source
stringlengths
31
227
text
stringlengths
9
2k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi%20biological%20weapons%20program
Saddam Hussein (1937–2006) began an extensive biological weapons (BW) program in Iraq in the early 1980s, despite having signed (but not ratified until 1991) the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) of 1972. Details of the BW program and a chemical weapons program surfaced after the Gulf War (1990–91) during the disarma...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM151A
Family with sequence similarity 151 member A (abbreviated FAM151A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM151A gene. The protein is a transmembrane protein expressed in the kidney tubules, and is an ortholog of menorin, a protein involved in neuron development in nematodes. Gene The FAM151A gene contains ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast%20Kalman%20filter
The fast Kalman filter (FKF), devised by Antti Lange (born 1941), is an extension of the Helmert–Wolf blocking (HWB) method from geodesy to safety-critical real-time applications of Kalman filtering (KF) such as GNSS navigation up to the centimeter-level of accuracy and satellite imaging of the Earth including atmosp...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpi%C5%84ski%20number
In number theory, a Sierpiński number is an odd natural number k such that is composite for all natural numbers n. In 1960, Wacław Sierpiński proved that there are infinitely many odd integers k which have this property. In other words, when k is a Sierpiński number, all members of the following set are composite: I...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-duality
In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theoretical physics because it relates a theory in which calculations are difficult t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20kidney
Artificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also refer to the other renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. This article deals mainly with bioengineered kidneys/bioartificial kidneys that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodermal%20activity
Electrodermal activity (EDA) is the property of the human body that causes continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of the skin. Historically, EDA has also been known as skin conductance, galvanic skin response (GSR), electrodermal response (EDR), psychogalvanic reflex (PGR), skin conductance response (SC...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion%20temperature
The inversion temperature in thermodynamics and cryogenics is the critical temperature below which a non-ideal gas (all gases in reality) that is expanding at constant enthalpy will experience a temperature decrease, and above which will experience a temperature increase. This temperature change is known as the Joule–T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin%20variant
A chromatin variant corresponds to a section of the genome that differs in chromatin states across cell types/states within an individual (intra-individual) or between individuals for a given cell type/state (inter-individual). Chromatin variants distinguish DNA sequences that differ in their function in one cell type/...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplochory
Diplochory, also known as “secondary dispersal”, “indirect dispersal” or "two-phase dispersal", is a seed dispersal mechanism in which a plant's seed is moved sequentially by more than one dispersal mechanism or vector. The significance of the multiple dispersal steps on the plant fitness and population dynamics depen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamashina%20Institute%20for%20Ornithology
The is a non-profit scientific research organization in Japan, specializing in ornithology. History The Yamashina Institute for Ornithology was founded by Dr. Yoshimaro Yamashina at his home in Shibuya, Tokyo as a private museum to store his collection of bird specimens and books. Marquis Yamashina was the second son...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadly%20neutralizing%20HIV-1%20antibodies
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) are neutralizing antibodies which neutralize multiple HIV-1 viral strains. bNAbs are unique in that they target conserved epitopes of the virus, meaning the virus may mutate, but the targeted epitopes will still exist. In contrast, non-bNAbs are specific for individual vira...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Maltese
George John Maltese (June 24, 1931 in Middletown, Connecticut – October 23, 2009 in Middletown, Connecticut) was an American mathematician whose primary field of research was functional analysis. Life and career Maltese was born in Middletown to a family of Italian ancestry. Between 1949 and 1953 he studied at the Wes...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutectic%20system
A eutectic system or eutectic mixture ( ) is a homogeneous mixture that has a melting point lower than those of the constituents. The lowest possible melting point over all of the mixing ratios of the constituents is called the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram, the eutectic temperature is seen as the eutectic p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholar
A scholar is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an academic discipline. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an advanced degree or a terminal degree, such as a master's degree or a doctorate (PhD). Independent schola...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetCache
NetCache is a former web cache software product which was owned and developed by NetApp between 1997 and 2006, and a hardware product family incorporating the NetCache software. History The NetCache software started as a commercial fork of the Harvest Object Cache developed by Internet Middleware Corporation (IMC), wh...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20FTP%20server%20software%20packages
Graphical Console/terminal-based Libraries Summary board Graphical UI based FTP Servers Terminal/Console based FTP Servers See also File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Comparison of FTP client software FTPS (FTP over SSL/TLS) FTP over SSH SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) Comparison of SSH servers Comparison o...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20tissue%20image%20analysis
Automated tissue image analysis or histopathology image analysis (HIMA) is a process by which computer-controlled automatic test equipment is used to evaluate tissue samples, using computations to derive quantitative measurements from an image to avoid subjective errors. In a typical application, automated tissue imag...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%20assertion
In computer software testing, a test assertion is an expression which encapsulates some testable logic specified about a target under test. The expression is formally presented as an assertion, along with some form of identifier, to help testers and engineers ensure that tests of the target relate properly and clearly ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Elfving
Erik Gustav Elfving (25 June 1908 – 25 March 1984) was a Finnish mathematician and statistician. He wrote pioneering works in mathematical statistics, especially on the design of experiments. Early life Erik Gustav Elfving was son of Fredrik Elfving (1854–1942), a professor of botany at the University of Helsinki, and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-segment%20display
A nine-segment display is a type of display based on nine segments that can be turned on or off according to the graphic pattern to be produced. It is an extension of the more common seven-segment display, having an additional two diagonal or vertical segments (one between the top and the middle, and the other between ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20probabilistic%20theory
A generalized probabilistic theory (GPT) is a general framework to describe the operational features of arbitrary physical theories. A GPT must specify what kind of physical systems one can find in the lab, as well as rules to compute the outcome statistics of any experiment involving labeled preparations, transformati...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-455%20microRNA%20precursor%20family
In molecular biology mir-455 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. See also MicroRNA
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%20B%20Meyer%20Inc.
E B Meyer Inc., also called E B Meyer Inc. dba Meyer Industries, is a U.S. private manufacturing firm located in a small town in Emmett, Idaho that produces Pest Control device called the Rodenator. History Meyer Industries established in 2001, the firm has adapted to growth in the global market and today helps bus...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20matched%20asymptotic%20expansions
In mathematics, the method of matched asymptotic expansions is a common approach to finding an accurate approximation to the solution to an equation, or system of equations. It is particularly used when solving singularly perturbed differential equations. It involves finding several different approximate solutions, eac...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic%20conductivity
Adiabatic conductivity is a measure of a material's electrical conductivity, σ, under thermodynamically adiabatic conditions. See also Thermodynamics Thermodynamic properties Electrical phenomena
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastema
A blastema (Greek βλάστημα, "offspring") is a mass of cells capable of growth and regeneration into organs or body parts. The changing definition of the word "blastema" has been reviewed by Holland (2021). A broad survey of how blastema has been used over time brings to light a somewhat involved history. The word enter...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taphotaxon
A taphotaxon (from the Greek ταφος, taphos meaning burial and ταξις, taxis meaning ordering) is an invalid taxon based on fossils remains that have been altered in a characteristic way during burial and diagenesis. The fossils so altered have distinctive characteristics that make them appear to be a new taxon, but thes...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahm%20equations
In differential geometry and gauge theory, the Nahm equations are a system of ordinary differential equations introduced by Werner Nahm in the context of the Nahm transform – an alternative to Ward's twistor construction of monopoles. The Nahm equations are formally analogous to the algebraic equations in the ADHM cons...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabino%20Arana
Sabino Policarpo Arana Goiri (in Spanish), Sabin Polikarpo Arana Goiri (in Basque), or Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin (self-styled) (26 January 1865 – 25 November 1903), was a Basque writer and the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV). Arana is considered the father of Basque nationalism. He died in Sukarrieta at t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications%20of%20UML
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a modeling language used by software developers. UML can be used to develop diagrams and provide users (programmers) with ready-to-use, expressive modeling examples. Some UML tools generate program language code from UML. UML can be used for modeling a system independent of a platform...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betti%27s%20theorem
Betti's theorem, also known as Maxwell–Betti reciprocal work theorem, discovered by Enrico Betti in 1872, states that for a linear elastic structure subject to two sets of forces {Pi} i=1,...,n and {Qj}, j=1,2,...,n, the work done by the set P through the displacements produced by the set Q is equal to the work done b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Immune%20Response%20Corporation
The Immune Response Corporation (IRC) was a pharmaceutical company that worked in the development immunotherapeutic products. The firm was founded by Jonas Salk and Kevin Kimberlin when Kimberlin, "asked Salk to become lead scientific advisor for a new biotech company specializing in 'anti-idiotypes,' a novel vaccine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Isaacson
Jacob Isaacson (May 5, 1911 – September 8, 1980) was an American composer and musician. Isaacson was most noted for his own Colortone musical notation and his early works within this system. His association with the Fluxus movement was played down by Isaacson, who held European classical tradition in high regard, altho...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20measure
In set theory, a normal measure is a measure on a measurable cardinal κ such that the equivalence class of the identity function on κ maps to κ itself in the ultrapower construction. Equivalently, if f:κ→κ is such that f(α)<α for most α<κ, then there is a β<κ such that f(α)=β for most α<κ. (Here, "most" means that the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20form
In algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, a logarithmic differential form is a differential form with poles of a certain kind. The concept was introduced by Pierre Deligne. In short, logarithmic differentials have the mildest possible singularities needed in order to give information about an open subm...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder%20and%20Bolt
Thunder and Bolt (born March 2, 2017) are a pair of miniature pigs certified by the American Mini Pig Association as therapy animals owned and trained by then 10-year-old Claire Barrow. Thunder and Bolt made their therapy animal debut at Tampa General Hospital when they were 10 months old, where they celebrated their ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric%20rehabilitation
Geriatric rehabilitation or geriatric physical therapy is the branch of medicine that studies rehabilitation and physical therapy issues in elderly. Origins Geriatric rehabilitation covers three areas – normal aging due to disuse and deconditioning, cardiovascular problems like vascular disease and stroke, and skelet...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Faghri
Amir Faghri is an American professor and leader in the engineering profession as an educator, scientist, and administrator. He is currently Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Engineering and Distinguished Dean Emeritus at the University of Connecticut. He is also currently Distinguished Adjunct Professor at the Univer...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy
Immunoscintigraphy is a nuclear medicine procedure used to find cancer cells in the body by injecting a radioactively labeled antibody, which binds predominantly to cancer cells and then scanning for concentrations of radioactive emissions. Clinical applications Immunoscintigraphy is performed using a variety of radio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia%20innominata
The substantia innominata also innominate substance, or substantia innominata of Meynert (Latin for unnamed substance) is a series of layers in the human brain consisting partly of gray and partly of white matter, which lies below the anterior part of the thalamus and lentiform nucleus. It is included as part of the an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL%20Technology
TCL Technology (originally an abbreviation for Telephone Communication Limited) is a Chinese partially state-owned electronics company headquartered in Huizhou, Guangdong Province. It designs, develops, manufactures, and sells consumer products including television sets, mobile phones, air conditioners, washing machine...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20in%20paleobotany
This article records new taxa of plants that were described during the year 2014, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleobotany that occurred in the year 2014. Chlorophytes Ferns Ginkgophyta Ginkgophytes Conifers Pinales Other conifers Angiosperms Magnoliids Monocots Basal eudico...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEGAN
MEGAN ("MEtaGenome ANalyzer") is a computer program that allows optimized analysis of large metagenomic datasets. Metagenomics is the analysis of the genomic sequences from a usually uncultured environmental sample. A large term goal of most metagenomics is to inventory and measure the extent and the role of microbial...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired-end%20tag
Paired-end tags (PET) (sometimes "Paired-End diTags", or simply "ditags") are the short sequences at the 5’ and 3' ends of a DNA fragment which are unique enough that they (theoretically) exist together only once in a genome, therefore making the sequence of the DNA in between them available upon search (if full-genome...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20David%20Hamkins
Joel David Hamkins is an American mathematician and philosopher who is O'Hara Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at the University of Notre Dame. He has made contributions in mathematical and philosophical logic, set theory and philosophy of set theory (particularly the idea of the set-theoretic multiverse), in co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%202G
Red 2G is a synthetic red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in glycerol. It usually comes as a disodium salt of 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6 disulfonate. Preparation Red 2G is produced by azo coupling of Acetyl-H acid and diazonium derivative of Aniline under basic conditions: U...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantazolicin
Plantazolicin (PZN) is a natural antibiotic produced by the gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus velezensis FZB42 (previously Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42). PZN has specifically been identified as a selective bactericidal agent active against Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. This natural product...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20invariant
In computer science, a loop invariant is a property of a program loop that is true before (and after) each iteration. It is a logical assertion, sometimes checked with a code assertion. Knowing its invariant(s) is essential in understanding the effect of a loop. In formal program verification, particularly the Floyd-H...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground%20House%20Las%20Vegas
The Underground House in Las Vegas, Nevada, is a Cold War-era subterranean dwelling. This structure was built in the wake of the Cuban Missile Crisis.The house was completed in the 1978. History In 1969, Girard Henderson relocated to Las Vegas, Nevada, and embarked on the construction of the Dawson buildings on Spen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostBQP
In computational complexity theory, PostBQP is a complexity class consisting of all of the computational problems solvable in polynomial time on a quantum Turing machine with postselection and bounded error (in the sense that the algorithm is correct at least 2/3 of the time on all inputs). Postselection is not consid...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhiezer%27s%20theorem
In the mathematical field of complex analysis, Akhiezer's theorem is a result about entire functions proved by Naum Akhiezer. Statement Let be an entire function of exponential type , with for real . Then the following are equivalent: There exists an entire function , of exponential type , having all its zeros in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application%20strings%20manager
An application strings manager is a software tool primarily designed to optimize the download and storage of strings files used and produced in software development. It centralizes the management of all the product strings generated and used by an organization to overcome the complexity arising from the diversity of st...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbrasia%20epimethea
Imbrasia epimethea is a species of moth belonging to the family Saturniidae. It was first described by Dru Drury in 1773 from the Calabar coast. Description Upper side: antennae strongly pectinated; the extremities appearing like threads. Thorax light brown, tinged with red. Abdomen grey brown. Anterior wings light gr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False%20truffle
A false truffle or a hymenogastrale is any species of fungus that has underground fruiting bodies that produce basidiocarps resembling the true truffles of genus Tuber. While rodents such as squirrels eat a wide variety of false truffle species, many are considered toxic (Scleroderma species) or otherwise unpalatable ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20bubble%20theorem
In the mathematical theory of minimal surfaces, the double bubble theorem states that the shape that encloses and separates two given volumes and has the minimum possible surface area is a standard double bubble: three spherical surfaces meeting at angles of 120° on a common circle. The double bubble theorem was formul...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired%20receptors
Paired receptors are pairs or clusters of receptor proteins that bind to extracellular ligands but have opposing activating and inhibitory signaling effects. Traditionally, paired receptors are defined as homologous pairs with similar extracellular domains and different cytoplasmic regions, whose genes are located toge...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20embedding
In mathematics, the notion of being compactly embedded expresses the idea that one set or space is "well contained" inside another. There are versions of this concept appropriate to general topology and functional analysis. Definition (topological spaces) Let (X, T) be a topological space, and let V and W be subsets ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenched%20approximation
In lattice field theory, the quenched approximation is an approximation often used in lattice gauge theory in which the quantum loops of fermions in Feynman diagrams are neglected. Equivalently, the corresponding one-loop determinants are set to one. This approximation is often forced upon the physicists because the ca...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desorption%20electrospray%20ionization
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is an ambient ionization technique that can be coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for chemical analysis of samples at atmospheric conditions. Coupled ionization sources-MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the individual capabilities of various sources combined wi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20sowing
Winter sowing is a method of starting seeds outdoors in winter. This is generally done with seeds that require a period of cold stratification. The method takes advantage of natural temperatures, rather than artificially refrigerating seeds. Winter sowing involves sowing seeds in a miniature greenhouse outside during ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-server%20problem
The -server problem is a problem of theoretical computer science in the category of online algorithms, one of two abstract problems on metric spaces that are central to the theory of competitive analysis (the other being metrical task systems). In this problem, an online algorithm must control the movement of a set of...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ4%20%28compression%20algorithm%29
LZ4 is a lossless data compression algorithm that is focused on compression and decompression speed. It belongs to the LZ77 family of byte-oriented compression schemes. Features The LZ4 algorithms aims to provide a good trade-off between speed and compression ratio. Typically, it has a smaller (i.e., worse) compressi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanstra%20method
The Zanstra method is a method to determine the temperature of central stars of planetary nebulae. It was developed by Herman Zanstra in 1927. It is assumed that the nebula is optically thick in the Lyman continuum, which means that all ionizing photons from the central star are absorbed inside the nebula. Based on th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay%27s%20trisecant%20identity
In algebraic geometry, Fay's trisecant identity is an identity between theta functions of Riemann surfaces introduced by . Fay's identity holds for theta functions of Jacobians of curves, but not for theta functions of general abelian varieties. The name "trisecant identity" refers to the geometric interpretation give...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation%20%28magnetic%29
In electromagnetism, excitation is the process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current. An electric generator or electric motor consists of a rotor spinning in a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets or by field coils. In the case of a machine with field coil...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfovibrio%20oxyclinae
Desulfovibrio oxyclinae is a bacterium. It is sulfate-reducing, and was first isolated from the upper 3mm layer of a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat in Sinai.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainclone
Gainclone or chipamp is a type of audio amplifier made by do-it-yourselfers, or individuals interested in DIY audio. It is a design based on high-power integrated circuits, particularly the National Semiconductor Overture series. The Gainclone is probably the most commonly built and well-known amplifier project amongst...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faraday%20Institution
The Faraday Institution is a British research institute aiming to advance battery science and technology. It was established in 2017 as part of the UK's wider Faraday Battery Challenge. It states its mission as having four key areas: "electrochemical energy storage research, skills development, market analysis and ear...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recode%20%28database%29
RECODE is a database of "programmed" frameshifts, bypassing and codon redefinition used for gene expression. See also Translational frameshift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20isomer
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus, in which one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons) occupy excited state (higher energy) levels. "Metastable" describes nuclei whose excited states have half-lives 100 to 1000 times longer than the half-lives of the excited nuclear states that decay with a "p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohlraum
In radiation thermodynamics, a hohlraum (a non-specific German word for a "hollow space" or "cavity") is a cavity whose walls are in radiative equilibrium with the radiant energy within the cavity. This idealized cavity can be approximated in practice by making a small perforation in the wall of a hollow container of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Picture%20Exchange
Digital Picture Exchange (DPX) is a common file format for digital intermediate and visual effects work and is a SMPTE standard (ST 268-1:2014). The file format is most commonly used to represent the density of each colour channel of a scanned negative film in an uncompressed "logarithmic" image where the gamma of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal%20sentiment%20analysis
Multimodal sentiment analysis is a technology for traditional text-based sentiment analysis, which includes modalities such as audio and visual data. It can be bimodal, which includes different combinations of two modalities, or trimodal, which incorporates three modalities. With the extensive amount of social media da...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headphones
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeaker drivers worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound. Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a loudspeaker, which emits sound into the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset%20tracking
Asset tracking refers to the method of tracking physical assets, either by scanning barcode labels attached to the assets or by using tags using GPS, BLE, LoRa, or RFID which broadcast their location. These technologies can also be used for indoor tracking of persons wearing a tag. RFID 'Passive' RFID tags broadcast ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic%20relatedness
In population genetics, cryptic relatedness occurs when individuals in a genetic association study are more closely related to another population than assumed by the investigators. This can act as a confounding factor in both case-control and genome-wide association studies, as well as in studies of genetic diversity. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Frontier%20Finland
Electronic Frontier Finland – Effi ry (Effi) is a Finnish on-line civil rights organization founded in 2001 by Herkko Hietanen, Ville Oksanen and Mikko Välimäki. It had about 1,600 members at the end of 2014. While not formally affiliated with the U.S.-based Electronic Frontier Foundation, the two organizations share m...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20voice
Secure voice (alternatively secure speech or ciphony) is a term in cryptography for the encryption of voice communication over a range of communication types such as radio, telephone or IP. History The implementation of voice encryption dates back to World War II when secure communication was paramount to the US arme...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Dylan%20programming%20language
Dylan programming language history first introduces the history with a continuous text. The second section gives a timeline overview of the history and present several milestones and watersheds. The third section presents quotations related to the history of the Dylan programming language. Introduction to the history ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer%20immunology
Cancer immunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and a sub-discipline of immunology that is concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer; the most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, which utilises the immune system as a treatment for can...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20total%20probability
In probability theory, the law (or formula) of total probability is a fundamental rule relating marginal probabilities to conditional probabilities. It expresses the total probability of an outcome which can be realized via several distinct events, hence the name. Statement The law of total probability is a theorem th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindsight%20optimization
Hindsight optimisation (HOP) is a computer science technique used in artificial intelligence for analysis of actions which have stochastic results. HOP is used in combination with a deterministic planner. By creating sample results for each of the possible actions from the given state (i.e. determinising the actions), ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn%20tables
The Evelyn tables are a set of four anatomical preparations on wooden boards that are thought to be the oldest anatomical preparations in Europe. They were acquired by John Evelyn in Padua in 1646 and later donated by Evelyn to the Royal Society. They are currently owned by the Royal College of Surgeons, and displaye...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Friedrich%20Pfaff
Johann Friedrich Pfaff (sometimes spelled Friederich; 22 December 1765 – 21 April 1825) was a German mathematician. He was described as one of Germany's most eminent mathematicians during the 19th century. He was a precursor of the German school of mathematical thinking, under which Carl Friedrich Gauss and his followe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bholu%20%28mascot%29
Bholu the Train Manager (Train Guard) is the mascot of Indian Railways, represented as a cartoon of an elephant holding a signal lamp with a green ring in one hand. It was initially designed for the Indian Railways' 150th anniversary commemoration events and was unveiled on 16 April 2002 in Bangalore. In 2003, Indian R...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength%20%28mathematical%20logic%29
The relative strength of two systems of formal logic can be defined via model theory. Specifically, a logic is said to be as strong as a logic if every elementary class in is an elementary class in . See also Abstract logic Lindström's theorem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shredding%20%28disassembling%20genomic%20data%29
Shredding refers to the process in bioinformatics of taking assembled gene sequences and disassembling them into short sequences of usually 500 to 750 base pairs (bp). This is generally done for the purpose of taking the short shredded sequences and reapplying various analysis and bioinformatic techniques. Being able t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20language%20procedures
Natural language training is a set of procedures used by behavior analysts that rely heavily on mand training in the natural environment. These procedures include incidental teaching, functional communication training, and pivotal response treatment, which are used to mirror the natural areas of language use for childr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraoxonase
Paraoxonases are a family of mammalian enzymes with aryldialkylphosphatase activity. There are three paraoxonase isozymes, which were originally discovered for their involvement in the hydrolysis of organophosphates. Research has indicated the enzymatic activity of paraoxonases is more diversified than its activity as...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20strike%20%28engineering%29
Alpha strike is a term referring to the event when an alpha particle, a composite charged particle composed of two protons and two neutrons, enters a computer and modifies the data or operation of a component in the computer. Alpha strikes can disturb the silicon substrate of the transistors in a computer through thei...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-decimal%20notation
Dot-decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data. It consists of a string of decimal numbers, using the full stop (dot) as a separation character. A common use of dot-decimal notation is in information technology where it is a method of writing numbers in octet-grouped base-10 (decimal) numbers. In com...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paley%E2%80%93Wiener%20theorem
In mathematics, a Paley–Wiener theorem is any theorem that relates decay properties of a function or distribution at infinity with analyticity of its Fourier transform. The theorem is named for Raymond Paley (1907–1933) and Norbert Wiener (1894–1964). The original theorems did not use the language of distributions, a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachlamydia
Parachlamydia, is a genus of bacteriae belonging to the Chlamydiota. Species include P. acanthamoeba. See also List of bacterial orders List of bacteria genera
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maraschino%20cherry
A maraschino cherry ( ) is a preserved, sweetened cherry, typically made from light-colored sweet cherries such as the Royal Ann, Rainier, or Gold varieties. In their modern form, the cherries are first preserved in a brine solution usually containing sulfur dioxide and calcium chloride to bleach the fruit, then soaked...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20security
Network security consists of the policies, processes and practices adopted to prevent, detect and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the ne...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL%20Active%20Virus%20Shield
AOL Active Virus Shield (commonly referred to as AVS) was a free antivirus utility made available by AOL. Its engine was based on the one used by Kaspersky Anti-Virus. The program is no longer available. Features Active Virus Shield includes numerous features found in Kaspersky Anti-Virus. The software's main feature ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwipe
nwipe is a Linux computer program used to securely erase data. It is maintained by Martijn van Brummelen and is free software, released under the GNU General Public License 2.0 licence. The program is a fork of the dwipe program that was previously incorporated in the DBAN secure erase disk. nwipe was created to allow...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20card
An information card (or i-card) is a personal digital identity that people can use online, and the key component of an identity metasystem. Visually, each i-card has a card-shaped picture and a card name associated with it that enable people to organize their digital identities and to easily select one they want to use...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus%20on%20Manifolds%20%28book%29
Calculus on Manifolds: A Modern Approach to Classical Theorems of Advanced Calculus (1965) by Michael Spivak is a brief, rigorous, and modern textbook of multivariable calculus, differential forms, and integration on manifolds for advanced undergraduates. Description Calculus on Manifolds is a brief monograph on the ...