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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offline%20reader
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An offline reader (sometimes called an offline browser or offline navigator) is computer software that downloads e-mail, newsgroup posts or web pages, making them available when the computer is offline: not connected to a server. Offline readers are useful for portable computers and dial-up access.
Variations
Website-mirroring software
Website mirroring software is software that allows for the download of a copy of an entire website to the local hard disk for offline browsing. In effect, the downloaded copy serves as a mirror of the original site. Web crawler software such as Wget can be used to generate a site mirror.
Offline mail and news readers
Offline mail readers are computer programs that allow users to read electronic mail or other messages (for example, those on bulletin board systems) with a minimum of connection time to the server storing the messages. BBS servers accomplished this by packaging up multiple messages into a compressed file, e.g., a QWK packet, for the user to download using, e.g., Xmodem, Ymodem, Zmodem, and then disconnect. The user reads and replies to the messages locally and packages up and uploads any replies or new messages back to the server upon the next connection. Internet mail servers using POP3 or IMAP4 send the messages uncompressed as part of the protocol, and outbound messages using SMTP are also uncompressed. Offline news readers using NNTP are similar, but the messages are organized into news groups.
Most e-mail protocols, like the common POP3 and IMAP4 used for internet mail, need be on-line only during message transfer; the same applies to the NNTP protocol used by Usenet (Network news). Most end-user mailers, such as Outlook Express and AOL, can be used offline even if they are mainly intended to be used online, but some mailers such as Juno are mainly intended to be used offline.
Off-line mail readers are generally considered to be those systems that did not originally offer such functionality, notably on bulle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survive%20To%20Fight
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Survive To Fight is the title of a British Army publication which details the use of NBC protective equipment and other procedures to be carried in the event of an attack with nuclear, biological or chemical weapons. So far five editions have been published (and two reprint runs); the first three of which are in the form of a ring-bound manual with a plastic cover, and the last, Edition 5, is a 82 page loose leaf TAM insert (6 hole ringbinder). Edition I (AC71388) covers the use of the S6 Respirator and Mk.III NBC suit and overboots, Edition II (1990) (reprinted in 1992 with colour photographs on cover) featuring the S10 Respirator and Mk.IV suit and overboots which were introduced since. Edition III with different colour photographs on cover (1995) (reprinted once with glue bound at the top (circa 1998)) is a revised version of II, and features the addition of the Mk.V overboots. Edition IV (Jan 2002) is a TAM sided bound booklet. The last edition carrying the title 'Survive to Fight' was issued in September 2005 (edition 5), though this carried Army Code 64358 (not a JSP).
The title of the publication was changed to JSP926 'Counter CBRN Aide Memoire' in July 2012 to reflect different operating conditions, this booklet is in the same loose leaf TAM insert format. The publication continues in this TAM sized form and can also be downloaded for use on a phone or laptop.
See also
Basic Battle Skills
Battlefield First Aid
All-In Fighting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20module
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In mathematics, a continuous module is a module M such that every submodule of M is essential in a direct summand and every submodule of M isomorphic to a direct summand is itself a direct summand. The endomorphism ring of a continuous module is a clean ring.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Mexico%20lunar%20sample%20displays
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The New Mexico lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of the state of New Mexico by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.
Description
Apollo 11
Apollo 17
History
The New Mexico Apollo 11 lunar sample display was presented to then-Republican Governor David F. Cargo. When the new Democratic Governor of New Mexico Bruce King came into office in 1971, he argued that Cargo should not have taken the display. Cargo claimed that the plaque was his.
A Museum of New Mexico representative checked the White House records, which showed that the display belonged to the people of New Mexico.
According to Moon rocks researcher Robert Pearlman, the New Mexico Apollo 11 lunar sample display is exhibited at the Palace of the Governors, a division of the Museum of New Mexico. The New Mexico Apollo 17 goodwill Moon rocks display is at the Roswell Museum and Art Center in Roswell, New Mexico.
See also
List of Apollo lunar sample displays
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Mingione
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Giuseppe Mingione (born 28 August 1972) is an Italian mathematician who is active in the fields of partial differential equations and calculus of variations.
Scientific activity
Mingione received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Naples Federico II in 1999 having Nicola Fusco as advisor; he is professor of mathematics at the University of Parma. He has mainly worked on regularity aspects of the Calculus of Variations, solving a few longstanding questions about the Hausdorff dimension of the singular sets of minimisers of vectorial integral functionals and the boundary singularities of solutions to nonlinear elliptic systems. This connects to the work of authors as Almgren, De Giorgi, Morrey, Giusti, who proved theorems asserting regularity of solutions outside a singular set (i.e. a closed subset of null measure) both in geometric measure theory and for variational systems of partial differential equations. These are indeed called partial regularity results and one of the main issues is to establish whether the dimension of the singular set is strictly less than the ambient dimension. This question has found a positive answer for general integral functionals, thanks to the work of Kristensen and Mingione, who have also given explicit estimates for the dimension of the singular sets of minimisers. Subsequently, Mingione has worked on nonlinear potential theory obtaining potential estimates for solutions to nonlinear elliptic and parabolic equations. Such estimates allow to give a unified approach to the regularity theory of quasilinear, degenerate equations and relate to and upgrade previous work of Kilpeläinen, Malý, Trudinger, Wang.
Recognition
Mingione was awarded the Bartolozzi prize in 2005, the Stampacchia medal in 2006 and the Caccioppoli prize in 2010. In 2007 he was awarded an ERC grant. Mingione is listed as an ISI highly cited researcher and was invited to deliver the Nachdiplom Lectures in 2015 at ETH Zürich. He was invited speaker at the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermogenesis
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Thermogenesis is the process of heat production in organisms. It occurs in all warm-blooded animals, and also in a few species of thermogenic plants such as the Eastern skunk cabbage, the Voodoo lily (Sauromatum venosum), and the giant water lilies of the genus Victoria. The lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium americanum, disperses its seeds explosively through thermogenesis.
Types
Depending on whether or not they are initiated through locomotion and intentional movement of the muscles, thermogenic processes can be classified as one of the following:
Exercise-associated thermogenesis (EAT)
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), energy expended for everything that is not sleeping, eating or sports-like exercise.
Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)
Shivering
One method to raise temperature is through shivering. It produces heat because the conversion of the chemical energy of ATP into kinetic energy causes almost all of the energy to show up as heat. Shivering is the process by which the body temperature of hibernating mammals (such as some bats and ground squirrels) is raised as these animals emerge from hibernation.
Non-shivering
Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs in brown adipose tissue (brown fat) that is present in almost all eutherians (swine being the only exception currently known). Brown adipose tissue has a unique uncoupling protein (thermogenin, also known as uncoupling protein 1) that allows the uncoupling of protons (H+) moving down their mitochondrial gradient from the synthesis of ATP, thus allowing the energy to be dissipated as heat. The atomic structure of human uncoupling protein 1 UCP1 has been solved by cryogenic-electron microscopy. The structure has the typical fold of a member of the SLC25 family. UCP1 is locked in a cytoplasmic-open state by guanosine triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner, preventing proton leak.
In this process, substances such as free fatty acids (derived from triacylglycerols) remove purine (ADP, GDP a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin-like%20protein
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Ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are a family of small proteins involved in post-translational modification of other proteins in a cell, usually with a regulatory function. The UBL protein family derives its name from the first member of the class to be discovered, ubiquitin (Ub), best known for its role in regulating protein degradation through covalent modification of other proteins. Following the discovery of ubiquitin, many additional evolutionarily related members of the group were described, involving parallel regulatory processes and similar chemistry. UBLs are involved in a widely varying array of cellular functions including autophagy, protein trafficking, inflammation and immune responses, transcription, DNA repair, RNA splicing, and cellular differentiation.
Discovery
Ubiquitin itself was first discovered in the 1970s and originally named "ubiquitous immunopoietic polypeptide". Subsequently, other proteins with sequence similarity to ubiquitin were occasionally reported in the literature, but the first shown to share the key feature of covalent protein modification was ISG15, discovered in 1987. A succession of reports in the mid 1990s is recognized as a turning point in the field, with the discovery of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier, also known as Sentrin or SENP1) reported around the same time by a variety of investigators in 1996, NEDD8 in 1997, and Apg12 in 1998. A systematic survey has since identified over 10,000 distinct genes for ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins represented in eukaryotic genomes.
Structure and classification
Members of the UBL family are small, non-enzymatic proteins that share a common structure exemplified by ubiquitin, which has 76 amino acid residues arranged into a "beta-grasp" protein fold consisting of a five-strand antiparallel beta sheet surrounding an alpha helix. The beta-grasp fold is widely distributed in other proteins of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic origin. Collectively, ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like prot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelidiaceae
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The Gelidiaceae is a small family of red algae containing eight genera. Many species of this algae are used to make agar.
Uses
Agar can be derived from many types of red seaweeds, including those from families such as Gelidiaceaae, Gracilariaceae, Gelidiellaceae and Pterocladiaceae. It is a polysaccharide located in the inner part of the red algal cell wall. It is used in food material, medicines, cosmetics, therapeutic and biotechnology industries.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20inflammatory%20neuropathy
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Progressive inflammatory neuropathy is a disease that was identified in a report, released on January 31, 2008, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The first known outbreak of this neuropathy occurred in southeastern Minnesota in the United States. The disease was reported among pig slaughterhouse workers who appeared at various care facilities in the area reporting similar neurological symptoms. The disease was later identified at pork processing plants in Indiana and Nebraska as well. The condition is characterized by acute paralysis, pain, fatigue, numbness, and weakness, especially in extremities. It was initially believed that workers might have contracted the disease through inhaling aerosols from pig brains blown through a compressed-air hose and that this exposure to pig neural tissue induced an autoimmune response that might have produced their mysterious peripheral neuropathy. These suspicions were confirmed in reports and investigations conducted at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
Cause
An initial comprehensive study of 24 known cases was conducted by multiple doctors from various disciplines at the Mayo Clinic. They identified the cause of this neurological disease to be occupational exposure to aerosolized pig neural tissue. Investigators from the Minnesota Department of Health simultaneously determined that the 70 ppsi pressure used to liquefy and extract the pig brains caused the aerosolization of the pig neural tissue, sending it into the air in a fine mist. The workers closest in proximity to the "head" table, the area in the plant where high pressured air was used to evacuate the brain tissue from the pig's skull, were the most likely to be affected. The aerosolized mist was inhaled and readily absorbed into the workers' mucus membranes. The pig neural tissue was recognized by their systems as foreign and an immune response was initiated. The pig antigen was found most prominently in the nerve roots of the spine which we
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula%20calculator
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A formula calculator is a software calculator that can perform a calculation in two steps:
Enter the calculation by typing it in from the keyboard.
Press a single button or key to see the final result.
This is unlike button-operated calculators, such as the Windows calculator or the Mac OS X calculator, which require the user to perform one step for each operation, by pressing buttons to calculate all the intermediate values, before the final result is shown.
In this context, a formula is also known as an expression, and so formula calculators may be called expression calculators. Also in this context, calculation is known as evaluation, and so they may be called formula evaluators, rather than calculators.
How they work
Formulas as they are commonly written use infix notation for binary operators, such as addition, multiplication, division and subtraction. This notation also uses:
Parentheses to enclose parts of a formula that must be calculated first.
In the absence of parentheses, operator precedence, so that higher precedence operators, such as multiplication, must be applied before lower precedence operators, such as addition. For example, in 2 + 3*4, the multiplication, 3*4, is done first.
Among operators with the same precedence, associativity, so that the left-most operator must be applied first. For example, in 2 - 3 + 4, the subtraction, 2 - 3, is done first.
Also, formulas may contain:
Non-commutative operators that must be applied to numbers in the correct order, such as subtraction and division.
The same symbol used for more than one purpose, such as - for negative numbers and subtraction.
Once a formula is entered, a formula calculator follows the above rules to produce the final result by automatically:
Analysing the formula and breaking it down into its constituent parts, such as operators, numbers and parentheses.
Finding both operands of each binary operator.
Working out the values of these operands.
Applying the operator to th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillic%20acid
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Aspergillic acid is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C12H20N2O2. It has a pale yellow crystalline appearance. Aspergillic acid is most commonly known as an antibiotic and antifungal agent that is derived from certain strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus.
History
In 1940 Edwin C. White and Justina H. Hill discovered that a fungal strain of Aspergillus flavus growing in a surface culture on a tryptone-salt was capable of producing a bactericidal filtrate. It has also been shown to be a bactericidal for some Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria. Over the next few years they worked off this discovery and succeeded to isolate the active material in the crystalline form. In 1943 they managed to isolate this antibiotic compound and called it aspergillic acid primarily because of its origin and acidic properties. Scientists have since been working with the Aspergillus flavus strain to produce various types of antibacterial substances.
Structure
The structure of aspergillic acid was made by Dutcher and Spring and his co-workers. They suggested that it is a cyclic hydroxamic acid related to pyridine. It can be reduced to a neutral deoxyaspergillic acid, which is a racemization product found by Newbold, et al. to be identical with 3-isobutyl-6-sec-butyl-2-hydroxypyrazine. Because of this, aspergillic acid has been assigned the corresponding l-oxide or tautomeric pyridine hydroxamic acid structure show below.
Toxicity
The toxicity of aspergillic acid is controlled by the hydroxamic acid functionality, and there is little effect on toxicity observed between the differences in the 3 and 6 position side chain substituents. Chelation of physiologically important ions, such as calcium by aspergillic acid appears to be the likely mechanism of its toxic action.
Synthesis
Different Aspergillus strains are capable of making various hydroxypyrazine derivatives. Aspergillus flavus is used to produce an antibiotic substance called flavacol. Fla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility%20%28finance%29
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In finance, volatility (usually denoted by σ) is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns.
Historic volatility measures a time series of past market prices. Implied volatility looks forward in time, being derived from the market price of a market-traded derivative (in particular, an option).
Volatility terminology
Volatility as described here refers to the actual volatility, more specifically:
actual current volatility of a financial instrument for a specified period (for example 30 days or 90 days), based on historical prices over the specified period with the last observation the most recent price.
actual historical volatility which refers to the volatility of a financial instrument over a specified period but with the last observation on a date in the past
near synonymous is realized volatility, the square root of the realized variance, in turn calculated using the sum of squared returns divided by the number of observations.
actual future volatility which refers to the volatility of a financial instrument over a specified period starting at the current time and ending at a future date (normally the expiry date of an option)
Now turning to implied volatility, we have:
historical implied volatility which refers to the implied volatility observed from historical prices of the financial instrument (normally options)
current implied volatility which refers to the implied volatility observed from current prices of the financial instrument
future implied volatility which refers to the implied volatility observed from future prices of the financial instrument
For a financial instrument whose price follows a Gaussian random walk, or Wiener process, the width of the distribution increases as time increases. This is because there is an increasing probability that the instrument's price will be farther away from the initial price as time increases. However, rather than increa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis%20set%20superposition%20error
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In quantum chemistry, calculations using finite basis sets are susceptible to basis set superposition error (BSSE). As the atoms of interacting molecules (or of different parts of the same molecule - intramolecular BSSE) approach one another, their basis functions overlap. Each monomer "borrows" functions from other nearby components, effectively increasing its basis set and improving the calculation of derived properties such as energy. If the total energy is minimised as a function of the system geometry, the short-range energies from the mixed basis sets must be compared with the long-range energies from the unmixed sets, and this mismatch introduces an error.
Other than using infinite basis sets, two methods exist to eliminate the BSSE. In the chemical Hamiltonian approach (CHA), basis set mixing is prevented a priori, by replacing the conventional Hamiltonian with one in which all the projector-containing terms that would allow mixing have been removed. In the counterpoise method (CP), the BSSE is calculated by re-performing all the calculations using the mixed basis sets, and the error is then subtracted a posteriori from the uncorrected energy. (The mixed basis sets are realised by introducing "ghost orbitals", basis set functions which have no electrons or protons. It however has been shown that there is an inherent danger in using counterpoise corrected energy surfaces, due to the inconsistent effect of the correction in different areas of the energy surface.) Though conceptually very different, the two methods tend to give similar results. It also has been shown that the error is often larger when using the CP method since the central atoms in the system have much greater freedom to mix with all of the available functions compared to the outer atoms. Whereas in the CHA model, those orbitals have no greater intrinsic freedom and therefore the correction treats all fragments equally. The errors inherent in either BSSE correction disappear more rapidly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timecode
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A timecode (alternatively, time code) is a sequence of numeric codes generated at regular intervals by a timing synchronization system. Timecode is used in video production, show control and other applications which require temporal coordination or logging of recording or actions.
Video and film
In video production and filmmaking, SMPTE timecode is used extensively for synchronization, and for logging and identifying material in recorded media. During filmmaking or video production shoot, the camera assistant will typically log the start and end timecodes of shots, and the data generated will be sent on to the editorial department for use in referencing those shots. This shot-logging process was traditionally done by hand using pen and paper, but is now typically done using shot-logging software running on a laptop computer that is connected to the timecode generator or the camera itself.
The SMPTE family of timecodes are almost universally used in film, video and audio production, and can be encoded in many different formats, including:
Linear timecode (LTC), in a separate audio track
Vertical interval timecode (VITC), in the vertical blanking interval of a video track
AES-EBU embedded timecode used with digital audio
Burnt-in timecode, in human-readable form in the video itself
CTL timecode (control track)
MIDI timecode
Keykode, while not a timecode, is used to identify specific film frames in film post-production that uses physical film stock. Keykode data is normally used in conjunction with SMPTE timecode.
Rewritable consumer timecode is a proprietary consumer video timecode system that is not frame-accurate, and is therefore not used in professional post-production.
Other formats
Timecodes for purposes other than video and audio production include:
IRIG timecode is used for military, government and commercial purposes.
DTS timecode is used to synchronise the optical DTS timecode track from a projector to the CD-based DTS audio tracks.
Timecode gener
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLUXNET
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FLUXNET is a global network of micrometeorological tower sites that use eddy covariance methods to measure the exchanges of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere. FLUXNET is a global 'network of regional networks' that serves to provide an infrastructure to compile, archive and distribute data for the scientific community. The most recent FLUXNET data product, FLUXNET2015, is hosted by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) and is publicly available for download. Currently there are over 1000 active and historic flux measurement sites.
FLUXNET works to ensure that different flux networks are calibrated to facilitate comparison between sites, and it provides a forum for the distribution of knowledge and data between scientists. Researchers also collect data on site vegetation, soil, trace gas fluxes, hydrology, and meteorological characteristics at the tower sites.
History and Background
FLUXNET started in 1997 and has grown from a handful of sites in North America and Europe to a current population exceeding 260 registered sites world-wide. Today, FLUXNET consists of regional networks in North America (AmeriFlux, Fluxnet-Canada, NEON), South America (LBA), Europe (CarboEuroFlux, ICOS), Australasia (OzFlux) , Asia (China Flux, and Asia Flux) and Africa (AfriFlux). At each tower site, the eddy covariance flux measurements are made every 30 minutes and are integrated on daily, monthly and annual time scales. The spatial scale of the footprint at each tower site reaches between 200 m and a kilometer.
An overarching intent of FLUXNET, and its regional partners, is to provide data that can be used to validate terrestrial carbon fluxes derived from sensors on NASA satellites, such as TERRA and AQUA, and from biogeochemical models. To achieve this overarching goal, the objectives and priorities of FLUXNET have evolved as the network has grown and matured. During the initial stages of FLUXNET, the priority of our
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered%20corn%20cob
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Powdered Corn Cob (PCC) is marketed as a natural and environmentally-friendly alternative to anticoagulant rodenticide. The preparation was approved in July 2013 under the European Biocide Directive Program (Annex 1/1A BPD 98/8EEC) . It works by causing acute and ultimately lethal dehydration.
History
Formulated and manufactured by Zea Sciences over 15 years, PCC was granted EU under the European Biocide Directive Program, known as Annex 1/1A BPD 98/8EEC, in July 2013. The patent covers the principle of using any suitable natural dehydrant to kill rodents.
Effect
Similar to other rodenticides, the preparation requires 3–7 days to be effective. Rather than killing rodents through internal haemorrhaging as anticoagulants do, PCC affects a rodent’s digestive system, causing acute dehydration due to its extremely absorptive nature (corn cob has been used in applications such as oil spills in water bodies, seed drying and de-icing). Physiological digestive pathways are disrupted, preventing normal regulation of water and salt levels, leading to hypovolemic circulatory shock through reduced blood volume and blood pressure, oxygen deprivation of the blood, and ultimately death.
It is by nature biodegradable, thus not an environmental pollutant. It poses no risk of contamination to crops, nor to the food chain. There is little threat of toxicity to children, pets, livestock or birds—including through secondary poisoning.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBiome
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OpenBiome is a nonprofit organization in Somerville, Massachusetts, which operates a public stool bank and supports research on the human microbiome.
History
OpenBiome distributes material to hospitals and clinics to support the treatment of C. difficile, the most common pathogen causing hospital-acquired infection in the U.S. OpenBiome provides frozen preparations of screened and filtered human stool for use in fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapies. OpenBiome can provide clinicians with three different formulations: a high-concentration "FMP 30" formulation for delivery via the upper gastrointestinal tract, a lower-concentration "FMP 250" for delivery via the lower gastrointestinal tract, and, as of October 2015, a capsule formulation. As of March 2017, OpenBiome had provided over 20,000 treatments to 50 states and 7 countries.
In 2015, OpenBiome announced the launch of PersonalBiome, a stool banking program through which individuals could store their stool for future use in fecal transplantation after microbial dysbiosis.
OpenBiome was founded in 2012 by Mark Smith, a microbiology student at MIT, and James Burgess, an MBA student at the MIT Sloan School of Management. It is the first public stool bank, and was founded to facilitate use of FMT. The logistical burdens associated with screening and processing fecal material have made it difficult for clinicians to offer FMT to patients with recurrent C. difficile infections.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20%28operating%20system%29
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The kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system and generally has complete control over everything in the system. Kernel is also responsible for preventing and mitigating conflicts between different processes It is the portion of the operating system code that is always resident in memory and facilitates interactions between hardware and software components. A full kernel controls all hardware resources (e.g. I/O, memory, cryptography) via device drivers, arbitrates conflicts between processes concerning such resources, and optimizes the utilization of common resources e.g. CPU & cache usage, file systems, and network sockets. On most systems, the kernel is one of the first programs loaded on startup (after the bootloader). It handles the rest of startup as well as memory, peripherals, and input/output (I/O) requests from software, translating them into data-processing instructions for the central processing unit.
The critical code of the kernel is usually loaded into a separate area of memory, which is protected from access by application software or other less critical parts of the operating system. The kernel performs its tasks, such as running processes, managing hardware devices such as the hard disk, and handling interrupts, in this protected kernel space. In contrast, application programs such as browsers, word processors, or audio or video players use a separate area of memory, user space. This separation prevents user data and kernel data from interfering with each other and causing instability and slowness, as well as preventing malfunctioning applications from affecting other applications or crashing the entire operating system. Even in systems where the kernel is included in application address spaces, memory protection is used to prevent unauthorized applications from modifying the kernel.
The kernel's interface is a low-level abstraction layer. When a process requests a service from the kernel, it must invoke a system ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic%20regulation%20of%20hematopoiesis
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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have high regenerative potentials and are capable of differentiating into all blood and immune system cells. Despite this impressive potential, HSCs have limited potential to produce more multipotent stem cells. This limited self-renewal potential is protected through maintenance of a quiescent state in HSCs. Stem cells maintained in this quiescent state are known as long term HSCs (LT-HSCs). During quiescence, HSCs maintain a low level of metabolic activity and do not divide. LT-HSCs can be signaled to proliferate, producing either myeloid or lymphoid progenitors. Production of these progenitors does not come without a cost: When grown under laboratory conditions that induce proliferation, HSCs lose their ability to divide and produce new progenitors. Therefore, understanding the pathways that maintain proliferative or quiescent states in HSCs could reveal novel pathways to improve existing therapeutics involving HSCs.
Background
All adult stem cells can undergo two types of division: symmetric and asymmetric. When a cell undergoes symmetric division, it can either produce two differentiated cells or two new stem cells. When a cell undergoes asymmetric division, it produces one stem and one differentiated cell. Production of new stem cells is necessary to maintain this population within the body. Like all cells, hematopoietic stem cells undergo metabolic shifts to meet their bioenergetic needs throughout development. These metabolic shifts play an important role in signaling, generating biomass, and protecting the cell from damage. Metabolic shifts also guide development in HSCs and are one key factor in determining if an HSC will remain quiescent, symmetrically divide, or asymmetrically divide. As mentioned above, quiescent cells maintain a low level of oxidative phosphorylation and primarily rely on glycolysis to generate energy. Fatty acid beta-oxidation has been shown to influence fate decisions in HSCs. In contrast, proliferat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait%20ball
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A bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by small schooling fish when they are threatened by predators. Small schooling fish are eaten by many types of predators, and for this reason they are called bait fish or forage fish.
For example, sardines group together when they are threatened. This instinctual behaviour is a defence mechanism, as lone individuals are more likely to be eaten than an individual in a large group. Sardine bait balls can be in diameter and extend to a depth of . The bait balls are short-lived and seldom last longer than 10 minutes.
However, bait balls are also conspicuous, and when schooling fish form a bait ball, they can draw the attention of many other predators. As a response to the defensive capabilities of schooling fish, some predators have developed sophisticated countermeasures. These countermeasures can be spectacularly successful, and can seriously undermine the defensive value of forming bait balls.
Background
Small pelagic fish live in the open water, so unlike demersal or reef fish, they cannot hide among kelp, or in crevices in coral, or under rocks on the bottom. This leaves them vulnerable to attack by large predatory fish, as well as other predators, such as marine mammals and seabirds. As a result, small pelagic fish usually aggregate in schools for protection. Schooling fish have evolved sophisticated evasion techniques. When they school, they have many eyes, making ambush difficult; and their silvery bodies dazzle, making it difficult for predators to pick out individual fish. They react to movements from a predator with lightning reflexes, rhythmically streaming up and down with rapid direction changes. When a predator approaches, they can split and reform behind the predator. During the final stages of an attack, they can explosively disband in all directions and then just as rapidly reform. Defen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20G.%20Allen%20Frontiers%20Group
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The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group is a bioscience research initiative started in 2016 funded with an initial investment of $100 million. Its new vision is to identify areas in bioscience that are ripe for a major breakthrough, and then fund specific investigators to pursue advances.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean%27s%20critical%20state%20model
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Bean's critical state model, introduced by C. P. Bean in 1962, gives a macroscopic explanation of the irreversible magnetization behavior (hysteresis) of hard Type-II superconductors.
Assumptions
Hard superconductors often exhibit hysteresis in magnetization measurements. C. P. Bean postulated for the Shubnikov phase an extraordinary shielding process due to the microscopic structure of the materials. He assumed lossless transport with a critical current density Jc(B) (Jc(B→0) = const. and Jc(B→∞) = 0). An external magnetic field is shielded in the Meissner phase (H < Hc1) in the same way than in a soft superconductor. In the Shubnikov phase (Hc1 < H < Hc2), the critical current flows below the surface within a depth necessary to reduce the field in the inside of the superconductor to Hc1.
Explanation of the irreversible magnetization
To understand the origin of the irreversible magnetization: assume a hollow cylinder in an external magnetic field parallel to the cylinder axis. In the Meissner phase, a screening current is within the London penetration depth. Exceeding Hc1, vortices start to penetrate into the superconductor. These vortices are pinned on the surface (Bean–Livingston barrier). In the area below the surface, which is penetrated by the vortices, is a current with the density Jc. At low fields (H < H0), the vortices do not reach the inner surface of the hollow cylinder and the interior stays field-free. For H > H0, the vortices penetrate the whole cylinder and a magnetic field appears in the interior, which then increases with increasing external field. Let us now consider what happens, if the external field is then decreased: Due to induction, an opposed critical current is generated at the outer surface of the cylinder keeping inside the magnetic field for H0 < H < H1 constant. For H > H1, the opposed critical current penetrates the whole cylinder and the inner magnetic field starts to decrease with decreasing external field. When the external fiel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpolarized%20light
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Unpolarized light is light with a random, time-varying polarization.
Natural light, like most other common sources of visible light, is produced independently by a large number of atoms or molecules whose emissions are uncorrelated.
Unpolarized light can be produced from the incoherent combination of vertical and horizontal linearly polarized light, or right- and left-handed circularly polarized light.
Conversely, the two constituent linearly polarized states of unpolarized light cannot form an interference pattern, even if rotated into alignment (Fresnel–Arago 3rd law).
A so-called depolarizer acts on a polarized beam to create one in which the polarization varies so rapidly across the beam that it may be ignored in the intended applications.
Conversely, a polarizer acts on an unpolarized beam or arbitrarily polarized beam to create one which is polarized.
Unpolarized light can be described as a mixture of two independent oppositely polarized streams, each with half the intensity. Light is said to be partially polarized when there is more power in one of these streams than the other. At any particular wavelength, partially polarized light can be statistically described as the superposition of a completely unpolarized component and a completely polarized one. One may then describe the light in terms of the degree of polarization and the parameters of the polarized component. That polarized component can be described in terms of a Jones vector or polarization ellipse. However, in order to also describe the degree of polarization, one normally employs Stokes parameters to specify a state of partial polarization.
Motivation
The transmission of plane waves through a homogeneous medium are fully described in terms of Jones vectors and 2×2 Jones matrices. However, in practice there are cases in which all of the light cannot be viewed in such a simple manner due to spatial inhomogeneities or the presence of mutually incoherent waves. So-called depolarization, for i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20largest%20fish
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Fish vary greatly in size. The whale shark and basking shark exceed all other fish by a considerable margin in weight and length. Fish are a paraphyletic group that describes aquatic vertebrates while excluding tetrapods, and the bony fish that often represent the group are more closely related to cetaceans such as whales, than to the cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays. As such, cross group comparisons on this page only serve a colloquial purpose.
Largest extant fish
Jawless fish (Agnatha)
Hagfish (Myxini)
The hagfish, which are not taxonomically true fish, are among the most primitive extant vertebrates. There is only one order and family in this animal class. All of the 77 known species have elongated, eel-like bodies but can be distinguished by their downward-facing mouths. The largest form is the Goliath hagfish (Eptatretus goliath). This species can range up to in length and weigh to .
Lampreys (Petromyzontiformes)
As with the hagfish, lampreys appear eel-like in shape. They have cartilaginous skeletons and have been evolving separately from any other group for over 400 million years. They are predatory and often attach themselves to a fish or other small animal and gradually drain blood and organs. The largest species is the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), which can grow to and weigh .
Armored fish (Placodermi)
The largest fish of the now-extinct class Placodermi was the giant predatory Dunkleosteus. The largest and most well known species was D. terrelli, which grew almost in length and in weight. Its filter feeding relative, Titanichthys, may have rivaled it in size. Titanichthys reached a length of though in older paper it was estimated at .
Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)
The cartilaginous fish are not directly related to the "bony fish," but are sometimes lumped together for simplicity in description. The largest living cartilaginous fish, of the order Orectolobiformes, is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus), of the world's
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality%20%28chemistry%29
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In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral () if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes. This geometric property is called chirality (). The terms are derived from Ancient Greek (cheir) 'hand'; which is the canonical example of an object with this property.
A chiral molecule or ion exists in two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, called enantiomers; they are often distinguished as either "right-handed" or "left-handed" by their absolute configuration or some other criterion. The two enantiomers have the same chemical properties, except when reacting with other chiral compounds. They also have the same physical properties, except that they often have opposite optical activities. A homogeneous mixture of the two enantiomers in equal parts is said to be racemic, and it usually differs chemically and physically from the pure enantiomers.
Chiral molecules will usually have a stereogenic element from which chirality arises. The most common type of stereogenic element is a stereogenic center, or stereocenter. In the case of organic compounds, stereocenters most frequently take the form of a carbon atom with four distinct groups attached to it in a tetrahedral geometry. A given stereocenter has two possible configurations, which give rise to stereoisomers (diastereomers and enantiomers) in molecules with one or more stereocenter. For a chiral molecule with one or more stereocenter, the enantiomer corresponds to the stereoisomer in which every stereocenter has the opposite configuration. An organic compound with only one stereogenic carbon is always chiral. On the other hand, an organic compound with multiple stereogenic carbons is typically, but not always, chiral. In particular, if the stereocenters are configured in such a way that the molecule can take a conformation having a plane of symmetry or an inversion point, then the molecule is achiral and is known as a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17-animal%20inheritance%20puzzle
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The 17-animal inheritance puzzle is a mathematical puzzle involving unequal but fair allocation of indivisible goods, usually stated in terms of inheritance of a number of large animals (17 camels, 17 horses, 17 elephants, etc.) which must be divided in some stated proportion among a number of beneficiaries.
Despite often being framed as a puzzle, it is more an anecdote about a curious calculation than a problem with a clear mathematical solution. Beyond recreational mathematics and mathematics education, the story has been repeated as a parable with varied metaphorical meanings.
Although an ancient origin for the puzzle has often been claimed, it has not been documented. Instead, a version of the puzzle can be traced back to the works of Mulla Muhammad Mahdi Naraqi, an 18th-century Iranian philosopher. It entered the western recreational mathematics literature in the late 19th century. Several mathematicians have formulated different generalizations of the puzzle to numbers other than 17.
Statement
According to the statement of the puzzle, a man dies leaving 17 camels (or other animals) to his three sons, to be divided in the following proportions: the eldest son should inherit of the man's property, the middle son should inherit , and the youngest son should inherit . How should they divide the camels, noting that only a whole live camel has value?
Solution
As usually stated, to solve the puzzle, the three sons ask for the help of another man, often a priest, judge, or other local official. This man solves the puzzle in the following way: he lends the three sons his own camel, so that there are now 18 camels to be divided. That leaves nine camels for the eldest son, six camels for the middle son, and two camels for the youngest son, in the proportions demanded for the inheritance. These 17 camels leave one camel left over, which the judge takes back as his own. This is possible as the sum of the fractions is less than one: + + = .
Some sources point out
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Drake
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Anthony Drake (19411June 2022) was an English high school teacher who designed the provincial flag of Saskatchewan in 1968.
The flag was adopted on 22 September 1969, but by then, Drake and his wife had already returned to England and therefore never had the opportunity to see his creation fly in the province until 2016 when he and his wife visited Canada for a tour of Saskatchewan.
Early life
Drake's family emigrated from England to Preston, Ontario when he was still a boy. He became lonely and after finishing high school, he moved back to England. He studied at a Teachers Training College and qualified as a teacher. He also married his fiancée, Joan.
Career
Drake saw an advertisement for a teaching post in Saskatchewan, Canada and sent in an application. Upon securing the post, he and his wife, Joan moved from East Yorkshire, England to Hodgeville, Saskatchewan. In 1968, while working as a teacher in Hodgeville High School, he came across a post in the newspaper about a new Saskatchewan provincial flag design competition for a cash prize worth $1,000 and decided to try his luck. He submitted 13 designsand before the result of the contest was announced, he learned that his wife was expecting their first child. He and his wife moved back to East Yorkshire, England in 1969 so their family could meet their daughter.
Over 4,000 flag designs were received by the province and unbeknown to him, one of his designs was selected and he won the $1,000 cash prize. The Saskatchewan Government officially unveiled his flag and ran it up a flagpole in the autumn of 1969.
He didn't see his flag until 2016. when he and his wife visited Canada for a tour of Saskatchewan and to celebrate the 47th anniversary of the adoption of his flag. While there, they met dignitaries, Hodgeville students and many others.
He and his wife returned to Saskatchewan for the last time in 2019 for a VIP tour of the province to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the Saskatchewan fl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Cars
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Super Cars is a top-view racing game from Gremlin Interactive, who later produced the Lotus series of games. Stylistically, the game is influenced by Super Sprint.
There are endless tracks at each of the 4 difficulty levels, which can be raced in any order (although the last track raced is made harder than usual). In the races the player wins money, which can be spent on temporary handling and power upgrades, plus armour plating and front/rear shooting missiles that can knock out other racers. The player must finish in the top 3 of each race to progress - initially there are 4 computer opponents, but more are added as the game progresses.
The car can be upgraded throughout the game via the shop section. The player is given an initial price, but also a number of options of things to say to the salesman - with the right combination, the price will drop.
The NES version was released exclusively in America in 1991 by Electro Brain.
It was followed by Super Cars II in 1991.
Cars
Three cars are available for purchase during the game, the Taraco Neoroder Turbo, the Vaug Interceptor Turbo and the Retron Parsec Turbo. Each appears to be based on a real car of the time with the Retron Parsec Turbo being based on the Cizeta-Moroder V16T, the Vaug Interceptor based on the Honda NSX and the Taraco Neoroder based on the Alfa Romeo SZ (Sprint Zagato) but with some slight changes. This is in slight contrast to the box art, where the blue "starter" car (Taraco) instead more closely resembles a contemporary European Ford Fiesta or Escort Cosworth convertible. The Retron is also portrayed differently on the box art, where it is a Lamborghini Countach instead of a Cizeta.
External links
Super Cars at MobyGames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QFET
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A quantum field-effect transistor (QFET) or quantum-well field-effect transistor (QWFET) is a type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) that takes advantage of quantum tunneling to greatly increase the speed of transistor operation by eliminating the traditional transistor's area of electron conduction which typically causes carriers to slow down by a factor of 3000. The result is an increase in logic speed by a factor of 10 with a simultaneous reduction in component power requirement and size also by a factor of 10. It achieves these things through a manufacturing process known as rapid thermal processing (RTP) that uses ultrafine layers of construction materials.
The letters "QFET" also currently exist as a trademarked name of a series of MOSFETs produced by Fairchild Semiconductor (compiled in November 2015) which contain a proprietary double-diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor (DMOS) technology but which are not, in fact, quantum-based (the Q in this case standing for "quality").
Structure and device operation
Modern examples of quantum field-effect transistors integrate structures traditional to conventual MOSFETs and utilize many of the same materials. MOSFET transistors consist of dielectric materials, such as SiO2, and metal gates. The metal gates are insulated from the gate dielectric layer, which leads to a very high input resistance. Consisting of three terminals, the source (or input), drain (or output), and gate, MOSFETs can control current flow via an applied voltage (or lack thereof) to the gate terminal, which alters the potential barrier between the layers and enables (or disables) charge flow.
Source and drain terminals are connected to doped regions of the MOSFET, insulated by the body region. These are either p or n type regions, with both terminals being of the same type and opposite to that of the body type. If the MOSFET is a n-channel MOSFET, both source and drain regions are n+ and the body is a p region. If the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20autocorrelation%20function
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In time series analysis, the partial autocorrelation function (PACF) gives the partial correlation of a stationary time series with its own lagged values, regressed the values of the time series at all shorter lags. It contrasts with the autocorrelation function, which does not control for other lags.
This function plays an important role in data analysis aimed at identifying the extent of the lag in an autoregressive (AR) model. The use of this function was introduced as part of the Box–Jenkins approach to time series modelling, whereby plotting the partial autocorrelative functions one could determine the appropriate lags p in an AR (p) model or in an extended ARIMA (p,d,q) model.
Definition
Given a time series , the partial autocorrelation of lag , denoted , is the autocorrelation between and with the linear dependence of on through removed. Equivalently, it is the autocorrelation between and that is not accounted for by lags through , inclusive.where and are linear combinations of that minimize the mean squared error of and respectively. For stationary processes, the coefficients in and are the same, but reversed:
Calculation
The theoretical partial autocorrelation function of a stationary time series can be calculated by using the Durbin–Levinson Algorithm:where for and is the autocorrelation function.
The formula above can be used with sample autocorrelations to find the sample partial autocorrelation function of any given time series.
Examples
The following table summarizes the partial autocorrelation function of different models:
The behavior of the partial autocorrelation function mirrors that of the autocorrelation function for autoregressive and moving-average models. For example, the partial autocorrelation function of an AR(p) series cuts off after lag p similar to the autocorrelation function of an MA(q) series with lag q. In addition, the autocorrelation function of an AR(p) process tails off just like the partial autocorr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFC%20domain
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In molecular biology, the CFC domain (Cripto_Frl-1_Cryptic domain) is a protein domain found at the C-terminus of a number of proteins including Cripto (or teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor). It is structurally similar to the C-terminal extracellular portions of Jagged 1 and Jagged 2. CFC is approx 40-residues long, compacted by three internal disulphide bridges, and binds Alk4 via a hydrophobic patch. CFC is structurally homologous to the VWFC-like domain.
The CFC domain appears to play a crucial role in the tumourigenic activity of Cripto proteins, as it is through the CFC domain that Cripto interferes with the onco-suppressive activity of Activins, either by blocking the Activin receptor ALK4 or by antagonising proteins of the TGF-beta family.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sablon%20diecast
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Sablon was a Belgian company near Brussels that made diecast zamac toy cars in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Models were mostly in 1:43 scale and were similar in concept to Dinky Toys or Solido.
History
In 1968 the Sablon firm introduced nine 1:43 scale diecast models. This range consisted of a BMW 1600, a BMW 2000 coupe, a BMW 1600 GT Glas fastback coupe, a BMW Glas 3000 V-8 (which appears to be Italian bodied), a Porsche 911 Targa, a Mercedes 280 sedan, an NSU ro80 (which appeared to be a Danish Tekno knockoff), a Renault 16 sedan, and a Lamborghini Marzal (from Dinky tooling?)
Detail was quite good for most models and all apertures usually opened – and seams fit finely together. In detail and precision models were similar to French Solido or German Schuco. Similar to Solido headlights were often clear plastic lenses and not jewels as seen in Corgi or Dinky. Each model was offered painted in two or three colors. The Renault 16, the Porsche and Mercedes were also produced in 'Police' livery. A line of eight or so Mercedes LP trucks was also produced.
Sablon also negotiated a promotion with Jaques Super Chocolat, a Belgian confectioner, supplying cars with chocolate purchases. These cars had a different labeling on the base which simply said "Jaques" and usually featured round white stickers on the doors of the cars with the logo of Jacques – a rearing knight on a horse.
The Problem with Sablon
The main issue with Sablon toys was that a softener used in the rubber in the tires caused a chemical reaction with the plastic of the wheels causing a severe melting of the wheels This was an issue also seen in some other European models like AutoPilen whose tires would interact with the plastic base of the container. Sablon models came from the factory with this inherent defect, thus a Sablon surviving with perfect wheels and tires is a rare, if not impossible, find.
The line of Sablon Mercedes trucks apparently did not suffer from the wheel problem. Though they had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20Network%20Management%20Protocol
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Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Internet Standard protocol for collecting and organizing information about managed devices on IP networks and for modifying that information to change device behaviour. Devices that typically support SNMP include cable modems, routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, and more.
SNMP is widely used in network management for network monitoring. SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems organized in a management information base (MIB), which describes the system status and configuration. These variables can then be remotely queried (and, in some circumstances, manipulated) by managing applications.
Three significant versions of SNMP have been developed and deployed. SNMPv1 is the original version of the protocol. More recent versions, SNMPv2c and SNMPv3, feature improvements in performance, flexibility and security.
SNMP is a component of the Internet Protocol Suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It consists of a set of standards for network management, including an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects.
Overview and basic concepts
In typical uses of SNMP, one or more administrative computers called managers have the task of monitoring or managing a group of hosts or devices on a computer network. Each managed system executes a software component called an agent which reports information via SNMP to the manager.
An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:
Managed devices
Agentsoftware which runs on managed devices
Network management station (NMS)software which runs on the manager
A managed device is a network node that implements an SNMP interface that allows unidirectional (read-only) or bidirectional (read and write) access to node-specific information. Managed devices exchange node-specific information with the NMSs. Sometimes called network elements, the managed devices can be any type of de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion-bar%20antenna
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A torsion-bar antenna (or TOBA) is a novel scheme for a gravitational wave detector, proposed by M. Ando, et al. in 2010. The proposed design is composed of two, long, thin bars, suspended as torsion pendula in a cross-like fashion. Their differential angle (sensitive to tidal gravitational wave forces) would be compared using a set of optical cavities with one end mirror of each cavity fixed to the ends of each bar. Such a detector could be fashioned either for ground-based or space-based use.
The predicted frequency band over which such a detector would be most sensitive would be centered on 1 Hz, similar to DECIGO. This frequency range would complement current ground-based, laser interferometric detectors (whose sensitive band is between 10–100 Hz and several kHz, such as LIGO or Virgo), and proposed space-based, laser interferometric detectors (such as LISA whose sensitive band is centered on 10−4 Hz).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brettanomyces
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Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett". The genus name Dekkera is used interchangeably with Brettanomyces, as it describes the teleomorph or spore forming form of the yeast, but is considered deprecated under the one fungus, one name change. The cellular morphology of the yeast can vary from ovoid to long "sausage" shaped cells. The yeast is acidogenic, and when grown on glucose rich media under aerobic conditions, produces large amounts of acetic acid. Brettanomyces is important to both the brewing and wine industries due to the sensory compounds it produces.
In the wild, Brettanomyces lives on the skins of fruit.
History
In 1889, Seyffert of the Kalinkin Brewery in St. Petersburg was the first to isolate a "Torula" from English beer which produced the typical "English" taste in lager beer, and in 1899 JW Tullo at Guinness described two types of "secondary yeast" in Irish stout. However N. Hjelte Claussen at the Carlsberg brewery was the first to publish a description in 1904, following a 1903 patent (UK patent GB190328184) that was the first patented microorganism in history. The term Brettanomyces comes from the Greek for "British fungus".
Wine
When Brettanomyces grows in wine it produces several compounds that can alter the palate and bouquet. At low levels some winemakers agree that the presence of these compounds has a positive effect on wine, contributing to complexity, and giving an aged character to some young red wines. Many wines even rely on Brettanomyces to give their distinctive character, such as Château Musar. However, when the levels of the sensory compounds greatly exceed the sensory threshold, their perception is almost always negative. The sensory threshold can differ between individuals, and some find the compounds more unattractive than others. While it can be desirable at lower levels, there is no guarantee that high levels will not be produce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAFS
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The GPCR superfamily is the largest gene family in the human genome containing approximately 800 genes. As the vertebrate superfamily can be phylogenetically grouped into five main families the GRAFS classification system has been proposed.
GRAFS stands for Glutamate, Rhodopsin, Adhesion, Frizzled/Taste2, Secretin. They correspond to classical classes C (class C, glutamate), A (rhodopsin-like), B2 (Secretin receptor family, long N-terminal), F (Frizzled/Smoothened), and B1+3 (other secretin). Taste2 has more recently considered to be closer to Rhodopsin-like receptors.
See also
G protein-coupled receptor#Classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubroboletus%20legaliae
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Rubroboletus legaliae, previously known as Boletus splendidus, B. satanoides, and B. legaliae is a basidiomycete fungus of the family Boletaceae. It is poisonous, with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, and is related to Rubroboletus satanas.
Boletus legaliae was described by Czech mycologist Albert Pilát in 1968. It is named after the French mycologist Marcelle Le Gal.
It's uncommon in Southern England, and Europe, and grows with oak (Quercus) and beech (Fagus) often on neutral to acid soils. It is considered vulnerable in the Czech Republic. In Britain, all of the boletes in the Satanas group are either very rare, endangered, or extinct.
Description
The cap is initially off-white, or coffee-coloured at the button stage. In mid life it often (but not always) turns a pale mouse grey. In old age the cap turns reddish, or what has been described as 'old rose'. It may reach in diameter.
The stipe is stocky, with a narrow red reticulation (net pattern) on an orange ground at the apex. This orange ground colour fades gradually towards the midsection, making the red reticulation more pronounced. At the base the reticulation is absent, and the stipe turns dark vinaceous. Sometimes the stipe detail can be faint, or even absent when covered with earth or leaf litter. The pores are initially red, but have an overall orange colour when mature, and they bruise blue. The flesh turns pale blue on cutting / dark vinaceous in the stipe base. Often this blueing process is very slow, sometimes taking a minute or so for the flesh to turn a light blue. In other situations, blueing is near-instant. The flesh is said to smell of chicory.
Boletus splendidus as described by Charles-Édouard Martín in 1894 is a synonym. The description of Boletus satanoides was too vague to be ascribed to any actual species. Boletus legaliae was transferred to the genus Rubroboletus in 2015 by Marco Della Maggiora and Renzo Trassinelli.
Occurrence in the UK
R. legaliae is an uncommon to rare spe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corniculate
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Corniculate, an Anglicisation of the Latin diminutives corniculata, corniculatum, and corniculatus, describes an object possessing hornlike extensions. The root is Latin cornu = "horn". The term is used to describe the shape of the corniculate cartilages of the larynx. The horned puffin (Fratercula corniculata) is named for its distinctive horn-like coloration. Likewise Oxalis corniculata (creeping woodsorrel) is named for its two erect capsules, which resemble little horns, and the bird's-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus and goat's horn mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum are named for their horn-shaped fruits.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20tongue
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The electronic tongue is an instrument that measures and compares tastes. As per the IUPAC technical report, an “electronic tongue” as analytical instrument including an array of non-selective chemical sensors with partial specificity to different solution components and an appropriate pattern recognition instrument, capable to recognize quantitative and qualitative compositions of simple and complex solutions
Chemical compounds responsible for taste are detected by human taste receptors. Similarly, the multi-electrode sensors of electronic instruments detect the same dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. Like human receptors, each sensor has a spectrum of reactions different from the other. The information given by each sensor is complementary, and the combination of all sensors' results generates a unique fingerprint. Most of the detection thresholds of sensors are similar to or better than human receptors.
In the biological mechanism, taste signals are transduced by nerves in the brain into electric signals. E-tongue sensors process is similar: they generate electric signals as voltammetric and potentiometric variations.
Taste quality perception and recognition are based on the building or recognition of activated sensory nerve patterns by the brain and the taste fingerprint of the product. This step is achieved by the e-tongue's statistical software, which interprets the sensor data into taste patterns.
Operation
Liquid samples are directly analyzed without any preparation, whereas solids require a preliminary dissolution before measurement. Reference electrode and sensors are dipped in a beaker containing a test solution. A voltage is applied between each sensor and a reference electrode, and a measurable current response results that is consistent with the Cottrell equation. This current response is a result of oxidizing reactions that take place in the solution due to the voltage difference and can be amplified through catalytic surface treatments.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disclosure%20and%20Barring%20Service
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The Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) is a non-departmental public body of the Home Office of the United Kingdom. The DBS enables organisations in the public, private and voluntary sectors to make safer recruitment decisions by identifying candidates who may be unsuitable for certain work, especially involving children or vulnerable adults, and provides wider access to criminal record information through its disclosure service for England and Wales.
Legal context
It is a legal requirement in the UK for regulated activity employers to notify the DBS if a person leaves or changes their job in relation to having harmed someone. It is an offence for any person who has been barred by the DBS to work or apply to work in Regulated Activity (whether paid or voluntary) with the group (children or adults) from which they are barred. It is also an offence for an employer to knowingly employ a barred person in regulated activity with the group from which they are barred.
An organisation which is entitled to ask exempted questions (under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974) must register with the DBS, or a registered DBS Umbrella Body before they can request a DBS check on an applicant. The applicant applies to the DBS with their application countersigned by the DBS Registered Organisation or Umbrella Body. The applicant's criminal record is then accessed from the Police National Computer (PNC), as well as checked, if appropriate, against lists of people considered unsuitable to work with children and vulnerable people maintained by the DBS (formerly maintained by the Independent Safeguarding Authority. A copy of the completed certificate is sent to the applicant's home address.
If an individual or organisation has safeguarding concerns regarding a member of staff, they can make a safeguarding referral to the DBS who will work with multiple agencies to assess whether that individual should be Barred from working in regulated activity with children and/or vulnerable gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slitherlink
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Slitherlink (also known as Fences, Takegaki, Loop the Loop, Loopy, Ouroboros, Suriza, Rundweg and Dotty Dilemma) is a logic puzzle developed by publisher Nikoli.
Rules
Slitherlink is played on a rectangular lattice of dots. Some of the squares formed by the dots have numbers inside them. The objective is to connect horizontally and vertically adjacent dots so that the lines form a simple loop with no loose ends. In addition, the number inside a square represents how many of its four sides are segments in the loop.
Other types of planar graphs can be used in lieu of the standard grid, with varying numbers of edges per vertex or vertices per polygon. These patterns include snowflake, Penrose, Laves and Altair tilings. These add complexity by varying the number of possible paths from an intersection, and/or the number of sides to each polygon; but similar rules apply to their solution.
Solution methods
Notation
Whenever the number of lines around a cell matches the number in the cell, the other potential lines must be eliminated. This is usually indicated by marking an X on lines known to be empty.
Another useful notation when solving Slitherlink is a ninety degree arc between two adjacent lines, to indicate that exactly one of the two must be filled. A related notation is a double arc between adjacent lines, indicating that both or neither of the two must be filled. These notations are not necessary to the solution, but can be helpful in deriving it.
Many of the methods below can be broken down into two simpler steps by use of arc notation.
Exactly 2 or 0 lines at each point
A key to many deductions in Slitherlink is that every point has either exactly two lines connected to it, or no lines. So if a point which is in the centre of the grid, not at an edge or corner, has three incoming lines which are X'd out, the fourth must also be X'd out. This is because the point cannot have just one line - it has no exit route from that point. Similarly, if a point on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th%20meridian%20east
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The meridian 58° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 58th meridian east forms a great circle with the 122nd meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 58th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="115" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
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| Islands of Rudolf, Karl-Alexander, Payer, Greely, Ziegler, Wiener Neustadt, Heiss and Hall, Franz Josef Land
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
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| Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kara Sea
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pechora Sea
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Oman
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of the island of
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
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! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by
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See also
57th meridian east
59th meridian east
e058 meridian east
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20Code%20Qualifier
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Key Code Qualifier is an error-code returned by a SCSI device.
When a SCSI target device returns a check condition in response to a command, the initiator usually then issues a SCSI Request Sense command. This process is part of a SCSI protocol called Contingent Allegiance Condition. The target will respond to the Request Sense command with a set of SCSI sense data which includes three fields giving increasing levels of detail about the error:
K - sense key - 4 bits, (byte 2 of Fixed sense data format)
C - additional sense code (ASC) - 8 bits, (byte 12 of Fixed sense data format)
Q - additional sense code qualifier (ASCQ) - 8 bits, (byte 13 of Fixed sense data format)
The initiator can take action based on just the K field which indicates if the error is minor or major. However all three fields are usually logically combined into a 20 bit field called Key Code Qualifier or KCQ. The specification for the target device will define the list of possible KCQ values. In practice there are many KCQ values which are common between different SCSI device types and different SCSI device vendors. Common values are listed below, you should consult your hardware specific documentation as well.
List of common SCSI KCQs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Henry%20Dawson
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Martin Henry Dawson (6 August 1896 – 27 April 1945) was a Canadian researcher who made important contributions in the fields of infectious diseases.
Dawson was born in Truro, Nova Scotia, a grandson of John Barnhill Dickie and educated at Dalhousie University and McGill University. His research included studies on the transformation of pneumococci and on the biological variants of the streptococcus and other microorganisms. Dawson's studies on the nature and treatment of arthritis made him a recognized authority in this disorder. He was a pioneer in penicillin therapy, and was the first in the world to prepare it and use it in human disease. This included the successful treatment of bacterial endocarditis with penicillin, and the use of gold salts in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Dawson became the first person in history to administer an antibiotic (penicillin) to a patient, on October 16, 1940.
Military career
After he had graduated Dalhousie University in Halifax with a BA in 1916 he started serving in the Canadian forces in the First World War. Pte. M. Henry Dawson was with No. 7 Stationary Hospital at La Harve, France. He became a Capt. in the Nova Scotia Reg’t of Canadian Army Medical Corps. He was wounded in 1917 and again in 1918 and was awarded the Military Cross in 1917.
Career as a researcher
Following the war Dawson attended McGill University in Quebec and received his M.D. degree in 1923. After graduating in Medicine he worked at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal. In 1926 he was appointed a National Research Fellow, assigned to the Rockefeller Institute in New York.
As a National Research Council fellow he worked with Oswald Avery at the Rockefeller Institute. Over Avery's strong objections, Dawson recreated Fred Griffith's discovery that a soluble substance from dead bacteria of one type can effect a repeatable and inheritable change in bacteria of another type – a process Dawson termed transformation in his six articles on the su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment%20variable
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An environment variable is a user-definable value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. Environment variables are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process.
They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and macOS. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names.
Design
In all Unix and Unix-like systems, as well as on Windows, each process has its own separate set of environment variables. By default, when a process is created, it inherits a duplicate run-time environment of its parent process, except for explicit changes made by the parent when it creates the child. At the API level, these changes must be done between running fork and exec. Alternatively, from command shells such as bash, a user can change environment variables for a particular command invocation by indirectly invoking it via env or using the ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE=VALUE <command> notation. A running program can access the values of environment variables for configuration purposes.
Shell scripts and batch files use environment variables to communicate data and preferences to child processes. They can also be used to store temporary values for reference later in a shell script. However, in Unix, non-exported variables are preferred for this as they don't leak outside the process.
In Unix, an environment variable that is changed in a script or compiled program will only affect that process and possibly child processes. Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent%20superconductor
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Covalent superconductors are superconducting materials where the atoms are linked by covalent bonds. The first such material was boron-doped synthetic diamond grown by the high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method. The discovery had no practical importance, but surprised most scientists as superconductivity had not been observed in covalent semiconductors, including diamond and silicon.
History
The priority of many discoveries in science is vigorously disputed (see, e.g., Nobel Prize controversies). Another example, after Sumio Iijima has "discovered" carbon nanotubes in 1991, many scientists have pointed out that carbon nanofibers were actually observed decades earlier. The same could be said about superconductivity in covalent semiconductors. Superconductivity in germanium and silicon-germanium was predicted theoretically as early as in the 1960s. Shortly after, superconductivity was experimentally detected in germanium telluride. In 1976, superconductivity with Tc = 3.5 K was observed experimentally in germanium implanted with copper ions; it was experimentally demonstrated that amorphization was essential for the superconductivity (in Ge), and the superconductivity was assigned to Ge itself, not copper.
Diamond
Superconductivity in diamond was achieved through heavy p-type doping by boron such that the individual doping atoms started interacting and formed an "impurity band". The superconductivity was of type-II with the critical temperature Tc = 4 K and critical magnetic field Bc = 4 T. Later, Tc ≈ 11 K has been achieved in homoepitaxial CVD films.
Regarding the origin of superconductivity in diamond, three alternative theories were suggested: conventional BCS theory based on phonon-mediated pairing, correlated impurity band theory and spin-flip-driven pairing of holes weakly localized in the vicinity of the Fermi level. Experiments on diamonds enriched with 12C, 13C, 10B or 11B isotopes revealed a clear Tc shift, and its magnitude confirms the BCS mech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsizygus%20tessulatus
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Hypsizygus tessulatus, the beech mushroom, is an edible mushroom native to East Asia. It is cultivated locally in temperate climates in Europe, North America and Australia and sold fresh in super markets. In nature, these are gilled mushrooms that grow on wood. Most often the mushroom is found on beech trees, hence the common name. Cultivated versions are often small and thin in appearance and popular in many nations across the world.
Two commercial variations, both originating from Japan, are known:
Buna-shimeji (:ja:ブナシメジ), wild type brown coloration. Known as brown beech mushroom, beech mushroom, brown clamshell mushroom;
Bunapi-shimeji (:ja:ブナピー) is a white UV-induced mutant of the former, known as white beech mushroom, white clamshell mushroom. The original strain is registered by Hokto Corporation.
This fungus may be confused with Hypsizygus ulmarius, which grows on elm. A radical alternative view based on ITS DNA barcoding is that all members of the genus are the same species.
Morphology
Cooking
Being tough when raw, the Shimeji should be cooked, having a bitter taste when raw which disappears completely upon cooking. The cooked mushroom has a firm, slightly crunchy texture and a nutty flavor. Preparation makes the mushroom easier to digest. It is often eaten with stir-fried foods including wild game and seafood. It is used in soups, stews and sauces. When prepared alone, Shimeji mushrooms can be sautéed as a whole, including the stem or stalk (only the very end cut off), using a higher temperature; or, they can be slow roasted on a low temperature with a small amount of butter or cooking oil. Shimeji is used in soups, nabe and takikomi gohan.
Gallery
See also
List of Japanese ingredients
Medicinal mushrooms
Shimeji
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathnet
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Mathnet is a segment on the children's television show Square One Television that follows the adventures of pairs of police mathematicians. It is a pastiche of Dragnet.
Premise
Mathnet is a pastiche of Dragnet, in which the main characters are mathematicians who use their mathematical skills to solve various crimes and mysteries in the city, usually thefts, burglaries, frauds, and kidnappings. Each segment of the series aired on one episode of Square One, a production of the Children's Television Workshop (CTW) aimed at teaching math skills to young viewers. Five segments made up an episode (one for each weekday), with suspense building at the end of each segment.
Characters
Kate Monday (Beverly Leech) - A pastiche of Jack Webb's Dragnet character Joe Friday, Kate usually does not show her emotions when on the job and tackles almost every situation with a calm and rational mind. She appears in the first three seasons.
George Frankly (Joe Howard) - The partner of Kate Monday (and later Pat Tuesday), George takes his job seriously but is frequently prone to fits of comical mishaps and immature reactions. He appears in all five seasons. He has a wife named Martha whom he often mentions but who is never seen or heard.
Pat Tuesday (Toni DiBuono) - George's second partner, appearing in Seasons 4 and 5 to replace Kate. Like Kate, Pat shares the deadpan mannerisms and no-nonsense attitude of Joe Friday.
Los Angeles cast
Thad Green (James Earl Jones) - The Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. He briefly appears in Season 4.
Debbie Williams (Mary Watson) - Technical analyst at the LAPD division where Kate and George works, she is frequently called upon to process data obtained during Mathnet investigations.
New York City cast
Joe Greco (Emilio Del Pozo) - Captain of the New York City precinct, he is the man who George, Kate, and later Pat report to when they move to New York City starting in Season 3.
Benny Pill (Bari K. Willerford) - An undercover NYPD offi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoneda%20product
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In algebra, the Yoneda product (named after Nobuo Yoneda) is the pairing between Ext groups of modules:
induced by
Specifically, for an element , thought of as an extension
and similarly
we form the Yoneda (cup) product
Note that the middle map factors through the given maps to .
We extend this definition to include using the usual functoriality of the groups.
Applications
Ext Algebras
Given a commutative ring and a module , the Yoneda product defines a product structure on the groups , where is generally a non-commutative ring. This can be generalized to the case of sheaves of modules over a ringed space, or ringed topos.
Grothendieck duality
In Grothendieck's duality theory of coherent sheaves on a projective scheme of pure dimension over an algebraically closed field , there is a pairing where is the dualizing complex and given by the Yoneda pairing.
Deformation theory
The Yoneda product is useful for understanding the obstructions to a deformation of maps of ringed topoi. For example, given a composition of ringed topoi and an -extension of by an -module , there is an obstruction class which can be described as the yoneda product
where
and corresponds to the cotangent complex.
See also
Ext functor
Derived category
Deformation theory
Kodaira–Spencer map
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realization%20%28probability%29
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In probability and statistics, a realization, observation, or observed value, of a random variable is the value that is actually observed (what actually happened). The random variable itself is the process dictating how the observation comes about. Statistical quantities computed from realizations without deploying a statistical model are often called "empirical", as in empirical distribution function or empirical probability.
Conventionally, to avoid confusion, upper case letters denote random variables; the corresponding lower case letters denote their realizations.
Formal definition
In more formal probability theory, a random variable is a function X defined from a sample space Ω to a measurable space called the state space. If an element in Ω is mapped to an element in state space by X, then that element in state space is a realization. Elements of the sample space can be thought of as all the different possibilities that could happen; while a realization (an element of the state space) can be thought of as the value X attains when one of the possibilities did happen. Probability is a mapping that assigns numbers between zero and one to certain subsets of the sample space, namely the measurable subsets, known here as events. Subsets of the sample space that contain only one element are called elementary events. The value of the random variable (that is, the function) X at a point ω ∈ Ω,
is called a realization of X.
See also
Errors and residuals
Outcome (probability)
Random variate
Raw data
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LayerWalker
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LayerWalker Technology, Inc. is a fabless integrated circuit design company that announced a network storage system on a chip (SoC). Their products targeted digital home, small business and consumer electronics markets.
LayerWalker introduced in 2007 the miniSAN product that provided ATA over Ethernet (AoE) server functions and management capabilities. Client software and drivers for Windows and Linux operating systems were offered.
LayerWalker had offices in Taipei. It was founded in 2005 and had a web site through 2012.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLOS%20Computational%20Biology
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PLOS Computational Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering computational biology. It was established in 2005 by the Public Library of Science in association with the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) in the same format as the previously established PLOS Biology and PLOS Medicine. The founding editor-in-chief was Philip Bourne and the current ones are Feilim Mac Gabhann and Jason Papin.
Format
The journal publishes both original research and review articles. All articles are open access and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Since its inception, the journal has published the Ten Simple Rules series of practical guides, which has subsequently become one of the journal's most read article series.
The Ten Simple Rules series then led to the Quick Tips collection, whose articles contain recommendations on computational practices and methods, such as dimensionality reduction for example.
In 2012, it launched the Topic Page review format, which dual-publishes peer-reviewed articles both in the journal and on Wikipedia. It was the first publication of its kind to publish in this way.
See also
PLOS
PLOS Biology
BMC Bioinformatics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AF%2BBG%20theorem
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In algebraic geometry the AF+BG theorem (also known as Max Noether's fundamental theorem) is a result of Max Noether that asserts that, if the equation of an algebraic curve in the complex projective plane belongs locally (at each intersection point) to the ideal generated by the equations of two other algebraic curves, then it belongs globally to this ideal.
Statement
Let , , and be homogeneous polynomials in three variables, with having higher degree than and ; let and (both positive integers) be the differences of the degrees of the polynomials. Suppose that the greatest common divisor of and is a constant, which means that the projective curves that they define in the projective plane have an intersection consisting in a finite number of points. For each point of this intersection, the polynomials and generate an ideal of the local ring of at (this local ring is the ring of the fractions where and are polynomials in three variables and ). The theorem asserts that, if lies in for every intersection point , then lies in the ideal ; that is, there are homogeneous polynomials and of degrees and , respectively, such that . Furthermore, any two choices of differ by a multiple of , and similarly any two choices of differ by a multiple of .
Related results
This theorem may be viewed as a generalization of Bézout's identity, which provides a condition under which an integer or a univariate polynomial may be expressed as an element of the ideal generated by two other integers or univariate polynomials and : such a representation exists exactly when is a multiple of the greatest common divisor of and . The AF+BG condition expresses, in terms of divisors (sets of points, with multiplicities), a similar condition under which a homogeneous polynomial in three variables can be written as an element of the ideal generated by two other polynomials and .
This theorem is also a refinement, for this particular case, of Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldhausen%20category
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In mathematics, a Waldhausen category is a category C equipped with some additional data, which makes it possible to construct the K-theory spectrum of C using a so-called S-construction. It's named after Friedhelm Waldhausen, who introduced this notion (under the term category with cofibrations and weak equivalences) to extend the methods of algebraic K-theory to categories not necessarily of algebraic origin, for example the category of topological spaces.
Definition
Let C be a category, co(C) and we(C) two classes of morphisms in C, called cofibrations and weak equivalences respectively. The triple (C, co(C), we(C)) is called a Waldhausen category if it satisfies the following axioms, motivated by the similar properties for the notions of cofibrations and weak homotopy equivalences of topological spaces:
C has a zero object, denoted by 0;
isomorphisms are included in both co(C) and we(C);
co(C) and we(C) are closed under composition;
for each object A ∈ C the unique map 0 → A is a cofibration, i.e. is an element of co(C);
co(C) and we(C) are compatible with pushouts in a certain sense.
For example, if is a cofibration and is any map, then there must exist a pushout , and the natural map should be cofibration:
Relations with other notions
In algebraic K-theory and homotopy theory there are several notions of categories equipped with some specified classes of morphisms. If C has a structure of an exact category, then by defining we(C) to be isomorphisms, co(C) to be admissible monomorphisms, one obtains a structure of a Waldhausen category on C. Both kinds of structure may be used to define K-theory of C, using the Q-construction for an exact structure and S-construction for a Waldhausen structure. An important fact is that the resulting K-theory spaces are homotopy equivalent.
If C is a model category with a zero object, then the full subcategory of cofibrant objects in C may be given a Waldhausen structure.
S-construction
The Waldhausen S-construc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanaerobe
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Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from the presence of nanomolar concentrations of oxygen (e.g. Bacteroides fragilis). Like other anaerobes, these organisms do not require oxygen for growth. This growth benefit requires the expression of an oxygen respiratory chain that is typically associated with microaerophilic respiration. Recent studies suggest that respiration in low concentrations of oxygen is an ancient process which predates the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20matrix
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In mathematics, an elementary matrix is a matrix which differs from the identity matrix by one single elementary row operation. The elementary matrices generate the general linear group when is a field. Left multiplication (pre-multiplication) by an elementary matrix represents elementary row operations, while right multiplication (post-multiplication) represents elementary column operations.
Elementary row operations are used in Gaussian elimination to reduce a matrix to row echelon form. They are also used in Gauss–Jordan elimination to further reduce the matrix to reduced row echelon form.
Elementary row operations
There are three types of elementary matrices, which correspond to three types of row operations (respectively, column operations):
Row switching A row within the matrix can be switched with another row.
Row multiplication Each element in a row can be multiplied by a non-zero constant. It is also known as scaling a row.
Row addition A row can be replaced by the sum of that row and a multiple of another row.
If is an elementary matrix, as described below, to apply the elementary row operation to a matrix , one multiplies by the elementary matrix on the left, . The elementary matrix for any row operation is obtained by executing the operation on the identity matrix. This fact can be understood as an instance of the Yoneda lemma applied to the category of matrices.
Row-switching transformations
The first type of row operation on a matrix switches all matrix elements on row with their counterparts on a different row . The corresponding elementary matrix is obtained by swapping row and row of the identity matrix.
So is the matrix produced by exchanging row and row of .
Coefficient wise, the matrix is defined by :
Properties
The inverse of this matrix is itself:
Since the determinant of the identity matrix is unity, It follows that for any square matrix (of the correct size), we have
For theoretical considerations, the r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago%20maritima
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Plantago maritima, the sea plantain, seaside plantain or goose tongue, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. It has a subcosmopolitan distribution in temperate and Arctic regions, native to most of Europe, northwest Africa, northern and central Asia, northern North America, and southern South America.
Description
It is a herbaceous perennial plant with a dense rosette of leaves without petioles. Each leaf is linear, 2–22 cm long and under 1 cm broad, thick and fleshy-textured, with an acute apex and a smooth or distantly toothed margin; there are three to five veins. The flowers are small, greenish-brown with brown stamens, produced in a dense spike 0.5–10 cm long on top of a stem 3–20 cm tall.
Subspecies
There are four subspecies:
Plantago maritima subsp. maritima. Europe, Asia, northwest Africa.
Plantago maritima subsp. borealis (Lange) A. Blytt and O. Dahl. Arctic regions. All parts of the plant small, compared to temperate plants.
Plantago maritima subsp. juncoides (Lam.) Hultén. South America, North America (this name to North American plants has been questioned).
Plantago maritima subsp. serpentina (All.) Arcang. Central Europe, on serpentine soils in mountains.
Ecology and physiology
In much of the range it is strictly coastal, growing on sandy soils. In some areas, it also occurs in alpine habitats, along mountain streams. Some of the physiology and metabolism of this species has been described, of particular note is how the metabolism of this species is altered with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
Uses
Like samphires, the leaves of the plant are harvested to be eaten raw or cooked. The seeds are also eaten raw or cooked, and can be ground into flour.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockoffs%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, the knockoff filter, or simply knockoffs, is a framework for variable selection. It was originally introduced for linear regression by Rina Barber and Emmanuel Candès, and later generalized to other regression models in the random design setting. Knockoffs has found application in many practical areas, notably in genome-wide association studies.
Fixed-X knockoffs
Consider a linear regression model with response vector and feature matrix , which is treated as deterministic. A matrix is said to be knockoffs of if it does not depend on and satisfies for . Barber and Candès showed that, equipped with a suitable feature importance statistic, fixed-X knockoffs can be used for variable selection while controlling the false discovery rate (FDR).
Model-X knockoffs
Consider a general regression model with response vector and random feature matrix . A matrix is said to be knockoffs of if it is conditionally independent of given and satisfies a subtle pairwise exchangeable condition: for any , the joint distribution of the random matrix does not change if its th and th columns are swapped, where is the number of features. While it is less clear how to create model-X knockoffs compared to their fixed-X counterpart, various algorithms have been proposed to construct knockoffs. Once constructed, model-X knockoffs can be used for variable selection following the same procedure as fixed-X knockoffs and control the FDR.
Properties
The knockoffs can be understood as negative controls. Informally speaking, knockoffs has the property that no method can statistically distinguish the original matrix from its knockoffs without looking at . Mathematically, the exchangeability conditions translate to symmetry that allows for an estimation of the type I error (e.g., if one wishes to choose the FDR as the type I error rate, the false discovery proportion is estimated), which then leads to exact type I error control.
Model-X knockoffs provides valid type I err
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%20migration
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Stress migration is a failure mechanism that often occurs in integrated circuit metallization (aluminum, copper). Voids form as result of vacancy migration driven by the hydrostatic stress gradient. Large voids may lead to open circuit or unacceptable resistance increase that impedes the IC performance. 'Stress migration is often referred as stress voiding, stress induced voiding or SIV.
High temperature processing of copper dual damascene structures leaves the copper with a large tensile stress due to a mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion of the materials involved. The stress can relax with time through the diffusion of vacancies leading to the formation of voids and ultimately open circuit failures.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial%20algebra
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In mathematics, an initial algebra is an initial object in the category of -algebras for a given endofunctor . This initiality provides a general framework for induction and recursion.
Examples
Functor
Consider the endofunctor sending to , where is the one-point (singleton) set, the terminal object in the category. An algebra for this endofunctor is a set (called the carrier of the algebra) together with a function . Defining such a function amounts to defining a point and a function .
Define
and
Then the set of natural numbers together with the function is an initial -algebra. The initiality (the universal property for this case) is not hard to establish; the unique homomorphism to an arbitrary -algebra , for an element of and a function on , is the function sending the natural number to , that is, , the -fold application of to .
The set of natural numbers is the carrier of an initial algebra for this functor: the point is zero and the function is the successor function.
Functor
For a second example, consider the endofunctor on the category of sets, where is the set of natural numbers. An algebra for this endofunctor is a set together with a function . To define such a function, we need a point and a function . The set of finite lists of natural numbers is an initial algebra for this functor. The point is the empty list, and the function is cons, taking a number and a finite list, and returning a new finite list with the number at the head.
In categories with binary coproducts, the definitions just given are equivalent to the usual definitions of a natural number object and a list object, respectively.
Final coalgebra
Dually, a final coalgebra is a terminal object in the category of -coalgebras. The finality provides a general framework for coinduction and corecursion.
For example, using the same functor as before, a coalgebra is defined as a set together with a function . Defining such a function amounts to defining a partial funct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkcap
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Inkcap may refer to any of a number of toadstools of the genera Coprinus, Coprinellus and Coprinopsis.
The best known, and very good to eat:
Coprinus comatus, the shaggy inkcap, lawyer's wig, or shaggy mane.
The next best known, and also conditionally edible:
Coprinopsis atramentaria, the common inkcap, inky cap, or tippler's bane. Edible, but causes effects similar to those of disulfiram. As such, alcohol is to be avoided before, during and after consumption.
Also any of the following, many of which are poisonous:
genus Coprinus:
C. alopecius, the distinguished inkcap
C. sterquilinus, the midden inkcap
genus Coprinellus:
C. disseminatus, the fairy inkcap, fairies' bonnets, or trooping crumble cap
C. domesticus, the firerug inkcap
C. micaceus, the glistening inkcap, mica cap, or shiny cap
genus Coprinopsis:
C. acuminata, the humpback inkcap
C. ammophilae, the dune inkcap
C. episcopalis, the mitre inkcap
C. jonesii, the bonfire inkcap
C. lagopus, the hare's foot inkcap or harefoot mushroom
C. nivea, the snowy inkcap
C. picacea, the magpie inkcap or magpie fungus
C. scobicola, the sawdust inkcap
C. stangliana, the pied inkcap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20artificial%20neural%20networks
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Linear neural network
The simplest kind of feedforward neural network is a linear network, which consists of a single layer of output nodes; the inputs are fed directly to the outputs via a series of weights. The sum of the products of the weights and the inputs is calculated in each node. The mean squared errors between these calculated outputs and a given target values are minimized by creating an adjustment to the weights. This technique has been known for over two centuries as the method of least squares or linear regression. It was used as a means of finding a good rough linear fit to a set of points by Legendre (1805) and Gauss (1795) for the prediction of planetary movement.
Recurrent network architectures
Wilhelm Lenz and Ernst Ising created and analyzed the Ising model (1925) which is essentially a non-learning artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) consisting of neuron-like threshold elements. In 1972, Shun'ichi Amari made this architecture adaptive. His learning RNN was popularised by John Hopfield in 1982.
Perceptrons and other early neural networks
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) also considered a non-learning computational model for neural networks. This model paved the way for research to split into two approaches. One approach focused on biological processes while the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence. This work led to work on nerve networks and their link to finite automata.
In the early 1940s, D. O. Hebb created a learning hypothesis based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that became known as Hebbian learning. Hebbian learning is unsupervised learning. This evolved into models for long-term potentiation. Researchers started applying these ideas to computational models in 1948 with Turing's B-type machines. Farley and Clark (1954) first used computational machines, then called "calculators", to simulate a Hebbian network. Other neural network computational machines were created
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric%20oncology
|
Geriatric oncology is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in the elderly, usually defined as aged 65 and older. This fairly young but increasingly important subspecialty incorporates the special needs of the elderly into the treatment of cancer.
In the last few years, this particular subspecialty has received a lot of attention. A large proportion of the population of developed countries are aging. In the United States, 20% of the population will be older than 65 years of age by the year 2030. Those 85 years and older will be the most rapidly growing group. This is compounded by the fact that the majority of cancer patients will be in this age group. Age in itself is one of the most important risk factors for developing cancer. Currently, 60% of newly diagnosed malignant tumors and 70% of cancer deaths occur in people aged 65 years or older. Many cancers are linked to aging; these include breast, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, lung, bladder and stomach cancers.
Because most non-pediatric cancer patients are older, there is a saying that all oncologists who are not pediatric oncologists are geriatric oncologists.
Unique concerns of older cancer patients
For many reasons, older adults with cancer have different needs than younger adults with the disease. For example, older adults:
May be less able to tolerate certain cancer treatments.
Have a decreased reserve (the capacity to respond to disease and treatment).
May have other medical problems in addition to cancer.
May have functional problems, such as the ability to do basic activities (dressing, bathing, eating) or more advanced activities (such as using transportation, going shopping or handling finances).
May not always have access to transportation, social support or financial resources.
May have different views of quality versus quantity of life
Clinical trials usually exclude the elderly, and therefore, guidelines for treatment of cancer were
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-Hydroxydecanoic%20acid
|
10-Hydroxydecanic acid is a specialized saturated fatty acid that is a minor constituent of royal jelly. It was scientifically discovered in 1957.
See also
Myrmicacin (3-hydroxydecanoic acid)
Queen bee acid (10-hydroxydecenoic acid)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QED%20manifesto
|
The QED manifesto was a proposal for a computer-based database of all mathematical knowledge, strictly formalized and with all proofs having been checked automatically. (Q.E.D. means in Latin, meaning "which was to be demonstrated.")
Overview
The idea for the project arose in 1993, mainly under the impetus of Robert Boyer. The goals of the project, tentatively named QED project or project QED, were outlined in the QED manifesto, a document first published in 1994, with input from several researchers. Explicit authorship was deliberately avoided. A dedicated mailing list was created, and two scientific conferences on QED took place, the first one in 1994 at Argonne National Laboratories and the second in 1995 in Warsaw organized by the Mizar group.
The project seems to have dissolved by 1996, never having produced more than discussions and plans. In a 2007 paper, Freek Wiedijk identifies two reasons for the failure of the project. In order of importance:
Very few people are working on formalization of mathematics. There is no compelling application for fully mechanized mathematics.
Formalized mathematics does not yet resemble real, traditional mathematics. This is partly due to the complexity of mathematical notation, and partly to the limitations of existing theorem provers and proof assistants; the paper finds that the major contenders, Mizar, HOL, and Coq, have serious shortcomings in their abilities to express mathematics.
Nonetheless, QED-style projects are regularly proposed. The Mizar Mathematical Library formalizes a large portion of undergraduate mathematics, and was considered the largest such library in 2007. Similar projects include the Metamath proof database and the mathlib library written in Lean.
In 2014 the Twenty years of the QED Manifesto workshop was organized as part of the Vienna Summer of Logic.
See also
Formalism (mathematics)
Mathematical knowledge management
POPLmark, a more modest project in programming language theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20grasslands
|
Annual grasslands are a type of grassland ecosystem characterized by the dominance of annual grasses and forbs. They are most commonly found in regions with Mediterranean climates, such as California, and provide important habitats for a variety of wildlife species.
Annual grasslands have a history of disturbance factors, including grazing, crop production, fire, and drought, which have contributed to the conversion of native perennial grasslands to non-native annual-dominated grasslands. Management issues in annual grasslands include carbon sequestration, native grass restoration, invasive species control, and land use change.
Characteristics
Annual grasslands are dominated by non-native annual grasses and forbs, with a few native perennial grass species present. These grasslands are subject to seasonal and yearly variations in species composition and productivity, which are largely controlled by the timing and amount of precipitation and temperature.
Vegetation dynamics
Long-term changes in annual grassland productivity, species composition, and ecosystem processes are influenced by continuing waves of invasion, changes in soil moisture depletion patterns, and fire frequency. Species composition in annual grasslands can change throughout a growing season, depending on germination, seedling establishment, and plant growth progress.
Disturbance factors
Grazing, crop production, fire, and drought have all contributed to the conversion of native grassland to non-native annual-dominated grassland. Severe droughts, such as those in 1828, 1862, and 1864, have also played a role in this conversion. Some researchers suggest that high-frequency burning by native peoples and Europeans may have made the native grasslands susceptible to invasion by non-native species.
Management issues
Management issues in annual grasslands include carbon sequestration, native grass restoration, invasive species control, and land use change.
Carbon sequestration
In the absence of r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzimidazole%20fungicide
|
Benzimidazole fungicides are a class of fungicides including benomyl, carbendazim (MBC), thiophanate-methyl, thiabendazole and fuberidazole. They can control many ascomycetes and basidiomycetes, but not oomycetes. They are applied to cereals, fruits, vegetables and vines, and are also used in postharvest handling of crops.
The solubility of benzimidazole fungicides is low at physiological pH and becomes high at low pH. In plants, carbendazim, thiabendazole and fuberidazole are mobile, i.e. systemic, and benomyl and thiophanate-methyl are converted to carbendazim. This conversion also occurs in soils and animals. In soil and water, carbendazim is mainly degraded by microbes. They are metabolized through hydrolysis and photolysis in plants. These fungicides kill cells during mitosis by distorting the mitotic spindle; β-tubulin, a protein important in forming the cytoskeleton, is targeted. They mostly inhibit polymerization of β-tubulin by interacting with it directly, but other interactions also exist.
Starting in the late 1960s, they were widely used to control fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea, Cercospora, powdery mildew and eyespot. These systemic fungicides were very effective at first. Because there is only one target site, – fungicide resistance to this class – quickly became a serious problem. When they were the only fungicides used, pathogens became resistant after two to four seasons; when mixed with other fungicides, resistance developed more slowly. Resistant genotypes with certain point mutations were selected. Mutant pathogens resistant to one benzimidazole fungicide are usually resistant to all of them. The F200Y and E198A,G,K mutations are the most common. Because of resistance problems, use of benzimidazole fungicides has declined. They are suspected to be toxic to animals, including humans. The Fungicide Resistance Action Committee lists them as having a high risk of resistance evolution.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov%20substitution%20principle
|
The Liskov substitution principle (LSP) is a particular definition of a subtyping relation, called strong behavioral subtyping, that was initially introduced by Barbara Liskov in a 1987 conference keynote address titled Data abstraction and hierarchy. It is based on the concept of "substitutability" a principle in object-oriented programming stating that an object (such as a class) may be replaced by a sub-object (such as a class that extends the first class) without breaking the program. It is a semantic rather than merely syntactic relation, because it intends to guarantee semantic interoperability of types in a hierarchy, object types in particular. Barbara Liskov and Jeannette Wing described the principle succinctly in a 1994 paper as follows:
Subtype Requirement: Let be a property provable about objects of type . Then should be true for objects of type where is a subtype of .
Symbolically:
That is, if S subtypes T, what holds for T-objects holds for S-objects.
In the same paper, Liskov and Wing detailed their notion of behavioral subtyping in an extension of Hoare logic, which bears a certain resemblance to Bertrand Meyer's design by contract in that it considers the interaction of subtyping with preconditions, postconditions and invariants.
Principle
Liskov's notion of a behavioural subtype defines a notion of substitutability for objects; that is, if S is a subtype of T, then objects of type T in a program may be replaced with objects of type S without altering any of the desirable properties of that program (e.g. correctness).
Behavioural subtyping is a stronger notion than typical subtyping of functions defined in type theory, which relies only on the contravariance of parameter types and covariance of the return type. Behavioural subtyping is undecidable in general: if q is the property "method for x always terminates", then it is impossible for a program (e.g. a compiler) to verify that it holds true for some subtype S of T, even if q does ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic%20acid%20notation
|
The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970. This universally accepted notation uses the Roman characters G, C, A, and T, to represent the four nucleotides commonly found in deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA).
Given the rapidly expanding role for genetic sequencing, synthesis, and analysis in biology, some researchers have developed alternate notations to further support the analysis and manipulation of genetic data. These notations generally exploit size, shape, and symmetry to accomplish these objectives.
IUPAC notation
Degenerate base symbols in biochemistry are an IUPAC representation for a position on a DNA sequence that can have multiple possible alternatives. These should not be confused with non-canonical bases because each particular sequence will have in fact one of the regular bases. These are used to encode the consensus sequence of a population of aligned sequences and are used for example in phylogenetic analysis to summarise into one multiple sequences or for BLAST searches, even though IUPAC degenerate symbols are masked (as they are not coded).
Under the commonly used IUPAC system, nucleobases are represented by the first letters of their chemical names: guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. This shorthand also includes eleven "ambiguity" characters associated with every possible combination of the four DNA bases. The ambiguity characters were designed to encode positional variations in order to report DNA sequencing errors, consensus sequences, or single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The IUPAC notation, including ambiguity characters and suggested mnemonics, is shown in Table 1.
Despite its broad and nearly universal acceptance, the IUPAC system has a number of limitations, which stem from its reliance on the Roman alphabet. The poor legibility of upper-case Roman characters, which are generally used when displaying genetic data, may be chief among these limi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo%20Cerletti
|
Ugo Cerletti (26 September 1877 – 25 July 1963) was an Italian neurologist who discovered the method of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used in psychiatry. Electroconvulsive therapy is a therapy in which electric current is used to provoke a seizure for a short duration. This therapy is used in an attempt to treat certain mental disorders, and may be useful when other possible treatments have not, or cannot, cure the person of their mental disorder.
Life
Ugo Cerletti was born in Conegliano, in the region of Veneto, Italy, on 26 September 1877. He studied Medicine at Rome and Turin, later specializing in neurology and neuropsychiatry. In his early scientific studies, Cerletti mainly focused on common issues in the fields of histology and histopathology. He demonstrated how the nervous tissue reacts to different pathogenic stimuli in its own ways, making the histopathology of nervous tissue an independent category in the study of medicine. As a student, he conducted some research under several influential people studying in the Medicinal field at that time. He studied with the most eminent neurologists of his time, first in Paris, France, with Pierre Marie and Dupré, then in Munich, Germany, with Emil Kraepelin (the "father" of modern scientific psychiatry) and Alois Alzheimer (the discoverer of the most common form of senile dementia, which today bears his name); and in Heidelberg, with Franz Nissl, a neuropathologist. Other large names in medicine that he studied with at the time include Sciamanna and Nissl.
After his studies, he was appointed head of the Neurobiological Institute, at the Mental Institute of Milan. He remained the director of the Neurobiological Institute of the psychiatric hospital of Mombello, in Milan from 1919 to 1924. In 1924 he was given a lecturing post in Neuropsychiatry in Bari; then, in 1928, he took over the post of Prof. Enrico Morselli, at the University of Genoa. Finally, in 1935, he became the Chair of the Department of Mental and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20RNA-like%20structures
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Transfer RNA-like structures (tRNA-like structures) are RNA sequences, which have a similar tertiary structure to tRNA; they frequently contain a pseudoknot close to the 3' end. The presence of tRNA-like structures has been demonstrated in many plant virus RNA genomes. These tRNA-like structures are linked to regulation of plant virus replication.
tRNA-like structures mimic some tRNA function, such as aminoacylation. There are three aminoacylation specificities, valine, histidine and tyrosine. For example, valine binds to the tRNA-like structure of the turnip yellow mosaic virus genome whilst tyrosine binds to the tRNA-like structure of the barley stripe mosaic virus genome. tRNA-like structures which lack the 3' termini lack complete or partial tRNA mimicry.
tRNA-like structures are required for RNA encapsulation and increase RNA stability. They also act as 3'-translational enhancers and regulators of minus strand synthesis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Default-free%20zone
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In Internet routing, the default-free zone (DFZ) is the collection of all Internet autonomous systems (AS) that do not require a default route to route a packet to any destination. Conceptually, DFZ routers have a "complete" Border Gateway Protocol table, sometimes referred to as the Internet routing table, global routing table or global BGP table. However, internet routing changes rapidly and the widespread use of route filtering ensures that no router has a complete view of all routes. Any routing table created would look different from the perspective of different routers, even if a stable view could be achieved.
Highly connected Autonomous Systems and routers
The Weekly Routing Reports used by the ISP community come from the Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) router in Tokyo, which is a well-connected router that has as good a view of the Internet as any other single router. For serious routing research, however, routing information will be captured at multiple well-connected sites, including high-traffic ISPs (see the "skitter core") below.
As of May 12, 2014, there were 494,105 routes seen by the APNIC router. These came from 46,795 autonomous systems, of which only 172 were transit-only and 35787 were stub/origin-only. 6087 autonomous systems provided some level of transit.
The Idea of an "Internet core"
The term "default-free zone" is sometimes confused with an "Internet core" or Internet backbone, but there has been no true "core" since before the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) was introduced. In pre-BGP days, when the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) was the exterior routing protocol, it indeed could be assumed there was a single Internet core.
That concept, however, has been obsolete for a long time. At best, today's definition of the Internet core is statistical, with the "skitter core" being some number of AS with the greatest traffic according to the CAIDA measurements, previously made with its measuring tool called "skitter". The C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoelementary%20class
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In logic, a pseudoelementary class is a class of structures derived from an elementary class (one definable in first-order logic) by omitting some of its sorts and relations. It is the mathematical logic counterpart of the notion in category theory of (the codomain of) a forgetful functor, and in physics of (hypothesized) hidden variable theories purporting to explain quantum mechanics. Elementary classes are (vacuously) pseudoelementary but the converse is not always true; nevertheless pseudoelementary classes share some of the properties of elementary classes such as being closed under ultraproducts.
Definition
A pseudoelementary class is a reduct of an elementary class. That is, it is obtained by omitting some of the sorts and relations of a (many-sorted) elementary class.
Examples
The theory with equality of sets under union and intersection, whose structures are of the form (W, ∪, ∩), can be understood naively as the pseudoelementary class formed from the two-sorted elementary class of structures of the form (A, W, ∪, ∩, ∈) where ∈ ⊆ A×W and ∪ and ∩ are binary operations (qua ternary relations) on W. The theory of the latter class is axiomatized by
∀X,Y∈W.∀a∈A.[ a ∈ X∪Y ⇔ a ∈ X ∨ a ∈ Y]
∀X,Y∈W.∀a∈A.[ a ∈ X∩Y ⇔ a ∈ X ∧ a ∈ Y]
∀X,Y∈W.[ (∀a∈A.[a ∈ X ⇔ a ∈ Y]) → X = Y]
In the intended interpretation A is a set of atoms a,b,..., W is a set of sets of atoms X,Y,... and ∈ is the membership relation between atoms and sets. The consequences of these axioms include all the laws of distributive lattices. Since the latter laws make no mention of atoms they remain meaningful for the structures obtained from the models of the above theory by omitting the sort A of atoms and the membership relation ∈. All distributive lattices are representable as sets of sets under union and intersection, whence this pseudoelementary class is in fact an elementary class, namely the variety of distributive lattices.
In this example both classes (respectively before and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipogenesis
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Adipogenesis is the formation of adipocytes (fat cells) from stem cells. It involves 2 phases, determination, and terminal differentiation. Determination is mesenchymal stem cells committing to the adipocyte precursor cells, also known as preadipocytes which lose the potential to differentiate to other types of cells such as chondrocytes, myocytes, and osteoblasts. Terminal differentiation is that preadipocytes differentiate into mature adipocytes. Adipocytes can arise either from preadipocytes resident in adipose tissue, or from bone-marrow derived progenitor cells that migrate to adipose tissue.
Introduction
Adipocytes play a vital role in energy homeostasis and process the largest energy reserve as triglycerol in the body of animals. Adipocytes stay in a dynamic state, they start expanding when the energy intake is higher than the expenditure and undergo mobilization when the energy expenditure exceeds the intake. This process is highly regulated by counter regulatory hormones to which these cells are very sensitive. The hormone insulin promotes expansion whereas the counter hormones epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH promote mobilization. Adipogenesis is a tightly regulated cellular differentiation process, in which mesenchymal stem cells committing to preadipocytes and preadipocytes differentiating into adipocytes. Cellular differentiation is a change of gene expression patterns which multipotent gene expression alters to cell type specific gene expression. Therefore, transcription factors are crucial for adipogenesis. Transcription factors, peroxis proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and CCAAT enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are main regulators of adipogenesis. Comparing with cells from other lineage, the in vitro differentiation of fat cells is authentic and recapitulates most of the characteristic feature of in vivo differentiation. The key features of differentiated adipocytes are growth arrest, morphological change, high expression of lipogenic gene
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail%20Men
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Nail Men or Men of Nails () were a form of propaganda and fundraising for members of the armed forces and their dependents in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire in World War I. They consisted of wooden statues (usually of knights in armour) into which nails were driven, either iron (black), or coloured silver or gold, in exchange for donations of different amounts. Some took different forms, including pillars, shields or local coats of arms and crosses, especially the Iron Cross, and in German there are a variety of alternate names for them, including Wehrmann in Eisen or eiserner Wehrmann (Iron Guardian), Nagelfigur, Nagelbild or Nagelbrett (Nail Figure or Nail Board), Wehrschild (Defence Shield) and Kriegswahrzeichen (War Monument). The most famous were the original Wehrmann in Eisen in Vienna and the 'Iron Hindenburg', a statue of Hindenburg adjacent to the Victory Column in Berlin.
Origins and purpose
The idea for the Nail Men came from the Stock im Eisen in Vienna, a tree-trunk which had had nails hammered into it for centuries. The first Nail Man, a medieval knight, was set up in Vienna and was first nailed on 6 March 1915 in a public ceremony attended by many dignitaries, including members of the imperial household and the German and Ottoman ambassadors. They were promoted as a patriotic fund-raising method in German-speaking parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and also in the German Empire, including by publications such as Gotthold Riegelmann's Der Stock in Eisen: praktische Ratschläge zur Errichtung einfacher Nagelholzmale mit Ideenskizzen und Kostenberechnungen (The Stock im Eisen: practical advice on the erection of simple wooden monuments for nailing with sketched ideas and cost calculations) and Benno Fitzke and Paul Matzdorf's Eiserne Kreuz-Nagelungen zum Besten der Kriegshilfe und zur Schaffung von Kriegswahrzeichen (Iron cross nailings for the best benefit of war aid and for the creation of war monuments). They have been seen as "
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermabacteraceae
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Dermabacteraceae is an Actinomycetota family.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20A.%20Mansoori
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Gholam Ali Mansoori (born in 1943), G. Ali Mansoori also known as "GA Mansoori" is an Iranian-American scientist known for his research within energy, nanotechnology and thermodynamics. He is a professor at the Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering and also Physics at University of Illinois at Chicago.
Life and education
Mansoori completed his PhD at the University of Oklahoma in 1969 with a dissertation on "A Variational Approach to the Equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties of Simple Liquids and Phase Transitions". Mansoori did post-doctoral work at Rice University.
Career
Mansoori contributed to over 550 publications including ten books, some of which became text-book references in thermodynamics and nanotechnology. The most cited work he has co-authored is Equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the mixture of hard spheres in The Journal of Chemical Physics in 1971 with more than 2000 citations as of February 2019.
Books
A list of Mansoori's books is:
Mansoori, G.A. and Enayati N., Agyarko L. B. (2015). Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State. World Scientific
Mansoori, G.A. (2015) Principles of Nanotechnology, Molecular-Based Study of Condensed Matter in Small Systems. World Scientific
Mansoori, G.A., Barros de Araujo Patricia Lopes, Silvano de Araujo,Elmo (2012) Diamondoid Molecules: With Applications in Biomedicine, Materials Science, Nanotechnology & Petroleum Science.
Mansoori, G.A. and Haile, J.M. (1983). Molecular-based Study of Fluids (ch. 1: Molecular Study of Fluids: A Historical Survey, pgs. 1-28).
Mansoori, G.A. and Chom, Larry G. (1988). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. I: C7+ Fraction Characterization. New York: Taylor & Francis Pub. Co.,
Mansoori, G.A. and Matteoli, E. (1990). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. II: Fluctuation Theory of Mixtures. Taylor & Francis.
Mansoori, G.A., Sieniutycz, S. and Salamon, P. (1990). Advances in Thermodynamics, Vol. III: Nonequilibrium Theory and Extre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Butler%20%28mathematician%29
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Steven Kay Butler (born May 16, 1977) is an American mathematician specializing in graph theory and combinatorics. He is a Morrill Professor and the Barbara J. Janson Professor in Mathematics at Iowa State University.
Education and career
Butler earned his master's degree at Brigham Young University in 2003. His master's thesis was titled Bounding the Number of Graphs Containing Very Long Induced Paths. He completed a doctorate at the University of California, San Diego in 2008, authoring the dissertation Eigenvalues and Structures of Graphs, advised by Fan Chung. Upon completing his postdoctoral studies at the University of California, Los Angeles, Butler joined the Iowa State University faculty in 2011. In 2015, Butler became the 512th (and so far final) person to have an Erdős number of 1, when he published a paper with Paul Erdős and Ronald Graham on Egyptian fractions. In 2017, Butler was named the Barbara J. Janson Professor in Mathematics, and to a Morrill Professorship in 2022.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%20correspondence%20problem
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The Post correspondence problem is an undecidable decision problem that was introduced by Emil Post in 1946. Because it is simpler than the halting problem and the Entscheidungsproblem it is often used in proofs of undecidability.
Definition of the problem
Let be an alphabet with at least two symbols. The input of the problem consists of two finite lists and of words over . A solution to this problem is a sequence of indices with and for all , such that
The decision problem then is to decide whether such a solution exists or not.
Alternative definition
This gives rise to an equivalent alternative definition often found in the literature, according to which any two homomorphisms with a common domain and a common codomain form an instance of the Post correspondence problem, which now asks whether there exists a nonempty word in the domain such that
.
Another definition describes this problem easily as a type of puzzle. We begin with a collection of dominos, each containing two strings, one on each side. An individual domino looks like
and a collection of dominos looks like
.
The task is to make a list of these dominos (repetition permitted) so that the string we get by reading off the symbols on the top is the same as the string of symbols on the bottom. This list is called a match. The Post correspondence problem is to determine whether a collection of dominos has a match.
For example, the following list is a match for this puzzle.
.
For some collections of dominos, finding a match may not be possible. For example, the collection
.
cannot contain a match because every top string is longer than the correspondending bottom string.
Example instances of the problem
Example 1
Consider the following two lists:
A solution to this problem would be the sequence (3, 2, 3, 1), because
Furthermore, since (3, 2, 3, 1) is a solution, so are all of its "repetitions", such as (3, 2, 3, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1), etc.; that is, when a solution exists, there are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian%20metric%20and%20Lie%20bracket%20in%20computational%20anatomy
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Computational anatomy (CA) is the study of shape and form in medical imaging. The study of deformable shapes in computational anatomy rely on high-dimensional diffeomorphism groups which generate orbits of the form . In CA, this orbit is in general considered a smooth Riemannian manifold
since at every point of the manifold there is an inner product inducing the norm on the tangent space
that varies smoothly from point to point in the manifold of shapes . This is generated by viewing the
group of diffeomorphisms as a Riemannian manifold with , associated to the tangent space at . This induces the norm and metric on the orbit under the action from the group of diffeomorphisms.
The diffeomorphisms group generated as Lagrangian and Eulerian flows
The diffeomorphisms in computational anatomy are generated to satisfy the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow fields, , generated via the ordinary differential equation
with the Eulerian vector fields in for , with the inverse for the flow given by
and the Jacobian matrix for flows in given as
To ensure smooth flows of diffeomorphisms with inverse, the vector fields must be at least 1-time continuously differentiable in space which are modelled as elements of the Hilbert space using the Sobolev embedding theorems so that each element has 3-square-integrable derivatives thusly implies embeds smoothly in 1-time continuously differentiable functions. The diffeomorphism group are flows with vector fields absolutely integrable in Sobolev norm:
The Riemannian orbit model
Shapes in Computational Anatomy (CA) are studied via the use of diffeomorphic mapping for establishing correspondences between anatomical coordinate systems. In this setting, 3-dimensional medical images are modelled as diffemorphic transformations of some exemplar, termed the template , resulting in the observed images to be elements of the random orbit model of CA. For images these are defined as , with for charts represen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler%20crab
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The fiddler crab or calling crab may be any of more than one hundred species of semiterrestrial marine crabs in the family Ocypodidae, well known for their sexually dimorphic claws; the males' major claw is much larger than the minor claw, while the females' claws are both the same size. A smaller number of ghost crab and mangrove crab species are also found in the family Ocypodidae. This entire group is composed of small crabs, the largest being slightly over two inches (5 cm) across. Fiddler crabs are found along sea beaches and brackish intertidal mud flats, lagoons, swamps, and various other types of brackish or salt-water wetlands.
Like all crabs, fiddler crabs shed their shells as they grow. If they have lost legs or claws during their present growth cycle, a new one will be present when they molt. If the large fiddle claw is lost, males will develop one on the same side after their next molt. Newly molted crabs are very vulnerable because of their soft shells. They are reclusive and hide until the new shell hardens.
In a controlled laboratory setting, fiddler crabs exhibit a constant circadian rhythm that mimics the ebb and flow of the tides: they turn dark during the day and light at night.
Ecology
Found in mangroves, in salt marshes, and on sandy or muddy beaches of West Africa, the Western Atlantic, the Eastern Pacific, Indo-Pacific and Algarve region of Portugal, fiddler crabs are easily recognized by their distinctively asymmetric claws.
Fiddler crabs communicate by a sequence of waves and gestures; males have an oversized claw or chela; used in clashes of ritualised combat of courtship over a female and signal their intentions between conspecifics. The movement of the smaller claw from ground to mouth during feeding explains the crabs' common name; it looks as if the animal were playing the larger claw like a fiddle.
The crab's smaller claw picks up a chunk of sediment from the ground and brings it to the mouth, where its contents are sifted throug
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bully%20algorithm
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In distributed computing, the bully algorithm is a method for dynamically electing a coordinator or leader from a group of distributed computer processes. The process with the highest process ID number from amongst the non-failed processes is selected as the coordinator.
Assumptions
The algorithm assumes that:
the system is synchronous.
processes may fail at any time, including during execution of the algorithm.
a process fails by stopping and returns from failure by restarting.
there is a failure detector which detects failed processes.
message delivery between processes is reliable.
each process knows its own process id and address, and that of every other process.
Algorithm
The algorithm uses the following message types:
Election Message: Sent to announce election.
Answer (Alive) Message: Responds to the Election message.
Coordinator (Victory) Message: Sent by winner of the election to announce victory.
When a process recovers from failure, or the failure detector indicates that the current coordinator has failed, performs the following actions:
If has the highest process ID, it sends a Victory message to all other processes and becomes the new Coordinator. Otherwise, broadcasts an Election message to all other processes with higher process IDs than itself.
If receives no Answer after sending an Election message, then it broadcasts a Victory message to all other processes and becomes the Coordinator.
If receives an Answer from a process with a higher ID, it sends no further messages for this election and waits for a Victory message. (If there is no Victory message after a period of time, it restarts the process at the beginning.)
If receives an Election message from another process with a lower ID it sends an Answer message back and if it has not already started an election, it starts the election process at the beginning, by sending an Election message to higher-numbered processes.
If receives a Coordinator message, it treats the sen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS%205
|
iOS 5 is the fifth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 4. It was announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 6, 2011, and was released on October 12, 2011. It was succeeded by iOS 6 on September 19, 2012.
iOS 5 revamped notifications, adding temporary banners that appear at the top of the screen and introducing the Notification Center, a central location for all recent notifications. iOS 5 also added iCloud, Apple's cloud storage service for synchronization of content and data across iCloud-enabled devices, and iMessage, Apple's instant messaging service. For the first time, software updates could be installed wirelessly, without requiring a computer and iTunes. iOS 5 also featured deep integration with Twitter, introduced multitasking gestures on iPads, and added an easily accessible camera shortcut from the lock screen.
iOS 5 was the subject of criticism for iPhone 4S users, as the initial release had poor battery life, failures of SIM cards, and echoes during phone calls. These problems were fixed in subsequent releases.
iOS 5 is the last version of iOS that supports the third-generation iPod Touch and first-generation iPad as its successor, iOS 6, drops support for both models.
History
Introduction and initial release
iOS 5 was introduced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 6, 2011, with a beta version available for developers later that day.
iOS 5 was officially released on October 12, 2011.
System features
Notifications
In previous iOS versions, notifications popped up on the screen as dialog boxes, interrupting the current activity. In iOS 5, notifications are revamped, and show up as a temporary banner at the top of the screen. Recent notifications can also be accessed by pulling a "Notification Center" down from the top of the screen. Users who prefer the old notification system can keep it by choosing the appropriate option in the Settings men
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope%20of%20practice
|
Scope of practice describes the procedures, actions, and processes that a healthcare practitioner is permitted to undertake in keeping with the terms of their professional license. The scope of practice is limited to that which the law allows for specific education and experience, and specific demonstrated competency. Each jurisdiction has laws, licensing bodies, and regulations that describe requirements for education and training, and define scope of practice.
Overview
In most jurisdictions, health care professions with scope of practice laws and regulations include any profession within health care that requires a license to practice such as physicians, physician assistants, nurses, dietitians, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, pharmacist and dentists among many others.
Governing, licensing, and law enforcement bodies are often at the sub-national (e.g. state or province) level, but federal guidelines / regulations also often exist. For example, in the United States, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the Department of Transportation has a national scope of practice for emergency medical services.
Examples
Registered respiratory therapist – All states and provinces who recognize registered respiratory therapist licensure allow for RRTs to provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Despite this, some institutions do not permit RRTs to provide ECMO support. For the registered respiratory therapists working at the institutions that allow RRTs to provide ECMO support, it is within their scope of practice. The RRTs who are not permitted by their institution to provide this skill are unable to include the support in their scope of practice.
Paramedic – In some states and provinces a paramedic is allowed to perform percutaneous cricothyrotomy if all other airway management fails. In the states and provinces that do not allow this intervention, it is not within the scope of practice of t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursor%20Models
|
Cursor Modell was a German company making models of antique and modern German vehicles. It is best known for its plastic replicas of vehicles mainly of the era 1880 to about 1920, produced for, and sold in, the Daimler-Benz museum in Stuttgart.
Museum models
Cursor started making ultra detailed 1:40 scale plastic replicas of 1880–1920 era Mercedes-Benzes and Daimlers about 1969. The first models were produced by model maker Wiking and then immediately taken over by Cursor. Models produced (sometimes marked with the initials C.R.) were mostly of vehicles on exhibit at the Mercedes-Benz museum, like the 1886 "Dreirad" three-wheeler and Daimler's gas powered horse-buggy style "Motorwagen" of the same year. These were the first gas powered vehicles ever produced. Also made were an 1895 Erster Benz omnibus and an 1896 firewagon, and a 1904 MAN Bussing omnibus. David Sinclair, an influential dealer to the diecast collecting hobby, imported some of the first Cursor Models to the United States in the mid-1970s; previous to this they were unknown in the United States.
Cursor also featured several racing models for the museum as well, including the 1903 Mercedes Rennwagen, 1911 Blitzen Benz race car and the Mercedes SSK Kompressor driven by Christian Werner, the winner of the 1924 Targa Florio race in Italy.
Some collectors are critical of plastic for collector's automobiles, but those in-the-know realize that companies like Cursor, Minialuxe of France and Brumm and RIO Models of Italy, all have done their earlier "bicycle" tire vehicles in plastic because the spidery detail necessary for realistic portrayal of wire wheels and roof ties is not possible with diecast zamac.
Case example
A good vehicle for analysis is the 1923 Benz Diesel Lastkraftwagen 5K3. The truck was notable for being Mercedes Benz's first diesel. The model is five and a half inches long, and made of a sturdy, rather heavy styrene type plastic that seems heavier than the styrene plastic used by America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyceryl%20diacetate
|
Glyceryl diacetate is a food additive with the E number E1517.
This diglyceride is more generally known as diacetin. It is the diester of glycerol and acetylating agents, such as acetic acid and acetic anhydride. It is a colorless, viscous and odorless liquid with a high boiling point. Glycerol diacetate is typically a mixture of two isomers, 1,2-glyceryl diacetate and 1,3-glyceryl diacetate.
See also
Glycerine acetate
Triacetin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165%20%28number%29
|
165 (one hundred [and] sixty-five) is the natural number following 164 and preceding 166.
In mathematics
165 is:
an odd number, a composite number, and a deficient number.
a sphenic number.
a tetrahedral number
the sum of the sums of the divisors of the first 14 positive integers.
a self number in base 10.
a palindromic number in binary (101001012) and bases 14 (BB14), 32 (5532) and 54 (3354).
a unique period in base 2.
In astronomy
165 Loreley is a large Main belt asteroid
165P/LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System
The planet Neptune takes about 165 years to orbit the Sun.
In the military
Caproni Ca.165 Italian fighter aircraft developed before World War II
was a United States Navy tanker, part of the U.S. Reserve Fleet, Beaumont, Texas
was a United States Navy Barracuda-class submarine during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
USS Counsel (AM-165) was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy minesweeper during World War II
was a United States Navy Oxford-class technical research ship following World War II
was a United States Navy during World War I
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy transport and cargo ship during World War II
was a United States Navy yacht during World War I
The 165 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force Air Defence Operations Command, Republic of Singapore Air Force
In transportation
British Rail Class 165
The Blériot 165 was a French four-engine biplane airliner of the early 1920s
The Cessna 165 single-engine plane of the 1930s
LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165, en route from Warsaw to Cracow Balice airport crashed during a snowstorm on April 2, 1969
In other fields
165 is also:
The year AD 165 or 165 BC
165 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 781 – 782 CE
The atomic number of an element temporarily called Unhexpentium
G.165 is a Telecommunicat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20lattice
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Artificial lattice is a term encompassing every atomic-scale structures designed and controlled to confine electrons onto a chosen lattice. Research has been done on multiple geometries and one of the most notable being what is called molecular graphene (in order to mimic graphene structure). Molecular graphene is a part of two-dimensional artificial lattices.
Artificial lattices can be studied to test theoretical topology predictions or for their engineered electronic proprieties. Those materials should still be considered at a research stage.
Synthesis
Synthesis of such materials is often achieved using Atomic manipulation by scanning tunneling microscope or atomic force microscope. More and more efforts are being made to achieve a similar atomic precision with focused electron beams. Those methods aren't adapted for a mass production of nanostructures as each molecule has to be moved one by one. To solve this issue, new methods of synthesize those compounds are being researched such as chemical bottom-up synthesis.
Currently, multiple methods, often complementary, exist for synthesizing such materials :
Patterning of electron gas extension : this is the method used when the lattice is built from adsorbates over Cu(111) surfaces.
Using localized orbitals from the atomic sites.
In the case of molecular graphene, carbon monoxide molecules on Cu(111) surface can be used. Other materials have been shown to be suitable for making molecular graphene suchlike Coronene. Substrates such as Cu(111) are interesting because they have a 2D free-electron-like surface state. If CO molecules are placed onto appropriate positions, as the Cu(111) surface state is scattered from the CO molecules, the surface state electron gas can be confined onto different geometries (e.g. a honeycomb).
Proprieties
The main interest of artificial lattice is that its lattice proprieties (such as the lattice spacing) can be precisely controlled. In the case of molecular graphene, similarit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20value%20of%20coal
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The energy value of coal, or fuel content, is the amount of potential energy coal contains that can be converted into heat. This value can be calculated and compared with different grades of coal and other combustible materials, which produce different amounts of heat according to their grade.
While chemistry provides ways of calculating the heating value of a certain amount of a substance, there is a difference between this theoretical value and its application to real coal. The grade of a sample of coal does not precisely define its chemical composition, so calculating the coal's actual usefulness as a fuel requires determining its proximate and ultimate analysis (see "Chemical Composition" below).
Chemical composition
Chemical composition of the coal is defined in terms of its proximate and ultimate (elemental) analyses. The parameters of proximate analysis are moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon. Elemental or ultimate analysis encompasses the quantitative determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen within the coal. Additionally, specific physical and mechanical properties of coal and particular carbonization properties
The calorific value Q of coal [kJ/kg] is the heat liberated by its complete combustion with oxygen. Q is a complex function of the elemental composition of the coal. Q can be determined experimentally using calorimeters. Dulong suggests the following approximate formula for Q when the oxygen content is less than 10%:
Q = 337C + 1442(H - O/8) + 93S,
where C is the mass percent of carbon, H is the mass percent of hydrogen, O is the mass percent of oxygen, and S is the mass percent of sulfur in the coal. With these constants, Q is given in kilojoules per kilogram.
See also
Coal assay techniques
Energies per unit mass
Heat of combustion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Phytopathological%20Society
|
The American Phytopathological Society (APS) is an international scientific organization devoted to the study of plant diseases (phytopathology). APS promotes the advancement of modern concepts in the science of plant pathology and in plant health management in agricultural, urban and forest settings.
The Society has nearly 5,000 plant pathologists and scientists worldwide. It is the oldest and largest organization of its type in the world. It is also a member of the International Society for Plant Pathology.
APS provides information on the latest developments and research advances in plant health science through its journals and its publishing arm, APS Press.
APS advocates and participates in the exchange of plant health information with public policy makers and the larger scientific community, and it provides advice on education and training.
History
The society was founded in December 1908 by a group led by Cornelius Lott Shear. The first regular meeting was held in December 1909. It was the first scientific organization in the world to be devoted exclusively to phytopathology.
In 1929, its Canadian Phytopathological division was spun off into an independent organization, the Canadian Phytopathological Society.
Journals
The society began publishing scientific peer-reviewed research in 1911 and today publishes five journals in the area of plant pathology:
Phytopathology
Plant Disease
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
Plant Health Progress
Plant Health Instructor
Phytobiomes Journal
Awards
The society gives a number of awards, designated by the National Research Council (United States) as "prestigious."
Ruth Allen Award has been given since 1966 to outstanding researchers in plant pathology. The award is named after Ruth F. Allen 1879–1963, a researcher in rust fungi and the first woman to receive a PhD in botany from the University of Wisconsin. It is distinct from the Ruth Allen Award established in 2005 by the Pipeline Industries Gui
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi%20language
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Koyee (कोयी) is a Sino-Tibetan language belonging to the Kiranti languages spoken in the Khotang district of Nepal. Like other Kiranti languages, it displays a fairly complex system of person-marking and stem alternations. The term "Koyee" has dual significance, describing both a language and a tribe. Its origins trace back to various sources. According to records from 2015 BS, the term could have been derived from "kuyama" (IPA- kujämä), words in the Koyee language that mean "dark." This might be connected to the location of Sungdel on the hill 'Lourya,' which seems to be dark. The people residing in this shadowy area came to be known as the Koyee tribe, and the language they spoke became known as Koyee language. Over time, phonological changes, such as the shift from "u" to "o(backness)" have contributed to the evolution of the term. Koyee people who settle down in easter side of Nepal are known as Koyu (कोयू).
Alternate spellings and names are Kohi, Koi B.ʌʔ’, Koyee, Koyi, Koyu.
Geographical distribution
Koyee is spoken in Sungdel (near Rawakhola headwaters) and Dipsung VDC's, northeastern Khotang District, Koshi Province, Nepal (Ethnologue).
Phonology
Vowels
While using Devanagari script long vowel is denoted by using /ः/ instead of using long diacritics (दीर्घ मात्रा)and to denote nasal sound / ँ/ is been used.
Consonants
Glotta stop is one of the consonants of Koyu/Koyee(Koi) language which is represent by using .
To write Koyu/Koyee language Devanagari lipi or Kirat Sirijunga lipi is used.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damping
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In physical systems, damping is the loss of energy of an oscillating system by dissipation. Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing or preventing its oscillation. Examples of damping include viscous damping in a fluid (see viscous drag), surface friction, radiation, resistance in electronic oscillators, and absorption and scattering of light in optical oscillators. Damping not based on energy loss can be important in other oscillating systems such as those that occur in biological systems and bikes (ex. Suspension (mechanics)). Damping is not to be confused with friction, which is a type of dissipative force acting on a system. Friction can cause or be a factor of damping.
The damping ratio is a dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance. Many systems exhibit oscillatory behavior when they are disturbed from their position of static equilibrium. A mass suspended from a spring, for example, might, if pulled and released, bounce up and down. On each bounce, the system tends to return to its equilibrium position, but overshoots it. Sometimes losses (e.g. frictional) damp the system and can cause the oscillations to gradually decay in amplitude towards zero or attenuate. The damping ratio is a measure describing how rapidly the oscillations decay from one bounce to the next.
The damping ratio is a system parameter, denoted by ("zeta"), that can vary from undamped (), underdamped () through critically damped () to overdamped ().
The behaviour of oscillating systems is often of interest in a diverse range of disciplines that include control engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, structural engineering, and electrical engineering. The physical quantity that is oscillating varies greatly, and could be the swaying of a tall building in the wind, or the speed of an electric motor, but a normalised, or non-dimensionalised approach can be convenient in descr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Data%20Base%20for%20Exchange%20Processes%20at%20the%20Deep%20Sea%20Floor
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The Atlantic Data Base for Exchange Processes at the Deep Sea Floor (ADEPD) was a marine research project funded by the EU from 1998 to 2000 as part of MAST III (Marine Science and Technology Programme). The project was coordinated by Prof. Dr. Karin Lochte at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde with contributions of ten European partners and one institute from the US.
The aim of the ADEPD project was to build up a joint data base for deep sea biological and geochemical data from a variety of sources and to conduct a preliminary geographical analysis of these data. Emphasis was on the North Atlantic, since from this area most data are available and it is the most perturbed deep sea region due to human activities. 1775 published and unpublished data sets were collected in two years. This was the first project which has compiled a data base from existing deep sea data, long-term archived and accessible to the scientific community.
Evaluation of the data collection showed that data are clustered in some well investigated areas of the Atlantic, but large regions are devoid of data like the Mid Atlantic Ridge, parts of the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean. In particular biological data from the deep sea are much more scarce than geochemical ones, since many biological data from past investigations are not accessible in a suitable form at present. Most deep sea research projects did not carry out geochemical and biological studies at the same locations. Therefore, statistical comparisons between biological and geochemical data are still difficult despite the high total amount of data gathered. Different methods employed for the determination of one variable further complicate the matter. One of the major achievements of ADEP was to convert different measurements to common units. This allowed to investigate relationships between different chemical measurements, groups of organisms and turnover rates.
Two very different approaches to estimate the t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV%20coloration%20in%20flowers
|
UV coloration is a natural phenomenon that leads to unique interactions between organisms that have evolved the ability to perceive these wavelengths of light. It serves as one method to attract pollinators to the flower along with scent, shape, and nectar quality. Flowers are known for their range of visible colors that humans can see with their eyes and observe an array of different shades and patterns. The naked eye cannot see the ultraviolet coloration many flowers employ to bring attention to themselves. By either reflecting or absorbing UV light waves, flowers are able to communicate with pollinators. This allows plants that may require an animal pollinator to stand out from other flowers or distinguish where their flowers are in a muddied background of other plant parts. For the plant, it is important to share and receive pollen so they can reproduce, maintain their ecological role, and guide the evolutionary history of the population.
Background
Ultraviolet light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that ranges in wavelengths from 10 nm to 400 nm. This wavelength is shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays. As it sits on the lower edge of visible light, is what gives its name. The most effective wavelength of UV light is approximately 250 nm. It was discovered in 1801 by German scientist Johann Wilhelm Ritter when he noticed that paper soaked with silver chloride darkened faster than regular paper when hit by sunlight. Then in 1878, UV light was first observed to have the ability to kill bacteria which led to understanding how UV can damage cells and mutate DNA in 1960. At that point they began to refer to it as “ionizing radiation” for the harmful impacts the shorter wavelengths exhibited. Also it can be used in microscopy as a tag known by Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to track development and movement of structures within the cell when shined under UV emitting lightbulbs. Ultraviolet light has positive effects such as vitamin-D production
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Carroll
|
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson ( ; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, poet, mathematician and photographer. His most notable works are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility with word play, logic, and fantasy. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) and The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in the genre of literary nonsense.
Carroll came from a family of high-church Anglicans, and developed a long relationship with Christ Church, Oxford, where he lived for most of his life as a scholar and teacher. Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Church – is widely identified as the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this.
An avid puzzler, Carroll created the word ladder puzzle (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 and 1881. In 1982 a memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled at Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works.
Early life
Dodgson's family was predominantly northern English, conservative, and high-church Anglican. Most of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican clergymen. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin in rural Ireland. His paternal grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, killed in action in Ireland in 1803, when his two sons were hardly more than babies. The older of these sons, yet another Charles Dodgson, was Carroll's father. He went to Westminster School and then to Christ Church, Oxford. He reverted to the other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career. Instead, he
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20URL%20Shortener
|
Google URL Shortener, also known as goo.gl, was a URL shortening service owned by Google. It was launched in December 2009, initially used for Google Toolbar and Feedburner. The company launched a separate website, goo.gl, in September 2010.
Google has replaced the service internally with Firebase Dynamic Links which is now used to shorten links for Google Maps and Google Workspace products.
The user could access a list of URLs that had been shortened in the past after logging in to their Google Account. Real-time analytics data, including traffic over time, top referrers, and visitor profiles was recorded. For security, Google added automatic spam system detection based on the same type of filtering technology used in Gmail.
The service has not been accepting new users since April 13, 2018 and Google discontinued the service for existing users on March 30, 2019. Links previously created still redirect to their previous destination. It was succeeded by Firebase Dynamic Links, but existing links did not become Dynamic Links automatically.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bklyner
|
Bklyner (pronounced "Brooklyner", often stylized in all-caps) is a hyper-local news site from the borough of Brooklyn in New York City.
It has been described as "telling the stories considered too small for the major newspapers to bother with." Exclusives such as a 27,000 gallon oil spill "that the authorities had not made public" led to legal changes.
Major New York City newspapers such the New York Daily News and the New York Post cite their information as a source.
History
The site began in 2017 when several hyper-local sites merged into one. The publication mostly publishes material online, but has also published printed newspapers.
A neighborhood news website named Ditmas Park Corner, after five years on its own, was folded into Bklyner. Prior to merging into Bklyner, Ditmas Park Corner funded paying a reporter to walk around the neighborhood.
On 26 August 2021, editor Liena Zagare announced that Bklyner would cease publication on 10 September 2021 after over 50000 articles, citing financial sustainability issues and a burnout caused in particular by the two years prior.
Funding
Bklyner, although it carries ads, in 2017 "cut its staff from six full-time reporters to two-and-a-half, primarily because ad revenue had fallen" and also sought "paying subscribers, even though the site remains free." As of early 2020, ads and subscribers was still the support model for free access.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20physics
|
Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. It overlaps with petrophysics, which focuses on whole-rock properties. It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of seismic waves, gravity anomalies, geomagnetic fields and electromagnetic fields in terms of properties in the deep interior of the Earth. This information can be used to provide insights into plate tectonics, mantle convection, the geodynamo and related phenomena.
Laboratory work in mineral physics require high pressure measurements. The most common tool is a diamond anvil cell, which uses diamonds to put a small sample under pressure that can approach the conditions in the Earth's interior.
Creating high pressures
Shock compression
Many of the pioneering studies in mineral physics involved explosions or projectiles that subject a sample to a shock. For a brief time interval, the sample is under pressure as the shock wave passes through. Pressures as high as any in the Earth have been achieved by this method. However, the method has some disadvantages. The pressure is very non-uniform and is not adiabatic, so the pressure wave heats the sample up in passing. The conditions of the experiment must be interpreted in terms of a set of pressure-density curves called Hugoniot curves.
Multi-anvil press
Multi-anvil presses involve an arrangement of anvils to concentrate pressure from a press onto a sample. Typically the apparatus uses an arrangement eight cube-shaped tungsten carbide anvils to compress a ceramic octahedron containing the sample and a ceramic or Re metal furnace. The anvils are typically placed in a large hydraulic press. The method was developed by Kawai and Endo in Japan. Unlike shock compression, the pressure exerted is steady, and the sample can be heated using a furnace. Pressures of about 28 GPa (equivalent to depths of 840 km), and temperatures above 2300 °C, can be attained using WC anvils and a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma%20subsampling
|
Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for chroma information than for luma information, taking advantage of the human visual system's lower acuity for color differences than for luminance.
It is used in many video and still image encoding schemesboth analog and digitalincluding in JPEG encoding.
Rationale
Digital signals are often compressed to reduce file size and save transmission time. Since the human visual system is much more sensitive to variations in brightness than color, a video system can be optimized by devoting more bandwidth to the luma component (usually denoted Y'), than to the color difference components Cb and Cr. In compressed images, for example, the 4:2:2 Y'CbCr scheme requires two-thirds the bandwidth of non-subsampled "4:4:4" R'G'B'. This reduction results in almost no visual difference as perceived by the viewer.
How subsampling works
The human vision system (HVS) processes color information, meaning hue and colorfulness, at about a third of the resolution of luminance, meaning the lightness/darkness information in an image. Therefore it is possible to sample color information at a lower resolution while maintaining good image quality.
This is achieved by encoding RGB image data into a composite black and white image, with separated color difference data (chroma). For example with , gamma encoded components are weighted and then summed together to create the luma component. The color difference components are created by subtracting two of the weighted components from the third. A variety of filtering methods can be used to limit the resolution.
Regarding gamma and transfer functions
Gamma encoded luma should not be confused with linear luminance . The presence of gamma encoding is denoted with the prime symbol . In very early video systems, gamma-correction was necessary due to the nonlinear response of a cathode-ray tube (CRT).
While CRTs are no longer widely used, gamma or electro-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman%27s%20packing%20puzzle
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Hoffman's packing puzzle is an assembly puzzle named after Dean G. Hoffman, who described it in 1978. The puzzle consists of 27 identical rectangular cuboids, each of whose edges have three different lengths. Its goal is to assemble them all to fit within a cube whose edge length is the sum of the three lengths.
writes that the first person to solve the puzzle was David A. Klarner, and that typical solution times can range from 20 minutes to multiple hours.
Construction
The puzzle itself consists only of 27 identical rectangular cuboid-shaped blocks, although physical realizations of the puzzle also typically supply a cubical box to fit the blocks into. If the three lengths of the block edges are , , and , then the cube should have edge length .
Although the puzzle can be constructed with any three different edge lengths, it is most difficult when the three edge lengths of the blocks are close enough together that , as this prevents alternative solutions in which four blocks of the minimum width are packed next to each other. Additionally, having the three lengths form an arithmetic progression can make it more confusing, because in this case placing three blocks of the middle width next to each other produces a row of the correct total width but one that cannot lead to a valid solution to the whole puzzle.
Mathematical analysis
Each valid solution to the puzzle arranges the blocks in an approximate grid of blocks, with the sides of the blocks all parallel to the sides of the outer cube, and with one block of each width along each axis-parallel line of three blocks. Counting reflections and rotations as being the same solution as each other, the puzzle has 21 combinatorially distinct solutions.
The total volume of the pieces, , is less than the volume of the cube that they pack into. If one takes the cube root of both volumes, and divides by three, then the number obtained in this way from the total volume of the pieces is the geometric mean of , , and , whil
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