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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20coefficient
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In mathematics, the binomial coefficients are the positive integers that occur as coefficients in the binomial theorem. Commonly, a binomial coefficient is indexed by a pair of integers and is written It is the coefficient of the term in the polynomial expansion of the binomial power ; this coefficient can be computed by the multiplicative formula
which using factorial notation can be compactly expressed as
For example, the fourth power of is
and the binomial coefficient is the coefficient of the term.
Arranging the numbers in successive rows for gives a triangular array called Pascal's triangle, satisfying the recurrence relation
The binomial coefficients occur in many areas of mathematics, and especially in combinatorics. The symbol is usually read as " choose " because there are ways to choose an (unordered) subset of elements from a fixed set of elements. For example, there are ways to choose 2 elements from namely and
The binomial coefficients can be generalized to for any complex number and integer , and many of their properties continue to hold in this more general form.
History and notation
Andreas von Ettingshausen introduced the notation in 1826, although the numbers were known centuries earlier (see Pascal's triangle). In about 1150, the Indian mathematician Bhaskaracharya gave an exposition of binomial coefficients in his book Līlāvatī.
Alternative notations include , , , , , and in all of which the stands for combinations or choices. Many calculators use variants of the because they can represent it on a single-line display. In this form the binomial coefficients are easily compared to -permutations of , written as , etc.
Definition and interpretations
For natural numbers (taken to include 0) n and k, the binomial coefficient can be defined as the coefficient of the monomial Xk in the expansion of . The same coefficient also occurs (if ) in the binomial formula
(valid for any elements x, y of a commutative ring),
which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth
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The mouth is the body orifice through which many animals ingest food and vocalize. The body cavity immediately behind the mouth opening, known as the oral cavity (or in Latin), is also the first part of the alimentary canal which leads to the pharynx and the gullet. In tetrapod vertebrates, the mouth is bounded on the outside by the lips and cheeks — thus the oral cavity is also known as the buccal cavity (from Latin , meaning "cheek") — and contains the tongue on the inside. Except for some groups like birds and lissamphibians, vertebrates usually have teeth in their mouths, although some fish species have pharyngeal teeth instead of oral teeth.
Most bilaterian phyla, including arthropods, molluscs and chordates, have a two-opening gut tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Which end forms first in ontogeny is a criterion used to classify bilaterian animals into protostomes and deuterostomes.
Development
In the first multicellular animals, there was probably no mouth or gut and food particles were engulfed by the cells on the exterior surface by a process known as endocytosis. The particles became enclosed in vacuoles into which enzymes were secreted and digestion took place intracellularly. The digestive products were absorbed into the cytoplasm and diffused into other cells. This form of digestion is used nowadays by simple organisms such as Amoeba and Paramecium and also by sponges which, despite their large size, have no mouth or gut and capture their food by endocytosis.
However, most animals have a mouth and a gut, the lining of which is continuous with the epithelial cells on the surface of the body. A few animals which live parasitically originally had guts but have secondarily lost these structures. The original gut of diploblastic animals probably consisted of a mouth and a one-way gut. Some modern invertebrates still have such a system: food being ingested through the mouth, partially broken down by enzymes secreted in the gut, and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochirality
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In stereochemistry, cryptochirality is a special case of chirality in which a molecule is chiral but its specific rotation is non-measurable. The underlying reason for the lack of rotation is the specific electronic properties of the molecule. The term was introduced by Kurt Mislow in 1977.
For example, the alkane 5-ethyl-5-propylundecane found in certain species of Phaseolus vulgaris is chiral at its central quaternary carbon, but neither enantiomeric form has any observable optical rotation:
It is still possible to distinguish between the two enantiomers by using them in asymmetric synthesis of another chemical whose stereochemical nature can be measured. For example, the Soai reaction of 2-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde with diisopropylzinc performed in the presence of 5-ethyl-5-propylundecane forms a secondary alcohol with a high enantiomeric excess based on the major enantiomer of the alkane that was used.
Even a slight enantiomeric excess of the alkane is rapidly amplified due to the autocatalytic nature of this reaction.
Cryptochirality also occurs in polymeric systems growing from chiral initiators, for example in dendrimers having lobes of different sizes attached to a central core.
The term is also used to describe a situation where an enantiomeric excess lies far below the observational horizon, but is still relevant, e.g. in highly enantiosensitive, self-amplifying reactions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawsonia%20campanulata
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Dawsonia campanulata is an organic-walled Palaeozoic organism of unknown affinity. It resembles a shell or purse.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylopilus%20alboater
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Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.
The fruit bodies have a black to grayish-brown cap that measures up to in diameter. The caps of young specimens have a velvety texture and are covered with a whitish to gray powdery coating; this texture and coating is gradually lost as the mushroom matures, and the cap often develops cracks. The pores on the underside of the cap are small and pinkish. The stem is bluish purple to black, and measures up to long by thick. Both the pore surface and the whitish cap flesh will stain pink to reddish gray, and eventually turn black after being cut or injured. The mushroom is edible, and generally considered one of the best edible Tylopilus species.
Taxonomy and naming
The species was first described in 1822 as Boletus alboater by Lewis David de Schweinitz from specimens he collected in North Carolina. Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned this name in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum. The species was one of several Boletus species that Otto Kuntze transferred to Suillus in his 1898 Revisio Generum Plantarum. American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill transferred it to the genus Tylopilus in 1909. In 1931, French mycologist Jean-Edouard Gilbert transferred the species to his newly created genus Porphyrellus, but this name has since been subsumed into Tylopilus.
In 1875, Charles Horton Peck described Boletus nigrellus from specimens he collected in Sand Lake, New York. Murrill reduced this name to synonymy with T. alboater in 1916, and noted that Peck's description was made from young material obtained "before the white tubes had been c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilish
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Pilish is a style of constrained writing in which the lengths of consecutive words or sentences match the digits of the number (pi). The shortest example is any three-letter word, such as "pie", but many longer examples have been constructed, including sentences, poems, and stories.
Examples
The following sentence is an example which matches the first fifteen digits of :
How I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics!
The following Pilish poem (written by Joseph Shipley) matches the first 31 digits of π:
But a time I spent wandering in bloomy night;
Yon tower, tinkling chimewise, loftily opportune.
Out, up, and together came sudden to Sunday rite,
The one solemnly off to correct plenilune.
A full-length Pilish novel has been published, which currently holds the record of the longest Pilish text with 10,000 digits.
Rule sets
In order to deal with occurrences of the digit zero, the following rule set was introduced (referred to as Basic Pilish):
In Basic Pilish, each word of n letters represents
(1) The digit n if n < 10
(2) The digit 0 if n = 10
Since long runs of small non-zero digits are difficult to deal with naturally (such as 1121 or 1111211), another rule set called Standard Pilish was introduced:
In Standard Pilish, each word of n letters represents
(1) The digit n if n < 10
(2) The digit 0 if n = 10
(3) Two consecutive digits if n > 10
(for example, a 12-letter word, such as "sleepwalking," represents the digits 1,2)
See also
Cadaeic Cadenza
Constrained writing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20OLED%20Technology%20LLC
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Global OLED Technology LLC develops and administers intellectual property purchased by Korea's LG Group from the Eastman Kodak Company for US$100 million in December 2009. Comprising some 2,200 patents, its portfolio of technologies arises from Kodak's research into organic light emitting diodes which stretches back to the 1970s or early 1980s.
Ownership
In June 2010 the Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., a petrochemical company based in Tokyo, Japan, acquired a 32.73% stake in Global OLED Technology for several billion yen. LG Display had an existing relationship with Idemitsu's Electronic Materials Department, having secured a strategic supply of high-performance OLED material through a 24 June 2009 memorandum of understanding.
The balance of the company is held by three subsidiaries of LG Corp
LG Chem, Ltd. - Established in 1947 as Lak-Hui Chemical Industrial Corp., LG Chem is the senior arm of the LG chaebol
LG Electronics, Inc. - Produces consumer goods including televisions, mobile phones, semiconductors, and home appliances.
LG Display Co., Ltd. - Founded in 1999 as a joint venture between LG Electronics, Inc. and Koninklijke Philips Consumer Electronics, N.V., it was known as LG.Philips LCD until Philips sold off its stake in 2008.
Licensees
Companies licensing Kodak-developed technologies include
Nippon Seiki Co., Ltd. - Mainly incorporates passive OLEDs into automotive instrument panels
Optrex Corporation - Wholly owned subsidiary of Kyocera Corporation effective 1 February 2012.
Ritek Corporation - Maker of the first Taiwanese AMOLED display.
Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd. - Owners of leading P-OLED research centre Cambridge Display Technology in Cambourne, Cambridgeshire, Sumitomo has built a large P-OLED materials factory near Osaka, Japan and developed a 423-ppi inkjet printing method of flexible polymer OLED panel manufacture.
TDK Corporation - Put small transparent OLED screens into early mass production
Tohoku Device Co., Ltd. - Subsidiary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo%20eReader
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The Kobo eReader is an e-reader produced by Toronto-based Kobo Inc (a subsidiary of Rakuten). The company's name is an anagram of "book". The original version was released in May 2010 and was marketed as a minimalist alternative to the more expensive e-book readers available at the time. Like most e-readers, the Kobo uses an electronic ink screen. The Arc tablet series, released between 2011 and 2013, was based on LCD technology instead.
E Ink devices
Chronological overview
Current
Common attributes
All Kobo e-readers share a unique pagination system giving users the option to either count and reference pages separately within each chapter or in the book as a whole. Up until an update in January 2022 Kobo readers required connection to the Internet during the initial setup phase and did not work until they were connected to Kobo's servers; however, they now support "sideload mode," which allows the reader to be used without registering it to a Kobo account, Kobo e-readers support viewing KEPUB (Kobo's proprietary ebook format based on the EPUB format), EPUB, Adobe PDF, plain text, HTML, and unprotected Mobipocket (MOBI, PRC) e-books. Some also support other formats, such as ZIM, unofficially.
Kobo Nia
The Kobo Nia was released on 21 July 2020. It has a 6-inch E-Ink display at 1024 x 758 pixels, with a density of 212 ppi.
Kobo Libra 2
The Libra 2 was released in October 2021.
The Kobo Sage and Kobo Libra 2 are the first Kobo ereaders to come with Bluetooth support; thus, audiobooks can be played from the e-reader with the use of an external Bluetooth speaker. The Kobo Libra 2 is upgraded with USB-C over the previous standard, Micro-USB. The Libra 2 features a 7-inch E-Ink Carta 1200 display with 1680 x 1264 resolution and 300 PPI. It has 32 GB of storage.
Kobo Forma
The Kobo Forma was released in November 2018. It has an 8-inch, 300 ppi E-Ink display that can be held by right- and left-handed people, and it can be flipped horizontally. It has physical p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrophoresis
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Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a phenomenon in which a force is exerted on a dielectric particle when it is subjected to a non-uniform electric field. This force does not require the particle to be charged. All particles exhibit dielectrophoretic activity in the presence of electric fields. However, the strength of the force depends strongly on the medium and particles' electrical properties, on the particles' shape and size, as well as on the frequency of the electric field. Consequently, fields of a particular frequency can manipulate particles with great selectivity. This has allowed, for example, the separation of cells or the orientation and manipulation of nanoparticles and nanowires. Furthermore, a study of the change in DEP force as a function of frequency can allow the electrical (or electrophysiological in the case of cells) properties of the particle to be elucidated.
Background and properties
Although the phenomenon we now call dielectrophoresis was described in passing as far back as the early 20th century, it was only subject to serious study, named and first understood by Herbert Pohl in the 1950s. Recently, dielectrophoresis has been revived due to its potential in the manipulation of microparticles, nanoparticles and cells.
Dielectrophoresis occurs when a polarizable particle is suspended in a non-uniform electric field. The electric field polarizes the particle, and the poles then experience a force along the field lines, which can be either attractive or repulsive according to the orientation on the dipole. Since the field is non-uniform, the pole experiencing the greatest electric field will dominate over the other, and the particle will move. The orientation of the dipole is dependent on the relative polarizability of the particle and medium, in accordance with Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization. Since the direction of the force is dependent on field gradient rather than field direction, DEP will occur in AC as well as DC electric fields; po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20forced%20and%20natural%20convection
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In fluid thermodynamics, combined forced convection and natural convection, or mixed convection, occurs when natural convection and forced convection mechanisms act together to transfer heat. This is also defined as situations where both pressure forces and buoyant forces interact. How much each form of convection contributes to the heat transfer is largely determined by the flow, temperature, geometry, and orientation. The nature of the fluid is also influential, since the Grashof number increases in a fluid as temperature increases, but is maximized at some point for a gas.
Characterization
Mixed convection problems are characterized by the Grashof number (for the natural convection) and the Reynolds number (for the forced convection). The relative effect of buoyancy on mixed convection can be expressed through the Richardson number:
The respective length scales for each dimensionless number must be chosen depending on the problem, e.g. a vertical length for the Grashof number and a horizontal scale for the Reynolds number. Small Richardson numbers characterize a flow dominated by forced convection. Richardson numbers higher than indicate that the flow problem is pure natural convection and the influence of forced convection can be neglected.
Like for natural convection, the nature of a mixed convection flow is highly dependent on heat transfer (as buoyancy is one of the driving mechanisms) and turbulence effects play a significant role.
Cases
Because of the wide range of variables, hundreds of papers have been published for experiments involving various types of fluids and geometries. This variety makes a comprehensive correlation difficult to obtain, and when it is, it is usually for very limited cases. Combined forced and natural convection, however, can be generally described in one of three ways.
Two-dimensional mixed convection with aiding flow
The first case is when natural convection aids forced convection. This is seen when the buoyant motion is in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20summation
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In mathematical analysis and analytic number theory, Lambert summation is a summability method for summing infinite series related to Lambert series specially relevant in analytic number theory.
Definition
Define the Lambert kernel by with . Note that is decreasing as a function of when . A sum is Lambert summable to if , written .
Abelian and Tauberian theorem
Abelian theorem: If a series is convergent to then it is Lambert summable to .
Tauberian theorem: Suppose that is Lambert summable to . Then it is Abel summable to . In particular, if is Lambert summable to and then converges to .
The Tauberian theorem was first proven by G. H. Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood but it was not independent of number theory, in fact they used a number-theoretic estimate which is somewhat stronger than the prime number theorem itself. The unsatisfactory situation aronund the Lambert Tauberian was resolved by Norbert Wiener.
Examples
, where μ is the Möbius function. Hence if this series converges at all, it converges to zero. Note that the sequence satisfies the Tauberian condition, therefore the Tauberian theorem implies in the oridnary sense. This is equivalent to the prime number theorem.
where is von Mangoldt function and is Euler's constant. By the Tauberian theorem, the ordinary sum converges and in particular converges to . This is equivalent to where is the second Chebyshev function.
See also
Lambert series
Abel–Plana formula
Abelian and tauberian theorems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20CHAOS
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Operation CHAOS or Operation MHCHAOS was a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) domestic espionage project targeting American citizens operating from 1967 to 1974, established by President Lyndon B. Johnson and expanded under President Richard Nixon, whose mission was to uncover possible foreign influence on domestic race, anti-war, and other protest movements. The operation was launched under Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Richard Helms by chief of counter-intelligence James Jesus Angleton, and headed by Richard Ober. The "MH" designation is to signify the program had a global area of operations.
Background
The CIA was charged with the collection, correlation, and evaluation of intelligence. While the Act does not specify a prohibition on collecting domestic intelligence, or a restriction to only collect foreign intelligence, Executive Order 12333 of 1981 added prohibitions to limit CIA activities. The CIA began domestic recruiting operations in 1959 in the process of finding Cuban exiles who could be used in the campaign against Cuba and President Fidel Castro. As these operations expanded, the CIA formed a Domestic Operations Division in 1964. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson requested that the CIA begin its own investigation into domestic dissent—independent of the FBI's ongoing COINTELPRO.
The CIA developed numerous operations targeting American dissidents in the US. Many of these programs operated under the CIA's Office of Security, including:
HTLINGUAL – Directed at letters passing between the United States and the then Soviet Union; the program involved the examination of correspondence to and from individuals or organizations placed on a watchlist.
Project 2 – Directed at infiltration of foreign intelligence targets by agents posing as dissident sympathizers and which, like CHAOS, had placed agents within domestic radical organizations for the purposes of training and establishment of dissident credentials.
Project MERRIMAC – Designed to infiltrate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan%20binding%20domain
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Peptidoglycan binding domains have a general peptidoglycan binding function and a common core structure consisting of a closed, three-helical bundle with a left-handed twist. It is found at the N or C terminus of a variety of enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall degradation.<ref
name="PUB00003115"></ref> Examples are:
Muramoyl-pentapeptide carboxypeptidase ()
N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase cwlA precursor (cell wall hydrolase, autolysin, )
Autolytic lysozyme (1,4-beta-N-acetylmuramidase, autolysin, )
Membrane-bound lytic murein transglycosylase B
Zinc-containing D-alanyl-D-alanine-cleaving carboxypeptidase, VanX.
Many of the proteins having this domain are as yet uncharacterised. However, some are known to belong to MEROPS peptidase family M15 (clan MD), subfamily M15A metallopeptidases. A number of the proteins belonging to subfamily M15A are non-peptidase homologues as they either have been found experimentally to be without peptidase activity, or lack amino acid residues that are believed to be essential for the catalytic activity.
Eukaryotic enzymes can contain structurally similar PGBD-like domains. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), which catalyse extracellular matrix degradation, have N-terminal domains that resemble PGBD. Examples are gelatinase A (MMP-2), which degrades type IV collagen, stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), which plays a role in arthritis and tumour invasion, and gelatinase B (MMP-9) secreted by neutrophils as part of the innate immune defence mechanism. Several MMPs are implicated in cancer progression, since degradation of the extracellular matrix is an essential step in the cascade of metastasis.
Examples
Humans genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:
MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP8, MMP9,
MMP10, MMP12, MMP13, MMP14, MMP15, MMP16, MMP17, MMP19,
MMP20, MMP21, MMP24, MMP25, MMP27, MMP28
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonogram
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Nonograms, also known as Hanjie, Paint by Numbers, Picross, Griddlers, and Pic-a-Pix, and by various other names, are picture logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to numbers at the side of the grid to reveal a hidden pixel art-like picture. In this puzzle type, the numbers are a form of discrete tomography that measures how many unbroken lines of filled-in squares there are in any given row or column. For example, a clue of "4 8 3" would mean there are sets of four, eight, and three filled squares, in that order, with at least one blank square between successive sets.
These puzzles are often black and white—describing a binary image—but they can also be colored. If colored, the number clues are also colored to indicate the color of the squares. Two differently colored numbers may or may not have a space in between them. For example, a black four followed by a red two could mean four black boxes, some empty spaces, and two red boxes, or it could simply mean four black boxes followed immediately by two red ones. Nonograms have no theoretical limits on size, and are not restricted to square layouts.
Nonograms were named after Non Ishida, one of the two inventors of the puzzle.
Names
Nonograms are also known by many other names, including Hanjie puzzle, Paint by Numbers, Griddlers, Pic-a-Pix, Picross, Picma, PrismaPixels, Pixel Puzzles, Crucipixel, Edel, FigurePic, Hanjie, HeroGlyphix, Illust-Logic, Japanese Crosswords, Japanese Puzzles, Kare Karala!, Logic Art, Logic Square, Logicolor, Logik-Puzzles, Logimage, Oekaki Logic, Oekaki-Mate, Paint Logic, Picture Logic, Tsunamii, Paint by Sudoku and Binary Coloring Books.
History
In 1987, Non Ishida, a Japanese graphics editor, won a competition in Tokyo by designing grid pictures using skyscraper lights that were turned on or off. This led her to the idea of a puzzle based around filling in certain squares in a grid. Coincidentally, a professional Japanese puzzler named Tetsuy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle%20oil
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Truffle oil is a modern culinary ingredient used to impart the flavor and aroma of truffles to a dish. The ingredient is commonly used as a finishing oil in a variety of dishes, including truffle fries, pasta dishes, pizzas, and puréed foods such as mashed potatoes and deviled eggs. Truffle oil is available in all seasons and is significantly less expensive than fresh truffles. This has also led to a market growth in the product and an increase in the availability of truffle-flavored foods.
Truffle oil is controversial as a flavoring ingredient, as nearly all truffle oil is produced from one synthetic flavor compound, and may lack the complex flavors and aromas of fresh truffles.
Composition
Truffle oil can be produced using any oil. Common versions use olive oil, or a more neutral flavorless oil such as canola or grapeseed oil.
Some truffle oils are made with the residue of truffles collected or prepared for sale. Many truffle oils are not made from truffles, but instead use manufactured aromatic compounds including 2,4-dithiapentane (one of many aroma active compounds that can be found in some truffle varietals) with an oil base. There are no regulations regarding the labeling of 2,4-dithiapentane and it can legally be called truffle aroma, truffle flavor, truffle concentrate or other similar terms, even though it is not extracted from truffles. In the United States, the ingredient may use the modifiers "organic" or "natural" as long as the components meet the federal requirements for those terms.
The appearance of truffle oils is determined by the base oil, ranging from clear to cloudy and yellow to green. Some include a piece of truffle in the bottle. These pieces can be from any of over 200 different truffle species and may be listed as "black truffle" or "white truffle" even if not prized culinary varietals such as the black Périgord or white Alba truffle.
History
Preserved truffles have a long history of use, as fresh truffles are seasonal, and require
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure%20communication
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Secure communication is when two entities are communicating and do not want a third party to listen in. For this to be the case, the entities need to communicate in a way that is unsusceptible to eavesdropping or interception. Secure communication includes means by which people can share information with varying degrees of certainty that third parties cannot intercept what is said. Other than spoken face-to-face communication with no possible eavesdropper, it is probable that no communication is guaranteed to be secure in this sense, although practical obstacles such as legislation, resources, technical issues (interception and encryption), and the sheer volume of communication serve to limit surveillance.
With many communications taking place over long distance and mediated by technology, and increasing awareness of the importance of interception issues, technology and its compromise are at the heart of this debate. For this reason, this article focuses on communications mediated or intercepted by technology.
Also see Trusted Computing, an approach under present development that achieves security in general at the potential cost of compelling obligatory trust in corporate and government bodies.
History
In 1898, Nikola Tesla demonstrated a radio controlled boat in Madison Square Garden that allowed secure communication between transmitter and receiver.
One of the most famous systems of secure communication was the Green Hornet. During WWII, Winston Churchill had to discuss vital matters with Franklin D. Roosevelt. In the beginning, the calls were made using a voice scrambler, as this was thought to be secure. When this was found to be untrue, engineers started to work on a whole new system, which resulted in the Green Hornet or SIGSALY. With the Green Hornet, any unauthorized party listening in would just hear white noise, but the conversation would remain clear to authorized parties. As secrecy was paramount, the location of the Green Hornet was only known by t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAMER%20Manpack
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Saab’s GAMER Manpack is used in smaller military exercises when the instructor wants to have control of the exercise and at the same time be able to be near the action. The actual GAMER Manpack consists of a miniaturised radio base station and a laptop with an exercise-command-and-control system. These are small enough to be carried around in a backpack.
The instructor decides through the system what is to happen in the exercise, this is communicated through the radio. Information about what is happening during the exercise is sent back to the system through specific vests the soldiers are wearing (Personnel Detection Devices (PDD’s)). In this way it is possible to control simulated minefields, indirect fires and simulated bombs.
The instructor then follows how each soldier acts as an individual and a member of the group. This movement is also saved and the information is then saved to be used in the evaluation of the exercise.
The system is used by the South African National Defence Force.
GAMER Manpack can also be used in civil training. For example, in 2009 the UK Ministry of Defence Police purchased three GAMER Manpacks and related products to be used in their training.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia%20absinthium
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Artemisia absinthium, otherwise known as common wormwood, is a species of Artemisia native to North Africa and temperate regions of Eurasia, and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States. It is grown as an ornamental plant and is used as an ingredient in the spirit absinthe and some other alcoholic beverages.
Etymology
Wormwood's relative mugwort was traditionally used as a remedy for a variety of complaints, especially those of a gynaecological nature, and so the wormwood genus bears the name of the Greek goddess of childbirth, Artemis. The specific name derives from apsínthion, the Greek term for the plant.
"Wormwood" itself is an alteration of Old English wermod, which is of obscure origin. The German cognate Wermut is the source of the term vermouth, used in French and English to describe a kind of wine traditionally flavoured with wormwood.
Description
A. absinthium is a herbaceous perennial plant with fibrous roots. The stems are straight, growing to (and rarely over ) tall, grooved, branched, and silvery-green.
Leaves are spirally arranged, greenish-grey colored above, white below, covered with silky silvery-white trichomes, and bearing minute oil-producing glands. The basal leaves are up to long, bi- to tripinnate with long petioles, with the cauline leaves (those on the stem) smaller, long, less divided, and with short petioles. The uppermost leaves can be both simple and sessile (without a petiole).
Flowers are pale yellow, tubular, and clustered in spherical bent-down heads (capitula), which are in turn clustered in leafy and branched panicles. Flowering occurs from early summer to early autumn; pollination is anemophilous. The fruit is a small achene. Seed dispersal occurs by gravity.
A. absinthium grows naturally on uncultivated arid ground, on rocky slopes, and at the edge of footpaths and fields. Although once relatively common, it is becoming increasingly rare in Britain, where it has recently been suggested to be an archae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Science%20%28Taubes%20book%29
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Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion is book of science history by Gary Taubes about the early years (1989–1991) of the cold fusion controversy.
Overview
This text is not a scholarly work, but a popular retelling of the events, based on interviews with over 260 people. The book presents a timeline of the events, making the case that the cold fusion field has many examples of poorly performed science. The actions of Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons, and Steven E. Jones, the scientists who made the dramatic first claims of fusion, are described in rich detail. The book then shows the worldwide reaction and later disrepute of the cold fusion field, with Taubes placing himself in the side of "good science". Taubes says at the end that cold fusion had only demonstrated that research can continue even if the phenomenon doesn't actually exist, as long as there is funding available. Taubes had previously written an article for Science in which he insinuates that the cold fusion work of A&M University was fraudulent.
Reception
The book received a positive review in American Journal of Physics. While observing that the book was "readable, suspenseful, and insightful", the reviewer criticized it for including too many footnotes (over 300), some of which were deemed unimportant.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola%20Gay%20%28song%29
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"Enola Gay" is an anti-war song by the English electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), and the only single taken from their second studio album Organisation (1980). Written by lead vocalist and bassist Andy McCluskey, it addresses the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by the aircraft Enola Gay on 6 August 1945, toward the conclusion of World War II. As is typical of early OMD singles, the song features a melodic synthesizer break instead of a sung chorus.
"Enola Gay" met with largely positive reviews but was seen as unlikely to impact the charts; aside from its subject matter, the song faced some resistance due to its being perceived as a gay anthem. It eventually reached No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's first top 10 entry in their home country. It was also a hit throughout continental Europe, topping the charts in Italy, Portugal and Spain. The track achieved sales in excess of 5 million copies. It has been named as one of the best songs of its era and genre, and, along with 1986's "If You Leave", is regarded as OMD's signature song.
Composition
Arrangement
Typical of early OMD compositions, the track does not feature a vocal chorus, and is recognisable by its strong, distinctive lead synthesizer hook and ambiguous lyrical content. Most of the melodic parts were recorded on a Korg Micro-Preset, and the drum machine sound was "about the last thing to go on" the recording. The song is based on the '50s progression, which repeats throughout the entire song. Speaking to Songwriting Magazine, McCluskey stated, "It’s a typical linear OMD song, it is the same four chords all the way through and it never varies. The verse, the melody, the middle eight, it’s all the same."
Keyboardist Paul Humphreys and OMD manager Paul Collister were not fans of "Enola Gay" (the latter originally threatened to resign if it were released as a single). Collister did, however, believe it was a surefire hit – a view that drummer Malcolm Holmes did not share. In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20Ragsdale
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Virginia Ragsdale (December 13, 1870 – June 4, 1945) was a teacher and mathematician specializing in algebraic curves. She is most known as the creator of the Ragsdale conjecture.
Early life
Ragsdale was born on a farm in Jamestown, North Carolina the third child of John Sinclair Ragsdale and Emily Jane Idol. John was an officer in the Civil War, a teacher in the Flint Hill School, and later a state legislator.
Virginia Ragsdale descended from Godfrey Ragsdale, a settler of the new Jamestown colony. Jamestown was raided by a native-American tribe in 1644 led by the uncle of Pocahontas, during which Godfrey and his wife were killed, but their infant son, Godfrey, Jr., survived. Ragsdale was then descended from the infant.
Virginia documented her early years in a paper titled "Our Early Home and Childhood", writing:
Study
As a junior, Ragsdale entered Salem Academy, and graduated in 1887 as valedictorian with an extra diploma in piano. Ragsdale attended Guilford College in Greensboro, North Carolina, where she earned her B.S. in 1892. She was active in student life, establishing a Y.M.C.A. on campus, expanding collegiate athletics, and contributing to the formation the Guilford's Alumni Association.
Ragsdale was awarded the first scholarship from Bryn Mawr College for the top scholar Guilford College. She studied physics at Bryn Mawr College, obtaining an A.B. degree in 1896. She was elected European fellow for the class of 1896, but waited a year before traveling, working as an assistant demonstrator in physics and mathematics graduate student at Bryn Mawr.
Together with two of her colleagues (including Emilie Martin), she spent 1897-98 abroad at the University of Göttingen, attending lectures of Felix Klein and David Hilbert. After her return to the United States, she taught in Baltimore for three years until a second scholarship, by the Baltimore Association for the Promotion of University Education of Women, permitted her to return to Bryn Mawr college to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahymena
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Tetrahymena, a unicellular eukaryote, is a genus of free-living ciliates. The genus Tetrahymena is the most widely studied member of its phylum. It can produce, store and react with different types of hormones. Tetrahymena cells can recognize both related and hostile cells.
They can also switch from commensalistic to pathogenic modes of survival. They are common in freshwater lakes, ponds, and streams.
Tetrahymena species used as model organisms in biomedical research are T. thermophila and T. pyriformis.
T. thermophila: a model organism in experimental biology
As a ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila exhibits nuclear dimorphism: two types of cell nuclei. They have a bigger, non-germline macronucleus and a small, germline micronucleus in each cell at the same time and these two carry out different functions with distinct cytological and biological properties. This unique versatility allows scientists to use Tetrahymena to identify several key factors regarding gene expression and genome integrity. In addition, Tetrahymena possess hundreds of cilia and has complicated microtubule structures, making it an optimal model to illustrate the diversity and functions of microtubule arrays.
Because Tetrahymena can be grown in a large quantity in the laboratory with ease, it has been a great source for biochemical analysis for years, specifically for enzymatic activities and purification of sub-cellular components. In addition, with the advancement of genetic techniques it has become an excellent model to study the gene function in vivo. The recent sequencing of the macronucleus genome should ensure that Tetrahymena will be continuously used as a model system.
Tetrahymena thermophila exists in 7 different sexes (mating types) that can reproduce in 21 different combinations, and a single tetrahymena cannot reproduce sexually with itself. Each organism "decides" which sex it will become during mating, through a stochastic process.
Studies on Tetrahymena h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate%20beam%20method
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The conjugate-beam methods is an engineering method to derive the slope and displacement of a beam. A conjugate beam is defined as an imaginary beam with the same dimensions (length) as that of the original beam but load at any point on the conjugate beam is equal to the bending moment at that point divided by EI.
The conjugate-beam method was developed by Heinrich Müller-Breslau in 1865. Essentially, it requires the same amount of computation as the moment-area theorems to determine a beam's slope or deflection; however, this method relies only on the principles of statics, so its application will be more familiar.
The basis for the method comes from the similarity of Eq. 1 and Eq 2 to Eq 3 and Eq 4. To show this similarity, these equations are shown below.
Integrated, the equations look like this.
Here the shear V compares with the slope θ, the moment M compares with the displacement v, and the external load w compares with the M/EI diagram. Below is a shear, moment, and deflection diagram. A M/EI diagram is a moment diagram divided by the beam's Young's modulus and moment of inertia.
To make use of this comparison we will now consider a beam having the same length as the real beam, but referred here as the "conjugate beam." The conjugate beam is "loaded" with the M/EI diagram derived from the load on the real beam. From the above comparisons, we can state two theorems related to the conjugate beam:
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
Conjugate-beam supports
When drawing the conjugate beam it is important that the shear and moment developed at the supports of the conjugate beam account for the corresponding slope and displacement of the real beam at its supports, a consequence of Theorems 1 and 2. For example, as sh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20flower%20water
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Orange flower water, or orange blossom water, is a clear aromatic by-product of the distillation of fresh bitter-orange blossoms for their essential oil.
Uses
This essential water has traditionally been used as an aromatizer in many Mediterranean traditional dessert dishes, such as in France for the gibassier and pompe à l'huile or in Spain for the Roscón de Reyes (King cake), or in Italy for the pastiera, or the Samsa in Tunisia or in Moroccan coffee, but has more recently found its way into other cuisines. For example, orange flower water is used in Europe to flavor madeleines, in Mexico to flavor little wedding cakes and Pan de muerto, and in the United States to make orange blossom scones and marshmallows. Orange flower water is also used as an ingredient in some cocktails, such as the Ramos Gin Fizz. In Malta and many North African as well as Middle Eastern countries, orange blossom water is widely used as medicine for stomach ache and given to small children as well as adults.
Orange flower water has been a traditional ingredient used often in North African as well as in Middle Eastern cooking. In Arab variants of baklava, orange blossom water is often mixed with the sweet syrup for flavor. Orange blossoms are believed to be used in this manner because they are seen as the traditional bridal flower and, therefore, symbolize purity (white, small and delicate). It is also added to plain water in the Middle East to mask high mineral content and other unpleasant flavors (for example, those arising from storage in a qulla (), a type of clay jug that keeps water cool in a manner similar to the zeer); some add the fragrance irrespective of the taste of the plain water.
Orange blossom water serves two purposes in the Maghreb: one usage is as a perfume or freshener, usually given to guests to wash their hands upon entering the host house or before drinking tea. It is put in a special silver or metal container, recognizable in the typical Maghrebi tea set. This old
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20succulent
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Stem succulents are fleshy succulent columnar shaped plants which conduct photosynthesis mainly through their stems rather than their leaves. These plants are defined by their succulent stems and have evolved to have similar forms by convergent evolution to occupy similar niches.
Description
Stem succulents are succulent plants defined by their succulent stems, which function to store water and conduct photosynthesis. These plants, like many others native to hot dessert regions, undergo CAM photosynthesis, an alternative metabolic pathway where the plants' stomata open to exchange gasses and fix almost exclusively at night. Their leaves are absent or highly reduced, instead forming protective spines or thorns to deter herbivores and collect drip condensed water vapor at night.
Stem succulents are related by form, but not by evolution. They evolved to have similar forms and physiological characteristics by convergent evolution. Examples are tall thin Euphorbias from deserts and arid regions of southern African and Madagascar, similarly shaped cacti from North America and South America, which occupy a similar xeric evolutionary niche, and members of two genera of the family Asclepiadaceae (Hoodia and Stapelia).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-free%20system
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A cell-free system is an in vitro tool widely used to study biological reactions that happen within cells apart from a full cell system, thus reducing the complex interactions typically found when working in a whole cell. Subcellular fractions can be isolated by ultracentrifugation to provide molecular machinery that can be used in reactions in the absence of many of the other cellular components. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell internals have been used for creation of these simplified environments. These systems have enabled cell-free synthetic biology to emerge, providing control over what reaction is being examined, as well as its yield, and lessening the considerations otherwise invoked when working with more sensitive live cells.
Types
Cell-free systems may be divided into two primary classifications: cell extract-based, which remove components from within a whole cell for external use, and purified enzyme-based, which use purified components of the molecules known to be involved in a given process. The cell extract-based type are susceptible to problems like quick degradation of components outside their host, as shown in a study by Kitaoka et al. where a cell-free translation system based on Escherichia coli (E. coli), of the cell extract-based type, had the mRNA template degrade very quickly and led to the halt of protein synthesis.
Preparation
The methods of preparation vary between situations of both types of cell-free systems.
Cell extract–based
Nobel prize winner Eduard Buchner was arguably the first to present a cell-free system using yeast extracts, but since then alternative sources have been found. E. coli, wheat germ, and rabbit reticulocytes have all proven useful to create cell-free systems by extraction of their interior components. E. coli 30S extracts have been acquired, for example, by grinding the bacteria with alumina, followed by further cleaning. Similarly, wheat germ has been ground with acid-washed sand or powdered glass to open the ce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Critchlow
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Keith Barry Critchlow (16 March 1933 – 8 April 2020) was a British artist, lecturer, author, Sacred Geometer, professor of architecture, and a co-founder of the Temenos Academy in the UK.
Biography
Critchlow was educated at the Summerhill School, St Martins School of Art, and the Royal College of Art.
He performed national service in the Royal Air Force from 1951 to 1953. In the Air Force he met artist Frank Bowling.
Having been originally trained as a classical painter, Critchlow went on to study sacred geometry and authored many books on geometry, including Order in Space; Islamic Patterns: An Analytical and Cosmological Approach; Time Stands Still and the Hidden Geometry of Flowers. He also contributed forewords to English editions of works by Titus Burckhardt, Frithjof Schuon, and others.
Critchlow was a lecturer at the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture in London for twelve years. Whilst at the AA, he was invited to teach at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Ghana by R. Buckminster Fuller, the American engineer, architect and futurist.
Buckminster Fuller wrote of Critchlow:"Keith Critchlow has one of the century’s rare conceptual minds. He is continually inspired by the conceptioning of both earliest and latest record. He lauds the work of others while himself pouring forth, in great modesty, whole vista-filling new realizations of nature’s mathematical structuring.… He is one of the most inspiring scholar-teachers I have had the privilege to know".Whilst in Ghana, Critchlow and his colleague Michael Ben-Eli studied Fuller geometry and experimented in the construction of geodesic domes using local building materials, such as palm, bamboo and aluminium. One of their aims was to help reduce use of concrete and minimise the negative impact of construction on the environment.
In 1969, Critchlow formed Polyhedral Developments (a private company) in partnership with architectural designer Hayward Hill; together they pionee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%20Galilei%20Institute%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics
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The Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics (GGI) is a research institute near Florence, Italy. It "organizes and hosts small-size advanced workshops in theoretical particle physics in its broadest sense."
Each workshop is devoted to a specific topic at the forefront of current research. During its typical duration of 2–3 months it hosts about 10 to 30 participants selected among those most active in the field within the international community. The purpose of each workshop is to foster discussions, confrontation of ideas, and collaborations among participants.
As in similar Institutes, the aim is to produce results with a significant impact on the corresponding research field. Various Institutes for Theoretical Physics already work along similar lines, hosting distinguished researchers from all over the world for extended periods. They play an active and important role in the development of theoretical physics.
However an institution focused on the physics of fundamental interactions was still lacking in Europe and the Galileo Institute is filling this gap. The Galileo Institute, funded by INFN and sponsored by Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and University of Florence, is located on the historic hill of Arcetri, near the house where Galileo spent periods of his life and died in 1642, in a building owned by the University of Florence. Its basic referent is the INFN Scientific Committee for Theoretical Physics which gives its full support to favour the activities of the institute. The internationally recognized excellent record of INFN physicists in this domain of theoretical physics guarantees a profitable and fertile environment. The activity of the institute is organized jointly by a Scientific and an Advisory Committee.
A "Launching Committee" was appointed with the task of giving advice about scientific and management structures and of suggesting criteria for the formation of the Scientific and Advisory Committees. The appointed members of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periapical%20granuloma
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Periapical granuloma, also sometimes referred to as a radicular granuloma or apical granuloma, is an inflammation at the tip of a dead (nonvital) tooth. It is a lesion or mass that typically starts out as an epithelial lined cyst, and undergoes an inward curvature that results in inflammation of granulation tissue at the root tips of a dead tooth. This is usually due to dental caries or a bacterial infection of the dental pulp. Periapical granuloma is an infrequent disorder that has an occurrence rate between 9.3 to 87.1 percent. Periapical granuloma is not a true granuloma due to the fact that it does not contain granulomatous inflammation; however, periapical granuloma is a common term used.
Symptoms
Patients who have a periapical granuloma are usually asymptomatic; however, when there is inflammation, patients could experience temperature sensitivity, pain while chewing solid foods, swelling and sensitivity to a dental percussion test.
Generally, periapical granuloma is diagnosed due to acute pain in a tooth, or during a radiographic examination in routine visits to the dentist.
Radiographic Features
When looking at the radiographic features of periapical granuloma, typically there is a radiolucent lesion visible at the tip of a root on a nonvital tooth. This often is associated with root resorption. The radiolucency must correlate with the lateral root surface or the root of the tooth.
The average size of radiography when looking at periapical granuloma is 7.4 millimeters (mm).
Histopathology
When examining the tissues of periapical granuloma for disease, hyperaemia, oedema and chronic inflammation is observed in the periodontal ligament. The vascular amplification and inflammation is adjacent to the bone, and bone absorption occurs next to a large growth in fibroblast and endothelial cells which is composed of the small fibers (fibrils) with small vascular conduits (channels of passage for fluids).
The lesion is predominantly composed of plasma cells t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berman%E2%80%93Hartmanis%20conjecture
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In structural complexity theory, the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is an unsolved conjecture named after Leonard C. Berman and Juris Hartmanis that states that all NP-complete languages look alike, in the sense that they can be related to each other by polynomial time isomorphisms.
Statement
An isomorphism between formal languages L1 and L2 is a bijective map f from strings in the alphabet of L1 to strings in the alphabet of L2, with the property that a string x belongs to L1 if and only if f(x) belongs to L2. It is a polynomial time isomorphism (or p-isomorphism for short) if both f and its inverse function can be computed in an amount of time polynomial in the lengths of their arguments.
observed that all languages known at that time to be NP-complete were p-isomorphic. More strongly, they observed that all then-known NP-complete languages were paddable, and they proved (analogously to the Myhill isomorphism theorem) that all pairs of paddable NP-complete languages are p-isomorphic. A language L is paddable if there is a polynomial time function f(x,y) with a polynomial time inverse and with the property that, for all x and y, x belongs to L if and only if f(x,y) belongs to L: that is, it is possible to pad the input x with irrelevant information y, in an invertible way, without changing its membership in the language.
Based on these results, Berman and Hartmanis conjectured that all NP-complete languages are p-isomorphic.
Since p-isomorphism preserves paddability, and there exist paddable NP-complete languages, an equivalent way of stating the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is that all NP-complete languages are paddable.
Polynomial time isomorphism is an equivalence relation, and it can be used to partition the formal languages into equivalence classes, so another way of stating the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is that the NP-complete languages form a single equivalence class for this relation.
Implications
If the Berman–Hartmanis conjecture is true, an immediate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Core%20Genotypes%20mouse%20model
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Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice are laboratory mice produced by genetic engineering that allow biomedical researchers to determine if a sex difference in phenotype is caused by effects of gonadal hormones or sex chromosome genes. The four genotypes include XX and XY mice with ovaries, and XX and XY mice with testes. The comparison of XX and XY mice with the same type of gonad reveals sex differences in phenotypes that are caused by sex chromosome genes. The comparison of mice with different gonads but the same sex chromosomes reveals sex differences in phenotypes that are caused by gonadal hormones.
Development
The FCG model was created by Paul Burgoyne and Robin Lovell-Badge at the National Institute for Medical Research, London (now Francis Crick Institute). The model involves deleting the testis-determining gene Sry from the Y chromosome, and inserting Sry onto chromosome 3. Therefore the sex chromosomes no longer determine the type of gonad, so that XX and XY mice can have the same type of gonad and gonadal hormones.
Significance
The FCG model has been used to discover that the XX and XY animals respond differently in models of human physiology and disease, including autoimmunity, metabolism, cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and neural and behavioral processes. These findings imply that some sex chromosome genes may protect from disease, rationalizing the search for therapies that enhance such protective factors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%20traffic%20approximation
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In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a heavy traffic approximation (sometimes heavy traffic limit theorem or diffusion approximation) is the matching of a queueing model with a diffusion process under some limiting conditions on the model's parameters. The first such result was published by John Kingman who showed that when the utilisation parameter of an M/M/1 queue is near 1 a scaled version of the queue length process can be accurately approximated by a reflected Brownian motion.
Heavy traffic condition
Heavy traffic approximations are typically stated for the process X(t) describing the number of customers in the system at time t. They are arrived at by considering the model under the limiting values of some model parameters and therefore for the result to be finite the model must be rescaled by a factor n, denoted
and the limit of this process is considered as n → ∞.
There are three classes of regime under which such approximations are generally considered.
The number of servers is fixed and the traffic intensity (utilization) is increased to 1 (from below). The queue length approximation is a reflected Brownian motion.
Traffic intensity is fixed and the number of servers and arrival rate are increased to infinity. Here the queue length limit converges to the normal distribution.
A quantity β is fixed where
with ρ representing the traffic intensity and s the number of servers. Traffic intensity and the number of servers are increased to infinity and the limiting process is a hybrid of the above results. This case, first published by Halfin and Whitt is often known as the Halfin–Whitt regime or quality-and-efficiency-driven (QED) regime.
Results for a G/G/1 queue
Theorem 1. Consider a sequence of G/G/1 queues indexed by .
For queue let denote the random inter-arrival time, denote the random service time;
let denote the traffic intensity with and ;
let denote the waiting time in queue for a custom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arly-Singou
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Arly-Singou is a large ecosystem in Burkina Faso. It encompasses the Arli National Park and the Singou Reserve. It is considered to comprise part of the most significant and important savanna woodland wildlife areas still existing in West Africa.
Fauna and history
In 1980, aerial counts revealed that the largest antelope population in the entire region inhabited the Arly-Singou complex. More recent studies indicate that the antelope population has been sustained by the end of the 20th century.
In 2003, herds of African elephant, buffalo, roan antelope, western hartebeest, oribi, Grimm's duiker, Buffon's kob, bushbuck, waterbuck, bohor reedbuck and groups of warthog, anubis baboon and Patas monkey were recorded in Arly-Singou during an aerial survey. In 2002, it was estimated that between 364 and 444 lions reside in Arly-Singou, based on information by local people. But census data were not available. In 2004, census data were still not available. Based on information by wildlife researchers, it was estimated that 50 to 150 lions reside in Arly-Singou.
Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, occurred in Burkina Faso within the Arly-Singou ecosystem, but, although last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated throughout Burkina Faso.
The Arly-Singou project is considered to have taken a somewhat new initiative in structure, in regard to wildlife management undertakings funded by the government in the area. However, the project also permits private operators to share and hold authority of the area's management, in a bid to take advantage of the benefits of greater external funds, from these operators.
See also
W-Arly-Pendjari Complex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina%20%28malware%29
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Alina is a Point of Sale Malware or POS RAM Scraper that is used by cybercriminals to scrape credit card and debit card information from the point of sale system. It first started to scrape information in late 2012. It resembles JackPOS Malware.
Process of Alina POS RAM Scraper
Once executed, it gets installed on the user's computer and checks for updates. If an update is found, it removes the existing Alina code and installs the latest version. Then, for new installations, it adds the file path to an AutoStart runkey to maintain persistence. Finally, it adds java.exe to the %APPDATA% directory and executes it using the parameter alina=<path_to_executable> for new installations or, update=<orig_exe>;<new_exe> for upgrades.
Alina inspects the user's processes with the help of Windows API calls:
CreateToolhelp32Snapshot() takes a snapshot of all running processes
Process32First()/Process32Next() retrieve the track 1 and track 2 information in the process memory
Alina maintains a blacklist of processes, if there is no process information in the blacklist it uses OpenProcess() to read and process the contents in the memory dump. Once the data is scraped Alina sends it to C&C servers using an HTTP POST command that is hardcoded in binary.
See also
Point-of-sale malware
Cyber security standards
List of cyber attack threat trends
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral%20particle%20oscillation
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In particle physics, neutral particle oscillation is the transmutation of a particle with zero electric charge into another neutral particle due to a change of a non-zero internal quantum number, via an interaction that does not conserve that quantum number. Neutral particle oscillations were first investigated in 1954 by Murray Gell-mann and Abraham Pais.
For example, a neutron cannot transmute into an antineutron as that would violate the conservation of baryon number. But in those hypothetical extensions of the Standard Model which include interactions that do not strictly conserve baryon number, neutron–antineutron oscillations are predicted to occur.
Such oscillations can be classified into two types:
Particle–antiparticle oscillation (for example, oscillation).
Flavor oscillation (for example, oscillation).
In those cases where the particles decay to some final product, then the system is not purely oscillatory, and an interference between oscillation and decay is observed.
History and motivation
CP violation
After the striking evidence for parity violation provided by Wu et al. in 1957, it was assumed that CP (charge conjugation-parity) is the quantity which is conserved. However, in 1964 Cronin and Fitch reported CP violation in the neutral Kaon system. They observed the long-lived KL (with ) undergoing decays into two pions (with ) thereby violating CP conservation.
In 2001, CP violation in the system was confirmed by the BaBar and the Belle experiments. Direct CP violation in the system was reported by both the labs by 2005.
The and the systems can be studied as two state systems, considering the particle and its antiparticle as the two states.
The solar neutrino problem
The pp chain in the sun produces an abundance of . In 1968, R. Davis et al. first reported the results of the Homestake experiment. Also known as the Davis experiment, it used a huge tank of perchloroethylene in Homestake mine (it was deep underground to eliminate backg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Weyl
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Hermann Klaus Hugo Weyl, (; 9 November 1885 – 8 December 1955) was a German mathematician, theoretical physicist, logician and philosopher. Although much of his working life was spent in Zürich, Switzerland, and then Princeton, New Jersey, he is associated with the University of Göttingen tradition of mathematics, represented by Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski.
His research has had major significance for theoretical physics as well as purely mathematical disciplines such as number theory. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century, and an important member of the Institute for Advanced Study during its early years.
Weyl contributed to an exceptionally wide range of mathematical fields, including works on space, time, matter, philosophy, logic, symmetry and the history of mathematics. He was one of the first to conceive of combining general relativity with the laws of electromagnetism. Freeman Dyson wrote that Weyl alone bore comparison with the "last great universal mathematicians of the nineteenth century", Poincaré and Hilbert. Michael Atiyah, in particular, has commented that whenever he examined a mathematical topic, he found that Weyl had preceded him.
Biography
Hermann Weyl was born in Elmshorn, a small town near Hamburg, in Germany, and attended the Gymnasium Christianeum in Altona. His father, Ludwig Weyl, was a banker; whereas his mother, Anna Weyl (née Dieck), came from a wealthy family.
From 1904 to 1908, he studied mathematics and physics in both Göttingen and Munich. His doctorate was awarded at the University of Göttingen under the supervision of David Hilbert, whom he greatly admired.
In September 1913, in Göttingen, Weyl married Friederike Bertha Helene Joseph (March 30, 1893 – September 5, 1948) who went by the name Helene (nickname "Hella"). Helene was a daughter of Dr. Bruno Joseph (December 13, 1861 – June 10, 1934), a physician who held the position of Sanitätsrat in Ribnitz-Damgarte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/148th%20meridian%20east
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The meridian 148° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 148th meridian east forms a great circle with the 32nd meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 148th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="135" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" width="145" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | East Siberian Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Sakha Republic — island of New Siberia
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | East Siberian Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Sakha Republic Magadan Oblast — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sea of Okhotsk
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | Kuril Islands
| Island of Iturup, administered by (Sakhalin Oblast), but claimed by (Hokkaidō Prefecture)
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the island of Nauna, (at ) Passing just east of Rambutyo Island, (at )Bismarck Sea - passing just west of Sakar Island, (at )
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Umboi Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Solomon Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of New Guinea
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%20Solomon%27s%20Antivirus
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Dr Solomon's Antivirus Toolkit is an antivirus suite which incorporates prevention, detection and repair for Microsoft MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows (up to 98), Novell, SCO Unix, Sun Solaris and OS/2. It was written by Alan Solomon of S&S International.
History
Dr. Solomon's Anti-Virus Toolkit was first created in 1988 and launched commercially in 1991. This move was to rival market leaders Symantec's Norton Anti-Virus and McAfee VirusScan.
Dr. Solomon's won several computer magazine awards and recommendations. Jerry Pournelle recommended it in his column for Byte magazine in 1992, and more recently wrote "Solomon's was unreservedly the best virus service around." In 1993, Dr. Solomon's Anti-Virus Toolkit was awarded the Queens Award for Technological Achievement. At this time the company name was "S&S International". Later it became "Dr. Solomon's Software Ltd." in the UK, with similarly named companies in Germany, the United States and Australia. In 1997, InfoWorld stated that Dr. Solomon’s was “best at detecting viruses”.
After some previous tension between the two software products, on June 9, 1998, McAfee (then known as Network Associates) agreed to acquire Dr. Solomon's Group plc, the leading European manufacturer of antivirus software, for $642 million in stock.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism
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Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena. It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical position that interprets a complex system as the sum of its parts.
Definitions
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy suggests that reductionism is "one of the most used and abused terms in the philosophical lexicon" and suggests a three-part division:
Ontological reductionism: a belief that the whole of reality consists of a minimal number of parts.
Methodological reductionism: the scientific attempt to provide an explanation in terms of ever-smaller entities.
Theory reductionism: the suggestion that a newer theory does not replace or absorb an older one, but reduces it to more basic terms. Theory reduction itself is divisible into three parts: translation, derivation, and explanation.
Reductionism can be applied to any phenomenon, including objects, problems, explanations, theories, and meanings.
For the sciences, application of methodological reductionism attempts explanation of entire systems in terms of their individual, constituent parts and their interactions. For example, the temperature of a gas is reduced to nothing beyond the average kinetic energy of its molecules in motion. Thomas Nagel and others speak of 'psychophysical reductionism' (the attempted reduction of psychological phenomena to physics and chemistry), and 'physico-chemical reductionism' (the attempted reduction of biology to physics and chemistry). In a very simplified and sometimes contested form, reductionism is said to imply that a system is nothing but the sum of its parts.
However, a more nuanced opinion is that a system is composed entirely of its parts, but the system will have features that none of the parts have (which, in essence is the basis of emergentism). "The point of mechanistic explanations is usually showing how the higher level fea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweigger-Seidel%20sheath
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Schweigger-Seidel sheath is a phagocytic sleeve that is part of a sheathed arteriole of the spleen, and is sometimes referred to as a splenic ellipsoid. It is a spindle-shaped thickening in the walls of the second part of the arterial branches forming the penicilli in the spleen. It is named after German physiologist Franz Schweigger-Seidel (1834-1871).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut%20microbiota
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Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora, are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota. The gut is the main location of the human microbiome. The gut microbiota has broad impacts, including effects on colonization, resistance to pathogens, maintaining the intestinal epithelium, metabolizing dietary and pharmaceutical compounds, controlling immune function, and even behavior through the gut–brain axis.
The microbial composition of the gut microbiota varies across regions of the digestive tract. The colon contains the highest microbial density of any human-associated microbial community studied so far, representing between 300 and 1000 different species. Bacteria are the largest and to date, best studied component and 99% of gut bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species. Up to 60% of the dry mass of feces is bacteria. Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut are anaerobes, but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities. It is estimated that the human gut microbiota have around a hundred times as many genes as there are in the human genome.
Overview
In humans, the gut microbiota has the largest numbers and species of bacteria compared to other areas of the body. The approximate number of bacteria composing the gut microbiota is about 1013-1014. In humans, the gut flora is established at one to two years after birth, by which time the intestinal epithelium and the intestinal mucosal barrier that it secretes have co-developed in a way that is tolerant to, and even supportive of, the gut flora and that also provides a barrier to pathogenic organisms.
The relationship between some gut microbiota and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a mutualistic relationship. Some human gut microorganisms benefit the host by fermenting dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot%20DNS
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Knot DNS is an open-source authoritative-only server for the Domain Name System. It was created from scratch and is actively developed by CZ.NIC, the .CZ domain registry. The purpose of this project is to supply an alternative open-source implementation of an authoritative DNS server suitable for TLD operators to increase overall security, stability and resiliency of the Domain Name System. It is implemented as a multi-threaded daemon, using a number of programming techniques and data structures to make the server very fast, notably Read-copy-update or a special kind of a radix tree.
Knot DNS uses a zone parser written in Ragel to achieve very fast loading of the zones at the startup. It is also able to add and remove zones on the fly by changing the configuration file and reloading the server using the 'knotc' utility.
Since version 3.0.0, Knot DNS supports a high performance XDP mode in Linux, which can improve response performance significantly.
Changelog
New in 1.2.0: Response Rate Limiting, Dynamic DNS, and a new remote control utility.
New in 1.3.0: new zone parser in Ragel (replaces zone compilation) and several client utilities (kdig, khost and knsupdate).
New in 1.4.0: automatic DNSSEC signing of the managed zones.
New in 1.5.0: query modules with two new modules: "Automatic forward/reverse records" and dnstap.
New in 1.6.0: persistent timers for slave zones (expire, refresh, and flush) using LMDB.
New in 2.0.0: new YAML-based configuration, and new DNSSEC implementation using GnuTLS.
New in 2.1.0: dynamic configuration, PKCS #11 interface, and online DNSSEC signing.
New in 2.2.0: Response Rate Limiting white listing, support for URI (RFC 7553) and CAA (RFC 6844) resource record types, interactive mode for 'knotc', new control interface for the server including simple Python bindings.
New in 2.3.0: DNSSEC signing configured in server configuration, automatic NSEC3 resalting, zone operations over server control interface, TLS in kdig.
New in 2.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPG80
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hPG80 refers to the extracellular and oncogenic version of progastrin. This name first appeared in a scientific publication in January 2020. Until that date, scientific publications only mention 'progastrin', without necessarily explicitly specifying whether it is intracellular (in the context of digestion) or extracellular (circulating and detectable in plasma) in the tumor pathological setting.
For more clarity, the remainder of this article uses exclusively the name hPG80 to refer to extracellular progastrin.
A link between this protein and cancer has been known for more than 30 years. hPG80 is involved in most of the biological functions that ensure the existence of cancer. The peptide is secreted by tumor cells and found in the plasma of cancer patients from early stages. It then has functions that are independent of digestion and totally different from progastrin and its only role as an intracellular precursor of gastrin.
Terminology
In the name hPG80, the "h" describes the human species: human; "PG" is a common script for the progastrin protein and the number 80 corresponds to the size of the protein: 80 amino acids.
The name hPG80 was thus proposed in the publication resulting from the work of Professor Benoît You under the management of Dominique Joubert and Alexandre Prieur in order to remove ambiguities between the intracellular version of the protein (in the function of digestion) and its extracellular version of the protein (in the case of cancer patients) which is no longer, despite its name, the precursor of gastrin.
Moreover, the existence of a phonetically identical peptide, the Pro-Gastrin Releasing Peptide (proGRP), accentuated a possible confusion around the name progastrin and the need for a specific name.
Chronology of scientific discoveries on hPG80
1990: hPG80 is secreted by pancreatic cancer cells.
1993 - 1994: hPG80 is secreted by ovarian and colon cancer cells.
1996 - 1997: hPG80 is identified as necessary for the proliferation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20Memory%20Cube
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Hybrid Memory Cube (HMC) is a high-performance computer random-access memory (RAM) interface for through-silicon vias (TSV)-based stacked DRAM memory competing with the incompatible rival interface High Bandwidth Memory (HBM).
Overview
Hybrid Memory Cube was co-developed by Samsung Electronics and Micron Technology in 2011, and announced by Micron in September 2011. It promised a 15 times speed improvement over DDR3. The Hybrid Memory Cube Consortium (HMCC) is backed by several major technology companies including Samsung, Micron Technology, Open-Silicon, ARM, HP (since withdrawn), Microsoft (since withdrawn), Altera (acquired by Intel in late 2015), and Xilinx. Micron, while continuing to support HMCC, is discontinuing the HMC product in 2018 when it failed to achieve market adoption.
HMC combines through-silicon vias (TSV) and microbumps to connect multiple (currently 4 to 8) dies of memory cell arrays on top of each other. The memory controller is integrated as a separate die.
HMC uses standard DRAM cells but it has more data banks than classic DRAM memory of the same size. The HMC interface is incompatible with current DDRn (DDR2 or DDR3) and competing High Bandwidth Memory implementations.
HMC technology won the Best New Technology award from The Linley Group (publisher of Microprocessor Report magazine) in 2011.
The first public specification, HMC 1.0, was published in April 2013. According to it, the HMC uses 16-lane or 8-lane (half size) full-duplex differential serial links, with each lane having 10, 12.5 or 15 Gbit/s SerDes. Each HMC package is named a cube, and they can be chained in a network of up to 8 cubes with cube-to-cube links and some cubes using their links as pass-through links. A typical cube package with 4 links has 896 BGA pins and a size of 31×31×3.8 millimeters.
The typical raw bandwidth of a single 16-lane link with 10 Gbit/s signalling implies a total bandwidth of all 16 lanes of 40 GB/s (20 GB/s transmit and 20 GB/s receive); cu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta%20Applicandae%20Mathematicae
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Acta Applicandae Mathematicae is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Springer. Founded in 1983, the journal publishes articles on applied mathematics.
The journal is indexed by Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.215. According to SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), the journal h-index is 45, ranking it to Q2 in Applied Mathematics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tale%20topology
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In algebraic geometry, the étale topology is a Grothendieck topology on the category of schemes which has properties similar to the Euclidean topology, but unlike the Euclidean topology, it is also defined in positive characteristic. The étale topology was originally introduced by Alexander Grothendieck to define étale cohomology, and this is still the étale topology's most well-known use.
Definitions
For any scheme X, let Ét(X) be the category of all étale morphisms from a scheme to X. This is the analog of the category of open subsets of X (that is, the category whose objects are varieties and whose morphisms are open immersions). Its objects can be informally thought of as étale open subsets of X. The intersection of two objects corresponds to their fiber product over X. Ét(X) is a large category, meaning that its objects do not form a set.
An étale presheaf on X is a contravariant functor from Ét(X) to the category of sets. A presheaf F is called an étale sheaf if it satisfies the analog of the usual gluing condition for sheaves on topological spaces. That is, F is an étale sheaf if and only if the following condition is true. Suppose that is an object of Ét(X) and that is a jointly surjective family of étale morphisms over X. For each i, choose a section xi of F over Ui. The projection map , which is loosely speaking the inclusion of the intersection of Ui and Uj in Ui, induces a restriction map . If for all i and j the restrictions of xi and xj to are equal, then there must exist a unique section x of F over U which restricts to xi for all i.
Suppose that X is a Noetherian scheme. An abelian étale sheaf F on X is called finite locally constant if it is a representable functor which can be represented by an étale cover of X. It is called constructible if X can be covered by a finite family of subschemes on each of which the restriction of F is finite locally constant. It is called torsion if F(U) is a torsion group for all étale covers U of X.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20orthogonal%20functions
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In statistics and signal processing, the method of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is a decomposition of a signal or data set in terms of orthogonal basis functions which are determined from the data. The term is also interchangeable with the geographically weighted Principal components analysis in geophysics.
The i th basis function is chosen to be orthogonal to the basis functions from the first through i − 1, and to minimize the residual variance. That is, the basis functions are chosen to be different from each other, and to account for as much variance as possible.
The method of EOF analysis is similar in spirit to harmonic analysis, but harmonic analysis typically uses predetermined orthogonal functions, for example, sine and cosine functions at fixed frequencies. In some cases the two methods may yield essentially the same results.
The basis functions are typically found by computing the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of the data set. A more advanced technique is to form a kernel out of the data, using a fixed kernel. The basis functions from the eigenvectors of the kernel matrix are thus non-linear in the location of the data (see Mercer's theorem and the kernel trick for more information).
See also
Blind signal separation
Multilinear PCA
Multilinear subspace learning
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
Orthogonal matrix
Signal separation
Singular spectrum analysis
Transform coding
Varimax rotation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrotum
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The scrotum (: scrotums or scrota; possibly from Latin scortum, meaning "hide" or "skin") or scrotal sac is an anatomical male reproductive structure located at the base of the penis that consists of a suspended dual-chambered sac of skin and smooth muscle. It is present in most terrestrial male mammals. The scrotum contains the external spermatic fascia, testicles, epididymis, and ductus deferens. It is a distention of the perineum and carries some abdominal tissues into its cavity including the testicular artery, testicular vein, and pampiniform plexus. The perineal raphe is a small, vertical, slightly raised ridge of scrotal skin under which is found the scrotal septum. It appears as a thin longitudinal line that runs front to back over the entire scrotum. In humans and some other mammals, the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. The scrotum will usually tighten during penile erection and when exposed to cold temperatures. One testis is typically lower than the other to avoid compression in the event of an impact.
The scrotum is biologically homologous to the labia majora in females. Although present in most boreoeutherian mammals, the external scrotum is absent in fusiform marine mammals, such as whales and seals, as well as in some lineages of land mammals, such as the afrotherians, xenarthrans, and numerous families of bats, rodents, and insectivores.
Structure
Nerve supply
Blood supply
Skin and glands
Pubic hair
Sebaceous glands
Apocrine glands
Smooth muscle
The skin on the scrotum is more highly pigmented in comparison to the rest of the body. The septum is a connective tissue membrane dividing the scrotum into two cavities.
Lymphatic system
The scrotum lymph initially drains into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, this then drains into the deep inguinal lymph nodes. The deep inguinal lymph nodes channel into the common iliac which ultimately releases lymph into the cisterna chyli.
Asymmetry
One testis is typically lower than
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous%20process
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In thermodynamics, a spontaneous process is a process which occurs without any external input to the system. A more technical definition is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state (closer to thermodynamic equilibrium). The sign convention for free energy change follows the general convention for thermodynamic measurements, in which a release of free energy from the system corresponds to a negative change in the free energy of the system and a positive change in the free energy of the surroundings.
Depending on the nature of the process, the free energy is determined differently. For example, the Gibbs free energy change is used when considering processes that occur under constant pressure and temperature conditions, whereas the Helmholtz free energy change is used when considering processes that occur under constant volume and temperature conditions. The value and even the sign of both free energy changes can depend upon the temperature and pressure or volume.
Because spontaneous processes are characterized by a decrease in the system's free energy, they do not need to be driven by an outside source of energy.
For cases involving an isolated system where no energy is exchanged with the surroundings, spontaneous processes are characterized by an increase in entropy.
A spontaneous reaction is a chemical reaction which is a spontaneous process under the conditions of interest.
Overview
In general, the spontaneity of a process only determines whether or not a process can occur and makes no indication as to whether or not the process will occur. In other words, spontaneity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for a process to actually occur. Furthermore, spontaneity makes no implication as to the speed at which as spontaneous may occur.
As an example, the conversion of a diamond into graphite is a spontaneous process at room temperature and pressure. Despite being s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ%20diboson
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ZZ dibosons are rare pairs of Z bosons. They were first observed by the experiments at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL). The first observation in a hadron collider was made by the scientists of DØ collaboration at Fermilab.
Discussion
ZZ dibosons are force-carrying particles observed as products of proton–antiproton collisions at the Tevatron, the world's second highest-energy particle accelerator (after the CERN Large Hadron Collider). The first observation of the ZZ dibosons was announced at a Fermilab seminar on 30 July 2008.
The rarest diboson processes after ZZ dibosons are those involving the Higgs boson, so seeing ZZ diboson is an essential step in demonstrating the ability to see the Higgs boson. ZZ dibosons are the latest in a series of observations of pairs of gauge bosons (force-carrying particles) by DØ and its sister experiment CDF (also at Tevatron).
Final analysis of the data for this discovery was done by a team of international researchers including scientists of American, Belgian, British, Georgian, Italian, and Russian nationalities. The observations began with the study of the already-rare production of W bosons plus photons (); then Z bosons plus photons (); then observation of W pairs (); then a mix of W and Z boson (). The ZZ () is the combination which has the lowest predicted likelihood of production in the Standard Model due to the smaller couplings.
See also
Dineutron
Diproton
Pauli exclusion principle
Higgs boson
List of particles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernaemontana%20parviflora
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Tabernaemontana parviflora is a taxonomic synonym that may refer to:
Tabernaemontana parviflora = Tabernaemontana pandacaqui
Tabernaemontana parviflora = Tabernaemontana persicariifolia
Tabernaemontana parviflora = Tabernaemontana rostrata
Tabernaemontana parviflora = Ichnocarpus frutescens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocyte-specific%20enhancer%20factor%202A
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Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEF2A gene. MEF2A is a transcription factor in the Mef2 family. In humans it is located on chromosome 15q26. Certain mutations in MEF2A cause an autosomal dominant form of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction.
Function
The process of differentiation from mesodermal precursor cells to myoblasts has led to the discovery of a variety of tissue-specific factors that regulate muscle gene expression. The myogenic basic helix-loop-helix proteins, including myoD (MIM 159970), myogenin (MIM 159980), MYF5 (MIM 159990), and MRF4 (MIM 159991) are 1 class of identified factors. A second family of DNA binding regulatory proteins is the myocyte-specific enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family. Each of these proteins binds to the MEF2 target DNA sequence present in the regulatory regions of many, if not all, muscle-specific genes. The MEF2 genes are members of the MADS gene family (named for the yeast mating type-specific transcription factor MCM1, the plant homeotic genes 'agamous' and 'deficiens' and the human serum response factor SRF (MIM 600589)), a family that also includes several homeotic genes and other transcription factors, all of which share a conserved DNA-binding domain.[supplied by OMIM]
Interactions
Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A has been shown to interact with:
ASCL1,
EP300,
HDAC4,
HDAC9,
Histone deacetylase 5,
MAPK14,
MEF2D,
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2, and
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submental%20artery
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The submental artery is the largest branch of the facial artery in the neck. It first runs forward under the mouth, then turns upward upon reaching the chin.
Anatomy
Origin
The submental artery is the largest branch of the facial artery in the neck.
It arises from the facial artery just as the facial artery splits the submandibular gland.
Course and distribution
The artery passes anterior-ward upon the mylohyoid muscle, coursing inferior to the body of the mandible and deep to the digastric muscle. Here, the artery supplies adjacent muscles and skin; it also forms anastomoses with the sublingual artery and with the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery. Upon reaching the chin, artery turns superior-ward at the mandibular symphysis to pass over the mandible before dividing into a superficial branch and a deep branch; the two terminal branches are distributed to the chin and lower lip, and form anastomoses with the inferior labial and mental arteries.
Distribution
Branches
The superficial branch passes between the integument and depressor labii inferioris, and anastomoses with the inferior labial artery.
The deep branch runs between the muscle and the bone, supplies the lip, and anastomoses with the inferior labial artery and the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fire%20Upon%20the%20Deep
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A Fire Upon the Deep is a 1992 science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge. It is a space opera involving superhuman intelligences, aliens, variable physics, space battles, love, betrayal, genocide, and a communication medium resembling Usenet. A Fire Upon the Deep won the Hugo Award in 1993, sharing it with Doomsday Book by Connie Willis.
Besides the normal print book editions, the novel was also included on a CD-ROM sold by ClariNet Communications along with the other nominees for the 1993 Hugo awards. The CD-ROM edition included numerous annotations by Vinge on his thoughts and intentions about different parts of the book, and was later released as a standalone e-book.
Setting
The novel is set in various locations in the Milky Way. The galaxy is divided into four concentric volumes called the "Zones of Thought"; it is not clear to the novel's characters whether this is a natural phenomenon or an artificially produced one, but it seems to roughly correspond with galactic-scale stellar density and a Beyond region is mentioned in the Sculptor Galaxy as well. The Zones reflect fundamental differences in basic physical laws, and one of the main consequences is their effect on intelligence, both biological and artificial. Artificial intelligence and automation is most directly affected, in that advanced hardware and software from the Beyond or the Transcend will work less and less well as a ship "descends" towards the Unthinking Depths. But even biological intelligence is affected to a lesser degree. The four zones are spoken of in terms of "low" to "high" as follows:
The Unthinking Depths are the innermost zone, surrounding the Galactic Center. In it, only minimal forms of intelligence, biological or otherwise, are possible. This means that any ship straying into the Depths will be stranded, effectively permanently. Even if the crew did not die immediately—and some forms of life native to "higher" Zones would likely do so—they would be rendered incapable
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20fine%20TFT
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Super fine TFT (SFT) is a NEC display technology that is claimed to provide better viewing angles and pixel response speed than other technologies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randles%20circuit
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In electrochemistry, a Randles circuit is an equivalent electrical circuit that consists of an active electrolyte resistance in series with the parallel combination of the double-layer capacitance and an impedance () of a faradaic reaction. It is commonly used in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for interpretation of impedance spectra, often with a constant phase element (CPE) replacing the double layer capacity.
The Randles equivalent circuit is one of the simplest possible models describing processes at the electrochemical interface. In real electrochemical systems, impedance spectra are usually more complicated and, thus, the Randles circuit may not give appropriate results.
Explanation
Figure 1 shows the equivalent circuit initially proposed by John Edward Brough Randles for modeling of interfacial electrochemical reactions in presence of semi-infinite linear diffusion of electroactive particles to flat electrodes. A simple model for an electrode immersed in an electrolyte is simply the series combination of the ionic resistance, , with the double layer capacitance, . If a faradaic reaction is taking place then that reaction is occurring in parallel with the charging of the double layer – so the charge transfer resistance, , associated with the faradaic reaction is in parallel with . The key assumption is that the rate of the faradaic reaction is controlled by diffusion of the reactants to the electrode surface. The diffusional resistance element (the Warburg impedance, ), is therefore in series with .
In this model, the impedance of a faradaic reaction consists of an active charge transfer resistance and a specific electrochemical element of diffusion , represented by a Warburg element
where
is the Warburg coefficient;
is an imaginary unit;
is the angular frequency.
Identifying the Warburg element
In a simple situation, the Warburg element manifests itself in EIS spectra by a line with an angle of 45 degrees in the low frequency region.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraph%20%28mathematics%29
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In mathematics, the epigraph or supergraph of a function valued in the extended real numbers is the set, denoted by of all points in the Cartesian product lying on or above its graph. The strict epigraph is the set of points in lying strictly above its graph.
Importantly, although both the graph and epigraph of consists of points in the epigraph consists of points in the subset which is not necessarily true of the graph of
If the function takes as a value then will be a subset of its epigraph
For example, if then the point will belong to but not to
These two sets are nevertheless closely related because the graph can always be reconstructed from the epigraph, and vice versa.
The study of continuous real-valued functions in real analysis has traditionally been closely associated with the study of their graphs, which are sets that provide geometric information (and intuition) about these functions. Epigraphs serve this same purpose in the fields of convex analysis and variational analysis, in which the primary focus is on convex functions valued in instead of continuous functions valued in a vector space (such as or ). This is because in general, for such functions, geometric intuition is more readily obtained from a function's epigraph than from its graph. Similarly to how graphs are used in real analysis, the epigraph can often be used to give geometrical interpretations of a convex function's properties, to help formulate or prove hypotheses, or to aid in constructing counterexamples.
Definition
The definition of the epigraph was inspired by that of the graph of a function, where the of is defined to be the set
The or of a function valued in the extended real numbers is the set
In the union over that appears above on the right hand side of the last line, the set may be interpreted as being a "vertical ray" consisting of and all points in "directly above" it.
Similarly, the set of points on or below the graph of a functio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wintergreen
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Wintergreen is a group of aromatic plants. The term "wintergreen" once commonly referred to plants that remain green (continue photosynthesis) throughout the winter. The term "evergreen" is now more commonly used for this characteristic.
Most species of the shrub genus Gaultheria demonstrate this characteristic and are called wintergreens in North America, the most common generally being the American wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens). Wintergreens in the genus Gaultheria contain an aromatic compound, methyl salicylate, and are used as a mintlike flavoring.
Uses
The berries of most species can be eaten raw or used in pies.
Wintergreen is a common flavoring in American products ranging from chewing gum, mints, and candies to smokeless tobacco such as dipping tobacco (American "dip" snuff) and snus. It is a common flavoring for dental hygiene products such as mouthwash and toothpaste. It is often a component of root beer, which originated in the United States.
Wintergreen oil is an ingredient in some vegetable-oil based lubricants used in firearm maintenance. These products, sold under the names Seal1 and Frog Lube, are proprietary blends of vegetable oils intended to clean, lubricate and preserve the metal surfaces of firearms. They have the advantages over petroleum-based products of being non-toxic and biodegradable.
Artificial wintergreen oil, which is pure methyl salicylate, is used in microscopy because of its high refractive index. Natural wintergreen oil can be distinguished from artificial by gas chromatography (GC) and GC isotope ratio mass spectrometry analysis.
Oil
The Gaultheria species share the common characteristic of producing oil of wintergreen. Wintergreen oil is a pale yellow or pinkish fluid liquid that is strongly aromatic with a sweet, woody odor (components: methyl salicylate (about 98%), α-pinene, myrcene, delta-3-carene, limonene, 3,7-guaiadiene, and delta-cadinene) that gives such plants a distinctive "medicinal" smell whenever brui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Drive
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Amazon Drive, formerly known as Amazon Cloud Drive, is a cloud storage application managed by Amazon. The service offers secure cloud storage, file backup, file sharing, and Photo printing. Using an Amazon account, the files and folders can be transferred and managed from multiple devices, including web browsers, desktop applications, mobiles, and tablets. Amazon Drive also lets their U.S. users order photo prints and photo books using the Amazon Prints service.
Today, Amazon Drive offers free unlimited photo storage with an Amazon Prime subscription or a Fire Tablet device, and a paid limited storage service. Launched in major countries including the U.S., Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the U.K., Japan, and Australia, it also functions in Brazil and China as a free limited 5GB storage service.
On July 29, 2022, Amazon announced that the service would be discontinued on December 31, 2023, whereas Amazon Photos is continued.
History
Amazon first announced the storage service on March 29, 2011, initially offering pay-as-you-need tiered storage plans for the users. Users paid only for the storage tier they utilized expandable up to a maximum of 1 terabyte plan.
In March 2015, Unlimited Storage plans intended for non-business customer sections were introduced. The plan offered a free 3-month free trial for the customers who wish to try the service before entering an annual subscription. During 2015 Black Friday, the plan became popular when Amazon offered 92% discounted Unlimited Storage plan for $5, down from $60, for a year from purchase. The fine print stated that Unlimited Storage was "only for private use", was restricted by file type, and must not "substantially exceed or differ from normal use by other users". Amazon anytime "may impose other restrictions on use of the Service".
In June 2017, Amazon reverted the unlimited storage plans in the US.
On 15 November 2017, Amazon removed the unlimited storage plans for customers in Canada as well.
Storag
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20engineering
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Cell engineering is the purposeful process of adding, deleting, or modifying genetic sequences in living cells to achieve biological engineering goals such as altering cell production, changing cell growth and proliferation requirements, adding or removing cell functions, and many more. Cell engineering often makes use of DNA technology to achieve these modifications as well as closely related tissue engineering methods. Cell engineering can be characterized as an intermediary level in the increasingly specific disciplines of biological engineering which includes organ engineering, tissue engineering, protein engineering, and genetic engineering.
The field of cellular engineering is gaining more traction as biomedical research advances in tissue engineering and becomes more specific. Publications in the field have gone from several thousand in the early 2000s to nearly 40,000 in 2020.
Overview
Improving production of natural cellular products
One general form of cell engineering involves altering natural cell production to achieve a more desirable yield or shorter production time. A possible method for changing natural cell production includes boosting or repressing genes that are involved in the metabolism of the product. For example, researchers were able to overexpress transporter genes in hamster ovary cells to increase monoclonal antibody yield. Another approach could involve incorporating biologically foreign genes into an existing cell line. For example, E.Coli, which synthesizes ethanol, can be modified using genes from Zymomonas mobilis to make ethanol fermentation the primary cell fermentation product.
Altering cell requirements
Another beneficial cell modification is the adjustment of substrate and growth requirements of a cell. By changing cell needs, the raw material cost, equipment expenses, and skill required to grow and maintain cell cultures can be significantly reduced. For example, scientists have used foreign enzymes to engineer a common i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague%20Time%3A%20The%20New%20Germ%20Theory%20of%20Disease
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Plague Time: The New Germ Theory of Disease is a non-fiction book by evolutionary biologist Paul W. Ewald. It argues that the role of pathogens has been overlooked in medicine, as a primary cause of many chronic diseases. It is his second book, following Evolution of Infectious Disease in 1994.
Collecting accounts over medical history, he describes the ways in which infectious agents are underestimated, in favour of genetic or environmental causes of disease. As an evolutionarily biologist, he takes the long-term perspective of the virus or bacteria circulating in its lifecycle. Although much is known about the acute phase of infections, he argues we have systematically overlooked the medical effects of long-term infections.
Overview
Part I: A sphere of infection
In part one, he describes the lifecycle of different viruses, and the way this can manifest in medical disease. Respiratory viruses must spread between people in a short period of time before the immune system response, while sexually transmitted infections must maintain a longer lifespan in the human body, sometimes for one’s entire life. He also compares the trade-offs in lifecycle of diarrhea-born, vector borne, and hospital acquired infections.
He argues against the aggressive application of the Koch postulate, which establishes a very high burden of proof for establishing an infectious cause for a disease. It is very difficult process to link an individual virus to a disease that manifests some decades later. He describes signs of arteriosclerosis first appearing asymptomatically in teenagers. He describes research linking T-cell Leukemia, to an infection in mothers milk, without manifestation until adulthood.
From an evolutionary point of view, genetic causes of chronic disease on their own, should be selected against in evolution. Likewise, twin studies should be much more compelling, and are not. Large exhaustive research projects like the war on cancer have also come up short. The onse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricular%20branch%20of%20vagus%20nerve
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The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is often termed the Alderman's nerve or Arnold's nerve. The latter name is an eponym for Friedrich Arnold. The auricular branch of the vagus nerve supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the ear canal, tragus, and auricle.
Path
It arises from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, and is joined soon after its origin by a filament from the petrous ganglion of the glossopharyngeal; it passes behind the internal jugular vein, and enters the mastoid canaliculus on the lateral wall of the jugular fossa.
Traversing the substance of the temporal bone, it crosses the facial canal about above the stylomastoid foramen, and here it gives off an ascending branch which joins the facial nerve.
The nerve reaches the surface by passing through the tympanomastoid fissure between the mastoid process and the tympanic part of the temporal bone, and divides into two branches:
one joins the posterior auricular nerve.
the other is distributed to the skin of the back of the ear (auricle) and to the posterior part of the ear canal.
Clinical significance
This nerve may be involved by the glomus jugulare tumour.
Laryngeal cancer can present with pain behind the ear and in the ear - this is a referred pain through the vagus nerve to the nerve of Arnold.
In a small portion of individuals, the auricular nerve is the afferent limb of the Ear-Cough or Arnold Reflex. Physical stimulation of the external acoustic meatus innervated by the auricular nerve elicits a cough, much like the other cough reflexes associated with the vagus nerve. Rarely, on introduction of speculum in the external ear, patients have experienced syncope due to the stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.
Clinical application
This nerve may be stimulated as a diagnostic or therapeutic technique
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) was proposed by Ventureya (2000) for seizures. In 2003 Fallgatter et al. published "Far field potentials from the br
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20flux
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In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the magnetic flux through a surface is the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field B over that surface. It is usually denoted or . The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb; in derived units, volt–seconds), and the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils, and it calculates the magnetic flux from the change of voltage on the coils.
Description
The magnetic interaction is described in terms of a vector field, where each point in space is associated with a vector that determines what force a moving charge would experience at that point (see Lorentz force). Since a vector field is quite difficult to visualize, introductory physics instruction often uses field lines to visualize this field. The magnetic flux through some surface, in this simplified picture, is proportional to the number of field lines passing through that surface (in some contexts, the flux may be defined to be precisely the number of field lines passing through that surface; although technically misleading, this distinction is not important). The magnetic flux is the net number of field lines passing through that surface; that is, the number passing through in one direction minus the number passing through in the other direction (see below for deciding in which direction the field lines carry a positive sign and in which they carry a negative sign).
More sophisticated physical models drop the field line analogy and define magnetic flux as the surface integral of the normal component of the magnetic field passing through a surface. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface of vector area S is
where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (tesla), S is the area of the surface, and θ is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S. For a vary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Association%20of%20Biology%20Teachers
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The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) is an incorporated association of biology educators in the United States. It was initially founded in response to the poor understanding of biology and the decline in the teaching of the subject in the 1930s. It has grown to become a national representative organisation which promotes the teaching of biology, supports the learning of biology based on scientific principles and advocates for biology within American society. The National Conference and the journal, The American Biology Teacher, are two mechanisms used to achieve those goals.
The NABT has also been an advocate for the teaching of evolution in the debate about creation and evolution in public education in the United States, playing a role in a number of court cases and hearings throughout the country.
History
The NABT was formed in 1938 in New York City. The journal of the organisation (The American Biology Teacher) was created in the same year.
In 1944, Helen Trowbridge, the first female president, was elected. The Outstanding Teacher Awards were first presented in 1960 and the first independent National Convention was held in 1968.
The seventies marked an era of activism in the teaching of evolution with legal action against a state code amendment in Tennessee which required equal amounts of time to teach evolution and creationism.
In 1987 NABT helped develop the first National High School Biology test which established a list of nine core principles in the teaching of biology.
In the year 2005, NABT was involved in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District case which established the principle that Intelligent Design had no place in the Science Curriculum.
2017 was the Year of the March for Science, which the NABT endorsed, and in 2018, it held its annual four-day conference in San Diego, California.
Purpose
The purpose of the NABT is to "empower educators to provide the best possible biology and life science education for all students". The org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociable%20number
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In mathematics, sociable numbers are numbers whose aliquot sums form a periodic sequence. They are generalizations of the concepts of perfect numbers and amicable numbers. The first two sociable sequences, or sociable chains, were discovered and named by the Belgian mathematician Paul Poulet in 1918. In a sociable sequence, each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the preceding number, i.e., the sum excludes the preceding number itself. For the sequence to be sociable, the sequence must be cyclic and return to its starting point.
The period of the sequence, or order of the set of sociable numbers, is the number of numbers in this cycle.
If the period of the sequence is 1, the number is a sociable number of order 1, or a perfect number—for example, the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, whose sum is again 6. A pair of amicable numbers is a set of sociable numbers of order 2. There are no known sociable numbers of order 3, and searches for them have been made up to as of 1970.
It is an open question whether all numbers end up at either a sociable number or at a prime (and hence 1), or, equivalently, whether there exist numbers whose aliquot sequence never terminates, and hence grows without bound.
Example
As an example, the number 1,264,460 is a sociable number whose cyclic aliquot sequence has a period of 4:
The sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 20 + 34 + 68 + 85 + 170 + 340 + 3719 + 7438 + 14876 + 18595 + 37190 + 63223 + 74380 + 126446 + 252892 + 316115 + 632230 = 1547860,
the sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 20 + 193 + 386 + 401 + 772 + 802 + 965 + 1604 + 1930 + 2005 + 3860 + 4010 + 8020 + 77393 + 154786 + 309572 + 386965 + 773930 = 1727636,
the sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 521 + 829 + 1042 + 1658 + 2084 + 3316 + 431909 + 863818 = 1305184, and
the sum of the proper divisors of () is
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 40787 + 81574 + 163148 + 326296 + 652592 = 1264460.
List of k
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzel%20%28computer%29
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Uzel was the Soviet Union's first digital computer used on submarines, to assist in tracking multiple targets and calculate torpedo solutions. Uzel's design team was headed by two American defectors to the Soviet Union, Alfred Sarant (a.k.a. Philip Staros) and Joel Barr (a.k.a. Joseph Berg). An upgraded version of the Uzel computer is still in use on the Kilo class submarine today.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20desert
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Tropical deserts are located in regions between 15 and 30 degrees latitude. The environment is very extreme, and they have the highest average monthly temperature on Earth. Rainfall is sporadic; precipitation may not be observed at all in a few years. In addition to these extreme environmental and climate conditions, most tropical deserts are covered with sand and rocks, and thus too flat and lacking in vegetation to block out the wind. Wind may erode and transport sand, rocks and other materials; these are known as eolian processes. Landforms caused by wind erosion vary greatly in characteristics and size. Representative landforms include depressions and pans, Yardangs, inverted topography and ventifacts. No significant populations can survive in tropical deserts due to extreme aridity, heat and the paucity of vegetation; only specific flora and fauna with special behavioral and physical mechanisms are supported. Although tropical deserts are considered to be harsh and barren, they are in fact important sources of natural resources and play a significant role in economic development. Besides the equatorial deserts, there are many hot deserts situated in the tropical zone.
Distribution
Geographical distribution
Tropical deserts are located in both continental interiors and coastal areas between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. Representative deserts include the Sahara Desert in North Africa, the Australian Desert, Arabian Desert and Syrian Desert in Western Asia, the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, Sonoran Desert in the United States and Mexico, Mojave Desert in the United States, Thar Desert in India and Pakistan, Dasht-e Margo and Registan Desert in Afghanistan and Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Loot in Iran.
Controlling factor
Tropics form a belt around the equator from latitude 3 degrees north to latitude 3 degrees south, which is called the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Tropical heat generates unstable air in this area, and air masses becom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine%20pouch
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In human female anatomy, the vesicouterine pouch, also uterovesicle pouch, is a fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder. Like the rectouterine pouch, it is a female pelvic recess, but shallower and closer to the anterior fornix of the vagina.
Structure
The vesicouterine pouch is a fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder, forming a pelvic recess. It is continued over the intestinal surface and body of the uterus onto its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder. It is narrowest when the uterus is anteverted rather than retroverted. The deepest point of the vesicouterine pouch is typically higher than the deepest point of the rectouterine pouch.
Variation
When the uterus is very anteverted, the vesicouterine pouch is deeper than usual.
Clinical significance
The vesicouterine pouch may become attached to the uterus, preventing sliding of the bladder past the uterus. This may occur in a third of women who have had a Caesarean section, and in some cases of endometriosis.
The vesicouterine pouch is an important anatomical landmark for chronic endometriosis. Endometrial seeding in this region causes cyclical pain in women of child-bearing age. This pouch is also an important factor in a retroverted uterus, which can frequently complicate pregnancies.
History
Etymology
The vesicouterine (or vesico-uterine) pouch is also called the vesicouterine (or vesico-uterine) excavation, uterovesical (or utero-vesical) pouch, or excavatio vesicouterina. The combining forms reflect the bladder (vesico-, -vesical) and uterus (utero-, -uterine).
Additional images
See also
Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)
Rectovesical pouch
Retropubic space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opto-isolator
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An opto-isolator (also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical isolator) is an electronic component that transfers electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light. Opto-isolators prevent high voltages from affecting the system receiving the signal. Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV and voltage transients with speeds up to 25 kV/μs.
A common type of opto-isolator consists of an LED and a phototransistor in the same opaque package. Other types of source-sensor combinations include LED-photodiode, LED-LASCR, and lamp-photoresistor pairs. Usually opto-isolators transfer digital (on-off) signals and can act as an electronic switch, but some techniques allow them to be used with analog signals.
History
The value of optically coupling a solid state light emitter to a semiconductor detector for the purpose of electrical isolation was recognized in 1963 by Akmenkalns, et al. (US patent 3,417,249). Photoresistor-based opto-isolators were introduced in 1968. They are the slowest, but also the most linear isolators and still retain a niche market in the audio and music industries. Commercialization of LED technology in 1968–1970 caused a boom in optoelectronics, and by the end of the 1970s the industry developed all principal types of opto-isolators. The majority of opto-isolators on the market use bipolar silicon phototransistor sensors. They attain medium data transfer speed, sufficient for applications like electroencephalography. The fastest opto-isolators use PIN diodes in photoconductive mode.
Operation
An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel (also called dielectrical channel), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and either generates electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an external power supply. The sensor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20coloring
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In graph theory, circular coloring is a kind of coloring that may be viewed as a refinement of the usual graph coloring. The circular chromatic number of a graph , denoted can be given by any of the following definitions, all of which are equivalent (for finite graphs).
is the infimum over all real numbers so that there exists a map from to a circle of circumference 1 with the property that any two adjacent vertices map to points at distance along this circle.
is the infimum over all rational numbers so that there exists a map from to the cyclic group with the property that adjacent vertices map to elements at distance apart.
In an oriented graph, declare the imbalance of a cycle to be divided by the minimum of the number of edges directed clockwise and the number of edges directed counterclockwise. Define the imbalance of the oriented graph to be the maximum imbalance of a cycle. Now, is the minimum imbalance of an orientation of .
It is relatively easy to see that (especially using 1 or 2), but in fact . It is in this sense that we view circular chromatic number as a refinement of the usual chromatic number.
Circular coloring was originally defined by , who called it "star coloring".
Coloring is dual to the subject of nowhere-zero flows and indeed, circular coloring has a natural dual notion: circular flows.
Circular complete graphs
For integers such that , the circular complete graph (also known as a circular clique) is the graph with vertex set and edges between elements at distance
That is vertex i is adjacent to:
is just the complete graph , while is the cycle graph
A circular coloring is then, according to the second definition above, a homomorphism into a circular complete graph. The crucial fact about these graphs is that admits a homomorphism into if and only if This justifies the notation, since if then and are homomorphically equivalent. Moreover, the homomorphism order among them refines the order given by comp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20College%20of%20Pathologists%20of%20Australasia
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The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, more commonly known by its acronym RCPA, is a medical organization that promotes the science and practice of pathology. The RCPA is a leading organisation representing pathologists and other senior scientists in Australasia.
History
The College of Pathologists of Australia was incorporated on 10 April 1956. In 1970, the college was granted Royal assent, and became the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia. With the increasing number of Fellows in New Zealand, the college changed its name to the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia in January 1980. Since 1986, the college has occupied Durham Hall, a heritage listed building in Sydney's Surry Hills and the adjacent 203-205 Albion Street, Surry Hills cottages.
Programmes
Training and examinations
The college conducts training and examinations in several sub-disciplines, including:
Anatomical Pathology
Chemical Pathology
Forensic Pathology
General Pathology
Genetics
Haematology
Immunopathology
Microbiology
The college accredits laboratories for training, approves supervised training in accredited laboratories, and conducts examinations leading to Fellowship of the college (FRCPA).
Continuing Professional Development
Since its inception, the college has contributed to the continual development of knowledge and skills of its Fellows, and has established a formal Continuing Professional Development Program.
Professional Practice Standards
The college collaborated with the Commonwealth Government to establish the National Pathology Accreditation Advisory Council (NPAAC) in 1979. NPAAC advises the Commonwealth, State and Territory Health Ministers on matters relating to the accreditation of pathology laboratories, plays a key role in ensuring the quality of Australian pathology services and is responsible for the development and maintenance of standards and guidelines for pathology practices.
While NPAAC provides the standards for laboratory pra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20pedal%20curve
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In geometry, a negative pedal curve is a plane curve that can be constructed from another plane curve C and a fixed point P on that curve. For each point X ≠ P on the curve C, the negative pedal curve has a tangent that passes through X and is perpendicular to line XP. Constructing the negative pedal curve is the inverse operation to constructing a pedal curve.
Definition
In the plane, for every point X other than P there is a unique line through X perpendicular to XP. For a given curve in the plane and a given fixed point P, called the pedal point, the negative pedal curve is the envelope of the lines XP for which X lies on the given curve.
Parameterization
For a parametrically defined curve, its negative pedal curve with pedal point (0; 0) is defined as
Properties
The negative pedal curve of a pedal curve with the same pedal point is the original curve.
See also
Fish curve, the negative pedal curve of an ellipse with squared eccentricity 1/2
External links
Negative pedal curve on Mathworld
Curves
Differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20noise
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Value noise is a type of noise commonly used as a procedural texture primitive in computer graphics. It is conceptually different from, and often confused with gradient noise, examples of which are Perlin noise and Simplex noise. This method consists of the creation of a lattice of points which are assigned random values. The noise function then returns the interpolated number based on the values of the surrounding lattice points.
For many applications, multiple octaves of this noise can be generated and then summed together, just as can be done with Perlin noise and Simplex noise, in order to create a form of fractal noise.
External links
- an explanation and implementation of Value Noise, mislabeled as Perlin noise.
Lesson explaining in a very simple way how Value Noise works (with examples in C++)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Magnete
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De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on That Great Magnet the Earth) is a scientific work published in 1600 by the English physician and scientist William Gilbert. A highly influential and successful book, it exerted an immediate influence on many contemporary writers, including Francis Godwin and Mark Ridley.
Contents
In De Magnete, Gilbert described many of his experiments with his model Earth called the terrella. Gilbert made the claim that gravity was due to the same force and he believed that this held the Moon in orbit around the Earth.
The work then considered static electricity produced by amber. Amber is called elektron in Greek, and electrum in Latin, so Gilbert decided to refer to the phenomenon by the adjective electricus.
Summary
De Magnete consists of six books.
Book 1
Historical survey of magnetism and theory of Earth's magnetism. The lodestone in antiquity from Plato onwards and the gradual identification of iron ores. The south pole of a lodestone points to the north pole of the Earth and vice versa as the terrestrial globe is magnetic.
Book 2
Distinction between electricity and magnetism. An amber stick when rubbed affects a rotating needle made of any type of metal (a versorium) and attracts paper, leaves and even water. But electricity is different from heat and to magnetism which only attracts iron-bearing materials (he calls it coition). He shows the effects of cutting a spherical lodestone (which he calls a terrella) through the poles and equator and the direction of attraction at different points. Magnets act at a distance but the force has no permanent presence and is not hindered like light. Materials including gold, silver and diamonds are not affected by magnets, nor can one produce perpetual motion.
Book 3
The Earth's normal magnetism. He proposes (incorrectly) that the angle of the ecliptic and precession of the equinoxes are caused by magnetism. A lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20pair
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In the study of the Riemann hypothesis, a Lehmer pair is a pair of zeros of the Riemann zeta function that are unusually close to each other. They are named after Derrick Henry Lehmer, who discovered the pair of zeros
(the 6709th and 6710th zeros of the zeta function).
More precisely, a Lehmer pair can be defined as having the property that their complex coordinates and obey the inequality
for a constant .
It is an unsolved problem whether there exist infinitely many Lehmer pairs.
If so, it would imply that the De Bruijn–Newman constant is non-negative,
a fact that has been proven unconditionally by Brad Rodgers and Terence Tao.
See also
Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECOM
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MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus protein EVI1 (MECOM) also known as ecotropic virus integration site 1 protein homolog (EVI-1) or positive regulatory domain zinc finger protein 3 (PRDM3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MECOM gene. EVI1 was first identified as a common retroviral integration site in AKXD murine myeloid tumors. It has since been identified in a plethora of other organisms, and seems to play a relatively conserved developmental role in embryogenesis. EVI1 is a nuclear transcription factor involved in many signaling pathways for both coexpression and coactivation of cell cycle genes.
Gene structure
The EVI1 gene is located in the human genome on chromosome 3 (3q26.2). The gene spans 60 kilobases and encodes 16 exons, 10 of which are protein-coding. The first in-frame ATG start codon is in exon 3.
mRNA
A large number of transcript variations exist, encoding different isoforms or chimeric proteins. Some of the most common ones are:
EVI_1a, EVI_1b, EVI_1c, EVI_1d, and EVI_3L are all variants in the 5' untranslated region, and all except EVI_1a are specific to human cells.
−Rp9 variant is quite common in human and mouse cells, lacks 9 amino acids in the repression domain.
Δ324 found at low levels in human and mouse cells - an alternative splice variant encoding an 88kDa protein lacking zinc fingers 6 and 7
Δ105 variant is unique to mice, and results in a protein truncated by 105 amino acids at the acidic C-terminus.
Fusion transcripts with upstream genes such as MDS1/EVI1 (ME), AML1/MDS1/EVI1 (AME), ETV6/MDS1/EVI1 have all been identified
Protein
The MECOM is primarily found in the nucleus, either soluble or bound to DNA. The 145kDa isoform is the most-studied, encoding 1051 amino acids, although there are many EVI1 fusion products detectable in cells expressing EVI1.
The MECOM protein contains 2 domains characterized by 7 zinc finger motifs followed by a proline-rich transcription repression domain, 3 more zinc finger motifs and an aci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutetrabenazine
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Deutetrabenazine (trade name Austedo) is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor which is used for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia.
Chemically, deutetrabenazine is an isotopic isomer of tetrabenazine in which six hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium atoms. The incorporation of deuterium slows the rate of drug metabolism, allowing less frequent dosing.
Efficacy
A Lancet study published on 28 June 2017 carried out a review between 29 October 2014 and 19 August 2016 where 298 patients were randomly assigned to receive at least one of the following: one dose of placebo per day, one dose of deutetrabenazine 12 mg/day, one dose of deutetrabenazine 24 mg/day, or one dose of deutetrabenazine 36 mg/day. From baseline to week 12, the least-squares mean AIMS (Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale) score improved by −3.3 points in the deutetrabenazine 36 mg/day group, −3.2 points in the 24 mg/day group, −2.1 points in the 12 mg/day group, and −1.4 points in the placebo group. Deutetrabenazine 24 mg/day and 36 mg/day provided a significant reduction in tardive dyskinesia, with favourable safety and tolerability. These findings suggest that dosing regimens could be individualized and tailored for patients on the basis of dyskinesia control and tolerability.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Deutetrabenazine acts as a monoamine-depleting agent.
History
Teva Pharmaceuticals received approval from the Food and Drug Administration to market deutetrabenazine in early 2017, along with five years of orphan drug exclusivity for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington's disease. It was the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval.
See Also
tetrabenazine
valbenazine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid%20junction%20interface
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In mass spectrometry, liquid junction interface is an ion source or set-up that couples peripheric devices, such as capillary electrophoresis, to mass spectrometry.
See the IUPAC recommendation definition as a means of coupling capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry in which a liquid reservoir surrounds the separation capillary and transfer capillary to the mass spectrometer. The reservoir provides electrical contact for the capillary electrophoresis.
The term liquid junction interface has also been used by Henry M. Fales and coworkers for ion sources where the analyte is in direct contact with the high voltage supply. This includes in particular nanospray ion sources where a wire made of stainless steel, gold or other conducting material makes contact with the sample solution inside uncoated spray capillaries. The principle is also applied when a stainless steel union connects a chromatography outlet to a spray capillary. Its use has a number of advantages with respect to simplification of interface or source design, easy handling and cost. Electrolysis effects have to be controlled.
Liquid junction interfaces have been used for on-line desalting in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Thereby, chromatographic material such as C18 phase was directly placed in the flow path coming from a pump or an HPLC device. In a variation of the method, fine capillaries were densely packed with chromatographic phase to form separation columns and act as electrospray capillaries at the same time. This method is commonly employed in many proteomics laboratories.
It is of note that experimental designs where the direct application of high voltages to liquids to form aerosols and sprays has been described as early as 1917 in the context of not ionization, but atomization of liquids.
See also
Liquid junction potential - the process which occurs when two solutions of different concentrations are in contact with each other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic%20particle%20detector
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Cryogenic particle detectors operate at very low temperature, typically only a few degrees above absolute zero. These sensors interact with an energetic elementary particle (such as a photon) and deliver a signal that can be related to the type of particle and the nature of the interaction. While many types of particle detectors might be operated with improved performance at cryogenic temperatures, this term generally refers to types that take advantage of special effects or properties occurring only at low temperature.
Introduction
The most commonly cited reason for operating any sensor at low temperature is the reduction in thermal noise, which is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature. However, at very low temperature, certain material properties become very sensitive to energy deposited by particles in their passage through the sensor, and the gain from these changes may be even more than that from reduction in thermal noise. Two such commonly used properties are heat capacity and electrical resistivity, particularly superconductivity; other designs are based on superconducting tunnel junctions, quasiparticle trapping, rotons in superfluids, magnetic bolometers, and other principles.
Originally, astronomy pushed the development of cryogenic detectors for optical and infrared radiation. Later, particle physics and cosmology motivated cryogenic detector development for sensing known and predicted particles such as neutrinos, axions, and weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs).
Types of cryogenic particle detectors
Calorimetric particle detection
A calorimeter is a device that measures the amount of heat deposited in a sample of material. A calorimeter differs from a bolometer in that a calorimeter measures energy, while a bolometer measures power.
Below the Debye temperature of a crystalline dielectric material (such as silicon), the heat capacity decreases inversely as the cube of the absolute temperature. It becomes very small, so
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20cylinder
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A hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It has many applications, notably in construction equipment (engineering vehicles), manufacturing machinery, elevators, and civil engineering.
A hydraulic cylinder is a hydraulic actuator that provides linear motion when hydraulic energy is converted into mechanical movement. It can be likened to a muscle in that, when the hydraulic system of a machine is activated, the cylinder is responsible for providing the motion.
Operation
Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is incompressible. Typically oil is used as hydraulic fluid. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber (cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end/head-end).
Flanges, trunnions, clevises, and lugs are common cylinder mounting options. The piston rod also has mounting attachments to connect the cylinder to the object or machine component that it is pushing or pulling.
A hydraulic cylinder is the actuator or "motor" side of this system. The "generator" side of the hydraulic system is the hydraulic pump which delivers a fixed or regulated flow of oil to the hydraulic cylinder, to move the piston. There are three types of pump widely used: hydraulic hand pump, hydraulic air pump, and hydraulic electric pump. The piston pushes the oil in the other chamber back to the reservoir. If we assume that the oil enters from the cap end, during extension stroke, and the oil pressure in the rod end/head end is approximately zero,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaato
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Smaato is a platform for digital advertising technology and ad serving. Smaato's self-serve omnichannel monetization solution allows publishers to manage their complete advertising stack in a single location. Monetization technology for advertising enables publishers to maintain free content.
Smaato was established in 2005 by Ragnar Kruse and Petra Vorsteher. Smaato gets its name from the Japanese word for "smart".
The Empire State Building in New York City is home to Smaato's headquarters. Smaato has offices in Hamburg, Berlin, Amsterdam, Seoul, Pune, Istanbul, Madrid, and Beijing. The company has over 190 employees from more than 40 different countries.
History
Smaato was established in 2005, and one year later, the company introduced its mobile supply-side platform (SSP). In 2012, Smaato launched its real-time bidding ad exchange. Thereafter, the company's focus shifted towards mobile acquisition and expansion of its automation platform's self-service aspect.
The Smaato Publisher Platform (SPX), a comprehensive publisher ad server, was launched by the company in 2015. The platform offers app developers and digital publishers the ability to profit from their properties immediately by employing real-time data to send targeted consumers to advertisers.
The next year, Smaato was picked by Google and incorporated into the AdMob and DoubleClick for Publishers platforms, through SDK-less mediation. Later in 2016, Smaato further developed its products for the demand side of mobile advertising. Smaato's Demand Platform (SDX) provided mobile ad traffic demand partners with increased flexibility and control. In 2016, Beijing-based Spearhead Integrated Marketing Communication Group acquired Smaato for $148 million.
In 2018, the company collaborated with Amazon Publisher Services (APS) to give demand partners within the app, the ability to access Amazon's Transparent Ad Marketplace inventory.
Smaato is currently focusing on leveraging artificial intelligence and machin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20variable
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In the C programming language, an external variable is a variable defined outside any function block. On the other hand, a local (automatic) variable is a variable defined inside a function block.
Definition, declaration and the extern keyword
To understand how external variables relate to the extern keyword, it is necessary to know the difference between defining and declaring a variable. When a variable is defined, the compiler allocates memory for that variable and possibly also initializes its contents to some value. When a variable is declared, the compiler requires that the variable be defined elsewhere. The declaration informs the compiler that a variable by that name and type exists, but the compiler does not need to allocate memory for it since it is allocated elsewhere.
The extern keyword means "declare without defining". In other words, it is a way to explicitly declare a variable, or to force a declaration without a definition. It is also possible to explicitly define a variable, i.e. to force a definition. It is done by assigning an initialization value to a variable. If neither the extern keyword nor an initialization value are present, the statement can be either a declaration or a definition. It is up to the compiler to analyse the modules of the program and decide.
A variable must be defined exactly once in one of the modules of the program. If there is no definition or more than one, an error is produced, possibly in the linking stage. A variable may be declared many times, as long as the declarations are consistent with each other and with the definition (something which header files facilitate greatly). It may be declared in many modules, including the module where it was defined, and even many times in the same module. But it is usually pointless to declare it more than once in a module.
An external variable may also be declared inside a function. In this case the extern keyword must be used, otherwise the compiler will consider it a definit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage
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Macrophages (abbreviated as Mφ, MΦ or MP) (, from Greek μακρός () = large, φαγεῖν () = to eat) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface. This process is called phagocytosis, which acts to defend the host against infection and injury.
Macrophages are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes. For example, they are important as antigen presenters to T cells. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections.
Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines. Macrophages that encourage inflammation are called M1 macrophages, whereas those that decrease inflammation and encourage tissue repair are called M2 macrophages. This difference is reflected in their metabolism; M1 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the "killer" molecule nitric oxide, whereas M2 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the "repair" molecule ornithine. However, this dichotomy has been recently questioned as further complexity has been discovered.
Human macrophages are about in diameter and are produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They can be i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20computer
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Hybrid computers are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical and numerical operations, while the analog component often serves as a solver of differential equations and other mathematically complex problems.
History
The first desktop hybrid computing system was the Hycomp 250, released by Packard Bell in 1961. Another early example was the HYDAC 2400, an integrated hybrid computer released by EAI in 1963. In the 1980s, Marconi Space and Defense Systems Limited (under Peggy Hodges) developed their "Starglow Hybrid Computer", which consisted of three EAI 8812 analog computers linked to an EAI 8100 digital computer, the latter also being linked to an SEL 3200 digital computer. Late in the 20th century, hybrids dwindled with the increasing capabilities of digital computers including digital signal processors.
In general, analog computers are extraordinarily fast, since they are able to solve most mathematically complex equations at the rate at which a signal traverses the circuit, which is generally an appreciable fraction of the speed of light. On the other hand, the precision of analog computers is not good; they are limited to three, or at most, four digits of precision.
Digital computers can be built to take the solution of equations to almost unlimited precision, but quite slowly compared to analog computers. Generally, complex mathematical equations are approximated using iterative methods which take huge numbers of iterations, depending on how good the initial "guess" at the final value is and how much precision is desired. (This initial guess is known as the numerical "seed".) For many real-time operations in the 20th century, such digital calculations were too slow to be of much use (e.g., for very high frequency phased array radars or for weather calculations), but the precision of an analog computer is insufficient.
Hybrid computers can be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST%201564
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LST 1564:2000 is a character encoding used to write the Lithuanian language. It is a modification of ISO/IEC 8859-13 to support the accented Lithuanian letters.
Codepage layout
The following table shows LST 1564. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as ASCII.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Doppler%20cooling
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Sub-Doppler cooling is a class of laser cooling techniques that reduce the temperature of atoms and molecules below the Doppler cooling limit. Doppler cooling processes have a cooling limit that is characterized by the momentum recoil from the emission of a photon from the particle.
Some methods of sub-Doppler cooling include optical molasses, Sisyphus cooling, evaporative cooling, free space Raman cooling, Raman side-band cooling, resolved sideband cooling, polarization gradient cooling, and the use of a dark magneto-optical trap.
For example, an optical molasses time-of-flight technique was used to cool sodium (Doppler limit ) to .
Some possible motivations for sub-doppler cooling include cooling to the motional ground state, a requirement for maintaining fidelity during many quantum computation operations.
Dark magneto-optical trap
A magneto-optical trap (MOT) is commonly used for cooling and trapping a substance by Doppler cooling. In the process of Doppler cooling, the red detuned light would be absorbed by atoms from one certain direction and re-emitted in a random direction. The electrons of the atoms would decay to an alternative ground states if the atoms have more than one hyperfine ground level. There is the case of all the atoms in the other ground states rather than the ground states of Doppler cooling, then system cannot cool the atoms further.
In order to solve this problem, the other re-pumping light would be incident on the system to repopulate the atoms to restart the Doppler cooling process. This would induce higher amounts of fluorescence being emitted from the atoms which can be absorbed by other atoms, acting as a repulsive force. Due to this problem, the Doppler limit would increase and is easy to meet. When there is a dark spot or lines on the shape of the re-pumping light, the atoms in the middle of the atomic gas would not be excited by the re-pumping light which can decrease the repulsion force from the previous cases.
This can he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublinear%20function
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In linear algebra, a sublinear function (or functional as is more often used in functional analysis), also called a quasi-seminorm or a Banach functional, on a vector space is a real-valued function with only some of the properties of a seminorm. Unlike seminorms, a sublinear function does not have to be nonnegative-valued and also does not have to be absolutely homogeneous. Seminorms are themselves abstractions of the more well known notion of norms, where a seminorm has all the defining properties of a norm that it is not required to map non-zero vectors to non-zero values.
In functional analysis the name Banach functional is sometimes used, reflecting that they are most commonly used when applying a general formulation of the Hahn–Banach theorem.
The notion of a sublinear function was introduced by Stefan Banach when he proved his version of the Hahn-Banach theorem.
There is also a different notion in computer science, described below, that also goes by the name "sublinear function."
Definitions
Let be a vector space over a field where is either the real numbers or complex numbers
A real-valued function on is called a (or a if ), and also sometimes called a or a , if it has these two properties:
Positive homogeneity/Nonnegative homogeneity: for all real and all
This condition holds if and only if for all positive real and all
Subadditivity/Triangle inequality: for all
This subadditivity condition requires to be real-valued.
A function is called or if for all although some authors define to instead mean that whenever these definitions are not equivalent.
It is a if for all
Every subadditive symmetric function is necessarily nonnegative.
A sublinear function on a real vector space is symmetric if and only if it is a seminorm.
A sublinear function on a real or complex vector space is a seminorm if and only if it is a balanced function or equivalently, if and only if for every unit length scalar (satisfying ) and ever
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum%20hypothesis
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In mathematics, specifically set theory, the continuum hypothesis (abbreviated CH) is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets. It states that
or equivalently, that
In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), this is equivalent to the following equation in aleph numbers: , or even shorter with beth numbers: .
The continuum hypothesis was advanced by Georg Cantor in 1878, and establishing its truth or falsehood is the first of Hilbert's 23 problems presented in 1900. The answer to this problem is independent of ZFC, so that either the continuum hypothesis or its negation can be added as an axiom to ZFC set theory, with the resulting theory being consistent if and only if ZFC is consistent. This independence was proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen, complementing earlier work by Kurt Gödel in 1940.
The name of the hypothesis comes from the term the continuum for the real numbers.
History
Cantor believed the continuum hypothesis to be true and for many years tried in vain to prove it. It became the first on David Hilbert's list of important open questions that was presented at the International Congress of Mathematicians in the year 1900 in Paris. Axiomatic set theory was at that point not yet formulated.
Kurt Gödel proved in 1940 that the negation of the continuum hypothesis, i.e., the existence of a set with intermediate cardinality, could not be proved in standard set theory. The second half of the independence of the continuum hypothesis – i.e., unprovability of the nonexistence of an intermediate-sized set – was proved in 1963 by Paul Cohen.
Cardinality of infinite sets
Two sets are said to have the same cardinality or cardinal number if there exists a bijection (a one-to-one correspondence) between them. Intuitively, for two sets S and T to have the same cardinality means that it is possible to "pair off" elements of S with elements of T in such a fashion that every element of S is paired off with exactly one element of T and vice
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposon%20tagging
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In genetic engineering, transposon tagging is a process where transposons (transposable elements) are amplified inside a biological cell by a tagging technique. Transposon tagging has been used with several species to isolate genes. Even without knowing the nature of the specific genes, the process can still be used.
In plants
By molecular separation of transposons, from a cell nucleus, the cloning is enabled for genes which contain the transposons.
By using transposon tagging, researchers have been able to add genetic elements from maize (corn) and Antirrhinum into some other species (such as tobacco, aspen and others). A gene responsible for a particular phenotype can be cloned within a given species, when movement is accompanied by the presence of a mutant phenotype.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20704
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The IBM 704 is a large digital mainframe computer introduced by IBM in 1954. It was the first mass-produced computer with hardware for floating-point arithmetic. The IBM 704 Manual of operation states:
The type 704 Electronic Data-Processing Machine is a large-scale, high-speed electronic calculator controlled by an internally stored program of the single address type.
The 704 at that time was thus regarded as "pretty much the only computer that could handle complex math". The 704 was a significant improvement over the earlier IBM 701 in terms of architecture and implementation. Like the 701, the 704 uses vacuum-tube logic circuitry, but increased the instruction size from 18 bits to 36 bits, the same as the memory's word size. Changes from the 701 include the use of magnetic-core memory instead of Williams tubes, floating-point arithmetic instructions, 15-bit addressing and the addition of three index registers. To support these new features, the instructions were expanded to use the full 36-bit word. The new instruction set, which is not compatible with the 701, became the base for the "scientific architecture" subclass of the IBM 700/7000 series computers.
The 704 can execute up to 12,000 floating-point additions per second. IBM produced 123 type 704 systems between 1955 and 1960.
Landmarks
The programming languages FORTRAN and LISP were first developed for the 704, as was the SAP assembler—Symbolic Assembly Program, later distributed by SHARE as SHARE Assembly Program.
MUSIC, the first computer music program, was developed on the IBM 704 by Max Mathews.
In 1962, physicist John Larry Kelly, Jr. created one of the most famous moments in the history of Bell Labs by using an IBM 704 computer to synthesize speech. Kelly's voice recorder synthesizer vocoder recreated the song Daisy Bell, with musical accompaniment from Max Mathews. Arthur C. Clarke was coincidentally visiting friend and colleague John Pierce at the Bell Labs Murray Hill facility at the time of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20physics%20articles%20%28T%29
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The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below.
T
Τ–θ puzzle
T-15 (reactor)
T-J model
T-duality
T-symmetry
T. H. Laby
T. Neil Davis
T. V. Ramakrishnan
T2K experiment
TAMA 300
TASSO
TEA laser
Terahertz radiation
TINKER
TORRO scale
TOTEM
TRACER (cosmic ray detector)
TRIGA
Troitsk Institute of Innovative and Thermonuclear Research
TRIUMF
T meson
Ta-You Wu
Table of nuclides
Table of radioactive decay
Table of thermodynamic equations
Tachyon
Tachyon condensation
Tachyonic antitelephone
Tachyonic field
Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)
Tadeusz Banachiewicz
Tadpole (physics)
Tai Tsun Wu
Tailless aircraft
Tailwind
Tait equation
Takahiko Yamanouchi
Takens' theorem
Taketani Mitsuo
Taksu Cheon
Talbot cavity
Tamiaki Yoneya
Tandem Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron
Tandem Van de Graaff
Tangent modulus
Tangent stiffness matrix
Tangloids
Tanjore Ramachandra Anantharaman
Tanya Atwater
Target strength
Tatyana Sapunova
Tau (particle)
Tau neutrino
Taub-NUT vacuum
Tauonium
Taylor column
Taylor cone
Taylor dispersion
Taylor microscale
Taylor number
Taylor state
Taylor vortex
Taylor–Couette flow
Taylor–Goldstein equation
Taylor–Green vortex
Taylor–Proudman theorem
Tea leaf paradox
Tears of wine
Technetium-99m
Technetium-99m generator
Technical atmosphere
Technical report
Technicolor (physics)
Technological applications of superconductivity
Tecplot
Tectonophysics
Tectonophysics (journal)
Ted Jacobson
Ted Taylor (physicist)
Tekin Dereli
Teleforce
Telegeodynamics
Teleidoscope
Teleparallelism
Telescope
Telescope Array Project
Telescoping (mechanics)
Telluric current
Teltron tube
Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti
Temperature
Temperature coefficient
Temperature control
Temperature dependence of liquid viscosity
Temperature measurement
Temperature–entropy diagram
Temporal paradox
Tendex line
Tennis racket theorem
Tensile stress
Tensiometer (surface tension)
Tension (physics)
Tensometer
Tensor
Tensor calculu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban%20medical%20internationalism
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After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, Cuba established a program to send its medical personnel overseas, particularly to Latin America, Africa, and Oceania, and to bring medical students and patients to Cuba for training and treatment respectively. In 2007, Cuba had 42,000 workers in international collaborations in 103 countries, of whom more than 30,000 were health personnel, including at least 19,000 physicians. Cuba provides more medical personnel to the developing world than all the G8 countries combined. The Cuban missions have had substantial positive local impacts on the populations served. It is widely believed that medical workers are a vital export commodity for Cuba. According to Granma, the Cuban state newspaper, the number of Cuban medical staff abroad fell from 50,000 in 2015 to 28,000 in 2020.
A major criticism of Cuban medical internationalism is that the doctors involved that are sent by Cuba are sometimes sent against their will, and with little to no compensation for their services—as opposed to medical international aid from nearly any other country.
Missions abroad
A 2007 academic study on Cuban internationalism surveyed the history of the program, noting its broad sweep: "Since the early 1960s, 28,422 Cuban health workers have worked in 37 Latin American countries, 31,181 in 33 African countries, and 7,986 in 24 Asian countries. Throughout a period of four decades, Cuba sent 67,000 health workers to structural cooperation programs, usually for at least two years, in 94 countries ... an average of 3,350 health workers working abroad every year between 1960 and 2000". In November 2019, the United Nations estimated that there were around 30,000 Cuban doctors active in 67 countries. Since 1963, more than 600,000 Cuban health workers have provided medical services in more than 160 countries. In 2020, Cuban doctors were active in over 60 countries.
The term "disaster tourism" arose in response to a growing number of large-scale natural disasters. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypharmacy
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Polypharmacy (polypragmasia) is an umbrella term to describe the simultaneous use of multiple medicines by a patient for their conditions. The term polypharmacy is often defined as regularly taking five or more medicines but there is no standard definition and the term has also been used in the context of when a person is prescribed 2 or more medications at the same time. Polypharmacy may be the consequence of having multiple long-term conditions, also known as multimorbidity and is more common in people who are older. In some cases, an excessive number of medications at the same time is worrisome, especially for people who are older with many chronic health conditions, because this increases the risk of an adverse event in that population. In many cases, polypharmacy cannot be avoided, but 'appropriate polypharmacy' practices are encouraged to decrease the risk of adverse effects. Appropriate polypharmacy is defined as the practice of prescribing for a person who has multiple conditions or complex health needs by ensuring that medications prescribed are optimized and follow 'best evidence' practices.
The prevalence of polypharmacy is estimated to be between 10% and 90% depending on the definition used, the age group studied, and the geographic location. Polypharmacy continues to grow in importance because of aging populations. Many countries are experiencing a fast growth of the older population, 65 years and older. This growth is a result of the baby-boomer generation getting older and an increased life expectancy as a result of ongoing improvement in health care services worldwide. About 21% of adults with intellectual disability are also exposed to polypharmacy. The level of polypharmacy has been increasing in the past decades. Research in the USA shows that the percentage of patients greater than 65 years-old using more than 5 medications increased from 24% to 39% between 1999 and 2012. Similarly, research in the UK found that the number of older people takin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycylpeptide%20N-tetradecanoyltransferase%201
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Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase 1 also known as myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT-1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NMT1 gene. It belongs to the protein N-terminal methyltransferase and glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase family of enzymes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20beliefs%20about%20the%20human%20body
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The human body has been subject of much debate. How people are defined, and what defined them – be it their anatomy or their energy or both – depends on culture and time. Culture not only defines how sex is perceived but also how gender is defined. Today gender, sex, and identity continue to be of much debate and change based on what place and people are being examined.
The early modern idea of the body was a cultural ideal, an understanding and approach to how the body works and what place that body has in the world. All cultural ideals of the body in the early modern period deal with deficiencies and disorders within a body, commonly told through a male ideal. Ideas of the body in the early modern period form the history of how bodies should be and how to correct the body when something has gone wrong. Therefore, early modern conceptions of the body were not biological as there was not a restrictive biological view of the human body as established by modern science.
Conceptions of the body are primarily either eastern, based in China and involving practices such as Traditional chinese medicine, or western, which follows the Greek traditions of science and is more closely related to modern science despite original anatomists and ideas of the body being just as unscientific as Chinese practices.
Historiography
In Western historical research, scholars began investigating the cultural history of the human body in detail in the 1980s. The movement is particularly associated with the historian of medicine Roy Porter, whose 1991 article 'History of the Body' was a seminal study. 1995 saw the foundation of the journal Body and Society, by which time the field of the history of the body was already extensive and diverse.
Porter pointed out that Western historiography had previously assumed mind–body dualism (i.e. that the body is fundamentally separate from the mind or soul) and therefore that the cultural history of bodies as material objects had been overlooke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Harman
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Christopher Gill Harman is a British insurance broker and underwriter who is a name at Lloyd's of London.
Harman is a philatelist who was formerly president of the Royal Philatelic Society London. He signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 2003.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiet%20area
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"Quiet area" or "quiet areas" is a concept used in landscape planning to highlight areas with good sound quality and limited noise disturbance. The concept is typically used in nature and nature-like areas with high experiential values and/or high accessibility. Despite the name, quiet areas are not "quiet" in the strictest meaning of the word. Rather, they imply a relative quietness, where other sounds than noise are given the chance to come forward. For instance, sounds of nature are often subtle in character, and require absence of noise to be heard. Quietness in its true sense hardly exists at all.
Background and history
In the planning processes for everyday landscapes, the sound environment has traditionally been given relatively low priority. If sound is at all considered, it is mostly in response to problems with environmental noise, dealt with through measurements of sound pressure levels and technical solutions.
Strategies to avoid noise have existed at least since ancient Greece and have been implemented on a wider scale since the 1970s in the western world. While playing a critical role to reduce noise and associated problems with health, noise management does not take account of the experiential qualities inherent in sound. With "quiet areas", it can be said that focus started to shift from noise to include also the potential qualities in the sound environment, like twittering birds, rustling vegetation and rippling water. This holistic way of thinking is in line with the discourse on soundscape, a research field that started to become influential around the same time as the concept of quiet areas was introduced.
In the EU, the notion of quiet areas can be traced to 1996 when it was mentioned in a Green Paper on "Future Noise Policy". Today, the concept is mostly associated with the influential directive on environmental noise from 2002 (2002/49/EC), where it is stipulated that member states should map their quiet areas as well as formulate strategi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminaria%20digitata
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Laminaria digitata is a large brown alga in the family Laminariaceae, also known by the common name oarweed. It is found in the sublittoral zone of the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Description
Laminaria digitata is a tough, leathery, dark brown seaweed that grows to two or three metres. The holdfast which anchors it to the rock is conical and has a number of spreading root-like protrusions called rhizoids. The stipe or stalk is flexible and oval in cross section and may be over 1 inch in diameter and grow to 5 feet in length. The blade is large and shaped like the palm of a hand with a number of more or less regular finger-like segments. This seaweed can be distinguished from the rather similar Laminaria hyperborea by being darker in colour and having a shorter stipe that does not easily snap when bent.
Reproduction
The life cycle is of the large diploid sporophytes and microscopic gametophytes. Spores develop in sori which occur over the central part of the blade.
Distribution
Laminaria digitata occurs in the north west Atlantic from Greenland south to Cape Cod and in the north east Atlantic from northern Russia and Iceland south to France. It is common round the coasts of the British Isles except for much of the east coast of England.
Ecology
Laminaria digitata is found mostly on exposed sites on shores in the lower littoral where it may form extensive meadows and can be the dominant algal species. It has a fairly high intrinsic growth rate compared to other algae, 5.5% per day, and a carrying capacity of about 40 kg wet weight per square meter. It may reach lengths of about 4 m. It overlaps to a small degree in distribution with Fucus serratus and Alaria esculenta. It is highly susceptible to grazing by sea urchins, among other species. It has low and high light limitation values of about 5 and 70 W per square meter respectively. Its distribution is also limited by salinity, wave exposure, temperature, desiccation and general stress. These and other attributes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoma
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A sarcoma is a malignant tumor, a type of cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal (connective tissue) origin. Connective tissue is a broad term that includes bone, cartilage, fat, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues, and sarcomas can arise in any of these types of tissues. As a result, there are many subtypes of sarcoma, which are classified based on the specific tissue and type of cell from which the tumor originates. Sarcomas are primary connective tissue tumors, meaning that they arise in connective tissues. This is in contrast to secondary (or "metastatic") connective tissue tumors, which occur when a cancer from elsewhere in the body (such as the lungs, breast tissue or prostate) spreads to the connective tissue. Sarcomas are one of five different types of cancer, classified by the cell type from which they originate. The word sarcoma is derived from the Greek 'fleshy excrescence or substance', itself from σάρξ meaning 'flesh'.
Classification
Sarcomas are typically divided into two major groups: bone sarcomas and soft-tissue sarcomas, each of which has multiple subtypes. In the United States, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) publishes guidelines that classify the subtypes of sarcoma. These subtypes are as follows:
Subtypes of bone sarcoma
Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Poorly differentiated round/spindle cell tumors (includes Ewing sarcoma)
Hemangioendothelioma
Angiosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma/myofibrosarcoma
Chordoma
Adamantinoma
Other:
Liposarcoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
Malignant solitary fibrous tumor.
Subtypes of soft-tissue sarcoma
Liposarcoma (includes the following varieties: atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma, myxoid sarcoma, pleomorphic liposarcoma, and myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma
Atypical lipomatous tumor
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (includes pigmented varieties)
Dermatofibrosarcoma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20engineering
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Domain engineering, is the entire process of reusing domain knowledge in the production of new software systems. It is a key concept in systematic software reuse and product line engineering. A key idea in systematic software reuse is the domain. Most organizations work in only a few domains. They repeatedly build similar systems within a given domain with variations to meet different customer needs. Rather than building each new system variant from scratch, significant savings may be achieved by reusing portions of previous systems in the domain to build new ones.
The process of identifying domains, bounding them, and discovering commonalities and variabilities among the systems in the domain is called domain analysis. This information is captured in models that are used in the domain implementation phase to create artifacts such as reusable components, a domain-specific language, or application generators that can be used to build new systems in the domain.
In product line engineering as defined by ISO26550:2015, the Domain Engineering is complemented by Application Engineering which takes care of the life cycle of the individual products derived from the product line.
Purpose
Domain engineering is designed to improve the quality of developed software products through reuse of software artifacts. Domain engineering shows that most developed software systems are not new systems but rather variants of other systems within the same field. As a result, through the use of domain engineering, businesses can maximize profits and reduce time-to-market by using the concepts and implementations from prior software systems and applying them to the target system. The reduction in cost is evident even during the implementation phase. One study showed that the use of domain-specific languages allowed code size, in both number of methods and number of symbols, to be reduced by over 50%, and the total number of lines of code to be reduced by nearly 75%.
Domain engineering foc
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