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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet%20Isakhanli
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Hamlet Abdulla oglu Isayev (, ; born March 1, 1948) is an Azerbaijani mathematician, historian of science and culture, writer, founder of Khazar University who served as University president from April 1991 to September 2010. He is currently the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Trustees, founder of Dunya School, and founder of a publishing house (all in Baku, capital of Azerbaijan) as well as a translator of poetry, lecturer, and editor. He is a founding member of the Eurasian Academy.
Hamlet Isakhanli (, ) is his penname that he uses as a poet and in his publications in the fields of humanities and social sciences. All his works in mathematics have been published under the surname Isayev, he is better known among the general public as Hamlet Isakhanli.
Hamlet Isakhanli's academic and literary works cover a broad range of fields including research in mathematics and many areas of humanities and the social sciences, poetry, and creative writing.
Biography
Isakhanli finished high school with a gold medal and was admitted to the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics of Azerbaijan State University in 1965. He graduated from BSU in 1970 with honors. In the same year, he was admitted back to the postgraduate research course of the institute, and then sent to Lomonosov Moscow State University for his graduate education and research. In 1973, he received a Ph.D. degree in Physical-Mathematical sciences.
From 1973 to 1983, he worked as professor at Azerbaijan State Institute of Oil and Chemistry (currently Azerbaijan State Oil Academy) and chaired the department of mathematics in the Baku campus of the Leningrad Institute of Economics and Finance.
He was married to Naila Isayeva.
Research
Hamlet Isakhanli is one of the authors and co-editor of the Khazar English-Azerbaijani Comprehensive Dictionary in six volumes. Only the first three volumes have been published.
Hamlet Isakhanli discusses in his writings the problems of poetry and philosophy, political sci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20semimetal
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Weyl fermions are massless chiral fermions embodying the mathematical concept of a Weyl spinor. Weyl spinors in turn play an important role in quantum field theory and the Standard Model, where they are a building block for fermions in quantum field theory. Weyl spinors are a solution to the Dirac equation derived by Hermann Weyl, called the Weyl equation. For example, one-half of a charged Dirac fermion of a definite chirality is a Weyl fermion.
Weyl fermions may be realized as emergent quasiparticles in a low-energy condensed matter system. This prediction was first proposed by Conyers Herring in 1937, in the context of electronic band structures of solid state systems such as electronic crystals. Topological materials in the vicinity of band inversion transition became a primary target in search of topologically protected bulk electronic band crossings.
The first (non-electronic) liquid state which is suggested, has similarly emergent but neutral excitation and theoretically interpreted superfluid's chiral anomaly as observation of Fermi points is in Helium-3 A superfluid phase. Crystalline tantalum arsenide (TaAs) is the first discovered topological Weyl fermion semimetal which exhibits topological surface Fermi arcs where Weyl fermion is electrically charged along the line of original suggestion by Herring. An electronic Weyl fermion is not only charged but stable at room temperature where there is no such superfluid or liquid state known.
Experimental observation
A Weyl semimetal is a solid state crystal whose low energy excitations are Weyl fermions that carry electrical charge even at room temperatures. A Weyl semimetal enables realization of Weyl fermions in electronic systems. It is a topologically nontrivial phase of matter, together with Helium-3 A superfluid phase, that broadens the topological classification beyond topological insulators. The Weyl fermions at zero energy correspond to points of bulk band degeneracy, the Weyl nodes (or Fermi points
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macropore
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In soil, macropores are defined as cavities that are larger than 75 μm. Functionally, pores of this size host preferential soil solution flow and rapid transport of solutes and colloids. Macropores increase the hydraulic conductivity of soil, allowing water to infiltrate and drain quickly, and shallow groundwater to move relatively rapidly via lateral flow. In soil, macropores are created by plant roots, soil cracks, soil fauna, and by aggregation of soil particles into peds.
Macropores may be defined differently in other contexts. Within the context of porous solids (i.e., not porous aggregations such as soil), colloid and surface chemists define macropores as cavities that are larger than 50 nm.
See also
Characterisation of pore space in soil
Nanoporous materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestites
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Cestites ("girdle") is a controversial fossil from the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian, 460 million years old) Douglas Lake Member of the Lenoir Limestone from Douglas Dam Tennessee. At first considered a ctenophore by Caster and Brooks, it was later interpreted as a genus of liverwort by Gregory Retallack.
Description
Cestites has a narrow gametophyte thallus, with a wide midrib and dichotomizing at long intervals. The archegoniophores are parasol shaped and clustered.
Interpretation
The liverwort interpretation of this fossil has been considered controversial in some quarters but accepted elsewhere.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ystein%20Ore
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Øystein Ore (7 October 1899 – 13 August 1968) was a Norwegian mathematician known for his work in ring theory, Galois connections, graph theory, and the history of mathematics.
Life
Ore graduated from the University of Oslo in 1922, with a Cand.Real.degree in mathematics. In 1924, the University of Oslo awarded him the Ph.D. for a thesis titled Zur Theorie der algebraischen Körper, supervised by Thoralf Skolem. Ore also studied at Göttingen University, where he learned Emmy Noether's new approach to abstract algebra. He was also a fellow at the Mittag-Leffler Institute in Sweden, and spent some time at the University of Paris. In 1925, he was appointed research assistant at the University of Oslo.
Yale University’s James Pierpont went to Europe in 1926 to recruit research mathematicians. In 1927, Yale hired Ore as an assistant professor of mathematics, promoted him to associate professor in 1928, then to full professor in 1929. In 1931, he became a Sterling Professor (Yale's highest academic rank), a position he held until he retired in 1968.
Ore gave an American Mathematical Society Colloquium lecture in 1941 and was a plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1936 in Oslo. He was also elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Oslo Academy of Science. He was a founder of the Econometric Society.
Ore visited Norway nearly every summer. During World War II, he was active in the "American Relief for Norway" and "Free Norway" movements. In gratitude for the services rendered to his native country during the war, he was decorated in 1947 with the Order of St. Olav.
In 1930, Ore married Gudrun Lundevall. They had two children. Ore had a passion for painting and sculpture, collected ancient maps, and spoke several languages.
Work
Ore is known for his work in ring theory, Galois connections, and most of all, graph theory.
His early work was on algebraic number fields, how to decompose the ideal generated by a prime number
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%20EF936x
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The Thomson EF936x series is a type of Graphic Display Processor (GDP) by Thomson-EFCIS. The chip could draw at 1 million pixels per second, which was relatively advanced for the time of its release (1982 or earlier).
There are various versions of the chip (EF9364, EF9365, EF9366, EF9367, SFF96364, EF9369), with slightly different capabilities.
In 1982 Commodore released a "High Resolution Graphics" board for the PET based on the EF9365 and EF9366 chips, allowing it to display 512 x 512 or 512 x 256 resolution graphics. The EF9366 was also used on the SMP-E353 graphic card for the Siemens computer series and on the NDR-Klein-Computer introduced in 1984.
Version EF9369 was used on computers such as the Thomson MO5NR, MO6, TO8, TO9 and TO9+, and from 1985 to 1989 on the DAI Personal Computer.
Versions
Based on the 1989 data book published by the company, the EF936x series was split into Graphics Controllers and Color Palette models.
Graphics Controllers
EF9364 CRT Processor introduced in 1981
EF9365 512×512 (interlaced), 256×256, 128×128, 64×64; 50 Hz
EF9366 512×256 (noninterlaced); 50/60 Hz
EF9367 1024×512 (interlaced), 1024x416 (interlaced); 50/60 Hz (capable of SECAM system output for the French market).
SFF96364
Color Palette
EF9369 - 4-bit DACs (16 out of 4096 colors - 12-bit RGB), generating gamma corrected (gamma 2.8) voltages.
TS9370 - 4-bit DACs (16 out of 4096 colors)
Capabilities
Integrated DRAM controller
Line drawing, with delta-x and delta-y limited to 255 each. Support for solid, dotted, dashed and dotted/dashed lines.
Built-in 5×8 pixel ASCII font. Support for rendering tilted characters, and scaling by integer factors (no antialiasing)
Clear screen
Light Pen support
The GPUs did not support direct access to the graphics memory, although a special command was provided to aid in implementing access to individual memory words.
See also
Thomson EF934x
Thomson MO5NR
Thomson MO6
Thomson TO8
Thomson TO9
Thomson TO9+
NDR-Klein-Computer
Commodore P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%AFm%20Brezis
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Haïm Brezis (born 1 June 1944) is a French mathematician, who mainly works in functional analysis and partial differential equations.
Biography
Born in Riom-ès-Montagnes, Cantal, France. Brezis is the son of a Romanian immigrant father, who came to France in the 1930s, and a Jewish mother who fled from the Netherlands. His wife, Michal Govrin, a native Israeli, works as a novelist, poet, and theater director. Brezis received his Ph.D. from the University of Paris in 1972 under the supervision of Gustave Choquet. He is currently a professor at the Pierre and Marie Curie University and a visiting distinguished professor at Rutgers University. He is a member of the Academia Europaea (1988) and a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences (2003). In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He holds honorary doctorates from several universities including National Technical University of Athens. Brezis is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher. He also served on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2013 and 2014.
Works
Opérateurs maximaux monotones et semi-groupes de contractions dans les espaces de Hilbert (1973)
Analyse Fonctionnelle. Théorie et Applications (1983)
Haïm Brezis. Un mathématicien juif. Entretien Avec Jacques Vauthier. Collection Scientifiques & Croyants. Editions Beauchesne, 1999. ,
Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial Differential Equations, Springer; 1st Edition. edition (November 10, 2010), ,
See also
Bony–Brezis theorem
Brezis–Gallouet inequality
Brezis–Lieb lemma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental%20event%20rate
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In epidemiology and biostatistics, the experimental event rate (EER) is a measure of how often a particular statistical event (such as response to a drug, adverse event or death) occurs within the experimental group (non-control group) of an experiment.
This value is very useful in determining the therapeutic benefit or risk to patients in experimental groups, in comparison to patients in placebo or traditionally treated control groups.
Three statistical terms rely on EER for their calculation: absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction and number needed to treat.
Control event rate
The control event rate (CER) is identical to the experimental event rate except that is measured within the scientific control group of an experiment.
Worked example
In a trial of hypothetical drug "X" where we are measuring event "Z", we have two groups. Our control group (25 people) is given a placebo, and the experimental group (25 people) is given drug "X".
Event "Z" in control group : 4 in 25 people
Control event rate : 4/25
Event "Z" in experimental group : 12 in 25 people
Experimental event rate : 12/25
Another worked example is as follows:
See also
Absolute risk reduction
Relative risk reduction
Number needed to treat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrate
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Sunrate is a financial technology company that provides financial services, such as payments and treasury management services for businesses globally. Its global headquarters is in Singapore, with offices in Hong Kong, Jakarta, London and Shanghai. The company is a financial services platform providing business-to-business (B2B) payments through global banking networks and its API. It also provides multi-currency business accounts among other services and is the principal member of both Mastercard and Visa network.
History
Sunrate was founded in 2016. The SUNRATE platform provides business-to-business (B2B) payments in more than 100 currencies and 150 countries.
In November 2022, Sunrate partnered with online travel agency Agoda.
Sunrate partnered with the global financial institutions, such as Citibank, Standard Chartered, and Barclays.
In 2023, Sunrate completed series D1 round led by Prosperity7 Ventures and series D2 round led by Peak XV Partners, with Softbank Ventures Asia also contributing to both rounds.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo/Domain
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Apollo/Domain was a range of workstations developed and produced by Apollo Computer from circa 1980 to 1989. The machines were built around the Motorola 68k family of processors, except for the DN10000, which had from one to four of Apollo's RISC processors, named PRISM.
Operating system
The original operating system was Apollo's own product called Aegis, which was later renamed to Domain/OS. The Aegis and Domain/OS system offered advanced features for the time, for example an object oriented filesystem, network transparency, diskless booting, a graphical user interface and, in Domain/OS, interoperability with BSD, System V and POSIX.
Hardware
An Apollo workstation resembled a modern PC, with base unit, keyboard, mouse, and screen. Early models were housed in short (about 2 ft high) 19" rack cabinets that would be set beside a desk or under a table. The DN300 and later DN330 were designed as integrated units with system and monitor in one unit and fit easily on a desk. Every Apollo system (even standalones) had to include at least one network interface. Originally the only option was the 12 Mbit/s Apollo Token Ring (ATR). Over time, 10 Mbit/s Ethernet was added as an option. It has been stated that the IBM Token Ring was an option - this was never available. The ATR was generally the best choice, since it was extremely scalable; whilst the Ethernet of the time suffered serious performance loss as extra machines were added to the network, this was not true of ATR, which could easily have over a hundred machines on one network. One drawback was that, unlike Ethernet, one machine failure (which could easily happen given a single faulty connector) stopped the entire network. For this reason, Apollo provided an optional (but strongly recommended) network cabling system of bypass switches and quick connect boxes which allowed machines to be disconnected and moved without problems. Apollo Token Ring networks used 75 ohm RG-6U coaxial cabling.
Networking
The network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophil%20Henry%20Hildebrandt
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Theophil Henry Hildebrandt (24 July 1888 – 9 October 1980) was an American mathematician who did research on functional analysis and integration theory.
Hildebrandt was born in Dover, Ohio, graduated from high school at age 14 and at age 17 in 1905 received his bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois. As a graduate student at the University of Chicago he earned his master's degree in 1906 and his PhD in 1910, with thesis A Contribution to the Foundations of Fréchet's Calcul Fonctionnel written under the direction of E. H. Moore. He became an instructor at the University of Michigan in 1909 and then a full professor in 1923, serving as chair of the mathematics department from 1934 until his retirement in 1957. His doctoral students include Ralph S. Phillips, Charles Earl Rickart, and John V. Wehausen.
In 1929 Hildebrandt received the Chauvenet Prize for his 1926 expository article The Borel theorem and its generalizations. He served two years, 1945 and 1946, as president of the American Mathematical Society. The U. of Michigan established in 1962 in his honor the T. H. Hildebrandt Research Instructorships, which were changed in 1974 to assistant professorships.
Hildebrandt, as an instructor at the U. of Michigan, enrolled in the School of Music and earned a degree in music with a major in organ. He played the organ in his local church. He married Dora E. Ware in 1921, and they had four children.
He died, aged 92, in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Selected publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20indicator
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A performance indicator or key performance indicator (KPI) is a type of performance measurement. KPIs evaluate the success of an organization or of a particular activity (such as projects, programs, products and other initiatives) in which it engages. KPIs provide a focus for strategic and operational improvement, create an analytical basis for decision making and help focus attention on what matters most.
Often success is simply the repeated, periodic achievement of some levels of operational goal (e.g. zero defects, 10/10 customer satisfaction), and sometimes success is defined in terms of making progress toward strategic goals. Accordingly, choosing the right KPIs relies upon a good understanding of what is important to the organization. What is deemed important often depends on the department measuring the performance – e.g. the KPIs useful to finance will differ from the KPIs assigned to sales.
Since there is a need to understand well what is important, various techniques to assess the present state of the business, and its key activities, are associated with the selection of performance indicators. These assessments often lead to the identification of potential improvements, so performance indicators are routinely associated with 'performance improvement' initiatives. A very common way to choose KPIs is to apply a management framework such as the balanced scorecard.
The importance of such performance indicators is evident in the typical decision-making process (e.g. in management of organisations). When a decision-maker considers several options, they must be equipped to properly analyse the status quo to predict the consequences of future actions. Should they make their analysis on the basis of faulty or incomplete information, the predictions will not be reliable and consequently the decision made might yield an unexpected result. Therefore, the proper usage of performance indicators is vital to avoid such mistakes and minimise the risk.
Categorization o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%20Computer%20Systems
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Harris Computer Systems Corporation was an American computer company, in existence during the mid-1990s, that made real-time computing systems. Its products powered a variety of applications, including those for aerospace simulation, data acquisition and control, and signal processing. It was based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. For twenty years prior, it had been the Harris Computer Systems Division of Harris Corporation, until being spun off as an independent company in 1994. Then in 1996, Harris Computer Systems Corporation itself was acquired by Concurrent Computer Corporation.
Origins
The origins of Harris Computer Systems began in 1967 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, when Datacraft Corporation was founded. It would specialize in minicomputers for the scientific engineering market and for educational use.
The best known of these were the DC-6024 line, which were based on a 24-bit computing architecture and debuted in 1969. Successive models were denoted with names such as DC-6024/1 and DC-6024/4, which became known as "Slash 1", "Slash 4", and so forth. The Slash 1 made cost-effective use of hardware for floating-point operations and quickly became popular as alternatives to computers from Systems Engineering Laboratories.
Harris Computer Systems Division
In 1974, Harris Corporation acquired Datacraft, which led to the formation of the Harris Computer Systems Division. Some of the later "Slash" systems were sold under the Harris name.
The Harris Computer Systems Division then came out with the H-Series product line, which featured virtual memory as a key aspect. It remained one of the few 24-bit computers available at the time. Such models included the H80 and H100 minicomputers. Like other Harris Computer systems, these were geared towards multiple-processing jobs and real-time environments. H-series products were generally good at maintaining binary compatibility, meaning old application executables could still run on newer models. Later models
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20drive
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Solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory, and functions as secondary storage in the hierarchy of computer storage. It is also sometimes called a semiconductor storage device, a solid-state device, or a solid-state disk, even though SSDs lack the physical spinning disks and movable read–write heads used in hard disk drives (HDDs) and floppy disks. SSD also has rich internal parallelism for data processing.
In comparison to hard disk drives and similar electromechanical media which use moving parts, SSDs are typically more resistant to physical shock, run silently, and have higher input/output rates and lower latency. SSDs store data in semiconductor cells. cells can contain between 1 and 4 bits of data. SSD storage devices vary in their properties according to the number of bits stored in each cell, with single-bit cells ("Single Level Cells" or "SLC") being generally the most reliable, durable, fast, and expensive type, compared with 2- and 3-bit cells ("Multi-Level Cells/MLC" and "Triple-Level Cells/TLC"), and finally, quad-bit cells ("QLC") being used for consumer devices that do not require such extreme properties and are the cheapest per gigabyte (GB) of the four. In addition, 3D XPoint memory (sold by Intel under the Optane brand) stores data by changing the electrical resistance of cells instead of storing electrical charges in cells, and SSDs made from RAM can be used for high speed, when data persistence after power loss is not required, or may use battery power to retain data when its usual power source is unavailable. Hybrid drives or solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs), such as Intel's Hystor and Apple's Fusion Drive, combine features of SSDs and HDDs in the same unit using both flash memory and spinning magnetic disks in order to improve the performance of frequently-accessed data. Bcache achieves a similar effect purely in software, using comb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsin
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The synapsins are a family of proteins that have long been implicated in the regulation of neurotransmitter release at synapses. Specifically, they are thought to be involved in regulating the number of synaptic vesicles available for release via exocytosis at any one time. Synapsins are present in invertebrates and vertebrates and are strongly conserved across all species. They are expressed in highest concentration in the nervous system, although they also express in other body systems such as the reproductive organs, including both eggs and spermatozoa. Synapsin function also increases as the organism matures, reaching its peak at sexual maturity.
Current studies suggest the following hypothesis for the role of synapsin: synapsins bind synaptic vesicles to components of the cytoskeleton which prevents them from migrating to the presynaptic membrane and releasing neurotransmitter. During an action potential, synapsins are phosphorylated by PKA (cAMP dependent protein kinase), releasing the synaptic vesicles and allowing them to move to the membrane and release their neurotransmitter.
Gene knockout studies in mice (where the mouse is unable to produce synapsin) have had some surprising results. Consistently, knockout studies have shown that mice lacking one or more synapsins have defects in synaptic transmission induced by high‐frequency stimulation, suggesting that the synapsins may be one of the factors boosting release probability in synapses at high firing rates, such as by aiding the recruitment of vesicles from the reserve pool. Furthermore, mice lacking all three synapsins are prone to seizures, and experience learning defects. These results suggest that while synapsins are not essential for synaptic function, they do serve an important modulatory role. Lastly, observed effects seemed to vary between inhibitory and excitatory synapses, suggesting synapsins may play a slightly different role in each type.
Family members
Humans and most other vertebrates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20plant%20movement
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Rapid plant movement encompasses movement in plant structures occurring over a very short period, usually under one second. For example, the Venus flytrap closes its trap in about 100 milliseconds. The traps of Utricularia are much faster, closing in about 0.5 milliseconds. The dogwood bunchberry's flower opens its petals and fires pollen in less than 0.5 milliseconds. The record is currently held by the white mulberry tree, with flower movement taking 25 microseconds, as pollen is catapulted from the stamens at velocities in excess of half the speed of sound—near the theoretical physical limits for movements in plants.
These rapid plant movements differ from the more common, but much slower "growth-movements" of plants, called tropisms. Tropisms encompass movements that lead to physical, permanent alterations of the plant while rapid plant movements are usually reversible or occur over a shorter span of time.
A variety of mechanisms are employed by plants in order to achieve these fast movements. Extremely fast movements such as the explosive spore dispersal techniques of Sphagnum mosses may involve increasing internal pressure via dehydration, causing a sudden propulsion of spores up or through the rapid opening of the "flower" opening triggered by insect pollination. Fast movement can also be demonstrated in predatory plants, where the mechanical stimulation of insect movement creates an electrical action potential and a release of elastic energy within the plant tissues. This release can be seen in the closing of a Venus flytrap, the curling of sundew leaves, and in the trapdoor action and suction of bladderworts. Slower movement, such as the folding of Mimosa pudica leaves, may depend on reversible, but drastic or uneven changes in water pressure in the plant tissues This process is controlled by the fluctuation of ions in and out of the cell, and the osmotic response of water to the ion flux.
In 1880 Charles Darwin published The Power of Movement in Plants,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCU%20delivery
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Customer Configuration Updating (CCU) is a software development method for structuring the process of providing customers with new versions of products and updates production. This method is developed by researchers of the Utrecht University.
The delivery phase of the CCU method concerns the process which starts at the moment a product is finished until the actual shipping of the product to the customer.
Introduction to the delivery process
As described in the general entry of CCU, the delivery phase is the second phase of the CCU method. In figure one the CCU method is depicted. The phases of CCU that are not covered in this article are concealed by a transparent grey rectangle.
As can be seen in figure one, the delivery phase is in between the release phase and the deployment phase. A software vendor develops and releases a software product and afterwards it has to be transported to the customer. This phase is the delivery process. This process is highly complex because the vendor often has to deal with a product which has multiple versions, variable features, dependency on external products, and different kinds of distribution options. The CCU method helps the software vendor in structuring this process.
In figure 2, the process-data diagram of the delivery phase within CCU is depicted. This way of modeling was invented by Saeki (2003). On the left side you can see the meta-process model and on the right side the meta-data model. The two models are linked to each other by the relationships visualized as dotted lines. The meta-data model (right side) shows the concepts involved in the process and how the concepts are related to each other. For instance it is visible that a package consists of multiple parts, being the: software package, system description, manual, and license and management information. The numbers between the relations indicate in what quantity the concepts are related. For example the “1..1” between package and software package means that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect%20repellent
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An insect repellent (also commonly called "bug spray") is a substance applied to the skin, clothing, or other surfaces to discourage insects (and arthropods in general) from landing or climbing on that surface. Insect repellents help prevent and control the outbreak of insect-borne (and other arthropod-bourne) diseases such as malaria, Lyme disease, dengue fever, bubonic plague, river blindness, and West Nile fever. Pest animals commonly serving as vectors for disease include insects such as flea, fly, and mosquito; and ticks (arachnids).
Some insect repellents are insecticides (bug killers), but most simply discourage insects and send them flying or crawling away. Nearly any would be fatal upon reaching the median lethal dose, but classification as an insecticide implies death even at lower doses.
Effectiveness
Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural" repellents.
For protection against mosquito bites, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends DEET, icaridin (picaridin, KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus (para-menthane-diol or PMD), IR3535 and 2-undecanone with the caveat that higher percentages of the active ingredient provide longer protection.
In 2015, Researchers at New Mexico State University tested 10 commercially available products for their effectiveness at repelling mosquitoes. On the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the vector of Zika virus, only one repellent that did not contain DEET had a strong effect for the duration of the 240 minutes test: a lemon eucalyptus oil repellent. All DEET-containing mosquito repellents were active.
In one comparative study from 2004, IR3535 was as effective or better than DEET in protection against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Other sources (official publications of the associations of German physicians as well as of German druggists) suggest the contrary and state DEET is still the most efficient substance available and the substance of choice f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Menyuk
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Paula Menyuk (1929 - 2020) was an American linguist known for her research in language development and disorders. She is one of the founders of the Boston University Conference on Language Development. At the time of her death, she was Professor Emerita at Boston University.
Biography
Menyuk was born in New York City and attended Hunter College High School. She received her Bachelor of Science in Speech Sciences from New York University in 1951. She worked as a chief language therapist at Massachusetts General Hospital before pursuing her Masters of Education in Speech and Hearing from Boston University. Menyuk continued on to receive her Doctor of Education in Psycholinguistics from Boston University in 1961. She completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she studied with Noam Chomsky, before returning to Boston University for the rest of her academic career.
Menyuk rose as a leading expert in child language development and disorders and eventually obtained the rank of Professor Emerita in the Developmental Studies and Applied Linguistics program at Boston University. Menyuk retired from Boston University in 1998.
Menyuk's research was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Air Force, and the U.S. Army.
Outside of scholarly work Menyuk had a passion for safe environmental implementation.
Research
Menyuk's research focused on the linguistic behavior of children and adolescents, covering topics such as the development of spoken language, prosody, metalinguistic awareness, and reading. Other work examined language development in children specifically impacted by otitis media. Menyuk's research has been described as aligning with Chomsky's theoretical perspective and centered around explaining how the faculty of language matures during childhood.
Honors and recognition
Menyuk was a Fulbright Fellow in 1971 and in 1989. Menyuk received the Honors of the Association award from the American
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adductor%20hiatus
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In human anatomy, the adductor hiatus also known as hiatus magnus is a hiatus (gap) between the adductor magnus muscle and the femur that allows the passage of the femoral vessels from the anterior thigh to the posterior thigh and then the popliteal fossa. It is the termination of the adductor canal and lies about 8–13.5 cm. superior to the adductor tubercle.
Structure
Kale et al. classified the adductor hiatus according to its shape and the structures surrounding. An adductor hiatus is described as oval or bridging depending on the shape of the upper boundary. It can also be described as muscular or fibrous depending on whether the structure surrounding is the muscular part or the tendinous part of the adductor magnus muscle. For example, the top drawing on the right shows an oval fibrous type of adductor hiatus, and the bottom one shows a bridging muscular adductor hiatus.
Four structures are associated with the adductor hiatus. However, only two structures enter and then leave through the hiatus; namely the femoral artery and femoral vein. Those vessels become the popliteal vessels (popliteal artery and popliteal vein) immediately after they leave the hiatus, where they form a network of anastomoses called the genicular arteries. The genicular arteries supply the knee joint.
The other two structures that are associated with the adductor hiatus are the descending genicular artery and the saphenous nerve. The saphenous nerve does not leave through the adductor hiatus but penetrates superficially halfway through the adductor canal.
Clinical significance
Fracture of distal femur
Fracture at the supracondylar area of femur, where the adductor part of the adductor magnus attaches, will most likely cause damage to the femoral artery and may cause impairment of the blood supply to the lower leg. Popliteal artery can also be damaged by the fracture of distal femur.
Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Abnormality in the relationship between the adductor hiatus a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Yang%20theorem
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In statistical mechanics, the Lee–Yang theorem states that if partition functions of certain models in statistical field theory with ferromagnetic interactions are considered as functions of an external field, then all zeros
are purely imaginary (or on the unit circle after a change of variable). The first version was proved for the Ising model by . Their result was later extended to more general models by several people. Asano in 1970 extended the Lee–Yang theorem to the Heisenberg model and provided a simpler proof using Asano contractions. extended the Lee–Yang theorem to certain continuous probability distributions by approximating them by a superposition of Ising models. gave a general theorem stating roughly that the Lee–Yang theorem holds for a ferromagnetic interaction provided it holds for zero interaction. generalized Newman's result from measures on R to measures on higher-dimensional Euclidean space.
There has been some speculation about a relationship between the Lee–Yang theorem and the Riemann hypothesis about the Riemann zeta function; see .
Statement
Preliminaries
Along the formalization in the Hamiltonian is given by
where Sj's are spin variables, zj external field.
The system is said to be ferromagnetic if all the coefficients in the interaction term Jjk are non-negative reals.
The partition function is given by
where each dμj is an even measure on the reals R decreasing at infinity so fast that all Gaussian functions are integrable, i.e.
A rapidly decreasing measure on the reals is said to have the Lee-Yang property if all zeros of its Fourier transform are real as the following.
Theorem
The Lee–Yang theorem states that if the Hamiltonian is ferromagnetic and all the measures dμj have the Lee-Yang property, and all the numbers zj have positive real part, then
the partition function is non-zero.
In particular if all the numbers zj are equal to some number z, then all zeros of the partition function (considered as a function of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20General%20Eclipse
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The Data General Eclipse line of computers by Data General were 16-bit minicomputers released in early 1974 and sold until 1988. The Eclipse was based on many of the same concepts as the Data General Nova, but included support for virtual memory and multitasking more suitable to the small office than the lab. It was also packaged differently for this reason, in a floor-standing case the size of a small refrigerator. The Eclipse series was supplanted by the 32-bit Data General Eclipse MV/8000 in 1980.
Description
The Data General Nova was intended to outperform the PDP-8 while being less expensive, and in a similar fashion, the Eclipse was meant to compete against the larger PDP-11 computers. It kept the simple register architecture of the Nova but added a stack pointer which the Nova lacked. The stack pointer was added back to the later Nova 3 machines in 1975 and also used on the later 32-bit Data General Eclipse MV/8000. The AOS operating system was quite sophisticated, advanced compared to the PDP-11 offerings, with access control lists (ACLs) for file protection.
Production problems with the Eclipse led to a rash of lawsuits in the late 1970s, after new versions of the machine were pre-ordered by many DG customers and then never arrived. After over a year of waiting, some decided to sue the company, while others simply cancelled their orders and went elsewhere. It appeared that the Eclipse was originally intended to replace the Nova outright, also evidenced by the fact that the Nova 3 series released at the same time was phased out the next year. However, strong continuing demand resulted in the Nova 4, perhaps as a result of the continuing problems with the Eclipse.
Facts
The original Cray-1 system used an Eclipse to act as a Maintenance and Control Unit (MCU). It was configured with two Ampex CRTs, an 80 MB Ampex disk drive, a thermal printer, and a 9-track tape drive. Its primary purpose was to download an image of either the Cray Operating System or cu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapterurus%20beninensis
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Malapterurus beninensis is a species of electric catfish native to the African nations of Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria and Togo. This species grows to a length of SL. Its habitat is lowland marshes, rivers, and lakes.
Description
M. beninensis is a fleshy, robust fish that grows to a maximum length of . It has a fusiform body (tapered at both ends) with a large head and a thick caudal peduncle. The eyes are small and slit-like, and the jaws are either of equal length, or the lower jaw is slightly longer than the upper. There are three pairs of sensory barbels around the mouth. There is no dorsal fin, but there is an adipose fin close to the tail. The pectoral fins have seven to nine soft rays, the pelvic fins have six soft rays and the anal fin has eight to eleven soft rays. The colour is rather variable, being darker grey above and paler grey below, liberally sprinkled with dark spots on back and flanks. There is a dark saddle on the caudal peduncle and a dark bar in front of the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are colourless, but the pectoral fins and the outer margins of the anal fin and caudal fin are dusky. There are no scales, the lateral line is complete, and the swim bladder has two chambers.
Distribution and habitat
M. beninensis occurs in lowland freshwater habitats in tropical West and Central Africa. Its range extends from Ghana to Angola and it is present on the island of Fernando Po. It lives in a range of habitats including rivers, streams, lakes, marshes and swamps.
Ecology
This electric catfish has been little studied. It may lurk in holes in the riverbank and may even breed there. It is believed to feed on fishes, using its electric organ both to stun them and to ward off predators.
Status
M. beninensis is caught for food and for the aquarium trade, and is used in research. However it has a wide range and is a common species, so the Internationa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic%20cough%20syrup
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Since the 1990s, several mass poisonings from toxic cough syrup have occurred in developing countries. In these cases, an ingredient in cough syrup, glycerine (glycerol), was replaced with diethylene glycol, a cheaper alternative to glycerine for industrial applications. Diethylene glycol is nephrotoxic and can result in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), especially in children.
History
There have been poisonings in Panama, China, Haiti, Bangladesh, Argentina, Nigeria, India (twice), Pakistan, Indonesia, Uzbekistan and The Gambia between 1992 and 2022, due to contaminated cough syrup and other medications that incorporated inexpensive diethylene glycol instead of glycerine.
Bangladesh
Discovering and tracing a toxic syrup to its source has been difficult for health care providers and governmental agencies due to difficult communication between the governments of developed countries and developing countries. For example, Michael L. Bennish, an American pediatrician who works in developing countries, had been volunteering in Bangladesh as a physician and had noticed a number of deaths that seemed to coincide with the distribution of the government-issued cough syrup. The government rebuffed his attempts at investigating the medication. In response, Bennish smuggled bottles of the syrup in his suitcase when returning to the United States, allowing pharmaceutical laboratories in Massachusetts to identify the poisonous diethylene glycol, which can appear very similar to the less dangerous glycerine. Bennish went on to author a 1995 article in the British Medical Journal about his experience, writing that, given the amount of medication prescribed, death tolls "must [already] be in the tens of thousands".
Indonesia
In 2022, deaths of nearly 100 children in Indonesia, were reported to be linked to cough syrup and liquid medication. The syrup contained "unacceptable amounts" of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, linked to acute kidney injuries (AKI). In Oct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR
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The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the MTOR gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein kinases.
mTOR links with other proteins and serves as a core component of two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, which regulate different cellular processes. In particular, as a core component of both complexes, mTOR functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. As a core component of mTORC2, mTOR also functions as a tyrosine protein kinase that promotes the activation of insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. mTORC2 has also been implicated in the control and maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton.
Discovery
Rapa Nui (Easter Island - Chile)
The study of TOR originated in the 1960s with an expedition to Easter Island (known by the island inhabitants as Rapa Nui), with the goal of identifying natural products from plants and soil with possible therapeutic potential. In 1972, Suren Sehgal identified a small molecule, from a soil bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, that he purified and initially reported to possess potent antifungal activity. He appropriately named it rapamycin, noting its original source and activity (Sehgal et al., 1975). However, early testing revealed that rapamycin also had potent immunosuppressive and cytostatic anti-cancer activity. Rapamycin did not initially receive significant interest from the pharmaceutical industry until the 1980s, when Wyeth-Ayerst supported Sehgal's efforts to further investigate rapamycin's effect on the immune system. This eventually led to its FDA approval as an immunosuppressant following kidney transplantation. H
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RICE%20chart
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An ICE table or RICE box or RICE chart is a tabular system of keeping track of changing concentrations in an equilibrium reaction. ICE stands for initial, change, equilibrium. It is used in chemistry to keep track of the changes in amount of substance of the reactants and also organize a set of conditions that one wants to solve with. Some sources refer to a RICE table (or box or chart) where the added R stands for the reaction to which the table refers. Others simply call it a concentration table (for the acid–base equilibrium).
Example
To illustrate the processes, consider the case of dissolving a weak acid, HA, in water. The pH can be calculated using an ICE table. Note that in this example, we are assuming that the acid is not very weak, and that the concentration is not very dilute, so that the concentration of [OH−] ions can be neglected. This is equivalent to the assumption that the final pH will be below about 6 or so. See pH calculations for more details.
First write down the equilibrium expression.
HA <=> {A^-} + {H+}
The columns of the table correspond to the three species in equilibrium.
The first row shows the reaction, which some authors label R and some leave blank.
The second row, labeled I, has the initial conditions: the nominal concentration of acid is Ca and it is initially undissociated, so the concentrations of A− and H+ are zero.
The third row, labeled C, specifies the change that occurs during the reaction. When the acid dissociates, its concentration changes by an amount , and the concentrations of A− and H+ both change by an amount . This follows from consideration of mass balance (the total number of each atom/molecule must remain the same) and charge balance (the sum of the electric charges before and after the reaction must be zero).
Note that the coefficients in front of the "x" correlate to the mole ratios of the reactants to the product. For example, if the reaction equation had 2 H+ ions in the product, then the "change"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20and%20Mary%20%28Messersmith%29%20Seerley%20Barn%20and%20Milkhouse-Smokehouse
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The William and Mary (Messersmith) Seerley Barn and Milkhouse-Smokehouse are historic buildings located on a farm southwest of Earlham, Iowa, United States. The Seerleys moved from Indiana and settled on their farm in 1856, and built a log cabin the same year as their residence. They built a permanent home in 1861, and around the same time the combination milkhouse and smokehouse was built. The barn followed around 1876. These two buildings are early examples of well preserved agricultural building. The two rooms of the milkhouse-smokehouse sit at right angles from each other. The single-story structure is composed of finished cut rubble. It features a stone lined well, water troughs that cooled and stored dairy products, the smokehouse, and a covered outdoor work area where food was processed and laundry. The Sweitzer Pennsylvania barn is composed of native limestone on the lower level, and a heavy timber haymow with forebay on the upper level. It was built into the side of a south facing hill, and the forebay extends on the south side. The buildings and the connecting stone walkway were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20chamber%20of%20eyeball
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The posterior chamber is a narrow space behind the peripheral part of the iris, and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes. The posterior chamber consists of small space directly posterior to the iris but anterior to the lens. The posterior chamber is part of the anterior segment and should not be confused with the vitreous chamber (in the posterior segment).
Posterior chamber is an important structure involved in production and circulation of aqueous humor. Aqueous humor produced by the epithelium of the ciliary body is secreted into the posterior chamber, from which it flows through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber.
The hypermature cataractous lens or, the intraocular lens implanted after cataract surgery may obstruct the aqueous flow through the pupil. The block in flow of aqueous from the posterior to the anterior chamber will lead to a condition known as Iris bombe. In this condition, pressure in the posterior chamber rises, resulting in anterior bowing of the peripheral iris and obstruction of the trabecular meshwork. This may result in an acute attack of angle closure glaucoma. Surgical management of Glaucoma due to Iris bombe include making a small hole in the iris which allows passage of aqueous from posterior chamber to anterior chamber either by YAG or Argon laser iridotomy or by manual iridectomy.
Additional images
See also
Anterior chamber
Aqueous humour
Cataract surgery
Posterior chamber intraocular lens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie%20Jones%20%28politician%29
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Ernest William Jones (October 6, 1910 – May 15, 2005) was a Canadian politician. He was an alderman on Ottawa City Council from 1950 to 1952, and was a member of the Ottawa Board of Control from 1955 to 1960 and from 1963 to 1974. He unsuccessfully ran for mayor of Ottawa in 1960, and was Deputy Mayor of the city in 1972.
Known for living his life "fast and aggressive", he was a believer in "grass-roots contact with the electorate", his electoral base was the small businessman and the suburban homeowner, whose main concern he stated was "careful spending of their tax buck... When taxes go up, they want to know exactly why". He presided over the city's recreation and parks department during its infancy, and helped obtain an agreement with the Ottawa Board of Education for sharing playgrounds and other recreational facilities.
Early life
Jones was born on October 6, 1910, at his family home on Churchill Avenue to William Donald Jones, a Canadian bicycle rider champion and son of a Welsh immigrant, and Elizabeth Harriet Sullivan, a descendant of a pioneering family who operated a farm in the City View area. He attended Westboro and Broadview Avenue public schools, Nepean High School, the High School of Commerce, Willis Business College and Carleton College. In his youth he worked as a cake baker at Standard Bread, as an office boy and a clerk in the Department of Veterans Affairs. He then went to work in the Finance and Treasury Department, later becoming an administration officer.
Early political career
Jones was elected to Nepean Township Council in the 1947 municipal elections, the only newcomer elected to council that year. He finished third in the three-seat at-large council race with 2,063 votes. While a member of the Nepean council, Jones supported the annexation of the entirety of the Township into Ottawa, but preferred ratepayers have a say on the matter. Jones was re-elected in the 1948 municipal election, this time winning 3,558 votes and finishing second
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu%20Sudan
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Madhu Sudan (born 12 September 1966) is an Indian-American computer scientist. He has been a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences since 2015.
Career
He received his bachelor's degree in computer science from IIT Delhi in 1987 and his doctoral degree in computer science at the University of California, Berkeley in 1992. He was a research staff member at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York from 1992 to 1997 and moved to MIT after that. From 2009 to 2015 he was a permanent researcher at Microsoft Research New England before joining Harvard University in 2015.
Research contribution and awards
He was awarded the Rolf Nevanlinna Prize at the 24th International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in 2002. The prize recognizes outstanding work in the mathematical aspects of computer science. Sudan was honored for his work in advancing the theory of probabilistically checkable proofs—a way to recast a mathematical proof in computer language for additional checks on its validity—and developing error-correcting codes. For the same work, he received the ACM's Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award in 1993 and the Gödel Prize in 2001 and was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1998. He is a Fellow of the ACM (2008). In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2014 he won the Infosys Prize in the mathematical sciences.
In 2017 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
In 2021, he was awarded the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for 2022.
Sudan has made important contributions to several areas of theoretical computer science, including probabilistically checkable proofs, non-approximability of optimization problems, list decoding, and error-correcting codes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20algorithm
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A medical algorithm is any computation, formula, statistical survey, nomogram, or look-up table, useful in healthcare. Medical algorithms include decision tree approaches to healthcare treatment (e.g., if symptoms A, B, and C are evident, then use treatment X) and also less clear-cut tools aimed at reducing or defining uncertainty. A medical prescription is also a type of medical algorithm.
Scope
Medical algorithms are part of a broader field which is usually fit under the aims of medical informatics and medical decision-making. Medical decisions occur in several areas of medical activity including medical test selection, diagnosis, therapy and prognosis, and automatic control of medical equipment.
In relation to logic-based and artificial neural network-based clinical decision support systems, which are also computer applications used in the medical decision-making field, algorithms are less complex in architecture, data structure and user interface. Medical algorithms are not necessarily implemented using digital computers. In fact, many of them can be represented on paper, in the form of diagrams, nomographs, etc.
Examples
A wealth of medical information exists in the form of published medical algorithms. These algorithms range from simple calculations to complex outcome predictions. Most clinicians use only a small subset routinely.
Examples of medical algorithms are:
Calculators, e.g. an on-line or stand-alone calculator for body mass index (BMI) when stature and body weight are given;
Flowcharts and drakon-charts, e.g. a binary decision tree for deciding what is the etiology of chest pain
Look-up tables, e.g. for looking up food energy and nutritional contents of foodstuffs
Nomograms, e.g. a moving circular slide to calculate body surface area or drug dosages.
A common class of algorithms are embedded in guidelines on the choice of treatments produced by many national, state, financial and local healthcare organisations and provided as knowledge re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTRome
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UTRome is a database of three-prime untranslated regions in C. elegans developed by Marco Mangone
See also
untranslated region (UTR)
UTRdb
UTRome.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought%20deciduous
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Drought deciduous, or drought semi-deciduous plants refers to plants that shed their leaves during periods of drought or in the dry season. This phenomenon is a natural process of plants and is caused due to the limitation of water around the environment where the plant is situated. In the spectrum of botany, deciduous is defined as a certain plant species that carry out abscission, the shedding of leaves of a plant or tree either due to age or other factors that causes the plant to regard these leaves as useless or not worth keeping over the course of a year. Deciduous plants can also be categorised differently than their adaptation to drought or dry seasons, which can be temperate deciduous during cold seasons, and in contrast to evergreen plants which do not shed leaves annually, possessing green leaves throughout the year.
Botany
In botany, deciduous is a description of plants that carry out a process which lead to the loss of leaves during a certain time annually. This process of shedding leaves is known as abscission. Deciduous plants represent a variety of plant species among trees, shrubs and herbs. The causes of this phenomenon can vary depending on where the plant or the whole ecosystem is situated at. The characteristics of season, climate, temperate and rainfall of a certain region are all considered as factors that may have influenced the plants to be deciduous or influencing plants to have evolved as deciduous plants.
Cold deciduous species include deciduous plant species that will undergo abscission annually or at a seasonal basis. Cold deciduous plant species focus on conserving its nutrient to survive through the extreme conditions in winter. Drought deciduous species, depending on the region it is situated, would undergo abscission not necessarily due to cold weather, they may undergo this process due to shortage of water which may be limited due to relatively low rainfall and summers with a relatively higher temperature or unexpected prolonged
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine%20scanning
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In molecular biology, alanine scanning is a site-directed mutagenesis technique used to determine the contribution of a specific residue to the stability or function of a given protein. Alanine is used because of its non-bulky, chemically inert, methyl functional group that nevertheless mimics the secondary structure preferences that many of the other amino acids possess. Sometimes bulky amino acids such as valine or leucine are used in cases where conservation of the size of mutated residues is needed.
This technique can also be used to determine whether the side chain of a specific residue plays a significant role in bioactivity. This is usually accomplished by site-directed mutagenesis or randomly by creating a PCR library. Furthermore, computational methods to estimate thermodynamic parameters based on theoretical alanine substitutions have been developed.
This technique is rapid, because many side chains are analyzed simultaneously and the need for protein purification and biophysical analysis is circumvented. The technology is very mature at this point and is widely used in biochemical fields. The data can be tested by IR, NMR Spectroscopy, mathematical methods, bioassays, etc.
One good example of alanine scanning is the examination of the role of charged residues on the surface of proteins. In a systematic study on the roles of conserved charged residues on the surface of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), alanine scanning was used to reveal the importance of charged residues for the process of transport of the proteins to the cell surface.
Applications
Alanine Scanning was used to determine simultaneously the functional contributions of 19 side chains buried at the interface between human growth hormone and the extracellular domain of its receptor. Each amino acid in the side chains was substituted by alanine. Then shotgun scanning method which combines the concepts of alanine scanning mutagenesis and binomial mutagenesis with phage display technology w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxanography
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Auxanography is the study of the effects of changes in environment on the growth of microorganisms, by means of auxanograms. It was first devised by Beijerinck for testing the effect of various nutrient media upon bacteria.
The bacteria are plated out in a medium known to be poorly adapted for their nourishment, and then drops of the tested solutions are added to the surface of the plate. If the requisite nutrient has been added, the bacteria will develop rapidly in these spots.
See also
Eutrophication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLEKHG5
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Pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G member 5 (PLEKHG5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHG5 gene. Eight transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein which catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP within the small GTPase RhoA which in turn modulates the activation of mDia or Rock kinase to influence cell polarization. It is known to interact with the Crumbs polarity complex by binding to either of the multi PDZ domain adapter proteins Patj or Muc-1. When it is active it helps promote tight junction stabilization. siRNA inhibition of PLKHG5 has been shown to inhibit the motility of cells in scratch assays. It has also been shown to activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB1) signaling pathway.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the PLEKHG5 gene are associated with distal spinal muscular atrophy type 4. This protein has also shown to be highly expressed in several glioma cell lines, and is likely a driver of metastasis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location%20awareness
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Location awareness refers to devices that can passively or actively determine their location. Navigational instruments provide location coordinates for vessels and vehicles. Surveying equipment identifies location with respect to a well-known location wireless communications device.
The term applies to navigating, real-time locating and positioning support with global, regional or local scope. The term has been applied to traffic, logistics, business administration and leisure applications. Location awareness is supported by navigation systems, positioning systems and/or locating services.
Location awareness without the active participation of the device is known as non-cooperative locating or detection.
History of terminology
The term originated for configurations settings of network systems, and addressed network entities. Network location awareness (NLA) services collect network configuration and location information, and notify applications when this information changes. With the advent of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and radio-equipped mobile devices, the term was redefined to include consumer-focused applications.
While location awareness began as a matter of static user location, the notion was extended to reflect movement. Context models have been proposed to support context-aware applications which use location to tailor interfaces, refine application-relevant data, increase the precision of information retrieval, discover services, make user interaction implicit and build smart environments. For example, a location-aware mobile phone may confirm that it is currently in a building.
Determining location
Description in logical terms uses a structured textual form. International standardisation offers a common method using ISO/TS 16952 as originated with German standards DIN EN 61346 and DIN EN 81346.
Location in mathematical terms offers coordinates that refer to a nominated point of reference.
Location in network terms relates to locat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeoPay
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LeoPay (previously LeuPay) is an E-wallet payment and financial platform that enables money transfers and offers clients multi-currency IBAN accounts.
Originally based in Malta, it is now operated by iCard Services AD in Bulgaria. It offers Visa debit cards.
In summer 2018, it rebranded from LeuPay to LeoPay.
On 22.10.2018 LeoPay terminated accounts of clients that are not EU residents with immediate effect. In the email sent out to the owners of the blocked accounts the company promised to redeem the remaining balances within 2 months.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod%20Spacecraft%20%22Globus%22%20IMP%20navigation%20instrument
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Globus IMP instruments were spacecraft navigation instruments used in Soviet and Russian crewed spacecraft. The IMP acronym stems from the Russian expression Indicator of position in flight, but the instrument is informally referred to as the Globus. It displays the nadir of the spacecraft on a rotating terrestrial globe. It functions as an onboard, autonomous indicator of the spacecraft's location relative to Earth coordinates. An electro-mechanical device in the tradition of complex post-World War II clocks such as master clocks, the Globus IMP instrument incorporates hundreds of mechanical components common to horology. This instrument is a mechanical computer for navigation akin to the Norden bombsight. It mechanically computes complex functions and displays its output through mechanical displacements of the globe and other indicator components. It also modulates electric signals from other instruments.
The IMP, in successively developing versions, has been used in Soviet and Russian crewed space missions ever since the world's first crewed spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin, 12 April 1961) through every crewed Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz mission until 2002.
This article specifically covers IMP Version 3, used in Voskhod 1, since Version 3 has been more extensively documented than earlier versions used during the Vostok missions and subsequent versions for the more complex Soyuz. However all versions of the IMP were relatively similar with respect to design, purpose and operation.
Context and purpose
The Voskhod spacecraft was the second generation of spacecraft designed in the crewed Soviet space program, essentially an adaptation of the earlier Vostok spacecraft. It flew two crewed missions, Voskhod 1 (world's first multi-crewed mission, launched on 12 October 1964) and Voskhod 2 (featuring the world's first Extra-vehicular activity, or EVA, commonly called a spacewalk, launched on March 18, 1965). The Voskhod spacecraft—and its Globus IMP instruments—is a close deriv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik%20%28JavaScript%20conformance%20test%29
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Sputnik was a JavaScript conformance test suite. The purpose of the test suite was to determine how well a JavaScript implementation adheres to the ECMA-262 specification, 5th edition, looking only at those features that were also present in the 3rd edition. It contained over 5000 tests that touched all aspects of the JavaScript language.
The test was created in Russia for testing the conformance of the V8 JavaScript engine used in Google Chrome.
As part of phasing out Google Labs, Google has shut down Sputnik. All current Sputnik tests have been incorporated into ECMA's Test262 test suite.
Browsers that do not pass
As an example of a browser that does not pass, Konqueror 4.10.1 still only passes 91.8% of the 11573 tests.
Desktop browsers
Scores represent the number of failed tests – a perfect score is 0 (100%).
ECMAScript testsuite
Google has handed the tests from Sputnik test suite to Ecma International for inclusion in its ECMAScript 262 test suite. Some Sputnik tests however have been found to have issues and do not conform to ECMAScript 5th edition specification.
Mobile browsers
See also
Acid3
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred%20Mathematics
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Sacred Mathematics: Japanese Temple Geometry is a book on Sangaku, geometry problems presented on wooden tablets as temple offerings in the Edo period of Japan. It was written by Fukagawa Hidetoshi and Tony Rothman, and published in 2008 by the Princeton University Press. It won the PROSE Award of the Association of American Publishers in 2008 as the best book in mathematics for that year.
Topics
The book begins with an introduction to Japanese culture and how this culture led to the production of Sangaku tablets, depicting geometry problems, their presentation as votive offerings at temples, and their display at the temples. It also includes a chapter on the Chinese origins of Japanese mathematics, and a chapter on biographies of Japanese mathematicians from the time.
The Sangaku tablets illustrate theorems in Euclidean geometry, typically involving circles or ellipses, often with a brief textual explanation. They are presented as puzzles for the viewer to prove, and in many cases the proofs require advanced mathematics. In some cases, booklets providing a solution were included separately, but in many cases the original solution has been lost or was never provided. The book's main content is the depiction, explanation, and solution of over 100 of these Sangaku puzzles, ranked by their difficulty, selected from over 1800 catalogued Sangaku and over 800 surviving examples. The solutions given use modern mathematical techniques where appropriate rather than attempting to model how the problems would originally have been solved.
Also included is a translation of the travel diary of Japanese mathematician Yamaguchi Kanzan (or Kazu), who visited many of the temples where these tablets were displayed and in doing so built a collection of problems from them. The final three chapters provide a scholarly appraisal of precedence in mathematical discoveries between Japan and the west, and an explanation of the techniques that would have been available to Japanese problem-s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentenary%20Medal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society
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The Bicentenary Medal is a scientific award given by the Linnean Society. It is awarded annually in recognition of work done by a biologist under the age of 40 years. The medal was first awarded in 1978 on the 200th anniversary of the death of Carl Linnaeus.
Recipients
Source (1990 to present): Linnean Society
See also
List of biology awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stathmin
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Stathmin, also known as metablastin and oncoprotein 18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STMN1 gene.
Stathmin is a highly conserved 17 kDa protein that is crucial for the regulation of the cell cytoskeleton. Changes in the cytoskeleton are important because the cytoskeleton is a scaffold required for many cellular processes, such as cytoplasmic organization, cell division and cell motility. More specifically, stathmin is crucial in regulating the cell cycle. It is found solely in eukaryotes.
Its function as an important regulatory protein of microtubule dynamics has been well-characterized. Eukaryotic microtubules are one of three major components of the cell's cytoskeleton. They are highly dynamic structures that continuously alternate between assembly and disassembly. Stathmin performs an important function in regulating rapid microtubule remodeling of the cytoskeleton in response to the cell's needs. Microtubules are cylindrical polymers of α,β-tubulin. Their assembly is in part determined by the concentration of free tubulin in the cytoplasm.
At low concentrations of free tubulin, the growth rate at the microtubule ends is slowed and results in an increased rate of depolymerization (disassembly).
Structure
Stathmin, and the related proteins SCG10 and XB3, contain a N-terminal domain (XB3 contains an additional N-terminal hydrophobic region), a 78 amino acid coiled-coil region, and a short C-terminal domain.
Function
The function of Stathmin is to regulate the cytoskeleton of the cell. The cytoskeleton is made up of long hollow cylinders named microtubules. These microtubules are made up of alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers. The changes in cytoskeleton are known as microtubule dynamics; the addition of the tubulin subunits lead to polymerisation and their loss, depolymerisation. Stathmin regulates these by promoting depolymerization of microtubules or preventing polymerization of tubulin heterodimers.
Additionally, Stathmin is thought
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictionless%20plane
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The frictionless plane is a concept from the writings of Galileo Galilei. In his 1638 The Two New Sciences, Galileo presented a formula that predicted the motion of an object moving down an inclined plane. His formula was based upon his past experimentation with free-falling bodies. However, his model was not based upon experimentation with objects moving down an inclined plane, but from his conceptual modeling of the forces acting upon the object. Galileo understood the mechanics of the inclined plane as the combination of horizontal and vertical vectors; the result of gravity acting upon the object, diverted by the slope of the plane.
However, Galileo's equations do not contemplate friction, and therefore do not perfectly predict the results of an actual experiment. This is because some energy is always lost when one mass applies a non-zero normal force to another. Therefore, the observed speed, acceleration and distance traveled should be less than Galileo predicts. This energy is lost in forms like sound and heat. However, from Galileo's predictions of an object moving down an inclined plane in a frictionless environment, he created the theoretical foundation for extremely fruitful real-world experimental prediction.
Frictionless planes do not exist in the real world. However, if they did, one can be almost certain that objects on them would behave exactly as Galileo predicts. Despite their nonexistence, they have considerable value in the design of engines, motors, roadways, and even tow-truck beds, to name a few examples.
The effect of friction on an object moving down an inclined plane can be calculated as
where is the force of friction exerted by the object and the inclined plane on each other, parallel to the surface of the plane, is the normal force exerted by the object and the plane on each other, directed perpendicular to the plane, and is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
Unless the inclined plane is in a vacuum, a (usually) small amount of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium%20on%20Logic%20in%20Computer%20Science
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The ACM–IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS) is an annual academic conference on the theory and practice of computer science in relation to mathematical logic. Extended versions of selected papers of each year's conference appear in renowned international journals such as Logical Methods in Computer Science and ACM Transactions on Computational Logic.
History
LICS was originally sponsored solely by the IEEE, but as of the 2014 founding of the ACM Special Interest Group on Logic and Computation LICS has become the flagship conference of SIGLOG, under the joint sponsorship of ACM and IEEE.
From the first installment in 1988 until 2013, the cover page of the conference proceedings has featured an artwork entitled Irrational Tiling by Logical Quantifiers, by Alvy Ray Smith.
Since 1995, each year the Kleene award is given to the best student paper. In addition, since 2006, the LICS Test-of-Time Award is given annually to one among the twenty-year-old LICS papers that have best met the test of time.
LICS Awards
Test-of-Time Award
Each year, since 2006, the LICS Test-of-Time Award recognizes those articles from LICS proceedings 20 years earlier, which have become influential.
2006
Leo Bachmair, Nachum Dershowitz, Jieh Hsiang, "Orderings for Equational Proofs"
E. Allen Emerson, Chin-Laung Lei, "Efficient Model Checking in Fragments of the Propositional Mu-Calculus (Extended Abstract)"
Moshe Y. Vardi, Pierre Wolper, "An Automata-Theoretic Approach to Automatic Program Verification (Preliminary Report)"
2007
Samson Abramsky, "Domain theory in Logical Form"
Robert Harper, Furio Honsell, Gordon D. Plotkin, "A Framework for Defining Logics"
2008
Martin Abadi, Leslie Lamport, "The existence of refinement mappings"
2009
Eugenio Moggi, "Computational lambda-calculus and monads"
2010
Rajeev Alur, Costas Courcoubetis, David L. Dill, "Model-checking for real-time systems"
Jerry R. Burch, Edmund Clarke, Kenneth L. McMillan, David L. Dill, James Hwang, "S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-in-pillow%20defect
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In the assembly of integrated circuit packages to printed circuit boards, a head-in-pillow defect (HIP or HNP) is a failure of the soldering process. For example, in the case of a ball grid array (BGA) package, the pre-deposited solder ball on the package and the solder paste applied to the circuit board may both melt, but the melted solder does not join. A cross-section through the failed joint shows a distinct boundary between the solder ball on the part and the solder paste on the circuit board, rather like a section through a head resting on a pillow.
The defect can be caused by surface oxidation or poor wetting of the solder, or by distortion of the integrated circuit package or circuit board by the heat of the soldering process. This is particularly a concern when using lead-free solder, which requires higher processing temperature.
Since the warping of the circuit board or integrated circuit may disappear when the board cools, an intermittent fault may be created. Diagnosis of head-in-pillow defects may require use of X-rays or EOTPR (Electro Optical Terahertz Pulse Reflectometry), since the solder joints are hidden between the integrated circuit package and the printed circuit board.
See also
Ball grid array
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiperfect%20number
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In mathematics, a quasiperfect number is a natural number n for which the sum of all its divisors (the divisor function σ(n)) is equal to 2n + 1. Equivalently, n is the sum of its non-trivial divisors (that is, its divisors excluding 1 and n). No quasiperfect numbers have been found so far.
The quasiperfect numbers are the abundant numbers of minimal abundance (which is 1).
Theorems
If a quasiperfect number exists, it must be an odd square number greater than 1035 and have at least seven distinct prime factors.
Related
Numbers do exist where the sum of all the divisors σ(n) is equal to 2n + 2: 20, 104, 464, 650, 1952, 130304, 522752 ... .
Many of these numbers are of the form 2n−1(2n − 3) where 2n − 3 is prime (instead of 2n − 1 with perfect numbers). In addition, numbers exist where the sum of all the divisors σ(n) is equal to 2n − 1, such as the powers of 2.
Betrothed numbers relate to quasiperfect numbers like amicable numbers relate to perfect numbers.
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolysis
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Apolysis ( "discharge, lit. absolution") is the separation of the cuticle from the epidermis in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). Since the cuticle of these animals is also the skeletal support of the body and is inelastic, it is shed during growth and a new covering of larger dimensions is formed. During this process, an arthropod becomes dormant for a period of time. Enzymes are secreted to digest the inner layers of the existing cuticle, detaching the animal from the outer cuticle. This allows the new cuticle to develop without being exposed to the environmental elements.
After apolysis, ecdysis occurs. Ecdysis is the actual emergence of the arthropod into the environment and always occurs directly after apolysis. The newly emerged animal then hardens and continues its life.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telium
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Telium, plural telia, are structures produced by rust fungi as part of the reproductive cycle. They are typically yellow or orange drying to brown or black and are exclusively a mechanism for the release of teliospores which are released by wind or water to infect the alternate host in the rust life-cycle. The telial stage provides an overwintering strategy in the life cycle of a parasitic heteroecious fungus by producing teliospores; this occurs on cedar trees. A primary aecial stage is spent parasitizing a separate host plant which is a precursor in the life cycle of heteroecious fungi. Teliospores are released from the telia in the spring. The spores can spread many kilometers through the air, however most are spread near the host plant.
Host plants
There are a number of plants that can be infected by the telial stage. Therefore, the telial stage is considered a pathogen to those plants. A few specific plant pathogenic species are listed here with their hosts.
Puccinia graminis or known commonly as black stem rust. It infects many different cereal crops.
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. It infects the eastern red cedar. This is shown to the right.
Gymnosporangium sabinae. It infects pear trees.
Spore stages
The life cycle of rust fungi can have up to five different spore stages and can get quite complex. These stages are:
Stage 0: Pycniospores
Stage I: Aeciospores
Stage II: Urediniospores
Stage III: Teliospores
Stage IV: Basidiospores
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Components%20for%20Unicode
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International Components for Unicode (ICU) is an open-source project of mature C/C++ and Java libraries for Unicode support, software internationalization, and software globalization. ICU is widely portable to many operating systems and environments. It gives applications the same results on all platforms and between C, C++, and Java software. The ICU project is a technical committee of the Unicode Consortium and sponsored, supported, and used by IBM and many other companies.
ICU provides the following services: Unicode text handling, full character properties, and character set conversions; Unicode regular expressions; full Unicode sets; character, word, and line boundaries; language-sensitive collation and searching; normalization, upper and lowercase conversion, and script transliterations; comprehensive locale data and resource bundle architecture via the Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR); multiple calendars and time zones; and rule-based formatting and parsing of dates, times, numbers, currencies, and messages. ICU provided complex text layout service for Arabic, Hebrew, Indic, and Thai historically, but that was deprecated in version 54, and was completely removed in version 58 in favor of HarfBuzz.
ICU provides more extensive internationalization facilities than the standard libraries for C and C++. ICU 72 updates to the latest Unicode 15. "In many formatting patterns, ASCII spaces are replaced with Unicode spaces (e.g., a "thin space")." ICU (ICU4J) now requires Java 8 but "Most of the ICU 72 library code should still work with Java 7 / Android API level 21, but we no longer test with Java 7." ICU 71 added e.g. phrase-based line breaking for Japanese (earlier methods didn't work well for short Japanese text, such as in titles and headings) and support for Hindi written in Latin letters (hi_Latn), also referred to as "Hinglish" and updates to the time zone data version 2022a. ICU 70 added e.g. support for emoji properties of strings and can now be built
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage%20P22%20tailspike%20protein
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The tailspike protein (P22TSP) of Enterobacteria phage P22 mediates the recognition and adhesion between the bacteriophage and the surface of Salmonella enterica cells. It is anchored within the viral coat and recognizes the O-antigen portion of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the outer-membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It possesses endoglycanase activity, serving to shorten the length of the O-antigen during infection.
History
The initial interest in tailspike proteins was in the study of the effect the mutations on protein folding. Some mutations affect the folding efficiency of the protein but have no effect on the final native structure. Other mutations have been identified that lead to a temperature sensitive phenotype. Reconstitution experiments have demonstrated that the in vitro folding process closely mirrors the in vivo folding pathway. It has been further been demonstrated that folding yields in vitro decrease strongly with increasing temperature.
Function
O-antigen binding
P22TSP recognizes the O-antigen polysaccharide of LPS serotypes A, B, or D1. The serotypes correspond to species S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Paratyphi A. These carbohydrates share the same main chain trisaccharide repeating unit alpha-D-mannose-(1—4)-alpha-L-rhamnose-(1—3)-alpha-D-galactose-(1—2), but each have a different 2,6-dideoxyhexose substituent at C-3 of the mannose.
In vivo, P22TSP binds as a homotrimer and one phage particle can carry up to 6 tailspikes. P22TSP can bind multivalently, leading to an essentially irreversible attachment. It was shown that a minimum of two repeating units or an octasaccharide is required for binding. The TSP is also capable of binding longer fragments with similar affinity.
Endoglycosidase activity
P22TSP has endorhamnosidase activity and cleaves the glycosidic bond of the rhamnose group, producing an octasaccharide product. Two aspartic acids and one glutamic acid in the active site have been strongly linked to enzymatic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFU-GM
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CFU-GM, also known as granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP), is a colony forming unit. It is derived from CFU-GEMM.
The "GM" stands for "granulocyte, monocyte".
It is the precursor for monoblasts and myeloblasts.
Production is stimulated by granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
Granulocytes
There is some controversy over which granulocytes derive from CFU-GM.
There is little disagreement that neutrophils come from CFU-GM.
Some sources state that basophils also derive from CFU-GM, but that eosinophils come from "CFU-Eos".
Other sources state that basophils do not derive from CFU-GM, but from a distinct CFU, titled "CFU-Baso".
See also
Hematopoietic stem cell § Nomenclature of hematopoietic colonies and lineages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylosymbiosis
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In the field of microbiome research, a group of species is said to show a phylosymbiotic signal if the degree of similarity between the species' microbiomes recapitulates to a significant extent their evolutionary history.
In other words, a phylosymbiotic signal among a group of species is evident if their microbiome similarity dendrogram could prove to have significant similarities with their host's phylogenic tree. For the analysis of the phylosymbiotic signal to be reliable, environmental differences
that could shape the host microbiome should be either eliminated or accounted for.
One plausible mechanistic explanation for such phenomena could be, for example, a result of host immune genes that rapidly evolve in a continuous arms race with members of its microbiome.
In animals
Across the animal kingdom there are many notable examples of phylosymbiosis. For instance, in non-human primates it was found that host evolutionary history had a substantially greater influence on the gut microbiome than either host dietary niche or geographic location. It was speculated that changes in gut physiology within the evolutionary history of non-human primates was the primary reason. This finding was particularly interesting as it contradicted previous research which reported that dietary niche was a strong factor in determining the gut microbiome of mammals.
Plants
Phylosymbiosis has been reported in several plant groups including Malus and Poaceae. In the former case, Malus species, including wild and domesticated cultivars, harbored endophytic communities that corresponded to their phylogenetic relationship.
See also
Microbial ecology
Microbiome
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve%20Anti-Cheat
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Valve Anti-Cheat (VAC) is an anti-cheat tool developed by Valve as a component of the Steam platform, first released with Counter-Strike in 2002.
When the software detects a cheat on a player's system, it will ban them in the future, possibly days or weeks after the original detection. It may kick players from the game if it detects errors in their system's memory or hardware. No information such as date of detection or type of cheat detected is disclosed to the player. After the player is notified, access to online "VAC protected" servers of the game the player cheated in is permanently revoked and additional restrictions are applied to the player's Steam account.
During one week of November 2006, the system detected over 10,000 cheating attempts.
During the month of December 2018 over 600,000 accounts were banned.
History
In 2001, Even Balance Inc., the developers of the anti-cheat software PunkBuster designed for Counter-Strike and Half-Life mods, stopped supporting the games as they had no support from Valve. Valve had also rejected business offers of integrating the technology directly into their games.
Valve started working on a "long-term solution" for cheating in 2001. VAC's initial release was with Counter-Strike in 2002. During this initial release, the system only banned players for 24 hours. The duration of the ban was increased over time; players were banned for 1 year and 5 years, until VAC2 was released in 2005, when any new bans became permanent. VAC2 was announced in February 2005 and began beta testing the following month. On November 17, 2006, they announced that "new [VAC] technology" had caught "over 10,000" cheating attempts in the preceding week alone.
During the early testing phase in 2002, some information was revealed about the program via the Half-Life Dedicated Server mailing lists. It can detect versions of "OGC's OpenGl Hack", can detect OpenGL cheats, and also detects CD key changers as cheats. Information on detected cheaters is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Compute%20Engine
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Google Compute Engine (GCE) is the Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) component of Google Cloud Platform which is built on the global infrastructure that runs Google's search engine, Gmail, YouTube and other services. Google Compute Engine enables users to launch virtual machines (VMs) on demand. VMs can be launched from the standard images or custom images created by users. GCE users must authenticate based on OAuth 2.0 before launching the VMs. Google Compute Engine can be accessed via the Developer Console, RESTful API or command-line interface (CLI).
History
Google announced Compute Engine on June 28, 2012 at Google I/O 2012 in a limited preview mode. In April 2013, GCE was made available to customers with Gold Support Package. On February 25, 2013, Google announced that RightScale was their first reseller. During Google I/O 2013, many features including sub-hour billing, shared-core instance types, larger persistent disks, enhanced SDN based networking capabilities and ISO/IEC 27001 certification got announced. GCE became available to everyone on May 15, 2013. Layer 3 load balancing came to GCE on August 7, 2013. Finally, on December 2, 2013, Google announced that GCE is generally available. It also expanded the OS support, enabled live migration of VMs, 16-core instances, faster persistent disks and lowered the price of standard instances.
At the Google Cloud Platform Live event on March 25, 2014, Urs Hölzle, Senior VP of technical infrastructure announced sustained usage discounts, support for Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2, Cloud DNS and Cloud Deployment Manager. On May 28, 2014, Google announced optimizations for LXC containers along with dynamic scheduling of Docker containers across a fleet of VM instances.
Google Compute Engine Unit
Google Compute Engine Unit (GCEU), which is pronounced as GQ, is an abstraction of computing resources. According to Google, 2.75 GCEUs represent the minimum power of one logical core (a hardware hyper-thread) based on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoscreening
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Immunoscreening is a method of biotechnology used to detect a polypeptide produced from a cloned gene. The term encompasses several different techniques designed for protein identification, such as Western blotting, using recombinant DNA, and analyzing antibody-peptide interactions.
Clones are screened for the presence of the gene product: the resulting protein.
This strategy requires first that a gene library is implemented in an expression vector, and that antiserum to the protein is available.
Radioactivity or an enzyme is coupled generally with the secondary
antibody.
The radioactivity/enzyme linked secondary antibody can be purchased commercially and can detect different antigens.
In commercial diagnostics labs, labelled primary antibodies are
also used. The antigen-antibody interaction is used in the immunoscreening of several diseases.
See also
ELISA
Blots
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisman%20Plot
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The Zisman plot the graphical method of the Zisman theory or the Zisman method for characterizing the wettability of a solid surface , named for the American chemist and geophysicist, William Albert Zisman (1905–1986). It is a prominent Sessile drop technique used for characterizing liquid-surface interactions based on the contact angle of a single drop of liquid sitting on the solid surface.
Zisman Plot
In 1964, William Zisman published an article in the ACS publications on the "Relation of the Equilibrium Contact Angle to Liquid and Solid Constitution". It was in this article where he used what we call today as the Zisman plot. The Zisman plot is used to very quickly give a quantitative measurement of wettability, also known as the critical surface tension, γC , of a solid surface by measuring the liquid contact angle as shown in Figure 1. Taking the cosine of said angle and then graphing it against the surface tension of the liquid wetting the solid substrate yields the critical surface tension. Wettability is a measure of how well a liquid spreads and how complete the contact of the liquid is across the surface of a solid interface. A small contact angle indicates good wettability, while a large contact angle indicates poor wettability. The critical surface tension is the highest liquid surface tension that can completely wet a specific solid surface. For adhesive bonding complete wetting is used to maximize the adhesive joint strength.
Even though this relationship is empirical and less precise than the surface tension of a homologous series of liquids, it is very useful considering it is a parameter of the solid surface. This method is especially used to compare and measure the critical surface tension of low-energy solids (mainly plastics) very quickly and easily. Figure 4 in ZIsman's published article from 1964 shows the critical surface tension as a measure of wettability of Polyethylene. Zisman published this analysis in 1964 and used a variety of no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Kolyvagin
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Victor Alexandrovich Kolyvagin (, born 11 March, 1955) is a Russian mathematician who wrote a series of papers on Euler systems, leading to breakthroughs on the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, and Iwasawa's conjecture for cyclotomic fields. His work also influenced Andrew Wiles's work on Fermat's Last Theorem.
Career
Kolyvagin received his Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1981 from Moscow State University, where his advisor was Yuri I. Manin. He then worked at Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow until 1994. Since 1994 he has been a professor of mathematics in the United States. He was a professor at Johns Hopkins University until 2002 when he became the first person to hold the Mina Rees Chair in mathematics at the Graduate Center Faculty at The City University of New York.
Awards
In 1990 he received the of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ssler%20attractor
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The Rössler attractor is the attractor for the Rössler system, a system of three non-linear ordinary differential equations originally studied by Otto Rössler in the 1970s. These differential equations define a continuous-time dynamical system that exhibits chaotic dynamics associated with the fractal properties of the attractor. Rössler interpreted it as a formalization of a taffy-pulling machine.
Some properties of the Rössler system can be deduced via linear methods such as eigenvectors, but the main features of the system require non-linear methods such as Poincaré maps and bifurcation diagrams. The original Rössler paper states the Rössler attractor was intended to behave similarly to the Lorenz attractor, but also be easier to analyze qualitatively. An orbit within the attractor follows an outward spiral close to the plane around an unstable fixed point. Once the graph spirals out enough, a second fixed point influences the graph, causing a rise and twist in the -dimension. In the time domain, it becomes apparent that although each variable is oscillating within a fixed range of values, the oscillations are chaotic. This attractor has some similarities to the Lorenz attractor, but is simpler and has only one manifold. Otto Rössler designed the Rössler attractor in 1976, but the originally theoretical equations were later found to be useful in modeling equilibrium in chemical reactions.
Definition
The defining equations of the Rössler system are:
Rössler studied the chaotic attractor with , , and , though properties of , , and have been more commonly used since. Another line of the parameter space was investigated using the topological analysis. It corresponds to , , and was chosen as the bifurcation parameter. How Rössler discovered this set of equations was investigated by Letellier and Messager.
Stability analysis
Some of the Rössler attractor's elegance is due to two of its equations being linear; setting , allows examination of the behavior on th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2B1Q
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Two-binary, one-quaternary (2B1Q) is a line code used in the U interface of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and the high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL). 2B1Q is a four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) scheme without redundancy, mapping two bits (2B) into one quaternary symbol (1Q). A competing encoding technique in the ISDN basic rate U interface, mainly used in Europe, is 4B3T.
To minimize error propagation, bit pairs (dibits) are assigned to voltage levels according to a Gray code, as follows:
If the voltage is misread as an adjacent level, this causes only a 1-bit error in the decoded data. 2B1Q code is not DC-balanced. Symbol rate is half of data rate.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophyllis
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Callophyllis is a red algae genus in the family Kallymeniaceae. Several species are exploited as edible seaweeds under the common name carola, most commonly Callophyllis variegata.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Wallet
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Samsung Wallet () is a digital wallet platform developed by Samsung. It is available for the Samsung Galaxy-exclusive One UI Android operating system, and was announced on February 9, 2022, at the February 2022 Samsung Unpacked event. It combines both Samsung Pay and Samsung Pass.
History
The "Samsung Wallet" brand name was first used for the company's mobile wallet system of the same name, which was introduced in 2013 before being migrated into a new app called Samsung Pay in 2015. Samsung Wallet now contains the Samsung Pay service for payment cards, alongside other features such as cryptocurrency assets and digital credentials. Although in South Korea both the service and the app are still known as Samsung Pay.
Features
Samsung Wallet allows users to store items such as payment cards, loyalty cards, boarding passes, digital keys, and vaccination cards. It replaces the old Samsung Pay app on Android-powered Galaxy devices and is currently available in Australia, Bahrain, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Vietnam, UAE, the U.K. and the U.S.
Samsung Wallet also supports a variety of transit cards, such as T-money and cashbee in South Korea, as well as Octopus in Hong Kong. However, due to the region-specific nature of Samsung Wallet, users from other regions are not able to utilize these transit cards from their own devices.
Comparison between phone and wearable versions
Fast Mode & Battery depletion
As of 2023, car keys, transit cards, and campus IDs are supported types of cards that can be used with Fast Mode. However, Samsung limits some passes if they are the same type or from the same issuer from being used with Fast Mode. For example, a user can only have one campus ID and one car key each set to Fast Mode. This can be mitigated in a sense by using a Galaxy Watch to split the Fast Mode p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archicembalo
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The archicembalo (or arcicembalo, ) was a musical instrument described by Nicola Vicentino in 1555. This was a harpsichord built with many extra keys and strings, enabling experimentation in microtonality and just intonation.
Construction
The archicembalo had two manuals, but unlike those on a normal harpsichord these two keyboards were used to provide extra pitches rather than a timbral difference. Both manuals contained all of the usual white and black keys, but in addition each black key was divided into two parts so that a distinction could be made between a sharp or flat note. The lower manual also included black keys between B and C, and between E and F. In total, 36 keys were available in any octave, each of which was tuned to a different pitch, as shown in the diagram of the lower manual.
Tuning
There were two systems of tuning the archicembalo considered by Vicentino:
The most important was the extended quarter-comma meantone temperament—which, given such a wide gamut of fifths, becomes almost exactly a system of 31 equal divisions of the octave (see 31 equal temperament). This arises because after a cycle of 31 quarter-comma-tempered fifths, the 32nd pitch is remarkably close to a pitch that already exists in the system. Thus, five of Vicentino's 36 possibilities became practically redundant in this system. He suggested that these five be tuned instead according to the second manner described below.
Vicentino offered an alternative tuning in which the upper keyboard was tuned a quarter-comma higher than the lower, allowing pure fifths by playing chords across the manuals, giving a limited system of triadic just intonation. This tuning still permits modulation to a wide range of keys, but not in a completely circular fashion as with the first tuning described above, and still only modulates by the meantone-tempered fifth, not by the pure fifth.
The observation that extended quarter-comma meantone temperament almost exactly approximates 31 equal was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM20A
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FAM20A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM20A gene.
Function
FAM20A belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted proteins expressed in many tissues. This locus encodes a protein that is likely secreted and may function in hematopoiesis.
A mutation at this locus has been associated with amelogenesis imperfecta and gingival hyperplasia syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2011]
Clinical significance
A mutation in FAM20A was reported to be associated with amelogenesis imperfecta, an inherited enamel defect, and gingival hyperplasia syndrome.
Human mutations in FAM20A were also reported to cause Enamel-Renal Syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe enamel hypoplasia, failed tooth eruption, intrapulpal calcifications, enlarged gingiva, and nephrocalcinosis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Mellanby
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Sir Edward Mellanby (8 April 1884 – 30 January 1955) was a British biochemist and nutritionist who discovered vitamin D and its role in preventing rickets in 1919.
Education
Mellanby was born in West Hartlepool, the son of a shipyard owner, and educated at Barnard Castle School and Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where he studied physiology.
Career
After working as a research student from 1905 to 1907, Mellanby studied medicine at St. Thomas's Hospital in London, and in 1913 became a medical doctor. He served as a lecturer at King's College for Women in London from 1913 to 1920, during which time he was asked to investigate the cause of rickets. He discovered that feeding caged dogs on a diet of porridge induced rickets, which could then be cured with cod liver oil and concluded that rickets was caused by a dietary factor. It was later discovered that the actual cause of rickets is lack of vitamin D due to lack of sunlight which can be prevented or remedied by ingesting food rich in vitamin D, such as cod liver oil.
He worked on the detrimental effect of foods containing significant phytic acid, particularly cereals.
In 1914 he married May Tweedy, a lecturer at Bedford College (London) who would also carry out research into nutrition and dental disease.
In 1920 he was appointed professor of pharmacology at the University of Sheffield, and consultant physician at the Royal Infirmary in that city. He then served as the secretary of the Medical Research Council from 1933 to 1949.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1925. He was awarded their Royal Medal in 1932 and their Buchanan Medal in 1947.
In 1932, Mellanby was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. He delivered the Croonian Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians in 1933 and the Croonian lecture to the Royal Society in 1943, both on the subject of diet.
He was knighted (KCB) in the 1937 Coronation Honours and made GBE in the 1948 New Year Honours. He was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-linkage%20equilibrium
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Quasi-linkage equilibrium (QLE) is a mathematical approximation used in solving population genetics problems. Motoo Kimura introduced the notion to simplify a model of Fisher's fundamental theorem. QLE greatly simplifies population genetic equations whilst making the assumption of weak selection and weak epistasis. Selection under these conditions rapidly changes allele frequencies to a state where they evolve as if in linkage equilibrium. Kimura originally provided the sufficient conditions for QLE in two-locus systems, but recently several researchers have shown how QLE occurs in general multilocus systems. QLE allows theorists to approximate linkage disequilibria by simple expressions, often simple functions of allele or genotype frequencies, thereby providing solutions to highly complex problems involving selection on multiple loci or polygenic traits. QLE also plays an important role in justifying approximations in the derivation of quantitative genetic equations from mendelian principles.
Simple Model
Let , , and represent the frequencies of the four possible genotypes in a haploid two-locus-two-allele model. Kimura's original model showed that
approaches a stable state rapidly if epistatic effects are small relative to recombination. Deviations from will be reduced by the recombination fraction every generation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuro-Beh%C3%A7et%27s%20disease
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Behçet's disease is recognized as a disease that cause inflammatory perivasculitis, inflammation of the tissue around a blood or lymph vessel, in practically any tissue in the body. Usually, prevalent symptoms include canker sores or ulcers in the mouth and on the genitals, and inflammation in parts of the eye. In addition, patients experience severe headache and papulopustular skin lesions as well. The disease was first described in 1937 by a Turkish dermatologist, Dr. Hulusi Behçet. Behçet's disease is most prevalent in the Middle East and the Far East regions; however, it is rare in America regions.
Behçet's disease with neurological involvement, neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD), involves central nervous system damage in 5–50% of cases. The high variation in the range is due to study design, definition of neurological involvement, ethnic or geographic variation, availability of neurological expertise and investigations, and treatment protocols.
Signs and symptoms
The initial signs and symptoms of NBD are usually very general. This makes NBD hard to diagnose until the patients experience a severe neurological damage. In addition, the combination of symptoms varies among patients.
Parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease
The main symptom is meningoencephalitis which happens in ~75% of NBD patients. Other general symptoms of Behçet's disease are also present among parenchymal NBD patients such as fever, headache, genital ulcers, genital scars, and skin lesions. When the brainstem is affected, ophthalmoparesis, cranial neuropathy, and cerebellar or pyramidal dysfunction may be observed. Cerebral hemispheric involvement may result in encephalopathy, hemiparesis, hemisensory loss, seizures, dysphasia, and mental changes including cognitive dysfunction and
psychosis. As for the spinal cord involvement, pyramidal signs in the limbs, sensory level dysfunction, and, commonly, sphincter dysfunction may be observed.
Some of the symptoms are less common such as stroke (1.5%), epile
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20selection%20theorem
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In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, Michael selection theorem is a selection theorem named after Ernest Michael. In its most popular form, it states the following:
Let X be a paracompact space and Y a Banach space.
Let be a lower hemicontinuous set-valued function with nonempty convex closed values.
Then there exists a continuous selection of F.
Conversely, if any lower semicontinuous multimap from topological space X to a Banach space, with nonempty convex closed values, admits a continuous selection, then X is paracompact. This provides another characterization for paracompactness.
Examples
A function that satisfies all requirements
The function: , shown by the grey area in the figure at the right, is a set-valued function from the real interval [0,1] to itself. It satisfies all Michael's conditions, and indeed it has a continuous selection, for example: or .
A function that does not satisfy lower hemicontinuity
The function
is a set-valued function from the real interval [0,1] to itself. It has nonempty convex closed values. However, it is not lower hemicontinuous at 0.5. Indeed, Michael's theorem does not apply and the function does not have a continuous selection: any selection at 0.5 is necessarily discontinuous.
Applications
Michael selection theorem can be applied to show that the differential inclusion
has a C1 solution when F is lower semi-continuous and F(t, x) is a nonempty closed and convex set for all (t, x). When F is single valued, this is the classic Peano existence theorem.
Generalizations
A theorem due to Deutsch and Kenderov generalizes Michel selection theorem to an equivalence relating approximate selections to almost lower hemicontinuity, where is said to be almost lower hemicontinuous if at each , all neighborhoods of there exists a neighborhood of such that
Precisely, Deutsch–Kenderov theorem states that if is paracompact, a normed vector space and is nonempty convex for each , then is almost low
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM24
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Tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α (TIF1α) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRIM24 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene mediates transcriptional control by interaction with the activation function 2 (AF2) region of several nuclear receptors, including the estrogen, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors. The protein localizes to nuclear bodies and is thought to associate with chromatin and heterochromatin-associated factors. The protein is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains – a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2 – and a coiled-coil region. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.
Interactions
TRIM24 has been shown to interact with Mineralocorticoid receptor, TRIM33, Estrogen receptor alpha and Retinoid X receptor alpha.
See also
Transcription coregulator
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser%20syndrome
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Fraser syndrome (also known as Meyer-Schwickerath's syndrome, Fraser-François syndrome, or Ullrich-Feichtiger syndrome) is an autosomal recessive congenital disorder, identified by several developmental anomalies. Fraser syndrome is named for the geneticist George R. Fraser, who first described the syndrome in 1962.
Signs and symptoms
It is characterized by developmental defects including cryptophthalmos (where the eyelids fail to separate in each eye), and intersex development in the genitals (such as micropenis, or clitoromegaly) and cryptorchidism Congenital malformations of the nose, ears, larynx and renal system, as well as developmental delays, manifest occasionally. Syndactyly (fused fingers or toes) has also been noted.
Genetics
The genetic background of this disease has been linked to a gene called FRAS1, which seems to be involved in skin epithelial morphogenesis during early development. It has also been associated with FREM2 and with GRIP1.
Mapping
By autozygosity mapping, McGregor et al. (2003) located the Fraser syndrome locus to chromosome 4q21.
Genetic Heterogeneity
In 6 of 18 consanguineous families with Fraser syndrome, van Haelst et al. (2008) excluded linkage to both the FRAS1 and FREM2 genes, indicating genetic heterogeneity.
Molecular genetics
In 5 families with Fraser syndrome, McGregor et al. (2003) identified 5 homozygous mutations in the FRAS1 gene (e.g., 607830.0001), which encodes a putative extracellular matrix (ECM) protein.
In 2 families with Fraser syndrome unlinked to the FRAS1 gene, Jadeja et al. (2005) found a homozygous missense mutation in the FREM2 gene (608945.0001).
In an infant girl with Fraser syndrome, Slavotinek et al. (2006) identified compound heterozygosity for a deletion (607830.0006) and an insertion (607830.0007) in the FRAS1 gene, inherited from her mother and her father, respectively.
Cavalcanti et al. (2007) described 2 stillborn Brazilian male siblings, born at 25 and 29 weeks' gestation, respectively.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foias%20constant
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In mathematical analysis, the Foias constant is a real number named after Ciprian Foias.
It is defined in the following way: for every real number x1 > 0, there is a sequence defined by the recurrence relation
for n = 1, 2, 3, .... The Foias constant is the unique choice α such that if x1 = α then the sequence diverges to infinity. For all other values of x1, the sequence is divergent as well, but it has two accumulation points: 1 and infinity. Numerically, it is
.
No closed form for the constant is known.
When x1 = α then the growth rate of the sequence (xn) is given by the limit
where "log" denotes the natural logarithm.
The same methods used in the proof of the uniqueness of the Foias constant may also be applied to other similar recursive sequences.
See also
Mathematical constant
Notes and references
Mathematical analysis
Mathematical constants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogeometricum
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In taxonomy, Halogeometricum (common abbreviation: Hgm.) is a genus of the Haloferacaceae.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20graph
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In the mathematical field of graph theory, a complete graph is a simple undirected graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a unique edge. A complete digraph is a directed graph in which every pair of distinct vertices is connected by a pair of unique edges (one in each direction).
Graph theory itself is typically dated as beginning with Leonhard Euler's 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. However, drawings of complete graphs, with their vertices placed on the points of a regular polygon, had already appeared in the 13th century, in the work of Ramon Llull. Such a drawing is sometimes referred to as a mystic rose.
Properties
The complete graph on vertices is denoted by . Some sources claim that the letter in this notation stands for the German word , but the German name for a complete graph, , does not contain the letter , and other sources state that the notation honors the contributions of Kazimierz Kuratowski to graph theory.
has edges (a triangular number), and is a regular graph of degree . All complete graphs are their own maximal cliques. They are maximally connected as the only vertex cut which disconnects the graph is the complete set of vertices. The complement graph of a complete graph is an empty graph.
If the edges of a complete graph are each given an orientation, the resulting directed graph is called a tournament.
can be decomposed into trees such that has vertices. Ringel's conjecture asks if the complete graph can be decomposed into copies of any tree with edges. This is known to be true for sufficiently large .
The number of all distinct paths between a specific pair of vertices in is given by
where refers to Euler's constant, and
The number of matchings of the complete graphs are given by the telephone numbers
1, 1, 2, 4, 10, 26, 76, 232, 764, 2620, 9496, 35696, 140152, 568504, 2390480, 10349536, 46206736, ... .
These numbers give the largest possible value of the Hosoya index for an -verte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian%20Anti-Transportation%20League%20Flag
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The Australian Anti-Transportation League Flag is a flag used historically by members of the Australasian Anti-Transportation League who opposed penal transportation to the British colonies that are now a part of Australia. It is particularly significant as it is the oldest known flag to feature a representation of the Southern Cross with the stars arranged as they are seen in the sky.
The flag was designed in 1849 by Reverend John West of Launceston, Tasmania, and from 1851 was used by the Australian Anti-Transportation League in the Australian colonies and in New Zealand. The flag is based on the blue ensign — blue background with the Union Flag in the Canton — and has gold or yellow stars of the Southern Cross on the fly. Each of the stars of the Southern Cross was symbolic of a member colony. There is a white border around three sides of the flag, which was used to display the name of the League, the year it was established and the name of the colony where it was flown.
The flag was no longer used after transportation was ceased in 1853; however, the design of the flag is similar to several later flags, including the Flag of New Zealand, Flag of Victoria, and Flag of Australia.
See also
List of Australian flags
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Hillston
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Jane Elizabeth Hillston (born 1963) is a British computer scientist who is professor of quantitative modelling and head of school in the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Early life and education
Hillston received a BA in Mathematics from the University of York in 1985, an MSc in Mathematics from Lehigh University in the United States in 1987 and a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Edinburgh in 1994, where she has spent her subsequent academic career. Her PhD thesis was awarded the BCS/CPHC Distinguished Dissertation Awards in 1995 and has been published by Cambridge University Press.
Research and career
She has been an EPSRC Research Fellow (1994–1995), Lecturer (1995–2001), Reader (2001–2006) and Professor of Quantitative Modelling since 2006. Hillston is a member of the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science at Edinburgh. In 2018 she was appointed Head of the School of Informatics at Edinburgh, taking over from Johanna Moore.
Jane Hillston is known for her work on stochastic process algebras. In particular, she has developed the PEPA process algebra, and helped develop Bio-PEPA, which is based on the earlier PEPA algebra and is specifically aimed at analyzing biochemical networks.
Since January 1st 2023 Hillston has been Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings of the Royal Society A (the first female Editor-in-Chief in the journal's history). She also serves on the editorial board of Logical Methods in Computer Science; Elsevier Theoretical Computer Science, as one of the editors in the area of Theory of Natural Computing, and as an Associate Editor of ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation (TOMACS).
Honours and awards
In 2004, she received the first Roger Needham Award at the Royal Society in London awarded yearly for a distinguished research contributor in computer research by a UK-based researcher within ten years of their PhD. In March 2007 she was elected to the fellowship of the Royal Society of Ed
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20the%20human%20brain
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The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the human brain:
Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex than any other, leading to the evolutionary success of widespread dominance of the human species across the planet.
While the emphasis below is on physical brain structure, functional aspects are also included. Mind concepts (as in mind vs. body), and cognitive and behavioral aspects, are introduced where they have at least a fairly direct connection to physical aspects of the brain, neurons, spinal cord, nerve networks, neurotransmitters, etc.
Structure of the human brain
This major section covers the physical structure
Visible anatomy
Basic structure
Human brain
List of regions in the human brain
Lobes of the brain
Brain
Basal ganglia
Brain stem including Medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Limbic including amygdala
Neuroanatomy
Isolating the brain from other structures
Note – in conducting brain research, information "where the other end connects" is critical to understanding neural connections, and ultimately how the brain functions. The delineation of the brain from other parts, while retaining the "this is connected to on the other end..." information is therefore a non-trivial brain mapping task.
Central nervous system – consists of the brain, and the attached spinal cord. The brain roughly floats on top of the ventricular system, a shock absorbing area filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which also connects to and fills the entire Spinal canal. The spinal canal terminates about two-thirds down the length of the spine, at the lower side of the first lumbar (L1). L1 is the first vertebrae not to have an associated rib, located roughly at the normal to high belt level.
Peripheral nervous system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureoumbra
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Aureoumbra is a genus of algae belonging to the family Sarcinochrysidaceae.
Species:
Aureoumbra geitleri
Aureoumbra lagunensis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product%20bundling
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In marketing, product bundling is offering several products or services for sale as one combined product or service package. It is a common feature in many imperfectly competitive product and service markets. Industries engaged in the practice include telecommunications services, financial services, health care, information, and consumer electronics. A software bundle might include a word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation program into a single office suite. The cable television industry often bundles many TV and movie channels into a single tier or package. The fast food industry combines separate food items into a "meal deal" or "value meal".
A bundle of products may be called a package deal; in recorded music or video games, a compilation or box set; or in publishing, an anthology.
Most firms are multi-product or multi-service companies faced with the decision whether to sell products or services separately at individual prices or whether combinations of products should be marketed in the form of "bundles" for which a "bundle price" is asked. Price bundling plays an increasingly important role in many industries (e.g. banking, insurance, software, automotive) and some companies even build their business strategies on bundling. In bundle pricing, companies sell a package or set of goods or services for a lower price than they would charge if the customer bought all of them separately. Pursuing a bundle pricing strategy allows a business to increase its profit by using a discount to induce customers to buy more than they otherwise would have.
Rationale
Bundling is most successful when:
There are economies of scale in production.
There are economies of scope in distribution. This can be seen in consumer electronics bundles where a big box electronics store offers all of the components for a home theatre setup (DVD player, flatscreen TV, surround sound speakers, receiver, subwoofer) for a lower price than if each component were to be purchased separately. T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphometer
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The graphometer, semicircle or semicircumferentor is a surveying instrument used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular limb divided into 180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes. The limb is subtended by the diameter with two sights at its ends. In the middle of the diameter a "box and needle" (compass) is fixed. On the same middle the alidade with two other sights is fitted. The device is mounted on a staff via a ball and socket joint. In effect the device is a half-circumferentor. For convenience, sometimes another half-circle from 180 to 360 degrees may be graduated in another line on the limb.
The form was introduced in Philippe Danfrie's (Paris, 1597) and the term graphometer was popular with French geodesists. The preferable English-language terms were semicircle or semicircumferentor. Some 19th-century graphometers had telescopic rather than open sights.
Le Nôtre's ('The theory and practice of gardening'), published in 1709, described the use of the graphometer in transferring geometric shapes from garden plans onto landscapes at a large scale.
Usage
To measure an angle, say, EKG, the diameter middle C is placed at the angle apex K using the plummet at point C of the instrument. The diameter is aligned with leg KE of the angle using the sights at the ends of the diameter. The alidade is aligned with the leg KG using another pair of sights, and the angle read off the limb as marked by the alidade. Further uses of the graphometer are the same as those of the circumferentor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximally%20matchable%20edge
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In graph theory, a maximally matchable edge in a graph is an edge that is included in at least one maximum-cardinality matching in the graph. An alternative term is allowed edge.
A fundamental problem in matching theory is: given a graph G, find the set of all maximally matchable edges in G. This is equivalent to finding the union of all maximum matchings in G (this is different than the simpler problem of finding a single maximum matching in G). Several algorithms for this problem are known.
Motivation
Consider a matchmaking agency with a pool of men and women. Given the preferences of the candidates, the agency constructs a bipartite graph where there is an edge between a man and a woman if they are compatible. The ultimate goal of the agency is to create as many compatible couples as possible, i.e., find a maximum-cardinality matching in this graph. Towards this goal, the agency first chooses an edge in the graph, and suggests to the man and woman on both ends of the edge to meet. Now, the agency must take care to only choose a maximally matchable edge. This is because, if it chooses a non-maximally matchable edge, it may get stuck with an edge that cannot be completed to a maximum-cardinality matching.
Definition
Let G = (V,E) be a graph, where V are the vertices and E are the edges. A matching in G is a subset M of E, such that each vertex in V is adjacent to at most a single edge in M. A maximum matching is a matching of maximum cardinality.
An edge e in E is called maximally matchable (or allowed) if there exists a maximum matching M that contains e.
Algorithms for general graphs
Currently, the best known deterministic algorithm for general graphs runs in time .
There is a randomized algorithm for general graphs in time .
Algorithms for bipartite graphs
In bipartite graphs, if a single maximum-cardinality matching is known, it is possible to find all maximally matchable edges in linear time - .
If a maximum matching is not known, it can b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression%20subtractive%20hybridization
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Subtractive hybridization is a technology that allows for PCR-based amplification of only cDNA fragments that differ between a control (driver) and experimental transcriptome. cDNA is produced from mRNA. Differences in relative abundance of transcripts are highlighted, as are genetic differences between species. The technique relies on the removal of dsDNA formed by hybridization between a control and test sample, thus eliminating cDNAs or gDNAs of similar abundance, and retaining differentially expressed, or variable in sequence, transcripts or genomic sequences.
Suppression subtractive hybridization has also been successfully used to identify strain- or species-specific DNA sequences in a variety of bacteria including Vibrio species (Metagenomics).
See also
Representational difference analysis
External links
Overview at evrogen.com
Biotechnology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatinca%20perveta
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Sabatinca perveta is an extinct species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It is known only from the single type specimen, which has been found in Burmese amber in present-day Myanmar. It dates to the earliest Cenomanian, around 99 mya.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromemco%20Octart
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The Cromemco Octart was an expansion card made by Cromemco for their range of S-100 bus based computer systems. The card provided eight serial bus channels and a single bi-directional parallel port. The serial connections were often used to interface eight computer terminals to the host system. In combination with the Cromemco Cromix multi-user operating system, this allowed different users to concurrently work on the system. The parallel port was typically connected to an IEEE 1284-type printer.
Octart superseded Cromemco's TUART and QUADART and IOP boards. Unlike earlier boards, which merely formatted and exchanged individual data characters, the Octart featured a sophisticated DUART communications circuit plus an independent Z80A processor with 64 KB bytes of memory. This enabled the Octart to:
Perform all protocol and error-detection/recovery functions.
Buffer large amounts of serial data.
Pass only preprocessed data over the host bus using interrupt-driven I/O.
This reduced the processing load on the host computer's central processing unit and dramatically increased system throughput.
The Octart was a versatile serial subsystem. Under program control, it could switch its internal memory configuration from 16 KB bytes of ROM and 32 KB bytes of RAM to a full 64 KB bytes of RAM.
Thus the board can include a ROM bootstrap program which loads an application program, and then switches to 64 KB bytes of RAM for maximum buffer space. The eight serial channels could operate independently of one another in any of four modes: full duplex, auto echo, local loopback, and remote loopback.
Each channel could be programmed to automatic wake-up mode for multidrop applications.
The Octart required Z80 Cromix version 11.24 or later, or 68000 Cromix 20.61 or later.
External links
Cromemco Octart Asynchronous Communications Processor Instruction Manual
Octart
Serial buses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20Convention%20Office
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Canada's Biodiversity Convention Office (BCO) serves as National Focal Point for the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity and the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy. BCO also provides a leadership role in the Biodiversity Conservation Working Group of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation and in the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) working group of the Arctic Council.
The BCO was established by Environment Canada in September 1991 to coordinate Canadian involvement in the negotiations of the Convention. Following Canada's ratification of the Convention in December 1992, attention shifted to development of a Canadian response. Under the guidance of the BCO, a Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group was charged by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment with developing the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy. In 1996, all jurisdictions signed a statement of commitment to use the Strategy as a guide to implementing the Convention in Canada. In 2005, Ministers instructed the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Working Group to develop a corresponding outcomes-based framework for guiding and monitoring implementation of the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy. This Biodiversity Outcomes Framework was approved by Ministers responsible for Environment, Forests, Parks, Fisheries and Aquaculture, and Wildlife in October 2006.
The BCO plays a policy coordinating, catalysing and facilitating role in national efforts to define Canada's response to the Convention and National Strategy. It operates through a network of contacts within and outside government. At the federal level, an Interdepartmental Committee on Biodiversity provides advice and guidance on domestic and international policy issues. The Federal/Provincial/Territorial Biodiversity Working Group focuses on national biodiversity issues. BCO also works with indigenous groups to enable their participation in meeting the objectives of the Convention and the Canadian Biodiversity Stra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20Library
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Crime Library was a website documenting major crimes, criminals, trials, forensics, and criminal profiling from books. It was founded in 1998 and was most recently owned by truTV, a cable TV network that is part of Time Warner's Turner Broadcasting System. In August 2014, Crime Library was no longer being updated. In February 2015 the site was taken offline.
Content
Crime Library contained an extensive collection of crime related articles, which were separated into categories: Serial Killers, Notorious Murders, Criminal Mind, Terrorists & Spies and Gangsters & Outlaws. Each category was then broken down into further subcategories. For example, within Serial Killers were the subcategories Most Notorious, Sexual Predators, Truly Weird & Shocking, Unsolved Cases, Partners in Crime and Killers from History. Crime Library also featured photo galleries. These may have had anywhere from 10 to upwards of 100 slides. Some photo galleries were focused on a specific case, while others were lists of crimes linked by a theme (e.g., "Baby for Sale," cases where a person was arrested for allegedly attempting to sell his or her child), or collections of unusual booking photos.
High-profile crimes in the United States were prominent on Crime Library, but the site also contained information about historically notorious characters from various countries, including United Kingdom, Australia and France.
All articles on Crime Library were written exclusively for Crime Library by dozens of commissioned writers, many of them true-crime authors, including Chuck Hustmyre, Katherine Ramsland, Gary C. King and Anthony Bruno.
Crime Library maintained social media features where readers could interact and discuss criminal cases, including a Facebook page, a Twitter account and message boards.
History
Crime Library was founded by Marilyn J. Bardsley in January 1998. Court TV, later truTV, purchased Crime Library in 2001, the same year The Smoking Gun was acquired by Court TV. Originally
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigidity%20matroid
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In the mathematics of structural rigidity, a rigidity matroid is a matroid that describes the number of degrees of freedom of an undirected graph with rigid edges of fixed lengths, embedded into Euclidean space. In a rigidity matroid for a graph with n vertices in d-dimensional space, a set of edges that defines a subgraph with k degrees of freedom has matroid rank dn − k. A set of edges is independent if and only if, for every edge in the set, removing the edge would increase the number of degrees of freedom of the remaining subgraph.
Definition
A framework is an undirected graph, embedded into d-dimensional Euclidean space by providing a d-tuple of Cartesian coordinates for each vertex of the graph. From a framework with n vertices and m edges, one can define a matrix with m rows and nd columns, an expanded version of the incidence matrix of the graph called the rigidity matrix. In this matrix, the entry in row e and column (v,i) is zero if v is not an endpoint of edge e. If, on the other hand, edge e has vertices u and v as endpoints, then the value of the entry is the difference between the ith coordinates of v and u.
The rigidity matroid of the given framework is a linear matroid that has as its elements the edges of the graph. A set of edges is independent, in the matroid, if it corresponds to a set of rows of the rigidity matrix that is linearly independent. A framework is called generic if the coordinates of its vertices are algebraically independent real numbers. Any two generic frameworks on the same graph G determine the same rigidity matroid, regardless of their specific coordinates. This is the (d-dimensional) rigidity matroid of G.
Statics
A load on a framework is a system of forces on the vertices (represented as vectors). A stress is a special case of a load, in which equal and opposite forces are applied to the two endpoints of each edge (which may be imagined as a spring) and the forces formed in this way are added at each vertex. Every stress i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero%20sound
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Zero sound is the name given by Lev Landau in 1957 to the unique quantum vibrations in quantum Fermi liquids. The zero sound can no longer be thought of as a simple wave of compression and rarefaction, but rather a fluctuation in space and time of the quasiparticles' momentum distribution function. As the shape of Fermi distribution function changes slightly (or largely), zero sound propagates in the direction for the head of Fermi surface with no change of the density of the liquid. Predictions and subsequent experimental observations of zero sound was one of the key confirmation on the correctness of Landau's Fermi liquid theory.
Derivation from Boltzmann transport equation
The Boltzmann transport equation for general systems in the semiclassical limit gives, for a Fermi liquid,
,
where is the density of quasiparticles (here we ignore spin) with momentum and position at time , and is the energy of a quasiparticle of momentum ( and denote equilibrium distribution and energy in the equilibrium distribution). The semiclassical limit assumes that fluctuates with angular frequency and wavelength , which are much lower than and much longer than respectively, where and are the Fermi energy and momentum respectively, around which is nontrivial. To first order in fluctuation from equilibrium, the equation becomes
.
When the quasiparticle's mean free path (equivalently, relaxation time ), ordinary sound waves ("first sound") propagate with little absorption. But at low temperatures (where and scale as ), the mean free path exceeds , and as a result the collision functional . Zero sound occurs in this collisionless limit.
In the Fermi liquid theory, the energy of a quasiparticle of momentum is
,
where is the appropriately normalized Landau parameter, and
.
The approximated transport equation then has plane wave solutions
,
with
given by
.
This functional operator equation gives the dispersion relation for the zero sound waves with frequency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSID
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Life Science Identifiers are a way to name and locate pieces of information on the web. Essentially, an LSID is a unique identifier for some data, and the LSID protocol specifies a standard way to locate the data (as well as a standard way of describing that data). They are a little like DOIs used by many publishers.
An LSID is represented as a uniform resource name (URN) with the following format:
urn:lsid:<Authority>:<Namespace>:<ObjectID>[:<Version>]
The lsid: namespace, however, is not registered with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and so these are not strictly URNs or URIs.
LSIDs may be resolved in URLs, e.g. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CDC8D258-8F57-41DC-B560-247E17D3DC8C
Controversy over the use of LSIDs
There has been a lot of interest in LSIDs in both the bioinformatics and the biodiversity communities, with the latter continuing to use them as a way of identifying species in global catalogues. However, more recently, as understanding has increased of how HTTP URIs can perform a similar naming task, the use of LSIDs as identifiers has been criticized as violating the Web Architecture good practice of reusing existing URI schemes. Nevertheless, the explicit separation of data from metadata; specification of a method for discovering multiple locations for data-retrieval; and the ability to discover multiple independent sources of metadata for any identified thing were crucial parts of the LSID and its resolution specification that have not successfully been mimicked by an HTTP-only approach.
The World Wide Web provides a globally distributed communication framework that is essential for almost all scientific collaboration, including bioinformatics. However, several limits and inadequacies were thought to exist, one of which was the inability to programmatically identify locally named objects that may be widely distributed over the network. This perceived shortcoming would have limited our ability to integrate multiple
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular%20coordinates
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The term triangular coordinates may refer to any of at least three related systems of coordinates in the Euclidean plane:
a special case of barycentric coordinates for a triangle, in which case it is known as a ternary plot or areal coordinates, among other names
Trilinear coordinates, in which the coordinates of a point in a triangle are its relative distances from the three sides
Synergetics coordinates
Triangle geometry
Coordinate systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriscus
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An oriscus is a type of neume found in gregorian chant.
It is a single neume, meaning it represents one pitch, unlike a compound neume, representing a sequence of more than one pitch.
It is considered an ornamental neume, like the strophicus, quilisma, salicus, and pressus, but the original meaning of the ornament is unclear. It is usually found added to another neume as an auxiliary note. Some modern chant editions replace the sign with a regular punctum.
It is found in the chant manuscripts of St. Gall, Northern Spain, Catalonia, Bologna, Breton, England, Metz, and Aquitaine, but not in those of Toledo. Wagner suggested the neume involved intervals of less than a semitone (i.e. microtone), but other scholars dispute this. For Cardine, it implied tension on the following note.
The name is possibly derived from the Greek horos "limit" or oriskos "little hill."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20iron%20metabolism
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Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease. Hematologists have been especially interested in systemic iron metabolism, because iron is essential for red blood cells, where most of the human body's iron is contained. Understanding iron metabolism is also important for understanding diseases of iron overload, such as hereditary hemochromatosis, and iron deficiency, such as iron-deficiency anemia.
Importance of iron regulation
Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state (Fe2+), iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state (Fe3+) it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron–sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.
Cellular respiration
Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron–sulfur cluster and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis).
Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells.
Oxygen transport
The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O2) is required for the functioning and survival
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future%2050%20Foods%20report
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The Future 50 Foods report, subtitled "50 foods for healthier people and a healthier planet", was published in February 2019 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Knorr. It identifies 50 plant-based foods that can increase dietary nutritional value and reduce environmental impacts of the food supply, promoting sustainable global food systems.
Description
The report identifies 12 plant sources and five animal sources that make up 75 percent of the food humans consume, and three crops (wheat, corn and rice) accounting for about "60 percent of the plant-based calories in most diets". The report points out that lack of variety in food sources threatens food security, and "repeatedly harvesting the same crop on the same land depletes nutrients in the soil, leading to intensive use of fertilizers and pesticides that, when misused, can hurt wildlife and damage the environment".
The report offers five steps to identifying a future food: "focus on plant-based foods, optimize nutrient density, evaluate environmental impact, consider culture and flavor, and deliver diversity."
Criteria for inclusion on the list of 50 foods indicated they must be "highly nutritious, have as little impact on the environment as possible, affordable, accessible, and of course, tasty". The foods are grouped into categories:
Algae
Algae contain essential fatty acids and antioxidants rich in protein, and are a potential replacement for meat.
1. Laver seaweed Porphyra umbilicalis
2. Wakame seaweed Undaria pinnatifida
Beans and pulses
Beans are in the legume family, and are a source of fiber, protein and B vitamins.
3. Adzuki beans Vigna angularis
4. Black turtle beans Phaseolus vulgaris
5. Broad beans (fava beans) Vicia faba
6. Bambara groundnuts/Bambara beans Vigna subterranea
7. Cowpeas Vigna unguiculata
8. Lentils Lens culinaris
9. Marama beans Tylosema esculentum
10. Mung beans Vigna radiata
11. Soy beans Glycine max
Cacti
Cacti contains vitamins C and E, carotenoids,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Electronics%20Type%20Designation%20System
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The Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), which was previously known as the Joint Army-Navy Nomenclature System (AN System. JAN) and the Joint Communications-Electronics Nomenclature System, is a method developed by the U.S. War Department during World War II for assigning an unclassified designator to electronic equipment. In 1957, the JETDS was formalized in MIL-STD-196.
Computer software and commercial unmodified electronics for which the manufacturer maintains design control are not covered.
Applicability
Electronic material, from a military point of view, generally includes those electronic devices employed in data processing, detection and tracking (underwater, sea, land-based, air and space), recognition and identification, communications, aids to navigation, weapons control and evaluation, flight control, and electronics countermeasures. Nomenclature is assigned to:
Electronic materiel of military design
Commercial electronic material that has been modified for military use and requires military identification and design control
Electronic materiel which is intended for use by other Federal agencies or other governments that participate in the nomenclature system.
This system is separate from the "M" designation used in the Army Nomenclature System (MIL-STD-1464A).
Organization
Items are given an Item Level which describes their hierarchy
Basic Structure
The core of the JETDS system is the combination of a Type Designation with an Item Name to specify a particular item.
For example:
With the AN/PEQ-2A Infrared Illuminator, the "AN/PEQ-2A" is the Type Designation while the Item Name Code (INC) 26086 "Illuminator, Infrared" is the Item Name.
Type Designation
The type designation is a unique series of letters and numbers which specifies an item. There are three basic forms of type designator used:
Type designators for definitive Systems, Subsystems, Centers, Central, and Sets (e.g. AN/SPY-1)
Type designators for definitive Groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreomacular%20adhesion
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Vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) is a human medical condition where the vitreous gel (or simply vitreous, AKA vitreous humour) of the human eye adheres to the retina in an abnormally strong manner. As the eye ages, it is common for the vitreous to separate from the retina. But if this separation is not complete, i.e. there is still an adhesion, this can create pulling forces on the retina that may result in subsequent loss or distortion of vision. The adhesion in of itself is not dangerous, but the resulting pathological vitreomacular traction (VMT) can cause severe ocular damage.
The current standard of care for treating these adhesions is pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), which involves surgically removing the vitreous from the eye. A biological agent for non-invasive treatment of adhesions called ocriplasmin has been approved by the FDA on October 17, 2012.
Symptom and signs
Traction caused by VMA is the underlying pathology of an eye disease called symptomatic VMA. There is evidence that symptomatic VMA can contribute to the development of several well-known eye disorders, such as macular hole and macular pucker, that can cause visual impairment, including blindness. It may also be associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion, and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Pathology
Over time, it is common for the vitreous within the human eye to liquify and collapse in processes known as syneresis and synchisis respectively. This creates fluid-filled areas that can combine to form pockets of vitreous gel that are mostly liquid with very small concentrations of collagen. If these liquid pockets are close enough to the interface between the vitreous gel and the retina, they can cause complete separation of the vitreous from the retina in a normally occurring process in older humans called posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). PVD in of itself is not dangerous and a natural process.
If the separation of the vitreous from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coblentz%20Society
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The Coblentz Society is a non-profit scientific organization named after William Weber Coblentz which is involved in fostering the understanding and application of vibrational spectroscopy. The Society provides education, awards and recognitions enhancing the understanding of molecular (vibrational) spectroscopy. The organization was founded in 1954 and is incorporated in the state of Connecticut. Originally considered to be the Infrared Society at its founding, the Coblentz Society has expanded its technical reach into Raman spectroscopy as the technique has become more accessible to both researchers and more casual users. The Society is the oldest organization in the United States specifically dedicated to the profession and activities associated with vibrational spectroscopy. The Coblentz Society is also the infrared and Raman technical affiliate of the Society for Applied Spectroscopy.
The Awards sponsored by The Coblentz Society include:
The Coblentz Award is to recognize the contributions by a young professional spectroscopist to the fundamental understanding of vibrational spectroscopy
The Craver Award is to recognize the efforts of young professional spectroscopists in the field of applied analytical spectroscopy
The Williams–Wright Award is unique in that it recognizes the lifetime accomplishments of an industrial spectroscopist
The Bomem-Michelson Award is currently inactive but was designed to recognize advancements in the field of vibrational spectroscopy
The Lippincott Award for the advancement of spectroscopy from an optical perspective (co-sponsored by Optica and the Society for Applied Spectroscopy).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulo
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In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another (called the modulus of the operation).
Given two positive numbers and , modulo (often abbreviated as ) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of by , where is the dividend and is the divisor.
For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0, because 9 divided by 3 has a quotient of 3 and a remainder of 0.
Although typically performed with and both being integers, many computing systems now allow other types of numeric operands. The range of values for an integer modulo operation of is 0 to ( mod 1 is always 0; is undefined, being a division by zero).
When exactly one of or is negative, the basic definition breaks down, and programming languages differ in how these values are defined.
Variants of the definition
In mathematics, the result of the modulo operation is an equivalence class, and any member of the class may be chosen as representative; however, the usual representative is the least positive residue, the smallest non-negative integer that belongs to that class (i.e., the remainder of the Euclidean division). However, other conventions are possible. Computers and calculators have various ways of storing and representing numbers; thus their definition of the modulo operation depends on the programming language or the underlying hardware.
In nearly all computing systems, the quotient and the remainder of divided by satisfy the following conditions:
This still leaves a sign ambiguity if the remainder is non-zero: two possible choices for the remainder occur, one negative and the other positive, and two possible choices for the quotient occur. In number theory, the positive remainder is always chosen, but in computing, programming languages choose depending on the language and the signs of or . Stand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20Genetics%20%28journal%29
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Biochemical Genetics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering molecular biology as it relates to genetics. It was established in 1967 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Luís Filipe Dias e Silva (University of the Azores). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.220.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20singular%20value%20decomposition
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In linear algebra, the generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) is the name of two different techniques based on the singular value decomposition (SVD). The two versions differ because one version decomposes two matrices (somewhat like the higher-order or tensor SVD) and the other version uses a set of constraints imposed on the left and right singular vectors of a single-matrix SVD.
First version: two-matrix decomposition
The generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD) is a matrix decomposition on a pair of matrices which generalizes the singular value decomposition. It was introduced by Van Loan in 1976 and later developed by Paige and Saunders, which is the version described here. In contrast to the SVD, the GSVD decomposes simultaneously a pair of matrices with the same number of columns. The SVD and the GSVD, as well as some other possible generalizations of the SVD, are extensively used in the study of the conditioning and regularization of linear systems with respect to quadratic semi-norms. In the following, let , or .
Definition
The generalized singular value decomposition of matrices and iswhere
is unitary,
is unitary,
is unitary,
is unitary,
is real diagonal with positive diagonal, and contains the non-zero singular values of in decreasing order,
,
is real non-negative block-diagonal, where with , , and ,
is real non-negative block-diagonal, where with , , and ,
,
,
,
.
We denote , , , and . While is diagonal, is not always diagonal, because of the leading rectangular zero matrix; instead is "bottom-right-diagonal".
Variations
There are many variations of the GSVD. These variations are related to the fact that it is always possible to multiply from the left by where is an arbitrary unitary matrix. We denote
, where is upper-triangular and invertible, and is unitary. Such matrices exist by RQ-decomposition.
. Then is invertible.
Here are some variations of the GSVD:
MATLAB (gsvd):
LAPACK (L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacCormack%20method
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In computational fluid dynamics, the MacCormack method (/məˈkɔːrmæk ˈmɛθəd/) is a widely used discretization scheme for the numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations. This second-order finite difference method was introduced by Robert W. MacCormack in 1969. The MacCormack method is elegant and easy to understand and program.
The algorithm
In general the MacCormack method involves a "predictor step" and a "corrector step", given below
where is the flux coming from the equation we are simulating.
Linear Example
To illustrate the algorithm, consider the following first order hyperbolic equation
The application of MacCormack method to the above equation proceeds in two steps; a predictor step which is followed by a corrector step.
Predictor step: In the predictor step, a "provisional" value of at time level (denoted by ) is estimated as follows
The above equation is obtained by replacing the spatial and temporal derivatives in the previous first order hyperbolic equation using forward differences.
Corrector step: In the corrector step, the predicted value is corrected according to the equation
Note that the corrector step uses backward finite difference approximations for spatial derivative. The time-step used in the corrector step is in contrast to the used in the predictor step.
Replacing the term by the temporal average
to obtain the corrector step as
Some remarks
The MacCormack method is well suited for nonlinear equations (Inviscid Burgers equation, Euler equations, etc.) The order of differencing can be reversed for the time step (i.e., forward/backward followed by backward/forward). For nonlinear equations, this procedure provides the best results. For linear equations, the MacCormack scheme is equivalent to the Lax–Wendroff method.
Unlike first-order upwind scheme, the MacCormack does not introduce diffusive errors in the solution. However, it is known to introduce dispersive errors (Gibbs phenomenon) in the region
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipticine
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Ellipticine is an alkaloid first extracted from trees of the species Ochrosia elliptica and Rauvolfia sandwicensis, which inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase II via intercalative binding to DNA.
Natural occurrence and synthesis
Ellipticine is an organic compound present in several trees within the genera Ochrosia, Rauvolfia, Aspidosperma, and Apocynaceae. It was first isolated from Ochrosia elliptica Labill., a flowering tree native to Australia and New Caledonia which gives the alkaloid its name, in 1959, and synthesised by Robert Burns Woodward later the same year.
Biological activity
Ellipticine is a known intercalator, capable of entering a DNA strand between base pairs. In its intercalated state, ellipticine binds strongly and lies parallel to the base pairs, increasing the superhelical density of the DNA. Intercalated ellipticine binds directly to topoisomerase II, an enzyme involved in DNA replication, inhibiting the enzyme and resulting in powerful antitumour activity. In clinical trials, ellipticine derivatives have been observed to induce remission of tumour growth, but are not used for medical purposes due to their high toxicity; side effects include nausea and vomiting, hypertension, cramp, pronounced fatigue, mouth dryness, and mycosis of the tongue and oesophagus.
Further DNA damage results from the formation of covalent DNA adducts following enzymatic activation of ellipticine by with cytochromes P450 and peroxidases, meaning that ellipticine is classified as a prodrug.
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