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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile%20Borel
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Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel (; 7 January 1871 – 3 February 1956) was a French mathematician and politician. As a mathematician, he was known for his founding work in the areas of measure theory and probability.
Biography
Borel was born in Saint-Affrique, Aveyron, the son of a Protestant pastor. He studied at the Collège Sainte-Barbe and Lycée Louis-le-Grand before applying to both the École normale supérieure and the École Polytechnique. He qualified in the first position for both and chose to attend the former institution in 1889. That year he also won the concours général, an annual national mathematics competition. After graduating in 1892, he placed first in the agrégation, a competitive civil service examination leading to the position of professeur agrégé. His thesis, published in 1893, was titled Sur quelques points de la théorie des fonctions ("On some points in the theory of functions"). That year, Borel started a four-year stint as a lecturer at the University of Lille, during which time he published 22 research papers. He returned to the École normale supérieure in 1897, and was appointed to the chair of theory of functions, which he held until 1941.
In 1901, Borel married 17-year-old Marguerite, the daughter of colleague Paul Émile Appel; she later wrote more than 30 novels under the pseudonym Camille Marbo. Émile Borel died in Paris on 3 February 1956.
Work
Along with René-Louis Baire and Henri Lebesgue, Émile Borel was among the pioneers of measure theory and its application to probability theory. The concept of a Borel set is named in his honor. One of his books on probability introduced the amusing thought experiment that entered popular culture under the name infinite monkey theorem or the like. He also published a series of papers (1921–1927) that first defined games of strategy. John von Neumann objected to this assignment of priority in a letter to Econometrica published in 1953 where he asserted that Borel could not have defined games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9%20de%20m%C3%A9canique%20c%C3%A9leste
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Traité de mécanique céleste () is a five-volume treatise on celestial mechanics written by Pierre-Simon Laplace and published from 1798 to 1825 with a second edition in 1829. In 1842, the government of Louis Philippe gave a grant of 40,000 francs for a 7-volume national edition of the Oeuvres de Laplace (1843–1847); the Traité de mécanique céleste with its four supplements occupies the first 5 volumes.
Tome I. (1798)
Livre I. Des lois générales de l'équilibre et du mouvement
Chap. I. De l'équilibre et de la composition des forces qui agissent sur un point matériel
Chap. II. Du mouvement d'un point matériel
Chap. III. De l'équilibre d'un système de corps
Chap. IV. De l'équilibre des fluides
Chap. V. Principes généraux du mouvement d'un système de corps
Chap. VI. Des lois du mouvement d'un système de corps, dans toutes les relations mathématiquement possibles entre la force et la vitesse
Chat. VII. Des mouvemens d'un corps solide de figure quelconque
Chap. VIII. Du mouvement des fluides
Livre II. De la loi pesanteur universelle, et du mouvement des centres de gravité des corps célestes
Tome II. (1798)
Livre III. De la figure des corps céleste
Livre IV. Des oscillations de la mer et de l'atmosphère
Livre V. Des mouvemens des corps célestes, autour de leurs propre centres de gravité
Tome III. (1802)
Livre VI. Théorie particulières des mouvemens célestes
Livre VII. Théorie de la lune
Tome IV. (1805)
Livre VIII. Théorie des satellites de Jupiter, de Saturne et d'Uranus
Livre IX. Théorie des comètes
Livre X. Sur différens points relatifs au système du monde
Tome V. (1825)
Livre XI. De la figure et de la rotation de la terre
Livre XII. De l'attraction et de la répulsion des sphères, et des lois de l'equilibre et du mouvement des fluides élastiques
Livre XIII. Des oscillations des fluides qui recouvrent les planètes
Livre XIV. Des mouvemens des corps célestes autour de leurs centres de gravité
Livre XV. Du mouvement des planètes et des comètes
Li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartz%20Prize
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The Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience, established in 2008, is an annual award supported by the Swartz Foundation and administered by the Society for Neuroscience. The award "honors an individual whose activities have produced a significant cumulative contribution to theoretical models or computational methods in neuroscience or who has made a particularly noteworthy recent advance in theoretical or computational neuroscience." The winner receives a cash prize of US$25,000 and expenses to attend the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting.
Awardees
Source: Society for Neuroscience
2008: Wilfrid Rall
2009: Horace Barlow
2010: Larry Abbott
2011: Haim Sompolinsky
2012: John J. Hopfield
2013: William S. Bialek
2014: Tomaso Poggio
2015: Terry Sejnowski
2016: Nancy Kopell
2017:
2018: Kenneth D. Miller
2019: John Rinzel
2020: Emery N. Brown
2021: Nicolas Brunel
2022: Ila R. Fiete
See also
List of neuroscience awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20subspace
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In mathematics, an invariant subspace of a linear mapping T : V → V i.e. from some vector space V to itself, is a subspace W of V that is preserved by T. More generally, an invariant subspace for a collection of linear mappings is a subspace preserved by each mapping individually.
For a single operator
Consider a vector space and a linear map A subspace is called an invariant subspace for , or equivalently, -invariant, if transforms any vector back into . In formulas, this can be writtenor
In this case, restricts to an endomorphism of :
The existence of an invariant subspace also has a matrix formulation. Pick a basis C for W and complete it to a basis B of V. With respect to , the operator has form for some and .
Examples
Any linear map admits the following invariant subspaces:
The vector space , because maps every vector in into
The set , because .
These are the trivial invariant subspaces. Certain linear operators have no non-trivial invariant subspace: for instance, rotation of a two-dimensional real vector space. However, the axis of a rotation in three dimensions is always an invariant subspace.
1-dimensional subspaces
If is a 1-dimensional invariant subspace for operator with vector , then the vectors and must be linearly dependent. Thus In fact, the scalar does not depend on .
The equation above formulates an eigenvalue problem. Any eigenvector for spans a 1-dimensional invariant subspace, and vice-versa. In particular, an nonzero invariant vector (i.e. a fixed point of T) spans an invariant subspace of dimension 1.
As a consequence of the fundamental theorem of algebra, every linear operator on a nonzero finite-dimensional complex vector space has an eigenvector. Therefore, every such linear operator has a non-trivial invariant subspace.
Diagonalization via projections
Determining whether a given subspace W is invariant under T is ostensibly a problem of geometric nature. Matrix representation allows one to phr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic%20jump
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A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's initial kinetic energy into an increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost through turbulence to heat. In an open channel flow, this manifests as the fast flow rapidly slowing and piling up on top of itself similar to how a shockwave forms.
It was first observed and documented by Leonardo da Vinci in the 1500s. The mathematics were first described by Giorgio Bidone of Turin University when he published a paper in 1820 called Experiences sur le remou et sur la propagation des ondes.
The phenomenon is dependent upon the initial fluid speed. If the initial speed of the fluid is below the critical speed, then no jump is possible. For initial flow speeds which are not significantly above the critical speed, the transition appears as an undulating wave. As the initial flow speed increases further, the transition becomes more abrupt, until at high enough speeds, the transition front will break and curl back upon itself. When this happens, the jump can be accompanied by violent turbulence, eddying, air entrainment, and surface undulations, or waves.
There are two main manifestations of hydraulic jumps and historically different terminology has been used for each. However, the mechanisms behind them are similar because they are simply variations of each other seen from different frames of reference, and so the physics and analysis techniques can be used for both types.
The different manifestations are:
The stationary hydraulic jump – rapidly flowing water transitions in a stationary jump to slowly moving water as shown in Figures 1 and 2.
The tidal bore – a wall or undulating wave of water
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn%20ethanol
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Corn ethanol is ethanol produced from corn biomass and is the main source of ethanol fuel in the United States, mandated to be blended with gasoline in the Renewable Fuel Standard. Corn ethanol is produced by ethanol fermentation and distillation. It is debatable whether the production and use of corn ethanol results in lower greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline. Approximately 45% of U.S. corn croplands are used for ethanol production.
Uses
Since 2001, corn ethanol production has increased by more than several times. Out of 9.50 billions of bushels of corn produced in 2001, 0.71 billions of bushels were used to produce corn ethanol. Compared to 2018, out of 14.62 billions of bushels of corn produced, 5.60 billion bushels were used to produce corn ethanol, reported by the United States Department of Energy. Overall, 94% of ethanol in the United States is produced from corn.
Currently, corn ethanol is mainly used in blends with gasoline to create mixtures such as E10, E15, and E85. Ethanol is mixed into more than 98% of United States gasoline to reduce air pollution. Corn ethanol is used as an oxygenate when mixed with gasoline. E10 and E15 can be used in all engines without modification. However, blends like E85, with a much greater ethanol content, require significant modifications to be made before an engine can run on the mixture without damaging the engine. Some vehicles that currently use E85 fuel, also called flex fuel, include, the Ford Focus, Dodge Durango, and Toyota Tundra, among others.
The future use of corn ethanol as a main gasoline replacement is unknown. Corn ethanol has yet to be proven to be as cost effective as gasoline due to corn ethanol being much more expensive to create compared to gasoline. Corn ethanol has to go through an extensive milling process before it can be used as a fuel source. One major drawback with corn ethanol, is the energy returned on energy invested (EROI), meaning the energy outputted in comparison to the energy requ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn%20sign
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Inn signs have a history that extends beyond the Middle Ages, when many houses were identified by a sign, often a heraldic charge, which signified that the premises were under the special care of a nobleman, or a vivid image that impressed itself on the memory. The ruins of Herculaneum and Pompeii reveal that most of their street-front shops displayed an identifying sign outside.
In Ireland and the United Kingdom especially, the tradition, by which publicans were obliged to identify their premises by a sign, dating from the reign of Richard II, is carried on today. A selection of inn signs carved on slabs and rescued after the Great Fire of London is preserved in the Guildhall.
External links
http://www.breweryartists.co.uk/ History of a now defunct studio and examples of painted signs
Notes
Signage
Pubs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decidable%20sublanguages%20of%20set%20theory
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In mathematical logic, various sublanguages of set theory are decidable. These include:
Sets with Monotone, Additive, and Multiplicative Functions.
Sets with restricted quantifiers.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20H.%20Coulter%20Department%20of%20Biomedical%20Engineering
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The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering is a department in the Emory University School of Medicine, Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, and Peking University College of Engineering dedicated to the study of and research in biomedical engineering, and is named after the pioneering engineer and Georgia Tech alumnus Wallace H. Coulter. The graduate program has consistently ranked 2nd in USNWR rankings, while the undergraduate program ranks 1st in USNWR rankings.
History
Establishment
Georgia Tech Provost and Vice President Michael E. Thomas and the Emory Dean of Medicine Thomas J. Lawley established an Advisory Committee of Georgia Tech and Emory faculty to address new opportunities in biomedical engineering. The Committee met initially on June 2, 1997 and was charged to develop a set of recommendations for an innovative and unique Department of Biomedical Engineering that is joint with Georgia Tech and Emory and that will enable both institutions to maximize research and educational opportunities in fields of intersecting biomedical interest. The Committee was required to report to Drs. Thomas and Lawley no later than August 15, 1997.
Naming
Recognized as one of the most influential inventors of the twentieth century, Wallace Coulter studied electronics as a student at Georgia Tech in the early 1930s.
Recognition
The National Academy of Engineering awarded three professors in this department, Wendy C. Newstetter, Joseph M. Le Doux, and Paul Benkeser, with the 2019 Bernard M. Gordon Prize for Innovation in Engineering and Technology Education. They were recognized for "fusing problem-driven engineering education with learning science principles to create a pioneering program that develops leaders in biomedical engineering.”
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer
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In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər; from Ancient Greek ἐνάντιος (enántios) 'opposite', and μέρος (méros) 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are non-superposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like one's right and left hands; without mirroring one of them, hands cannot be superposed onto each other. No amount of reorientation in three spatial dimensions will allow the four unique groups on the chiral carbon (see chirality) to line up exactly. The number of stereoisomers a molecule has can be determined by the number of chiral carbons it has. Stereoisomers include both enantiomers and diastereomers.
Diastereomers, like enantiomers, share the same molecular formula and are non-superposable onto each other; however, they are not mirror images of each other.
A molecule with chirality rotates plane-polarized light. A mixture of equal amounts of each enantiomer, a racemic mixture or a racemate, does not rotate light.
Naming conventions
There are three common naming conventions for specifying one of the two enantiomers (the absolute configuration) of a given chiral molecule: the R/S system is based on the geometry of the molecule; the (+)- and (−)- system (also written using the obsolete equivalents d- and l-) is based on its optical rotation properties; and the D/L system is based on the molecule's relationship to enantiomers of glyceraldehyde.
The R/S system is based on the molecule's geometry with respect to a chiral center. The R/S system is assigned to a molecule based on the priority rules assigned by Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, in which the group or atom with the largest atomic number is assigned the highest priority and the group or atom with the smallest atomic number is assigned the lowest priority.
The (+)- and (−)- is used to specify a molecule's optical rotation — the direction that the molecule rotates in polarized light. When
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20systems%20management%20systems
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This is a list of notable systems management systems.
Overview
See also
Configuration management
Comparison of network monitoring systems
Comparison of open source configuration management software
Systems management
Systems management
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redis
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Redis (; Remote Dictionary Server) is an open-source in-memory storage, used as a distributed, in-memory key–value database, cache and message broker, with optional durability. Because it holds all data in memory and because of its design, Redis offers low-latency reads and writes, making it particularly suitable for use cases that require a cache. Redis is the most popular NoSQL database, and one of the most popular databases overall. Redis is used in companies like Twitter, Airbnb, Tinder, Yahoo, Adobe, Hulu, Amazon and OpenAi.
Redis supports different kinds of abstract data structures, such as strings, lists, maps, sets, sorted sets, HyperLogLogs, bitmaps, streams, and spatial indices.
The project was developed and maintained by Salvatore Sanfilippo, starting in 2009. From 2015 until 2020, he led a project core team sponsored by Redis Labs. Salvatore Sanfilippo left Redis as the maintainer in 2020. In 2021 Redis Labs dropped the Labs from its name and now is known simply as "Redis".
Redis is released under a BSD 3-clause license.
History
The name Redis means Remote Dictionary Server. The Redis project began when Salvatore Sanfilippo, nicknamed antirez, the original developer of Redis, was trying to improve the scalability of his Italian startup, developing a real-time web log analyzer. After encountering significant problems in scaling some types of workloads using traditional database systems, Sanfilippo began in 2009 to prototype a first proof of concept version of Redis in Tcl. Later Sanfilippo translated that prototype to the C language and implemented the first data type, the list. After a few weeks of using the project internally with success, Sanfilippo decided to open source it, announcing the project on Hacker News. The project began to get traction, particularly among the Ruby community, with GitHub and Instagram being among the first companies adopting it.
Sanfilippo was hired by VMware in March, 2010.
In May, 2013, Redis was sponsored by Pivot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementarity%20%28molecular%20biology%29
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In molecular biology, complementarity describes a relationship between two structures each following the lock-and-key principle. In nature complementarity is the base principle of DNA replication and transcription as it is a property shared between two DNA or RNA sequences, such that when they are aligned antiparallel to each other, the nucleotide bases at each position in the sequences will be complementary, much like looking in the mirror and seeing the reverse of things. This complementary base pairing allows cells to copy information from one generation to another and even find and repair damage to the information stored in the sequences.
The degree of complementarity between two nucleic acid strands may vary, from complete complementarity (each nucleotide is across from its opposite) to no complementarity (each nucleotide is not across from its opposite) and determines the stability of the sequences to be together. Furthermore, various DNA repair functions as well as regulatory functions are based on base pair complementarity. In biotechnology, the principle of base pair complementarity allows the generation of DNA hybrids between RNA and DNA, and opens the door to modern tools such as cDNA libraries.
While most complementarity is seen between two separate strings of DNA or RNA, it is also possible for a sequence to have internal complementarity resulting in the sequence binding to itself in a folded configuration.
DNA and RNA base pair complementarity
Complementarity is achieved by distinct interactions between nucleobases: adenine, thymine (uracil in RNA), guanine and cytosine. Adenine and guanine are purines, while thymine, cytosine and uracil are pyrimidines. Purines are larger than pyrimidines. Both types of molecules complement each other and can only base pair with the opposing type of nucleobase. In nucleic acid, nucleobases are held together by hydrogen bonding, which only works efficiently between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip%20bands%20in%20metals
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Slip bands or stretcher-strain marks are localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing stresses. Formation of slip bands indicates a concentrated unidirectional slip on certain planes causing a stress concentration. Typically, slip bands induce surface steps (e.g., roughness due persistent slip bands during fatigue) and a stress concentration which can be a crack nucleation site. Slip bands extend until impinged by a boundary, and the generated stress from dislocations pile-up against that boundary will either stop or transmit the operating slip depening on its (mis)orientation.
Formation of slip bands under cyclic conditions is addressed as persistent slip bands (PSBs) where formation under monotonic condition is addressed as dislocation planar arrays (or simply slip-bands, see Slip bands in the absence of cyclic loading section). Slip-bands can be simply viewed as boundary sliding due to dislocation glide that lacks (the complexity of ) PSBs high plastic deformation localisation manifested by tongue- and ribbon-like extrusion. And, where PSBs normally studied with (effective) Burgers vector aligned with the extrusion plane because a PSB extends across the grain and exacerbates during fatigue; a monotonic slip-band has a Burger’s vector for propagation and another for plane extrusions both controlled by the conditions at the tip.
Persistent slip bands (PSBs)
Persistent slip-bands (PSBs) are associated with strain localisation due to fatigue in metals and cracking on the same plane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulation were used to reveal and understand dislocations type and arrangement/patterns to relate it to the sub-surface structure. PSB – ladder structure – is formed mainly from low-density channels of mobile gliding screw dislocation segments and high-density walls of dipolar edge dislocation segments piled up with tangled bowing-out edge segment and different sizes of d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic%20flag
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A diplomatic flag is a flag used by a sovereign state engaging in diplomacy which is different from the nation's normal national flag. Some nations also have personal flags that are used by their diplomatic representatives, such as the U.S. Foreign Service flags.
National diplomatic flags
Currently, only two nations use diplomatic flags: Thailand (formerly Siam) (but According to flag law, this flag does not have national meaning completely unlike the Naval ensign). and the United Kingdom. Different flags are used based upon the diplomatic rank of the mission. British High Commissions do not use diplomatic flags but rather the normal flag of the United Kingdom, since members of the Commonwealth are not considered 'foreign' by the government of the United Kingdom.
Thailand
United Kingdom
Historical national diplomatic flags
Siam
Sweden and Norway
The members of the union between Sweden and Norway each had their own separate national flags, however they also had a flag named the Union mark, which was used as the flag of the common diplomatic representations of both countries abroad.
Personal diplomatic and consular flags
United Kingdom
United States
Historical personal diplomatic flags
United Kingdom
Yugoslavia
The flag for the accredited representatives of the state (diplomats and heads of consular missions) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was similar to the civil ensign, that is the national flag in 2:3 ratio.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20of%20interface
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In telecommunications a point of interface (POI) is used to show the physical interface between two different carriers, such as a local exchange carrier (LEC) and a wireless carrier, or an LEC and an IntereXchange Carrier (IXC). This demarcation point often defines responsibility as well as serving as a point for testing. In many cases, a POI exists as a point of demarcation ("DEMARC") within an LEC building, and is established under "co-location" agreements. A long distance, wireless, or competitive local carrier "rents" space at the local telephone (usually tandem switch) location.
This space is physically a "cage" in which a device for interconnecting telecom services is installed. This device was originally a wire frame with one side being accessed by the LEC, and the other side accessed by the other carrier. In recent years, "electronic frames" such as digital cross connect systems have been used as POI devices. Local exchange services are ordered from the local telephone carrier who delivers the service to their side of the POI. The other carrier then arranges to its own facilities (fiber, or other type of transport) into the POI and transports the service to its own network facilities.
See also
Federal Standard 1037C
Local loop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication%20server
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An authentication server provides a network service that applications use to authenticate the credentials, usually account names and passwords, of their users. When a client submits a valid set of credentials, it receives a cryptographic ticket that it can subsequently use to access various services.
Authentication is used as the basis for authorization, which is the determination whether a privilege may be granted to a particular user or process, privacy, which keeps information from becoming known to non-participants, and non-repudiation, which is the inability to deny having done something that was authorized to be done based on the authentication.
Major authentication algorithms include passwords, Kerberos, and public key encryption.
See also
TACACS+
RADIUS
Multi-factor authentication
Universal 2nd Factor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20signatures%20and%20law
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Worldwide, legislation concerning the effect and validity of electronic signatures, including, but not limited to, cryptographic digital signatures, includes:
Argentina
Ley Nº 25.506 (B.O. 14/12/2001).
Decreto Nº 2628/02 (B.O. 20/12/2002).
Decreto N° 724/06 (B.O. 13/06/06).
Decisión Administrativa N° 927/14 (B.O. 03/11/14).
Bermuda
Electronic Transactions Act 1999
Certification Service Providers (Relevant Criteria and Security Guidelines) Regulations 2002
Brazil
Medida provisória 2.200-2 (Portuguese) - Brazilian law states that any digital document is valid for the law if it is certified by ICP-Brasil (the official Brazilian PKI) or if it is certified by other PKI and the concerned parties agree as to the validity of the document.
Canada
PIPEDA - Canadian law distinguishes between the generic "electronic signature" and the "secure electronic signature". Federal secure electronic signature regulations make it clear that a secure electronic signature is a digital signature created and verified in a specific manner. Canada's Evidence Act contains evidentiary presumptions about both the integrity and validity of electronic documents with attached secure electronic signatures, and of the authenticity of the secure electronic signatures themselves.
China
Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese/English) - The stated purposes include standardizing the conduct of electronic signatures, confirming the legal validity of electronic signatures and safeguarding the legal interests of parties involved in such matters. This law was revised on 23 April 2019 with immediate effect. The revision involves the deletion of the reference to land conveyancing transactions in Article 3, which provides for types of transaction exempted from the law. Accordingly, land conveyancing agreements can now be executed electronically.
Colombia
LEY 527 DE 1999 (agosto 18) por medio de la cual se define y reglamenta el acceso y uso de los mensajes de datos, del c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Joaquin%20Experimental%20Range
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The San Joaquin Experimental Range is an ecosystem research experimental area in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The range is located in O'Neals, California, outside of the Sierra National Forest about north of Fresno, California. The range includes a portion of California grassland and California woodlands with blue oak, interior live oak, and bull pine.
The San Joaquin Experimental Range was established after a statement on the need for an experimental area in the San Joaquin Valley foothills was prepared in 1934. The initial purpose for the San Joaquin Experimental Range was to learn how to better manage these lands and investigate resource and animal husbandry problems associated with maintaining a commercial cattle herd on a year-round basis on the foothill rangelands. San Joaquin lands were purchased in 1934 (), with additional purchases in 1936 () and 1937 (). In 1938, another 64 ha were obtained under authority of the Weeks Forestry Act. Of these, 32 ha have been designated as a Research Natural Area. The San Joaquin is managed cooperatively by the Pacific Southwest Research Station of the United States Forest Service and California State University's Agricultural Foundation, primarily for research and education. Facilities include limited conference facilities, office space, barracks, and storage space available for approved research.
Today, long-term records on livestock gains and herbage yield and utilization are available. Parts of the range have served as a Research Natural Area, protected from fire and ungrazed by domestic livestock since 1934. Remaining portions of the range have been grazed by various classes of livestock during different seasons. Some range units have been modified through the application of fertilizers. Prescribed burning has been used in some units for forage improvement.
A cowherd and facilities at the experimental range also provide opportunities for students to gain practical experience in the commercial cattle indust
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20dichotomy
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In the mathematical theory of dynamical systems, an exponential dichotomy is a property of an equilibrium point that extends the idea of hyperbolicity to non-autonomous systems.
Definition
If
is a linear non-autonomous dynamical system in Rn with fundamental solution matrix Φ(t), Φ(0) = I, then the equilibrium point 0 is said to have an exponential dichotomy if there exists a (constant) matrix P such that P2 = P and positive constants K, L, α, and β such that
and
If furthermore, L = 1/K and β = α, then 0 is said to have a uniform exponential dichotomy.
The constants α and β allow us to define the spectral window of the equilibrium point, (−α, β).
Explanation
The matrix P is a projection onto the stable subspace and I − P is a projection onto the unstable subspace. What the exponential dichotomy says is that the norm of the projection onto the stable subspace of any orbit in the system decays exponentially as t → ∞ and the norm of the projection onto the unstable subspace of any orbit decays exponentially as t → −∞, and furthermore that the stable and unstable subspaces are conjugate (because ).
An equilibrium point with an exponential dichotomy has many of the properties of a hyperbolic equilibrium point in autonomous systems. In fact, it can be shown that a hyperbolic point has an exponential dichotomy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogitBoost
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In machine learning and computational learning theory, LogitBoost is a boosting algorithm formulated by Jerome Friedman, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani.
The original paper casts the AdaBoost algorithm into a statistical framework. Specifically, if one considers AdaBoost as a generalized additive model and then applies the cost function of logistic regression, one can derive the LogitBoost algorithm.
Minimizing the LogitBoost cost function
LogitBoost can be seen as a convex optimization. Specifically, given that we seek an additive model of the form
the LogitBoost algorithm minimizes the logistic loss:
See also
Gradient boosting
Logistic model tree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiopharmacology
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Radiopharmacology is radiochemistry applied to medicine and thus the pharmacology of radiopharmaceuticals (medicinal radiocompounds, that is, pharmaceutical drugs that are radioactive). Radiopharmaceuticals are used in the field of nuclear medicine as radioactive tracers in medical imaging and in therapy for many diseases (for example, brachytherapy). Many radiopharmaceuticals use technetium-99m (Tc-99m) which has many useful properties as a gamma-emitting tracer nuclide. In the book Technetium a total of 31 different radiopharmaceuticals based on Tc-99m are listed for imaging and functional studies of the brain, myocardium, thyroid, lungs, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, skeleton, blood and tumors.
The term radioisotope, which in its general sense refers to any radioactive isotope (radionuclide), has historically been used to refer to all radiopharmaceuticals, and this usage remains common. Technically, however, many radiopharmaceuticals incorporate a radioactive tracer atom into a larger pharmaceutically-active molecule, which is localized in the body, after which the radionuclide tracer atom allows it to be easily detected with a gamma camera or similar gamma imaging device. An example is fludeoxyglucose in which fluorine-18 is incorporated into deoxyglucose. Some radioisotopes (for example gallium-67, gallium-68, and radioiodine) are used directly as soluble ionic salts, without further modification. This use relies on the chemical and biological properties of the radioisotope itself, to localize it within the body.
History
See nuclear medicine.
Production
Production of a radiopharmaceutical involves two processes:
The production of the radionuclide on which the pharmaceutical is based.
The preparation and packaging of the complete radiopharmaceutical.
Radionuclides used in radiopharmaceuticals are mostly radioactive isotopes of elements with atomic numbers less than that of bismuth, that is, they are radioactive isotopes of elements that also have one or m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics%20middleware
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Robotics middleware is middleware to be used in complex robot control software systems.
"...robotic middleware is designed to manage the complexity and heterogeneity of the hardware and applications, promote the integration of new technologies, simplify software design, hide the complexity of low-level communication and the sensor heterogeneity of the sensors, improve software quality, reuse robotic software infrastructure across multiple research efforts, and to reduce production costs."
It can be described as "software glue" to make it easier for robot builders focus on their specific problem area.
Robotics middleware projects
A wide variety of projects for robotics middleware exist, but no one of these dominates - and in fact many robotic systems do not use any middleware. Middleware products rely on a wide range of different standards, technologies, and approaches that make their use and interoperation difficult, and some developers may prefer to integrate their system themselves.
Player Project
The Player Project (formerly the Player/Stage Project) is a project to create free software for research into robotics and sensor systems. Its components include the Player network server and the Stage robot platform simulators. Although accurate statistics are hard to obtain, Player is one of the most popular open-source robot interfaces in research and post-secondary education. Most of the major intelligent robotics journals and conferences regularly publish papers featuring real and simulated robot experiments using Player and Stage.
RT-middleware
RT-middleware is a common platform standards for Robots based on distributed object technology. RT-middleware supports the construction of various networked robotic systems by the integration of various network-enabled robotic elements called RT-Components. The specification standard of RT-components is discussed and defined by the Object Management Group (OMG).
Urbi
Urbi is an open source cross-platform software plat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helly%20space
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In mathematics, and particularly functional analysis, the Helly space, named after Eduard Helly, consists of all monotonically increasing functions , where [0,1] denotes the closed interval given by the set of all x such that In other words, for all we have and also if then
Let the closed interval [0,1] be denoted simply by I. We can form the space II by taking the uncountable Cartesian product of closed intervals:
The space II is exactly the space of functions . For each point x in [0,1] we assign the point ƒ(x) in
Topology
The Helly space is a subset of II. The space II has its own topology, namely the product topology. The Helly space has a topology; namely the induced topology as a subset of II. It is normal Haudsdorff, compact, separable, and first-countable but not second-countable.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen
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An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies.
In technical terms, an allergen is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals through immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. Most humans mount significant Immunoglobulin E responses only as a defense against parasitic infections. However, some individuals may respond to many common environmental antigens. This hereditary predisposition is called atopy. In atopic individuals, non-parasitic antigens stimulate inappropriate IgE production, leading to type I hypersensitivity.
Sensitivities vary widely from one person (or from one animal) to another. A very broad range of substances can be allergens to sensitive individuals.
Types of allergens
Allergens can be found in a variety of sources, such as dust mite excretion, pollen, pet dander, or even royal jelly. Food allergies are not as common as food sensitivity, but some foods such as peanuts (a legume), nuts, seafood and shellfish are the cause of serious allergies in many people.
Officially, the United States Food and Drug Administration does recognize nine foods as being common for allergic reactions in a large segment of the sensitive population. These include peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, milk, shellfish, fish, wheat and their derivatives, soy and their derivatives, and most recently sesame, as well as sulfites (chemical-based, often found in flavors and colors in foods) at 10ppm and over. See the FDA website for complete details. In other countries, due to differences in the genetic profiles of their citizens and different levels of exposure to specific foods resultant from different dietary habits, the "official" allergen lists will vary. Canada recognizes all eight of the allergens recognized by the US as well as sesame seeds and mustard.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20computing
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Natural computing, also called natural computation, is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods: 1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques; 2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena; and 3) those that employ natural materials (e.g., molecules) to compute. The main fields of research that compose these three branches are artificial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, artificial immune systems, fractal geometry, artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others.
Computational paradigms studied by natural computing are abstracted from natural phenomena as diverse as self-replication, the functioning of the brain, Darwinian evolution, group behavior, the immune system, the defining properties of life forms, cell membranes, and morphogenesis.
Besides traditional electronic hardware, these computational paradigms can be implemented on alternative physical media such as biomolecules (DNA, RNA), or trapped-ion quantum computing devices.
Dually, one can view processes occurring in nature as information processing. Such processes include self-assembly,
developmental processes, gene regulation networks, protein–protein interaction networks, biological transport (active transport, passive transport) networks, and gene assembly in unicellular organisms. Efforts to
understand biological systems also include engineering of semi-synthetic organisms, and understanding the universe itself from the point of view of information processing. Indeed, the idea was even advanced that information is more fundamental than matter or energy.
The Zuse-Fredkin thesis, dating back to the 1960s, states that the entire universe is a huge cellular automaton which continuously updates its rules.
Recently it has been suggested that the whole universe is a quantum computer that computes its own behaviour.
The universe/nature as computat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Mach
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GNU Mach is an implementation of the Mach microkernel. It is the default microkernel in the GNU Hurd. GNU Mach runs on IA-32 machines. GNU Mach is maintained by developers on the GNU project. It is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
History
Early versions of the Hurd were developed on top of CMU's Mach 3.0.
In 1994, CMU stopped working on Mach, and the GNU Project switched to the University of Utah's Mach 4. The kernel known as "GNU Mach" was derived from Mach 4 once Utah stopped development. The first ChangeLog entry by Thomas Bushnell (rather than by a Utah researcher) is from 16 December 1996.
In 2002, Roland McGrath branched the OSKit-Mach branch from GNU Mach 1.2, intending to replace all the device drivers and some of the hardware support with code from OSKit. After the release of GNU Mach 1.3, this branch was intended to become the GNU Mach 2.0 main line; however, as of 2006, OSKit-Mach is not being developed due to lack of activity in OSKit itself. Around 2006, an attempt to replace GNU Hurd's kernel with the Coyotos kernel also ended in failure.
GNU Mach 1.4 was released on 27 September 2013, eleven years after 1.3.
Version history
Version 1.0 was released on 14 April 1997.
Version 1.1.1 was released on 12 May 1997.
Version 1.1.2 was released on 10 June 1997.
Version 1.1.3 was released on 12 June 1997.
Version 1.2 was released on 21 June 1999.
Version 1.3 was released on 27 May 2002, and features advanced boot script support, support for disks larger than 10 gigabytes and an improved console.
Version 1.4 was released on 27 September 2013.
Version 1.5 was released on 10 April 2015.
Version 1.6 was released on 31 October 2015.
Version 1.7 was released on 18 May 2016.
Version 1.8 was released on 18 December 2016.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20A.%20Martin
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Donald Anthony Martin (born December 24, 1940), also known as Tony Martin, is an American set theorist and philosopher of mathematics at UCLA, where he is an emeritus professor of mathematics and philosophy.
Education and career
Martin received his B.S. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962 and was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows in 1965–67. In 2014, he became a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Philosophical and mathematical work
Among Martin's most notable works are the proofs of analytic determinacy (from the existence of a measurable cardinal), Borel determinacy (from ZFC alone), the proof (with John R. Steel) of projective determinacy (from suitable large cardinal axioms), and his work on Martin's axiom. The Martin measure on Turing degrees is also named after Martin.
See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara%20h1
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Ara h 1 is a seed storage protein from Arachis hypogaea (peanuts). It is a heat stable 7S vicilin-like globulin with a stable trimeric form that comprises 12-16% of the total protein in peanut extracts. Ara h 1 is known because sensitization to it was found in 95% of peanut-allergic patients from North America. In spite of this high percentage, peanut-allergic patients of European populations have fewer sensitizations to Ara h 1.
Structure
Ara h 1 is a vicilin, located in the protein fraction of the peanut cotyledon. Ara h 1 forms homotrimers, and due to its highly stable structure, mediated through hydrophobic interactions, it has been established as an allergen.
Hydrophobic residues on α-helical bundles are located on the ends of each trimer monomer. Ara h 1 presents an overall pleat like bicupins, N- and C-terminal domains are superposed in 1.9 Å. The molecule has two modules related by an axis perpendicular to the three pleat axes of the trimer. They interact through their hydrophobic parts. The trimeric assemblies are stabilized by multiple hydrogen bonds.
Influence of Ara h 1 in peanut allergies
The protein Ara h 1 plays an important role in peanut allergic reactions. Several studies have demonstrated that the protein fraction of the cotyledon is the allergenic portion of the peanut. Ara h 1 makes up 12% to 16% of the total protein in peanut extracts and is classified as a major peanut allergen because it provokes sensitization in 35% to 95% of patients with this allergy.
This protein is a very potent allergen and it causes a severe reaction. The symptoms can be:
Skin reaction: urticarial, redness or edema.
Itchy reaction: usually around the mouth and throat.
Digestive problems: such as diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea or vomiting.
Breath problems: it has a relation with the inflammation reaction which causes the blockage of the air passages.
Heart problems: histamine can cause a coronary artery spasm.
Anaphylaxis: a whole-body allergic reaction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety
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Biosafety is the prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health.
These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular reviews of biosafety in laboratory settings, as well as strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to increased risk of exposure to biohazards or pathogens. Human error and poor technique contribute to unnecessary exposure and compromise the best safeguards set into place for protection.
The international Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety deals primarily with the agricultural definition but many advocacy groups seek to expand it to include post-genetic threats: new molecules, artificial life forms, and even robots which may compete directly in the natural food chain.
Biosafety in agriculture, chemistry, medicine, exobiology and beyond will likely require the application of the precautionary principle, and a new definition focused on the biological nature of the threatened organism rather than the nature of the threat.
When biological warfare or new, currently hypothetical, threats (i.e., robots, new artificial bacteria) are considered, biosafety precautions are generally not sufficient. The new field of biosecurity addresses these complex threats.
Biosafety level refers to the stringency of biocontainment precautions deemed necessary by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for laboratory work with infectious materials.
Typically, institutions that experiment with or create potentially harmful biological material will have a committee or board of supervisors that is in charge of the institution's biosafety. They create and monitor the biosafety standards that must be met by labs in order to prevent the accidental release of potentially destructive biological material. (not
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treewidth
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In graph theory, the treewidth of an undirected graph is an integer number which specifies, informally, how far the graph is from being a tree. The smallest treewidth is 1; the graphs with treewidth 1 are exactly the trees and the forests. The graphs with treewidth at most 2 are the series–parallel graphs. The maximal graphs with treewidth exactly are called -trees, and the graphs with treewidth at most are called partial -trees. Many other well-studied graph families also have bounded treewidth.
Treewidth may be formally defined in several equivalent ways: in terms of the size of the largest vertex set in a tree decomposition of the graph, in terms of the size of the largest clique in a chordal completion of the graph, in terms of the maximum order of a haven describing a strategy for a pursuit–evasion game on the graph, or in terms of the maximum order of a bramble, a collection of connected subgraphs that all touch each other.
Treewidth is commonly used as a parameter in the parameterized complexity analysis of graph algorithms. Many algorithms that are NP-hard for general graphs, become easier when the treewidth is bounded by a constant.
The concept of treewidth was originally introduced by under the name of dimension. It was later rediscovered by , based on properties that it shares with a different graph parameter, the Hadwiger number. Later it was again rediscovered by and has since been studied by many other authors.
Definition
A tree decomposition of a graph is a tree with nodes , where each is a subset of , satisfying the following properties (the term node is used to refer to a vertex of to avoid confusion with vertices of ):
The union of all sets equals . That is, each graph vertex is contained in at least one tree node.
If and both contain a vertex , then all nodes of in the (unique) path between and contain as well. Equivalently, the tree nodes containing vertex form a connected subtree of .
For every edge in the graph, there
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyatoxin
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Tinyatoxin (TTX or TTN) is an analog of the neurotoxin resiniferatoxin. It occurs naturally in Euphorbia poissonii.
It is a neurotoxin that acts via full agonism of the vanilloid receptors of sensory nerves. Tinyatoxin has a potential for pharmaceutical uses similar to uses of capsaicin. Tinyatoxin is about one third as strong as resiniferatoxin but is still an ultrapotent analogue of capsaicin, with a heat intensity estimate of 300 to 350 times that of capsaicin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Fleming%20Stier%20Award
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The Elizabeth Fleming Stier Award has been issued every year since 1997. It is awarded to a member of the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) who has pursued humanitarian ideals and unselfish dedication to the well-being of the food industry, academia, students, or the general public. The award is named for Elizabeth Fleming Stier (1925-1995), a food science professor at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey who became the first female award winner of IFT when she won the William V. Cruess Award in 1974.
Award winners receive a USD 3000 honorarium from the IFT New York Section and a plaque from IFT.
Winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations%20of%20Differential%20Geometry
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Foundations of Differential Geometry is an influential 2-volume mathematics book on differential geometry written by Shoshichi Kobayashi and Katsumi Nomizu. The first volume was published in 1963 and the second in 1969, by Interscience Publishers. Both were published again in 1996 as Wiley Classics Library.
The first volume considers manifolds, fiber bundles, tensor analysis, connections in bundles, and the role of Lie groups. It also covers holonomy, the de Rham decomposition theorem and the Hopf–Rinow theorem. According to the review of James Eells, it has a "fine expositional style" and consists of a "special blend of algebraic, analytic, and geometric concepts". Eells says it is "essentially a textbook (even though there are no exercises)". An advanced text, it has a "pace geared to a [one] term graduate course".
The second volume considers submanifolds of Riemannian manifolds, the Gauss map, and the second fundamental form. It continues with geodesics on Riemannian manifolds, Jacobi fields, the Morse index, the Rauch comparison theorems, and the Cartan–Hadamard theorem. Then it ascends to complex manifolds, Kähler manifolds, homogeneous spaces, and symmetric spaces. In a discussion of curvature representation of characteristic classes of principal bundles (Chern–Weil theory), it covers Euler classes, Chern classes, and Pontryagin classes. The second volume also received a favorable review by J. Eells in Mathematical Reviews.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20mucosal%20restitution
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Gastric mucosal restitution is an alteration in the morphology/organization of cells in response to gastric damage. It contributes to the reformation of the gastric mucosal barrier.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Society%20of%20Naturalists
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The Western Society of Naturalists is a scientific organization with a strong focus on promoting the study of marine biology. Most of its members are on the Pacific coast of North America. Originally established in 1910 as the Biological Society of the Pacific, it changed its name in 1916. It held its first meeting under the new name in San Diego on August 10, 1916, where papers on zoology and botany were presented.
Naturalist of the Year Award
The Naturalist of the Year Award was established in 1999 at the suggestion of Paul Dayton to "recognize those unsung heroes who define our future by inspiring young people with the wonders and sheer joy of natural history".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettle%20agent
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Nettle agents (named after stinging nettles) or urticants are a variety of chemical warfare agents that produce corrosive skin and tissue injury upon contact, resulting in erythema, urticaria, intense itching, and a hive-like rash.
Most nettle agents, such as the best known and studied nettle agent, phosgene oxime, are often grouped with the vesicant (blister agent) chemical agents. However, because nettle agents do not cause blisters, they are not true vesicants.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFINKS
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Sfinks (Polish for "Sphynx") was also the initial name of the Janusz A. Zajdel Award
In cryptography, SFINKS is a stream cypher algorithm developed by An Braeken, Joseph Lano, Nele Mentens, Bart Preneel, and Ingrid Verbauwhede. It includes a message authentication code. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM Project of the eCRYPT network.
Stream ciphers
Cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Felder
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Giovanni Felder (18 November 1958 in Aarau) is a Swiss mathematical physicist and mathematician, working at ETH Zurich. He specializes in algebraic and geometric properties of integrable models of statistical mechanics and quantum field theory.
Education and career
Felder attended school in Lugano and Willisau District. He studied physics at ETH Zurich, where he graduated with M.Sc. in 1982 and with Ph.D. in 1986. His doctoral dissertation, entitled Renormalization Group, Tree Expansion, and Non-renormalizable Quantum Field Theories, was supervised by Jürg Fröhlich (and Konrad Osterwalder).
Felder held postdoctoral positions from 1986 to 1988 at IHES, from 1988 to 1989 at the Institute for Advanced Study, and from 1989 to 1991 at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, ETH Zurich.
From 1991 to 1994 he became an assistant professor of mathematics at ETH Zurich. From 1994 to 1996 he worked as professor of mathematics at the University of North Carolina. In 1996 he returned at ETH Zurich as professor of mathematics. From 2013 to 2019, he was the director of the Institute for Theoretical Studies at ETH Zurich.
In 1994 Felder was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich. He was elected member of the Academia Europaea in 2012 and fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2013.
Research
Felder's research involves mathematical problems motivated by physical ideas.
In the late 1980s Felder did research with Krzysztof Gawedzki and Antti Kupiainen on the geometry of the Wess-Zumino-Witten model in conformal field theory. In 1989 he introduced a BRST approach to the "minimal two-dimensional conformal invariant models of Belavin, Polyakov and Zamolodchikov."
With Alexander Varchenko and Vitaly Tarasov, Felder did research on various integrable models in quantum field theory and statistical mechanics and resulting special functions (such as the elliptic gamma function, elliptic quantum groups, and elliptic Macdonald polynomials).
Wi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20and%20restoration%20of%20flags%20and%20banners
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The conservation and restoration of flags and banners is the process by which conservators work to preserve and restore flags and banners from future deterioration and damage. As a part of Conservation of Textiles, flag and banner conservation require the care of a skilled and well trained textile conservator, specifically trained in historical materials.
Material identification
Historical flags are often made of silk, cotton, linen, or thin wool bunting. These materials were used in the making of flags, primarily in the U.S. until the mid 20th century. Forensic examination of flags, to the level of examining the fibers of the fabrics themselves, and the threads used to sew the flags, helps identify the period of the materials used and usually is a good indicator of the period of a flag (though not necessarily, in the case of a forgery). These materials can be very fragile and require advanced conservation techniques. Conservators are experts in stabilization and preservation of historic fabrics, flags may be in a variety of conditions from good condition to tattered fragments. Silk and wool are protein fibers whereas cotton and linen are vegetable fibers. The process by which they deteriorate will vary greatly and needs to be carefully addressed during conservation and preservation. Nowadays many flags are made of a synthetic blend or nylon materials, which have their own unique requirements for preservation and care.
Common causes of damage
Flag condition often relates to their usage during the war, so some of the most historically significant examples show the greatest damage. However, flags were not limited to damage from war, such as bullet holes or blood stains – which have specific treatments themselves – but also damage from natural elements such as wind, light exposure, temperature, humidity and pest infestation.
Wind damage: The mechanical action of wind forces and exposure to environmental effects can cause damage to the filament and is characterized
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassis
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Sparassis (also known as cauliflower mushroom) is a genus of parasitic and saprobic mushroom characterised by its unique shape and appearance and is found around the globe. Its appearance can be described as similar to a sea sponge, a brain or a head of cauliflower, hence its popular name.
It is increasingly cultivated and sold in Korea, Japan, the United States and Australia.
The generic name comes from the Greek sparassein, meaning to tear.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Sparassis:
Sparassis americana R.H. Petersen
Sparassis brevipes Krombh.
Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr.
Sparassis cystidiosa Desjardin & Zheng Wang
Sparassis foliacea St.-Amans
Sparassis herbstii Peck
Sparassis kazachstanica Shvartsman
Sparassis laminosa Fries
Sparassis latifolia Y.C. Dai & Zheng Wang
Sparassis miniensis Blanco-Dios & Z. Wang
Sparassis minoensis Blanco-Dios & Z. Wang
Sparassis nemecii Pilát & Veselý
Sparassis radicata Weir
Sparassis simplex D.A. Reid
Sparassis spathulata (Schwein.) Fr.
Sparassis subalpina Q. Zhao, Zhu L. Yang & Y.C. Dai
Sparassis tremelloides Berkeley
The best-known and most widely collected species are S. crispa (found in Europe and eastern North America) and S. radicata (found in western North America). These species have a very similar appearance and some authorities treat them as conspecific. Their colour ranges from light brown-yellow to yellow-grey or a creamy-white cauliflower colour. They are normally 10 to 25 cm tall but can grow to be quite large, with reported cases of fruiting bodies more than 50cm tall and 14 kg in weight. Their unique look and size means they are unlikely to be mistaken for any poisonous/inedible mushrooms. They grow as parasites or saprobes on the roots or bases of various species of hardwoods, especially oak, and conifers, and hence are most commonly found growing close to fir, pine, oak or spruce trees.
Edibility
Sparassis crispa can be very tasty but should be thoroughly cleaned before use. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20specific%20heat
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In solid state physics the electronic specific heat, sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure metals, however, the electronic contributions dominate in the thermal conductivity. In impure metals, the electron mean free path is reduced by collisions with impurities, and the phonon contribution may be comparable with the electronic contribution.
Introduction
Although the Drude model was fairly successful in describing the electron motion within metals, it has some erroneous aspects: it predicts the Hall coefficient with the wrong sign compared to experimental measurements, the assumed additional electronic heat capacity to the lattice heat capacity, namely per electron at elevated temperatures, is also inconsistent with experimental values, since measurements of metals show no deviation from the Dulong–Petit law. The observed electronic contribution of electrons to the heat capacity is usually less than one percent of . This problem seemed insoluble prior to the development of quantum mechanics. This paradox was solved by Arnold Sommerfeld after the discovery of the Pauli exclusion principle, who recognised that the replacement of the Boltzmann distribution with the Fermi–Dirac distribution was required and incorporated it in the free electron model.
Derivation within the free electron model
Internal energy
When a metallic system is heated from absolute zero, not every electron gains an energy as equipartition dictates. Only those electrons in atomic orbitals within an energy range of of the Fermi level are thermally excited. Electrons, in contrast to a classical gas, can only move into free states in their energetic neighbourhood.
The one-electron energy levels are specified by the wave vector through the relation with the electron mass. This relation separates the occupied energy states from the unoccupied ones and corresponds to the sphe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document%20classification
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Document classification or document categorization is a problem in library science, information science and computer science. The task is to assign a document to one or more classes or categories. This may be done "manually" (or "intellectually") or algorithmically. The intellectual classification of documents has mostly been the province of library science, while the algorithmic classification of documents is mainly in information science and computer science. The problems are overlapping, however, and there is therefore interdisciplinary research on document classification.
The documents to be classified may be texts, images, music, etc. Each kind of document possesses its special classification problems. When not otherwise specified, text classification is implied.
Documents may be classified according to their subjects or according to other attributes (such as document type, author, printing year etc.). In the rest of this article only subject classification is considered. There are two main philosophies of subject classification of documents: the content-based approach and the request-based approach.
"Content-based" versus "request-based" classification
Content-based classification is classification in which the weight given to particular subjects in a document determines the class to which the document is assigned. It is, for example, a common rule for classification in libraries, that at least 20% of the content of a book should be about the class to which the book is assigned. In automatic classification it could be the number of times given words appears in a document.
Request-oriented classification (or -indexing) is classification in which the anticipated request from users is influencing how documents are being classified. The classifier asks themself: “Under which descriptors should this entity be found?” and “think of all the possible queries and decide for which ones the entity at hand is relevant” (Soergel, 1985, p. 230).
Request-oriented classi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone-interacting%20membrane-bound%20oxidoreductase
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Quinone-interacting membrane-bound oxidoreductase is a membrane-bound protein complex present in the electron transport chain of sulfate reducers (e.g. Desulfovibrio species) and some sulfur oxidizers.
It was first described by Pires et al. (2003).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Precision%20Bus
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The HP Precision bus (also called HP-PB and HP-NIO)
is the data transfer bus of the proprietary Hewlett Packard architecture HP 3000 and later many variants of the HP 9000 series of UNIX systems. This bus has a 32-bit data path with an 8 MHz clock. It supports a maximum transfer rate of 23 MB/s in burst mode. That bus was also used to directly support the Programmable Serial Interface (PSI) cards, which offered multi-protocol support for networking, notably IBM Bisync and similar systems.The 920, 922 and 932 series supported up to three PSI cards, and up to five cards in the 948 and 958 series.
Two form factors/sizes of HP-PB expansion cards were sold: single and double.
32-bit data path width
32 MB/s maximum data rate
8 MHz maximum frequency
5 V signalling voltage
96-pin (32×3) female pin+socket card connector (Is this a DIN 41612 connector?)
External links
HP 3000 manuals
HP/PA buses on Openpa.net
Notes
Computer buses
Precision Bus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery%20mathematics
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Lottery mathematics is used to calculate probabilities of winning or losing a lottery game. It is based primarily on combinatorics, particularly the twelvefold way and combinations without replacement.
Choosing 6 from 49
In a typical 6/49 game, each player chooses six distinct numbers from a range of 1-49. If the six numbers on a ticket match the numbers drawn by the lottery, the ticket holder is a jackpot winner—regardless of the order of the numbers. The probability of this happening is 1 in 13,983,816.
The chance of winning can be demonstrated as follows: The first number drawn has a 1 in 49 chance of matching. When the draw comes to the second number, there are now only 48 balls left in the bag, because the balls are drawn without replacement. So there is now a 1 in 48 chance of predicting this number.
Thus for each of the 49 ways of choosing the first number there are 48 different ways of choosing the second. This means that the probability of correctly predicting 2 numbers drawn from 49 in the correct order is calculated as 1 in 49 × 48. On drawing the third number there are only 47 ways of choosing the number; but we could have arrived at this point in any of 49 × 48 ways, so the chances of correctly predicting 3 numbers drawn from 49, again in the correct order, is 1 in 49 × 48 × 47. This continues until the sixth number has been drawn, giving the final calculation, 49 × 48 × 47 × 46 × 45 × 44, which can also be written as or 49 factorial divided by 43 factorial or FACT(49)/FACT(43) or simply PERM(49,6) .
608281864034267560872252163321295376887552831379210240000000000 / 60415263063373835637355132068513997507264512000000000 = 10068347520
This works out to 10,068,347,520, which is much bigger than the ~14 million stated above.
Perm(49,6)=10068347520 and 49 nPr 6 =10068347520.
However, the order of the 6 numbers is not significant for the payout. That is, if a ticket has the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, it wins as long as all the numbers 1 through 6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaio
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VAIO () is a brand of personal computers and consumer electronics, currently developed by Japanese manufacturer , headquartered in Azumino, Nagano Prefecture.
VAIO was originally or formerly a brand of Sony, introduced in 1996. In February 2014, Sony created VAIO Corporation Inc., a special purpose company with investment firm Japan Industrial Partners, as part of its restructuring effort to focus on mobile devices. Sony maintains a minority stake in the new, independent company, which currently sells computers in the United States, Japan, India, and Brazil, and maintains exclusive marketing agreements in other regions. Sony still holds the intellectual property rights for the VAIO brand and logo.
As of 2023, Vaio operates its stores in several countries and regions, such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, the United States, Uruguay and so on.
Etymology
Originally an acronym of Video Audio Input Output, later amended to Video Audio Integrated Operation, and later to Visual Audio Intelligent Organizer in 2008 to celebrate the brand's 10th anniversary. The logo, along with the first of the VAIO computers, were designed by Teiyu Goto, supervisor of product design from the Sony Creative Center in Tokyo. He incorporated many meanings into the logo and acronym: the pronunciation in both English (VAIO) and Japanese () is similar to "bio", which is symbolic of life and the product's future evolution; it's also near "violet", which is why most early Vaios were purple or included purple components. Additionally, the logo is stylized to make the "VA" look like a sine wave and the "IO" like binary digits 1 and 0, the combination representing the merging of analog and digital signals. The sound some Vaio models make when starting up is derived from the melody created when pressing a telephone keypad to spell the letters V-A-I-O.
Global operations
As of 2023, Vaio is operational in the following countries and regions:
Argenti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource%20Reservation%20Protocol
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The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is a transport layer protocol designed to reserve resources across a network using the integrated services model. RSVP operates over an IPv4 or IPv6 and provides receiver-initiated setup of resource reservations for multicast or unicast data flows. It does not transport application data but is similar to a control protocol, like Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) or Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). RSVP is described in .
RSVP can be used by hosts and routers to request or deliver specific levels of quality of service (QoS) for application data streams. RSVP defines how applications place reservations and how they can relinquish the reserved resources once no longer required. RSVP operations will generally result in resources being reserved in each node along a path. RSVP is not a routing protocol but was designed to interoperate with current and future routing protocols.
RSVP by itself is rarely deployed in telecommunications networks. In 2003, development effort was shifted from RSVP to RSVP-TE for teletraffic engineering. Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS) was a proposed replacement for RSVP.
Main attributes
RSVP requests resources for simplex flows: a traffic stream in only one direction from sender to one or more receivers.
RSVP is not a routing protocol but works with current and future routing protocols.
RSVP is receiver oriented in that the receiver of a data flow initiates and maintains the resource reservation for that flow.
RSVP maintains soft state (the reservation at each node needs a periodic refresh) of the host and routers' resource reservations, hence supporting dynamic automatic adaptation to network changes.
RSVP provides several reservation styles (a set of reservation options) and allows for future styles to be added in protocol revisions to fit varied applications.
RSVP transports and maintains traffic and policy control parameters that are opaque to RSVP.
History and related standards
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio%20holin%20family
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The Vibrio Holin Family (TC# 1.E.30) consists of small proteins 50 to 65 amino acyl residues in length that exhibit a single N-terminal transmembrane domain. A representative list of proteins belonging to the Vibrio Holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Truxal
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John G. Truxal (February 19, 1924 - February 16, 2007) was an American control theorist and a Distinguished Teaching Professor, Emeritus at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Truxal was a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is noted for his numerous contributions to control theory, for which he received the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award (1991). He moved to the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn and became professor and chairman of the electrical engineering department there in 1957. Four years later, he was named vice president of the school, and held that position for 11 years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mdm2
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Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) also known as E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Mdm2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MDM2 gene. Mdm2 is an important negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mdm2 protein functions both as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that recognizes the N-terminal trans-activation domain (TAD) of the p53 tumor suppressor and as an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activation.
Discovery and expression in tumor cells
The murine double minute (mdm2) oncogene, which codes for the Mdm2 protein, was originally cloned, along with two other genes (mdm1 and mdm3) from the transformed mouse cell line 3T3-DM. Mdm2 overexpression, in cooperation with oncogenic Ras, promotes transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, and mdm2 expression led to tumor formation in nude mice. The human homologue of this protein was later identified and is sometimes called Hdm2. Further supporting the role of mdm2 as an oncogene, several human tumor types have been shown to have increased levels of Mdm2, including soft tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas as well as breast tumors. The MDM2 oncoprotein ubiquitinates and antagonizes p53 but may also carry out p53-independent functions. MDM2 supports the Polycomb-mediated repression of lineage-specific genes, independent of p53. MDM2 depletion in the absence of p53 promoted the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and diminished clonogenic survival of cancer cells. Most of the MDM2-controlled genes also responded to the inactivation of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) and its catalytic component EZH2. MDM2 physically associated with EZH2 on chromatin, enhancing the trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and the ubiquitination of histone 2A at lysine 119 (H2AK119) at its target genes. Removing MDM2 simultaneously with the H2AK119 E3 ligase Ring1B/RNF2 further induced these genes and synthetically arrested cell proliferation.
An additional Mdm2 family member, Mdm4 (also called MdmX), has be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlapped%20I/O
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Overlapped I/O is a name used for asynchronous I/O in the Windows API. It was introduced as an extension to the API in Windows NT.
Utilizing overlapped I/O requires passing an OVERLAPPED structure to API functions that normally block, including ReadFile(), WriteFile(), and Winsock's WSASend() and WSARecv(). The requested operation is initiated by a function call which returns immediately, and is completed by the OS in the background. The caller may optionally specify a Win32 event handle to be raised when the operation completes. Alternatively, a program may receive notification of an event via an I/O completion port, which is the preferred method of receiving notification when used in symmetric multiprocessing environments or when handling I/O on a large number of files or sockets. The third and the last method to get the I/O completion notification with overlapped IO is to use ReadFileEx() and WriteFileEx(), which allow the User APC routine to be provided, which will be fired on the same thread on completion (User APC is the thing very similar to Unix/POSIX signal, with the main difference being that the signals are using signal numbers from the historically predefined enumeration, while the User APC can be any function declared as "void f(void* context)"). The so-called overlapped API presents some differences depending on the Windows version used.
Asynchronous I/O is particularly useful for sockets and pipes.
Unix and Linux implement the POSIX asynchronous I/O API (AIO).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20Acoustics
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Wildlife Acoustics, Inc. is a privately held United States company based in Maynard, Massachusetts. The company provides bioacoustics monitoring technology for scientists, researchers, and government agencies internationally. The company was founded by Ian Agranat in 2003. The company originally developed a product called the Song Sleuth, a device that would attempt to automatically identify birds from their songs in real time in the field. As this concept proved too expensive for the consumer market, the underlying technology was used to develop autonomous acoustic and ultrasonic recorders and analysis software for research scientists and other professional ecologists.
Products
Song Meter SM Mini and SM Mini Bat
Launched in early 2020, the Song Meter Mini and Mini Bat are Wildlife Acoustics' smallest bioacoustics recorders. The Mini records in the acoustic range so is aimed at recording birds, amphibians, soundscapes and other natural sounds within human hearing. The Mini Bat records in ultrasound and is aimed at recording bats. As well as its very compact size, its main feature is that the user can check battery and SD card status and configure it using an iOS or Android mobile device via bluetooth. It can run for 240 hours from four AA batteries. There are some preset configurations such as run continuously, run for two hours at dawn and dusk, run for five minutes every hour, etc. Users can also create their own custom schedules and then upload these onto the recorder. The recorder comes with one microphone but there is space for a second (needs to be bought separately).
Obsolete products
Song Meter SM2 digital field recorder
The company has sold autonomous and weatherproof battery operated recorders called Song Meters for monitoring birds, frogs and other wildlife since 2007. The device can record for up to 230 hours spread out over months and can be programmed to record at specific times of day. In addition to the standard omnidirectional microphone, the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ry%27s%20constant
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In mathematics, Apéry's constant is the sum of the reciprocals of the positive cubes. That is, it is defined as the number
where is the Riemann zeta function. It has an approximate value of
.
The constant is named after Roger Apéry. It arises naturally in a number of physical problems, including in the second- and third-order terms of the electron's gyromagnetic ratio using quantum electrodynamics. It also arises in the analysis of random minimum spanning trees and in conjunction with the gamma function when solving certain integrals involving exponential functions in a quotient, which appear occasionally in physics, for instance, when evaluating the two-dimensional case of the Debye model and the Stefan–Boltzmann law.
Irrational number
was named Apéry's constant after the French mathematician Roger Apéry, who proved in 1978 that it is an irrational number. This result is known as Apéry's theorem. The original proof is complex and hard to grasp, and simpler proofs were found later.
Beukers's simplified irrationality proof involves approximating the integrand of the known triple integral for ,
by the Legendre polynomials.
In particular, van der Poorten's article chronicles this approach by noting that
where , are the Legendre polynomials, and the subsequences are integers or almost integers.
It is still not known whether Apéry's constant is transcendental.
Series representations
Classical
In addition to the fundamental series:
Leonhard Euler gave the series representation:
in 1772, which was subsequently rediscovered several times.
Fast convergence
Since the 19th century, a number of mathematicians have found convergence acceleration series for calculating decimal places of . Since the 1990s, this search has focused on computationally efficient series with fast convergence rates (see section "Known digits").
The following series representation was found by A. A. Markov in 1890, rediscovered by Hjortnaes in 1953, and rediscovered once more
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine%20osmolality
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Urine osmolality is a measure of urine concentration, in which large values indicate concentrated urine and small values indicate diluted urine. Consumption of water (including water contained in food) affects the osmolality of urine.
Osmolality is measured by osmometer, which evaluates the freezing point depression of a solution and supplies results as milliosmoles per kilogram of water while specific gravity is measured by colorimetric strips, refractometer, hydrometer and pyknometer.
In healthy humans with restricted fluid intake, urine osmolality should be greater than 800 mOsm/kg, while a 24-hour urine osmolality should average between 500 and 800 mOsm/kg.
Urine osmolality in humans can range from approximately 50 to 1200 mOsm/kg, depending on whether the person has recently drunk a large quantity of water (the lower number) or has gone without water for a long time (the higher number). Plasma osmolality with typical fluid intake often averages approximately 290 mOsm/kg H2O in humans.
In other animals
Some mammals are capable of higher osmolality than humans. This includes rats (approximately 3,000 mOsm/kg H2O), hamsters and mice (approximately 4,000 mOsm/kg H2O), and chinchillas (approximately 7,600 mOsm/kg H2O)
See also
Plasma osmolality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20theory
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Informally in mathematical logic, an algebraic theory is a theory that uses axioms stated entirely in terms of equations between terms with free variables. Inequalities and quantifiers are specifically disallowed. Sentential logic is the subset of first-order logic involving only algebraic sentences.
The notion is very close to the notion of algebraic structure, which, arguably, may be just a synonym.
Saying that a theory is algebraic is a stronger condition than saying it is elementary.
Informal interpretation
An algebraic theory consists of a collection of n-ary functional terms with additional rules (axioms).
For example, the theory of groups is an algebraic theory because it has three functional terms: a binary operation a × b, a nullary operation 1 (neutral element), and a unary operation x ↦ x−1 with the rules of associativity, neutrality and inverses respectively. Other examples include:
the theory of semigroups
the theory of lattices
the theory of rings
This is opposed to geometric theory which involves partial functions (or binary relationships) or existential quantors − see e.g. Euclidean geometry where the existence of points or lines is postulated.
Category-based model-theoretical interpretation
An algebraic theory T is a category whose objects are natural numbers 0, 1, 2,..., and which, for each n, has an n-tuple of morphisms:
proji: n → 1, i = 1, ..., n
This allows interpreting n as a cartesian product of n copies of 1.
Example: Let's define an algebraic theory T taking hom(n, m) to be m-tuples of polynomials of n free variables X1, ..., Xn with integer coefficients and with substitution as composition. In this case proji is the same as Xi. This theory T is called the theory of commutative rings.
In an algebraic theory, any morphism n → m can be described as m morphisms of signature n → 1. These latter morphisms are called n-ary operations of the theory.
If E is a category with finite products, the full subcategory Alg(T, E) of the ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauisaurus
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Mauisaurus ("Māui lizard") is a dubious genus of plesiosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now New Zealand. Numerous specimens have been attributed to this genus in the past, but a 2017 paper restricts Mauisaurus to the lectotype and declares it a nomen dubium.
History of discovery
Mauisaurus remains have all been found in New Zealand's South Island, in Canterbury. Mauisaurus haasti was described by Hector in 1874 based on eight specimens and diagnosed by its cervical vertebrae and a humerus with large tuberosities. However, of these eight specimens, two, consisting of ribs and paddle, were lost, while another, the cast of a jaw fragment (the original fossil of which was also lost) was found to be a mosasaur. The most substantial specimen, 8a (DM R1529), consisted of fragmentary pubes, a partial ilium and hindlimbs, originally misidentified as part of the pectoral girdle.
Mauisaurus gets its name from the New Zealand Māori mythological demigod, Māui. Māui is said to have pulled New Zealand up from the seabed using a fish hook, thus creating the country. Thus, Mauisaurus means "Māui lizard". Mauisaurus gets its scientific last name from its original finder, Julius von Haast, who found the first Mauisaurus fossil in 1870 around Gore Bay, New Zealand. The specimen was then first described in 1874.
A second species was also named by Hector, Mauisaurus brachiolatus, based on the proximal end of a very large humerus as well as a humerus together with radius and radiale. There was some confusion regarding this species, as the description named it M. latibrachialis, while the specimen list included it under the name M. brachiolatus.
In 1962 specimen 8a was declared the lectotype of Mauisaurus haasti by Welles who further suggested that M. brachiolatus should be deemed a nomen vanum in an overview of Cretaceous plesiosaurs. Later in 1971 Welles & Gregg revised the diagnosis of M. haasti and produced a detailed description of the lectotype, ass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20meditation
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The psychological and physiological effects of meditation have been studied. In recent years, studies of meditation have increasingly involved the use of modern instruments, such as fMRI and EEG, which are able to observe brain physiology and neural activity in living subjects, either during the act of meditation itself or before and after meditation. Correlations can thus be established between meditative practices and brain structure or function.
Since the 1950s hundreds of studies on meditation have been conducted, but many of the early studies were flawed and thus yielded unreliable results. Contemporary studies have attempted to address many of these flaws with the hope of guiding current research into a more fruitful path. In 2013, researchers found moderate evidence that meditation can reduce anxiety, depression, and pain, but no evidence that it is more effective than active treatments such as drugs or exercise. Another major review article also cautioned about possible misinformation and misinterpretation of data related to the subject.
Effects of mindfulness meditation
A previous study commissioned by the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found that meditation interventions reduce multiple negative dimensions of psychological stress. Other systematic reviews and meta-analyses show that mindfulness meditation has several mental health benefits such as bringing about reductions in depression symptoms, improvements in mood, stress-resilience and attentional control. Mindfulness interventions also appear to be a promising intervention for managing depression in youth.
Mindfulness meditation is useful for managing stress, anxiety and also appears to be effective in treating substance use disorders.
A recent meta analysis by Hilton et al. (2016) including 30 randomized controlled trials found high quality evidence for improvement in depressive symptoms.
Other review studies have shown that mindfulness meditation can enhance the psychological funct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20smallest%20fish
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The world's smallest fish depends on the measurement used.
Based on minimum standard length at maturity the main contenders are Paedocypris progenetica where females can reach it at , the stout infantfish (Schindleria brevipinguis) where females reach it at and males at , and Photocorynus spiniceps where males can reach it at , but are attached to the far larger females. If judging smallest based on the species' maximum size (a measurement often used for fish), Paedocypris progenetica, dwarf pygmy goby (Pandaka pygmaea), midget dwarfgoby (Trimmatom nanus) and the stout infantfish (Schindleria brevipinguis) are not known to exceed in standard length, and the two Leptophilypnion sleeper gobies are less than . A level of uncertainty about the full size range exists for some of these, as only a few specimens have been measured.
Little or no data is available on weight of most of these, but at less than it is likely that the stout infantfish (Schindleria brevipinguis) is the smallest if using this feature.
List of smallest fish in the world
See also
List of largest fish
Smallest organisms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koomey%27s%20law
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Koomey's law describes a trend in the history of computing hardware: for about a half-century, the number of computations per joule of energy dissipated doubled about every 1.57 years. Professor Jonathan Koomey described the trend in a 2010 paper in which he wrote that "at a fixed computing load, the amount of battery you need will fall by a factor of two every year and a half."
This trend had been remarkably stable since the 1950s (R2 of over 98%). But in 2011, Koomey re-examined this data and found that after 2000, the doubling slowed to about once every 2.6 years. This is related to the slowing of Moore's law, the ability to build smaller transistors; and the end around 2005 of Dennard scaling, the ability to build smaller transistors with constant power density.
"The difference between these two growth rates is substantial. A doubling every year and a half results in a 100-fold increase in efficiency every decade. A doubling every two and a half years yields just a 16-fold increase", Koomey wrote.
Implications
The implications of Koomey's law are that the amount of battery needed for a fixed computing load will fall by a factor of 100 every decade. As computing devices become smaller and more mobile, this trend may be even more important than improvements in raw processing power for many applications. Furthermore, energy costs are becoming an increasing factor in the economics of data centers, further increasing the importance of Koomey's law.
The slowing of Koomey's law has implications for energy use in information and communications technology. However, because computers do not run at peak output continuously, the effect of this slowing may not be seen for a decade or more. Koomey writes that "as with any exponential trend, this one will eventually end...in a decade or so, energy use will once again be dominated by the power consumed when a computer is active. And that active power will still be hostage to the physics behind the slowdown in Moore's Law
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20private%20network
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A virtual private network (VPN) is a mechanism for creating a secure connection between a computing device and a computer network, or between two networks, using an insecure communication medium such as the public Internet.
A VPN can extend access to a private network (one that disallows or restricts public access) to users who do not have direct access to it, such as an office network allowing secure access from off-site over the Internet. The benefits of a VPN include security, reduced costs for dedicated communication lines, and greater flexibility for remote workers. VPNs are also used to bypass internet censorship. Encryption is common, although not an inherent part of a VPN connection.
A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of tunneling protocols over existing networks. A VPN available from the public Internet can provide some of the benefits of a private wide area network (WAN).
Types
Virtual private networks may be classified into several categories:
Remote access A host-to-network configuration is analogous to connecting a computer to a local area network. This type provides access to an enterprise network, such as an intranet. This may be employed for remote workers, or to enable a mobile worker to access necessary tools without exposing them to the public Internet.
Site-to-site A site-to-site configuration connects two networks. This configuration expands a network across geographically disparate offices or connects a group of offices to a data center installation. The interconnecting link may run over a dissimilar intermediate network, such as two IPv6 networks connected over an IPv4 network.
Extranet-based site-to-site In the context of site-to-site configurations, the terms intranet and extranet are used to describe two different use cases. An intranet site-to-site VPN describes a configuration where the sites connected by the VPN belong to the same organization, whereas an extranet site-to-site VPN j
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasensitivity
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In molecular biology, ultrasensitivity describes an output response that is more sensitive to stimulus change than the hyperbolic Michaelis-Menten response. Ultrasensitivity is one of the biochemical switches in the cell cycle and has been implicated in a number of important cellular events, including exiting G2 cell cycle arrests in Xenopus laevis oocytes, a stage to which the cell or organism would not want to return.
Ultrasensitivity is a cellular system which triggers entry into a different cellular state. Ultrasensitivity gives a small response to first input signal, but an increase in the input signal produces higher and higher levels of output. This acts to filter out noise, as small stimuli and threshold concentrations of the stimulus (input signal) is necessary for the trigger which allows the system to get activated quickly. Ultrasensitive responses are represented by sigmoidal graphs, which resemble cooperativity. The quantification of ultrasensitivity is often performed approximately by the Hill equation:
Where Hill's coefficient (n) may represent quantitative measure of ultrasensitive response.
Historical development
Zero-order ultrasensitivity was first described by Albert Goldbeter and Daniel Koshland, Jr in 1981 in a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. They showed using mathematical modeling that modification of enzymes operating outside of first order kinetics required only small changes in the concentration of the effector to produce larger changes in the amount of modified protein. This amplification provided added sensitivity in biological control, and implicated the importance of this in many biological systems.
Many biological processes are binary (ON-OFF), such as cell fate decisions, metabolic states, and signaling pathways. Ultrasensitivity is a switch that helps decision-making in such biological processes. For example, in apoptotic process, a model showed that a positive feedback of inhibition of caspase 3 (C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Mikhailovich%20Vinogradov
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Alexandre Mikhailovich Vinogradov (; 18 February 1938 – 20 September 2019) was a Russian and Italian mathematician. He made important contributions to the areas of differential calculus over commutative algebras, the algebraic theory of differential operators, homological algebra, differential geometry and algebraic topology, mechanics and mathematical physics, the geometrical theory of nonlinear partial differential equations and secondary calculus.
Biography
A.M. Vinogradov was born on 18 February 1938 in Novorossiysk. His father, Mikhail Ivanovich Vinogradov, was a hydraulics scientist; his mother, Ilza Alexandrovna Firer, was a medical doctor. Among his more distant ancestors, his great-grandfather, Anton Smagin, was a self-taught peasant and a deputy of the State Duma of the second convocation.
Between 1955 and 1960 Vinogradov studied at the Mechanics and Mathematics Department of Moscow State University (Mech-mat). He pursued a PhD at the same institution, defending his thesis in 1964, under the supervision of V.G. Boltyansky.
After teaching for one year at the Moscow Mining Institute, in 1965 he received a position at the Department of Higher Geometry and Topology of Moscow State University. He obtained his habilitation degree (doktorskaya dissertatsiya) in 1984 at the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Science in Novosibirsk in Russia. In 1990 he left the Soviet Union for Italy, and from 1993 to 2010 was professor in geometry at the University of Salerno.
Research
Vinogradov published his first works in number theory, together with B.N. Delaunay and D.B. Fuchs, when he was a second year undergraduate student. By the end of his undergraduate years he changed research interests and started working on algebraic topology. His PhD thesis was devoted to homotopic properties of the embedding spaces of circles into the 2-sphere or the 3-disk. He continued working in algebraic and differential topology – in particular, on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutshell
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A nutshell is the outer shell of a nut. Most nutshells are inedible and are removed before eating the nut meat inside. It covers and protects the kernel, which may be edible.
Usage
Most nutshells are useful to some extent, depending on the circumstances. Walnut shells can be used for cleaning and polishing, as a filler in dynamite, and as a paint thickening agent. Shells from pecans, almonds, Brazil nuts, acorns, and most other nuts are useful in composting. Their high porosity makes them also ideal in the production of activated carbon by pyrolysis. Shells can also be used as loose-fill packing material, to protect fragile items in shipping.
Idiomatic usage
The expression "in a nutshell" (of a story, proof, etc.) means "in essence", metaphorically alluding to the fact that the essence of the nut - its edible part - is contained inside its shell. The expression further gave rise to the journalistic term nut graph, short for nutshell paragraph.
In Hamlet (Act 2, Scene 2) the title character exclaims: "O God, I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a King of infinite space".
Pliny the Elder mentioned in the encyclopedic Naturalis historia a report by Cicero saying that a handwritten version of the Iliad by Homer would have fit in a nut[shell]: "in nuce inclusam Iliadem Homeri carmen in membrana scriptum tradit Cicero".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20C.%20Rosenbloom
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Paul Charles Rosenbloom (1920 in Portsmouth, Virginia – 2005) was an American mathematician.
Life
Rosenbloom studied at the University of Pennsylvania, where as an undergraduate he became a Putnam Fellow in 1941. In 1944 he earned his PhD from Stanford University under Gábor Szegő with thesis On sequences of polynomials, especially sections of power series. He was a professor of mathematics at Brown University, Syracuse University (around 1951), the University of Minnesota (middle to end of the 1950s), and the Teacher's College of Columbia University (from the 1960s to his retirement as professor emeritus). His doctoral students include Henry Gordon Rice.
Rosenbloom's research includes analysis, special functions, differential equations, logic, and the teaching of mathematics. In the academic year 1959–1960 he was the director of the Minnesota School Mathematics Center.
In 1946 he was a Guggenheim Fellow. He was at the Institute for Advanced Study for the academic years 1953–1954 and 1971–1972.
Works
with P. Erdős:
The Elements of Mathematical Logic, Dover 1950, 2005
with A. N. Milgram:
with A. N. Milgram:
Linear Partial Differential Equations, in George Elmer Forsythe, Rosenbloom: Numerical analysis and partial differential equations, Wiley 1958
with D. V. Widder:
as editor: Modern viewpoints in the curriculum: National Conference on Curriculum Experimentation, (Conference in 1961), McGraw Hill 1964
with Seymour Schuster: Prelude to Analysis, Prentice–Hall 1966
with A. Evyatar: Motivated Mathematics, Cambridge University Press 1981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20feedback
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Positive feedback (exacerbating feedback, self-reinforcing feedback) is a process that occurs in a feedback loop which exacerbates the effects of a small disturbance. That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation. That is, A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A. In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback. Both concepts play an important role in science and engineering, including biology, chemistry, and cybernetics.
Mathematically, positive feedback is defined as a positive loop gain around a closed loop of cause and effect.
That is, positive feedback is in phase with the input, in the sense that it adds to make the input larger.
Positive feedback tends to cause system instability. When the loop gain is positive and above 1, there will typically be exponential growth, increasing oscillations, chaotic behavior or other divergences from equilibrium. System parameters will typically accelerate towards extreme values, which may damage or destroy the system, or may end with the system latched into a new stable state. Positive feedback may be controlled by signals in the system being filtered, damped, or limited, or it can be cancelled or reduced by adding negative feedback.
Positive feedback is used in digital electronics to force voltages away from intermediate voltages into '0' and '1' states. On the other hand, thermal runaway is a type of positive feedback that can destroy semiconductor junctions. Positive feedback in chemical reactions can increase the rate of reactions, and in some cases can lead to explosions. Positive feedback in mechanical design causes tipping-point, or 'over-centre', mechanisms to snap into position, for example in switches and locking pliers. Out of control, it can cause bridges to collapse. Positive feedback in economic systems can cause boom-then-bust cycles. A familiar example of positive feedback
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost%20distance%20analysis
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In spatial analysis and geographic information systems, cost distance analysis or cost path analysis is a method for determining one or more optimal routes of travel through unconstrained (two-dimensional) space. The optimal solution is that which minimizes the total cost of the route, based on a field of cost density (cost per linear unit) that varies over space due to local factors. It is thus based on the fundamental geographic principle of Friction of distance. It is an optimization problem with multiple deterministic algorithm solutions, implemented in most GIS software.
The various problems, algorithms, and tools of cost distance analysis operate over an unconstrained two-dimensional space, meaning that a path could be of any shape. Similar cost optimization problems can also arise in a constrained space, especially a one-dimensional linear network such as a road or telecommunications network. Although they are similar in principle, the problems in network space require very different (usually simpler) algorithms to solve, largely adopted from graph theory. The collection of GIS tools for solving these problems are called network analysis.
History
Humans seem to have an innate desire to travel with minimal effort and time. Historic, even ancient, roads show patterns similar to what modern computational algorithms would generate, traveling straight across flat spaces, but curving around mountains, canyons, and thick vegetation.
However, it was not until the 20th century that geographers developed theories to explain this route optimization, and algorithms to reproduce it. In 1957, during the Quantitative revolution in Geography, with its propensity to adopt principles or mathematical formalisms from the "hard" sciences (known as social physics), William Warntz used refraction as an analogy for how minimizing travel cost will make transportation routes change direction at the boundary between two landscapes with very different friction of distance (e.g., eme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon%20R430
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The Radeon R430 chip from ATI Technologies can be found in some models of the Radeon X800 GTO video card. The Radeon X800 "R430"-based 110 nanometer series was introduced at the end of 2004 along with ATI's new X850 cards. The X800 was designed to replace the position X700 XT failed to secure, with 12 pipelines and a 256-bit RAM bus. The card more than surpassed the 6600GT with performance similar to that of the GeForce 6800. A close relative, the new X800 XL, was positioned to dethrone Nvidia's GeForce 6800 GT with higher memory speeds and a full 16 pipelines to boost performance. R430 was unable to reach high clock speeds, being mainly designed to reduce the cost per graphics processing unit (GPU), and so a new top-of-the-line core was still needed.
See also
Radeon R420
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Language%20Portal
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Microsoft Language Portal is a multilingual online dictionary of computing terms.
It also offers free downloads of localization style guides, translations of user interface text, and a feedback feature. It was made public in 2009.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeviceNet
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DeviceNet is a network protocol used in the automation industry to interconnect control devices for data exchange. It utilizes the Common Industrial Protocol over a Controller Area Network media layer and defines an application layer to cover a range of device profiles. Typical applications include information exchange, safety devices, and large I/O control networks.
History
DeviceNet was originally developed by American company Allen-Bradley (now owned by Rockwell Automation). It is an application layer protocol on top of the CAN (Controller Area Network) technology, developed by Bosch. DeviceNet adapts the technology from the Common Industrial Protocol and takes advantage of CAN, making it low-cost and robust compared to the traditional RS-485 based protocols.
In order to promote the use of DeviceNet worldwide, Rockwell Automation has adopted the "open" concept and decided to share the technology to third-party vendors. Hence it is now managed by ODVA, an independent organization located in North America. ODVA maintains specifications of DeviceNet and oversees advances to DeviceNet. In addition, ODVA ensures compliance to DeviceNet standards by providing conformance testing and vendor conformity.
ODVA later decided to bring DeviceNet back to its predecessor's umbrella and collectively refer to the technology as the Common Industrial Protocol or CIP, which includes the following technologies:
EtherNet/IP
ControlNet
DeviceNet
ODVA claims high integrity between the three technologies due to the common protocol adaptation, which makes industrial controls much simpler compared to other technologies.
DeviceNet has been standardized as IEC 62026-3.
Architecture
Technical Overview
Define the OSI seven-layer architecture model the physical layer, data link layer and application layer
Network in addition to the signal, but also including power, self-powered support network function (generally used in small devices, such as photo detectors, limit switches
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoustolith
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Akoustolith is a porous ceramic material resembling stone. Akoustolith was a patented product of a collaboration between Rafael Guastavino Jr. (the son of Rafael Guastavino) and Harvard professor Wallace Sabine over a period of years starting in 1911. It was used to limit acoustic reflection and noise in large vaulted ceilings. Akoustolith was bonded as an additional layer to the structural tile of the Tile Arch System ceilings built by the Rafael Guastavino Company of New Jersey. The most prevalent use was to aid speech intelligibility in cathedrals and churches prior to the widespread use of public address systems.
History
Akoustolith was first introduced by the Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company, in collaboration with Wallace Sabine of Harvard University, in 1915. The founder of the Guastavino Company, Rafael Guastavino Sr., had immigrated to the United States from Spain in 1881, bringing with him the method of timbrel-vault construction, also known as cohesive construction. The Raphael Guastavino Company's vaulting technique created monolithic assemblies by layering thin bricks and structural tiles with fast-drying mortar. The Guastavino Technique, as it came to be known, consisted of multiple layers of plaster and tile in the construction of masonry vaulting; the first course of tile was set in its position with quick setting mortar creating form-work for the subsequent layers. Tiles were placed in concentric circles in the construction of domes, while in ribbed vaults, ribs served as the general form-work. Upon Guastavino Sr.'s death in 1908, his son, Rafael Guastavino Jr. took over the Guastavino Fireproof Construction Company; he was largely responsible for the company's development of acoustical finishes, including the incorporation and development of Rumford and Akoustolith tiles.
Raphael Guastavino Jr. and Wallace Sabine patented Akoustolith in 1916, to be used as a facing for Guastavino's timbrel vaults. The two had previously collaborated in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%27s%20theorem
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In geometry, Stewart's theorem yields a relation between the lengths of the sides and the length of a cevian in a triangle. Its name is in honour of the Scottish mathematician Matthew Stewart, who published the theorem in 1746.
Statement
Let , , be the lengths of the sides of a triangle. Let be the length of a cevian to the side of length . If the cevian divides the side of length into two segments of length and , with adjacent to and adjacent to , then Stewart's theorem states that
A common mnemonic used by students to memorize this equation (after rearranging the terms) is:
The theorem may be written more symmetrically using signed lengths of segments. That is, take the length to be positive or negative according to whether is to the left or right of in some fixed orientation of the line. In this formulation, the theorem states that if are collinear points, and is any point, then
In the special case that the cevian is the median (that is, it divides the opposite side into two segments of equal length), the result is known as Apollonius' theorem.
Proof
The theorem can be proved as an application of the law of cosines.
Let be the angle between and and the angle between and . Then is the supplement of , and so . Applying the law of cosines in the two small triangles using angles and produces
Multiplying the first equation by and the third equation by and adding them eliminates . One obtains
which is the required equation.
Alternatively, the theorem can be proved by drawing a perpendicular from the vertex of the triangle to the base and using the Pythagorean theorem to write the distances , , in terms of the altitude. The left and right hand sides of the equation then reduce algebraically to the same expression.
History
According to , Stewart published the result in 1746 when he was a candidate to replace Colin Maclaurin as Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. state that the result was probably known to Arc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUBMB%20Life
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IUBMB Life is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of developmental biology that was established in 1999. It is one of four official journals of the IUBMB. The journal is published monthly by John Wiley & Sons.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.885, ranking it 147th out of 297 journals in the category "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology" and 121st out of 195 journals in the category "Cell Biology".
Aims and Scope
IUBMB Life is the flagship journal of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and is devoted to the rapid publication of the most novel and significant original research articles, reviews, and hypotheses in the broadly defined fields of biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and molecular medicine. The journal publishes interdisciplinary, basic to translational research and covers all fields in the life science at every level of organization:
Research communications are original research articles that present new findings of unusually high importance, which provide major new functional insights in biology. Critical Reviews are short, concise, and sharply focused reviews of current hot topics in the biological sciences. Critical Reviews and Hypotheses Papers make new specialized areas highly accessible to all scientists and develop novel insights and approaches for future research. Articles that integrate several biological disciplines, or successfully relate basic biology to human pathology or medicine, are especially encouraged.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20fixed-point%20theorem
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In discrete mathematics, a discrete fixed-point is a fixed-point for functions defined on finite sets, typically subsets of the integer grid .
Discrete fixed-point theorems were developed by Iimura, Murota and Tamura, Chen and Deng and others. Yang provides a survey.
Basic concepts
Continuous fixed-point theorems often require a continuous function. Since continuity is not meaningful for functions on discrete sets, it is replaced by conditions such as a direction-preserving function. Such conditions imply that the function does not change too drastically when moving between neighboring points of the integer grid. There are various direction-preservation conditions, depending on whether neighboring points are considered points of a hypercube (HGDP), of a simplex (SGDP) etc. See the page on direction-preserving function for definitions.
Continuous fixed-point theorems often require a convex set. The analogue of this property for discrete sets is an integrally-convex set.
A fixed point of a discrete function f is defined exactly as for continuous functions: it is a point x for which f(x)=x.
For functions on discrete sets
We focus on functions , where the domain X is a nonempty subset of the Euclidean space . ch(X) denotes the convex hull of X.
Iimura-Murota-Tamura theorem: If X is a finite integrally-convex subset of , and is a hypercubic direction-preserving (HDP) function, then f has a fixed-point.
Chen-Deng theorem: If X is a finite subset of , and is simplicially direction-preserving (SDP), then f has a fixed-point.
Yang's theorems:
[3.6] If X is a finite integrally-convex subset of , is simplicially gross direction preserving (SGDP), and for all x in X there exists some g(x)>0 such that , then f has a zero point.
[3.7] If X is a finite hypercubic subset of , with minimum point a and maximum point b, is SGDP, and for any x in X: and , then f has a zero point. This is a discrete analogue of the Poincaré–Miranda theorem. It is a consequence of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky%3A%20A%20%28Self%29%20Love%20Story
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Sticky: A (Self) Love Story is a 2016 documentary and comedy film by Nicholas Tana that attempts to explain why most people are afraid to discuss masturbation. The movie is one of the first documentaries to address the myths and social taboos around masturbation. The trailer for Sticky: A (Self) Love Story was selected as top trailers of the week by IndieWire.
Impact on sex education
The feature-length documentary has received positive reviews in national media for its controversial stance in favor of masturbation as part of sex education. The filmmaker Nicholas Tana was paid to speak during a screening of his film at the 47th. annual American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (A.A.S.E.C.T.) conference in Minneapolis in 2015 during which time an early educational cut of the film was screened in front of over a hundred certified sex educators.
The A.A.S.E.C.T. screening resulted in invitations to conduct educational screenings at Arizona State University sponsored by VOX Voices For Planned Parenthood, University of Wisconsin sponsored by Sex Outloud, and Eastern Michigan University spearheaded by Pam Landau of the Psychology department in April 2016 and ending in May 2016 in honor of international Masturbation Month.
The film addresses the need for sex education that discusses masturbation in a healthy manner to students; it includes interviews with sex educators who express concerns about not properly educating children around sex and masturbation. Harvard University screened Sticky: A (Self) Love Story on campus in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on April 4, 2017, as part of Harvard's Sex Weekend.
Contrasting view-points on health
Full of interviews from sex educators, religious figures, and psychologists, the documentary offers often contrasting opinions about the health benefits both physically and psychologically of masturbation. Among those interviewed who believe masturbation could be harmful is Alexander Rhodes, the founder of a popular R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocomputation
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Geocomputation (sometimes GeoComputation) is a field of study at the intersection of geography and computation.
See also
Geoinformatics
Geomathematics
Geographic information system
Bibliography
Openshaw, S., and R. J. Abrahart. (1996). “Geocomputation.” In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on GeoComputation, 665–6, edited by R. J. Abrahart. Leeds, U.K.: University of Leeds
Longley, P. A., S. M. Brooks, R. McDonnell, and W. D. Macmillan. (1998). Geocomputation: A Primer. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons
Gahegan, M. (1999). “Guest Editorial: What is Geocomputation?” Transactions in GIS 3(3), 203–6.
Brunsdon, C., and A. D. Singleton. (2015). Geocomputation: A Practical Primer. London: Sage
Harris, R., D. O’Sullivan, M. Gahegan, M. Charlton, L. Comber, P. Longley, C. Brunsdon, N. Malleson, A. Heppenstall, A. Singleton, D. Arribas-Bel, and A. Evans. (2017). “More Bark than Bytes? Reflections on 21+ Years of Geocomputation.” Environment and Planning B 44(4), 598–617.
Geographic data and information fields of study
Computational fields of study
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseen%20equations
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In fluid dynamics, the Oseen equations (or Oseen flow) describe the flow of a viscous and incompressible fluid at small Reynolds numbers, as formulated by Carl Wilhelm Oseen in 1910. Oseen flow is an improved description of these flows, as compared to Stokes flow, with the (partial) inclusion of convective acceleration.
Oseen's work is based on the experiments of G.G. Stokes, who had studied the falling of a sphere through a viscous fluid. He developed a correction term, which included inertial factors, for the flow velocity used in Stokes' calculations, to solve the problem known as Stokes' paradox. His approximation leads to an improvement to Stokes' calculations.
Equations
The Oseen equations are, in case of an object moving with a steady flow velocity U through the fluid—which is at rest far from the object—and in a frame of reference attached to the object:
where
u is the disturbance in flow velocity induced by the moving object, i.e. the total flow velocity in the frame of reference moving with the object is −U + u,
p is the pressure,
ρ is the density of the fluid,
μ is the dynamic viscosity,
∇ is the gradient operator, and
∇2 is the Laplace operator.
The boundary conditions for the Oseen flow around a rigid object are:
with r the distance from the object's center, and p∞ the undisturbed pressure far from the object.
Longitudinal and transversal waves
A fundamental property of Oseen's equation is that the general solution can be split into longitudinal and transversal waves.
A solution is a longitudinal wave if the velocity is irrotational and hence the viscous term drops out. The equations become
In consequence
Velocity is derived from potential theory and pressure is from linearized Bernoulli's equations.
A solution is a transversal wave if the pressure is identically zero and the velocity field is solenoidal. The equations are
Then the complete Oseen solution is given by
a splitting theorem due to Horace Lamb. The splitting is unique i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20module
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In algebra, given a module and a submodule, one can construct their quotient module. This construction, described below, is very similar to that of a quotient vector space. It differs from analogous quotient constructions of rings and groups by the fact that in these cases, the subspace that is used for defining the quotient is not of the same nature as the ambient space (that is, a quotient ring is the quotient of a ring by an ideal, not a subring, and a quotient group is the quotient of a group by a normal subgroup, not by a general subgroup).
Given a module over a ring , and a submodule of , the quotient space is defined by the equivalence relation
if and only if
for any in . The elements of are the equivalence classes The function sending in to its equivalence class is called the quotient map or the projection map, and is a module homomorphism.
The addition operation on is defined for two equivalence classes as the equivalence class of the sum of two representatives from these classes; and scalar multiplication of elements of by elements of is defined similarly. Note that it has to be shown that these operations are well-defined. Then becomes itself an -module, called the quotient module. In symbols, for all in and in :
Examples
Consider the polynomial ring, with real coefficients, and the -module . Consider the submodule
of , that is, the submodule of all polynomials divisible by . It follows that the equivalence relation determined by this module will be
if and only if and give the same remainder when divided by .
Therefore, in the quotient module , is the same as 0; so one can view as obtained from by setting . This quotient module is isomorphic to the complex numbers, viewed as a module over the real numbers
See also
Quotient group
Quotient ring
Quotient (universal algebra)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashorn%20%28JavaScript%20engine%29
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Nashorn is a JavaScript engine developed in the Java programming language originally by Oracle and later by the OpenJDK Community. It relies on the support for dynamically typed languages on the Java Platform (JSR 292) (a concept first realized in the experimental Da Vinci Machine and a standard part of Java 7 and later.) Nashorn has been included with Java 8 through JDK 14.
History
The project was announced first at the JVM language summit in July 2011, and then confirmed at JavaOne in October 2011.
On November 21, 2012, Oracle formally announced the open sourcing of the Nashorn source on the OpenJDK repository. The project aim will be to allow embedding JavaScript in Java applications via JSR-223 and to develop standalone JavaScript applications. On December 21, 2012, Oracle announced Nashorn source was publicly released in the OpenJDK repository.
It provides a 100% support of ECMAScript 5.1. It was the first JavaScript implementation to achieve 100% pass rate on the ECMAScript 5.1 test suite.
With the release of Java 11, Nashorn was deprecated citing challenges to maintenance, and has been removed from JDK 15 onwards.
Nashorn development continues on GitHub as a standalone OpenJDK project and the separate release can be used in Java projects from Java 11 and up.
Name
Nashorn ("nahss-horn") is the German translation of rhinoceros, a play on words on Rhino, the name of a JavaScript engine implemented in Java and provided by Mozilla Foundation. The latter gets its name from the animal on the cover of the JavaScript book from O'Reilly Media.
Performance
According to Oracle benchmarks, Nashorn performance is several orders of magnitude faster than the alternative Rhino JavaScript engine.
See also
List of ECMAScript engines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervelocity
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Hypervelocity is very high velocity, approximately over 3,000 meters per second (6,700 mph, 11,000 km/h, 10,000 ft/s, or Mach 8.8). In particular, hypervelocity is velocity so high that the strength of materials upon impact is very small compared to inertial stresses. Thus, metals and fluids behave alike under hypervelocity impact. Extreme hypervelocity results in vaporization of the impactor and target. For structural metals, hypervelocity is generally considered to be over 2,500 m/s (5,600 mph, 9,000 km/h, 8,200 ft/s, or Mach 7.3). Meteorite craters are also examples of hypervelocity impacts.
Overview
The term "hypervelocity" refers to velocities in the range from a few kilometers per second to some tens of kilometers per second. This is especially relevant in the field of space exploration and military use of space, where hypervelocity impacts (e.g. by space debris or an attacking projectile) can result in anything from minor component degradation to the complete destruction of a spacecraft or missile. The impactor, as well as the surface it hits, can undergo temporary liquefaction. The impact process can generate plasma discharges, which can interfere with spacecraft electronics.
Hypervelocity usually occurs during meteor showers and deep space reentries, as carried out during the Zond, Apollo and Luna programs. Given the intrinsic unpredictability of the timing and trajectories of meteors, space capsules are prime data gathering opportunities for the study of thermal protection materials at hypervelocity (in this context, hypervelocity is defined as greater than escape velocity). Given the rarity of such observation opportunities since the 1970s, the Genesis and Stardust Sample Return Capsule (SRC) reentries as well as the recent Hayabusa SRC reentry have spawned observation campaigns, most notably at NASA's Ames Research Center.
Hypervelocity collisions can be studied by examining the results of naturally occurring collisions (between micrometeorites and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board%20microcontroller
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A single-board microcontroller is a microcontroller built onto a single printed circuit board. This board provides all of the circuitry necessary for a useful control task: a microprocessor, I/O circuits, a clock generator, RAM, stored program memory and any necessary support ICs. The intention is that the board is immediately useful to an application developer, without requiring them to spend time and effort to develop controller hardware.
As they are usually low-cost, and have an especially low capital cost for development, single-board microcontrollers have long been popular in education. They are also a popular means for developers to gain hands-on experience with a new processor family.
Origins
Single-board microcontrollers appeared in the late 1970s, when the appearance of early microprocessors, such as the 6502 and the Z80, made it practical to build an entire controller on a single board, as well as affordable to dedicate a computer to a relatively minor task.
In March 1976, Intel announced a single-board computer product that integrated all of the support components required for their 8080 microprocessor, along with 1 kilobyte of RAM, 4 kilobytes of user-programmable ROM, and 48 lines of parallel digital I/O with line drivers. The board also offered expansion through a bus connector, but could be used without an expansion card cage when applications did not require additional hardware. Software development for this system was hosted on Intel's Intellec MDS microcomputer development system; this provided assembler and PL/M support, and permitted in-circuit emulation for debugging.
Processors of this era required a number of support chips to be included outside of the processor. RAM and EPROM were separate, often requiring memory management or refresh circuitry for dynamic memory. I/O processing might have been carried out by a single chip such as the 8255, but frequently required several more chips.
A single-board microcontroller differs from a single
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidal%20ideation
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Homicidal ideation is a common medical term for thoughts about homicide. There is a range of homicidal thoughts which spans from vague ideas of revenge to detailed and fully formulated plans without the act itself. Most people who have homicidal ideation do not commit homicide. 50–91% of people surveyed on university grounds in various places in the United States admit to having had a homicidal fantasy. Homicidal ideation is common, accounting for 10–17% of patient presentations to psychiatric facilities in the United States.
Homicidal ideation is not a disease itself, but may result from other illnesses such as delirium and psychosis. Psychosis, which accounts for 89% of admissions with homicidal ideation in one US study, includes substance-induced psychosis (e.g. amphetamine psychosis) and the psychoses related to schizophreniform disorder and schizophrenia. Delirium is often drug induced or secondary to general medical illness(es).
It may arise in association with personality disorders or it may occur in people who do not have any detectable illness. In fact, surveys have shown that the majority of people have had homicidal fantasies at some stage in their life. Many theories have been proposed to explain this.
Diagnosis
Violence risk
Homicidal ideation is noted to be an important risk factor when trying to identify a person's risk for violence. This type of assessment is routine for psychiatric patients or any other patients presenting to hospital with mental health complaints. There are many associated risk factors which include: history of violence and any thoughts of committing harm, poor impulse control and an inability to delay gratification, impairment or loss of reality testing, especially with delusional beliefs or command hallucinations, the feeling of being controlled by an outside force, the belief that other people wish to harm them, the perception of rejection or humiliation at the hands of others, being under the influence of substances or a hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%27s%20method%20of%20characteristic%20set
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Wenjun Wu's method is an algorithm for solving multivariate polynomial equations introduced in the late 1970s by the Chinese mathematician Wen-Tsun Wu. This method is based on the mathematical concept of characteristic set introduced in the late 1940s by J.F. Ritt. It is fully independent of the Gröbner basis method, introduced by Bruno Buchberger (1965), even if Gröbner bases may be used to compute characteristic sets.
Wu's method is powerful for mechanical theorem proving in elementary geometry, and provides a complete decision process for certain classes of problem. It has been used in research in his laboratory (KLMM, Key Laboratory of Mathematics Mechanization in Chinese Academy of Science) and around the world. The main trends of research on Wu's method concern systems of polynomial equations of positive dimension and differential algebra where Ritt's results have been made effective. Wu's method has been applied in various scientific fields, like biology, computer vision, robot kinematics and especially automatic proofs in geometry.
Informal description
Wu's method uses polynomial division to solve problems of the form:
where f is a polynomial equation and I is a conjunction of polynomial equations. The algorithm is complete for such problems over the complex domain.
The core idea of the algorithm is that you can divide one polynomial by another to give a remainder. Repeated division results in either the remainder vanishing (in which case the I implies f statement is true), or an irreducible remainder is left behind (in which case the statement is false).
More specifically, for an ideal I in the ring k[x1, ..., xn] over a field k, a (Ritt) characteristic set C of I is composed of a set of polynomials in I, which is in triangular shape: polynomials in C have distinct main variables (see the formal definition below). Given a characteristic set C of I, one can decide if a polynomial f is zero modulo I. That is, the membership test is checkable for I, p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendelluft
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Pendelluft (Derived from the German words for pendulum and air.) refers to the movement of gas between two regions of the lung, usually between regions of differing compliance or airway resistance. Pendelluft is an important physiological concept to take into account during mechanical ventilation, particularly in patients with an open thorax, severe bronchospasm (e.g. asthma or COPD), or with heterogeneous lung compliance (e.g. ARDS). It was first published as a physiological concept in 1956.
Occurrence and consequences of pendelluft
An extreme example of pendelluft is found in a spontaneously breathing patient with an open hemithorax or large flail segment. During the inspiratory phase, the contralateral lung (with a closed / intact chest wall) will expand with most of the tidal volume, with the open plura or paradoxical chest wall movement preventing expansion of the ipsilateral lung. However, during the expiratory phase, there will be gas flow (pendelluft) from the contralateral lung to the lung ipsilateral to the open thorax. Inspiration can also cause gas movement from the ipsilateral to the contralateral lung. This can significantly impair ventilation, and historically was one issue that limited thoracic surgery until more complex methods of mechanical ventilation were available.
Less profound bulk gas flow occurs in conditions where lung compliance and resistance is heterogenous. Lung units which have slow time constants may fill through gas flow from neighbouring lung units with fast time constants. This gas flow can help improve ventilation of alveoli in regions with increased airway resistance or poorer compliance, improving V/Q matching. The consequence of this is that increased respiratory rates / reduced inspiratory times may prevent slow time unit alveoli from being recruited, worsening V/Q matching and thus worsening oxygenation. The presence of pendelluft between different lung units in a mechanically ventilated patient can be demonstrated by an i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Courtauld
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Elizabeth Courtauld (1867–1947) was a pioneer British physician and anaesthetist, practising in India. She was a volunteer doctor at a field hospital run by women (Scottish Women's Hospital) close to the front line in France during the First World War.
Family and early education
Elizabeth Courtauld was the third child of industrialist and politician George Courtauld and Susanna Elizabeth Savill, born on 2 December 1867 in Gosfield, Essex. Her elder siblings were Katherine Courtauld, farmer and suffragist, and Samuel Augustine Courtauld, who became a director of the family firm. Her mother died when she was a teenager.
Courtauld completed her formal education at a residential school at Edge Hill, Wimbledon. She then returned to live at home aged 16 where she received private tuition in a range of subjects including botany, music, drawing, geography, French, German, geology, 'sums' and Euclid. By age 19 she still received music and drawing lessons but she also had responsibilities for some housekeeping and teaching her younger siblings.
Medical training and nursing experience
In her early 20s Courtauld began taking extended trips to visit friends in Germany, and commenced nursing studies at the Deaconesses Institute of Kaiserswerth in the Dusselforf area, established by Theodor Fliedner. The Institute provided care for the needy sick and provided education for women in nursing skills and theology. Florence Nightingale had previously studied there.
She began considering training to become a doctor but her father strongly disapproved of the idea, and she began work as a nurse in Cheltenham hospital in January 1891. She worked as a nurse for four years until she entered the London School of Medicine for Women in 1895, aged 28. She studied alongside Frances Ivens and Augusta Lewin, who she would later work alongside in France. In 1901 she qualified by sitting for the licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, which entitled her to be entered on the Medical Registe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction%20debt
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In ecology, extinction debt is the future extinction of species due to events in the past. The phrases dead clade walking and survival without recovery express the same idea.
Extinction debt occurs because of time delays between impacts on a species, such as 0 of habitat, and the species' ultimate disappearance. For instance, long-lived trees may survive for many years even after reproduction of new trees has become impossible, and thus they may be committed to extinction. Technically, extinction debt generally refers to the number of species in an area likely to become extinct, rather than the prospects of any one species, but colloquially it refers to any occurrence of delayed extinction.
Extinction debt may be local or global, but most examples are local as these are easier to observe and model. It is most likely to be found in long-lived species and species with very specific habitat requirements (specialists). Extinction debt has important implications for conservation, as it implies that species may become extinct due to past habitat destruction, even if continued impacts cease, and that current reserves may not be sufficient to maintain the species that occupy them. Interventions such as habitat restoration may reverse extinction debt.
Immigration credit is the corollary to extinction debt. It refers to the number of species likely to migrate to an area after an event such as the restoration of an ecosystem.
Terminology
The term extinction debt was first used in 1994 in a paper by David Tilman, Robert May, Clarence Lehman and Martin Nowak, although Jared Diamond used the term "relaxation time" to describe a similar phenomenon in 1972.
Extinction debt is also known by the terms dead clade walking and survival without recovery when referring to the species affected. The phrase "dead clade walking" was coined by David Jablonski as early as 2001 as a reference to Dead Man Walking, a film whose title is based on American prison slang for a condemned prisoner
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDMNES
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The FDMNES program calculates the spectra of different spectroscopies related to the real or virtual absorption of x-ray in material. It gives the absorption cross sections of photons around the ionization edge, that is in the energy range of XANES. The calculation is performed with all conditions of rectilinear or circular polarization. In the same way, it calculates the structure factors and intensities of anomalous or resonant diffraction spectra (DAFS or RXS).
The code uses two techniques of monoelectronic calculations. The first one is based on the Finite Difference Method (FDM) to solve the Schrödinger equation. In that way the shape of the potential is free and in particular avoid the muffin-tin approximation. The second one uses the Green formalism (multiple scattering) on a muffin- tin potential. This approach can be less precise but is faster.
FDMNES is used as external program to calculate basic spectra for XANES fitting using FitIt.
It can also be used to calculate X-ray Raman scattering spectra.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae
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Ceratophyllaceae is a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants including one living genus commonly found in ponds, marshes, and quiet streams in tropical and in temperate regions. It is the only extant family in the order Ceratophyllales. Species are commonly called coontails or hornworts, although hornwort is also used for unrelated plants of the division Anthocerotophyta.
Living Ceratophyllum grows completely submerged, usually, though not always, floating on the surface, and does not tolerate drought.
Taxonomy
Ceratophyllaceae was considered a relative of Nymphaeaceae and included in Nymphaeales in the Cronquist system, but research has shown that it is not closely related to Nymphaeaceae or any other extant plant family. Some early molecular phylogenies suggested it was the sister group to all other angiosperms, but more recent research suggests that it is the sister group to the eudicots. The APG III system placed the family in its own order, the Ceratophyllales. The APG IV system accepts the phylogeny shown below:
The extinct family Montsechiaceae containing the genus Montsechia has also been placed in the order Ceratophyllales.
Genera
The family contains one living genus, and several extinct genera described from the fossil record, including one of the earliest fruit bearing (in the form of an achene) plants, the Dakota formation freshwater genus Donlesia from Early Cretaceous.
Ceratophyllum
†Ceratostratiotes
†Donlesia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androsterone%20sulfate
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Androsterone sulfate, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one 3α-sulfate, is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and one of the major urinary metabolites of androgens. It is a steroid sulfate which is formed from sulfation of androsterone by the steroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1 and can be desulfated back into androsterone by steroid sulfatase.
See also
Androsterone glucuronide
Steroid sulfate
C19H30O5S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s%20Raining%2C%20It%27s%20Pouring
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"It's Raining, It's Pouring" is an English language nursery rhyme and children's song. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16814.
Origins
The first two lines of this rhyme can be found in The Little Mother Goose, published in the US in 1912. The melody is associated with "A Tisket, A Tasket" and "What Are Little Boys Made Of?"
The earliest known audio recording of the song was made in 1939 in New York by anthropologist and folklorist Herbert Halpert and is held in the Library of Congress. Charles Ives added musical notes 1939, and a version of it was copyrighted in 1944 by Freda Selicoff.
The poem goes as follows:
It's raining, it's pouring,
The old man is snoring,
He went to bed and bumped his head,
And couldn't get up in the morning.
Interpretation
It has been suggested that the verse is a "classic description" of a head injury ("bumped his head"), followed by a lucid interval and an inability to resume normal activity ("couldn't get up in the morning"). Andrew Kaye in Essential Neurosurgery suggested that, in regard to the first verse at least, the rhyme is an interpretation of an accidental death ("couldn't get up in the morning"; indicating that no attempt or ability to get up was made).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherbird
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The Weatherbird is a cartoon character and a single-panel comic. It is printed on the front of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and has been in the paper continuously since 1901, making it the longest-running American newspaper cartoon and a mascot of the newspaper.
Cartoonists
The Weatherbird, in its long run, has been drawn by just six cartoonists (three of them, by coincidence, named Martin):
Harry B. Martin (1901 – 1903)
Oscar Chopin (1903 – 1910)
S. Carlisle Martin (1910 – 1932)
Amadee Wohlschlaeger (1932 – 1981)
Albert Schweitzer (1981 – 1986)
Dan Martin (1986 – present ())
The character first appeared on February 11, 1901, Harry B. Martin originated the character, which was originally called "Dickey Bird" ('dicky-bird' is a generic slang term for any small bird). Martin had originally intended to rotate through just a few versions of the bird – one for rain, one for heat, etc. – but readers asked for a new drawing each day, which he then provided.
Martin later moved to New York where he drew the strips It Happened in Birdland (1907–1909) and Inbad the Tailor (1911–1912, for the New York American). Martin became a golf correspondent and an authority on golf (writing 15 books on the subject) and a founder of the American PGA.
Oscar Charles Chopin (1873 – 1932) inherited the Weatherbird from Martin, drawing it until 1910.
S. Carlisle Martin took over the Weatherbird in 1910. He started the tradition of making the Weatherbird comment on the news in addition to the weather, and started a pattern of six words or less for the bird's comments. He was assisted by Carlos Hurd, and drew the Weatherbird until his death in 1932.
In 1912, the Post-Dispatch began running a full-page, multiple-panel color strip on Sunday, titled "Jinx and the Weather Bird Family", and featuring the Weatherbird (called "George" in the strip), his wife, and their mischievous Katzenjammer Kids-like children in various putatively comical escapades. (Jinx was an imp who observed or initiated t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite%20modem
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A satellite modem or satmodem is a modem used to establish data transfers using a communications satellite as a relay. A satellite modem's main function is to transform an input bitstream to a radio signal and vice versa.
There are some devices that include only a demodulator (and no modulator, thus only allowing data to be downloaded by satellite) that are also referred to as "satellite modems." These devices are used in satellite Internet access (in this case uploaded data is transferred through a conventional PSTN modem or an ADSL modem).
Satellite link
A satellite modem is not the only device needed to establish a communication channel. Other equipment that is essential for creating a satellite link include satellite antennas and frequency converters.
Data to be transmitted are transferred to a modem from data terminal equipment (e.g. a computer). The modem usually has intermediate frequency (IF) output (that is, 50-200 MHz), however, sometimes the signal is modulated directly to L band. In most cases, frequency has to be converted using an upconverter before amplification and transmission.
A modulated signal is a sequence of symbols, pieces of data represented by a corresponding signal state, e.g. a bit or a few bits, depending upon the modulation scheme being used. Recovering a symbol clock (making a local symbol clock generator synchronous with the remote one) is one of the most important tasks of a demodulator.
Similarly, a signal received from a satellite is firstly downconverted (this is done by a Low-noise block converter - LNB), then demodulated by a modem, and at last handled by data terminal equipment. The LNB is usually powered by the modem through the signal cable with 13 or 18 V DC.
Features
The main functions of a satellite modem are modulation and demodulation. Satellite communication standards also define error correction codes and framing formats.
Popular modulation types being used for satellite communications:
Binary phase-shift k
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corestriction
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In mathematics, a corestriction of a function is a notion analogous to the notion of a restriction of a function. The duality prefix co- here denotes that while the restriction changes the domain to a subset, the corestriction changes the codomain to a subset. However, the notions are not categorically dual.
Given any subset we can consider the corresponding inclusion of sets as a function. Then for any function , the restriction of a function onto can be defined as the composition .
Analogously, for an inclusion the corestriction of onto is the unique
function such that there is a decomposition . The corestriction exists if and only if contains the image of . In particular, the corestriction onto the image always exists and it is sometimes simply called the corestriction of . More generally, one can consider corestriction of a morphism in general categories with images. The term is well known in category theory, while rarely used in print.
Andreotti introduces the above notion under the name coastriction, while the name corestriction reserves to the notion categorically dual to the notion of a restriction. Namely, if is a surjection of sets (that is a quotient map) then Andreotti considers the composition , which surely always exists.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne%20Hort
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Joanne Hort is a New Zealand food science academic, and as of 2019 is a full professor at the Massey University and holds the 'Fonterra Riddet Chair in Consumer and Sensory Science'.
Academic career
After a 1997 PhD titled 'Cheddar cheese : Its texture, chemical composition and rheological properties' at the Sheffield Hallam University, Hort moved to University of Nottingham, rising to full professor. Hort then moved to Massey University, where she currently (2019) teaches.
Hort's research focuses on the taste and texture of foods, particularly dairy products.
Selected works
Kemp, Sarah E., Tracey Hollowood, and Joanne Hort. Sensory evaluation: a practical handbook. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
Hort, Joanne, and Geoff Le Grys. "Developments in the textural and rheological properties of UK Cheddar cheese during ripening." International Dairy Journal 11, no. 4-7 (2001): 475–481.
Bayarri, Sara, Andrew J. Taylor, and Joanne Hort. "The role of fat in flavor perception: effect of partition and viscosity in model emulsions." Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 54, no. 23 (2006): 8862–8868.
Hort, Joanne, and Tracey Ann Hollowood. "Controlled continuous flow delivery system for investigating taste− aroma interactions." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52, no. 15 (2004): 4834–4843.
Marciani, Luca, Johann C. Pfeiffer, Joanne Hort, Kay Head, Debbie Bush, Andy J. Taylor, Robin C. Spiller, Sue Francis, and Penny A. Gowland. "Improved methods for fMRI studies of combined taste and aroma stimuli." Journal of neuroscience methods 158, no. 2 (2006): 186–194.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healing
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With physical trauma or disease suffered by an organism, healing involves the repairing of damaged tissue(s), organs and the biological system as a whole and resumption of (normal) functioning. Medicine includes the process by which the cells in the body regenerate and repair to reduce the size of a damaged or necrotic area and replace it with new living tissue. The replacement can happen in two ways: by regeneration in which the necrotic cells are replaced by new cells that form "like" tissue as was originally there; or by repair in which injured tissue is replaced with scar tissue. Most organs will heal using a mixture of both mechanisms.
Within surgery, healing is more often referred to as recovery, and postoperative recovery has historically been viewed simply as restitution of function and readiness for discharge. More recently, it has been described as an energy‐requiring process to decrease physical symptoms, reach a level of emotional well‐being, regain functions, and re‐establish activities
Healing is also referred to in the context of the grieving process.
In psychiatry and psychology, healing is the process by which neuroses and psychoses are resolved to the degree that the client is able to lead a normal or fulfilling existence without being overwhelmed by psychopathological phenomena. This process may involve psychotherapy, pharmaceutical treatment or alternative approaches such as traditional spiritual healing.
Regeneration
In order for an injury to be healed by regeneration, the cell type that was destroyed must be able to replicate. Cells also need a collagen framework along which to grow. Alongside most cells there is either a basement membrane or a collagenous network made by fibroblasts that will guide the cells' growth. Since ischaemia and most toxins do not destroy collagen, it will continue to exist even when the cells around it are dead.
Example
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the kidney is a case in which cells heal completely by regen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpuerperal%20mastitis
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The term nonpuerperal mastitis describes inflammatory lesions of the breast (mastitis) that occur unrelated to pregnancy and breastfeeding.
It is sometimes equated with duct ectasia, but other forms can be described.
Types
Duct ectasia—periductal mastitis complex
Duct ectasia in the literal sense (literally: duct widening) is a very common and thus rather unspecific finding, increasing with age. However, in the way in which the term is mostly used, duct ectasia is an inflammatory condition of the larger-order lactiferous ducts. It is considered likely that the condition is associated with aseptic (chemical) inflammation related to the rupture of ducts or cysts. It is controversial whether duct dilation occurs first and leads to secretory stasis and subsequent periductal inflammation or whether inflammation occurs first and leads to an inflammatory weakening of the duct walls and then stasis. When the inflammation is complicated by necrosis and secondary bacterial infection, breast abscesses may form. Subareolar abscess, also called Zuska's disease (only nonpuerperal case), is a frequently aseptic inflammation and has been associated with squamous metaplasia of the lactiferous ducts.
The duct ectasia—periductal mastitis complex affects two groups of women: young women (in their late teens and early 20s) and perimenopausal women. Women in the younger group mostly have inverted nipples due to squamous metaplasia that lines the ducts more extensively compared to other women and produces keratin plugs which in turn lead to duct obstruction and then duct dilation, secretory stasis, inflammation, infection and abscess. This is not typically the case for women in the older group; in this group, there is likely a multifactorial etiology involving the balance in estrogen, progesterone and prolactin.
Treatment of mastitis and/or abscess in nonlactating women is largely the same as that of lactational mastitis, generally involving antibiotics treatment, possibly surgical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%20function
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In mathematics, a cardinal function (or cardinal invariant) is a function that returns cardinal numbers.
Cardinal functions in set theory
The most frequently used cardinal function is a function that assigns to a set A its cardinality, denoted by | A |.
Aleph numbers and beth numbers can both be seen as cardinal functions defined on ordinal numbers.
Cardinal arithmetic operations are examples of functions from cardinal numbers (or pairs of them) to cardinal numbers.
Cardinal characteristics of a (proper) ideal I of subsets of X are:
The "additivity" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is not in I any more. As any ideal is closed under finite unions, this number is always at least ; if I is a σ-ideal, then
The "covering number" of I is the smallest number of sets from I whose union is all of X. As X itself is not in I, we must have add(I) ≤ cov(I).
The "uniformity number" of I (sometimes also written ) is the size of the smallest set not in I. Assuming I contains all singletons, add(I) ≤ non(I).
The "cofinality" of I is the cofinality of the partial order (I, ⊆). It is easy to see that we must have non(I) ≤ cof(I) and cov(I) ≤ cof(I).
In the case that is an ideal closely related to the structure of the reals, such as the ideal of Lebesgue null sets or the ideal of meagre sets, these cardinal invariants are referred to as cardinal characteristics of the continuum.
For a preordered set the bounding number and dominating number are defined as
In PCF theory the cardinal function is used.
Cardinal functions in topology
Cardinal functions are widely used in topology as a tool for describing various topological properties. Below are some examples. (Note: some authors, arguing that "there are no finite cardinal numbers in general topology", prefer to define the cardinal functions listed below so that they never taken on finite cardinal numbers as values; this requires modifying some of the definitions given below, for example b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOATA
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MOATA was a 100 kW thermal Argonaut class reactor built at the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (later ANSTO) Research Establishment at Lucas Heights, Sydney. MOATA went critical at 5:50am on 10 April 1961 and ended operations on 31 May 1995. MOATA was the first reactor to be decommissioned in Australia in 2009.
Background
The design of university training reactor MOATA was based on the Argonaut research reactor developed by the Argonne National Laboratory in the mid-1950s, in the United States. Moata is an Aboriginal name meaning "gentle-fire" or "fire-stick".
MOATA was designed and built by the Advanced Technology Laboratories and first went critical on 10 April 1961.
The purpose of the reactor was for training scientists, however in the mid-1970s it was expanded to include activation analysis and neutron radiography. MOATA initially offered training in reactor control and neutron physics, later neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography, soil analysis and nuclear medicine research.
Decommissioning
The reactor was shut down in 1995 as it was no longer possible, after 34 years, to economically justify its continued operations. Experimental data on nuclear fuel and moderator systems was also accumulated during the operation of the reactor. With the dismantling of the reactor complete in 2009, the site has been completely restored. It was the first reactor to be decommissioned in Australia.
In 1995 the used fuel from the reactor was unloaded and in 2006, it was shipped to the United States under the US DoE Foreign Research Reactor Spent Nuclear Fuel Acceptance.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Secretariat%20of%20Brewery%20Workers
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The International Secretariat of Brewery Workers was a global union federation bringing together trade unions representing workers in breweries and mills which processed grains for brewing.
History
The first international conference of brewery workers' trade unions was held in London in 1896, and it agreed to set up an office and co-ordinate some activities. However, several of the unions struggled to contribute to this effort, and no lasting international organisation was formed.
The next conference of brewery workers' trade unions was in 1908, and this did form a lasting secretariat, which from 1910 was located in Berlin, led by general secretary Martin Etzel. Its affiliates had a total of 130,000 members by 1912, and by the outbreak of World War I, the federation had affiliates in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. The International Union of United Brewery Workmen of America was by far the largest affiliate, contributing around half the total membership.
In 1919, the secretariat responded to an appeal by the International Federation of Bakers, Pastry Cooks and Allied Workers' Associations to attend a conference to discuss a merger. The International Federation of Meat Workers also attended, and in August 1920, the brewery workers' international merged with these two organisations, to form the International Union of Food and Drink Workers' Associations.
General Secretaries
1908: Martin Etzel
1914: Eduard Backert
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot%20Framework
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Robot Framework is a generic test automation framework for acceptance testing and acceptance test-driven development (ATDD). It is a keyword-driven testing framework that uses tabular test data syntax.
History
The basic ideas for Robot Framework were shaped in Pekka Klärck's masters thesis in 2005. The first version was developed at Nokia Networks the same year. Version 2.0 was released as open source software June 24, 2008 and version 3.0.2 was released February 7, 2017.
The framework is written using the Python programming language and has an active community of contributors. It is released under Apache License 2.0 and can be downloaded from robotframework.org.
In 2020 survey it scored 8 among 12 test automation frameworks, with 3 % of respondents using it. In 2021 it had fallen to 18 among 22 with 2 % usage.
Description
Test cases are written using a keyword-testing methodology written in a tabular format. These tables can be written in plain text, tab-separated values (TSV), or reStructuredText (reST) formats files in any text editor or using the Robot Integrated Development Environment (RIDE). RIDE simplifies writing test cases by providing framework-specific code completion, syntax highlighting, etc.
Examples
The following test case implements a Hello, World! example:
*** Test Cases ***
Demo
Log Hello world
Log is a built-in keyword that logs the given parameter to the test report generated by Robot Framework.
With SeleniumLibrary, writing tests for web applications is very easy too:
*** Test Cases ***
Demo
Open Browser https://www.google.com ie
Input Text id=lst-ib Hollywood Celebrities
Click Button Google Search
This test opens a new Internet Explorer browser window with Google and performs an Internet search for "Hollywood Celebrities" by pressing the button "Google Search".
With Robot Framework Browser, automation can be done with Chromium, WebKit and Firefox.
*** Settings ***
Library Browser
*** Test Cases ***
Examp
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