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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20Start%20menu%20replacements%20for%20Windows%208
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Microsoft's Windows 8 operating system introduced an updated Start menu known as the "Start screen", which uses a full-screen design consisting of tiles to represent applications. This replaced the Windows desktop as the primary interface of the operating system. Additionally, the on-screen Start button was replaced by a hidden button in the corner of the screen; Microsoft explained that the Start button was removed because few people used it, noting the addition of "pinning" apps to the taskbar from Windows 7.
The change was controversial among users, and a market ensued for applications which restore the visible Start button, emulate the previous Start menu design, or allow users to boot directly to the Desktop instead of the Start screen.
The following is a list of Start menu replacements for Windows 8 which have received coverage from third-party sources:
The number of skins in the table givens the number of built-in skins. If there are downloadable skins, then a "+" is appended to the number to indicate that download extensions are possible.
RetroUI, StartIsBack, Classic Shell, Start8, and Pokki are five of the more notable of these. RetroUI is offered in 33 languages, and also for Windows Server 2012, and adds a taskbar and resizable windows. StartIsBack is also localized. Classic Shell used to be free and open source (now proprietary freeware), major items are localized and installing the Language Pack from Windows Update makes all items fully localized; Classic Shell is also available for Windows 7 and Windows Server, and claims over 25 million downloads. The Pokki download to restore the Start menu is free; as of January 2013, it has about 1.5 million users. The Pokki application platform, based on Chromium, enables desktop applications to be built—like mobile apps—using standard web languages like HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. It is also available for Windows XP and Windows 7. Pokki has raised $21.5M from investors like Google, Intel, and O'Reilly; its
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regin%20%28malware%29
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Regin (also known as Prax or QWERTY) is a sophisticated malware and hacking toolkit used by United States' National Security Agency (NSA) and its British counterpart, the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). It was first publicly revealed by Kaspersky Lab, Symantec, and The Intercept in November 2014. The malware targets specific users of Microsoft Windows-based computers and has been linked to the US intelligence-gathering agency NSA and its British counterpart, the GCHQ. The Intercept provided samples of Regin for download, including malware discovered at a Belgian telecommunications provider, Belgacom. Kaspersky Lab says it first became aware of Regin in spring 2012, but some of the earliest samples date from 2003. (The name Regin is first found on the VirusTotal website on 9 March 2011.) Among computers infected worldwide by Regin, 28 percent were in Russia, 24 percent in Saudi Arabia, 9 percent each in Mexico and Ireland, and 5 percent in each of India, Afghanistan, Iran, Belgium, Austria, and Pakistan.
Kaspersky has said the malware's main victims are private individuals, small businesses and telecom companies. Regin has been compared to Stuxnet and is thought to have been developed by "well-resourced teams of developers", possibly a Western government, as a targeted multi-purpose data collection tool.
According to Die Welt, security experts at Microsoft gave it the name "Regin" in 2011, after the cunning Norse dwarf Regin.
Operation
Regin uses a modular approach allowing it to load features that exactly fit the target, enabling customized spying. The design makes it highly suited for persistent, long-term mass surveillance operations against targets.
Regin is stealthy and does not store multiple files on the infected system; instead it uses its own encrypted virtual file system (EVFS) entirely contained within what looks like a single file with an innocuous name to the host, within which files are identified only by a numeric code, not a name.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaadin
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Vaadin () is an open-source web application development platform for Java. Vaadin includes a set of Web Components, a Java web framework, and a set of tools that enable developers to implement modern web graphical user interfaces (GUI) using the Java programming language only (instead of HTML and JavaScript), TypeScript only, or a combination of both.
History
Development was first started as an adapter on top of the Millstone 3 open-source web framework released in the year 2002. It introduced an Ajax-based client communication and rendering engine. During 2006 this concept was then developed separately as a commercial product. As a consequence of this, a large part of Vaadin's server-side API is still compatible with Millstone's Swing-like APIs.
In early 2007 the product name was changed to IT Mill Toolkit and version 4 was released. It used a proprietary JavaScript Ajax-implementation for the client-side rendering, which made it rather complicated to implement new widgets. By the end of the year 2007 the proprietary client-side implementation was abandoned and GWT was integrated on top of the server-side components. At the same time, the product license was changed to the open source Apache License 2.0. The first production-ready release of IT Mill Toolkit 5 was made on March 4, 2009, after an over one year beta period.
On September 11, 2008, it was publicly announced that Michael Widenius–the main author of the original version of MySQL–invested in IT Mill, the developer of Vaadin. The size of the investment is undisclosed.
On May 20, 2009, IT Mill Toolkit changed its name to Vaadin Framework. The name originates from the Finnish word for doe, more precisely put, a female reindeer. It can also be translated from Finnish as "I insist". In addition to the name change, a pre-release of version 6 along with a community website was launched. Later, IT Mill Ltd, the company behind the open source Vaadin Framework, changed its name to Vaadin Ltd.
On March 30, 2010,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorization
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Sensorization is a modern technology trend to insert many similar sensors in any device or application. Some scientists believe that sensorization is one of main requirements for third technological revolution.
As a result of significant prices drop in recent years there is a trend to include large number of sensors with the same or different function in one device. An example is the evolution of the iPhone.
See also
Acsensorize
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20seas
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Polar seas is a collective term for the Arctic Ocean (about 4-5 percent of Earth's oceans) and the southern part of the Southern Ocean (south of Antarctic Convergence, about 10 percent of Earth's oceans). In the coldest years, sea ice can cover around 13 percent of the Earth's total surface at its maximum, but out of phase in the two hemispheres. The polar seas contain a huge biome with many organisms.
Among the species that inhabit various polar seas and surrounding land areas are polar bear, reindeer (caribou), muskox, wolverine, ermine, lemming, Arctic hare, Arctic ground squirrel, whale, harp seal, and walrus. These species have unique adaptations to the extreme conditions. Many might be endangered if they cannot adapt to changing conditions. Contrary to popular opinion, the World Wildlife Fund studies for polar bears show that this species has prospered since 1950, attaining five times the numbers found in 1950. In general, Arctic ecosystems are relatively fragile and slow to recover from serious damage.
Arctic
A large amount of the land in the north polar region is part of Earth's tundra biome. South of the Arctic tundra, where temperatures are a little less cold, are the vast forests of conifer trees of the taiga biome. North of the Arctic tundra are polar bears and the unique marine life of the Arctic Ocean.
The Arctic ocean has relatively abundant plant life. Nutrients from rivers along with mixing and upwelling from storms contribute mixed layer nutrients which are essential for Arctic phytoplankton development. During summer, nearly continuous solar insolation encourages phytoplankta blooms.
The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by continents and has a few narrow, relatively shallow connections to the large ocean basins to the south. Large amounts of riverine fresh water as well as abundant nutrients (gelbstoff) flow into the Arctic basin from Siberian rivers. The widest continental shelf on the planet is found in the Arctic Ocean, extending more than 1000 k
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochronous%20timing
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A sequence of events is isochronous if the events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals. The term isochronous is used in several technical contexts, but usually refers to the primary subject maintaining a constant period or interval (the reciprocal of frequency), despite variations in other measurable factors in the same system. Isochronous timing is a characteristic of a repeating event whereas synchronous timing refers to the relationship between two or more events.
In dynamical systems theory, an oscillator is called isochronous if its frequency is independent of its amplitude.
In horology, a mechanical clock or watch is isochronous if it runs at the same rate regardless of changes in its drive force, so that it keeps correct time as its mainspring unwinds or chain length varies. Isochrony is important in timekeeping devices. Simply put, if a power providing device (ie a spring or weight) provides constant torque to the wheel train, it is isochronous (since springs provide weaker power the less pressure is applied it isn't isochronous, but since gravity's force on a mass is constant then it is isochronous).
In electrical power generation, isochronous means that the frequency of the electricity generated is constant under varying load; there is zero generator droop. (See Synchronization (alternating current).)
In telecommunications, an isochronous signal is one where the time interval separating any two corresponding transitions is equal to the unit interval or to a multiple of the unit interval; but phase is arbitrary and potentially varying.
The term is also used in data transmission to describe cases in which corresponding significant instants of two or more sequential signals have a constant phase relationship.
Isochronous burst transmission is used when the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the input data signaling rate.
In the Universal Serial Bus used in computers, isochronous is one of the four data flow types for USB devices (the other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truly%20International%20Holdings
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Truly Semiconductors Ltd () is a company producing LCD panels and modules, established in 1991 with its headquarters in Hong Kong and manufacturing grounds in Shanwei, Guangdong, China.
Overview
Truly Semiconductors Ltd manufactures LCDs, in panel, module, compact camera modules and touch panels for different industries like Automotive, Medical, Industrial, Defense, telecommunication etc...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUIDE-Seq
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GUIDE-Seq (Genome-wide, Unbiased Identification of DSBs Enabled by Sequencing) is a molecular biology technique that allows for the unbiased in vitro detection of off-target genome editing events in DNA caused by CRISPR/Cas9 as well as other RNA-guided nucleases in living cells. Similar to LAM-PCR, it employs multiple PCRs to amplify regions of interest that contain a specific insert that preferentially integrates into double-stranded breaks. As gene therapy is an emerging field, GUIDE-Seq has gained traction as a cheap method to detect the off-target effects of potential therapeutics without needing whole genome sequencing.
Principles
Conceived to work in concert with next-gen sequencing platforms such as Illumina dye sequencing, GUIDE-Seq relies on the integration of a blunt, double-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (dsODN) that has been phosphothioated on two of the phosphate linkages on the 5' end of both strands. The dsODN cassette integrates into any site in the genome that contains a double-stranded break (DSB). This means that along with the target and off-target sites that may exist as a result of the activity of a nuclease, the dsODN cassette will also integrate into any spurious sites in the genome that have a DSB. This makes it critical to have a dsODN only condition that controls for errant and naturally occurring DSBs, and is required to use the GUIDE-seq bioinformatic pipeline.
After integration of the dsODN cassette, genomic DNA (gDNA) is extracted from the cell culture and sheared to 500bp fragments via sonication. The resulting sheared gDNA undergoes end-repair and adapter ligation. From here, DNA specifically containing the dsODN insert is amplified via two rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that proceeds in a unidirectional manner starting from the primers that are complementary to the dsODN. This process allows for the reading of the adjacent sequences, both the sense and anti-sense strands, flanking the insert. The final product is a pano
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20forecasting
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Ecological forecasting uses knowledge of physics, ecology and physiology to predict how ecological populations, communities, or ecosystems will change in the future in response to environmental factors such as climate change. The goal of the approach is to provide natural resource managers with information to anticipate and respond to short and long-term climate conditions.
Changing climate conditions present ecologists with the challenge to predict where, when and with what magnitude changes are likely to occur so that we can mitigate or at least prepare for them. Ecological forecasting applies existing knowledge of ecosystem interactions to predict how changes in environmental factors might result in changes to the ecosystems as a whole.
One of the most complete sources on the topic is the book Ecological Forecasting written by Michael C. Dietze.
Methods
Ecologists shifted towards Bayesian methods starting 1990, when improvements in computational power allowed the use of more demanding computational statistics such as Hierarchical Bayes. This kind of analysis employs a Bayesian Network that provides a probabilistic graphical model of a set of parameters, and can accommodate unobserved variables. A Bayesian structure is a probabilistic approach that is flexible for high-dimensional data, and allows ecologists to separate sources of uncertainty in their models.
Forecasts can leverage Bayes' Theorem and be iteratively updated with new observations using a process called Data Assimilation. Data Assimilation combines observations on different temporal and geographic scales with forecasts, all of which combine to provide more information than any one data source alone. Some ecologists have found this framework to be useful for ecological models as they often rely on a wide range of data sources.
Models
Ecological forecasting varies in spatial and temporal extent, as well as in what is being forecast (presence, abundance, diversity, production, etc.).
Population
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20models%20of%20food%20sharing
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Evolutionary biologists have developed various theoretical models to explain the evolution of food-sharing behavior—"[d]efined as the unresisted transfer of food" from one food-motivated individual to another—among humans and other animals.
Models of food-sharing are based upon general evolutionary theory. When applied to human behavior, these models are considered a branch of human behavioral ecology. Researchers have developed several types of food-sharing models, involving phenomena such as kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated theft, group cooperation, and costly signaling. Kin-selection and reciprocal-altruism models of food-sharing are based upon evolutionary concepts of kin selection and altruism. Since the theoretical basis of these models involves reproductive fitness, one underlying assumption of these models is that greater resource-accumulation increases reproductive fitness. Food-sharing has been theorized as an important development in early human evolution.
Kin selection models
W. D. Hamilton was among the first to propose an explanation for natural selection of altruistic behaviors among related individuals. According to his model, natural selection will favor altruistic behavior towards kin when the benefit (as a contributing factor to reproductive fitness) towards the recipient (scaled based upon Wright's coefficient of genetic relatedness between donor and recipient) outweighs the cost of giving. In other words, kin selection implies that food will be given when there is a great benefit to the recipient with low cost to the donor. An example of this would be sharing food among kin during a period of surplus. The implications of kin-selection is that natural selection will also favor the development of ways of determining kin from non-kin and close kin from distant kin. When Hamilton's rule is applied to food-sharing behavior, a simple expectation of the model is that close kin should receive food shares either more frequently or in lar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust-specific%20fuel%20consumption
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Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) is the fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output. TSFC may also be thought of as fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust (newtons, or N), hence thrust-specific. This figure is inversely proportional to specific impulse, which is the amount of thrust produced per unit fuel consumed.
TSFC or SFC for thrust engines (e.g. turbojets, turbofans, ramjets, rockets, etc.) is the mass of fuel needed to provide the net thrust for a given period e.g. lb/(h·lbf) (pounds of fuel per hour-pound of thrust) or g/(s·kN) (grams of fuel per second-kilonewton). Mass of fuel is used, rather than volume (gallons or litres) for the fuel measure, since it is independent of temperature.
Specific fuel consumption of air-breathing jet engines at their maximum efficiency is more or less proportional to exhaust speed. The fuel consumption per mile or per kilometre is a more appropriate comparison for aircraft that travel at very different speeds. There also exists power-specific fuel consumption, which equals the thrust-specific fuel consumption divided by speed. It can have units of pounds per hour per horsepower.
Significance of SFC
SFC is dependent on engine design, but differences in the SFC between different engines using the same underlying technology tend to be quite small. Increasing overall pressure ratio on jet engines tends to decrease SFC.
In practical applications, other factors are usually highly significant in determining the fuel efficiency of a particular engine design in that particular application. For instance, in aircraft, turbine (jet and turboprop) engines are typically much smaller and lighter than equivalently powerful piston engine designs, both properties reducing the levels of drag on the plane and reducing the amount of power needed to move the aircraft. Therefore, turbines are more efficient for aircraft propulsion than might be indicated by a simplistic look at the table below.
SFC vari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%28II%29%20iodide
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Mercury(II) iodide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula HgI2. It is typically produced synthetically but can also be found in nature as the extremely rare mineral coccinite. Unlike the related mercury(II) chloride it is hardly soluble in water (<100 ppm).
Production
Mercury(II) iodide is produced by adding an aqueous solution of potassium iodide to an aqueous solution of mercury(II) chloride with stirring; the precipitate is filtered off, washed and dried at 70 °C.
HgCl2 + 2 KI → HgI2 + 2 KCl
Properties
Mercury(II) iodide displays thermochromism; when heated above 126 °C (400 K) it undergoes a phase transition, from the red alpha crystalline form to a pale yellow beta form. As the sample cools, it gradually reacquires its original colour. It has often been used for thermochromism demonstrations. A third form, which is orange, is also known; this can be formed by recrystallisation and is also metastable, eventually converting back to the red alpha form. The various forms can exist in a diverse range of crystal structures and as a result mercury(II) iodide possesses a surprisingly complex phase diagram.
Uses
Mercury(II) iodide is used for preparation of Nessler's reagent, used for detection of presence of ammonia.
Mercury(II) iodide is a semiconductor material, used in some x-ray and gamma ray detection and imaging devices operating at room temperatures.
In veterinary medicine, mercury(II) iodide is used in blister ointments in exostoses, bursal enlargement, etc.
It can appear as a precipitate in many reactions.
See also
Mercury(I) iodide, Hg2I2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component%20television
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Component television is a form factor in which a television set is sold as a system of separate components, similar to audio components. For example, a component television system is a monitor, tuner and speakers sold separately and which can be integrated into a single system. The component television form factor began in 1980 (but became notable in 1982) with Sony's ProFeel television line and became a design fad with many manufacturers until the late 1980s.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OutSystems
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OutSystems is a Low-code development platform which provides tools for companies to develop, deploy and manage omnichannel enterprise applications.
OutSystems was founded in 2001 in Lisbon, Portugal.
In June 2018 OutSystems secured a $360M round of funding from KKR and Goldman Sachs and reached the status of Unicorn.
In February 2021 OutSystems raised another $150M investment from a round co-led by Abdiel Capital and Tiger Global Management, having a total valuation of $9.5 Billion.
OutSystems is a member of the Consortium of IT Software Quality (CISQ).
Products
OutSystems is a low-code development platform for the development of mobile and web enterprise applications, which run in the cloud, on-premises or in hybrid environments.
In 2014 OutSystems launched a free version of the platform that provides developers with personal cloud environments to create and deploy web and mobile applications without charge. The current version is 11.53, for both the paid and unpaid versions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development%20testing
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Development testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs.
Depending on the organization's expectations for software development, development testing might include static code analysis, data flow analysis, metrics analysis, peer code reviews, unit testing, code coverage analysis, traceability, and other software verification practices.
Overview
Development testing is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction phase of the software development lifecycle.
Rather than replace traditional QA focuses, it augments it. Development testing aims to eliminate construction errors before code is promoted to QA; this strategy is intended to increase the quality of the resulting software as well as the efficiency of the overall development and QA process.
Purposes and benefits
Development testing is applied for the following main purposes:
Quality assurance—To improve the overall development and test process by building quality and security into the software (rather than trying to test defects/vulnerabilities out).
Industry or Regulatory Compliance—To achieve compliance with industry or regulatory compliance initiatives (e.g.., FDA, IEC 62304, DO-178B, DO-178C, ISO 26262, IEC 61508, etc.) that commonly require strict risk reduction as well as bidirectional requirements traceability (e.g., between requirements, tests, code reviews, source code, defects, tasks, etc.)
VDC research reports that the standardized implementation of development testing processes within an overarching standardized process not only improves software quality (by aligning development activities with proven best practices) but also increases project predictability. voke research reports that development testing makes software more predictable, traceable, visible, and transparent throughout the software develop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20melting
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Zone melting (or zone refining, or floating-zone method, or floating-zone technique) is a group of similar methods of purifying crystals, in which a narrow region of a crystal is melted, and this molten zone is moved along the crystal. The molten region melts impure solid at its forward edge and leaves a wake of purer material solidified behind it as it moves through the ingot. The impurities concentrate in the melt, and are moved to one end of the ingot. Zone refining was invented by John Desmond Bernal and further developed by William G. Pfann in Bell Labs as a method to prepare high-purity materials, mainly semiconductors, for manufacturing transistors. Its first commercial use was in germanium, refined to one atom of impurity per ten billion, but the process can be extended to virtually any solute–solvent system having an appreciable concentration difference between solid and liquid phases at equilibrium. This process is also known as the float zone process, particularly in semiconductor materials processing.
Process details
The principle is that the segregation coefficient k (the ratio of an impurity in the solid phase to that in the liquid phase) is usually less than one. Therefore, at the solid/liquid boundary, the impurity atoms will diffuse to the liquid region. Thus, by passing a crystal boule through a thin section of furnace very slowly, such that only a small region of the boule is molten at any time, the impurities will be segregated at the end of the crystal. Because of the lack of impurities in the leftover regions which solidify, the boule can grow as a perfect single crystal if a seed crystal is placed at the base to initiate a chosen direction of crystal growth. When high purity is required, such as in semiconductor industry, the impure end of the boule is cut off, and the refining is repeated.
In zone refining, solutes are segregated at one end of the ingot in order to purify the remainder, or to concentrate the impurities. In zone leveling, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20differential
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In automotive engineering the electronic differential is a form of differential, which provides the required torque for each driving wheel and allows different wheel speeds. It is used in place of the mechanical differential in multi-drive systems. When cornering, the inner and outer wheels rotate at different speeds, because the inner wheels describe a smaller turning radius. The electronic differential uses the steering wheel command signal and the motor speed signals to control the power to each wheel so that all wheels are supplied with the torque they need.
Functional description
The classical automobile drivetrain is composed by a single Internal combustion engine providing torque to one or more driving wheels. The most common solution is to use a mechanical device to distribute torque to the wheels. This mechanical differential allows different wheel speeds when cornering. With the emergence of electric vehicles new drive train configurations are possible. Multi-drive systems become easy to implement due to the large power density of electric motors. These systems, usually with one motor per driving wheel, need an additional top level controller which performs the same task as a mechanical differential.
The ED scheme has several advantages over a mechanical differential:
simplicity - it avoids additional mechanical parts such as a gearbox or clutch;
independent torque for each wheel allows additional capabilities (e.g., traction control, stability control);
reconfigurable - it is reprogrammable in order to include new features or tuned according to the driver’s preferences;
allows distributed regenerative braking;
the torque is not limited by the wheel with least traction, as it is with a mechanical differential.
faster response times;
accurate knowledge of traction torque per wheel.
Applications
Several applications of this technology have proven successful and have increased vehicle performance. The application range is wide and includes the h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20semantics%20%28computing%29
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In computing and parallel processing, memory semantics refers to the process logic used to control access to shared memory locations, or at a higher level to shared variables in the presence of multiple threads or processors.
Memory semantics may also be defined for transactional memory, where issues related to the interaction of transactions and locks, and user-level actions need to be defined and specified.
See also
Consistency model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timed%20Up%20and%20Go%20test
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The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) is a simple test used to assess a person's mobility and requires both static and dynamic balance.
It uses the time that a person takes to rise from a chair, walk three meters, turn around 180 degrees, walk back to the chair, and sit down while turning 180 degrees. During the test, the person is expected to wear their regular footwear and use any mobility aids that they would normally require. The TUG is used frequently in the elderly population, as it is easy to administer and can generally be completed by most older adults.
One source suggests that scores of ten seconds or less indicate normal mobility, 11–20 seconds are within normal limits for frail elderly and disabled patients, and greater than 20 seconds means the person needs assistance outside and indicates further examination and intervention. A score of 30 seconds or more suggests that the person may be prone to falls. Alternatively, a recommended practical cut-off value for the TUG to indicate normal versus below normal performance is 12 seconds. A study by Bischoff et al. showed the 10th to 90th percentiles for TUG performance were 6.0 to 11.2 seconds for community-dwelling women between 65 and 85 years of age, and determined that this population should be able to perform the TUG in 12 seconds or less. TUG performance has been found to decrease significantly with mobility impairments. Residential status and physical mobility status have been determined to be significant predictors of TUG performance. The TUG was developed from a more comprehensive test, the Get-Up and Go Test.
Research has shown the Timed up and Go test has excellent interrater (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .99) and intrarater reliability (ICC = .99). The test score also correlates well with gait speed (r = -.55), scores on the Berg Balance Scale (r = -.72), and the Barthel Index (r = -.51). Many studies have shown good test-retest reliability in specific populations such as community-d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic%20reversal
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A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged (not to be confused with geographic north and geographic south). The Earth's field has alternated between periods of normal polarity, in which the predominant direction of the field was the same as the present direction, and reverse polarity, in which it was the opposite. These periods are called chrons.
Reversal occurrences are statistically random. There have been at least 183 reversals over the last 83 million years (on average once every ~450,000 years). The latest, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago, with widely varying estimates of how quickly it happened. Other sources estimate that the time that it takes for a reversal to complete is on average around 7,000 years for the four most recent reversals. Clement (2004) suggests that this duration is dependent on latitude, with shorter durations at low latitudes, and longer durations at mid and high latitudes. Although variable, the duration of a full reversal is typically between 2,000 and 12,000 years.
Although there have been periods in which the field reversed globally (such as the Laschamp excursion) for several hundred years, these events are classified as excursions rather than full geomagnetic reversals. Stable polarity chrons often show large, rapid directional excursions, which occur more often than reversals, and could be seen as failed reversals. During such an excursion, the field reverses in the liquid outer core, but not in the solid inner core. Diffusion in the liquid outer core is on timescales of 500 years or less, while that of the solid inner core is longer, around 3,000 years.
History
In the early 20th century, geologists such as Bernard Brunhes first noticed that some volcanic rocks were magnetized opposite to the direction of the local Earth's field. The first systematic evidence for and time-scale estimate of the magnetic reve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLUPI
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CLUPI (Close-UP Imager) is a miniaturized camera system on board the planned European Space Agency Rosalind Franklin rover. CLUPI was designed to acquire high-resolution close-up images in colour of soils, outcrops, rocks, drill fines and drill core samples, as well as and the search for potential biosignature structures and patterns. This camera assembly is part of the science payload on board the European Space Agency Rosalind Franklin rover, tasked to search for biosignatures and biomarkers on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched in August–October 2022 and land on Mars in spring 2023.
Overview
The CLUPI instrument is being developed by a Swiss–French consortium supported by the Swiss Space Office and the French Space Agency (CNES). Its Principal Investigator is Jean-Luc Josset, from the Space Exploration Institute, Neuchatel in Switzerland. Frances Westall and Beda Hofmann are Co-PIs. The science team includes scientists from Canada, Europe and Russia, especially for biosignature recognition. Instrument field tests started in 2009 with preliminary CLUPI systems tested during several Arctic winters.
CLUPI will be mounted on the movable rover's drill box and it will acquire high-resolution, close-up images in colour of the texture, structure and morphology of rocks and soil. The resolution will be similar to what geologists would obtain by using a hand-held magnifying lens: at a distance of 10 cm from the target, the maximum resolution is 7 µm/pixel. Its field of view can be changed by the use of two fixed, flat mirrors (FOV2 and FOV3). The CLUPI visual images will complement those provided by PanCam to provide the context necessary for interpretation of mineralogy and potential visible biosignatures.
CLUPI will observe the drilling area very closely from different angles to help characterise rock structures such as embedded crystals and fractures. After the drill has been used and retracted, CLUPI will be used to image the amount and appearance of dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metachirality
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Metachirality is a stronger form of chirality.
It applies to objects or systems that are chiral (not identical to their mirror image) and where, in addition, their mirror image has a symmetry group that differs from the symmetry group of the original object or system.
Many familiar chiral objects, like the capital letter 'Z' embedded in the plane, are not metachiral.
The symmetry group of the capital letter 'Z' embedded in the plane consists of the identity transformation and a rotation over 180˚ (a half turn).
In this case, the mirror image has the same symmetry group.
In particular, asymmetric objects (that only have the identity transformation as symmetry, like a human hand) are not metachiral,
since the mirror image is also asymmetric.
In general, two-dimensional objects and bounded three-dimensional objects are not metachiral.
An example of a metachiral object is an infinite helical staircase.
A helix in 3D has a handedness (either left or right, like screw thread), whereby it differs from its mirror image.
An infinite helical staircase, however, does have symmetries:
screw operations, that is, a combination of a translation and a rotation.
The symmetry group of the mirror image of an infinite helical staircase also contains screw operations.
But they are of the opposite handedness and, hence,
the symmetry groups differ.
Note, however, that these symmetry groups are isomorphic.
Of the 219 space groups, 11 are metachiral.
A nice example of a metachiral spatial structure is the K4 crystal, also known as Triamond,
and featured in the Bamboozle mathematical artwork.
See also
Orientation (mathematics)
Stereochemistry
Right-hand rule
Handedness
Asymmetry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampenflora
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Lampenflora, also known in English as lamp-flora or lamp flora are autotrophic lifeforms present in natural or artificial caves associated with permanently installed lighting. Lampenflora are a problem with respect to the conservation of cave features, artworks, and fauna, and consequently their presence in caves can be referred to by the terms green sickness and la maladie verte.
Etymology
The term "lampenflora" has come to English from German. It was coined by botanist Klaus Dobat in the 1960s, and just means "lamp flora".
Taxa found in lampenflora
So far the following types of lampenflora have been described:
cyanobacteria
algae – Chlorophyceae, golden algae (Chrysophyceae), diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)
non-vascular plants – Marchantiophyta (Marchantiophyta), moss (Bryophyta)
ferns – Species of the genera Asplenium (spleenworts), Cystopteris (bladder ferns), Adiantum (maidenhair ferns), etc.
flowering plants – alternate-leaved golden-saxifrage (Chrysosplenium alternifolium); black elder (Sambucus nigra) from the moschatel (Adoxaceae) family has been growing since in the Lurgrotte near Peggau in Styria.
Fungi and roots growing into caves, as well as plants growing in naturally illuminated areas, are not lampenflora.
Development
The requirements for the development of lampenflora are sufficient (artificial) light and moisture. An increase in nutrient content (e.g. fertilizer usage on land above the cave) or heat (e.g. incandescent lighting) may lead to an increase in lampenflora.
The germs, seeds or spores can get brought into the cave by air, water, animals or people.
In the aphotic (lightless) part of caves, short-term growth of photosynthetic plants is possible thanks to the seed's nutritive tissue. After this is consumed, the plant dies.
Lampenflora as a problem
Lampenflora can cause various problems: Since lampenflora changes the appearance of show caves, it can give visitors wrong impressions of natural caves. It does not exist in cav
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch%20%28company%29
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Switch, Inc. is an American company based in Las Vegas, Nevada, that develops and operates the SUPERNAP data center facilities and provides colocation, telecommunications, cloud services, and content ecosystems.
History
Switch was founded in 2000 by Rob Roy, CEO and the organization's principal inventor and chief engineer. In 2002, Roy purchased a former Enron facility in Nevada in an auction only attended by Roy since Enron's "fiber plans were so secretive that few people even knew about the auction", with the facility which Enron invested millions of dollars into selling for only $930,000. The facility was built in a rundown area of Las Vegas near E Sahara, constructed right over the "backbone" of fiber optic cables providing service to technology companies nationwide, which Enron sought to use as a way to sell bandwidth to Internet service providers like a commodity. Six years later, in 2008, Switch was planning to build its first SUPERNAP facility which would "rival anything being built by the likes of Microsoft and Google" for $350 million, with Roy stating that he could store "four times as much gear as those companies do in his center".
Rob Roy holds 500 patents or patent-pending claims for SUPERNAP designs and engineering that have been Tier IV certified by the Uptime Institute. In 2017, the company announced it would no longer pursue certifications by the Uptime Institute, and instead planned to create a non-profit organization to control and define a new data center standard that uses 30 additional metrics and is called Tier 5 Platinum, and that they have plans to follow the new standards. Switch is a CLEC (Competitive Local Exchange Carrier) that sells all telecommunications services.
As of July 2015, half of the company's 14 top executives are women. Seventy-percent of the current workforce are veterans.
In 2015, the company became the first data center service in the U.S. to participate in President Barack Obama's American Business Act on Climate Pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaustion%20by%20compact%20sets
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In mathematics, especially general topology and analysis, an exhaustion by compact sets of a topological space is a nested sequence of compact subsets of (i.e. ), such that is contained in the interior of , i.e. for each and . A space admitting an exhaustion by compact sets is called exhaustible by compact sets.
For example, consider and the sequence of closed balls
Occasionally some authors drop the requirement that is in the interior of , but then the property becomes the same as the space being σ-compact, namely a countable union of compact subsets.
Properties
The following are equivalent for a topological space :
is exhaustible by compact sets.
is σ-compact and weakly locally compact.
is Lindelöf and weakly locally compact.
(where weakly locally compact means locally compact in the weak sense that each point has a compact neighborhood).
The hemicompact property is intermediate between exhaustible by compact sets and σ-compact. Every space exhaustible by compact sets is hemicompact and every hemicompact space is σ-compact, but the reverse implications do not hold. For example, the Arens-Fort space and the Appert space are hemicompact, but not exhaustible by compact sets (because not weakly locally compact), and the set of rational numbers with the usual topology is σ-compact, but not hemicompact.
Every regular space exhaustible by compact sets is paracompact.
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf
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A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, flower, and fruit collectively form the shoot system. In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue is the palisade mesophyll and is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus, palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll which is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the sun. A leaf with lighter-colored or white patches or edges is called a variegated leaf.
Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes, textures and colors. The broad, flat leaves with complex venation of flowering plants are known as megaphylls and the species that bear them, the majority, as broad-leaved or megaphyllous plants, which also include acrogymnosperms and ferns. In the lycopods, with different evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple (with only a single vein) and are known as microphylls. Some leaves, such as bulb scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species, the leaves are submerged in water. Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls and spines. Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called phylloclades and cladodes, and flattened leaf stems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%206
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SMAD family member 6, also known as SMAD6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD6 gene.
SMAD6 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene "mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of modulators. Like many other TGFβ family members SMAD6 is involved in cell signalling. It acts as a regulator of TGFβ family (such as bone morphogenetic proteins) activity by competing with SMAD4 and preventing the transcription of SMAD4's gene products. There are two known isoforms of this protein.
Nomenclature
The SMAD proteins are homologs of both the drosophila protein, mothers against decapentaplegic (MAD) and the C. elegans protein SMA. The name is a combination of the two. During Drosophila research, it was found that a mutation in the gene MAD in the mother repressed the gene decapentaplegic in the embryo. The phrase "Mothers against" was added as a humorous take-off on organizations opposing various issues e.g., Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD; and based on a tradition of such unusual naming within the gene research community.
Disease associations
Heterozygous, damaging mutations in SMAD6 are the most frequent genetic cause of non-syndromic craniosynostosis identified to date.
Interactions
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6 has been shown to interact with:
HOXC8,
MAP3K7,
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7,
PIAS4, and
STRAP.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden%20%28magazine%29
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is a free manga and light novel web magazine published by Mag Garden and formerly distributed by Yahoo! Comics Japan (Now MAGCOMI). It was launched on September 18, 2009, under the name , about a year after on October 8, 2010, the name was changed to EDEN. EDEN (short for Everybody Delightful Entertainment Network) distributes original manga and light novel content, while Blade Comic Archive redistributes selected works published from Monthly Comic Blade to be viewed online for a limited time. The development of the web magazine also led Mag Garden to collaborate on a joint project with Toei Animation.
Currently it is distributed on Mag Gardens free manga site called MAGCOMI, and functions as a label.
Serialized media
Manga
Ashi Tsuma Monogatari (Julie Okamoto)
Captain Yamada (Kenji Sonishi)
Cha no Namida ~Larmes de the'~ (Kaeru Minamo)
Chiku-Chiku Nui-Nui (Yamato Hazaki)
Domino (Note Tono)
Dounimo Kounimo (Naoko Kusaka)
Fukinshin-chan (Yuu Nagashima)
Gokuraku Nagaya (Tetuzoh Okadaya)
Jockey (Takeshi Matsuki; art by Yoshimi Kurata)
High-Leg Panda (UrumaDelvi, Kanko Amanatsu)
Hon no Koi Nado (Koma Kawakami)
Irochigai (Izumi Okaya)
Kanbi Danshi (Yū Shimizu)
Kētai Sōsakan 7 ~rare metal hearts~ Sonna Anata ga Suki Dakara (Miyako Tachikawa)
Ketsu-Inu (LifeStyleTSUNODA)
Kikumon Koukou Mote Bu (Zecchou)
Kinakomochi (Iko Kimura)
Kohi Ikaga Deshou (Misato Konari)
Mayple-san no Koucha Jikan (Kuuta Aoi)
Metro (Chika Ishikawa)
Mousou no Aki (Tarako)
Musunde Hiraite (Mayu Minase)
Nantoka Yattemasu. (LifeStyleTSUNODA)
Neko Ramen Monogatari: Koneko no Thomas (Kenji Sonishi)
Nigakute Amai (Yumio Kobayashi)
Nōgyō Musume! (Minori Kagura)
Nōgyō Musume! ~Ibuki no Farmer's Life~ (Tooru Makari)
One Off (Junichi Sato, art by Mahito Ōta)
Remake (Ikumi Rotta)
Shin Bukatsudou (Rie Nishida)
Suki Mameshi (Izumi Okaya)
Tamayura (Junichi Sato; art by momo)
Tamayura: Hitotose (Junichi Sato; art by momo)
Taranome Koukou Suisou Gaku-Bu (Seiji Takanashi)
Tokyo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1s%20Slater-type%20function
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A normalized 1s Slater-type function is a function which is used in the descriptions of atoms and in a broader way in the description of atoms in molecules. It is particularly important as the accurate quantum theory description of the smallest free atom, hydrogen. It has the form
It is a particular case of a Slater-type orbital (STO) in which the principal quantum number n is 1. The parameter is called the Slater orbital exponent. Related sets of functions can be used to construct STO-nG basis sets which are used in quantum chemistry.
Applications for hydrogen-like atomic systems
A hydrogen-like atom or a hydrogenic atom is an atom with one electron. Except for the hydrogen atom itself (which is neutral) these atoms carry positive charge , where is the atomic number of the atom. Because hydrogen-like atoms are two-particle systems with an interaction depending only on the distance between the two particles, their (non-relativistic) Schrödinger equation can be exactly solved in analytic form. The solutions are one-electron functions and are referred to as hydrogen-like atomic orbitals.
The electronic Hamiltonian (in atomic units) of a Hydrogenic system is given by
, where is the nuclear charge of the hydrogenic atomic system. The 1s electron of a hydrogenic systems can be accurately described by the corresponding Slater orbital:
, where is the Slater exponent. This state, the ground state, is the only state that can be described by a Slater orbital. Slater orbitals have no radial nodes, while the excited states of the hydrogen atom have radial nodes.
Exact energy of a hydrogen-like atom
The energy of a hydrogenic system can be exactly calculated analytically as follows :
, where
. Using the expression for Slater orbital, the integrals can be exactly solved. Thus,
The optimum value for is obtained by equating the differential of the energy with respect to as zero.
. Thus
Non-relativistic energy
The following energy values are thus calculated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20Ecology%20Progress%20Series
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The Marine Ecology Progress Series is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers all aspects of marine ecology.
History
The journal was founded by Otto Kinne. Its original concept was based on Marine Ecology, also once edited by Kinne and published by John Wiley & Sons.
Abstracting and indexing
The Marine Ecology Progress Series is indexed and abstracted in Biological Abstracts, Scopus, and the Science Citation Index.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admissible%20set
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In set theory, a discipline within mathematics, an admissible set is a transitive set such that is a model of Kripke–Platek set theory (Barwise 1975).
The smallest example of an admissible set is the set of hereditarily finite sets. Another example is the set of hereditarily countable sets.
See also
Admissible ordinal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st%20meridian%20west
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The meridian 31° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 31st meridian west forms a great circle with the 149th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 31st meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Northern Peary Land
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Frederick E. Hyde Fjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nordkrone
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Independence Fjord
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| J.C. Christensen Land
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|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of Corvo Island, Azores, (at ) Passing just east of Flores Island, Azores, (at )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Claimed by both (Argentine Antarctica) and (British Antarctic Territory)
|-
|}
See also
30th meridian west
32nd meridian west
w031 meridian west
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtering%20problem%20%28stochastic%20processes%29
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In the theory of stochastic processes, filtering describes the problem of determining the state of a system from an incomplete and potentially noisy set of observations. While originally motivated by problems in engineering, filtering found applications in many fields from signal processing to finance.
The problem of optimal non-linear filtering (even for the non-stationary case) was solved by Ruslan L. Stratonovich (1959, 1960), see also Harold J. Kushner's work and Moshe Zakai's, who introduced a simplified dynamics for the unnormalized conditional law of the filter known as Zakai equation. The solution, however, is infinite-dimensional in the general case. Certain approximations and special cases are well understood: for example, the linear filters are optimal for Gaussian random variables, and are known as the Wiener filter and the Kalman-Bucy filter. More generally, as the solution is infinite dimensional, it requires finite dimensional approximations to be implemented in a computer with finite memory. A finite dimensional approximated nonlinear filter may be more based on heuristics, such as the extended Kalman filter or the assumed density filters, or more methodologically oriented such as for example the projection filters, some sub-families of which are shown to coincide with the Assumed Density Filters.
Particle filters are another option to attack the infinite dimensional filtering problem and are based on sequential Monte Carlo methods.
In general, if the separation principle applies, then filtering also arises as part of the solution of an optimal control problem. For example, the Kalman filter is the estimation part of the optimal control solution to the linear-quadratic-Gaussian control problem.
The mathematical formalism
Consider a probability space (Ω, Σ, P) and suppose that the (random) state Yt in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn of a system of interest at time t is a random variable Yt : Ω → Rn given by the solution to an Itō stochastic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deduction%20theorem
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In mathematical logic, a deduction theorem is a metatheorem that justifies doing conditional proofs from a hypothesis in systems that do not explicitly axiomatize that hypothesis, i.e. to prove an implication A → B, it is sufficient to assume A as a hypothesis and then proceed to derive B. Deduction theorems exist for both propositional logic and first-order logic. The deduction theorem is an important tool in Hilbert-style deduction systems because it permits one to write more comprehensible and usually much shorter proofs than would be possible without it. In certain other formal proof systems the same conveniency is provided by an explicit inference rule; for example natural deduction calls it implication introduction.
In more detail, the propositional logic deduction theorem states that if a formula is deducible from a set of assumptions then the implication is deducible from ; in symbols, implies . In the special case where is the empty set, the deduction theorem claim can be more compactly written as: implies . The deduction theorem for predicate logic is similar, but comes with some extra constraints (that would for example be satisfied if is a closed formula). In general a deduction theorem needs to take into account all logical details of the theory under consideration, so each logical system technically needs its own deduction theorem, although the differences are usually minor.
The deduction theorem holds for all first-order theories with the usual deductive systems for first-order logic. However, there are first-order systems in which new inference rules are added for which the deduction theorem fails. Most notably, the deduction theorem fails to hold in Birkhoff–von Neumann quantum logic, because the linear subspaces of a Hilbert space form a non-distributive lattice.
Examples of deduction
"Prove" axiom 1: P→(Q→P) {{efn|See explanation of Notation § below.}}P 1. hypothesisQ 2. hypothesisP 3. reiteration of 1Q→P 4. deduction from 2 to 3P→(Q→
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grothendieck%20existence%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Grothendieck existence theorem, introduced by , gives conditions that enable one to lift infinitesimal deformations of a scheme to a deformation, and to lift schemes over infinitesimal neighborhoods over a subscheme of a scheme S to schemes over S.
The theorem can be viewed as an instance of (Grothendieck's) formal GAGA.
See also
Chow's lemma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair%208800
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The Altair 8800 is a microcomputer designed in 1974 by MITS and based on the Intel 8080 CPU. Interest grew quickly after it was featured on the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics and was sold by mail order through advertisements there, in Radio-Electronics, and in other hobbyist magazines. According to Harry Garland, the Altair 8800 was the product that catalyzed the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s. It was the first commercially successful personal computer. The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC.
History
While serving at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland Air Force Base, Ed Roberts and Forrest M. Mims III decided to use their electronics background to produce small kits for model rocket hobbyists. In 1969, Roberts and Mims, along with Stan Cagle and Robert Zaller, founded Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) in Roberts' garage in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and started selling radio transmitters and instruments for model rockets.
Calculators
The model rocket kits were a modest success and MITS wanted to try a kit that would appeal to more hobbyists. The November 1970 issue of Popular Electronics featured the Opticom, a kit from MITS that would send voice over an LED light beam. As Mims and Cagle were losing interest in the kit business, Roberts bought his partners out, then began developing a calculator kit. Electronic Arrays had just announced the EAS100, a set of six large scale integrated (LSI) circuit chips that would make a four-function calculator. The MITS 816 calculator kit used the chipset and was featured on the November 1971 cover of Popular Electronics. This calculator kit sold for , or $275 assembled. Forrest Mims wrote the assembly manual for this kit and many others over the next several years. As payment for each manual he often accepted
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics
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Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets. Developed originally to predict probability distributions of ore grades for mining operations, it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ecology, soil science, and agriculture (esp. in precision farming). Geostatistics is applied in varied branches of geography, particularly those involving the spread of diseases (epidemiology), the practice of commerce and military planning (logistics), and the development of efficient spatial networks. Geostatistical algorithms are incorporated in many places, including geographic information systems (GIS).
Background
Geostatistics is intimately related to interpolation methods, but extends far beyond simple interpolation problems. Geostatistical techniques rely on statistical models that are based on random function (or random variable) theory to model the uncertainty associated with spatial estimation and simulation.
A number of simpler interpolation methods/algorithms, such as inverse distance weighting, bilinear interpolation and nearest-neighbor interpolation, were already well known before geostatistics. Geostatistics goes beyond the interpolation problem by considering the studied phenomenon at unknown locations as a set of correlated random variables.
Let be the value of the variable of interest at a certain location . This value is unknown (e.g. temperature, rainfall, piezometric level, geological facies, etc.). Although there exists a value at location that could be measured, geostatistics considers this value as random since it was not measured, or has not been measured yet. However, the randomness of is not complete, but defined by a cumulative distribution function (CDF) that depends on certain information that is known about the value :
Typically, if the val
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbutus%20menziesii
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Arbutus menziesii or Pacific madrone (commonly madrone or madrona in the United States and arbutus in Canada), is a species of broadleaf evergreen tree in the family Ericaceae, native to the western coastal areas of North America, from British Columbia to California.
It is nicknamed the "Refrigerator Tree" due to the fact that its bark contains water, and it stays cool in the summer.
Its waxy evergreen foliage, contorted growth habit, and distinctive flaky bark make it a striking sight in the coastal cliffs and hills where it is abundant.
Description
Arbutus menziesii is an evergreen tree about in height, but in the right conditions up to . The trunk is usually about thick. The thin bark is a rich orange-red, and when mature naturally peels away in thin sheets, leaving a greenish, silvery appearance that has a smooth satin sheen. Older trunks are gray-brown near the base. The leaves are thick with a waxy texture, elliptical, long and broad, arranged spirally; they are glossy dark green above and a lighter, more grayish green beneath, with an entire margin. The leaves are evergreen, lasting a few years before detaching. Some second-year leaves turn orange to red and detach in the autumn. In the north of its range, wet winters often promote a brown to black leaf discoloration due to fungal infections; the stain lasts until the leaves naturally detach at the end of their lifespan. In spring, the tree bears sprays of small white to pink bell-like flowers, and in autumn, red berries. The berries dry up and have hooked barbs that latch onto larger animals for migration.
Individual specimens can live for over 300 years.
Common names
In Canada, it is simply referred to as arbutus. It is known in the United States as the madrona, madrone, madroño, madroña, or bearberry. The name strawberry tree (A. unedo) may also be found in relation to A. menziesii (though it has no relation to the strawberry fruit). According to the Sunset Western Garden Book, in the United Stat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.2
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U.2 (pronounced 'u-dot-2'), formerly known as SFF-8639, is a computer interface standard for connecting solid-state drives (SSDs) to a computer. It covers the physical connector, electrical characteristics, and communication protocols.
It was developed for the enterprise market and designed to be used with new PCI Express drives along with SAS and SATA drives. It uses up to four PCI Express lanes and two SATA lanes.
History
The Enterprise SSD form factor was developed by the SSD Form Factor Working Group (SFFWG). The specification was released on December 20, 2011, as a mechanism for providing PCI Express connections to SSDs for the enterprise market. Goals included being usable in existing 2.5" and 3.5" mechanical enclosures, to be hot swappable and to allow legacy SAS and SATA drives to be mixed using the same connector family.
In June 2015, the SFFWG announced that the connector was being renamed to U.2.
Connector
The U.2 connector is mechanically identical to the SATA Express device plug, but provides four PCI Express lanes through a different usage of available pins.
U.2 devices may be connected to an M.2 port using an adapter.
Availability
In November 2015, Intel introduced the 750 series SSD which is available in both PCI Express and U.2 variants.
Since then, U.2 has achieved a high level of support from the major storage vendors and storage appliance suppliers.
U.2 compared with M.2
U.2 allows hot-swap, whereas M.2 does not.
U.2 can use 3.3V or 12V for power, while M.2 only supports 3.3V.
As implemented
While the U.2 standard does not imply a form factor of the device that uses it, in practice U.2 is used only on 2.5" SSDs. 2.5" drives are physically larger than M.2 drives and thus typically have larger capacities.
See also
EDSFF – U.2 successor
M.2
U.3 (SFF-TA-1001)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo%20Park%2C%20California
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Menlo Park is a city at the eastern edge of San Mateo County within the San Francisco Bay Area of California in the United States. It is bordered by San Francisco Bay on the north and east; East Palo Alto, Palo Alto, and Stanford to the south; and Atherton, North Fair Oaks, and Redwood City to the west. It had 33,780 residents at the 2020 United States census. It is home to the corporate headquarters of Meta, and is where Google, Roblox Corporation and Round Table Pizza were founded. The train station holds the record as the oldest continually operating train station in California. It is one of the most educated cities in California and the United States; nearly 70% of residents over 25 have earned a bachelor's degree or higher.
Toponym
"Menlo" is derived from Menlo (the anglicized spelling of Irish Gaelic 'Mionloch', meaning 'small lake') in County Galway, Ireland. The name "Menlo Park" was given to a ranch purchased by Irish settlers in honor of their home village in Ireland.
History
The area of Menlo Park was inhabited by the Ohlone people when the Portolá expedition arrived in 1769.
In 1795, the Rancho de las Pulgas Spanish land grant was made that included the area of the current city.
Original Menlo Park gate
In 1851, two Irish immigrants, Dennis J. Oliver and his brother-in-law, D.C. McGlynn, purchased a tract of land on the former Rancho de las Pulgas. In 1854, they erected a gate with a wooden arch bearing the inscription "Menlo Park" and the date "August 1854" at the entrance to their property (now the intersection of Middle Ave and El Camino Real). The word "Menlo" derived from the owners' former home of Menlo (or Menlough) in County Galway, Ireland, and is an anglicized version of the original Irish name of the place, Mionloch, meaning "middle lake".
Railroad
In 1863, the San Francisco and San Jose Rail Road had built the railroad from San Francisco to as far as Mayfield (now California Avenue station in Palo Alto) and started running trains to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20sieve
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Lehmer sieves are mechanical devices that implement sieves in number theory. Lehmer sieves are named for Derrick Norman Lehmer and his son Derrick Henry Lehmer. The father was a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley at the time, and his son followed in his footsteps as a number theorist and professor at Berkeley.
A sieve in general is intended to find the numbers which are remainders when a set of numbers are divided by a second set. Generally, they are used in finding solutions of Diophantine equations or to factor numbers. A Lehmer sieve will signal that such solutions are found in a variety of ways depending on the particular construction.
Construction
The first Lehmer sieve in 1926 was made using bicycle chains of varying length, with rods at appropriate points in the chains. As the chains turned, the rods would close electrical switches, and when all the switches were closed simultaneously, creating a complete electrical circuit, a solution had been found. Lehmer sieves were very fast, in one particular case factoring
in 3 seconds.
Built in 1932, a device using gears was shown at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. These had gears representing numbers, just as the chains had before, with holes. Holes left open were the remainders sought. When the holes lined up, a light at one end of the device shone on a photocell at the other, which could stop the machine allowing for the observation of a solution. This incarnation allowed checking of five thousand combinations a second.
In 1936, a version was built using 16 mm film instead of chains, with holes in the film instead of rods. Brushes against the rollers would make electrical contact when the hole reached the top. Again, a full sequence of holes created a complete circuit, indicating a solution.
Several Lehmer sieves are on display at the Computer History Museum. Since then, the same basic idea has been used to design sieves in integrated circuits or software.
See a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator
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An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator or a rotating armature with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines.
An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators. Large 50 or 60 Hz three-phase alternators in power plants generate most of the world's electric power, which is distributed by electric power grids.
History
Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from the discovery of the magnetic induction of electric current in the 1830s. Rotating generators naturally produced alternating current but, since there was little use for it, it was normally converted into direct current via the addition of a commutator in the generator. The early machines were developed by pioneers such as Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii. Faraday developed the "rotating rectangle", whose operation was heteropolar – each active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite directions. Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti also developed early alternators, producing frequencies between 100 and 300 Hz.
The late 1870s saw the introduction of first large scale electrical systems with central generation stations to power Arc lamps, used to light whole streets, factory yards, or the interior of large warehouses. Some, such as Yablochkov arc lamps introduced in 1878, ran better on alternating current, and the development of these early AC generating systems was accompanied by the first use of the word "a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girvanella
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Girvanella is a fossil thought to represent the calcified sheath of a filamentous cyanobacterium known from the Burgess Shale and other Cambrian fossil deposits.
Girvanella was originally described as a foraminifera. It was later assigned to the now-obsolete family porostromata. In 2020, it was assigned to the order Oscillatoriales.
Girvanella is characterised by having flexing, tubular filaments with a uniform diameter usually between 10 and 30 microns (rarely up to 100 microns). The walls of these tubules are relatively thick and calcareous. These tubules are typically (but not always) twisted together into nodules, and often encrust other objects including foraminifera.
Fossils of Girvanella are found from the Cambrian through the Cretaceous.
Girvanella fossils are found in a wide range of environmental conditions, most commonly shallow-shelf carbonate facies, but also in nonmarine limestones. Recent caliche deposits in Barbados may be referable to Girvanella.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20triangle%20of%20the%20neck
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The posterior triangle (or lateral cervical region) is a region of the neck.
Boundaries
The posterior triangle has the following boundaries:
Apex: Union of the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles at the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
Anteriorly: Posterior border of the sternocleidomastoideus
Posteriorly: Anterior border of the trapezius
Inferiorly: Middle one third of the clavicle
Roof: Investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
Floor: (From superior to inferior)
1) M. semispinalis capitis
2) M. splenius capitis
3) M. levator scapulae
4) M. scalenus posterior
5) M. scalenus medius
Divisions
The posterior triangle is crossed, about 2.5 cm above the clavicle, by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle, which divides the space into two triangles:
an upper or occipital triangle
a lower or subclavian triangle (or supraclavicular triangle)
Contents
A) Nerves and plexuses:
Spinal accessory nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
Branches of cervical plexus
Roots and trunks of brachial plexus
Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
B) Vessels:
Subclavian artery (Third part)
Transverse cervical artery
Suprascapular artery
Terminal part of external jugular vein
C) Lymph nodes:
Occipital
Supraclavicular
D) Muscles:
Inferior belly of omohyoid muscle
Anterior Scalene
Middle Scalene
Posterior Scalene
Levator Scapulae Muscle
Splenius
Clinical significance
The accessory nerve (CN XI) is particularly vulnerable to damage during lymph node biopsy. Damage results in an inability to shrug the shoulders or raise the arm above the head, particularly due to compromised trapezius muscle innervation.
The external jugular vein's superficial location within the posterior triangle also makes it vulnerable to injury.
See also
Anterior triangle of the neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Sz%C3%BCsz
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Peter Szüsz (11 November 1924 – 16 February 2008) was a Serbian-Hungarian-American mathematician known for his proof (1961) of the Gauss-Kuzmin Theorem, his work in probabilistic number theory, and his book with Andrew M. Rockett on Continued Fractions.
Early life
Born in Novi Sad, Serbia, he grew up in Budapest, Hungary, attending the Eötvös József Gimnázium and beginning his life-long passions for chess, music, and mathematics. In 1944 he was drafted into forced labour service and sent to the Heidenau Lager at the copper mines near Bor, but escaped from the Nazi SS death march to Cservenka and was hidden by the Gyulai family near Kula until the end of the war.
Career
After studying first electrical engineering and then mathematics at the University of Budapest, he became a Research Fellow at the Hungarian Academy of Science from 1950 to 1965, received his Ph.D. as a student of Pál Turán in 1951, and became a Doctor of Science at the Academy in 1962. He fled communist Hungary in 1965, became a Full Professor of Mathematics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook (now Stony Brook University) in 1966 and retired in 1994.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash%20%28punctuation%29
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The slash is the oblique slanting line punctuation mark . It is also known as a stroke, a solidus, a forward slash or several other historical or technical names including oblique and virgule. Once used to mark periods and commas, the slash is now used to represent division and fractions, exclusive 'or' and inclusive 'or', and as a date separator.
A slash in the reverse direction is known as a backslash.
History
Slashes may be found in early writing as a variant form of dashes, vertical strokes, etc. The present use of a slash distinguished from such other marks derives from the medieval European virgule (, which was used as a period, scratch comma, and caesura mark. (The first sense was eventually lost to the low dot and the other two developed separately into the comma and caesura mark ) Its use as a comma became especially widespread in France, where it was also used to mark the continuation of a word onto the next line of a page, a sense later taken on by the hyphen . The Fraktur script used throughout Central Europe in the early modern period used a single slash as a scratch comma and a double slash as a dash. The double slash developed into the double oblique hyphen and double hyphen or before being usually simplified into various single dashes.
In the 18th century, the mark was generally known in English as the "oblique". but particularly the less vertical fraction slash. The variant "oblique stroke" was increasingly shortened to "stroke", which became the common British name for the character, although printers and publishing professionals often instead referred to it as an "oblique". In the 19th and early 20th century, it was also widely known as the "shilling mark" or "solidus", from its use as a notation or abbreviation for the shilling. The name "slash" is a recent development, not appearing in Webster's Dictionary until the Third Edition (1961) but has gained wide currency through its use in computing, a context where it is sometimes used in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20conversation
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A digital conversation is a scripted dialogue between a person and a computer through various digital mediums, including web browsers, PDAs, mobile phones, and interactive television.
Introduction
A digital conversation is scripted by a human, uploaded to a server where it can be accessed as a web service by other humans (consumers, employees etc.) and used to impart information to them, whether that information is advising them on the best camera to buy, helping them tailor make a credit card or engaging them in an interactive book.
A digital conversation can be undertaken simultaneously from multiple digital channels. The means used to access a digital conversation do not matter much as you will be calling the same digital conversation. This means that any changes made to a digital conversation are reflected across all channels immediately which allows digital conversations to evolve.
Digital conversations are designed to engage consumers in a conversation where the goal is to find out what they want and guide them towards achieving it. Many perceive such dialogue marketing as the way forward, and digital conversations provide a solution to delivering this at scale as it moves away from a traditional one-way stream of information with a consumer (offering every consumer the same choices). It also moves towards a dialogue, finding out and giving them what they want. This movement is seen as essential by many:
In the same New York Times article, Robert M. Greenberg then states that he wants to "engage (consumers) in digital conversations that are so entertaining, involving and valuable that they won't want to ignore them." The key word here is "engage". Digital conversations are created to be, in essence, human interactions and dialogue with one human removed. Unlike Bots and Avatars, digital conversations are scripted, and this may well lead to more human-like interactions.
The digital conversation Bio-System
Digital conversations consist of a four-stage "bio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy%20Industry%20Association%20of%20Australia
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The Dairy Industry Association of Australia (DIAA) is a not-for-profit industry association for dairy product manufacturers and allied trades.
The DIAA was incorporated on 24 March 1986, following the amalgamation of the Australian Dairy Institute and the Australian Society of Dairy Technology.
The DIAA is a member of the Global Dairy Platform
DIAA history
The DIAA was incorporated on 24 March 1986, through the amalgamation of the Australian Dairy Institute (ADI) and the Australian Society of Dairy Technology (ASDT).
The two organisations had similar goals and a significant cross-membership. Amalgamation was seen as a way to combine resources and deliver value to members at the time of industry rationalisation and falling membership rates.
Australian Dairy Institute
The Butter Factories' Managers Association was formed in 1893 in Victoria, with other states joining in the 1900s and 1910s. After several name changes, in 1936 it became the Australian Institute of Dairy Factory Managers and Secretaries, changing to the Australian Dairy Institute in 1979.
The institute launched the Butter Fats and Solids journal in 1942, which became Australian Dairy Foods in 1979.
Australian Society of Dairy Technology
The Australian Society of Dairy Technology (ASDT) was founded in 1945 by food technologists who took the long-term view of the dairy industry. The society’s goal was to advocate for ‘best possible use of all milk’ by improving processing methods and finding better ways to use skim milk as food.
ASDT’s official publication, the Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, began publication in 1946. The society also held regular conferences and technical meetings.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/567-line%20television%20system
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The 567-line television system was an experimental late 1940s proposal by Philips of the Netherlands for a European television system, with some test transmissions being made from Eindhoven.
The first mention of the system appeared in an article from 1938, published in the Philips' technical bulletin, on a transportable demonstration TV station, running an at 50 fields (25 frames) per second, but no more details were provided. Most of the technology was to be borrowed from the American 525-lines system, the difference being the reduction of horizontal scan frequency from 15,750 to 14,175 Hz. This would have meant that the American sound carrier frequency of 4.5 MHz above the picture carrier would have also been the standard for Europe, and hence a lot more common worldwide.
By 1950 some 567-line television sets were built and distributed to Philips employees for home testing.
The 567-line system was proposed for international use but never adopted. Russian engineers had already shown how 525-lines could be easily adapted to a higher resolution by breaking with American 6 Mhz channel bandwidth restrictions and moving the sound carrier up from 4.5 to 6.5 MHz, along with 625-line scanning. This 625-line system was eventually approved as CCIR System D.
Technical details
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20Mathematics
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Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science, by Ronald Graham, Donald Knuth, and Oren Patashnik, first published in 1989, is a textbook that is widely used in computer-science departments as a substantive but light-hearted treatment of the analysis of algorithms.
Contents and history
The book provides mathematical knowledge and skills for computer science, especially for the analysis of algorithms. According to the preface, the topics in Concrete Mathematics are "a blend of CONtinuous and disCRETE mathematics". Calculus is frequently used in the explanations and exercises. The term "concrete mathematics" also denotes a complement to "abstract mathematics".
The book is based on a course begun in 1970 by Knuth at Stanford University. The book expands on the material (approximately 100 pages) in the "Mathematical Preliminaries" section of Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming. Consequently, some readers use it as an introduction to that series of books.
Concrete Mathematics has an informal and often humorous style. The authors reject what they see as the dry style of most mathematics textbooks. The margins contain "mathematical graffiti", comments submitted by the text's first editors: Knuth and Patashnik's students at Stanford.
As with many of Knuth's books, readers are invited to claim a reward for any error found in the book—in this case, whether an error is "technically, historically, typographically, or politically incorrect".
The book popularized some mathematical notation: the Iverson bracket, floor and ceiling functions, and notation for rising and falling factorials.
Typography
Donald Knuth used the first edition of Concrete Mathematics as a test case for the AMS Euler typeface and Concrete Roman font.
Chapter outline
Recurrent Problems
Summation
Integer Functions
Number Theory
Binomial Coefficients
Special Numbers
Generating Functions
Discrete Probability
Asymptotics
Editions
Errata: (1994), (January 1998), (27th print
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDUFAB1
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NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 5, 16kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFAB1 gene. The NDUFAB1 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.
Structure
The NDUFAB1 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 16 at position 12.2 and it spans 15,327 base pairs. The NDUFAB1 gene produces a 17.4 kDa protein composed of 156 amino acids. NDUFAB1 is a subunit of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centers and the NADH binding site. NDUFAB1 is one of about 31 hydrophobic subunits that form the transmembrane region of Complex I. It has been noted that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C-terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of Complex I. The highly conserved two-domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and that the hydrophobic domain acts as an anchor for the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Function
The human NDUFAB1 gene codes for a subunit of Complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to ubiquinone. However, NDUFAB1 is an accessory subunit of the complex that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20principle
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In mathematical set theory, a square principle is a combinatorial principle asserting the existence of a cohering sequence of
short closed unbounded (club) sets so that no one (long) club set coheres with them all. As such they may be viewed as a kind of
incompactness phenomenon. They were introduced by Ronald Jensen in his analysis of the fine structure of the constructible universe L.
Definition
Define Sing to be the class of all limit ordinals which are not regular. Global square states that there is a system satisfying:
is a club set of .
ot
If is a limit point of then and
Variant relative to a cardinal
Jensen introduced also a local version of the principle. If
is an uncountable cardinal,
then asserts that there is a sequence satisfying:
is a club set of .
If , then
If is a limit point of then
Jensen proved that this principle holds in the constructible universe for any uncountable cardinal κ.
Notes
Set theory
Constructible universe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20species%20identification
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Automated species identification is a method of making the expertise of taxonomists available to ecologists, parataxonomists and others via digital technology and artificial intelligence. Today, most automated identification systems rely on images depicting the species for the identification. Based on precisely identified images of a species, a classifier is trained. Once exposed to a sufficient amount of training data, this classifier can then identify the trained species on previously unseen images.
Introduction
The automated identification of biological objects such as insects (individuals) and/or groups (e.g., species, guilds, characters) has been a dream among systematists for centuries. The goal of some of the first multivariate biometric methods was to address the perennial problem of group discrimination and inter-group characterization. Despite much preliminary work in the 1950s and '60s, progress in designing and implementing practical systems for fully automated object biological identification has proven frustratingly slow. As recently as 2004 Dan Janzen
updated the dream for a new audience:
<blockquote>The spaceship lands. He steps out. He points it around. It says 'friendly–unfriendly—edible–poisonous—safe– dangerous—living–inanimate'. On the next sweep it says Quercus oleoides—Homo sapiens—Spondias mombin—Solanum nigrum—Crotalus durissus—Morpho peleides''—serpentine'. This has been in my head since reading science fiction in ninth grade half a century ago.</blockquote>
The species identification problem
Janzen's preferred solution to this classic problem involved building machines to identify species from their DNA. However, recent developments in computer architectures, as well as innovations in software design, have placed the tools needed to realize Janzen's vision in the hands of the systematics and computer science community not in several years hence, but now; and not just for creating DNA barcodes, but also for identification based on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyad
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In mathematics, polyad is a concept of category theory introduced by Jean Bénabou in generalising monads. A polyad in a bicategory D is a bicategory morphism Φ from a locally punctual bicategory C to D, . (A bicategory C is called locally punctual if all hom-categories C(X,Y) consist of one object and one morphism only.) Monads are polyads where C has only one object.
Notes
Bibliography
Category theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20701
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The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer and its first series production mainframe computer, which was announced to the public on May 21, 1952. It was invented and developed by Jerrier Haddad and Nathaniel Rochester based on the IAS machine at Princeton.
The IBM 701 was the first computer in the IBM 700/7000 series, which were IBM’s high-end computers until the arrival of the IBM System/360 in 1964.
The business-oriented sibling of the 701 was the IBM 702 and a lower-cost general-purpose sibling was the IBM 650, which gained fame as the first mass-produced computer.
History
IBM 701 competed with Remington Rand's UNIVAC 1103 in the scientific computation market, which had been developed for the NSA, so it was held secret until permission to market it was obtained in 1951. In early 1954, a committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff requested that the two machines be compared for the purpose of using them for a Joint Numerical Weather Prediction project. Based on the trials, the two machines had comparable computational speed, with a slight advantage for IBM's machine, but the UNIVAC was favored unanimously for its significantly faster input-output equipment.
Nineteen IBM 701 systems were installed. The first 701 was delivered to IBM's world headquarters in New York. Eight went to aircraft companies. At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, having an IBM 701 meant that scientists could run nuclear explosives computations faster.
"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers" is often attributed to Thomas Watson Sr., chairman and CEO of IBM, in 1943. This misquote may stem from a statement by his son, Thomas Watson Jr. at the 1953 IBM annual stockholders' meeting. Watson Jr. was describing the market acceptance of the IBM 701 computer. Before production began, Watson visited with 20 companies that were potential customers. This is what he said a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED%20art
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LED art is a form of light art constructed from light-emitting diodes. LEDs (light emitting diodes) are very inexpensive to purchase and have become a new way to make street art. Many artists who use LEDs are guerrilla artists, incorporating LEDs to produce temporary pieces in public places. LEDs may be used in installation art, sculptural pieces and interactive artworks.
Infamous LED art
In early 2007, there was a bomb scare in Boston, Massachusetts in the United States caused by a guerrilla marketing campaign. An advertising firm working for Cartoon Network to promote the network's animated television show Aqua Teen Hunger Force, hired two artists to produce art for the ad campaign. The artists placed LED signs in various locations across ten cities. However, Boston was the only city that reacted by shutting down bridges and bringing in bomb squads to remove the LEDs. The majority of the light boards were removed and the artists were arrested. Cartoon Network general manager Jim Samples resigned as a result of the incident.
Artists and works incorporating LEDs
Jenny Holzer - One of the most well known artists who incorporates LEDs into her work. She uses familiar statements and reinterprets them to alter their meanings.
Liz LaManche - creates large paintings illuminated by color-changing LED light for a motion effect
Liu Dao - an art collective in China that uses actors and filmmakers to make animated LED portraits. The group also combines traditional Chinese arts like papercutting with LEDs to highlight China's journey from tradition and modernity, and is directed by Thomas Charvériat to find originality through international collaboration.
Titia Ex - artist from Amsterdam who is known for her installation Flower of the Universe
Leo Villareal - combines LED lights and encoded computer programming to create illuminated displays
Mel and Dorothy Tanner - Creators of Lumonics, a multi-sensory art experience that features their LED-based sculptures, connected to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Shostak
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Robert Eliot Shostak (born July 26, 1948, in Arlington, Virginia) is an American computer scientist and Silicon Valley entrepreneur. He is most noted academically for his seminal work in the branch of distributed computing known as Byzantine Fault Tolerance. He is also known for co-authoring the Paradox Database, and most recently, the founding of Vocera Communications, a company that makes wearable, Star Trek-like communication badges.
Shostak has authored more than forty academic papers and patents, and was editor of the 7th Conference on Automated Deduction. He has Erdős number 2 through his collaboration with Kenneth Kunen.
Shostak is a brother of Seth Shostak, who is Senior Astronomer at the SETI Institute and who frequently appears on television and radio.
Education
Robert Shostak was born in a Jewish family in Arlington, Virginia, the son of Arthur and Bertha Shostak (née Gortenburg); his father was an electrical engineer. He studied mathematics and computer science at Harvard College, graduating in 1970 with high honors. As part of his senior dissertation work, he designed and built one of the earliest personal computers using discrete RTL logic (microprocessors were not yet available) and a magnetic core memory. He continued at Harvard to earn his A.M. degree and Ph.D. in Computer Science in 1974. While at Harvard he was awarded the Detur Book Priz', and fellowships from IBM and the National Science Foundation.
Career
Afterwards, Shostak joined the research staff in the Computer Science Lab (CSL) at SRI International (formerly the Stanford Research Institute) in Menlo Park, California. Much of his work there focused on automated theorem proving, and specifically on the development of decision procedure algorithms for mechanized proof of the kinds of mathematical formulas that occur frequently in the formal verification of correctness of computer programs.
In collaboration with CSL's Richard L. Schwartz and P. Michael Melliar-Smith, Shostak
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import%E2%80%93export%20%28logic%29
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In logic, import-export is a deductive argument form which states that . In natural language terms, the principle means that the following English sentences are logically equivalent.
If Mary isn't at home, then if Sally isn't at home, then the house is empty.
If Mary isn't home and Sally isn't home, then the house is empty.
Import-export holds in classical logic, where the conditional operator is taken as material implication. However, there are other logics where it does not hold and its status as a true principle of logic is a matter of debate. Controversy over the principle arises from the fact that any conditional operator that satisfies it will collapse to material implication when combined with certain other principles. This conclusion would be problematic given the paradoxes of material implication, which are commonly taken to show that natural language conditionals are not material implication.
This problematic conclusion can be avoided within the framework of dynamic semantics, whose expressive power allows one to define a non-material conditional operator which nonetheless satisfies import-export along with the other principles. However, other approaches reject import-export as a general principle, motivated by cases such as the following, uttered in a context where it is most likely that the match will be lit by throwing it into a campfire, but where it is possible that it could be lit by striking it. In this context, the first sentence is intuitively true but the second is intuitively false.
If you strike the match and it lights, it will light.
If the match lights, it will light if you strike it.
See also
Counterfactuals
Modus ponens
Paradoxes of material implication
Strict conditional
Currying
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Porcher%20Miles
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William Porcher Miles (July 4, 1822 – May 11, 1899) was an American politician who was among the ardent states' rights advocates, supporters of slavery, and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the "Fire-Eaters." He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag, originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee before it was reincorporated.
Born in South Carolina, he showed little early interest in politics, and his early career included the study of law and a tenure as a mathematics professor at the Charleston College from 1843 to 1855. In the late 1840s, as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics, Miles began to speak up on sectional issues. He opposed both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850. From then on, Miles would look at any northern efforts to restrict slavery as justification for secession.
Miles was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded, in December 1860. He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States. He represented his state in the Confederate House of Representatives during the American Civil War.
Early life
Miles was born in Walterboro, South Carolina, to James Saunders Miles and Sarah Bond Worley Miles. His ancestors were French Huguenots and his grandfather, Major Felix Warley, fought in the American Revolution. His primary education came at Southworth School and he later attended Willington Academy where John C. Calhoun had matriculated a generation earlier. Miles enrolled at Charleston College in 1838 where he met future secession advocates James De Bow and William Henry Trescot. Miles graduated in 1842 and in 1843
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Applied%20Genomics
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The Center for Applied Genomics is a research center at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia that focuses on genomics research and the utilization of basic research findings in the development of new medical treatments.
As one of the world's largest genetics research and analytical facilities, the Center for Applied Genomics has processed genetic samples from over 100,000 people due to its access to high-throughput genotyping technology.
The center is focused on detecting the genetic causes of prevalent childhood diseases including asthma, obesity, ADHD, autism, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and pediatric cancer, all of which are thought to potentially involve multiple, interacting genes within the body.
Projects
ADHD
In 2009, Center for Applied Genomics researchers identified copy number variants (CNVs) as a potential cause of the disorder. Although highly heritable, genetic correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been difficult to pinpoint. The group found 222 CNVs that were more common in individuals with ADHD than in unrelated healthy individuals and published a paper on the findings.
Asthma
In 2010, the center published a genome-wide association study of 3,377 children with asthma and 5,579 healthy children. Researchers discovered a region on chromosome 17 and a previously unassociated region on chromosome 1 that strongly correlated with susceptibility to asthma.
Autism
In 2009, the Center conducted a genome-wide association study on a group of 780 families (3,101 individuals) with affected children, a second group of 1,204 affected individuals, and 6,491 controls, all of whom had European ancestry. By comparing genomics variations between the groups, researchers identified six genetic markers between two specific genes that confirmed susceptibility to ASDs. In 2009, the Center published a second paper in the journal Nature that identified copy number variations (CNVs) as genetic features in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabiq%20%28magazine%29
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{{Infobox magazine
| title = دابقDābiq
| image_file = Dabiq-English-number-one.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption = The English language edition of Dabiqs first issue "The Return of Khilafah".
| category = Online magazine for propaganda
| firstdate =
| founder = Islamic State
| founded = 2014
| publisher = Al Hayat Media Center
| finaldate =
| finalnumber = 15
| frequency = Variable; on average, one issue was published every 54 days
| country = Syria, Iraq
| based = Raqqa
| language = Arabic, English, German, French
}}Dabiq''' () was an online magazine used by the Islamic State (IS) for Islamic radicalisation and recruitment purposes. It was first published in July 2014 in a number of different languages (including English). Dabiq itself states the magazine is for the purposes of unitarianism, truth-seeking, migration, holy war and community (tawhid, manhaj, hijrah, jihad and jama'ah respectively).
DetailsDabiq was published by IS via the deep web, although it was widely available online through other sources. The first issue carried the date "Ramadan 1435" in the Islamic Hijri calendar. According to the magazine, its name was taken from the town of Dabiq in northern Syria, which is mentioned in a hadith about Armageddon. IS believes Dabiq is where Muslim and infidel forces will eventually face each other, and that after the crusaders' forces are defeated, the apocalypse will begin. Every issue of Dabiq contained a quote attributed to Abu Musab al-Zarqawi: "The spark has been lit here in Iraq, and its heat will continue to by Allah's until it burns the crusader armies in Dabiq".
Harleen K. Gambhir of the Institute for the Study of War considered that while al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's magazine Inspire focuses on encouraging its readers to carry out lone-wolf attacks on the West, Dabiq was more concerned with establishing the religious legitimacy of IS and its self-proclaimed caliphate, and encouraging Muslims to emigrate there. In its October 2014 i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse-field%20Ising%20model
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The transverse field Ising model is a quantum version of the classical Ising model. It features a lattice with nearest neighbour interactions determined by the alignment or anti-alignment of spin projections along the axis, as well as an external magnetic field perpendicular to the axis (without loss of generality, along the axis) which creates an energetic bias for one x-axis spin direction over the other.
An important feature of this setup is that, in a quantum sense, the spin projection along the axis and the spin projection along the axis are not commuting observable quantities. That is, they cannot both be observed simultaneously. This means classical statistical mechanics cannot describe this model, and a quantum treatment is needed.
Specifically, the model has the following quantum Hamiltonian:
Here, the subscripts refer to lattice sites, and the sum is done over pairs of nearest neighbour sites and . and are representations of elements of the spin algebra (Pauli matrices, in the case of spin 1/2) acting on the spin variables of the corresponding sites. They anti-commute with each other if on the same site and commute with each other if on different sites. is a prefactor with dimensions of energy, and is another coupling coefficient that determines the relative strength of the external field compared to the nearest neighbour interaction.
Phases of the 1D transverse field Ising model
Below the discussion is restricted to the one dimensional case where each lattice site is a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space (i.e. it represents a spin 1/2 particle). For simplicity here and are normalised to each have determinant -1. The Hamiltonian possesses a symmetry group, as it is invariant under the unitary operation of flipping all of the spins in the direction. More precisely, the symmetry transformation is given by the unitary .
The 1D model admits two phases, depending on whether the ground state (specifically, in the case of degeneracy, a grou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20of%20Cantabria
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The flora of Cantabria is the result of three determining factors: the climate, the composition of the soil, directly dependent on the types of existing rocks, and the evolutionary history of the different plant formations.
From the point of view of its flora, Cantabria is located between two biogeographic realms. Most of the territory belongs to the Eurosiberian region, but the southern end is part of the Mediterranean region. This border situation has a direct effect on the characteristics of the plant landscape of the region, where Mediterranean and Atlantic species intermingle, enriching the botanical composition of the different existing ecosystems.
Origin of current vegetation
The vegetation of Cantabria is adapted to two types of substrate. On the one hand, there are limestone rocks, as in Peña Cabarga or Picos de Europa, with little soil development and a large amount of outcropping rocks, which have a very characteristic flora, adapted to these types of soils, called calcareous flora, very similar throughout the region, but especially abundant in the eastern sector, where this type of substrates predominate. On the other hand, there are acidic rocks (sandstones, clays, siltstones...), which supply few nutrients to the soil. This type of material harbors an acidophilic flora very characteristic of the high mountains of the Cantabrian Mountains, and in general, dominant in the region.
The other determining factor of the composition of the current vegetation landscape is the evolutionary history of the different floristic communities present today. This evolution is due both to biogeographical causes and to the influence exerted by man over the centuries. The Quaternary glaciations, together with the interglacial periods marked the evolution of the different phases of the flora of the region, which went through very cold periods, with tundra-type vegetation, with warmer periods, in which temperate deciduous hardwood forests spread throughout the territory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proactive%20cyber%20defence
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Proactive cyber defense, means acting in anticipation to oppose an attack through cyber and cognitive domains. Proactive cyber defense can be understood as options between offensive and defensive measures. It includes interdicting, disrupting or deterring an attack or a threat's preparation to attack, either pre-emptively or in self-defence.
Proactive cyber defense differs from active defence, in that the former is pre-emptive (does not waiting for an attack to occur). Furthermore, active cyber defense differs from offensive cyber operations (OCO) in that the latter requires legislative exceptions to undertake. Hence, offensive cyber capabilities may be developed in collaboration with industry and facilitated by private sector; these operations are often led by nation-states.
Methods & Aims
Common methods of proactive cyber defense include cyber deception, attribution, threat hunting and adversarial pursuit. The mission of the pre-emptive and proactive operations is to conduct aggressive interception and disruption activities against an adversary using: psychological operations, managed information dissemination, precision targeting, information warfare operations, computer network exploitation, and other active threat reduction measures.
The proactive defense strategy is meant to improve information collection by stimulating reactions of the threat agents and to provide strike options as well as to enhance operational preparation of the real or virtual battlespace. Proactive cyber defence can be a measure for detecting and obtaining information before a cyber attack, or it can also be impending cyber operation and be determining the origin of an operation that involves launching a pre-emptive, preventive, or cyber counter-operation.
The offensive capacity includes the manipulation and/or disruption of networks and systems with the purpose of limiting or eliminating the adversary's operational capability. This capability can be required to guarantee one's free
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-4157/V940
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mRNA-4157/V940 is an experimental drug being investigated for use against skin and pancreatic cancer.
History
mRNA-4157/V940 was initially developed by Moderna. In 2022 Moderna and Merck jointly put mRNA-4157/V940 into clinical trials in combination with Merck's cancer immunotherapy drug pembrolizumab. In February 2023, the Food and Drug Administration granted mRNA-4157/V940 breakthrough status.
Mechanism of action
mRNA-4157/V940 is an mRNA based cancer vaccine. When used, it produces one of several dozen possible abnormal proteins commonly found in cancerous tissues. The production of those proteins is intended to invoke an immune response.
mRNA-4157/V940 is given to patients after their tumors have been sequenced and abnormal proteins identified. The drug is then customized to match a patient's tumor, which makes it an example of personalized medicine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella%20diminutiva
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Morchella diminutiva is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae native to North America. Described as new to science in 2012, it occurs in eastern North America, usually near Fraxinus americana and Liriodendron tulipifera, but also under other hardwoods like species of Carya.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal%20glucose%20reabsorption
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Renal glucose reabsorption is the part of kidney (renal) physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered glucose, preventing it from disappearing from the body through the urine.
If glucose is not reabsorbed by the kidney, it appears in the urine, in a condition known as glycosuria. This is associated with diabetes mellitus.
Firstly, the glucose in the proximal tubule is co-transported with sodium ions into the proximal convoluted tubule walls via the SGLT2 cotransporter. Some (typically smaller) amino acids are also transported in this way.
Once in the tubule wall, the glucose and amino acids diffuse directly into the blood capillaries along a concentration gradient. This blood is flowing, so the gradient is maintained.
Lastly, sodium/potassium ion active transport pumps remove sodium from the tubule wall and the sodium is put back into the blood. This maintains a sodium concentration gradient in the proximal tubule lining, so the first step continues to happen.
Gliflozins such as canagliflozin inhibit renal glucose reabsorption, and are used in diabetes mellitus to lower blood glucose.
Overview table
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saphenamycin
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Saphenamycin is an antibiotic with the molecular formula C23H18N2O5 which is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces canarius and other Streptomyces species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency%20ratio
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The efficiency ratio indicates the expenses as a percentage of revenue (expenses / revenue), with a few variations – it is essentially how much a corporation or individual spends to make a dollar; entities are supposed to attempt minimizing efficiency ratios (reducing expenses and increasing earnings). The concept typically applies to banks. It relates to operating leverage, which measures the ratio between fixed costs and variable costs.
Efficiency means the extent to which cash is generated over time and relative to other enterprises. Efficiency ratios for a given year may therefore be used to determine whether an enterprise has generated enough cash in relation to other years and in relation to other institutions (Koen and Oberholster, 1999). For measuring efficiency can be used receivable collection period ratio.
Formula
Efficiency =
If expenses are and revenue is (perhaps net of interest revenue/expense) the efficiency ratio is 0.75 or 75% (60/80) – meaning that are spent for every dollar earned in revenue.
An example
Citigroup, Inc. (2003):
Revenues, net of interest expense: 77,442
Operating expenses: 39,168
That makes the efficiency ratio = = 0.51 or 51%.
If "benefits, claims, and credit losses", for 11,941, are added to operating expenses, the efficiency ratio worsens to = 0.66
See also
Business margin
Financial market efficiency
Operating leverage
Sortino ratio
Business process reengineering
Cost–benefit ratio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona%20%28user%20experience%29
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A persona (also user persona, customer persona, buyer persona) in user-centered design and marketing is a personalized fictional character created to represent a user type that might use a site, brand, or product in a similar way. Personas represent the similarities of consumer groups or segments. They are based on demographic and behavioural personal information collected from users, qualitative interviews, and participant observation. Personas are one of the outcomes of market segmentation, where marketers use the results of statistical analysis and qualitative observations to draw profiles, giving them names and personalities to paint a picture of a person that could exist in real life. The term persona is used widely in online and technology applications as well as in advertising, where other terms such as pen portraits may also be used.
Personas are useful in considering the goals, desires, and limitations of brand buyers and users in order to help to guide decisions about a service, product or interaction space such as features, interactions, and visual design of a website. Personas may be used as a tool during the user-centered design process for designing software. They can introduce interaction design principles to things like industrial design and online marketing.
A user persona is a representation of the goals and behavior of a hypothesized group of users. In most cases, personas are synthesized from data collected from interviews or surveys with users. They are captured in short page descriptions that include behavioral patterns, goals, skills, attitudes, with a few fictional personal details to make the persona a realistic character. In addition to Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), personas are also widely used in sales, advertising, marketing and system design. Personas provide common behaviors, outlooks, and potential objections of people matching a given persona.
History
Within software design, Alan Cooper, a noted pioneer software developer, p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%205
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Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a protein, and more specifically an enzyme, that is encoded by the Cdk5 gene. It was discovered 15 years ago, and it is saliently expressed in post-mitotic central nervous system neurons (CNS).
The molecule belongs to the cyclin-dependent kinase family. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze reactions of phosphorylation. This process allows the substrate to gain a phosphate group donated by an organic compound known as ATP. Phosphorylations are of vital importance during glycolysis, therefore, making kinases an essential part of the cell due to their role in the metabolism, cell signaling, and many other processes.
Structure
Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase, which was first identified as a CDK family member due to its similar structure to CDC2/CDK1 in humans, a protein that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the cell cycle.
The gene Cdk5 contains 12 exons in a region that contains around 5000 nucleotides (5kb), as it was determined by Ohshima after cloning the Cdk5 gene that belonged to a mouse.
Cdk5 has 292 amino acids and presents both α-helix and β strand structures.
Even though Cdk5 has a similar structure to other cyclin-dependent kinases, its activators are highly specific (CDK5R1 and CDK5R2).
Some investigations have reported that the active states of protein kinases structurally differ from each other in order to preserve the geometry of its machinery so that catalytic output works properly. The Cdk5 kinase has an original design as well.
Cdk5 belongs to the eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs). A crystal structure of the catalytic domain of cAMP-dependent protein kinase showed that it holds 2 lobes; on the one hand, it has a small lobe, an N-terminal arranged as an antiparallel β-sheet structure. Furthermore, it contains nucleotide motifs as a way to orient the nucleotide for phospho-transfer. On the other hand, the large lobe, a C-terminal, is helical shaped, which helps to identify the substrate and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20use
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Channel use is a quantity used in signal processing or telecommunication related to symbol rate and channel capacity. Capacity is measured in bits per input symbol into the channel (bits per channel use). If a symbol enters the channel every Ts seconds (for every symbol period a symbol is transmitted) the channel capacity in bits per second is C/Ts. The phrase "1 bit per channel use" denotes the transmission of 1 symbol (of duration Ts) containing 1 data bit.
See also
Adaptive communications
End instrument
Spectral efficiency and modulation efficiency in (bit/s)/Hz
Data transmission
Information theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenWSN
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OpenWSN is a project created at the University of California Berkeley and extended at the INRIA and at the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) which aims to build an open standard-based and open source implementation of a complete constrained network protocol stack for wireless sensor networks and Internet of Things. The root of OpenWSN is a deterministic MAC layer implementing the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH based on the concept of Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH). Above the MAC layer, the Low Power Lossy Network stack is based on IETF standards including the IETF 6TiSCH management and adaptation layer (a minimal configuration profile, 6top protocol and different scheduling functions). The stack is complemented by an implementation of 6LoWPAN, RPL in non-storing mode, UDP and CoAP, enabling access to devices running the stack from the native IPv6 through open standards.
OpenWSN is related to other projects including the following:
RIOT
OpenMote
OpenWSN is available for Linux, Windows and OS X platforms. Current release of OpenWSN is 1.14.0.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climactichnites
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Climactichnites is an enigmatic, Cambrian fossil formed on or within sandy tidal flats around .
It has been interpreted in many different ways in the past, but is now thought to be a trace fossil of a slug-like organism that moved by crawling to on-shore surfaces, or near-shore, or burrowing into the sediment.
Morphology
There are two species within this ichnogenus, C. wilsoni and C. youngi. C. wilsoni consists of paired lateral ridges between which are undulating bars and furrows oriented at an angle to the direction of travel, whereas C. youngi lacks the paired lateral ridges and consists only of undulating transverse bars and furrows. An additional trace fossil, called Musculopodus, is sometimes found at the beginning of Climactichnites trails and represents the body imprint of the animal while it was stationary. Climactichnites range from 0.8 to 30 cm wide and may exceed ten feet long, making Climactichnites by far the largest Cambrian trace fossil. Based on measured ratios of Musculopodus imprints, the animal itself is estimated to have reached 69 cm long.
Occurrence
Currently, Climactichnites is known only from North America (Missouri, New York, Wisconsin, and Texas in the United States, and Quebec and Ontario in Canada), portions of which were submerged under a shallow equatorial sea during the Cambrian Period. The fossil is found in fine- to coarse-grained sandstones and orthoquartzites which represent sandy, intertidal beach deposits. Microbial mats probably enabled the trace to be preserved.
Interpretation
Early attempts to interpret the fossil as the body of an alga or siphonophore are easily falsified. Climactichnites is now thought to represent the trail or burrow of an organism moving, respectively, on top of or through the sediment. The animal apparently had a muscular foot and moved by extending either side of its body alternately (sometimes both sides may have been extended in unison) to produce the v-shaped transverse bars. Certainly the an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observability%20Gramian
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In control theory, we may need to find out whether or not a system such as
is observable, where , , and are, respectively, , , and matrices.
One of the many ways one can achieve such goal is by the use of the Observability Gramian.
Observability in LTI Systems
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems are those systems in which the parameters , , and are invariant with respect to time.
One can determine if the LTI system is or is not observable simply by looking at the pair . Then, we can say that the following statements are equivalent:
1. The pair is observable.
2. The matrix
is nonsingular for any .
3. The observability matrix
has rank n.
4. The matrix
has full column rank at every eigenvalue of .
If, in addition, all eigenvalues of have negative real parts ( is stable) and the unique solution of
is positive definite, then the system is observable. The solution is called the Observability Gramian and can be expressed as
In the following section we are going to take a closer look at the Observability Gramian.
Observability Gramian
The Observability Gramian can be found as the solution of the Lyapunov equation given by
In fact, we can see that if we take
as a solution, we are going to find that:
Where we used the fact that at for stable (all its eigenvalues have negative real part). This shows us that is indeed the solution for the Lyapunov equation under analysis.
Properties
We can see that is a symmetric matrix, therefore, so is .
We can use again the fact that, if is stable (all its eigenvalues have negative real part) to show that is unique. In order to prove so, suppose we have two different solutions for
and they are given by and . Then we have:
Multiplying by by the left and by by the right, would lead us to
Integrating from to :
using the fact that as :
In other words, has to be unique.
Also, we can see that
is positive for any (assuming the non-degenerate case where is not identically zero), and that makes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenDNSSEC
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OpenDNSSEC is a computer program that manages the security of domain names on the Internet. The project intends to drive adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) to further enhance Internet security.
OpenDNSSEC was created as an open-source turn-key solution for DNSSEC. It secures DNS zone data just before it is published in an authoritative name server. OpenDNSSEC takes in unsigned zones, adds digital signatures and other records for DNSSEC and passes it on to the authoritative name servers for that zone. All keys are stored in a hardware security module and accessed via PKCS #11, a standard software interface for communicating with devices which hold cryptographic information and perform cryptographic functions.
OpenDNSSEC uses the Botan cryptographic library, and SQLite or MySQL as database back-end. It is used on the .se, .dk, .nl and .uk top-level domains.
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire%20Prize
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The Saltire Prize, named after the flag of Scotland, was the national award for advances in the commercial development of marine energy.
To be considered for the £10 million award, teams had to demonstrate, in Scottish waters, a commercially viable wave or tidal stream energy technology "that achieves the greatest volume of electrical output over the set minimum hurdle of 100GWh over a continuous 2-year period using only the power of the sea."
The Saltire Prize was open to any individual, team or organisation from across the world who believed they had wave or tidal energy technology capable of fulfilling the challenge. Applications could be submitted between March 2010 and January 2015.
Additional prizes
• The Saltire Prize Lecture - delivered at the Scottish Renewables Marine Conference every September, it focused on the challenges in converting our world lead in wave and tidal energy to an industry of commercial scale, and in securing the economic, environmental and social benefits that this industry can bring. The lecture was designed to promote knowledge exchange between academics, industry, financiers and government.
• The Saltire Prize Medal - created to recognise outstanding contributions to the development of marine renewable energy. The Medal was awarded every March at the Scottish Renewables Annual Conference, Exhibition and Dinner.
• The Junior Saltire Prize - launched in 2011, this was aimed at primary and secondary school pupils and was designed to help raise awareness of the opportunities that Scotland has to exploit its marine renewables potential. It was sponsored by Skills Development Scotland and awards are presented to teams in three age groups: p5-7, s1-3 and s4-6.
• A Saltire Prize-sponsored doctorate in collaboration with the Energy Technology Partnership (ETP) - This was announced in August 2012. The research would consider how marine energy projects can be designed to maximise economic energy production while protecting the environmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20noise
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In signal processing theory, Gaussian noise, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a kind of signal noise that has a probability density function (pdf) equal to that of the normal distribution (which is also known as the Gaussian distribution). In other words, the values that the noise can take are Gaussian-distributed.
The probability density function of a Gaussian random variable is given by:
where represents the grey level, the mean grey value and its standard deviation.
A special case is white Gaussian noise, in which the values at any pair of times are identically distributed and statistically independent (and hence uncorrelated). In communication channel testing and modelling, Gaussian noise is used as additive white noise to generate additive white Gaussian noise.
In telecommunications and computer networking, communication channels can be affected by wideband Gaussian noise coming from many natural sources, such as the thermal vibrations of atoms in conductors (referred to as thermal noise or Johnson–Nyquist noise), shot noise, black-body radiation from the earth and other warm objects, and from celestial sources such as the Sun.
Gaussian noise in digital images
Principal sources of Gaussian noise in digital images arise during acquisition e.g. sensor noise caused by poor illumination and/or high temperature, and/or transmission e.g. electronic circuit noise. In digital image processing Gaussian noise can be reduced using a spatial filter, though when smoothing an image, an undesirable outcome may result in the blurring of fine-scaled image edges and details because they also correspond to blocked high frequencies. Conventional spatial filtering techniques for noise removal include: mean (convolution) filtering, median filtering and Gaussian smoothing.
See also
Gaussian process
Gaussian smoothing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB%20mass%20storage%20device%20class
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The USB mass storage device class (also known as USB MSC or UMS) is a set of computing communications protocols, specifically a USB Device Class, defined by the USB Implementers Forum that makes a USB device accessible to a host computing device and enables file transfers between the host and the USB device. To a host, the USB device acts as an external hard drive; the protocol set interfaces with a number of storage devices.
Uses
Devices connected to computers via this standard include:
External magnetic hard drives
External optical drives, including CD and DVD reader and writer drives
USB flash drives
Solid-state drives
Adapters between standard flash memory cards and USB connections
Digital cameras
Portable media players
Card readers
PDAs
Mobile phones
Devices supporting this standard are known as MSC (Mass Storage Class) devices. While MSC is the original abbreviation, UMS (Universal Mass Storage) has also come into common use.
Operating system support
Most mainstream operating systems include support for USB mass storage devices; support on older systems is usually available through patches.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows has supported MSC since Windows 2000. There is no support for USB supplied by Microsoft in Windows before Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0. Windows 95 OSR2.1, an update to the operating system, featured limited support for USB. During that time no generic USB mass-storage driver was produced by Microsoft (including for Windows 98), and a device-specific driver was needed for each type of USB storage device. Third-party, freeware drivers became available for Windows 98 and Windows 98SE, and third-party drivers are also available for Windows NT 4.0. Windows 2000 has support (via a generic driver) for standard USB mass-storage devices; Windows Me and all later Windows versions also include support.
Windows Mobile supports accessing most USB mass-storage devices formatted with FAT on devices with USB Host. However, portable de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20and%20life
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Research concerning the relationship between the thermodynamic quantity entropy and both the origin and evolution of life began around the turn of the 20th century. In 1910, American historian Henry Adams printed and distributed to university libraries and history professors the small volume A Letter to American Teachers of History proposing a theory of history based on the second law of thermodynamics and on the principle of entropy.
The 1944 book What is Life? by Nobel-laureate physicist Erwin Schrödinger stimulated further research in the field. In his book, Schrödinger originally stated that life feeds on negative entropy, or negentropy as it is sometimes called, but in a later edition corrected himself in response to complaints and stated that the true source is free energy. More recent work has restricted the discussion to Gibbs free energy because biological processes on Earth normally occur at a constant temperature and pressure, such as in the atmosphere or at the bottom of the ocean, but not across both over short periods of time for individual organisms.
Ideas about the relationship between entropy and living organisms have inspired hypotheses and speculations in many contexts, including psychology, information theory, the origin of life, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
Early views
In 1863, Rudolf Clausius published his noted memoir On the Concentration of Rays of Heat and Light, and on the Limits of Its Action, wherein he outlined a preliminary relationship, based on his own work and that of William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), between living processes and his newly developed concept of entropy. Building on this, one of the first to speculate on a possible thermodynamic perspective of organic evolution was the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. In 1875, building on the works of Clausius and Kelvin, Boltzmann reasoned:
In 1876, American civil engineer Richard Sears McCulloh, in his Treatise on the Mechanical Theory of Heat and its Applicatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahapedia
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Sahapedia is a website which seeks to make the culture and history of India accessible to all. Sahapedia is a portmanteau of the word Saha and encyclopedia. Saha is Sanskrit for "together with". It uses a method of collaboration between scholars and lay people contributing content to the portal. Once lay people register they are able to contribute to the portal once approved by editors. The site seeks to take the middle path between scholarly contribution and the open contribution system seen on Wikipedia. It serves as a portal with content in the form of articles, videos, image galleries, interviews and events listing.
History
Sahapedia was founded in New Delhi in 2010. It was registered as a not-for-profit Society in June 2011 under the Societies Act of 1860 and has offices in New Delhi and Kochi. S. Ramadorai, who was the Former Vice Chairman, Tata Consultancy Services, and Chairman, National Skills Development Agency is the President and mentor of Sahapedia. Sudha Gopalakrishnan, who was the Founder Director of the National Mission for Manuscripts, Government of India and an UNESCO-empanelled expert on intangible cultural heritage is the Vice President and Executive Director of Sahapedia. Sahapedia's technology platform, which was launched on 23 April 2016.
Work
The core of Sahapedia is the encyclopedia that addresses ten domains: the areas covered come under the categories of Knowledge Traditions, Visual and Material Arts, Performing Arts, Literature and Languages, Practices and Rituals, Histories, Institutions, People, and Natural Environment. The research and editorial team identify subjects for the encyclopedia, visit libraries and consult experts to arrive at an outline for its treatment, write to scholars for articles or request them for interviews, go on field visits for documentation and compile links to online resources and suggestions for further reading. Sahapedia also works with affiliates who are experts in their field and can curate modules that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotty%20%28dinosaur%29
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Scotty is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991. The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, a ~65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed.
Since its discovery and extensive subsequent study, Scotty has been referred to as the largest T. rex ever discovered in the world, the largest of any dinosaur discovered in Canada, and as one of the oldest and most complete fossils of its kind at more than 70% bulk.
Scotty resides at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum's T. rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada. In May 2019, a second mount was erected at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Regina, where the exhibit reflects the recent discoveries about the fossil.
Discovery
Scotty was discovered by Robert Gebhardt, a high school principal from Eastend, Saskatchewan, who accompanied a team of palaeontologists from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSM) on a prospective expedition into the Frenchman Formation alongside the Frenchman River Valley in southwestern Saskatchewan on 16 August 1991. Although he was only there to learn how to find and identify fossils, Gebhardt uncovered a tooth and tail vertebra that the museum was able to verify belonged to a T. rex. Initially, Gebhardt thought that the visible fossil was actually ironstone.
It wasn't until June 1994 that the Royal Saskatchewan Museum was able to begin the excavation, which was led and overseen by the Museum's Ron Borden, as well as resident palaeontologists Tim Tokaryk and John Storer who were with Gebhardt when he uncovered the first fossils. The bones were deeply packed in dense, iron-laden sandstone, which took more than twenty years for the team to fully remove, excavate, and assemble the majority of the skeleton, with additional trips being made to the site to retrieve smaller bone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemometrics%20and%20Intelligent%20Laboratory%20Systems
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Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal sponsored by the Chemometrics Society and published since 1986 by Elsevier. The current editor-in-chief is R. Tauler (Barcelona, Spain).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Analytical Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, Current Index to Statistics, EMBASE, Inspec, PubMed, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal's 2020 impact factor is 3.491. In 2016 the journal's ranking was 15th out of 58 journals in the category "Automation & Control Systems", 29th out of 74 in the category "Chemistry, Analytical", 26th out of 123 in the category "Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence", 9th out of 56 in the category "Instruments & Instrumentation", 12th out of 99 in the category "Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications" and 8th out of 122 journals in the category "Statistics & Probability".
Most cited articles
According to the Web of Science, the following three articles have been cited most often (>600 times):
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20crystalline%20bovine%20insulin
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In 1965, Chinese scientists first synthesized crystalline bovine insulin (), which was the first functional crystalline protein being fully synthesized in the world. Research on synthesizing bovine insulin started on 1958. Members in the research group were from the Chemistry Department of Beijing University (), Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, CAS () and Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS ().
Insulin is a protein (peptide) consisting of two chain, A and B. Chain A consists of 21 amino acid residues while chain consists of 30 amino acid residues. The main function of insulin is to regulate the concentrate of sugar in blood. Type 1 diabetes are caused by dysfunction on the synthesis or secretory of insulin while injecting insulin can treat type 1 diabetes.
In 1979, Wang Yinglai, the project's lead scientist, nominated Niu Jingyi, a team member who had made significant contributions, for the Nobel Chemistry Prize, but the nomination was unsuccessful.
See also
Helmut Zahn
Panayotis Katsoyannis
Cell-free protein synthesis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminocoumarin
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Aminocoumarin is a class of antibiotics that act by an inhibition of the DNA gyrase enzyme involved in the cell division in bacteria. They are derived from Streptomyces species, whose best-known representative – Streptomyces coelicolor – was completely sequenced in 2002.
The aminocoumarin antibiotics include:
Novobiocin, Albamycin (Pharmacia And Upjohn)
Coumermycin
Clorobiocin
Structure
The core of aminocoumarin antibiotics is made up of a 3-amino-4,7-dihydroxycumarin ring, which is linked, e.g., with a sugar in 7-Position and a benzoic acid derivative in 3-Position.
Clorobiocin is a natural antibiotic isolated from several Streptomyces strains and differs from novobiocin in that the methyl group at the 8 position in the coumarin ring of novobiocin is replaced by a chlorine atom, and the carbamoyl at the 3' position of the noviose sugar is substituted by a 5-methyl-2-pyrrolylcarbonyl group.
Mechanism of action
The aminocoumarin antibiotics are known inhibitors of DNA gyrase. Antibiotics of the aminocoumarin family exert their therapeutic activity by binding tightly to the B subunit of bacterial DNA gyrase, thereby inhibiting this essential enzyme. They compete with ATP
for binding to the B subunit of this enzyme and inhibit the ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling catalysed by gyrase. X-ray crystallography studies have confirmed binding at the ATP-binding site located on the gyrB subunit of DNA gyrase. Their affinity for gyrase is considerably higher than that of modern fluoroquinolones, which also target DNA gyrase but at the gyrA subunit.
Resistance
Resistance to this class of antibiotics usually results from genetic mutation in the gyrB subunit. Other mechanisms include de novo synthesis of a coumarin-resistant gyrase B subunit by the novobiocin producer S. sphaeroides .
Clinical use
The clinical use of this antibiotic class has been restricted due to the low water solubility, low activity against gram-negative bacteria, and toxicity in vivo of this class
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrequited%20love
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Unrequited love or one-sided love is love that is not openly reciprocated or understood as such by the beloved. The beloved may not be aware of the admirer's deep and pure affection, or may consciously reject it knowing that the admirer admires them. Merriam-Webster defines unrequited as "not reciprocated or returned in kind".
Psychiatrist Eric Berne states in his book Sex in Human Loving that "Some say that one-sided love is better than none, but like half a loaf of bread, it is likely to grow hard and moldy sooner." However, the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche contends that "indispensable...to the lover is his unrequited love, which he would at no price relinquish for a state of indifference." Unrequited love stands in contrast to redamancy, the act of reciprocal love, which is the tendency for people to like others who express liking for them.
Analysis
Route to unrequited love
According to Dr. Roy Baumeister, what makes a person desirable is a complex and highly personal mix of many qualities and traits. But falling for someone who is much more desirable than oneself — whether because of physical beauty or attributes like charm, intelligence, wit or status — Baumeister calls this kind of mismatch "prone to find their love unrequited" and that such relationships are falling upward. According to some psychologists opposites do attract.
'Platonic friendships provide a fertile soil for unrequited love'. Thus the object of unrequited love is often a friend or acquaintance, someone regularly encountered in the workplace, during the course of work, school or other activities involving large groups of people. This creates an awkward situation in which the admirer has difficulty in expressing their true feelings, a fear that revelation of feelings might invite rejection, cause embarrassment or might end all access to the beloved, as a romantic relationship may be inconsistent with the existing association.
Unrequited love victims
The inability of the unrequited love
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider%20behavior
|
Spider behavior refers to the range of behaviors and activities performed by spiders. Spiders are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms which is reflected in their large diversity of behavior.
Diet
Almost all known spider species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few species also take vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, fish, and even birds and bats. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, and they liquidize their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it with the bases of their pedipalps, as they do not have true jaws.
Though most known spiders are almost exclusively carnivorous, a few species, primarily of jumping spiders, supplement their diet with plant matter such as sap, nectar, and pollen. However, most of these spiders still need a mostly carnivorous diet to survive, and lab studies have shown that they become unhealthy when fed only plants. One exception is a species of jumping spider called Bagheera kiplingi, which is largely herbivorous, feeding mainly on the sugar rich Beltian bodies produced by acacia plants.
Capturing prey
Many spiders, but not all, build webs. Other spiders use a wide variety of methods to capture prey.
Web: There are several recognised types of spider web
Spiral orb webs, associated primarily with the family Araneidae
Tangle webs or cobwebs, associated with the family Theridiidae
Funnel webs,
Tubular webs, which run up the bases of trees or along the ground
Sheet webs
The net-casting spider weaves a small net which it attaches to its front legs. It then lurks in wait for potential prey and when such prey arrives, lunges forward to wrap its victim in the net, bite and paralyze it. Hence, this spider expends less energy catching prey than a primitive hunter and also avoids the energy loss of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorotrifluorosilane
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Chlorotrifluorosilane is an inorganic gaseous compound with formula SiClF3 composed of silicon, fluorine and chlorine. It is a silane that substitutes hydrogen with fluorine and chlorine atoms.
Production
By heating a mixture of anhydrous aluminium chloride and sodium hexafluorosilicate to between 190 and 250 °C a mixture of gases containing chlorotrifluorosilane is given off. These are condensed at -196 °C degrees and fractionally distilled at temperatures up to -78 °C.
SiClF3 can be made by reacting silicon tetrachloride and silicon tetrafluoride gases at 600 °C, producing a mixture of fluorochlorosilanes including about one quarter SiClF3.
SiClF3 can be made by reacting silicon tetrachloride with antimony trifluoride. An antimony pentachloride catalyst assists. The products are distilled to separate it out from tetrafluorosilane and dichlorodifluorosilane.
At high temperatures above 500 °C silicon tetrafluoride can react with phosphorus trichloride to yield some SiClF3. This is unusual because SiF4 is very stable.
Silicon tetrachloride can react with trifluoro(trichloromethyl)silane to yield SiClF3 and CCl3SiCl3.
2-Chloroethyltrifluorosilane or 1,2-dichloroethyltrifluorosilane can be disassociated by an infrared laser to yield SiClF3 and C2H4 (ethylene) or vinyl chloride. By tuning the laser to a vibration frequency of a particular isotope of silicon, different isotopomers can be selectively broken up in order to have a product that only concentrates one isotope of silicon. So silicon-30 can be increased to 80% by using the 934.5 cm−1 line in a CO2 laser.
The first published preparation of SiClF3 by Schumb and Gamble was by exploding hexafluorodisilane in chlorine: Si2F6 + Cl2 → 2SiClF3. Other products of this explosion may include amorphous silicon, SiCl2F2 and SiF4.
Chlorine reacts with silicon tetrafluoride in the presence of aluminium chips at 500-600 °C to make mostly silicon tetra chloride and some SiClF3.
Mercuric chloride when heated with SiF
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20of%20Physics%20Students
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ICPS is an annual conference of the International Association of Physics Students (IAPS). Usually, up to 500 students from all over the world attend the event, which takes place in another country every year in August. The event includes the opportunity for students at bachelor, master and doctoral level to present their research, whilst listening and interacting with invited speakers of international reputation. During the event, usually lasting between 5 and 7 days, the IAPS holds its Annual General Meeting (AGM) and elects a new Executive Committee. The choice of the host country of ICPS is made two years in advance.
Program
The main component of the conference consists of lectures given by the students themselves for other students. Guest lectures held by invited speakers and lab tours complete the scientific program. Further activities include city tours, excursions and social events. The participation fee is usually close to €200 per person, including accommodation, food and any extra activity organised by the local committee.
Conference venues
The following list contains the venues of the ICPS conferences
2022 Puebla, Mexico
2021 Copenhagen, Denmark
2020 Puebla, Mexico (cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic)
2019 Cologne, Germany
2018 Helsinki, Finland
2017 Turin, Italy
2016 Malta
2015 Zagreb, Croatia
2014 Heidelberg, Germany
2013 Edinburgh, United Kingdom
2012 Utrecht, The Netherlands
2011 Budapest, Hungary
2010 Graz, Austria
2009 Split, Croatia
2008 Kraków, Poland
2007 London, United Kingdom
2006 Bucharest, Romania
2005 Coimbra, Portugal
2004 Novi Sad, Serbia and Montenegro
2003 Odense, Denmark
2002 Budapest, Hungary
2001 Dublin, Ireland
2000 Zadar, Croatia
1999 Helsinki, Finland
1998 Coimbra, Portugal
1997 Vienna, Austria
1996 Szeged, Hungary
1995 Copenhagen, Denmark
1994 St. Petersburg, Russia
1993 Bodrum, Turkey
1992 Lisbon, Portugal
1991 Vienna, Austria
1990 Amsterdam, Netherlands
1989 Freiburg, Germany
1988 Prague, Czechoslovakia
1987 Debrecen, Hungary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BillDesk
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BillDesk is an Indian online payment gateway company based in Mumbai. The company provides an online payment platform for its clients which enables banking and merchant website transactions.
History
BillDesk was founded by Indian entrepreneurs M.N. Srinivasu, Ajay Kaushal and Karthik Ganapathy in 2000. The three previously worked at American accounting firm Arthur Andersen LLP.
In 2017, BillDesk launched the first Indian cryptocurrency exchange called Coinome.
Fundraising
In 2001, BillDesk received its first investment from SIDBI Venture Capital Ltd and Bank of Baroda.
In 2006, Clearstone Venture Partners and State Bank of India jointly invested $7.5 million in the company.
In 2012, US-based PE firm TA Associates made an undisclosed investment in BillDesk.
In 2015, BillDesk received an investment of US$200 million from General Atlantic and Temasek Holdings thereby giving the company a total valuation of USD 1 billion dollars. General Atlantic remains the largest shareholder in the company, with 35% ownership in the company.
In August 2021, PayU announced that it would acquire BillDesk for $4.7 billion in an all-cash deal, which would make it the largest fintech acquisition in India. However, the deal was terminated in October 2022.
Business
Billdesk is one of the few profitable fintech companies in India. As of 2015, the company is worth USD 1 billion. Sanjeev Krishan, leader (transaction services and private equity) at PwC India estimated that in the year 2015, 70% of India's online billing transactions were conducted through BillDesk.
BillDesk is a financially independent company and is monitored as a participant under the Payments and Settlements Systems Act, 2007 (Act 51 of 2007) that is regulated and supervised by the Reserve Bank of India.
See also
Infibeam Avenues
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patellar%20network
|
The patellar network (circulatory anastomosis around the knee-joint, patellar anastomosis, genicular anastomosis, articular vascular network of knee or rete articulare genus) is an intricate network of blood vessels around and above the patella, and on the contiguous ends of the femur and tibia, forming a superficial and a deep plexus.
The superficial plexus is situated between the fascia and skin around about the patella, and forms three well-defined arches: one, above the upper border of the patella, in the loose connective tissue over the quadriceps femoris; the other two, below the level of the patella, are situated in the fat behind the patellar ligament.
The deep plexus, which forms a close net-work of vessels, lies on the lower end of the femur and upper end of the tibia around their articular surfaces, and sends numerous offsets into the interior of the joint.
The genicular arteries which form this plexus are the medial inferior and medial superior genicular arteries, the lateral inferior and lateral superior genicular arteries, the descending genicular artery, the descending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery, and the anterior tibial recurrent artery.
Clinical relevance
The genicular anastomosis provides collateral circulation to supply the leg when the knee is fully flexed.
When the knee suffers a popliteal aneurysm, if the femoral artery has to be ligated surgically, blood can still reach the popliteal artery distal to the ligation via the genicular anastomosis. However, if flow in the femoral artery of a normal leg is suddenly disrupted, blood flow distally is rarely sufficient. The reason for this is the fact that the genicular anastomosis is only present in a minority of individuals and is always undeveloped when disease in the femoral artery is absent.
Illustrations of the genicular anastomosis in textbooks all appear to have been derived from the idealized image, shown in the sidebox, produced first by Gray's Anatomy in 1910. Neither
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropneumatic%20device
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Hydropneumatic devices such as hydropneumatic accumulators or pulsation dampeners are devices which prevent, but do not absorb, alleviate, arrest, attenuate, or suppress a shock that already exists, meaning that these devices prevent the creation of a shock wave at an otherwise earlier stage. These can include pulsation dampeners, hydropneumatic accumulators, water hammer preventers, water hammer arrestors, and other things.
Hydropneumatic water hammer preventers
Purpose
To provide a chamber of sufficient volume to allow an extension of time in which a given flow may be accelerated or decelerated without sudden large change in pressure. See also expansion tank. When shock waves of an incompressible fluid within a piping system exist, especially at a high velocity, there is a high chance for water hammer. To help prevent a swing check from slamming and causing water hammer, a spring-assisted non-slam check valve is installed. Rather than relying on flow or gravity to be closed, the non-slam design prevents a sudden velocity decrease and reverse flow.
Characteristics
The chamber is generally adapted to contain a separator member which prevents the escape of a pre-filled compressed inert gas.
Applications
Placed closely before a valve that is closed quickly. Stops water hammering.
Placed immediately after the discharge of a pump that is started fast into a pipe full of a long column of liquid. Reduces start up surge pressure.
Placed immediately after a pump, which when caused to stop suddenly, enables a vacuum to form, which pulls the flow back towards the pump. Prevents an implosion bang.
Variations
Having a separator membrane into the interior of which the liquid is communicated. Used for corrosive liquids, so that the chamber metal can be of low cost.
Having a metal bellows separator membrane for use at low and higher temperatures than are compatible with an elastomeric or plastomeric membrane.
Having a float separator to reduce the rate of gas absorp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20Fredholm%20theorem
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In mathematics, the analytic Fredholm theorem is a result concerning the existence of bounded inverses for a family of bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space. It is the basis of two classical and important theorems, the Fredholm alternative and the Hilbert–Schmidt theorem. The result is named after the Swedish mathematician Erik Ivar Fredholm.
Statement of the theorem
Let be a domain (an open and connected set). Let be a real or complex Hilbert space and let Lin(H) denote the space of bounded linear operators from H into itself; let I denote the identity operator. Let be a mapping such that
B is analytic on G in the sense that the limit exists for all ; and
the operator B(λ) is a compact operator for each .
Then either
does not exist for any ; or
exists for every , where S is a discrete subset of G (i.e., S has no limit points in G). In this case, the function taking λ to is analytic on and, if , then the equation has a finite-dimensional family of solutions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmar%20carpal%20branch%20of%20ulnar%20artery
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The palmar carpal branch of ulnar artery (volar carpal branch) is a small vessel which crosses the front of the carpus beneath the tendons of the Flexor digitorum profundus, and anastomoses with the corresponding branch of the radial artery.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Scotland%20Gazetteer
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The One Scotland Gazetteer is the definitive national land, property and address dataset for Scotland that is published by Spatial Information Service within the Improvement Service. It is compiled using information from all 32 Scottish councils and produced to common standards and specification. It is not to be confused with the Royal Mail Postcode Address File (PAF) which is only a list of mail delivery locations.
The Improvement Service Spatial Information Service also manages Tellmescotland ( portal for accessing public information notices issued by local authorities across Scotland) and the Spatial Hub - which compiles and publishes other local authority spatial datasets.
History
In 2000, the Scottish Executive (now Scottish Government) set up a Modernising Government Fund to improve public services. In 2002 a proposal was made around Definitive National Addressing for Scotland (DNA Scotland), with all 32 Scottish councils involved. The project was aimed at producing common standards and to establish corporate address gazetteers within each local authority. The gazetteer began in 2003 as the National Gazetteer for Scotland. In 2007 it was renamed to 'One Scotland Gazetteer' and was relaunched with a refreshed website design in late 2017.
The One Scotland Gazetteer is used by the wider Scottish public sector inc.for eDevelopment (Planning & Building Standards), The Energy Saving Trust (for energy performance certificates) and for the National Landlord Registration Scheme.
The dataset also feeds into Ordnance Survey's AddressBase dataset via Geoplace who compile the address gazetteers from all 353 English, 22 Welsh and 32 Scottish local authorities.
Standards
Local Authorities have statutory obligations in regard to planning, building standards and street naming and numbering in Scotland They are the source of definitive address information in their local government area and also the source of any change intelligence about land or property.
The INSPIRE Dire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund%27s%20cases
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In rotational-vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of diatomic molecules, Hund's coupling cases are idealized descriptions of rotational states in which specific terms in the molecular Hamiltonian and involving couplings between angular momenta are assumed to dominate over all other terms. There are five cases, proposed by Friedrich Hund in 1926-27 and traditionally denoted by the letters (a) through (e). Most diatomic molecules are somewhere between the idealized cases (a) and (b).
Angular momenta
To describe the Hund's coupling cases, we use the following angular momenta (where boldface letters indicate vector quantities):
, the electronic orbital angular momentum
, the electronic spin angular momentum
, the total electronic angular momentum
, the rotational angular momentum of the nuclei
, the total angular momentum of the system (exclusive of nuclear spin)
, the total angular momentum exclusive of electron (and nuclear) spin
These vector quantities depend on corresponding quantum numbers whose values are shown in molecular term symbols used to identify the states. For example, the term symbol 2Π3/2 denotes a state with S = 1/2, Λ = 1 and J = 3/2.
Choosing the applicable Hund's case
Hund's coupling cases are idealizations. The appropriate case for a given situation can be found by comparing three strengths: the electrostatic coupling of to the internuclear axis, the spin-orbit coupling, and the rotational coupling of and to the total angular momentum .
For 1Σ states the orbital and spin angular momenta are zero and the total angular momentum is just the nuclear rotational angular momentum. For other states, Hund proposed five possible idealized modes of coupling.
The last two rows are degenerate because they have the same good quantum numbers.
In practice there are also many molecular states which are intermediate between the above limiting cases.
Case (a)
The most common case is case (a) in which is electrostatically coupled to the internucle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desem
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Desem (pronounced DAY-zum) (Dutch for "leaven") is both a type of sourdough starter made from whole wheat flour, spelt flour or other flours (such as kamut, durum and tritordeum) and water, and the resulting bread.
Desem starter is traditionally used in Belgium to make healthy, nutrient-rich bread. The starter is grown in a bed of flour at cool temperatures until it reaches sufficient maturity. The starter is not exposed to outside bacteria and yeasts, but achieves its leavening power from organisms present in the whole wheat flour itself. For this reason, desem starter is best made with grains free of chemicals (i.e. organically grown without herbicides, pesticides or dessicants) and water that does not contain chlorine or fluoride. The leavening power of desem starter may be stronger than that of typical sourdough starters.
The term "desem" also describes the loaf made with this starter. Desem bread made from a mature desem is characterized by a strong rise, and a light texture, with a nutty taste. When made properly desem bread is less sour than German or San Francisco sourdough breads. The loaf is similar in process to the French "pain au levain", but made with whole wheat flour and starter instead of white flour. Desem bread is considered to be a "naturally leavened" bread, rather than a "yeasted" bread. It keeps well and digests comfortably.
Desem bread has a strong following in the natural foods community, where it was largely popularized by vegetarian cookbook author Laurel Robertson.
Preparation
Starter
Unlike sourdough starters which are exposed to outside air, the desem starter is grown in a bed of flour (3-4 inches of flour surrounding the ball of dough made from fresh wheat flour and pure water). Keeping the flour cool (approx. 50-65°F, or 10-18°C) during the initial incubation period is important as higher temperatures may make the desem starter sour. The cool incubation environment is particularly important for desem. While getting a desem start
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC%20instruction%20listings
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The PIC instruction set refers to the set of instructions that Microchip Technology PIC or dsPIC microcontroller supports. The instructions are usually programmed into the Flash memory of the processor, and automatically executed by the microcontroller on startup.
PICmicro chips have a Harvard architecture and instruction words have unusual sizes. Originally, 12-bit instructions included 5 address bits to specify the memory operand, and 9-bit branch destinations. Later revisions added opcode bits, allowing additional address bits.
In the instruction set tables that follow, register numbers are referred to as "f", while constants are referred to as "k". Bit numbers (0–7) are selected by "b". The "d" bit selects the destination: 0 indicates W, while 1 indicates that the result is written back to source register f. The C and Z status flags may be set based on the result; otherwise they are unmodified. Add and subtract (but not rotate) instructions that set C also set the DC (digit carry) flag, the carry from bit 3 to bit 4, which is useful for BCD arithmetic.
Architecture
Memory operands are also referred to as "registers". Most are simply general-purpose storage (RAM), while some locations are reserved for special function registers. Except for a single accumulator (called W), almost all other registers are memory-mapped, even registers like the program counter and ALU status register. (The other exceptions, which are not memory-mapped, are the return address stack, and the tri-state registers used to configure the GPIO pins.)
The instruction set does not contain conditional branch instructions. Instead, it contains conditional skip instructions which cause the following instruction to be ignored. A conditional skip followed by an unconditional branch performs a conditional branch. The skip instructions test any bit of any register. The ALU status register is one possibility.
Memory operands are specified by absolute address; the location is fixed at
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration%20dimension
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In mathematics — specifically, in probability theory — the concentration dimension of a Banach space-valued random variable is a numerical measure of how "spread out" the random variable is compared to the norm on the space.
Definition
Let (B, || ||) be a Banach space and let X be a Gaussian random variable taking values in B. That is, for every linear functional ℓ in the dual space B∗, the real-valued random variable 〈ℓ, X〉 has a normal distribution. Define
Then the concentration dimension d(X) of X is defined by
Examples
If B is n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn with its usual Euclidean norm, and X is a standard Gaussian random variable, then σ(X) = 1 and E[||X||2] = n, so d(X) = n.
If B is Rn with the supremum norm, then σ(X) = 1 but E[||X||2] (and hence d(X)) is of the order of log(n).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Mathematical%20Biology
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Journal of Mathematical Biology is a peer-reviewed, mathematics journal, published by Springer Verlag. Founded in 1974, the journal publishes articles on mathematical biology. In particular, papers published in this journal 'should either provide biological insight as a result of mathematical analysis or identify and open up challenging new types of mathematical problems that derive from biological knowledge'. It is the official journal of the European Society for Mathematical and Theoretical Biology. The editors-in-chief are Thomas Hillen, Anna Marciniak-Czochra, and Mark Lewis.
Its 2020 impact factor is 2.259.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is indexed in the following databases:
Thomson Reuters
BIOSIS
Biological Abstracts
Current Contents / Life Sciences
Journal Citation Reports
Science Citation Index Expanded
Zoological Record
PubMed/Medline (Web of Knowledge)
Gale
Academic OneFile
Expanded Academic
EBSCO host
Academic Search
EBSCO
NAL Catalog
AGRICOLA
CAB Direct
CAB Abstracts
Global Health
American Chemical Society
Chemical Abstracts Service
Elsevier
EMBASE
EMBiology
Other databases
Current Index to Statistics
Digital Mathematics Registry
Google Scholar
IBIDS
International Bibliography of Periodical Literature (IBZ)
Mathematical Reviews
OCLC
SCOPUS
Summon by Serial Solutions
VINITI - Russian Academy of Science
Zentralblatt Math
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