseed comes from the Latin word meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga (swede), cabbage, Brussels sprouts, and mustard are related to rapeseed. Rapeseed belongs to the genus Brassica. Brassica oilseed varieties are some of the oldest plants cultivated by humanity, with documentation of its use in India 4,000 years ago, and use in China and Japan 2,000 years ago. Its use in Northern Europe for oil lamps is documented to the 13th century. Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20degree%20algorithm
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In numerical analysis, the minimum degree algorithm is an algorithm used to permute the rows and columns of a symmetric sparse matrix before applying the Cholesky decomposition, to reduce the number of non-zeros in the Cholesky factor.
This results in reduced storage requirements and means that the Cholesky factor can be applied with fewer arithmetic operations. (Sometimes it may also pertain to an incomplete Cholesky factor used as a preconditioner—for example, in the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm.)
Minimum degree algorithms are often used in the finite element method where the reordering of nodes can be carried out depending only on the topology of the mesh, rather than on the coefficients in the partial differential equation, resulting in efficiency savings when the same mesh is used for a variety of coefficient values.
Given a linear system
where A is an real symmetric sparse square matrix. The Cholesky factor L will typically suffer 'fill in', that is have more non-zeros than the upper triangle of A. We seek a permutation matrix P, so that the matrix
, which is also symmetric, has the least possible fill in its Cholesky factor. We solve the reordered system
The problem of finding the best ordering is an NP-complete problem and is thus intractable, so heuristic methods are used instead. The minimum degree algorithm is derived from a method first proposed by Markowitz in 1959 for non-symmetric linear programming problems, which is loosely described as follows. At each step in Gaussian elimination row and column permutations are performed so as to minimize the number of off diagonal non-zeros in the pivot row and column. A symmetric version
of Markowitz method was described by Tinney and Walker in 1967 and Rose later derived a graph theoretic version of the algorithm where the factorization is only simulated, and this was named the minimum degree algorithm. The graph referred to is the graph with n vertices, with vertices i and j connected by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochran%27s%20theorem
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In statistics, Cochran's theorem, devised by William G. Cochran, is a theorem used to justify results relating to the probability distributions of statistics that are used in the analysis of variance.
Statement
Let U1, ..., UN be i.i.d. standard normally distributed random variables, and . Let be symmetric matrices. Define ri to be the rank of . Define , so that the Qi are quadratic forms. Further assume .
Cochran's theorem states that the following are equivalent:
,
the Qi are independent
each Qi has a chi-squared distribution with ri degrees of freedom.
Often it's stated as , where is idempotent, and is replaced by . But after an orthogonal transform, , and so we reduce to the above theorem.
Proof
Claim: Let be a standard Gaussian in , then for any symmetric matrices , if and have the same distribution, then have the same eigenvalues (up to multiplicity).
Claim: .
Lemma: If , all symmetric, and have eigenvalues 0, 1, then they are simultaneously diagonalizable.
Now we prove the original theorem. We prove that the three cases are equivalent by proving that each case implies the next one in a cycle ().
Examples
Sample mean and sample variance
If X1, ..., Xn are independent normally distributed random variables with mean μ and standard deviation σ then
is standard normal for each i. Note that the total Q is equal to sum of squared Us as shown here:
which stems from the original assumption that .
So instead we will calculate this quantity and later separate it into Qi's. It is possible to write
(here is the sample mean). To see this identity, multiply throughout by and note that
and expand to give
The third term is zero because it is equal to a constant times
and the second term has just n identical terms added together. Thus
and hence
Now with the matrix of ones which has rank 1. In turn given that . This expression can be also obtained by expanding in matrix notation. It can be shown that the rank of is as the addition o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnification
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Magnification is the process of enlarging the apparent size, not physical size, of something. This enlargement is quantified by a size ratio called optical magnification. When this number is less than one, it refers to a reduction in size, sometimes called de-magnification.
Typically, magnification is related to scaling up visuals or images to be able to see more detail, increasing resolution, using microscope, printing techniques, or digital processing. In all cases, the magnification of the image does not change the perspective of the image.
Examples of magnification
Some optical instruments provide visual aid by magnifying small or distant subjects.
A magnifying glass, which uses a positive (convex) lens to make things look bigger by allowing the user to hold them closer to their eye.
A telescope, which uses its large objective lens or primary mirror to create an image of a distant object and then allows the user to examine the image closely with a smaller eyepiece lens, thus making the object look larger.
A microscope, which makes a small object appear as a much larger image at a comfortable distance for viewing. A microscope is similar in layout to a telescope except that the object being viewed is close to the objective, which is usually much smaller than the eyepiece.
A slide projector, which projects a large image of a small slide on a screen. A photographic enlarger is similar.
A zoom lens, a system of camera lens elements for which the focal length and angle of view can be varied.
Size ratio (optical magnification)
Optical magnification is the ratio between the apparent size of an object (or its size in an image) and its true size, and thus it is a dimensionless number. Optical magnification is sometimes referred to as "power" (for example "10× power"), although this can lead to confusion with optical power.
Linear or transverse magnification
For real images, such as images projected on a screen, size means a linear dimension (measured, for examp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlson%20Comorbidity%20Index
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In medicine, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) predicts the mortality for a patient who may have a range of concurrent conditions (comorbidities), such as heart disease, AIDS, or cancer (considering a total of 17 categories). A score of zero means that no comorbidities were found; the higher the score, the higher the predicted mortality rate is. For a physician, this score is helpful in deciding how aggressively to treat a condition.
It is one of the most widely used scoring system for comorbidities. The index was developed by Mary Charlson and colleagues in 1987, but the methodology has been adapted several times since then based on the findings of additional studies. Many variations of the Charlson comorbidity index have been presented, including the Charlson/Deyo, Charlson/Romano, Charlson/Manitoba, and Charlson/D'Hoores comorbidity indices.
Calculation
Each condition is assigned a score of 1, 2, 3, or 6, depending on the risk of dying associated with each one. Clinical conditions and associated scores are as follows:
1 each: Myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, dementia, chronic pulmonary disease, rheumatologic disease, peptic ulcer disease, liver disease (if mild, or 3 if moderate/severe), diabetes (if controlled, or 2 if uncontrolled)
2 each: Hemiplegia or paraplegia, renal disease, malignancy (if localized, or 6 if metastatic tumor), leukemia, lymphoma
6 each: AIDS
. Patients who are 50 years old or more get additional points:
50-59 years old: +1 point
60-69 years old: +2 points
70-79 years old: +3 points
80 years old or more: +4 points
Scores are summed to provide a total score to predict mortality.
Currently 17 categories are considered in the popular Charlson/Deyo variant, instead of 19 in the original score. The weights were also adapted in 2003.
Conditions can be identified using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis codes commonly used in patient
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession%20number%20%28bioinformatics%29
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An accession number, in bioinformatics, is a unique identifier given to a DNA or protein sequence record to allow for tracking of different versions of that sequence record and the associated sequence over time in a single data repository. Because of its relative stability, accession numbers can be utilized as foreign keys for referring to a sequence object, but not necessarily to a unique sequence. All sequence information repositories implement the concept of "accession number" but might do so with subtle variations.
LRG
Locus Reference Genomic (LRG) records have unique accession numbers starting with LRG_ followed by a number. They are recommended in the Human Genome Variation Society Nomenclature guidelines as stable genomic reference sequences to report sequence variants in LSDBs and the literature.
Notes and references
Bioinformatics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus%20action
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In algebraic geometry, a torus action on an algebraic variety is a group action of an algebraic torus on the variety. A variety equipped with an action of a torus T is called a T-variety. In differential geometry, one considers an action of a real or complex torus on a manifold (or an orbifold).
A normal algebraic variety with a torus acting on it in such a way that there is a dense orbit is called a toric variety (for example, orbit closures that are normal are toric varieties).
Linear action of a torus
A linear action of a torus can be simultaneously diagonalized, after extending the base field if necessary: if a torus T is acting on a finite-dimensional vector space V, then there is a direct sum decomposition:
where
is a group homomorphism, a character of T.
, T-invariant subspace called the weight subspace of weight .
The decomposition exists because the linear action determines (and is determined by) a linear representation and then consists of commuting diagonalizable linear transformations, upon extending the base field.
If V does not have finite dimension, the existence of such a decomposition is tricky but one easy case when decomposition is possible is when V is a union of finite-dimensional representations ( is called rational; see below for an example). Alternatively, one uses functional analysis; for example, uses a Hilbert-space direct sum.
Example: Let be a polynomial ring over an infinite field k. Let act on it as algebra automorphisms by: for
where
= integers.
Then each is a T-weight vector and so a monomial is a T-weight vector of weight . Hence,
Note if for all i, then this is the usual decomposition of the polynomial ring into homogeneous components.
Białynicki-Birula decomposition
The Białynicki-Birula decomposition says that a smooth algebraic T-variety admits a T-stable cellular decomposition.
It is often described as algebraic Morse theory.
See also
Sumihiro's theorem
GKM variety
Equivariant cohomology
monomial ideal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20function
|
In physical science and mathematics, the Legendre functions , and associated Legendre functions , , and Legendre functions of the second kind, , are all solutions of Legendre's differential equation. The Legendre polynomials and the associated Legendre polynomials are also solutions of the differential equation in special cases, which, by virtue of being polynomials, have a large number of additional properties, mathematical structure, and applications. For these polynomial solutions, see the separate Wikipedia articles.
Legendre's differential equation
The general Legendre equation reads
where the numbers and may be complex, and are called the degree and order of the relevant function, respectively. The polynomial solutions when is an integer (denoted ), and are the Legendre polynomials ; and when
is an integer (denoted ), and is also an integer with are the associated Legendre polynomials. All other cases of and can be discussed as one, and the solutions are written , . If , the superscript is omitted, and one writes just , . However, the solution when is an integer is often discussed separately as Legendre's function of the second kind, and denoted .
This is a second order linear equation with three regular singular points (at , , and ). Like all such equations, it can be converted into a hypergeometric differential equation by a change of variable, and its solutions can be expressed using hypergeometric functions.
Solutions of the differential equation
Since the differential equation is linear, homogeneous (the right hand side =zero) and of second order, it has two linearly independent solutions, which can both be expressed in terms of the hypergeometric function, . With being the gamma function, the first solution is
and the second is,
These are generally known as Legendre functions of the first and second kind of noninteger degree, with the additional qualifier 'associated' if is non-zero. A useful relation between the and solutions is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium%20phenylbutyrate
|
Sodium phenylbutyrate, sold under the brand name Buphenyl among others, is a salt of an aromatic fatty acid, 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) or 4-phenylbutyric acid. The compound is used to treat urea cycle disorders, because its metabolites offer an alternative pathway to the urea cycle to allow excretion of excess nitrogen.
Sodium phenylbutyrate is also a histone deacetylase inhibitor and chemical chaperone, leading respectively to research into its use as an anti-cancer agent and in protein misfolding diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
Structure and properties
Sodium phenylbutyrate is a sodium salt of an aromatic fatty acid, made up of an aromatic ring and butyric acid. The chemical name for sodium phenylbutyrate is 4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt. It forms water-soluble off-white crystals.
Uses
Medical uses
Sodium phenylbutyrate is taken orally or by nasogastric intubation as a tablet or powder, and tastes very salty and bitter. It treats urea cycle disorders, genetic diseases in which nitrogen waste builds up in the blood plasma as ammonia glutamine (a state called hyperammonemia) due to deficiences in the enzymes carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I, ornithine transcarbamylase, or argininosuccinic acid synthetase. Uncontrolled, this causes intellectual impairment and early death. Sodium phenylbutyrate metabolites allows the kidneys to excrete excess nitrogen in place of urea, and coupled with dialysis, amino acid supplements and a protein-restricted diet, children born with urea cycle disorders can usually survive beyond 12 months. Patients may need treatment for all their life. The treatment was introduced by researchers in the 1990s, and approved by the U.S. Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) in April 1996.
Adverse effects
Nearly of women may experience an adverse effect of amenorrhea or menstrual dysfunction. Appetite loss is seen is 4% of patients. Body odor due to metabolization of phenylbutyrate affects 3% of patients, and 3% experience unpleasant tastes. G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137%20%28number%29
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137 (one hundred [and] thirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 and preceding 138.
Mathematics
the 33rd prime number; the next is 139, with which it comprises a twin prime, and thus 137 is a Chen prime.
an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form .
the fourth Stern prime.
a Pythagorean prime: a prime number of the form , where () or the sum of two squares .
a strong prime in the sense that it is more than the arithmetic mean of its two neighboring primes.
a strictly non-palindromic number and a primeval number.
a factor of 10001 (the other being 73) and the repdigit 11111111 (= 10001 × 1111).
using two radii to divide a circle according to the golden ratio yields sectors of approximately 137.51° (the golden angle) and 222° in degree system so 137 is the largest integer before it.
In decimal notation, 1/137 = 0.007299270072992700..., so its period value happens to be palindromic and has a period length of only 8. However, this is only special to decimal, as in pentadecimal it (1/92) has a period length of twenty-four (24) and the period value is not at all palindromic.
Physics
Since the early 1900s, physicists have postulated that the number could lie at the heart of a grand unified theory, relating theories of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and, especially, gravity.
1/137 was once believed to be the exact value of the fine-structure constant. The fine-structure constant, a dimensionless physical constant, is approximately 1/137, and the astronomer Arthur Eddington conjectured in 1929 that its reciprocal was in fact precisely the integer 137, which he claimed could be "obtained by pure deduction". This conjecture was not widely adopted, and by the 1940s, the experimental values for the constant were clearly inconsistent with the conjecture, being roughly 1/137.036. Recent work at the Kastler Brossel Laboratory in Paris reported the most precise measurement yet taking the value of this constant to the 11th d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20by%20type
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Alleles have identity by type (IBT) when they have the same phenotypic effect or, if applied to a variation in the composition of DNA such as a single nucleotide polymorphism, when they have the same DNA sequence.
Alleles that are identical by type fall into two groups; those that are identical by descent (IBD) because they arose from the same allele in an earlier generation; and those that are non-identical by descent (NIBD) because they arose from separate mutations. NIBD can also be identical by state (IBS) though, if they share the same mutational expression but not through a recent common ancestor. Parent-offspring pairs share 50% of their genes IBD, and monozygotic twins share 100% IBD.
See also
Population genetics
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060309055031/http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/eeb348/lecture-notes/identity.pdf
http://zwets.com/pedkin/thompson.pdf
Classical genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximate%20tangent%20space
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In geometric measure theory an approximate tangent space is a measure theoretic generalization of the concept of a tangent space for a differentiable manifold.
Definition
In differential geometry the defining characteristic of a tangent space is that it approximates the smooth manifold to first order near the point of tangency. Equivalently, if we zoom in more and more at the point of tangency the manifold appears to become more and more straight, asymptotically tending to approach the tangent space. This turns out to be the correct point of view in geometric measure theory.
Definition for sets
Definition. Let be a set that is measurable with respect to m-dimensional Hausdorff measure , and such that the restriction measure is a Radon measure. We say that an m-dimensional subspace is the approximate tangent space to at a certain point , denoted , if
as
in the sense of Radon measures. Here for any measure we denote by the rescaled and translated measure:
Certainly any classical tangent space to a smooth submanifold is an approximate tangent space, but the converse is not necessarily true.
Multiplicities
The parabola
is a smooth 1-dimensional submanifold. Its tangent space at the origin is the horizontal line . On the other hand, if we incorporate the reflection along the x-axis:
then is no longer a smooth 1-dimensional submanifold, and there is no classical tangent space at the origin. On the other hand, by zooming in at the origin the set is approximately equal to two straight lines that overlap in the limit. It would be reasonable to say it has an approximate tangent space with multiplicity two.
Definition for measures
One can generalize the previous definition and proceed to define approximate tangent spaces for certain Radon measures, allowing for multiplicities as explained in the section above.
Definition. Let be a Radon measure on . We say that an m-dimensional subspace is the approximate tangent space to at a point with multi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane%20at%20infinity
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In projective geometry, a plane at infinity is the hyperplane at infinity of a three dimensional projective space or to any plane contained in the hyperplane at infinity of any projective space of higher dimension. This article will be concerned solely with the three-dimensional case.
Definition
There are two approaches to defining the plane at infinity which depend on whether one starts with a projective 3-space or an affine 3-space.
If a projective 3-space is given, the plane at infinity is any distinguished projective plane of the space. This point of view emphasizes the fact that this plane is not geometrically different than any other plane. On the other hand, given an affine 3-space, the plane at infinity is a projective plane which is added to the affine 3-space in order to give it closure of incidence properties. Meaning that the points of the plane at infinity are the points where parallel lines of the affine 3-space will meet, and the lines are the lines where parallel planes of the affine 3-space will meet. The result of the addition is the projective 3-space, . This point of view emphasizes the internal structure of the plane at infinity, but does make it look "special" in comparison to the other planes of the space.
If the affine 3-space is real, , then the addition of a real projective plane at infinity produces the real projective 3-space .
Analytic representation
Since any two projective planes in a projective 3-space are equivalent, we can choose a homogeneous coordinate system so that any point on the plane at infinity is represented as (X:Y:Z:0).
Any point in the affine 3-space will then be represented as (X:Y:Z:1). The points on the plane at infinity seem to have three degrees of freedom, but homogeneous coordinates are equivalent up to any rescaling:
,
so that the coordinates (X:Y:Z:0) can be normalized, thus reducing the degrees of freedom to two (thus, a surface, namely a projective plane).
Proposition: Any line which passes through t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librsb
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librsb is an open-source parallel library for sparse matrix computations using the Recursive Sparse Blocks (RSB) matrix format.
librsb provides cache efficient multi-threaded Sparse BLAS operations via OpenMP, and is best suited to large sparse matrices.
Features
librsb provides:
Conversion from/to COO, CSR, CSC sparse matrix formats.
Support for the four BLAS types.
Support for general, symmetric, hermitian matrices.
Parallel threaded, eventually strided:
Sparse matrix-vector multiplication.
Sparse matrix-dense matrix multiplication.
Sparse matrix-vector triangular solve.
Sparse matrix-dense matrix triangular solve.
Sparse matrix-sparse matrix multiplication.
Elemental sparse matrix operations (scaling, add, etc.).
Row-wise or column-wise scaling.
Rows / columns extraction.
An online empirical autotuning function.
File input/output in the Matrix Market format.
Rendering of the RSB structure into EPS (Encapsulated Postscript) figures.
A program for benchmarking / testing performance.
Implements the Sparse BLAS standard, as specified in the BLAS Technical Forum. documents.
System requirements
librsb can be used from:
C and C++ (rsb.h interface)
Fortran 90/95/2003 (module rsb)
GNU Octave (sparsersb package for GNU Octave) GNU Octave package
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, value may refer to several, strongly related notions.
In general, a mathematical value may be any definite mathematical object. In elementary mathematics, this is most often a number – for example, a real number such as or an integer such as 42.
The value of a variable or a constant is any number or other mathematical object assigned to it.
The value of a mathematical expression is the result of the computation described by this expression when the variables and constants in it are assigned values.
The value of a function, given the value(s) assigned to its argument(s), is the quantity assumed by the function for these argument values.
For example, if the function is defined by , then assigning the value 3 to its argument yields the function value 10, since .
If the variable, expression or function only assumes real values, it is called real-valued. Likewise, a complex-valued variable, expression or function only assumes complex values.
See also
Value function
Value (computer science)
Absolute value
Truth value
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancyromonas
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Ancyromonas is a genus of basal Eukaryote consisting of heterotrophic flagellates.
It includes the species Ancyromonas sigmoides, first described by Saville Kent in 1880. The genus was rediscovered in modern times by Hänel in 1979.
They are about 5 μm long and live in both marine and freshwater habitats with a global distribution.
In 2008, Cavalier-Smith et. al proposed the reassignment of all known species of Ancyromonas into a new genus, Planomonas. Planomonas has since been described as a junior synonym of Ancyromonas. Ancyromonas does not belong to any of the eukaryotic supergroups, and they appear more basal than Malawimonas, placing them in Loukouzoa, possibly relatives of podiates, and depending on the placement of the root position of the Eukaryotes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow%20Man
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Hollow Man is a 2000 American science fiction horror film directed by Paul Verhoeven, written by Andrew W. Marlowe, and starring Elisabeth Shue, Kevin Bacon, Josh Brolin, Kim Dickens, Greg Grunberg, Joey Slotnick, Mary Randle, and William Devane. The film is about Sebastian Caine, a scientist who volunteers to be the first human test subject for a serum that renders the user invisible. When his fellow scientists are unable to restore him back to normal, he becomes increasingly unstable and eventually goes on a killing spree. The film received negative reviews but was a financial success, grossing $190.2 million worldwide. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects in 2001, losing to Gladiator.
A direct-to-video stand-alone sequel called Hollow Man 2, starring Christian Slater and Peter Facinelli, was released in 2006.
Plot
Brilliant but narcissistic scientist Sebastian Caine has developed a serum for the military that can make a subject invisible. His team includes ex-girlfriend Linda McKay, Matt Kensington, Sarah Kennedy, Janice Walton, Carter Abbey, and Frank Chase. The team succeeds in reversing the procedure, returning an invisible gorilla to visibility. Sebastian becomes infatuated with Linda again, but, unbeknownst to him, she has become involved with Matt.
Instead of reporting his success to the military, Sebastian lies to an oversight committee, which includes his mentor Howard Kramer, telling them he is close but needs more time. He convinces part of the team to go into human testing without military authorization, keeping the rest in the dark. The procedure is successful, and Sebastian turns completely invisible. He enjoys sneaking around the lab in order to scare and play pranks on his fellow co-workers, one of which involves molesting Sarah. The team becomes concerned that Sebastian is taking these pranks too far. The procedure to return him to visibility fails, and he is almost killed.
Sebastian is quarantined in the laboratory du
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submucosal%20plexus
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The submucosal plexus (Meissner's plexus, plexus of the submucosa, plexus submucosus) lies in the submucosa of the intestinal wall. The nerves of this plexus are derived from the myenteric plexus which itself is derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around the superior mesenteric artery. Branches from the myenteric plexus perforate the circular muscle fibers to form the submucosal plexus. Ganglia from the plexus extend into the muscularis mucosae and also extend into the mucous membrane.
They contain Dogiel cells. The nerve bundles of the submucosal plexus are finer than those of the myenteric plexus. Its function is to innervate cells in the epithelial layer and the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae.
14% of submucosal plexus neurons are sensory neurons – Dogiel type II, also known as enteric primary afferent neurons or intrinsic primary afferent neurons.
History
Meissners' plexus was described by German professor Georg Meissner.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20fragmentation%20methods
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Molecular fragmentation (mass spectrometry), or molecular dissociation, occurs both in nature and in experiments. It occurs when a complete molecule is rendered into smaller fragments by some energy source, usually ionizing radiation. The resulting fragments can be far more chemically reactive than the original molecule, as in radiation therapy for cancer, and are thus a useful field of inquiry. Different molecular fragmentation methods have been built to break apart molecules, some of which are listed below.
Background
A major objective of theoretical chemistry and computational chemistry is the calculation of the energy and properties of molecules so that chemical reactivity and material properties can be understood from first principles. As a practical matter, the aim is to complement the knowledge we gain from experiments, particularly where experimental data may be incomplete or very difficult to obtain.
High-level ab-initio quantum chemistry methods are known to be an invaluable tool for understanding the structure, energy, and properties of small up to medium-sized molecules. However, the computational time for these calculations grows rapidly with increased size of molecules. One way of dealing with this problem is the molecular fragmentation approach which provides a hierarchy of approximations to the molecular electronic energy. In this approach, large molecules are divided in a systematic way to small fragments, for which high-level ab-initio calculation can be performed with acceptable computational time.
The defining characteristic of an energy-based molecular fragmentation method is that the molecule (also cluster of molecules, or liquid or solid) is broken up into a set of relatively small molecular fragments, in such a way that the electronic energy, , of the full system is given by a sum of the energies of these fragment molecules:
where is the energy of a relatively small molecular fragment,. The are simple coefficients (typically integers)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing%20software%20development
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Crowdsourcing software development or software crowdsourcing is an emerging area of software engineering. It is an open call for participation in any task of software development, including documentation, design, coding and testing. These tasks are normally conducted by either members of a software enterprise or people contracted by the enterprise. But in software crowdsourcing, all the tasks can be assigned to or are addressed by members of the general public. Individuals and teams may also participate in crowdsourcing contests.
Goals
Software crowdsourcing may have multiple goals.
Quality software: Crowdsourcing organizers need to define specific software quality goals and their evaluation criteria. Quality software often comes from competent contestants who can submit good solutions for rigorous evaluation.
Rapid acquisition: Instead of waiting for software to be developed, crowdsourcing organizers may post a competition hoping that something identical or similar has been developed already. This is to reduce software acquisition time.
Talent identification: A crowdsourcing organizer may be mainly interested in identifying talents as demonstrated by their performance in the competition.
Cost reduction: A crowdsourcing organizer may acquire software at a low cost by paying a small fraction of development cost as the price for award may include recognition awards.
Solution diversity: As teams will turn in different solutions for the same problem, the diversity in these solutions will be useful for fault-tolerant computing.
Ideas creation: One goal is to get new ideas from contestants and these ideas may lead to new directions.
Broadening participation: One goal is to recruit as many participants as possible to get best solution or to spread relevant knowledge.
Participant education: Organizers are interested in educating participants new knowledge. One example is nonamesite.com sponsored by DARPA to teach STEM Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathemat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap%20%28term%20rewriting%29
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In mathematics, computer science and logic, overlap, as a property of the reduction rules in term rewriting system, describes a situation where a number of different reduction rules specify potentially contradictory ways of reducing a reducible expression, also known as a redex, within a term.
More precisely, if a number of different reduction rules share function symbols on the left-hand side, overlap can occur. Often we do not consider trivial overlap with a redex and itself.
Examples
Consider the term rewriting system defined by the following reduction rules:
The term can be reduced via ρ1 to yield , but it can also be reduced via ρ2 to yield . Note how the redex is contained in the redex . The result of reducing different redexes is described in a what is known as a critical pair; the critical pair arising out of this term rewriting system is .
Overlap may occur with fewer than two reduction rules.
Consider the term rewriting system defined by the following reduction rule:
The term has overlapping redexes, which can be either applied to the innermost occurrence or to the outermost occurrence of the term.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosurgery
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Radiosurgery is surgery using radiation, that is, the destruction of precisely selected areas of tissue using ionizing radiation rather than excision with a blade. Like other forms of radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy), it is usually used to treat cancer. Radiosurgery was originally defined by the Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell as "a single high dose fraction of radiation, stereotactically directed to an intracranial region of interest".
In stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), the word "stereotactic" refers to a three-dimensional coordinate system that enables accurate correlation of a virtual target seen in the patient's diagnostic images with the actual target position in the patient. Stereotactic radiosurgery may also be called stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) when used outside the central nervous system (CNS).
History
Stereotactic radiosurgery was first developed in 1949 by the Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell to treat small targets in the brain that were not amenable to conventional surgery. The initial stereotactic instrument he conceived used probes and electrodes. The first attempt to supplant the electrodes with radiation was made in the early fifties, with x-rays. The principle of this instrument was to hit the intra-cranial target with narrow beams of radiation from multiple directions. The beam paths converge in the target volume, delivering a lethal cumulative dose of radiation there, while limiting the dose to the adjacent healthy tissue. Ten years later significant progress had been made, due in considerable measure to the contribution of the physicists Kurt Liden and Börje Larsson. At this time, stereotactic proton beams had replaced the x-rays. The heavy particle beam presented as an excellent replacement for the surgical knife, but the synchrocyclotron was too clumsy. Leksell proceeded to develop a practical, compact, precise and simple tool which could be handled by the surgeon hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Bedborough
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George Bedborough Higgs (10 January 1868 – 7 August 1940) was an English bookseller, journalist and writer who advocated for a number of causes, including sex reform, freethought, secularism, eugenics, animal rights, vegetarianism, and free love. He was the secretary of the Legitimation League and editor of the League's publication The Adult: A Journal for the Advancement of freedom in Sexual Relationships. Bedborough was convicted for obscenity in 1898, after being caught selling a book on homosexuality; the case of Regina v. Bedborough, has also been referred to as the Bedborough trial or Bedborough case.
Biography
Early life and education
George Bedborough Higgs was born in St Giles, London, on 10 January 1868. His father was a retired Church of England preacher and his mother was a poet. He was educated at Dulwich College and began work at the age of 16, founding the Workhouse Aid Society with W. T. Stead. Bedborough later attended university.
In 1887, Bedborough was present at Bloody Sunday, in Trafalgar Square. He later wrote for a number of publications including the Sunday Chronicle, Shafts (a feminist magazine), University Magazine, the Newcastle Weekly Chronicle and South London Mail. Bedborough was a close friend and collaborator with Henry S. Salt, Bertram Dobell and Ernest Bell.
From 1891 to 1892, Bedborough was a member of the National Society of Lanternists. He also occasionally worked as a lantern operator and gave lectures.
Bedborough was a member of the Legitimation League and edited its journal The Adult between 1897 and 1898; the League advocated for the legitimation of illegitimate children and free love. He married for the sake of his family and had an open relationship with his wife Louie. She was the treasurer of the League.
Regina v. Bedborough
On 31 May 1898, Bedborough was arrested, along with the sex-radical feminist Lillian Harman and charged with obscenity for attempting to "corrupt the morals of Her Majesty's Subjects". He was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagin%27s%20theorem
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Fagin's theorem is the oldest result of descriptive complexity theory, a branch of computational complexity theory that characterizes complexity classes in terms of logic-based descriptions of their problems rather than by the behavior of algorithms for solving those problems.
The theorem states that the set of all properties expressible in existential second-order logic is precisely the complexity class NP.
It was proven by Ronald Fagin in 1973 in his doctoral thesis, and appears in his 1974 paper. The arity required by the second-order formula was improved (in one direction) in , and several results of Grandjean have provided tighter bounds on nondeterministic random-access machines.
Proof
In addition to Fagin's 1974 paper, provides a detailed proof of the theorem. It is straightforward to show that every existential second-order formula can be recognized in NP, by nondeterministically choosing the value of all existentially-qualified variables, so the main part of the proof is to show that every language in NP can be described by an existential second-order formula. To do so, one can use second-order existential quantifiers to arbitrarily choose a computation tableau. In more detail, for every timestep of an execution trace of a non-deterministic Turing machine, this tableau encodes the state of the Turing machine, its position in the tape, the contents of every tape cell, and which nondeterministic choice the machine makes at that step. A first-order formula can constrain this encoded information so that it describes a valid execution trace, one in which the tape contents and Turing machine state and position at each timestep follow from the previous timestep.
A key lemma used in the proof is that it is possible to encode a linear order of length (such as the linear orders of timesteps and tape contents at any timestep) as a relation on a universe of One way to achieve this is to choose a linear ordering of and then define to be the lexicograp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20comfort
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Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55). The human body can be viewed as a heat engine where food is the input energy. The human body will release excess heat into the environment, so the body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference. In cold environments, the body loses more heat to the environment and in hot environments the body does not release enough heat. Both the hot and cold scenarios lead to discomfort. Maintaining this standard of thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) design engineers.
Thermal neutrality is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The main factors that influence thermal comfort are those that determine heat gain and loss, namely metabolic rate, clothing insulation, air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air speed and relative humidity. Psychological parameters, such as individual expectations, also affect thermal comfort. The thermal comfort temperature may vary greatly between individuals and depending on factors such as activity level, clothing, and humidity.
The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model stands among the most recognized thermal comfort models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under steady state conditions. The adaptive model, on the other hand, was developed based on hundreds of field studies with the idea that occupants dynamically interact with their environment. Occupants control their thermal environment by means of clothing, operable windows, fans, personal heaters, and sun shades. The PMV model can be applied to air-conditioned buildings, while the adaptive model can be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric%20functions%20of%20matrices
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The trigonometric functions (especially sine and cosine) for real or complex square matrices occur in solutions of second-order systems of differential equations. They are defined by the same Taylor series that hold for the trigonometric functions of real and complex numbers:
with being the th power of the matrix , and being the identity matrix of appropriate dimensions.
Equivalently, they can be defined using the matrix exponential along with the matrix equivalent of Euler's formula, , yielding
For example, taking to be a standard Pauli matrix,
one has
as well as, for the cardinal sine function,
Properties
The analog of the Pythagorean trigonometric identity holds:
If is a diagonal matrix, and are also diagonal matrices with and , that is, they can be calculated by simply taking the sines or cosines of the matrices's diagonal components.
The analogs of the trigonometric addition formulas are true if and only if :
Other functions
The tangent, as well as inverse trigonometric functions, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions have also been defined for matrices:
(see Inverse trigonometric functions#Logarithmic forms, Matrix logarithm, Square root of a matrix)
and so on.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexciton
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Plexcitons are polaritonic modes that result from coherently coupled plasmons and excitons. Plexcitons aid direct energy flows in exciton energy transfer (EET). Plexcitons travel for 20 μm, similar to the width of a human hair.
History
Plasmons are a quantity of collective electron oscillations. Excitons are excited electrons bound to the hole produced by their excitation.
Molecular crystal excitons were combined with the collective excitations within metals to create plexcitons. This allowed EET to reach distances of around 20,000 nanometers, an enormous increase over the some 10 nanometers possible previously. However, the transfer direction was uncontrolled.
Topological insulators (TI) act as insulators below their surface, but have conductive surfaces, constraining electrons to move only along that surface. Even materials with moderately flawed surfaces do not impede current flow. Topological plexcitons make use of the properties of TIs to achieve similar control over the direction of current flow.
Plexcitons were found to emerge from an organic molecular layer (excitons) and a metallic film (plasmons). Dirac cones appeared in the plexcitons' two-dimensional band-structure. An external magnetic field created a gap between the cones when the system was interfaced to a magneto-optical layer. The resulting energy gap became populated with topologically protected one-way modes, which traveled only at the system interface.
Potential applications
Plexcitons potentially offer an appealing platform for exploring exotic matter phases and for controlling nanoscale energy flows.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20Socket%20Tunneling%20Protocol
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Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) is a form of virtual private network (VPN) tunnel that provides a mechanism to transport PPP traffic through an SSL/TLS channel. SSL/TLS provides transport-level security with key negotiation, encryption and traffic integrity checking. The use of SSL/TLS over TCP port 443 (by default; port can be changed) allows SSTP to pass through virtually all firewalls and proxy servers except for authenticated web proxies.
SSTP servers must be authenticated during the SSL/TLS phase. SSTP clients can optionally be authenticated during the SSL/TLS phase and must be authenticated in the PPP phase. The use of PPP allows support for common authentication methods, such as EAP-TLS and MS-CHAP.
SSTP is available for Linux, BSD, and Windows.
SSTP is available on Windows Vista SP1 and later, in RouterOS since version 5.0, and in SEIL since its firmware version 3.50. It is fully integrated with the RRAS architecture in these operating systems, allowing its use with Winlogon or smart-card authentication, remote-access policies and the Windows VPN client. The protocol is also used by Windows Azure for Point-to-Site Virtual Network.
SSTP is intended only for remote client access, it generally does not support site-to-site VPN tunnels.
SSTP suffers from the same performance limitations as any other IP-over-TCP tunnel. In general, performance will be acceptable only as long as there is sufficient excess bandwidth on the un-tunneled network link to guarantee that the tunneled TCP timers do not expire. If this becomes untrue, performance falls off dramatically. This is known as the "TCP meltdown problem".
SSTP supports user authentication only; it does not support device authentication or computer authentication.
Packet structure
The following header structure is common to all types of SSTP packets:
Version (8 bits) – communicates and negotiates the version of SSTP that is used.
Reserved (7 bits) – reserved for future use.
C (1 bit) – contro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetin
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Beetin (BE27 or BE29) is a ribosome-inactivating protein found in the leaves of sugar beets, Beta vulgaris L, specifically attacking plant ribosomes. Sugar beet, beetins, that have been isolated meet all the criteria to be classified as single chain (type 1) ribosome inactivating proteins that are highly toxic to mammalian ribosomes but non-toxic to intact cultured mammalian cells. Beetin expression occurs when there is a viral infection of the plant. The different levels of glycosylation of the same polypeptide chain result in the two forms of beetin (BE27 or BE29). Beetin exhibits these two primary forms with apparent Mr values of 27 000 (BE27) and 29 000 (BE29) along with possessing glycan chains. Beetins are a type-I (single-chain) proteins with N-glycoside activity. Since it has been discovered that beetin is mostly concentrated in the intercellular fluid, its presence in the remaining parts of the leaf may be below the limit of detection rather than being nonexistent. The expression of beetin is only found in mature plants, but is present in all developing stages.
Structure
The beetin RIP exhibits the typical fold of type 1 RIPs and the A chain of type 2 RIPs, in which the intersection of three domains results in the active site. These domains are the N-terminal domain 1, which has β-strands and α-helices; domain 2, which has α-helices; and the C-terminal domain 3, which has two α-helices and two β-strands. BE27 displays a conformation of the loop lining the catalytic site cleft (from amino acids 84 to 122) but does not show a negatively charged patch near to the active site cleft.
Role as antiviral protein
Beet 27 is also an antiviral protein that acts as a defense mechanism to protect the plant from a viral infection. This action can be induced by compounds like salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Beet 27 does have the special ability of superoxide dismutase activity, being able to produce the compound, hydrogen peroxide.The hydrogen peroxide prod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20Engineering%20Society
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The Audio Engineering Society (AES) is a professional body for engineers, scientists, other individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. The membership largely comprises engineers developing devices or products for audio, and persons working in audio content production. It also includes acousticians, audiologists, academics, and those in other disciplines related to audio. The AES is the only worldwide professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology.
Established in 1948, the Society develops, reviews and publishes engineering standards for the audio and related media industries, and produces the AES Conventions, which are held twice a year alternating between Europe and the US. The AES and individual regional or national sections also hold AES Conferences on different topics during the year.
History
The idea of a society dedicated solely to audio engineering had been discussed for some time before the first meeting, but was first proposed in print in a letter by Frank E. Sherry, of Victoria, Texas, in the December 1947 issue of the magazine Audio Engineering. A New York engineer and audio consultant, C.J. LeBel, then published a letter agreeing, and saying that a group of audio professionals had already been discussing such a thing, and that they were interested in holding an organizational meeting. He asked interested persons to contact him for details. The response was enthusiastic and encouraging. Fellow engineer Norman C. Pickering published the date for an organizational meeting, and announced the appointment of LeBel as acting chairman, and himself as acting secretary.
The organizational meeting was held at the RCA Victor Studios in New York City on February 17, 1948. Acting chairman Mr. LeBel spoke first, emphasizing the professional, non-commercial, independent nature of the proposed organization. Acting Secretary Norman Pickering then discussed the need for a professional organization that could foster an e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BpuJI
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In molecular biology, BpuJI is a type II restriction endonuclease which recognises the asymmetric sequence 5'-CCCGT and cuts at multiple sites in the surrounding area of the target sequence. The BpuJI protein consists of two distinct modules; an N-terminal DNA recognition domain, and a C-terminal dimerisation and catalysis domain. The N-terminal domain is composed of two winged-helix subdomains and a disrupted linker subdomain. Target sequence recognition occurs through major groove contacts of amino acids in the winged-helix subdomains.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20procedure
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A medical procedure is a course of action intended to achieve a result in the delivery of healthcare.
A medical procedure with the intention of determining, measuring, or diagnosing a patient condition or parameter is also called a medical test. Other common kinds of procedures are therapeutic (i.e., intended to treat, cure, or restore function or structure), such as surgical and physical rehabilitation procedures.
Definition
"An activity directed at or performed on an individual with the object of improving health, treating disease or injury, or making a diagnosis." - International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology
"The act or conduct of diagnosis, treatment, or operation." - Stedman's Medical Dictionary by Thomas Lathrop Stedman
"A series of steps by which a desired result is accomplished." - Dorland's Medical Dictionary by William Alexander Newman Dorland
"The sequence of steps to be followed in establishing some course of action." - Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary
List of medical procedures
Propaedeutic
Auscultation
Medical inspection (body features)
Palpation
Percussion (medicine)
Vital signs measurement, such as blood pressure, body temperature, or pulse (or heart rate)
Diagnostic
Lab tests
Biopsy test
Blood test
Stool test
Urinalysis
Cardiac stress test
Electrocardiography
Electrocorticography
Electroencephalography
Electromyography
Electroneuronography
Electronystagmography
Electrooculography
Electroretinography
Endoluminal capsule monitoring
Endoscopy
Colonoscopy
Colposcopy
Cystoscopy
Gastroscopy
Laparoscopy
Laryngoscopy
Ophthalmoscopy
Otoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy
Esophageal motility study
Evoked potential
Magnetoencephalography
Medical imaging
Angiography
Aortography
Cerebral angiography
Coronary angiography
Lymphangiography
Pulmonary angiography
Ventriculography
Chest photofluorography
Computed tomography
Echocardiography
Electrical impedance tomography
Fluoroscopy
Magnetic resonance imag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20Y8950
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The Yamaha Y8950 is a sound chip, produced in 1984. It is also known as MSX-Audio as it was designed for inclusion in an expansion cartridge for the MSX personal computer.
The Y8950 is essentially a Yamaha YM3526 with an ADPCM encoder/decoder added on. It was introduced in three cartridge models:
Philips NMS-1205
Toshiba HX-MU900
Panasonic FS-CA1
Features
Compatible with the Yamaha YM3526 (OPL)
Nine voices of FM synthesis (using phase modulation)
Two sound-generation modes available: Simultaneous sounding of nine tones or 6 melodies and five rhythms (Compatible with the Character and Pattern Telephone Access Information Network (C.A.P.T.A.I.N.) system and teletex).
Built-in vibrato and AM oscillators
Built-in accelerated 4-bit ADPCM speech analysis/synthesis circuits
Possibility of connecting an external 256-kB RAM plus 256-kB ROM
Built-in 8-bit input/output ports for keyboard scanning
Built-in 4-bit general purpose I/O port
Two built-in general purpose timers
TTL compatible input/output
Si-gate CMOS LSI
5V single power supply
64-pin SDIP encapsulation (the same thing was done on the V9938)
Software Support
The Y8950 is supported by almost all software which contains music composed in SoundTracker, (Moonblaster, Oracle, Super Music Editor or Magic Music Module Combi, etc.). All these editors support the ADPCM sample unit.
Other software which makes use of the ADPCM sampler such as Trax Player by NOP (a program to play songs (samples) directly from disk, while loading) also supports it.
The majority of games made by Compile on the MSX were MSX-Audio compatible, although they didn't use the ADPCM sampler portion of the sound chip.
See also
List of sound chips
Yamaha OPL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YellowTAB
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yellowTAB was a German software firm that produced an operating system called "yellowTAB ZETA". While the operating system was based on BeOS 5.1.0, the company never publicly confirmed that it has the BeOS source code or what their licensing agreement with BeOS's owners PalmSource was. The company went insolvent and ceased trading in 2006. Later, David Schlesinger, directory of Open Source technologies at ACCESS, Inc., which had meanwhile become the owner of the BeOS source code, stated that there had never been a license agreement covering yellowTAB's use of the source code and that ZETA was therefore an infringed copy.
The company's offices were in Mannheim, and its corporate motto was Assume The Power. Following their closure, the OS was taken over by magnussoft, who started selling it as "magnussoft ZETA".
yellowTAB has come under some criticism from the BeOS userbase, who claim that the company did not give back what it took from the Haiku project and other open source BeOS projects. In many cases, open source programmers have recreated yellowTAB's extensions to BeOS, most notably their SVG graphics extensions to OpenTracker. However, yellowTAB's actions to date have not violated the BSD/MIT licences under which most open source BeOS projects exist.
In March 2006, yellowTAB donated their "Intel Extreme" driver to one of the Haiku developers for integration into the Haiku source tree where further development was to take place. Both yellowTAB and Haiku developers were to collaborate on Intel Extreme Graphics driver development, but to date this code has not yet been committed to the repository.
In April 2006, insolvency protection proceedings were filed for the company, although employees denied that it was actually filed by the company, suggesting potential malicious intent. However, the firm has transferred development and support of ZETA to a third-party, magnussoft.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautel
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Nautel Ltd. is a Canadian manufacturer of AM and FM radio broadcast transmitters, navigational radio beacons, Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) transmitters, NOAA weather radio transmitters, LF PNT/eLORAN transmitters, SONAR high-power low-frequency amplifiers and SONAR systems, medium frequency (MF) telegraph and NAVTEX transmitters, and high frequency (HF) amplifiers for dielectric heating applications. Nautel is known as the first company to develop a commercially available fully solid state broadcast transmitter.
History
Nautel was founded in 1969 in the rural community of Hackett's Cove, Nova Scotia. Its primary operation was building and supplying solid state navigation beacons for the Canadian government. To better serve the US market, Nautel Maine Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary located in Bangor, Maine, was founded in 1974. Nautel diversified into the sonar market with the acquisition of Marport C-Tech Ltd., a manufacturer of military and commercial sonar systems in Cornwall, Ontario, in 2013.
Nautel delivered its first transmitter, a radio beacon for the Canadian government, in 1970. This was a fully solid-state unit operating in the 190–535 kHz Aeronautical/Marine navigation band. These transmitters were the first ever commercially available solid state transmission devices, all transmitters up to this point having been of the tube variety. Because of the greater reliability and longevity of solid state transmitters many of these early models are still in use today.
The introduction of 10 kW and 50 kW solid state AM transmitters from Nautel in 1982 and 1985 was another first for the broadcast industry. The first 50 kW AM transmitter from Nautel was purchased by CBA (AM) in Moncton where it remained operational until April 8, 2008, when the station's AM signal was taken off the air. Although commonplace today, solid state transmitter technology was non-existent before Nautel entered the market. More than 30 years after being intr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20therapy
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Electron therapy or electron beam therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy where electrons are directed to a tumor site for medical treatment of cancer.
Equipment
Electron beam therapy is performed using a medical linear accelerator. The same device can also be used to produce high energy photon beams. When electrons are required, the x-ray target is retracted out of the beam and the electron beam is collimated with a piece of apparatus known as an applicator or an additional collimating insert, constructed from a low melting point alloy.
Properties
Electron beams have a finite range, after which dose falls off rapidly. Therefore, they spare deeper healthy tissue. The depth of the treatment is selected by the appropriate energy. Unlike photon beams there is no surface sparing effect, so electron therapy is used when the target extends to the patient's skin.
Indications
Electron beam therapy is used in the treatment of superficial tumors like cancer of skin regions, or total skin (e.g. mycosis fungoides), diseases of the limbs (e.g. melanoma and lymphoma), nodal irradiation, and it may also be used to boost the radiation dose to the surgical bed after mastectomy or lumpectomy. For deeper regions intraoperative electron radiation therapy might be applied.
See also
Intraoperative electron radiation therapy (IOERT)
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT)
Proton therapy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20power%20by%20country
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Nuclear power plants operate in 32 countries and generate about a tenth of the world's electricity.
Most are in Europe, North America, East Asia and South Asia.
The United States is the largest producer of nuclear power, while France has the largest share of electricity generated by nuclear power, at about 70%.
China has the fastest growing nuclear power programme with 16 new reactors under construction, followed by India, which has 8 under construction.
Some countries operated nuclear reactors in the past but have no operating nuclear plants.
Among them, Italy closed all of its nuclear stations by 1990 and nuclear power has since been discontinued because of the 1987 referendums.
Kazakhstan is planning to reintroduce nuclear power in the future. Belarus began operating one unit of its first nuclear power plant in June 2021 and was expecting to bring the second unit into operation in 2023.
Germany completed the shut down of its nuclear fleet on April 15, 2023 and any restart has been ruled out on technical grounds. Austria (Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant) and the Philippines (Bataan Nuclear Power Plant) never started to use their first nuclear plants that were completely built.
Sweden and Belgium originally had phase-out policies however they have now moved away from their original plans. The Philippines relaunched their nuclear programme on February 28, 2022 and may soon operate the mothballed Bataan Plant.
Due to financial, political and technical reasons, Cuba, Libya and Poland never completed the construction of their first nuclear plants, and Australia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ghana, Ireland, Kuwait, Oman, Peru and Singapore never built their planned first nuclear plants. Some of these countries are still planning to introduce nuclear power. As of 2020, Poland was in advanced planning phase for 1.5 GW and planned to have up to 9 GW by 2040.
Hong Kong has no nuclear power plants within its boundary, but imports 80% of the electricity generated from Daya Ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natronorubrum
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Natronorubrum is a genus in the family Halobacteriaceae.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20phase
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Differential phase is a kind of linearity distortion which affects the color hue in TV broadcasting.
Composite color video signal
Composite color video signal (CCVS) consists of three terms:
Monochrome (luminance) signal
Auxiliary signals (sync pulse and blanking signals)
Color signal, which is actually a subcarrier modulated by chroma information
The first two terms are usually called composite video signal (CVS)
The modulation technique of the color subcarrier is quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) both in PAL and NTSC systems. The amplitude of the color signal represents the saturation of the color and the phase lag of the color signal with respect to a certain reference which is called colorburst represents the hue; i.e., each phase lag is assigned for a different color hue. So, in order to reproduce the original color in the receiver, the phase difference between the colorburst and the color signal must be kept constant throughout the broadcasting.
The colorburst
The colorburst is a 10 period signal of color carrier (3.58 MHz in System M and 4.43 MHz in System B and System G). It is superimposed on the back porch of the CVS. The peak to peak amplitude is about 300 mV. That means that, when the color signal has a low luminance, its DC component is comparable to that of the colorburst. All dark colors have more or less the same DC component as the colorburst. But light colors have a higher luminance and hence a higher DC component.
Differential phase distortion
During broadcasting, the inherent non linearity in electronic devices may cause a level dependent phase shift. Differential phase distortion (DP or dP) is the shift of color signal phase with respect to the colorburst phase. When DC (brightness / luminance) levels of light colors and the colorburst are different, the hue of the light colors may change. Especially a slight change in skin color may be irritating to viewers (too yellow or too red skin color depending on whether shift is posi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship%20display
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A courtship display is a set of display behaviors in which an animal, usually a male, attempts to attract a mate; the mate exercises choice, so sexual selection acts on the display. These behaviors often include ritualized movement ("dances"), vocalizations, mechanical sound production, or displays of beauty, strength, or agonistic ability.
Male display
In some species, males will perform ritualized movements to attract females. The male six-plumed bird-of-paradise (Parotia lawesii) exemplifies male courtship display with its ritualized "ballerina dance" and unique occipital and breast feathers that serve to stimulate the female visual system. In Drosophila subobscura, male courtship display is seen through the male's intricate wing scissoring patterns and rapid sidestepping. These stimulations, along with many other factors, result in subsequent copulation or rejection.
In other species, males may exhibit courtship displays that serve as both visual and auditory stimulation. For example, the male Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) and calliope hummingbird (Stellula calliope) perform two types of courtship displays involving a combination of visual and vocal display—a stationary shuttle display and dive display. When engaging in the stationary shuttle display, the male displays a flared gorget and hovers in front of the female, moving from side to side while rotating his body and tail. The rhythmic movements of the male's wings produce a distinctive buzzing sound. When conducting a dive display, the male typically ascends approximately in the air then abruptly turns and descends in a dive-like fashion. As the male flies over the female, he rotates his body and spreads his tail feathers, which flutter and collide to produce a short, buzzing sound.
In addition, some animals attempt to attract females through the construction and decoration of unique structures. This technique can be seen in the satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) of Australia, males of whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes%20of%20mental%20disorders
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A mental disorder is an impairment of the mind disrupting normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, or social interactions, and accompanied by significant distress or dysfunction. The causes of mental disorders are very complex and vary depending on the particular disorder and the individual. Although the causes of most mental disorders are not fully understood, researchers have identified a variety of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that can contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Most mental disorders result in a combination of several different factors rather than just a single factor.
Research results
Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. Correlations of mental disorders with drug use include almost all psychoactive substances, e.g., cannabis, alcohol, and caffeine.
Mental illnesses have risk factors, for instance including unequal parental treatment, adverse life events and drug use in depression, migration and discrimination, childhood trauma, loss or separation in families, and cannabis use in schizophrenia and psychosis, and parenting factors, child abuse, family history (e.g. of anxiety), and temperament and attitudes (e.g. pessimism) in anxiety. Many psychiatric disorders include problems with impulse and other emotional control.
In February 2013, a study found genetic links between five major psychiatric disorders: autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems is also responsible for some mental disorders, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and glutamate system's abnormal functioning. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of specific brain regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive (e.g. reasoning) biases, emotional influences, personality dynami
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Signal%20and%20the%20Noise
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The Signal and the Noise: Why So Many Predictions Fail – but Some Don't is a 2012 book by Nate Silver detailing the art of using probability and statistics as applied to real-world circumstances. The book includes case studies from baseball, elections, climate change, the 2008 financial crash, poker, and weather forecasting.
The book was the recipient of the 2013 Phi Beta Kappa Society book award in science. It has also been translated into several languages.
Synopsis
The book emphasizes Silver's skill, which is the practical art of mathematical model building using probability and statistics. Silver takes a big-picture approach to using statistical tools, combining sources of unique data (e.g., timing a minor league ball player's fastball using a radar gun), with historical data and principles of sound statistical analysis, many of which are violated by many pollsters and pundits who nonetheless have important media roles.
The book includes richly detailed case studies from baseball, elections, climate change, the financial crash, poker, and weather forecasting. These different topics illustrate different statistical principles. For example, weather forecasting is used to introduce the idea of "calibration," or how well weather forecasts fit actual weather outcomes. There is much on the need for improved expressions of uncertainty in all statistical statements, reflecting ranges of probable outcomes and not just single "point estimates" like averages.
Silver would like to see the media move away from vague terminology like "Obama has an edge in Ohio" or "Florida still a toss-up state" to probability statements, like "the probability of Obama winning the electoral college is 83%, while the expected fraction won by him of the popular vote is now 50.1% with an error range of ±2%". Such statements give odds on outcomes, including a 17% chance of Romney winning the electoral college. The shares of the popular vote similarly are ranges including outcomes in which R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20refrigeration
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A cascade refrigeration cycle is a multi-stage thermodynamic cycle. An example two-stage process is shown at right. (Bottom on mobile) The cascade cycle is often employed for devices such as ULT freezers.
In a cascade refrigeration system, two or more vapor-compression cycles with different refrigerants are used. The evaporation-condensation temperatures of each cycle are sequentially lower with some overlap to cover the total temperature drop desired, with refrigerants selected to work efficiently in the temperature range they cover. The low temperature system removes heat from the space to be cooled using an evaporator, and transfers it to a heat exchanger that is cooled by the evaporation of the refrigerant of the high temperature system. Alternatively, a liquid to liquid or similar heat exchanger may be used instead. The high temperature system transfers heat to a conventional condenser that carries the entire heat output of the system and may be passively, fan, or water-cooled.
Cascade cycles may be separated by either being sealed in separated loops, or in what is referred to as an "auto-cascade" where the gases are compressed as a mixture but separated as one refrigerant condenses into a liquid while the other continues as a gas through the rest of the cycle. Although an auto-cascade introduces several constraints on the design and operating conditions of the system that may reduce the efficiency it is often used in small systems due to only requiring a single compressor, or in cryogenic systems as it reduces the need for high efficiency heat exchangers to prevent the compressors leaking heat into the cryogenic cycles. Both types can be used in the same system, generally with the separate cycles being the first stage(s) and the auto-cascade being the last stage.
Peltier coolers may also be cascaded into a multi-stage system to achieve lower temperatures. Here the hot side of the first Peltier cooler is cooled by the cold side of the second Peltier cooler,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiscale%20Electrophysiology%20Format
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Multiscale Electrophysiology Format (MEF) was developed to handle the large amounts of data produced by large-scale electrophysiology in human and animal subjects. MEF can store any time series data up to 24 bits in length, and employs lossless range encoded difference compression. Subject identifying information in the file header can be encrypted using 128-bit AES encryption in order to comply with HIPAA requirements for patient privacy when transmitting data across an open network.
Compressed data is stored in independent blocks to allow direct access to the data, facilitate parallel processing and limit the effects of potential damage to files. Data fidelity is ensured by a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check in each compressed data block using the Koopman polynomial (0xEB31D82E), which has a Hamming distance of from 4 to 114 kbits.
A formal specification and source code are available online. MEF_import is an EEGLAB plugin to import MEF data into EEGLAB.
See also
Range encoding
AES encryption
CRC-32
MED Format official website
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller%20chain
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Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire- and tube-drawing machines, printing presses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket. It is a simple, reliable, and efficient means of power transmission.
Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing. In 1800, James Fussell patented a roller chain on development of his balance lock and in 1880 Hans Renold patented a bush roller chain.
Construction
There are two types of links alternating in the bush roller chain. The first type is inner links, having two inner plates held together by two sleeves or bushings upon which rotate two rollers. Inner links alternate with the second type, the outer links, consisting of two outer plates held together by pins passing through the bushings of the inner links. The "bushingless" roller chain is similar in operation though not in construction; instead of separate bushings or sleeves holding the inner plates together, the plate has a tube stamped into it protruding from the hole which serves the same purpose. This has the advantage of removing one step in assembly of the chain.
The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler designs, resulting in higher efficiency and less wear. The original power transmission chain varieties lacked rollers and bushings, with both the inner and outer plates held by pins which directly contacted the sprocket teeth; however this configuration exhibited extremely rapid wear of both the sprocket teeth and the plates where they pivoted on the pins. This problem was partially solved by the development of bushed chains, with the pins holding the outer plates passing through bushings or sleeves connecting the inner pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20JTAG
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The Open JTAG project is an open source project released under GNU License.
It is a complete hardware and software JTAG reference design, based on a simple hardware composed by a FTDI FT245 USB front-end and an Altera EPM570 MAX II CPLD. The capabilities of this hardware configuration make the Open JTAG device able to output TCK signals at 24 MHz using macro-instructions sent from the host end.
The scope is to give the community a JTAG device not based on the PC parallel port: Open JTAG uses the USB channel to communicate with the internal CPLD, sending macro-instructions as fast as possible. The complete project (Beta version) is available at OpenCores.org and the Open JTAG project official site.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20economics
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Biological economics is an interdisciplinary field in which the interaction of human biology and economics is studied. The journal Economics and Human Biology covers the field and has an impact factor of 2.722.
See also
Ecological economics
Sociobiology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMB-45
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HMB-45 is a monoclonal antibody that reacts against an antigen present in melanocytic tumors such as melanomas, and stands for Human Melanoma Black. It is used in anatomic pathology as a marker for such tumors. The specific antigen recognized by HMB-45 is now known as Pmel 17.
History
HMB-45 was discovered by Drs. Allen M. Gown and Arthur M. Vogel in 1986. The antibody was generated to an extract of melanoma.
Cancer diagnostics
In a study to determine diagnostic usefulness of specific antibodies used to identify melanoma, HMB-45 had a 92% sensitivity when used to identify melanoma. The antibody also reacts positively against junctional nevus cells and fetal melanocytes.
Despite this relatively high sensitivity—HMB-45 does have its drawbacks. HMB-45 can be detected in only 50-70% of melanomas. HMB-45 does not react well against intradermal nevi, normal adult melanocytes, spindle cell melanomas and desmoplastic melanomas. HMB-45 is nonreactive with almost all non-melanoma human malignancies, with the exception of rare tumors showing evidence of melanogenesis (e.g., pigmented schwannoma, clear cell sarcoma) or tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (angiomyolipoma and lymphangiomyoma).
Storage
HMB-45 should be stored at 4 degree Celsius. At 4 degrees Celsius the antibody will be stable for up to 2 months without any loss of quality. For best results it should be used before the expiration date.
Alternatives
When conducting an immunocytochemical studies to identify melanoma for scientific or clinical studies, scientist and medical professionals can also use S-100, Melan-A, Tyrosinase, and Mitf to identify tumors.
See also
List of histologic stains that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisioning%20%28technology%29
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In telecommunication, provisioning involves the process of preparing and equipping a network to allow it to provide new services to its users. In National Security/Emergency Preparedness telecommunications services, "provisioning" equates to "initiation" and includes altering the state of an existing priority service or capability.
The concept of network provisioning or service mediation, mostly used in the telecommunication industry, refers to the provisioning of the customer's services to the network elements, which are various equipment connected in that network communication system. Generally in telephony provisioning this is accomplished with network management database table mappings. It requires the existence of networking equipment and depends on network planning and design.
In a modern signal infrastructure employing information technology (IT) at all levels, there is no possible distinction between telecommunications services and "higher level" infrastructure. Accordingly, provisioning configures any required systems, provides users with access to data and technology resources, and refers to all enterprise-level information-resource management involved.
Organizationally, a CIO typically manages provisioning, necessarily involving human resources and IT departments cooperating to:
Give users access to data repositories or grant authorization to systems, network applications and databases based on a unique user identity.
Appropriate for their use hardware resources, such as computers, mobile phones and pagers.
As its core, the provisioning process monitors access rights and privileges to ensure the security of an enterprise's resources and user privacy. As a secondary responsibility, it ensures compliance and minimizes the vulnerability of systems to penetration and abuse. As a tertiary responsibility, it tries to reduce the amount of custom configuration using boot image control and other methods that radically reduce the number of different con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL%20sequence
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JPL sequences or JPL codes consist of two linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) whose code sequence lengths La and Lb must be prime (relatively prime). In this case the code sequence length of the generated overall sequence Lc is equal to:
It is also possible for more than two LFSRs to be interconnected through multiple XORs at the output for as long as all code sequence lengths of the individual LFSR are relatively prime to one another.
JPL sequences were originally developed in the Jet Propulsion Labs, from which the name for these code sequences is derived.
Areas of application include distance measurements utilizing spread spectrum signals for satellites and in space technology. They are also utilized in the more precise military P/Y code used in the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, they are currently replaced by the new M-code.
Due to the relatively long spreading sequences, they can be used to measure relatively long ranges without ambiguities, as required for deep space missions. By having a rough synchronziation between receiver and transmitter, this can be achieved with shorter sequences as well.
Their major advantage is, that they produce relatively long sequences with only two LFSRs, which makes it energy efficient and very hard to detect due to huge spreading factor. The same structure can be used to realize a dither generator, used as an additive noise source to remove a numerical bias in digital computations (due to fixed point arithmetics, that have one more negative than positive number, i.e. the mean value is slightly negative).
See also
Gold sequence
Kasami sequence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20nuclide
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An alpha nuclide is a nuclide that consists of an integer number of alpha particles. Alpha nuclides have equal, even numbers of protons and neutrons; they are important in stellar nucleosynthesis since the energetic environment within stars is amenable to fusion of alpha particles into heavier nuclei. Stable alpha nuclides, and stable decay products of radioactive alpha nuclides, are some of the most common metals in the universe.
Alpha nuclide is also shorthand for alpha radionuclide, referring to those radioactive isotopes that undergo alpha decay and thereby emit alpha particles.
List of alpha nuclides
The nuclear binding energy of alpha nuclides heavier than zinc-60 (beginning with germanium-64) is too large for them be formed by fusion processes (see alpha process). , the heaviest known alpha nuclide is xenon-108.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B6ger%E2%80%93Vink%20notation
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Kröger–Vink notation is a set of conventions that are used to describe electric charges and lattice positions of point defect species in crystals. It is primarily used for ionic crystals and is particularly useful for describing various defect reactions. It was proposed by and .
Notation
The notation follows the scheme:
M
M corresponds to the species. These can be
atoms – e.g., Si, Ni, O, Cl,
vacancies – V or v (since V is also the symbol for vanadium)
interstitials – i (although this is usually used to describe lattice site, not species)
electrons – e
electron holes – h
S indicates the lattice site that the species occupies. For instance, Ni might occupy a Cu site. In this case, M would be replaced by Ni and S would be replaced by Cu. The site may also be a lattice interstice, in this case, the symbol "i" is used. A cation site can be represented by the symbols C or M (for metal), and an anion site can be represented by either an A or X.
C corresponds to the electronic charge of the species relative to the site that it occupies. The charge of the species is calculated by the charge on the current site minus the charge on the original site. To continue the previous example, Ni often has the same valency as Cu, so the relative charge is zero. To indicate a null charge, × is used. A single • indicates a net single positive charge, while two would represent two net positive charges. Finally, signifies a net single negative charge, so two would indicate a net double negative charge.
Examples
Al — an aluminum ion sitting on an aluminum lattice site, with a neutral charge.
Ni — a nickel ion sitting on a copper lattice site, with neutral charge.
v — a chlorine vacancy, with single positive charge.
Ca — a calcium interstitial ion, with double positive charge.
Cl — a chlorine anion on an interstitial site, with single negative charge.
O — an oxygen anion on an interstitial site, with double negative charge.
e — an electron. No site is normally specified.
Procedure
When
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubert%20calculus
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In mathematics, Schubert calculus is a branch of algebraic geometry introduced in the nineteenth century by Hermann Schubert, in order to solve various counting problems of projective geometry (part of enumerative geometry). It was a precursor of several more modern theories, for example characteristic classes, and in particular its algorithmic aspects are still of current interest. The term Schubert calculus is sometimes used to mean the enumerative geometry of linear subspaces of a vector space, which is roughly equivalent to describing the cohomology ring of Grassmannians. Sometimes it is used to mean the more general enumerative geometry of algebraic varieties that are homogenous spaces of simple Lie groups. Even more generally, Schubert calculus is often understood to encompass the study of analogous questions in generalized cohomology theories.
The objects introduced by Schubert are the Schubert cells, which are locally closed sets in a Grassmannian defined by conditions of incidence of a linear subspace in projective space with a given flag. For further details see Schubert variety.
The intersection theory of these cells, which can be seen as the product structure in the cohomology ring of the Grassmannian of associated cohomology classes, in principle allows the prediction of the cases where intersections of cells results in a finite set of points, which are potentially concrete answers to enumerative questions. A key result is that the Schubert cells (or rather, the classes of their Zariski closures, the Schubert cycles or Schubert varieties) span the whole cohomology ring.
The combinatorial aspects mainly arise in relation to computing intersections of Schubert cycles. Lifted from the Grassmannian, which is a homogeneous space, to the general linear group that acts on it, similar questions are involved in the Bruhat decomposition and classification of parabolic subgroups (as block traingular matrices).
Putting Schubert's system on a rigorous footing wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson%E2%80%93Mingarelli%20theorem
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In applied mathematics, the Atkinson–Mingarelli theorem, named after Frederick Valentine Atkinson and A. B. Mingarelli, concerns eigenvalues of certain Sturm–Liouville differential operators.
In the simplest of formulations let p, q, w be real-valued piecewise continuous functions defined on a closed bounded real interval, . The function w(x), which is sometimes denoted by r(x), is called the "weight" or "density" function. Consider the Sturm–Liouville differential equation
where y is a function of the independent variable x. In this case, y is called a solution if it is continuously differentiable on (a,b) and (p y′)(x) is piecewise continuously differentiable and y satisfies the equation () at all except a finite number of points in (a,b). The unknown function y is typically required to satisfy some boundary conditions at a and b.
The boundary conditions under consideration here are usually called separated boundary conditions and they are of the form:
where the , are real numbers. We define
The theorem
Assume that p(x) has a finite number of sign changes and that the positive (resp. negative) part of the function p(x)/w(x) defined by , (resp. are not identically zero functions over I. Then the eigenvalue problem (), ()–() has an infinite number of real positive eigenvalues ,
and an infinite number of negative eigenvalues ,
whose spectral asymptotics are given by their solution [2] of Jörgens' Conjecture [3]:
and
For more information on the general theory behind () see the article on Sturm–Liouville theory. The stated theorem is actually valid more generally for coefficient functions that are Lebesgue integrable over .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability%20%28systems%20engineering%29
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A capability, in the systems engineering sense, is defined as the ability to execute a specified course of action. A capability may or may not be accompanied by an intention. The term is used in the defense industry but also in private industry (e.g. gap analysis).
Capability gap analysis
The Joint Capabilities Integration Development System is an important part of DoD military planning. The "Operation of the JCIDS" introduces a Capability Based Analysis (CBA) process that includes identification of capability gaps. In essence, a Capability Gap Analysis is the determination of needed capabilities that do not yet exist. The Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF) suggests the use of the Operational Activity Model (OV-5) in conducting a CGA.
See also
Capability management
Operational Activity Model (OV-5)
Operational Event-Trace Description (OV-6c)
Joint Capabilities Integration Development System
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche%20medicine
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Mapuche medicine is the system of medical treatment historically used by the Mapuche people of southern Chile. It is essentially magical-religious in nature, believing disease to be caused by supernatural factors such as spells and curable by treatments based on rituals, thermal waters and herbs. Knowledge of medicinal herbs is one of the best-known elements of Mapuche medicine and is still used today.
One of the most striking aspects of historical Mapuche medicine was the use of surgery as a treatment, which was developed to treat wounds and traumas suffered in the frequent battles between tribes. Fractures and dislocations of bones were treated by immobilising and covering the limbs with pastes and ointments made of medicinal herbs.
As in Europe, the practice of the bloodletting was also commonplace and used as a treatment for many conditions. In Mapuche culture, it was done by making small cuts with a very sharp stone called a "guincubue" to draw blood, then covering the cut with an astringent or herbal mix. Bloodletting was also used by parents on children to make them lighter, more agile and more capable of working and fighting, as it was thought that their blood was salty and heavy.
Hygiene was very important in Mapuche life. They were very clean and tidy, bathing every day in nearby streams or rivers, regardless of weather conditions. The bark of the Quillaja tree, which is very common in the local area, was used as soap (and is still used today in some commercial beauty products).
Historical context
The Mapuche people came about as the result of the mingling of two cultures: the Moluche people, from what today is Argentina's Pampa, with the indigenous inhabitants of the region between the Toltén and Bío Bío rivers in Chile.
The Mapuche had no written language and their knowledge was transmitted orally. Most of their traditions and culture, including their medical knowledge, were documented for the first time by the European conquistadors.
Different kind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinesco%E2%80%93Sj%C3%B6gren%20syndrome
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Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome (MSS), sometimes spelled Marinescu–Sjögren syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder.
Presentation
The syndrome causes cerebellar ataxia (balance and coordination problems), intellectual disability, congenital cataracts in early childhood, muscle weakness, inability to chew food, thin brittle fingernails, and sparse hair.
Small stature, mild to severe intellectual disability and dysarthria (slow, imprecise speech) are usually present. Various skeletal abnormalities (e.g., curvature of the spine) and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism often occur. Muscle weakness is progressive, but life expectancy is near normal.
Cause
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of MSS is based on clinical symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (cerebellar atrophy particularly involving the cerebellar vermis), and muscle biopsy.
It can be associated with mutations of the SIL1 gene, and a mutation can be found in about 50% of cases.
Differential diagnosis
DDx includes Congenital Cataracts Facial Dysmorphism Neuropathy (CCFDN), Marinesco–Sjögren like syndrome with chylomicronemia, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndromes, Lowe syndrome, and mitochondrial disease.
Marinesco–Sjögren-like syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder which is characterized by symptoms similar to those shown by people with Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome, the symptoms (of this variant of MSS) being infantile hypotonia, ataxia, cataracts, intellectual disabilities, cerebellar atrophy, myopathic alterations, vascular degeneration, and adipose tissue proliferation.
Treatment
Treatment for MSS is symptomatic and supportive including physical and occupational therapy, speech therapy, and special education. Cataracts must be removed when vision is impaired, generally in the first decade of life. Hormone replacement therapy is needed if hypogonadism is present.
Eponym
It is named for Gheorghe Marinescu and Torsten Sjögren.
High-frequency populations
Members of the MOWA Band of Chocta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectX%20Video%20Acceleration
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DirectX Video Acceleration (DXVA) is a Microsoft API specification for the Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 platforms that allows video decoding to be hardware-accelerated. The pipeline allows certain CPU-intensive operations such as iDCT, motion compensation and deinterlacing to be offloaded to the GPU. DXVA 2.0 allows more operations, including video capturing and processing operations, to be hardware-accelerated as well.
DXVA works in conjunction with the video rendering model used by the video card. DXVA 1.0, which was introduced as a standardized API with Windows 2000 and is currently available on Windows 98 or later, can use either the overlay rendering mode or VMR 7/9. DXVA 2.0, available only on Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and later OSs, integrates with Media Foundation (MF) and uses the Enhanced Video Renderer (EVR) present in MF.
Overview
The DXVA is used by software video decoders to define a codec-specific pipeline for hardware-accelerated decoding and rendering of the codec. The pipeline starts at the CPU which is used for parsing the media stream and conversion to DXVA-compatible structures. DXVA specifies a set of operations that can be hardware-accelerated and device driver interfaces (DDIs) that the graphic driver can implement to accelerate the operations. If the codec needs to do any of the defined operations, it can use these interfaces to access the hardware-accelerated implementation of these operations. If the graphic driver does not implement one or more of the interfaces, it is up to the codec to provide a software fallback for it. The decoded video is handed over to the hardware video renderer, where further video post-processing might be applied to it before being rendered to the device. The resulting pipeline is usable in a DirectShow-compatible application.
DXVA specifies the Motion Compensation DDI, which specifies the interfaces for iDCT operations, Huffman coding, motion compensation, alpha blending, inverse quantization, col
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Microwave%20Power%20and%20Electromagnetic%20Energy
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The Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering industrial, medical, and scientific applications of electromagnetic and microwaves from 0.1 to 100 GHz, including topics such as food processing, instrumentation, polymer technologies, microwave chemistry and systems design.
The journal is published jointly by the International Microwave Power Institute and Taylor & Francis. Its editor-in-chief is Juan Antonio Aguilar-Garib (Autonomous University of Nuevo León). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 1.5.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall-type%20theorems%20for%20hypergraphs
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, Hall-type theorems for hypergraphs are several generalizations of Hall's marriage theorem from graphs to hypergraphs. Such theorems were proved by Ofra Kessler, Ron Aharoni, Penny Haxell, Roy Meshulam, and others.
Preliminaries
Hall's marriage theorem provides a condition guaranteeing that a bipartite graph admits a perfect matching, or - more generally - a matching that saturates all vertices of . The condition involves the number of neighbors of subsets of . Generalizing Hall's theorem to hypergraphs requires a generalization of the concepts of bipartiteness, perfect matching, and neighbors.
1. Bipartiteness: The notion of a bipartiteness can be extended to hypergraphs in many ways (see bipartite hypergraph). Here we define a hypergraph as bipartite if it is exactly 2-colorable, i.e., its vertices can be 2-colored such that each hyperedge contains exactly one yellow vertex. In other words, can be partitioned into two sets and , such that each hyperedge contains exactly one vertex of . A bipartite graph is a special case in which each edge contains exactly one vertex of and also exactly one vertex of ; in a bipartite hypergraph, each hyperedge contains exactly one vertex of but may contain zero or more vertices of . For example, the hypergraph with and is bipartite with and
2. Perfect matching: A matching in a hypergraph is a subset of , such that every two hyperedges of are disjoint. If is bipartite with parts and , then the size of each matching is obviously at most . A matching is called -perfect (or -saturating) if its size is exactly . In other words: every vertex of appears in exactly one hyperedge of . This definition reduces to the standard definition of a -perfect matching in a bipartite graph.
3. Neighbors: Given a bipartite hypergraph and a subset of , the neighbors of are the subsets of that share hyperedges with vertices of . Formally:
For example, in the hypergraph from point 1,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20School%20for%20Advanced%20Studies
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The International School for Advanced Studies (Italian: Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati; SISSA) is an international, state-supported, post-graduate-education and research institute in Trieste, Italy.
SISSA is active in the fields of mathematics, physics and neuroscience, offering both undergraduate and post-graduate courses.
Each year, about 70 PhD students are admitted to SISSA based on their scientific qualifications. SISSA also runs master's programs in the same areas, in collaboration with both Italian and other European universities.
History
SISSA was founded in 1978, as a part of the reconstruction following the Friuli earthquake of 1976. Although the city of Trieste itself did not suffer any damage, physicist Paolo Budinich asked and obtained from the Italian government to include in the interventions the institution of a new, post-graduate teaching and research institute, modeled on the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. The school became operative with a PhD course in theoretical physics, and Budinich himself was appointed as general director.
In 1986, Budinich left his position to Daniele Amati, who at the time was at the head of the theoretical division at CERN. Under his leadership, SISSA expanded its teaching and research activity towards the field of neuroscience, and instituted a new interdisciplinary laboratory aiming at connecting humanities and scientific studies.
From 2001 to 2004, the director was the Italian geneticist Edoardo Boncinelli, who fostered the development of the existing research areas. From 2004 to 2010, the director was the Italian physicist Stefano Fantoni. His period as director has been characterized by the design and construction of the new SISSA location. Other directors were appointed in the following years, which saw the strengthening of SISSA collaboration with other Italian and European universities in offering master's degree programs in the three areas of the School (mathematics, physics and neurosci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20branch%20of%20ulnar%20nerve
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The deep branch of the ulnar nerve is a terminal, primarily motor branch of the ulnar nerve. It is accompanied by the deep palmar branch of ulnar artery.
Structure
It passes between the abductor digiti minimi and the flexor digiti minimi brevis. It then perforates the opponens digiti minimi and follows the course of the deep palmar arch beneath the flexor tendons. As the deep ulnar nerve passes across the palm, it lies in a fibrous tunnel formed between the hook of the hamate and the pisiform (Guyon's canal).
Function
At its origin it innervates the hypothenar muscles. As it crosses the deep part of the hand, it innervates all the interosseous muscles and the third and fourth lumbricals. It ends by innervating the adductor pollicis and the medial (deep) head of the flexor pollicis brevis. It also sends articular filaments to the wrist-joint (following Hilton's law)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water%20chiller
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A water chiller is a device used to lower the temperature of water. Most chillers use refrigerant in a closed loop system to facilitate heat exchange from water where the refrigerant is then pumped to a location where the waste heat is transferred to the atmosphere. However, there are other methods in performing this action.
In hydroponics, pumps, lights and ambient heat can warm the reservoir water temperatures, leading to plant root and health problems. For ideal plant health, a chiller can be used to lower the water temperature below ambient level; is a good temperature for most plants. This results in healthy root production and efficient absorption of nutrients.
In air conditioning, chilled water is often used to cool a building's air and equipment, especially in situations where many individual rooms must be controlled separately, such as a hotel. A chiller lowers water temperature to between and before the water is pumped to the location to be cooled.
See also
Chiller
Gardening
Notes
Hydroponics
Cooling technology
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Mechanical engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Indian%20state%20days
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The Union of India is a federation in South Asia made up of 28 states and 8 union territories. Most states celebrate a state day to mark its formation, statehood or an other event central to it. Some of these states and union territories observe their state day as the official state holiday.
State functions, parades, cultural events and also state award ceremonies are held in various states and union territories on their respective foundation day. Many states celebrate their state day on their formation date or statehood date. Some like Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka celebrate their state day to mark their reorganization while Assam and Bengal celebrate it on other special days important to Assamese and Bengali people respectively.
States
Union territories
Autonomous administrative divisions
See also
Independence Day of India
Republic Day of India
List of Indian state symbols
List of Indian state flags
List of Indian state emblems
List of Indian state mottos
List of Indian state songs
List of Indian state animals
List of Indian state birds
List of Indian state flowers
List of Indian state trees
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoenitates%20Academicae
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Amoenitates Academicae is the title of a multi-volume zoological and botanical publication (published during 1749–1790) consisting of the dissertations of the students of Carl Linnaeus, written during 1743–1776.
Seven out of ten volumes were published by Linnaeus himself, the last three were edited by
Johann Christian von Schreber.
Editions
vol. 1: 1st ed., Stockholm and Leipzig, 1749, 2nd ed., Erlangen, 1787
vol. 2: 1st ed., Stockholm, 1751; 2nd ed., Stockholm, 1762; 3rd ed., 1787
vol. 3: 1st ed., Stockholm, 1756; 2nd ed., Erlangen, 1787
vol. 4: 1st ed., Stockholm, 1759; 2nd ed., Erlangen, 1788
vol. 5: 1st ed., Stockholm, 1760; 2nd ed., Erlangen, 1788
vol. 6: 1st ed., Stockholm, 1763; 2nd ed., Erlangen, 1789
vol. 7: 1st ed., Stockholm, 1769; 2nd ed., Erlangen, 1789
vol. 8: 1st ed., Erlangen, 1785
vol. 9: 1st ed., Erlangen, 1785
vol. 10: 1st ed., Erlangen, 1790
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind%20the%20Mirror
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Behind the Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge () is a 1973 book by the ethologist Konrad Lorenz.
Lorenz shows the essentials of a lifetime's work and summarizes it into his very own philosophy: evolution is the process of growing perception of the outer world by living nature itself. Stepping from simple to higher organized organisms he shows how they benefit from information processing. The methods mirrored by organs have been created in the course of evolution as the natural history of this organism. Lorenz uses the mirror as a simplified model of our brain reflecting the part of information from the outside world it is able to "see". The backside of the mirror was created by evolution to gather as much information as needed to better survive. The book gives a hypothesis how consciousness was "invented" by evolution.
One of the key positions of the book included the criticism of Immanuel Kant, arguing that the philosopher failed to realize that knowledge, as mirrored by the human mind is the product of evolutionary adaptations.
Kant has maintained that our consciousness or our description and judgments about the world could never mirror the world as it really is so we can not simply take in the raw data that the world provides nor impose our forms on the world. Lorenz disputed this, saying it is inconceivable that - through chance mutations and selective retention - the world fashioned an instrument of cognition that grossly misleads man about such world. He said that we can determine the reliability of the mirror by looking behind it.
Summary
Lorenz summarizes his life's work into his own philosophy: Evolution is the process of growing perception of the outer world by living nature itself. Stepping from simple to higher organized organisms, Lorenz shows how they gain and benefit from information. The methods mirrored by organs have been created in the course of evolution as the natural history of this organism.
In the book, Lorenz u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire%20Surrey%20Pathology%20Service
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Berkshire and Surrey Pathology Services (BSPS) is a pathology network, serving NHS hospitals in Surrey and Berkshire. BSPS is a joint venture between Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Surrey County Hospital, and Surrey and Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust. It was established in 2012 as the Surrey Pathology Service. In 2023 it employs around 1,400 people and conducts around 60 million tests per year.
Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust and Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust established the organisation. In April 2015 it emerged that Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust was proposing to join the partnership. The joint venture was formally expanded in March 2017.
It uses the WinPath Enterprise laboratory information system to enable clinicians to order tests and view results from anywhere within their network. This can manage up to 40,000 tests per day when running at full capacity.
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