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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20equation
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The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium; it was devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regions to colder ones, by the random but biased transport of the particles making up that fluid. In the modern literature the term Boltzmann equation is often used in a more general sense, referring to any kinetic equation that describes the change of a macroscopic quantity in a thermodynamic system, such as energy, charge or particle number.
The equation arises not by analyzing the individual positions and momenta of each particle in the fluid but rather by considering a probability distribution for the position and momentum of a typical particle—that is, the probability that the particle occupies a given very small region of space (mathematically the volume element ) centered at the position , and has momentum nearly equal to a given momentum vector (thus occupying a very small region of momentum space ), at an instant of time.
The Boltzmann equation can be used to determine how physical quantities change, such as heat energy and momentum, when a fluid is in transport. One may also derive other properties characteristic to fluids such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity (by treating the charge carriers in a material as a gas). See also convection–diffusion equation.
The equation is a nonlinear integro-differential equation, and the unknown function in the equation is a probability density function in six-dimensional space of a particle position and momentum. The problem of existence and uniqueness of solutions is still not fully resolved, but some recent results are quite promising.
Overview
The phase space and density function
The set of all possible positions r and momenta p is called the phase space of the system; in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary%20Physics%20Education%20Project
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The Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) is an "organization of teachers, educators, and physicists" formed in 1987. The group grew out of the Conference on the Teaching of Modern Physics held at Fermilab in 1986, organized by the American Association of Physics Teachers. The group's first effort aimed to supply a chart for particle physics teaching that would rival the Periodic Table of the elements. The first version of this chart was published in 1989.
CPEP has created five charts emphasizing contemporary aspects of physics research: particles and interactions; fusion and plasma physics; nuclear science; and cosmology; and gravity.. Almost half a million of these charts and similar products have been distributed.
The group has created website support for teaching for each of the charts.
CPEP received the 2017 "Excellence in Physics Education Award" from the American Physical Society, "for leadership in providing educational materials on contemporary physics topics to students for over 25 years."
Offshoots of CPEP include the book, "The Charm of Strange Quarks: Mysteries and Revolutions of Particle Physics" (2000), by R. Michael Barnett, Henry Muehry, and Helen R. Quinn, three of the founders of CPEP. See also the web site "The Particle Adventure: The Fundamentals of Matter and Force".
R. Michael Barnett described the formation and early days of CPEP in a Nobel Symposium Lecture in 2002.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode%E2%80%93transistor%20logic
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Diode–transistor logic (DTL) is a class of digital circuits that is the direct ancestor of transistor–transistor logic. It is called so because the logic gating functions AND and OR are performed by diode logic, while logical inversion (NOT) and amplification (providing signal restoration) is performed by a transistor (in contrast with RTL and TTL).
Implementations
The DTL circuit shown in the first picture consists of three stages: an input diode logic stage (D1, D2 and R1), an intermediate level shifting stage (R3 and R4), and an output common-emitter amplifier stage (Q1 and R2). If both inputs A and B are high (logic 1; near V+), then the diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased. Resistors R1 and R3 will then supply enough current to turn on Q1 (drive Q1 into saturation) and also supply the current needed by R4. There will be a small positive voltage on the base of Q1 (VBE, about 0.3 V for germanium and 0.6 V for silicon). The turned on transistor's collector current will then pull the output Q low (logic 0; VCE(sat), usually less than 1 volt). If either or both inputs are low, then at least one of the input diodes conducts and pulls the voltage at the anodes to a value less than about 2 volts. R3 and R4 then act as a voltage divider that makes Q1's base voltage negative and consequently turns off Q1. Q1's collector current will be essentially zero, so R2 will pull the output voltage Q high (logic 1; near V+).
Early diode logic with transistor inverter
Up until 1952, IBM manufactured transistors by modifying off-the-shelf germanium diodes, after which they had their own alloy-junction transistor manufacturing plant at Poughkeepsie. In the mid 1950s, diode logic was used in the IBM 608 which was the first all-transistorized computer in the world. A single card would hold four two-way circuits or three three-way or one eight-way. All input and output signals were compatible. The circuits were capable of reliably switching pulses as narrow as one microsecond.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactions%20Corporation
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Interactions LLC is a privately held technology company that builds and delivers hosted Virtual Assistant applications that enable businesses to deliver automated natural language communications for enterprise customer care.
History
Interactions LLC was founded in 2004 and is headquartered in Franklin, Massachusetts. Since inception, Interactions has raised $167M and is venture-backed by Sigma Partners, Cross Atlantic Capital Partners, Updata Partners, North Hill Ventures, Revolution Growth, NewSpring Capital, and Comcast Ventures. Michael Iacobucci serves as Interactions' CEO. Interactions has additional offices in Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey and New York.
In 2010, Interactions received PCI DSS compliance validation.
In April 2012, Interactions was named a 2012 Gartner 'Cool Vendor' in CRM Customer Service and Social.
In November 2014, Interactions announced the acquisition of AT&T's Speech and Language Technology group, along with its AT&T Watson(SM) platform.
In June 2016 the company announced a new service named Curo Speech and Language Platform, based on the acquired AT&T technology, to provide enhanced natural language understanding within its products. Later in 2016 the company updated its Virtual Assistant offering to include a voice biometric add-on, which helps prevent fraud in automated Virtual Assistant interactions.
In May 2017, Interactions acquired AI-based social media engagement innovator Digital Roots. Interactions Digital Roots uses social AI, natural language processing and machine learning to help global household brands engage with consumers on social media. In September 2017, Interactions was named to the Forbes Next Billion-Dollar Startups list.
Services
Operating under a SaaS business model, Interactions' service includes both an application's design and build, as well as continuous operating and tuning.
Customers
Interactions' customer base includes consumer-facing companies, including Hyatt, TXU Energy, The Salt River Project,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghon%20focus
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A Ghon focus is a primary lesion usually subpleural, often in the mid to lower zones, caused by Mycobacterium bacilli (tuberculosis) developed in the lung of a nonimmune host (usually a child). It is named for Anton Ghon (1866–1936), an Austrian pathologist.
It is a small area of granulomatous inflammation, only detectable by chest X-ray if it calcifies or grows substantially (see tuberculosis radiology). Typically these will heal, but in some cases, especially in immunosuppressed patients, it will progress to miliary tuberculosis (so named due to the granulomas resembling millet seeds on a chest X-ray).
The classical location for primary infection is surrounding the lobar fissures, either in the upper part of the lower lobe or lower part of the upper lobe.
If the Ghon focus also involves infection of adjacent lymphatics and hilar lymph nodes, it is known as the Ghon's complex or primary complex. When a Ghon's complex undergoes fibrosis and calcification it is called a Ranke complex.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot%20height
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A spot height is an exact point on a map with an elevation recorded beside it that represents its height above a given datum. In the UK this is the Ordnance Datum. Unlike a bench-mark, which is marked by a disc or plate, there is no official indication of a spot height on the ground although, in open country, spot heights may sometimes be marked by cairns. In geoscience, it can be used for showing elevations on a map, alongside contours, bench marks, etc.
See also
Surveying
Benchmark (surveying)
Triangulation station
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuttminx
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A Tuttminx ( or ) is a Rubik's Cube-like twisty puzzle, in the shape of a truncated icosahedron. It was invented by Lee Tutt in 2005. It has a total of 150 movable pieces to rearrange, compared to 20 movable pieces of the Rubik's Cube.
Description
The Tuttminx has a total of 32 face centre pieces (12 pentagon and 20 hexagon), 60 corner pieces, and 90 edge pieces. The face centres each have a single colour, which identifies the colour of that face in the solved state. The edge pieces have two colours, and the corner pieces have three colours. Each hexagonal face contains a centre piece, 6 corner pieces, and 6 edge pieces, while each pentagonal face contains a centre piece, 5 corner pieces, and 5 edge pieces.
The puzzle twists around the faces: each twist rotates one face centre piece and moves all edge and corner pieces surrounding it. The pentagonal faces can be twisted 72° in either direction, while the hexagonal faces can be rotated 120°.
The purpose of the puzzle is to scramble the colours, and then restore it to its original state of having one colour per face.
Number of combinations
The puzzle has 150 movable pieces: 60 corner pieces, 60 edge pieces that are adjacent to a pentagonal face (so-called pentagonal edges) and 30 edge pieces that are not (non-pentagonal edges). Only even permutations of all three types of pieces are possible (i.e. it is impossible to have only one pair of identical pieces swapped). Thus, there are 60!/2 possible ways to arrange the corner pieces, 60!/2 ways to arrange the pentagonal edges and 30!/2 ways to arrange the non-pentagonal edges.
All corner pieces have only one possible orientation, as do all pentagonal edge pieces. The non-pentagonal edge pieces all have 2 possible orientations each. Only even orientations of those are possible (meaning that it is impossible to have only one edge piece flipped over). This means there are 229 ways to orientate the edge pieces.
The number of possible combinations on the Tuttminx is ther
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbering%20plan
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A telephone numbering plan is a type of numbering scheme used in telecommunication to assign telephone numbers to subscriber telephones or other telephony endpoints. Telephone numbers are the addresses of participants in a telephone network, reachable by a system of destination code routing. Telephone numbering plans are defined in each of the administrative regions of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and in private telephone networks.
For public numbering systems, geographic location typically plays a role in the sequence of numbers assigned to each telephone subscriber. Many numbering plan administrators subdivide their territory of service into geographic regions designated by a prefix, often called an area code or city code, which is a set of digits forming the most-significant part of the dialing sequence to reach a telephone subscriber.
Numbering plans may follow a variety of design strategies which have often arisen from the historical evolution of individual telephone networks and local requirements. A broad division is commonly recognized between closed and open numbering plans. A closed numbering plan, as found in North America, features fixed-length area codes and local numbers, while an open numbering plan has a variance in the length of the area code, local number, or both of a telephone number assigned to a subscriber line. The latter type developed predominantly in Europe.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has established a comprehensive numbering plan, designated E.164, for uniform interoperability of the networks of its member state or regional administrations. It is an open numbering plan, however, imposing a maximum length of 15 digits to telephone numbers. The standard defines a country code for each member region which is prefixed to each national telephone number for international destination routing.
Private numbering plans exist in telephone networks that are privately operated in an enterprise or organizational
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Surface%20Database
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Integrated Surface Database (ISD) is global database compiled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) comprising hourly and synoptic surface observations compiled globally from ~35,500 weather stations; it is updated, automatically, hourly. The data largely date back to paper records which were keyed in by hand from '60s and '70s (and in some cases, weather observations from over one hundred years ago). It was developed by the joint Federal Climate Complex project in Asheville, North Carolina.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momo%20Belia%20Deviluke
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is a fictional character in the manga series To Love Ru, created by Saki Hasemi and Kentaro Yabuki. In the series, Momo is Lala Satalin Deviluke's younger sister and the younger twin sister to Nana Astar Deviluke, with Momo as the most mischievous of the three. Both twins flee to Earth to escape their studies on their home planet Deviluke. While Nana is able to communicate with animals, Momo has the unique ability to speak to plants.
Although initially featured as a recurring secondary character in the original To Love Ru series, Momo becomes one of the main female protagonists in the sequel To Love Ru Darkness, in which she plots to build (and be part of) a harem of girls around protagonist Rito Yuki, for whom she deeply falls in love with.
Characterization
Like her sisters, Momo also has pink hair (but much shorter than theirs). Unlike her twin sister Nana, she has a much sweeter, more friendly and calculating personality, but when she gets angry, she is the most terrifying and sadistic of the three sisters, completely changing her character and the way of doing things. Momo is highly intelligent (although less than Lala) and is an expert in the field of extraterrestrial plants. She has a much more mature mentality in some respects, especially when it comes to sex, than her sisters. Similar to Nana, Momo loves to dress in a Gothic Lolita style, albeit her attire generally consists of black and green colours, as contrary to her sister's, which is of black and red. Among other things, Momo's tail is particularly sensitive, so much so that it can weaken her at the mere touch of a person, in addition to provoking arousal in her (in fact, Momo sometimes touches her tail to vent her own instincts).
Appearances
In To Love Ru
As the daughter of King Gid and Queen Sephie of Deviluke, an alien planet far distant from Earth, Momo, the younger sister of Lala Satalin Deviluke and twin of Nana Astar Deviluke, holds the title of "Third Princess of Deviluke", as she is the y
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvyn%20B.%20Nathanson
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Melvyn Bernard Nathanson (born October 10, 1944, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American mathematician, specializing in number theory, and a Professor of Mathematics at Lehman College and The Graduate Center (City University of New York). His principal work is in additive and combinatorial number theory. He is the author of over 200 research papers in mathematics, and author or editor of 27 books.
Education
Nathanson graduated from Central High School in 1961 and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1965 with a BA in philosophy. He was a graduate student in biophysics at Harvard University in 1965–66, then moved to the University of Rochester, where he received a PhD in mathematics in 1972. During the academic year 1969–70 he was a visiting research student in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics at the University of Cambridge.
Professional life
Nathanson was on the faculty of Southern Illinois University, Carbondale from 1971 to 1981. He was Professor of Mathematics and Dean of the Graduate School of Rutgers-Newark from 1981 to 1986, and Provost and Vice President of Academic Affairs at Lehman College (CUNY) from 1986 to 1991. He has been Professor of Mathematics at Lehman College and The Graduate Center (CUNY) since 1986. He held visiting positions at Harvard University in 1977–78, Rockefeller University in 1981–83, Tel Aviv University in Spring, 2001, and Princeton University in Fall, 2008.
In 1974–75 Nathanson was Assistant to André Weil in the School of Mathematics of the Institute for Advanced Study. Nathanson subsequently spent the academic years 1990–91 and 1999–2000, and the Fall, 2007, term at the Institute. He served as President of the Association of Members of the Institute for Advanced Study (AMIAS) from 1998 to 2012.
In 1972–73 Nathanson became the first American mathematician to receive an IREX fellowship to spend a year in the former USSR, where he worked with I. M. Gel'fand at Moscow State University. I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%20sharing%20using%20the%20Chinese%20remainder%20theorem
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Secret sharing consists of recovering a secret S from a set of shares, each containing partial information about the secret. The Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) states that for a given system of simultaneous congruence equations, the solution is unique in some , with under some appropriate conditions on the congruences. Secret sharing can thus use the CRT to produce the shares presented in the congruence equations and the secret could be recovered by solving the system of congruences to get the unique solution, which will be the secret to recover.
Secret sharing schemes: several types
There are several types of secret sharing schemes. The most basic types are the so-called threshold schemes, where only the cardinality of the set of shares matters. In other words, given a secret S, and n shares, any set of t shares is a set with the smallest cardinality from which the secret can be recovered, in the sense that any set of t-1 shares is not enough to give S. This is known as a threshold access structure. We call such schemes (t,n) threshold secret sharing schemes, or t-out-of-n scheme.
Threshold secret sharing schemes differ from one another by the method of generating the shares, starting from a certain secret. The first ones are Shamir's threshold secret sharing scheme, which is based on polynomial interpolation in order to find S from a given set of shares, and George Blakley's geometric secret sharing scheme, which uses geometric methods to recover the secret S. Threshold secret sharing schemes based on the CRT are due to Mignotte and Asmuth-Bloom, they use special sequences of integers along with the CRT.
Chinese remainder theorem
Let , and . The system of congruences
has solutions in if and only if for all , where denotes the greatest common divisor (GCD) of and . Furthermore, under these conditions, the system has a unique solution in where , which denotes the least common multiple (LCM) of .
Secret sharing using the CRT
Since the Chinese remaind
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20olivary%20complex
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The superior olivary complex (SOC) or superior olive is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system. The SOC is intimately related to the trapezoid body: most of the cell groups of the SOC are dorsal (posterior in primates) to this axon bundle while a number of cell groups are embedded in the trapezoid body. Overall, the SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates.
Physiology
The superior olivary nucleus plays a number of roles in hearing. The medial superior olive (MSO) is a specialized nucleus that is believed to measure the time difference of arrival of sounds between the ears (the interaural time difference or ITD). The ITD is a major cue for determining the azimuth of sounds, i.e., localising them on the azimuthal plane – their degree to the left or the right.
The lateral superior olive (LSO) is believed to be involved in measuring the difference in sound intensity between the ears (the interaural level difference or ILD). The ILD is a second major cue in determining the azimuth of high-frequency sounds.
Relationship to auditory system
The superior olivary complex is generally located in the pons, but in humans extends from the rostral medulla to the mid-pons and receives projections predominantly from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) via the trapezoid body, although the posteroventral nucleus projects to the SOC via the intermediate acoustic stria. The SOC is the first major site of convergence of auditory information from the left and right ears.
Primary nuclei
The superior olivary complex is divided into three primary nuclei, the MSO, LSO, and the Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and several smaller periolivary nuclei. These three nuclei are the most studied, and therefore best understood. Typically, they are regarded as forming the asc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20SA%20International%20Award
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The IEEE Standard Association Award is presented annually to an IEEE-SA individual member (who is also an IEEE member) who has made an extraordinary contribution to establishing the IEEE-SA as a leader in standardization. Recognition consists of a crystal globe and certificate.
Achieving acceptance of an IEEE standard for worldwide implementation, harmonizing an IEEE standard with international market requirements, and interacting with national and international bodies to enhance their understanding of the breadth and strength of the SA standards program are but examples of promoting the world-class leadership goal.
The International Award is to recognize an IEEE-SA member who whatever the venue or activity, has excelled in this endeavor.
Recipients
2019 - W. Charlton (Chuck) Adams, Jr
"For his exemplary leadership to shape the current incarnation of the IEEE SA Corporate Program and for serving as the first chair of the IEEE SA Corporate Advisory Group, creating methodologies that expanded the global reach of IEEE standards development, particularly in China"
2019 - Teresa Doran
"For outstanding achievement and dedication to the harmonization of systems and software engineering life-cycle process standards within the international community"
2019 - Cheryl Jones
"For exceptional contributions over more than 25 years toward the development of systems engineering standards and guidance across many standards development organizations and industry associations, achieving acceptance of multiple IEEE standards for worldwide implementation for systems engineering"
2019 - Vikass Monebhurrun
"For significant contributions to the development of international standards related to the field of antennas and propagation"
2018 - Leslie T. Falkingham
"For his extraordinary leadership and dedication in the field of Dual Logo standards and acceptance of these standards by the international community"
2018 - William Whyte
"For proposing, pursuing, and successfully achiev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text-to-video%20model
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A text-to-video model is a machine learning model which takes as input a natural language description and produces a video matching that description.
Video prediction on making objects realistic in a stable background is performed by using recurrent neural network for a sequence to sequence model with a connector convolutional neural network encoding and decoding each frame pixel by pixel, creating video using deep learning.
Methodology
Data collection and data set preparation using clear video from kinetic human action video.
Training the convolutional neural network for making video.
Keywords extraction from text using natural-language programming .
Testing of Data set in conditional generative model for existing static and dynamic information from text by variational autoencoder and generative adversarial network.
Models
There are different models including open source models. CogVideo presented their code in GitHub. Meta Platforms uses text-to-video with makeavideo.studio.Google used Imagen Video for converting text-to-video.
Antonia Antonova presented another model.
In March 2023, a landmark research paper by Alibaba research was published, applying many of the principles found in latent image diffusion models to video generation. Services like Kaiber or Reemix have since adopted similar approaches to video generation in their respective products.
Matthias Niessner (TUM) and Lourdes Agapito (UCL) at AI company Synthesia work on developing 3D neural rendering techniques that synthesise realistic video. The goal is to improve existing text to video model by 2D and 3D neural representations of shape appearance and motion for controllable video synthesis of avatars that look and sound like real people.
Although alternative approaches exist, full latent diffusion models are currently regarded to be state of the art for video diffusion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20number%20fields%20with%20class%20number%20one
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This is an incomplete list of number fields with class number 1.
It is believed that there are infinitely many such number fields, but this has not been proven.
Definition
The class number of a number field is by definition the order of the ideal class group of its ring of integers.
Thus, a number field has class number 1 if and only if its ring of integers is a principal ideal domain (and thus a unique factorization domain). The fundamental theorem of arithmetic says that Q has class number 1.
Quadratic number fields
These are of the form K = Q(), for a square-free integer d.
Real quadratic fields
K is called real quadratic if d > 0. K has class number 1 for the following values of d :
2*, 3, 5*, 6, 7, 11, 13*, 14, 17*, 19, 21, 22, 23, 29*, 31, 33, 37*, 38, 41*, 43, 46, 47, 53*, 57, 59, 61*, 62, 67, 69, 71, 73*, 77, 83, 86, 89*, 93, 94, 97*, ...
(complete until d = 100)
*: The narrow class number is also 1 (see related sequence A003655 in OEIS).
Despite what would appear to be the case for these small values, not all prime numbers that are congruent to 1 modulo 4 appear on this list, notably the fields Q() for d = 229 and d = 257 both have class number greater than 1 (in fact equal to 3 in both cases). The density of such primes for which Q() does have class number 1 is conjectured to be nonzero, and in fact close to 76%,
however it is not even known whether there are infinitely many real quadratic fields with class number 1.
Imaginary quadratic fields
K has class number 1 exactly for the 9 following negative values of d:
−1, −2, −3, −7, −11, −19, −43, −67, −163.
(By definition, these also all have narrow class number 1.)
Cubic fields
Totally real cubic field
The first 60 totally real cubic fields (ordered by discriminant) have class number one. In other words, all cubic fields of discriminant between 0 and 1944 (inclusively) have class number one. The next totally real cubic field (of discriminant 1957) has class number two. The polynomials de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C5%9Fi%20S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk
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Ekşi Sözlük (; "Sour Dictionary", stylized as ekşi sözlük) is a collaborative hypertext dictionary in Turkish based on the concept of Web sites built up on user contribution. However, Ekşi Sözlük is not a dictionary in the strict sense; users are not required to write correct information. It is currently one of the largest online communities in Turkey with over 400,000 registered users. The number of writers is about 110,000. As an online public sphere, Ekşi Sözlük is not only utilized by thousands for information sharing on various topics ranging from scientific subjects to everyday life issues, but also used as a virtual socio-political community to communicate disputed political contents and to share personal views. The site has been blocked in Turkey since February 2023.
History
The website's founder is Sedat Kapanoğlu. He founded the website for communicating with his friends in 1999 as he was inspired by The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Ekşi Sözlük was a part of a website called sourtimes.org which was named after the Portishead song "Sour Times" and the dictionary was named "Ekşi (Sour)" for this reason.
Ekşi Sözlük has been successful, many other websites that use this concept has emerged, like in Turkish. Turkish sociologist Zeynep Tüfekçi says it is like "Wikipedia, a social network and Reddit rolled into one".
On February 21, 2023, access to the website was blocked in Turkey by the Information and Communication Technologies Authority of Turkey. On March 2, 2023, the 4th Ankara Peace Court decided to remove the access barrier, but the decision was reversed by a higher court and it remains blocked.
Rules and structure
Enrollment periods to the dictionary and the criteria of acceptance are changeable. Ekşi Sözlük does not accept new authors continuously; there are specific times in which new authors are accepted. There is a waiting period for new members who want to become authors in which they must post at least 10 entries. All entries are insp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITHC
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An ITHC, or IT Health Check, is an IT security assessment required, as part of an accreditation process, for many government computer systems in the UK.
An ITHC is generally performed by an external service provider, although NCSC personnel may perform ITHCs on especially sensitive systems. It can touch on both applications and infrastructure, and involves an element of penetration testing.
CHECK is a scheme for ITHC providers, run by NCSC.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindara
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Kindara is a femtech company headquartered in Colorado that develops apps that help women identify their fertile window. The products are used for women trying to get pregnant, or women who want to track their menstrual cycle for overall health. Their latest product, Priya Fertility and Ovulation Monitor, maximizes a woman's chance of getting pregnancy by identifying her most fertile days.
Overview
Kindara was founded in 2011 by husband-and-wife team Will Sacks and Kati Bicknell. The company launched its free mobile application in 2012. Kindara's mobile application allows women to track signs of fertility, such as basal body temperature, cervical fluid, and the position of the cervix to determine when ovulation is occurring. Kindara also sells a thermometer, Wink, which records basal body temperature and syncs automatically to the Kindara fertility application.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20cardinals%20hypothesis
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In set theory, the singular cardinals hypothesis (SCH) arose from the question of whether the least cardinal number for which the generalized continuum hypothesis (GCH) might fail could be a singular cardinal.
According to Mitchell (1992), the singular cardinals hypothesis is:
If κ is any singular strong limit cardinal, then 2κ = κ+.
Here, κ+ denotes the successor cardinal of κ.
Since SCH is a consequence of GCH, which is known to be consistent with ZFC, SCH is consistent with ZFC. The negation of SCH has also been shown to be consistent with ZFC, if one assumes the existence of a sufficiently large cardinal number. In fact, by results of Moti Gitik, ZFC + ¬SCH is equiconsistent with ZFC + the existence of a measurable cardinal κ of Mitchell order κ++.
Another form of the SCH is the following statement:
2cf(κ) < κ implies κcf(κ) = κ+,
where cf denotes the cofinality function. Note that κcf(κ)= 2κ for all singular strong limit cardinals κ. The second formulation of SCH is strictly stronger than the first version, since the first one only mentions strong limits. From a model in which the first version of SCH fails at ℵω and GCH holds above ℵω+2, we can construct a model in which the first version of SCH holds but the second version of SCH fails, by adding ℵω Cohen subsets to ℵn for some n.
Jack Silver proved that if κ is singular with uncountable cofinality and 2λ = λ+ for all infinite cardinals λ < κ, then 2κ = κ+. Silver's original proof used generic ultrapowers. The following important fact follows from Silver's theorem: if the singular cardinals hypothesis holds for all singular cardinals of countable cofinality, then it holds for all singular cardinals. In particular, then, if is the least counterexample to the singular cardinals hypothesis, then .
The negation of the singular cardinals hypothesis is intimately related to violating the GCH at a measurable cardinal. A well-known result of Dana Scott is that if the GCH holds below a measurable cardina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallothionein%201G
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Metallothionein-1G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT1G gene.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%20boson
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A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
The name scalar boson arises from quantum field theory, which demands that fields of spin-zero particles transform like a scalar under Lorentz transformation (i.e. are Lorentz invariant).
A pseudoscalar boson is a scalar boson that has odd parity, whereas "regular" scalar bosons have even parity.
Examples
Scalar
The only fundamental scalar boson in the Standard Model of particle physics is the Higgs boson, the existence of which was confirmed on 14 March 2013 at the Large Hadron Collider by CMS and ATLAS. As a result of this confirmation, the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Peter Higgs and François Englert.
Various known composite particles are scalar bosons, e.g. the alpha particle and scalar mesons.
The φ4-theory or quartic interaction is a popular "toy model" quantum field theory that uses scalar bosonic fields, used in many introductory quantum textbooks to introduce basic concepts in field theory.
Pseudoscalar
There are no fundamental pseudoscalars in the Standard Model, but there are pseudoscalar mesons, like the pion.
See also
Scalar field theory
Klein–Gordon equation
Vector boson
Higgs boson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research%20exemption
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In patent law, the research exemption or safe harbor exemption is an exemption to the rights conferred by patents, which is especially relevant to drugs. According to this exemption, despite the patent rights, performing research and tests for preparing regulatory approval, for instance by the FDA in the United States, does not constitute infringement for a limited term before the end of patent term. This exemption allows generic manufacturers to prepare generic drugs in advance of the patent expiration.
In the United States, this exemption is also technically called § 271(e)(1) exemption or Hatch-Waxman exemption. In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court considered the scope of the Hatch-Waxman exemption in Merck v. Integra. The Supreme Court held that the statute exempts from infringement all uses of compounds that are reasonably related to submission of information to the government under any law regulating the manufacture, use or distribution of drugs.
In Canada, this exemption is known as the Bolar provision or Roche-Bolar provision, named after the case Roche Products v. Bolar Pharmaceutical.
In the European Union, equivalent exemptions are allowed under the terms of EC Directives 2001/82/EC (as amended by Directive 2004/28/EC) and 2001/83/EC (as amended by Directives 2002/98/EC, 2003/63/EC, 2004/24/EC and 2004/27/EC).
Common law research exemption
The common law research exemption is an affirmative defense to infringement where the alleged infringer is using a patented invention for research purposes. The doctrine originated in the 1813 decision by Justice Joseph Story appellate decision Whittemore v. Cutter, 29 Fed. Cas. 1120 (C.C.D. Mass. 1813). Story famously wrote that the intent of the legislature could not have been to punish someone who infringes "merely for [scientific] experiments, or for the purpose of ascertaining the sufficiency of the machine to produce its described effects." Subsequent decisions later distinguished between commercial and non-commer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitch%20notation
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Fitch notation, also known as Fitch diagrams (named after Frederic Fitch), is a notational system for constructing formal proofs used in sentential logics and predicate logics. Fitch-style proofs arrange the sequence of sentences that make up the proof into rows. A unique feature of Fitch notation is that the degree of indentation of each row conveys which assumptions are active for that step.
Example
Each row in a Fitch-style proof is either:
an assumption or subproof assumption.
a sentence justified by the citation of (1) a rule of inference and (2) the prior line or lines of the proof that license that rule.
Introducing a new assumption increases the level of indentation, and begins a new vertical "scope" bar that continues to indent subsequent lines until the assumption is discharged. This mechanism immediately conveys which assumptions are active for any given line in the proof, without the assumptions needing to be rewritten on every line (as with sequent-style proofs).
The following example displays the main features of Fitch notation:
0 |__ [assumption, want P iff not not P]
1 | |__ P [assumption, want not not P]
2 | | |__ not P [assumption, for reductio]
3 | | | contradiction [contradiction introduction: 1, 2]
4 | | not not P [negation introduction: 2]
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5 | |__ not not P [assumption, want P]
6 | | P [negation elimination: 5]
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7 | P iff not not P [biconditional introduction: 1 - 4, 5 - 6]
0. The null assumption, i.e., we are proving a tautology
1. Our first subproof: we assume the l.h.s. to show the r.h.s. follows
2. A subsubproof: we are free to assume what we want. Here we aim for a reductio ad absurdum
3. We now have a contradiction
4. We are allowed to prefix the statement that "caused" the contradiction with a not
5. Our second subproof: we assume the r.h.s. to show the l.h.s. follows
6. We invoke the rule that allows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoinduced%20charge%20separation
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Photoinduced charge separation is the process of an electron in an atom or molecule, being excited to a higher energy level by the absorption of a photon and then leaving the atom or molecule to free space, or to a nearby electron acceptor.
Rutherford model
An atom consists of a positively-charged nucleus surrounded by bound electrons. The nucleus consists of uncharged neutrons and positively charged protons. Electrons are negatively charged. In the early part of the twentieth century Ernest Rutherford suggested that the electrons orbited the dense central nucleus in a manner analogous to planets orbiting the Sun. The centripetal force required to keep the electrons in orbit was provided by the Coulomb force of the protons in the nucleus acting upon the electrons; just like the gravitational force of the Sun acting on a planet provides the centripetal force necessary to keep the planet in orbit.
This model, although appealing, doesn't hold true in the real world. Synchrotron radiation would cause the orbiting electron to lose orbital energy and spiral inward since the vector quantity of acceleration of the particle multiplied by its mass (the value of the force required to keep the electron in circular motion) would be less than the electrical force the proton applied to the electron.
Once the electron spiralled into the nucleus the electron would combine with a proton to form a neutron, and the atom would cease to exist. This model is clearly wrong.
Bohr model
In 1913, Niels Bohr refined the Rutherford model by stating that the electrons existed in discrete quantized states called energy levels. This meant that the electrons could only occupy orbits at certain energies. The laws of quantum physics apply here, and they don't comply with the laws of classical newtonian mechanics.
An electron which is stationary and completely free from the atom has an energy of 0 joules (or 0 electronvolts). An electron which is described as being at the "ground state" has a (ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine%20monophosphate%20synthase
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Bifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATIC gene.
ATIC encodes an enzyme which generates inosine monophosphate from aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide.
It has two functions:
- 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase
- IMP cyclohydrolase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowing%20and%20the%20Known
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Knowing and the Known is a 1949 book by John Dewey and Arthur Bentley.
Overview
As well as a Preface, an Introduction and an Index, the book consists of 12 chapters, or papers, as the authors call them in their introduction. Chapters 1 (Vagueness in Logic), 8 (Logic in an Age of Science) and 9 (A Confused "Semiotic") were written by Bentley; Chapter 10 (Common Sense and Science) by Dewey, while the remainder were signed jointly.
The terminology problem in the fields of epistemology and logic is partially due, according to Dewey and Bentley, to inefficient and imprecise use of words and concepts that reflect three historic levels of organization and presentation. In the order of chronological appearance, these are :
Self-Action: Prescientific concepts regarded humans, animals, and things as possessing powers of their own which initiated or caused their actions.
Interaction: as described by Newton, where things, living and inorganic, are balanced against something in a system of interaction, for example, the third law of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Transaction: where modern systems of descriptions and naming are employed to deal with multiple aspects and phases of action without any attribution to ultimate, final, or independent entities, essences, or realities.
Chapters
Vagueness in Logic
The Terminological Problem
Postulations
Interaction and Transaction
Transactions as Known and Named
Specification
The Case of Definition
Logic in an Age of Science
A Confused "Semiotic"
Common Sense and Science
A Trial Group of Names
Summary of Progress Made
Appendix: A Letter from John Dewey
Transactions
A series of characterizations of Transactions indicate the wide range of considerations involved.
Transaction is inquiry in which existing descriptions of events are accepted only as tentative and preliminary. New descriptions of the aspects and phases of events based on inquiry may be made at any time.
Transaction is inqu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin%20degludec
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Insulin degludec (INN/USAN) is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue that was developed by Novo Nordisk under the brand name Tresiba. It is administered via subcutaneous injection once daily to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. It has a duration of action that lasts up to 42 hours (compared to 18 to 26 hours provided by other marketed long-acting insulins such as insulin glargine and insulin detemir), making it a once-daily basal insulin, that is one that provides a base insulin level, as opposed to the fast- and short-acting bolus insulins.
Insulin degludec is a modified insulin that has one single amino acid deleted in comparison to human insulin, and is conjugated to hexadecanedioic acid via gamma-L-glutamyl spacer at the amino acid lysine at position B29.
It is included in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines as an equivalent to insulin glargine. In 2020, it was the 136th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4million prescriptions.
Side effects
A significant side effect of insulin therapy is hypoglycemia. A meta-analysis of clinical trials published in July 2012 found 39 to 47.9 events of hypoglycemia (defined as blood glucose <56 mg/dL) per patient year, with higher rates in the more concentrated degludec formulation. Rates of nocturnal hypoglycemia ranged from 3.7 to 5.1 events per patient year. A more recent Cochrane systematic review found there was no significant differences in rates of diurnal, nocturnal hypoglycemia or any other studies outcomes when using insulin degludec as compared to insulin glargine, insulin detemir and NPH insulin for the management of type 1 diabetes in neither adults nor children.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Insulin degludec is an ultra-long acting insulin that, unlike insulin glargine, is active at a physiologic pH. The addition of hexadecanedioic acid via an amide linkage to lysine at the B29 position allows for the formation o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanion
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A fanion is a small flag used by the French military; the equivalent of an American guidon or British company colour. The name derives from the Italian word gonfanone, or gonfanon. They were often attached to a small staff which was placed in the muzzle of a rifle.
The regulation sizes were 50 cm x 40 cm for a battalion fanion, 40 x 30 for a company fanion, and 34 x 27 for a platoon fanion (the latter can also be a triangular pennant 30 x 40).
See also
Colours, standards and guidons
Notes
External links
Types of flags
Military of France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vantage%20theory
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Vantage theory (VT) is a model of categorization, primarily of color categorization, proposed by American anthropologist and linguist Robert E. MacLaury (1944-2004).
The basics
VT holds that people categorize by performing a subconscious and instinctive analogy to the way they orient themselves in space-time. They plot their position with regard to the spatial coordinates of up-down, left-right and front-back (combined into a unitary body of reference) and the mobile coordinate of relative motion, as a function of time. However, a system of spatial coordinates can itself be moving, which affects judgment. MacLaury quotes Einstein's classic example of a rock dropped from a moving train: its trajectory is different for a person on the train than for someone standing by the track.
By analogy, color categorization involves combining into coherent wholes the fixed coordinates of brightness, saturation or hue with the mobile coordinates of reciprocally balanced degrees of attention, on the part of the viewer, to similarity or difference between color stimuli. Categories are constructed as vantages, i.e. points of view, and a category may consist of more than one vantage, usually two or rarely three. Two major vantage types are called dominant (which is the default vantage) and recessive: the former results from stronger attention to similarity, the latter from stronger attention to difference. For example, the COOL category in many languages may involve vantages focused in green and blue: either of those may function as dominant. Similarly, the WARM category may involve vantages focused in red and yellow.
Three types of relationship between vantages have been identified: near synonymy, coextension, and inclusion, plus the relationship of complementation obtaining between the dominant vantages of distinct categories. The relationships are found synchronically in the world's languages but also follow a diachronic sequence in that order. The process has to do with progre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cem%20Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m
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Cem Yalçın Yıldırım (born 8 July 1961) is a Turkish mathematician who specializes in number theory.
Education
Yıldırım obtained his B.Sc from Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey and his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1990. His advisor was John Friedlander. He is currently a faculty member at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul, Turkey.
Research
In 2009, Dan Goldston, János Pintz, and Yıldırım proved that for any positive number ε there exist primes p and p′ such that the difference between p and p′ is smaller than ε log p. This result was originally reported in 2003 by Goldston and Yıldırım but was later retracted. Then Janos Pintz joined the team and they completed the proof in 2005 and developed the so called GPY sieve.
See also
Landau's problems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20identical%20sequence
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The human identical sequence (HIS) is a sequence of RNA elements, 24-27 nucleotides in length, that coronavirus genomes share with the human genome. In pathogenic progression, HIS acts as a NamiRNA (nuclear activating miRNA) through the NamiRNA-enhancer network to activate neighboring host genes. The first HIS elements was identified in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, which has five HIS elements; other human coronaviruses have one to five. It has been suggested that these sequences can be more generally termed "host identical sequences" since similar correlations have been found between the genome of SARS-CoV-2 and multiple potential hosts (bats, pangolins, ferrets, and cats).
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-1
MERS-CoV
HCoV-HKU1
HCoV-NL63
HCoV-OC43
HCoV-229E
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-printing%20character%20in%20word%20processors
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Nonprinting characters or formatting marks are characters for content designing in word processors, which are not displayed at printing. It is also possible to customize their display on the monitor. The most common nonprintable characters in word processors are pilcrow, space, nonbreaking space, tab character etc.
Characters
To display characters on the monitor screen in Microsoft Word (Home tab) or OpenOffice.org and its derivatives (upper panel), press the icon . The following symbols will be displayed:
Space – each pressing of the key will be displayed as
Nonbreaking space () is a space character that prevents an automatic line break at its position.
Pilcrow ().
Line break () breaks the current line without new paragraph. It puts lines of text close together.
Tab character is used to align text horizontally to the next tab stop.
End-of-cell and end-of row markers () appear automatically in each box when display of nonprintable characters turned on.
Soft hyphen or nonbreaking hyphen () is a hidden separator for hyphenation in the places specified by the user, regardless of the automatic hyphenation.
, or
.
Key combinations
See also
Control characters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite%20Dimensional%20Analysis%2C%20Quantum%20Probability%20and%20Related%20Topics
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Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1998 by World Scientific. It covers the development of infinite dimensional analysis, quantum probability, and their applications to classical probability and other areas of physics.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in CompuMath Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and Zentralblatt MATH. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.793.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction%20fragment%20mass%20polymorphism
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Restriction Fragment Mass Polymorphism (RFMP) is a technology which digests DNA into oligonucleotide fragments, and detects variation of DNA sequences by molecular weight of the fragments. RFMP is a proprietary technology of GeneMatrix and can be utilized for genotyping viruses and microorganisms, and for human genome research. It is relatively restricted in usage due to the existence of many other genotyping products.
Overview
Restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) is an application of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF), used for identifying individual nucleotides from a DNA fragment, most commonly used in labeling single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). RFMP was developed as a successor to the similar restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with the intent to allow for more SNPs. Rather than read out lengths of fragments as RFLP does, the individual nucleotides are read out using MALDI-TOF, which gives specific clarity over same-length site cutting.
Methodology
Like RFLP, the basic mechanism for RFMP is to run polymerase chain reaction (PCR) over a test sample. Modified PCR primers are used to create known restriction sites for enzymatic digestion. From the known fragment lengths, then, selection by length size can filter out DNA of interest. Finally, MALDI-TOF is run on the fragments of interest to produce a m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) identification spectra of the individual nucleotides.
A specific process, for example, would be Hong's 2008 strategy, outlined as the following:
Primers are modified with a GGATG recognition site and amplified with PCR.
The Fok-I enzyme is used to cut 9 (3’) and 13 (5’) bases upstream of the recognition site, leaving an overhang. BstF5I similarly cuts upstream at distances 2 (3’) and 0 (3’), making an additional overhang.
(This produces two oligonucleotide strands – a 7-mer and a 13-mer.)
Strands of either length are put under MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, to determine the i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geospatial%20topology
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Geospatial topology is the study and application of qualitative spatial relationships between geographic features, or between representations of such features in geographic information, such as in geographic information systems (GIS). For example, the fact that two regions overlap or that one contains the other are examples of topological relationships. It is thus the application of the mathematics of topology to GIS, and is distinct from, but complementary to the many aspects of geographic information that are based on quantitative spatial measurements through coordinate geometry. Topology appears in many aspects of geographic information science and GIS practice, including the discovery of inherent relationships through spatial query, vector overlay and map algebra; the enforcement of expected relationships as validation rules stored in geospatial data; and the use of stored topological relationships in applications such as network analysis.
Spatial topology is the generalization of geospatial topology for non-geographic domains, e.g., CAD software.
Topological relationships
In keeping with the definition of topology, a topological relationship between two geographic phenomena is any spatial relation that is not sensitive to measurable aspects of space, including transformations of space (e.g. map projection). Thus, it includes most qualitative spatial relations, such as two features being "adjacent," "overlapping," "disjoint," or one being "within" another; conversely, one feature being "5km from" another, or one feature being "due north of" another are metric relations. One of the first developments of Geographic Information Science in the early 1990s was the work of Max Egenhofer, Eliseo Clementini, Peter di Felice, and others to develop a concise theory of such relations commonly called the 9-Intersection Model, which characterizes the range of topological relationships based on the relationships between the interiors, exteriors, and boundaries of features.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20for%20Marine%20Mammalogy
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The Society for Marine Mammalogy was founded in 1981 and is the largest international association of marine mammal scientists in the world.
Mission
The mission of the Society for Marine Mammalogy (SMM) is to promote the global advancement of marine mammal science and contribute to its relevance and impact in education, conservation and management.
Objectives
Evaluate and promote the educational, scientific and managerial advancement of marine mammal science.
Gather and disseminate to members of the Society, the public, and public and private institutions, scientific, technical and management information through publications and meetings.
Provide scientific information, as required, on matters related to the conservation and management of marine mammal resources.
History
The Biennial Conferences on the Biology of Marine Mammals predate the founding of the Society. The Biennial Conferences were a successor to Tom Poulter's "Annual Conference on Biological Sonar and Diving Mammals" held at the Stanford Research Institute (formally separated from Stanford University in 1970 and now known as SRI International) in Menlo Park, California, beginning in 1964. Dr. Ken Norris founded the First Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, hosted by UC Santa Cruz in 1975. About 300 people attended the conference. A second Biennial in San Diego followed in 1977, supported by the U.S. Naval Ocean Systems Center and about 480 people attended. Following the second conference, George Harry, then Director of what is now the National Marine Mammal Laboratory in Seattle, initiated discussions about forming a society to organize and run the conferences. In 1978, Ken Norris prepared a "Preliminary Design of a Society of Marine Mammalogy" and formed an organizational committee (consisting of Tom Dohl, George Harry, Burney LeBeouf, John C. Lilly, Ken Norris, Bill Perrin, Bill Powell and Forrest Wood, later expanded to include Bob Elsner, Bill Evans, Lou Herman and Ron Schus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamper%20%28electronics%29
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A clamper (or clamping circuit or clamp) is an electronic circuit that fixes either the positive or the negative peak excursions of a signal to a defined voltage by adding a variable positive or negative DC voltage to it. The clamper does not restrict the peak-to-peak excursion of the signal (clipping); it moves the whole signal up or down so as to place its peaks at the reference level.
A diode clamp (a simple, common type) consists of a diode, which conducts electric current in only one direction and prevents the signal exceeding the reference value; and a capacitor, which provides a DC offset from the stored charge. The capacitor forms a time constant with a resistor load, which determines the range of frequencies over which the clamper will be effective.
General function
A clamper will bind the upper or lower extreme of a waveform to a fixed DC voltage level. These circuits are also known as DC voltage restorers. Clampers can be constructed in both positive and negative polarities. When unbiased, clamping circuits will fix the voltage lower limit (or upper limit, in the case of negative clampers) to 0 volts. These circuits clamp a peak of a waveform to a specific DC level compared with a capacitively coupled signal, which swings about its average DC level.
The clamping network is one that will "clamp" a signal to a different DC level. The network must have a capacitor, a diode, and optionally a resistive element and/or load, but it can also employ an independent DC supply to introduce an additional shift. The magnitude of R and C must be chosen such that the time constant RC is large enough to ensure that the voltage across the capacitor does not discharge significantly during the interval the diode is nonconducting.
Types
Clamp circuits are categorised by their operation: negative or positive, and biased or unbiased. A positive clamp circuit (negative peak clamper) outputs a purely positive waveform from an input signal; it offsets the input signal so that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexure
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A flexure is a flexible element (or combination of elements) engineered to be compliant in specific degrees of freedom. Flexures are a design feature used by design engineers (usually mechanical engineers) for providing adjustment or compliance in a design.
Flexure types
Most compound flexure designs are composed of 3 fundamental types of flexure:
Pin flexure- a thin bar or cylinder of material, constrains 3 degrees of freedom when geometry matches a notch cutout.
Blade flexure- thin sheet of material, constrains 3 degrees of freedom.
Notch flexure- thin cutout on both sides of a thick piece of material, constrains 5 degrees of freedom
Since single flexure features are limited both in travel capability and degrees of freedom available, compound flexure systems are designed using combinations of these component features. Using compound flexures, complex motion profiles with specific degrees of freedom and relatively long travel distances are possible.
Design aspects
In the field of precision engineering (especially high-precision motion control), flexures have several key advantages. High precision alignment tasks might not be possible when friction or stiction are present. Additionally, conventional bearings or linear slides often exhibit positioning hysteresis due to backlash and friction. Flexures are able to achieve much lower resolution limits (in some cases measured in the nanometer scale), because they depend on bending and/or torsion of flexible elements, rather than surface interaction of many parts (as with a ball bearing). This makes flexures a critical design feature used in optical instrumentation such as interferometers.
Due to their mode of action, flexures are used for limited range motions and cannot replace long-travel or continuous-rotation adjustments. Additionally, special care must be taken to design the flexure to avoid material yielding or fatigue, both of which are potential failure modes in a flexure design.
Design examples
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20paradox
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In statistical mechanics, a semi-classical derivation of entropy that does not take into account the indistinguishability of particles yields an expression for entropy which is not extensive (is not proportional to the amount of substance in question). This leads to a paradox known as the Gibbs paradox, after Josiah Willard Gibbs, who proposed this thought experiment in 1874‒1875. The paradox allows for the entropy of closed systems to decrease, violating the second law of thermodynamics. A related paradox is the "mixing paradox". If one takes the perspective that the definition of entropy must be changed so as to ignore particle permutation, in the thermodynamic limit, the paradox is averted.
Illustration of the problem
Gibbs himself considered the following problem that arises if the ideal gas entropy is not extensive. Two identical containers of an ideal gas sit side-by-side. The gas in container #1 is identical in every respect to the gas in container #2 (i.e. in volume, mass, temperature, pressure, etc). There is a certain entropy S associated with each container which depends on the volume of each container. Now a door in the container wall is opened to allow the gas particles to mix between the containers. No macroscopic changes occur, as the system is in equilibrium. The entropy of the gas in the two-container system can be easily calculated, but if the equation is not extensive, the entropy would not be 2S. In fact, the non-extensive entropy quantity defined and studied by Gibbs would predict additional entropy. Closing the door then reduces the entropy again to S per box, in supposed violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
As understood by Gibbs, and reemphasized more recently, this is a misapplication of Gibbs' non-extensive entropy quantity. If the gas particles are distinguishable, closing the doors will not return the system to its original state – many of the particles will have switched containers. There is a freedom in what is defi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turing%20Guide
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The Turing Guide, written by Jack Copeland, Jonathan Bowen, Mark Sprevak, Robin Wilson, and others and published in 2017, is a book about the work and life of the British mathematician, philosopher, and early computer scientist, Alan Turing (1912–1954).
Overview
The book includes 42 contributed chapters by a variety of authors, including some contemporaries of Alan Turing. The book was published in January 2017 by Oxford University Press, in hardcover, paperback, and e-book formats.
Contents
The Turing Guide is divided into eight main parts, covering various aspects of Alan Turing's life and work:
Biography: Biographical aspects of Alan Turing.
The Universal Machine and Beyond: Turing's universal machine (now known as a Turing machine), developed while at King's College, Cambridge, which provides a theoretical framework for reasoning about computation, a starting point for the field of theoretical computer science.
Codebreaker: Turing's work on codebreaking during World War II at Bletchley Park, especially the Bombe for decrypting the German Enigma machine.
Computers after the War: Turing's post-War work on computing, at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and at the University of Manchester. He made contributions to both hardware design, through the ACE computer (later implemented as the Pilot ACE) at the NPL, and software, especially at Manchester using the Manchester Baby computer, later the Manchester Mark 1 and Ferranti Mark 1.
Artificial Intelligence and the Mind: Turing's pioneering and philosophical contribution to machine intelligence (now known as Artificial Intelligence or AI), including the Turing test.
Biological Growth: Morphogenesis, Turing's last major scientific contribution, on the generation of complex patterns through chemical processes in biology and on the mathematics behind them, foundational in mathematical biology.
Mathematics: Some of Turing's mathematical achievements, including one of his most significant influences, Max New
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav%20Lopatynskyi
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Yaroslav Borysovych Lopatynskyi (1906–1981) was a Soviet mathematician. Born in Tbilisi, Lopatinskii acquired wide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of differential equations. He is especially known for his condition of stability for boundary-value problems in elliptic equations and for initial boundary-value problems in evolution PDEs.
See also
Lev Lopatinsky
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE-cadherin
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Cadherin-5, or VE-cadherin (vascular endothelial cadherin), also known as CD144 (Cluster of Differentiation 144), is a type of cadherin. It is encoded by the human gene CDH5.
Function
VE-cadherin is a classical cadherin from the cadherin superfamily and the gene is located in a six-cadherin cluster in a region on the long arm of chromosome 16 that is involved in loss of heterozygosity events in breast and prostate cancer. The encoded protein is a calcium-dependent cell–cell adhesion glycoprotein composed of five extracellular cadherin repeats, a transmembrane region and a highly conserved cytoplasmic tail. Functioning as a classic cadherin by imparting to cells the ability to adhere in a homophilic manner, the protein may play an important role in endothelial cell biology through control of the cohesion and organization of the intercellular junctions.
Integrity of intercellular junctions is a major determinant of permeability of the endothelium, and the VE-cadherin-based adherens junction is thought to be particularly important. VE-cadherin is known to be required for maintaining a restrictive endothelial barrier – early studies using blocking antibodies to VE-cadherin increased monolayer permeability in cultured cells and resulted in interstitial edema and hemorrhage in vivo. A recent study has shown that TNFAIP3 (A20, a dual-ubiquitin editing enzyme) is essential for stability and expression of VE-cadherin. Deubiquitinase function of A20 was shown to remove ubiquitin chains from VE-cadherin, thereby prevented loss of VE-cadherin expression at the endothelial adherens junctions.
VE-cadherin is indispensable for proper vascular development – there have been two transgenic mouse models of VE-cadherin deficiency, both embryonic lethal due to vascular defects. Further studies using one of these models revealed that although vasculogenesis occurred, nascent vessels collapsed or disassembled in the absence of VE-cadherin. Therefore, it was concluded that VE-cadher
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genstat
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Genstat (General Statistics) is a statistical software package with data analysis capabilities, particularly in the field of agriculture.
It was developed in 1968 by the Rothamsted Research in the United Kingdom and was designed to provide modular design, linear mixed models and graphical functions. It was developed and distributed by VSN International (VSNi), which was owned by The Numerical Algorithms Group and Rothamsted Research.
Genstat is used in a number of research areas, including plant science, forestry, animal science, and medicine.
See also
ASReml: a statistical package which fits linear mixed models to large data sets with complex variance models, using Residual Maximum Likelihood (REML)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar%20interossei%20muscles
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In human anatomy, plantar interossei muscles are three muscles located between the metatarsal bones in the foot.
Structure
The three plantar interosseous muscles are unipennate, as opposed to the bipennate structure of dorsal interosseous muscles, and originate on a single metatarsal bone. The three muscles originate on the medial aspect of metatarsals III-V. The muscles cross the metatarsophalangeal joint of toes III-V so the insertions correspond with the origin and there is no crossing between toes.
The muscles then continue distally along the foot and insert in the proximal phalanges III-V. The muscles cross the metatarsophalangeal joint of toes III-V so the insertions correspond with the origin and there is no crossing between toes.
Innervation
All three plantar interosseous muscles are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve. The lateral plantar nerve is a branch from the tibial nerve, which originally branches off the sciatic nerve from the sacral plexus.
Function
Since the intersseous muscles cross on the metatarsophalangeal joint, then they act on that specific joint and cause adduction of toes III, IV, and V.
Adduction itself is not of extreme importance to the toes, but these muscles work together with the dorsal interosseous muscles in flexion of the foot. They also work together to strengthen the metatarsal arch.
Additional images
See also
Interosseous muscles of the hand
Dorsal interossei of the hand
Palmar interossei
Interosseous muscles of the foot
Dorsal interossei of the foot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Computer%20Language%20Benchmarks%20Game
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The Computer Language Benchmarks Game (formerly called The Great Computer Language Shootout) is a free software project for comparing how a given subset of simple algorithms can be implemented in various popular programming languages.
The project consists of:
A set of very simple algorithmic problems
Various implementations to the above problems in various programming languages
A set of unit tests to verify that the submitted implementations solve the problem statement
A framework for running and timing the implementations
A website to facilitate the interactive comparison of the results
Supported languages
Due to resource constraints, only a small subset of common programming languages are supported, up to the discretion of the game's operator.
Metrics
The following aspects of each given implementation are measured:
overall user runtime
peak memory allocation
gzip'ped size of the solution's source code
sum of total CPU time over all threads
individual CPU utilization
It is common to see multiple solutions in the same programming language for the same problem. This highlights that within the constraints of a given language, a solution can be given which is either of high abstraction, is memory efficient, is fast, or can be parallelized better.
Benchmark programs
It was a design choice from the start to only include very simple toy problems, each providing a different kind of programming challenge.
This provides users of the Benchmark Game the opportunity to scrutinize the various implementations.
binary-trees
chameneos-redux
fannkuch-redux
fasta
k-nucleotide
mandelbrot
meteor-contest
n-body
pidigits
regex-redux
reverse-complement
spectral-norm
thread-ring
History
The project was known as The Great Computer Language Shootout until 2007.
A port for Windows was maintained separately between 2002 and 2003.
The sources have been archived on GitLab.
There are also older forks on GitHub.
The project is continuously evolving. The list of su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalting
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Spalting is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. Although primarily found in dead trees, spalting can also occur in living trees under stress. Although spalting can cause weight loss and strength loss in the wood, the unique coloration and patterns of spalted wood are sought by woodworkers.
Types
Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines. Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods (deciduous) and softwoods (coniferous) can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi. Brown rots are more common to conifers, although one brown rot, Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus), is known to cause spalting among deciduous trees.
Pigmentation
Pigmentation is caused when fungi produce extracellular pigments inside wood. Bluestain is also a form of pigmentation; however, bluestain pigments are generally bound within the hyphae cell walls. A visible color change can be seen if enough hyphae are concentrated in an area. Pigmenting fungi classified as spalting fungi do decay wood, they simply do so at a slower rate (soft rotting) than white rotting fungi. The most common groups of pigmentation fungi are the imperfect fungi and the ascomycetes. Mold fungi, such as Trichoderma spp., are not considered to be spalting fungi, as their hyphae do not colonize the wood internally and they do not produce the enzymes necessary to digest the wood cell wall components.
White rot
The mottled white pockets and bleaching effect seen in spalted wood is due to white rot fungi. Primarily found on hardwoods, these fungi "bleach" by consuming lignin, which is the slightly pigmented area of a wood cell wall. Some white rotting can also be caused by an effect similar to pigmentation, in which the white hyphae of a fungus, such as Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pil., is so concentrated in an area that a visual effect is created.
Both st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubika
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Rubika is a proprietary, cross-platform Iranian messaging app. It is sponsored by the public-private mobile telecommunications companies Tusca holding, Mobile Telecommunication Company of Iran, and MTN Irancell. Rubika features include a free digital assistant, video calls, business pages and shopping channels, creator ads monetization, photo sharing, live broadcast, TV and video streaming, payment wallet, dark mode, Balad maps and required-to-purchase Bime free health insurance. The platform has 15.5 million daily and 35-40 million monthly users. It has financial backed equal to all Iranian startups.
The app offers state sanctioned ads.
Security
Rubika was banned and lost its media license for streaming movies in 2020. It was removed by Google Play Protect in 2022. It is surveilled in part through Hamrahe aval Digital platform monitoring center.
Software forks
Shaad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphafusellovirus
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Alphafusellovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Fuselloviridae. Species in the genus Sulfolobus (sulfolobus shibatae, Sulfolobus solfataricus, and Sulfolobus islandicus) serve as natural hosts. There are seven species in this genus.
Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1)
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 2 (SSV2)
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 4 (SSV4)
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 5 (SSV5)
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 7 (SSV7)
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 8 (SSV8)
Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 9 (SSV9)
Structure
Viruses in Alphafusellovirus are enveloped, with lemon-shaped geometries. The diameter is around 60 nm, with a length of 100 nm. Genomes are circular, around 17.3kb in length.
Biochemical characterization of SSV1, the type species of the Alphafusellovirus genus, showed that virions are composed of four virus-encoded structural proteins, VP1 to VP4, as well as one DNA-binding chromatin protein of cellular origin. The virion proteins VP1, VP3, and VP4 undergo posttranslational modification by glycosylation, seemingly at multiple sites. VP1 is also proteolytically processed. SSV1 virions contain glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids, which appear to be acquired by the virus in a selective manner from the host cytoplasmic membrane.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Sulfolobus shibatae, sulfolobus solfataricus, and sulfolobus islandicus serve as the natural host. It has been demonstrated that SSV1, the type species of the genus, is released from the host without causing cell lysis by a budding mechanism, similar to that employed by enveloped eukaryotic viruses.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof%20Gawedzki
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Krzysztof Gawędzki (Polish pronunciation: ; born 2 July 1947 – died 21 January 2022) was a Polish mathematical physicist, a graduate of the University of Warsaw and professor at the École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon). He was primarily known for his research on quantum field theory and statistical physics. In 2022, he shared the Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics with Antti Kupiainen.
Education and career
Born in Poland, Gawędzki received in 1971 his doctorate from the University of Warsaw. His doctoral dissertation Functional theory of geodesic fields was supervised by Krzysztof Maurin (1923–2017).
In the 1980s Gawędzki did research at CNRS at the IHES near Paris. Since the 1990s, he was a professor at the École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon), and later an emeritus researcher there.
He was known for his research in the mathematics of quantum field theory (QFT), especially conformal field theory. In the 1980s he collaborated with Antti Kupiainen on the application of the renormalization group method in the rigorous mathematical treatment of various model systems of quantum field theory. Much of their research deals with conformal field theories, which serve as two-dimensional toy models of non-perturbative aspects of QFT (with applications to string theory and statistical mechanics). Gawędzki and collaborators studied the geometry of WZW models (also called WZNW models, Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten models), prototypes for rational conformal field theories.
With Kupiainen he succeeded in the 1980s in the rigorous construction of the massless lattice model in four dimensions and the Gross-Neveu model in two space-time dimensions. At about the same time, this was achieved by Roland Sénéor, Jacques Magnen, Joel Feldman and Vincent Rivasseau. This was considered an outstanding achievement in constructive quantum field theory.
In 1986 Gawędzki identified the Kalb–Ramond field (B field), which generalizes the electromagnetic field from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artin%E2%80%93Rees%20lemma
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In mathematics, the Artin–Rees lemma is a basic result about modules over a Noetherian ring, along with results such as the Hilbert basis theorem. It was proved in the 1950s in independent works by the mathematicians Emil Artin and David Rees; a special case was known to Oscar Zariski prior to their work.
An intuitive characterization of the lemma involves the notion that a submodule N of a module M over some ring A with specified ideal I holds a priori two topologies: one induced by the topology on M, and the other when considered with the I-adic topology over A. Then Artin-Rees dictates that these topologies actually coincide, at least when A is Noetherian and M finitely-generated.
One consequence of the lemma is the Krull intersection theorem. The result is also used to prove the exactness property of completion. The lemma also plays a key role in the study of ℓ-adic sheaves.
Statement
Let I be an ideal in a Noetherian ring R; let M be a finitely generated R-module and let N a submodule of M. Then there exists an integer k ≥ 1 so that, for n ≥ k,
Proof
The lemma immediately follows from the fact that R is Noetherian once necessary notions and notations are set up.
For any ring R and an ideal I in R, we set (B for blow-up.) We say a decreasing sequence of submodules is an I-filtration if ; moreover, it is stable if for sufficiently large n. If M is given an I-filtration, we set ; it is a graded module over .
Now, let M be a R-module with the I-filtration by finitely generated R-modules. We make an observation
is a finitely generated module over if and only if the filtration is I-stable.
Indeed, if the filtration is I-stable, then is generated by the first terms and those terms are finitely generated; thus, is finitely generated. Conversely, if it is finitely generated, say, by some homogeneous elements in , then, for , each f in can be written as
with the generators in . That is, .
We can now prove the lemma, assuming R is Noetherian. Let . T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20surface
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A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters Parametric representation is a very general way to specify a surface, as well as implicit representation. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area, differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian, mean, and principal curvatures can all be computed from a given parametrization.
Examples
The simplest type of parametric surfaces is given by the graphs of functions of two variables:
A rational surface is a surface that admits parameterizations by a rational function. A rational surface is an algebraic surface. Given an algebraic surface, it is commonly easier to decide if it is rational than to compute its rational parameterization, if it exists.
Surfaces of revolution give another important class of surfaces that can be easily parametrized. If the graph , is rotated about the z-axis then the resulting surface has a parametrization It may also be parameterized showing that, if the function is rational, then the surface is rational.
The straight circular cylinder of radius R about x-axis has the following parametric representation:
Using the spherical coordinates, the unit sphere can be parameterized by This parametrization breaks down at the north and south poles where the azimuth angle θ is not determined uniquely. The sphere is a rational surface.
The same surface admits many different parametrizations. For example, the coordinate z-plane can be parametrized as
for any constants a, b, c, d such that , i.e. the matrix is invertible.
Local differential geometry
The local shape of a parametric surface can be analyzed by considering the Taylor expansion of the function that parametrizes it. The arc length of a cu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involutory%20matrix
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In mathematics, an involutory matrix is a square matrix that is its own inverse. That is, multiplication by the matrix A is an involution if and only if A2 = I, where I is the n × n identity matrix. Involutory matrices are all square roots of the identity matrix. This is simply a consequence of the fact that any invertible matrix multiplied by its inverse is the identity.
Examples
The 2 × 2 real matrix is involutory provided that
The Pauli matrices in M(2, C) are involutory:
One of the three classes of elementary matrix is involutory, namely the row-interchange elementary matrix. A special case of another class of elementary matrix, that which represents multiplication of a row or column by −1, is also involutory; it is in fact a trivial example of a signature matrix, all of which are involutory.
Some simple examples of involutory matrices are shown below.
where
I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix (which is trivially involutory);
R is the 3 × 3 identity matrix with a pair of interchanged rows;
S is a signature matrix.
Any block-diagonal matrices constructed from involutory matrices will also be involutory, as a consequence of the linear independence of the blocks.
Symmetry
An involutory matrix which is also symmetric is an orthogonal matrix, and thus represents an isometry (a linear transformation which preserves Euclidean distance). Conversely every orthogonal involutory matrix is symmetric.
As a special case of this, every reflection and 180° rotation matrix is involutory.
Properties
An involution is non-defective, and each eigenvalue equals , so an involution diagonalizes to a signature matrix.
A normal involution is Hermitian (complex) or symmetric (real) and also unitary (complex) or orthogonal (real).
The determinant of an involutory matrix over any field is ±1.
If A is an n × n matrix, then A is involutory if and only if P+ = (I + A)/2 is idempotent. This relation gives a bijection between involutory matrices and idempotent matrices. Similarly, A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-access%20key
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In biology or medicine, a multi-access key is an identification key which overcomes the problem of the more traditional single-access keys (dichotomous or polytomous identification keys) of requiring a fixed sequence of identification steps. A multi-access key enables the user to freely choose the characteristics that are convenient to evaluate for the item to be identified.
Although good single-access keys will try to start with characters that are reliable, convenient to observe and generally available throughout most of the year, it is often impossible to achieve this for all taxa in a key. A multi-access key lets the user adapt the key to the particular organism that is being identified and to the circumstances of identification (e.g. field or laboratory).
Multi-access keys may be printed in various way (tabular, matrix, formula style, etc.) but are more commonly used as computer-aided, interactive keys.
Alternative terms
Alternative terms used for multi-access keys are "random-access key", "multi-entry key", "polyclave", "matrix key", "tabular key", "synoptic key". Some of these terms should be avoided in this sense, however:
"Multi-entry" keys allow the free choice of characters only in the first step, whereas in a typical multi-access key the choice of characters used for identification can be repeated multiple times (reducing the number of remaining taxa each time). The single step of selecting one or multiple criteria is followed by a dichotomous key for the species remaining after this step.
The terms "tabular key" and "matrix key" are best limited to a tabular presentation format of multi-access keys.
The term "synoptic key" has an older definition, defining it as a key reflecting taxonomic classification and opposed to diagnostic keys arranged solely for the convenience of identification.
History
Interactive multi-access keys are a high-tech descendant of polyclaves ("card keys"). Historically various styles of encoding features of species (s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern%20Arabic%20mathematical%20notation
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Modern Arabic mathematical notation is a mathematical notation based on the Arabic script, used especially at pre-university levels of education. Its form is mostly derived from Western notation, but has some notable features that set it apart from its Western counterpart. The most remarkable of those features is the fact that it is written from right to left following the normal direction of the Arabic script. Other differences include the replacement of the Greek and Latin alphabet letters for symbols with Arabic letters and the use of Arabic names for functions and relations.
Features
It is written from right to left following the normal direction of the Arabic script. Other differences include the replacement of the Latin alphabet letters for symbols with Arabic letters and the use of Arabic names for functions and relations.
The notation exhibits one of the very few remaining vestiges of non-dotted Arabic scripts, as dots over and under letters (i'jam) are usually omitted.
Letter cursivity (connectedness) of Arabic is also taken advantage of, in a few cases, to define variables using more than one letter. The most widespread example of this kind of usage is the canonical symbol for the radius of a circle (), which is written using the two letters nūn and qāf. When variable names are juxtaposed (as when expressing multiplication) they are written non-cursively.
Variations
Notation differs slightly from region to another. In tertiary education, most regions use the Western notation. The notation mainly differs in numeral system used, and in mathematical symbol used.
Numeral systems
There are three numeral systems used in right to left mathematical notation.
"Western Arabic numerals" (sometimes called European) are used in western Arabic regions (e.g. Morocco)
"Eastern Arabic numerals" are used in middle and eastern Arabic regions (e.g. Egypt and Syria)
"Eastern Arabic-Indic numerals" are used in Persian and Urdu speaking regions (e.g. Iran, Pakistan, India)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Martelli
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Alex Martelli (born October 5, 1955) is an Italian computer engineer and Fellow of the Python Software Foundation. Since early 2005, he works for Google, Inc. in Mountain View, California, for the first few years as "Über Tech Lead," then as "Senior Staff Engineer," currently in charge of "long tail" community support for Google Cloud Platform.
He holds a Laurea in Electrical Engineering from Bologna University (1980); he is the author of Python in a Nutshell (recently out in a fourth edition, which Martelli wrote with three co-authors), co-editor of the Python Cookbooks first two editions, and has written other (mostly Python-related) materials. Martelli won the 2002 Activators' Choice Award, and the 2006 Frank Willison award for outstanding contributions to the Python community.
Before joining Google, Martelli spent a year designing computer chips with Texas Instruments; eight years with IBM Research, gradually shifting from hardware to software, and winning three Outstanding Technical Achievement Awards; 12 as Senior Software Consultant at think3, Inc., developing libraries, network protocols, GUI engines, event frameworks, and web access frontends; and three more as a freelance consultant, working mostly for Open End AB, a Python-centered software house (formerly known as Strakt AB) located in Gothenburg, Sweden.
He has taught courses on programming, development methods, object-oriented design, cloud computing, and numerical computing, at Ferrara University and other schools. Martelli was also the keynote speaker for the 2008 SciPy Conference, and various editions of Pycon APAC and Pycon Italia conferences.
Bibliography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KORTV
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KORTV, Inc. is a software-based streaming media company specializing in distributing South Korean movie, television, and premium channel content to audiences in more than 100 countries using both video on demand (VOD) and real-time streaming.
History
KORTV was incorporated in Edison, New Jersey as WKNTV, Inc in 2012. WKNTV began operations streaming content via IPTV to Netgear NeoTV and Roku devices.
On August 2, 2013, the company filled for the trademark 'KORTV' which was registered on March 11, 2013. On December 11, KORTV became available on Apple TV and on iPad and iPhone mobile devices.
Programming
KORTV's Live IPTV channels are streamed in real-time, 24 hours a day, directly from the broadcaster and in high definition quality when it is available. KORTV's current Live IPTV line-up features 10 channels that are free and available for unlimited streaming—including Arirang, EBS, and JTBC. KORTV is the first company to ever offer free and legal real-time live-streaming of broadcast programming worldwide. KORTV's Live IPTV Premium line-up includes 7 premium channels, which are available individually by monthly subscription. Additional television content, including archives of current and past shows, is available via video on demand (VOD), which is also by monthly subscription.
KORTV's available movie content includes many titles with English-language subtitles, offering potential to expand the company's market beyond Korean-speaking audiences. As with the VOD television content and the Live IPTV premium channel options, a monthly subscription is required to access KORTV's movie content.
See also
Kdrama
Korean wave
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%E2%80%93tilt%E2%80%93zoom%20camera
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A pan-tilt-zoom camera (PTZ camera) is a robotic camera capable of panning horizontally (from left to right), tilting vertically (up and down), and zooming (for magnification). PTZ cameras are often positioned at guard posts where active employees may manage them using a remote camera controller. Their primary function is to monitor expansive open regions that need views in the range of 180 or 360 degrees. Depending on the camera or software being used, they may also be set up to automatically monitor motion-activated activities or adhere to a defined schedule.
Functions
A pan-tilt-zoom camera can be controlled remotely, via computer software, or manually by a person to recognize patterns and individuals. PTZ cameras may zoom in very close, pan widely in all directions, and tilt up and down utilizing servo motors to change the image viewable in the frame.
The camera's focus triggers a corresponding motorized zoom-in on the subject of the camera's attention. In addition, the lens's versatility allows the camera to capture unique perspectives and details that would otherwise be missed.
Use
In television production, PTZ controls are used with professional video cameras in television studios, sporting events, and other spaces. They are commonly referred to as robes, an abbreviation of robotic cameras. These systems can be remotely controlled by automation systems.
PTZ cameras are in high demand as a solution because of the diverse range of applications that they can support. Some examples of these applications are provided below.
Live-streaming
A PTZ camera is a crucial piece of equipment for live-streaming, as it gives the streaming material an extra dose of realism. PTZs are very versatile due to their small form factor.
In addition to taking a panoramic view, the remote controllability of a PTZ camera is a major advantage. This allows for a multi-camera arrangement in which many PTZ cameras may be placed at various locations and used simultaneously. They als
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac%20reserve
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Cardiac reserve refers to the difference between the rates at which the heart pumps blood - at any given time versus its maximum capacity. A measurement of the cardiac reserve may be a health indicator for some medical conditions. Cardiac reserve may be 4-5 times greater than a resting value for a healthy person.
Measurements
Cardiac reserve has been measured in different ways over the history of the test.
It is possible to make a non-invasive measurement of cardiac reserve.
Significance
A measure of cardiac reserve can help predict the likelihood of heart failure when indicated.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotherm
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A stenotherm (from Greek στενός stenos "narrow" and θέρμη therme "heat") is a species or living organism only capable of living or surviving within a narrow temperature range. This type of temperature specialization is often seen in organisms that live in environments where the temperature is relatively stable, such as in deep sea environments or in polar regions.
The opposite of a stenotherm is a eurytherm, an organism that can function at a wide range of different body temperatures. Eurythermic organisms are typically found in environments where the temperature varies more significantly, such as in temperate or tropical regions.
The size, shape, and composition of an organism's body can affect its temperature regulation, with larger organisms tending to have a more stable internal temperature than smaller organisms.
Examples
Chionoecetes opilio is a stenothermic organism, and temperature affects its biology throughout its life history, from embryo to adult. Small changes in temperature (< 2 °C) can increase the duration of egg incubation for C. opilio by a full year.
See also
Ecotope
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herringbone%20%28cloth%29
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Herringbone, also called broken twill weave, describes a distinctive V-shaped weaving pattern usually found in twill fabric. It is distinguished from a plain chevron by the break at reversal, which makes it resemble a broken zigzag. The pattern is called herringbone because it resembles the skeleton of a herring fish. Herringbone-patterned fabric is usually wool, and is one of the most popular cloths used for suits and outerwear. Tweed cloth is often woven with a herringbone pattern.
Fatigue uniforms made from cotton in this weave were used by several militaries during and after World War II; in US use, they were often called HBTs.
History
Various herringbone weaves have been found in antiquity:
A pair of woolen leggings found in the permafrost of the Italian-Austrian Alps have a 2:2 herringbone weave, dating to 800 to 500 BC.
A dark blue cloth with a 2:2 herringbone weave was found at Murabba'at Cave in Israel, from the Roman period.
A textile with a 2:2 herringbone weave was found at Pompeii, from 79 AD.
An illustration of a cloth having a herringbone weave from Antinoöpolis in Greece from 130 AD.
The Falkirk Tartan, a wool 2:2 herringbone tartan found at Vindolanda in England from around 240 AD.
See also
Herringbone pattern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchodilator
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A bronchodilator or broncholytic (although the latter occasionally includes secretory inhibition as well) is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be originating naturally within the body, or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties, usually in the form of inhalers. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis. They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.
Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are beta2-adrenergic agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short- and long-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).
Short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists
These are quick-relief or "rescue" medications that provide quick, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups. These medications usually take effect within 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medications are best for treating sudden and severe or new asthma symptoms. Taken 15 to 20 minutes ahead of time, these medications can also prevent asthma symptoms triggered by exercise or exposure to cold air. Some short-acting β-agonists, such as salbutamol, are specific to the lungs; they are called β2-adrenergic agonists and can relieve bronchospasms without unwanted cardiac side effects of nonspecific β-agonists (for example, ephedrine or epinephrine). Patients who regularly or frequently need to take a short-acting β2-adrenergic agonist should consult their d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-time%20Fourier%20transform
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The short-time Fourier transform (STFT), is a Fourier-related transform used to determine the sinusoidal frequency and phase content of local sections of a signal as it changes over time. In practice, the procedure for computing STFTs is to divide a longer time signal into shorter segments of equal length and then compute the Fourier transform separately on each shorter segment. This reveals the Fourier spectrum on each shorter segment. One then usually plots the changing spectra as a function of time, known as a spectrogram or waterfall plot, such as commonly used in software defined radio (SDR) based spectrum displays. Full bandwidth displays covering the whole range of an SDR commonly use fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) with 2^24 points on desktop computers.
Forward STFT
Continuous-time STFT
Simply, in the continuous-time case, the function to be transformed is multiplied by a window function which is nonzero for only a short period of time. The Fourier transform (a one-dimensional function) of the resulting signal is taken, then the window is slid along the time axis until the end resulting in a two-dimensional representation of the signal. Mathematically, this is written as:
where is the window function, commonly a Hann window or Gaussian window centered around zero, and is the signal to be transformed (note the difference between the window function and the frequency ). is essentially the Fourier transform of , a complex function representing the phase and magnitude of the signal over time and frequency. Often phase unwrapping is employed along either or both the time axis, , and frequency axis, , to suppress any jump discontinuity of the phase result of the STFT. The time index is normally considered to be "slow" time and usually not expressed in as high resolution as time . Given that the STFT is essentially a Fourier transform times a window function, the STFT is also called windowed Fourier transform or time-dependent Fourier transform.
Disc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoidal%20conchae
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The sphenoidal conchae (sphenoidal turbinated processes) are two thin, curved plates, situated at the anterior and lower part of the body of the sphenoid. An aperture of variable size exists in the anterior wall of each, and through this the sphenoidal sinus opens into the nasal cavity.
Each is irregular in form, and tapers to a point behind, being broader and thinner in front.
Its upper surface is concave, and looks toward the cavity of the sinus; its under surface is convex, and forms part of the roof of the corresponding nasal cavity.
Each bone articulates in front with the ethmoid, laterally with the palatine; its pointed posterior extremity is placed above the vomer, and is received between the root of the pterygoid process laterally and the rostrum of the sphenoid medially.
A small portion of the sphenoidal concha sometimes enters into the formation of the medial wall of the orbit, between the lamina papyracea of the ethmoid in front, the orbital plate of the palatine below, and the frontal bone above.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABICOMP%20character%20set
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The ABICOMP Character Set was an encoded repertoire of characters used in Brazil. It was devised by the Associação Brasileira de Indústria de Computadores, a Brazilian computer industry association defunct in 1992. It was used on Brazilian-made computers and several printers brands. This code page is known by Star printers and FreeDOS as Code page 3848.
Coverage
The ABICOMP Character Set obviously contained the characters to cover Portuguese. It also contained characters to cover other languages such as Spanish, French, Italian and German. However, the quotation marks "«" and "»" for (European) Portuguese, (European) Spanish, French and Italian are missing.
This character set was different from the Brazilian Standard BraSCII, which was very similar to ISO 8859-1. Although once very used in Brazil, this character set became less and less used because of the ubiquity of other character sets (ISO 8859-1 and later Unicode).
Character set
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank%20Battalion
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is a multi-directional shooter arcade video game that was released by Namco in 1980. The only direct home conversion is for the MSX, although it was followed up by two sequels: Battle City for the Famicom in 1985 and Tank Force for arcades in 1991.
Gameplay
The player, controlling a tank, must destroy twenty enemy tanks in each round, which enter the playfield from the top of the screen. The enemy tanks attempt to destroy the player's base (represented on the map as an eagle) as well as the player tank itself. A round is cleared when the player destroys all twenty enemy tanks, but the game ends if the player's base is destroyed or they run out of lives.
Reception
Cash Box believed that "the real excitement" of Tank Battalion lied within its ability to modify the level design by destroying the brick walls.
Retrospectively in 2015, a writer for Beep! enjoyed the Sord M5 version for its improvements over the arcade original, such as the smoother movement of the player's tank, but disliked the squashed-looking graphics and narrow playing space. While the writer believed the MSX version was superior, they still recommended the M5 version for Namco fans and collectors.
Legacy
A theme based on the game for Pac-Man 99 was released as free post-launch DLC, featuring visuals and sounds from the game.
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson%27s%20joint%20consistency%20theorem
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Robinson's joint consistency theorem is an important theorem of mathematical logic. It is related to Craig interpolation and Beth definability.
The classical formulation of Robinson's joint consistency theorem is as follows:
Let and be first-order theories. If and are consistent and the intersection is complete (in the common language of and ), then the union is consistent. A theory is called complete if it decides every formula, meaning that for every sentence the theory contains the sentence or its negation but not both (that is, either or ).
Since the completeness assumption is quite hard to fulfill, there is a variant of the theorem:
Let and be first-order theories. If and are consistent and if there is no formula in the common language of and such that and then the union is consistent.
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler%20function
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In number theory, the ruler function of an integer can be either of two closely related functions. One of these functions counts the number of times can be evenly divided by two, which for the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... is
Alternatively, the ruler function can be defined as the same numbers plus one, which for the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... produces the sequence
As well as being related by adding one, these two sequences are related in a different way: the second one can be formed from the first one by removing all the zeros, and the first one can be formed from the second one by adding zeros at the start and between every pair of numbers. For either definition of the ruler function, the rising and falling patterns of the values of this function resemble the lengths of marks on rulers with traditional units such as inches. These functions should be distinguished from Thomae's function, a function on real numbers which behaves similarly to the ruler function when restricted to the dyadic rational numbers.
In advanced mathematics, the 0-based ruler function is the 2-adic valuation of the number, and the lexicographically earliest infinite square-free word over the natural numbers. It also gives the position of the bit that changes at each step of the Gray code.
In the Tower of Hanoi puzzle, with the disks of the puzzle numbered in order by their size, the 1-based ruler function gives the number of the disk to move at each step in an optimal solution to the puzzle. A simulation of the puzzle, in conjunction with other methods for generating its optimal sequence of moves, can be used in an algorithm for generating the sequence of values of the ruler function in constant time per value.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Huatian
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Professor Li Huatian (1922–2007) was one of the first few computer scientists in China and was well known for his early contributions to the areas of computer science and computer networks.
Life and work
He was born on Jan 29, 1922 in Songjiang, Jiangsu (now Songjiang, Shanghai). He graduated from the National Southwestern Associated University with a degree in electrical engineering in 1943 and from Harvard University with a master's degree in 1948.
He returned to China in 1949 to start his research and teaching career as a university professor. He taught at Dalian University of Technology and Northeastern University. He served as the department chair of the departments of Automation and Computer Science and the university vice president at Northeastern University.
He also served as a vice president for IFAC, the International Federation of Automatic Control. He resigned administration positions in 1984 to return to full-time research and teaching. Meanwhile, he founded the first PhD program in computer science in China.
Till his final retirement in 1995, he had published numerous journal papers in areas of automatic control, computer theory, computer networks, and multimedia systems and brought up a lot of younger computer scientists in China. He also co-founded the Neusoft Group in early 1990s with his PhD student Liu Jiren. Professor Li died on Jan 24, 2007 in Shenzhen, China.
Chinese computer scientists
Theoretical computer scientists
Computer systems researchers
Harvard University alumni
Tsinghua University alumni
1922 births
2007 deaths
Educators from Shanghai
Academic staff of the Northeastern University (China)
Academic staff of Dalian University of Technology
Scientists from Shanghai
National Southwestern Associated University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentice%20position
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The Prentice position is an orientation of a prism, used in optics, optometry and ophthalmology. In this position, named after the optician Charles F. Prentice, the prism is oriented such that light enters it at an angle of 90° to the first surface, so that the beam does not refract at that surface. All the deviation caused by the prism takes place at the exit surface.
In ophthalmology, glass prisms were classically calibrated for use in the Prentice position, while plastic prisms were calibrated for use in the frontal position.
See also
Prism correction
Prentice's rule
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenix
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Xenix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for various microcomputer platforms, licensed by Microsoft from AT&T Corporation in the late 1970s. The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) later acquired exclusive rights to the software, and eventually replaced it with SCO UNIX (now known as SCO OpenServer).
In the mid-to-late 1980s, Xenix was the most common Unix variant, measured according to the number of machines on which it was installed.
Microsoft chairman Bill Gates said at Unix Expo in 1996 that, for a long time, Microsoft had the highest-volume AT&T Unix license.
History
Bell Labs, the developer of Unix, was part of the regulated Bell System and could not sell Unix directly to most end users (academic and research institutions excepted); it could, however, license it to software vendors who would then resell it to end users (or their own resellers), combined with their own added features. Microsoft, which expected that Unix would be its operating system of the future when personal computers became powerful enough, purchased a license for Version 7 Unix from AT&T in 1978, and announced on August 25, 1980, that it would make the software available for the 16-bit microcomputer market. Because Microsoft was not able to license the "Unix" name itself, the company gave it an original name.
Microsoft called Xenix "a universal operating environment". It did not sell Xenix directly to end users, but licensed the software to OEMs such as IBM, Intel, Management Systems Development, Tandy, Altos Computer, SCO, and Siemens (SINIX) which then ported it to their own proprietary computer architectures.
In 1981, Microsoft said the first version of Xenix was "very close to the original Unix version 7 source" on the PDP-11, and later versions were to incorporate its own fixes and improvements. The company stated that it intended to port the operating system to the Zilog Z8000 series, Digital LSI-11, Intel 8086 and 80286, Motorola 68000, and possibly "numerous other pro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zein
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Zein is a class of prolamine protein found in corn (maize). It is usually manufactured as a powder from corn gluten meal. Zein is one of the best understood plant proteins. Pure zein is clear, odorless, tasteless, hard, water-insoluble, and edible, and it has a variety of industrial and food uses.
Commercial uses
Historically, zein has been used in the manufacture of a wide variety of commercial products, including coatings for paper cups, soda bottle cap linings, clothing fabric, buttons, adhesives, coatings and binders. The dominant historical use of zein was in the textile fibers market where it was produced under the name "Vicara". With the development of synthetic alternatives, the use of zein in this market eventually disappeared. By using electrospinning, zein fibers have again been produced in the lab, where additional research will be performed to re-enter the fiber market. It can be used as a water and grease coating for paperboards and allows recyclability.
Zein's properties make it valuable in processed foods and pharmaceuticals, in competition with insect shellac. It is now used as a coating for candy, nuts, fruit, pills, and other encapsulated foods and drugs. In the United States, it may be labeled as "confectioner's glaze" (which may also refer to shellac-based glazes) and used as a coating on bakery products or as "vegetable protein." It is classified as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. For pharmaceutical coating, zein is preferred over food shellac, since it is all natural and requires less testing per the USP monographs.
Zein can be further processed into resins and other bioplastic polymers, which can be extruded or rolled into a variety of plastic products. With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the current higher prices of hydrocarbon-based petrochemicals, there is increased focus on zein as a raw material for a variety of nontoxic and renewable polym
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser%2050
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The Laser 50 is an educational portable computer sold by Vtech that ran the BASIC programming language. It was released in 1984.
Specifications
The Laser 50 used a Zilog Z80 central processing unit running at 3.5 MHz, 2 kB to 18 kB of RAM, a 12 kB ROM, and a 80x7 dots LCD screen.
Microcomputers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambas
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Gambas is the name of an object-oriented dialect of the BASIC programming language, as well as the integrated development environment that accompanies it. Designed to run on Linux and other Unix-like computer operating systems, its name is a recursive acronym for Gambas Almost Means Basic. Gambas is also the word for prawns in the Spanish, French, and Portuguese languages, from which the project's logos are derived.
History
Gambas was developed by the French programmer Benoît Minisini, with its first release coming in 1999. Benoît had grown up with the BASIC language, and decided to make a free software development environment that could quickly and easily make programs with user interfaces.
The Gambas 1.x versions featured an interface made up of several different separate windows for forms and IDE dialogues in a similar fashion to the interface of earlier versions of the GIMP. It could also only develop applications using Qt and was more oriented towards the development of applications for KDE. The last release of the 1.x versions was Gambas 1.0.19.
The first of the 2.x versions was released on January 2, 2008, after three to four years of development. It featured a major redesign of the interface, now with all forms and functions embedded in a single window, as well as some changes to the Gambas syntax, although for the most part code compatibility was kept. It featured major updates to existing Gambas components as well as the addition of some new ones, such as new components that could use GTK+ or SDL for drawing or utilize OpenGL acceleration. Gambas 2.x versions can load up and run Gambas 1.x projects, with occasional incompatibilities; the same is true for Gambas 2.x to 3.x, but not from Gambas 1.x to 3.x.
The next major iteration of Gambas, the 3.x versions, was released on December 31, 2011. A 2015 benchmark published on the Gambas website showed Gambas 3.8.90 scripting as being faster to varying degrees than Perl 5.20.2 and the then-latest 2.7.10
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task%20Force%20on%20Process%20Mining
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The IEEE Task Force on Process Mining (TFPM) is a non-commercial association for process mining. The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Task Force on Process Mining was established in October 2009 as part of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society at the Eindhoven University of Technology.
The task force is supported by over 80 organizations and has around 750 members. The main goal of the task force is to promote the research, development, education, and understanding of process mining.
About
In 2012, the IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence/ IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation held a session on Process Mining. Process mining is a type of research that is a mix of computational intelligence and data mining, as well as process modeling and analysis.
Activities and organization
The Task Force on Process Mining has a Steering Committee and an Advisory Board. The Steering Committee, was chaired by Wil van der Aalst in its inception in 2009, defined 15 action lines. These include the organization of the annual International Process Mining Conference (ICPM) series, standardization efforts leading to the IEEE XES standard for storing and exchanging event data, and the Process Mining Manifesto which was translated into 16 languages. The Task Force on Process Mining also publishes a newsletter, provides data sets, organizes workshops and competitions, and connects researchers and practitioners.
In 2016, the IEEE Standards Association published the IEEE Standard for Extensible Event Stream (XES), which is a widely accepted file format by the process mining community.
As of 2023, Boudewijn van Dongen serves as chair of the Steering Committee. Wil van der Aalst and Moe Wynn both serve as vice-chair of the Steering Committee.
See also
Process mining
Business process management
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyngbyastatins
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Lyngbyastatins 1 and 3 are cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptides that possess antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines. These compounds, first isolated from the extract of a Lyngbya majuscula/Schizothrix calcicola assemblage and from L. majuscula Harvey ex Gomont (Oscillatoriaceae) strains, respectively, target the actin cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.
Biosynthesis
Lyngbyastatins 1 and 3 are encoded for by a 52 kb biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) containing one polyketide synthase (PKS)/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) hybrid (LbnA), four NRPSs (LbnB-D, LbnF), and one PKS (LbnE).
Biosynthesis commences with PKS activity — thiolation of propanoic (Lyngbyastatin 1) or butyric (Lyngbyastatin 3) acid and subsequent loading onto the ketosynthase (KS) of LbnA. An acyl unit from malonyl CoA is then coupled onto the initial substrate via an acyltransferase (AT) and then methylated at the alpha carbon through a C-methyltransferase (CMT) before an aminotransferase (AmT) conducts a transamination of the initial substrate carbonyl. The latter half of LbnA follows traditional NRPS activity containing condensation (C), adenylation (A), and thiolation (T) domains to couple 2-hydroxy-3-methylvaleric acid, which is believed to be formed from the 2-oxo analog through PKS ketoreductase (KR) activity.
LbnB, a traditional NRPS, adds glycine into the growing thioester by its amino group. LbnC is another traditional NRPS that adds L-leucine and glycine, respectively, except the L-leucine domain possesses an active N-methyltransferase (NMT) domain that methylates the nitrogen of L-leucine.
NRPS LbnD then adds L-valine, L-tyrosine, and L or D-valine, respectively to the growing molecule. PKS LbnE couples an acyl unit from malonyl-CoA onto the C-terminus of the valine residue before a C-methyltransferase methylates the carbon alpha to the thioester twice to produce a quarternary alpha carbon.
NRPS LbnF completes the biosynthesis by coupling L-alanine before the t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20Letters
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Physics Letters was a scientific journal published from 1962 to 1966, when it split in two series now published by Elsevier:
Physics Letters A: condensed matter physics, theoretical physics, nonlinear science, statistical physics, mathematical and computational physics, general and cross-disciplinary physics (including foundations), atomic, molecular and cluster physics, plasma and fluid physics, optical physics, biological physics and nanoscience.
Physics Letters B: nuclear physics, theoretical nuclear physics, experimental high-energy physics, theoretical high-energy physics, and astrophysics.
Physics Letters B is part of the SCOAP3 initiative.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20prescribing
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Electronic prescription (e-prescribing or e-Rx) is the computer-based electronic generation, transmission, and filling of a medical prescription, taking the place of paper and faxed prescriptions. E-prescribing allows a physician, physician assistant, pharmacist, or nurse practitioner to use digital prescription software to electronically transmit a new prescription or renewal authorization to a community or mail-order pharmacy. It outlines the ability to send error-free, accurate, and understandable prescriptions electronically from the healthcare provider to the pharmacy. E-prescribing is meant to reduce the risks associated with traditional prescription script writing. It is also one of the major reasons for the push for electronic medical records. By sharing medical prescription information, e-prescribing seeks to connect the patient's team of healthcare providers to facilitate knowledgeable decision making.
Functions
An e-prescribing system used in the United States must be capable of performing all of the following functions:
Patient's identification
Generating a complete active medication list, possibly incorporating electronic data received from an insurance provider
Access to patient historical data
Prescribe or add new medication and select the pharmacy where the prescription will be filled.
Work with an existing medication within the practice, this can involve viewing details of a medication, remove a medication from the active medication list, change dose, etc., for a medication or renew one or more medications
Printing prescriptions
Electronically transmitting prescriptions to a transaction hub
Conducting all safety checks using an integrated decision support system, known as a Drug Utilization Review. Safety checks include: automated prompts that offer information on the drug being prescribed, potential inappropriate dose or route of administration, drug-drug interactions, allergy concerns, or warnings of caution
Flagging availability of l
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20rotator
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A polarization rotator is an optical device that rotates the polarization axis of a linearly polarized light beam by an angle of choice. Such devices can be based on the Faraday effect, on birefringence, or on total internal reflection. Rotators of linearly polarized light have found widespread applications in modern optics since laser beams tend to be linearly polarized and it is often necessary to rotate the original polarization to its orthogonal alternative.
Faraday rotators
A Faraday rotator consists of an optical material in a magnetic field. When light propagates in the material, interaction with the magnetic field causes left- and right-handed circularly polarized waves to propagate with slightly different phase velocities. Since a linearly-polarized wave can be described as a superposition of left- and right-handed circularly polarized waves, the difference in phase velocity causes the polarization direction of a linearly-polarized wave to rotate as it propagates through the material. The direction of the rotation depends on whether the light is propagating with or against the direction of the magnetic field: a rotation induced by passing through the material is not undone by passing through it in the opposite direction. This can be used to make an optical isolator.
Birefringent rotators
Half-wave plates and quarter-wave plates alter the polarization of light due to the principle of birefringence. Their performance is wavelength-specific; a fact that may be a limitation. Switchable wave plates can also be manufactured out of liquid crystals, ferro-electric liquid crystals, or magneto-optic crystals. These devices can be used to rapidly change the angle of polarization in response to an electric signal, and can be used for rapid polarization state generation (PSG) or polarization state analysis (PSA) with high accuracy. In particular, the PSG and PSA made with magneto-optic (MO) switches have been successfully used to analyze polarization mode dispersio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone%20phosphate
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Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is the anion with the formula HOCH2C(O)CH2OPO32-. This anion is involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. It is the phosphate ester of dihydroxyacetone.
Role in glycolysis
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate lies in the glycolysis metabolic pathway, and is one of the two products of breakdown of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, along with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is rapidly and reversibly isomerised to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
The numbering of the carbon atoms indicates the fate of the carbons according to their position in fructose 6-phosphate.
Role in other pathways
In the Calvin cycle, DHAP is one of the products of the sixfold reduction of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by NADPH. It is also used in the synthesis of sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, both of which are used to reform ribulose 5-phosphate, the 'key' carbohydrate of the Calvin cycle.
DHAP is also the product of the dehydrogenation of L-glycerol-3-phosphate, which is part of the entry of glycerol (sourced from triglycerides) into the glycolytic pathway. Conversely, reduction of glycolysis-derived DHAP to L-glycerol-3-phosphate provides adipose cells with the activated glycerol backbone they require to synthesize new triglycerides. Both reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase with NAD+/NADH as cofactor.
DHAP also has a role in the ether-lipid biosynthesis process in the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana.
DHAP is a precursor to 2-oxopropanal. This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the commodity chemical 1,2-propanediol.
See also
Dihydroxyacetone
Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20International%20Character%20Set
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The Lotus International Character Set (LICS) is a proprietary single-byte character encoding introduced in 1985 by Lotus Development Corporation. It is based on the 1983 DEC Multinational Character Set (MCS) for VT220 terminals. As such, LICS is also similar to two other descendants of MCS, the ECMA-94 character set of 1985 and the ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1) character set of 1987.
LICS was first introduced as the character set of Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2 for DOS in 1985. It is also utilized by 2.01, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 as well as by Symphony. It was also utilized in a number of third-party spreadsheet products emulating the file format. LICS was superseded by the Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS) introduced by Lotus 1-2-3 Release 3 in 1989.
Character set
Codepoints 20hex (32) to 7Fhex (127) are identical to ASCII (as well as to LMBCS). For some characters the table also lists dedicated Lotus 1-2-3 compose key sequences to ease character input beyond the Alt Numpad input method.
See also
Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set (LMBCS)
DEC Multinational Character Set (MCS)
BraSCII
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Python%20software
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The Python programming language is actively used by many people, both in industry and academia, for a wide variety of purposes.
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for Python
Atom, an open source cross-platform IDE with autocomplete, help and more Python features under package extensions.
Codelobster, a cross-platform IDE for various languages, including Python.
EasyEclipse, an open source IDE for Python and other languages.
Eclipse ,with the Pydev plug-in. Eclipse supports many other languages as well.
Emacs, with the built-in python-mode.
Eric, an IDE for Python and Ruby
Geany, IDE for Python development and other languages.
IDLE, a simple IDE bundled with the default implementation of the language.
Jupyter Notebook, an IDE that supports markdown, Python, Julia, R and several other languages.
Komodo IDE an IDE PHOTOS Python, Perl, PHP and Ruby.
NetBeans, is written in Java and runs everywhere where a JVM is installed.
Ninja-IDE, free software, written in Python and Qt, Ninja name stands for Ninja-IDE Is Not Just Another IDE
PIDA, open source IDE written in Python capable of embedding other text editors, such as Vim.
PyCharm, a proprietary and Open Source IDE for Python development.
PyScripter, Free and open-source software Python IDE for Microsoft Windows.
PythonAnywhere, an online IDE and Web hosting service.
Python Tools for Visual Studio, Free and open-source plug-in for Visual Studio.
Spyder, IDE for scientific programming.
Vim, with "lang#python" layer enabled.
Visual Studio Code, an Open Source IDE for various languages, including Python.
Wing IDE, cross-platform proprietary with some free versions/licenses IDE for Python.
Replit, an online IDE that supports multiple languages.
Unit testing frameworks
Python package managers and Python distributions
Anaconda, Python distribution with conda package manager
Enthought, Enthought Canopy Python with Python package manager
pip, package management system used to install and manage
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab
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Rituximab, sold under the brand name Rituxan among others, is a monoclonal antibody medication used to treat certain autoimmune diseases and types of cancer. It is used for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (in non-geriatric patients), rheumatoid arthritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pemphigus vulgaris, myasthenia gravis and Epstein–Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcers. It is given by slow intravenous infusion (injected slowly through an IV line). Biosimilars of Rituxan include Blitzima, Riabni, Ritemvia, Rituenza (F.K.A. Tuxella), Rixathon, Ruxience, and Truxima.
Common side effects which often occur within two hours of the medication being given include rash, itchiness, low blood pressure, and shortness of breath. Infections are also common.
Severe side effects include reactivation of hepatitis B in those previously infected, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and death. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the developing fetus or newborn baby, but it is not proven harmful.
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the protein CD20, which is primarily found on the surface of immune system B cells. When it binds to this protein it triggers cell death.
Rituximab was approved for medical use in 1997. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Rituximab is co-marketed by Biogen and Genentech in the U.S., by Hoffmann-La Roche in Canada and the European Union, Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Zenyaku Kogyo in Japan and AryoGen in Iran.
Medical uses
Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody targeted against CD20 which is a surface antigen present on B cells. Therefore, it acts by depleting normal as well as pathogenic B cells while sparing plasma cells and hematopoietic stem cells as they do not express the CD20 surface antigen.
In the United States, rituximab is indicated to treat:
non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
chronic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20Power%20Eraser
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Norton Power Eraser (NPE) is a small portable executable which uses Norton Insight in-the-cloud application ratings to scan a computer system. The program matches an application found on the user's computer with a list of trusted and malicious applications. If it's in the list of trusted applications, Power Eraser leaves it on the system. If it is in the list of bad applications, it is marked for deletion. If it is unknown and not in any list, it is reported as suspicious but not marked for removal. Instead, the program recommends a "remote scan", which will upload the file to Symantec's servers to check it with virus definitions.
Effectiveness
Power Eraser is very aggressive against unknown threats that are not whitelisted and are instead marked for removal or sent for analysis. The tool also features rootkit scanning, which requires a system restart. Threat removal is also performed after restart, on the next boot, to avoid the self-protection of viruses and trojans.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%20vivo
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Ex vivo (Latin: "out of the living") literally means that which takes place outside an organism. In science, ex vivo refers to experimentation or measurements done in or on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions.
A primary advantage of using ex vivo tissues is the ability to perform tests or measurements that would otherwise not be possible or ethical in living subjects. Tissues may be removed in many ways, including in part, as whole organs, or as larger organ systems.
Examples of ex vivo specimen use include:
bioassays;
using cancerous cell lines, like DU145 for prostate cancer, in drug testing of anticancer agents;
measurements of physical, thermal, electrical, mechanical, optical and other tissue properties, especially in various environments that may not be life-sustaining (for example, at extreme pressures or temperatures);
realistic models for surgical procedure development;
investigations into the interaction of different energy types with tissues; or
as phantoms in imaging technique development.
The term ex vivo means that the samples to be tested have been extracted from the organism. The term in vitro (lit. "within the glass") means the samples to be tested are obtained from a repository. In the case of cancer cells, a strain that would produce favorable results, then grown to produce a control sample and the number of samples required for the number of tests. These two terms are not synonymous even though the testing in both cases is "within the glass".
In cell biology, ex vivo procedures often involve living cells or tissues taken from an organism and cultured in a laboratory apparatus, usually under sterile conditions with no alterations, for up to 24 hours to obtain sufficient cells for the experiments. Experiments generally start after 24 hours of incubation. Using living cells or tissue from the same organism are still considered to be ex vivo. One widely performed ex vivo study is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellas%20cat
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The Kellas cat is a large black cat found in Scotland. It is an interspecific hybrid between the Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris syn. Felis silvestris grampia) and the domestic cat (Felis catus). Once thought to be a mythological wild cat, with its few sightings dismissed as hoaxes, a specimen was killed in a snare by a gamekeeper in 1984 and found to be a hybrid between the Scottish wildcat and domestic cat. It is not a formal cat breed, but a landrace of felid hybrids. It is named after the village of Kellas, Moray, where it was first found. The purported first live cat was caught by the Tomorrows World team and featured in the 1986 programme 'On the Trail of the Big Cat'. The historian Charles Thomas speculated that the Pictish stone at Golspie may depict a Kellas cat. The Golspie stone, now held at the Dunrobin Castle Museum, shows a cat-like creature standing on top of a salmon which may allude to the characteristics ascribed to a Kellas cat of catching fish while swimming in the river.
A researcher at the National Museum of Scotland examined eight Kellas cat specimens. One carcass was already in the Museum's collection; the remaining seven were supplied by Di Francis, who is described by Thomas as a "writer, researcher and practical naturalist". He identified one of the animals as a melanistic wildcat; this juvenile male was the first wildcat ever documented as melanistic in Scotland. Most of the other specimens examined were concluded to be hybrids but more closely aligned to the Scottish wildcat; only one hybrid leaned more towards a domestic cat.
The Kellas cat is described as being long, with powerful and long hind legs and a tail that can grow to be around long; its weight ranges from . The animal snared in 1984 was to shoulder height and measured from nose to tail. A specimen is kept in a museum in Elgin. The Zoology Museum of the University of Aberdeen also holds a mounted specimen that was found during 2002 in the Insch area of Aber
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic%20Adventure
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Classic Adventure, also known as Adventure 1, is a fantasy text-based video game released by Abersoft in 1982. It was originally released as Adventure 1 on the ZX Spectrum in 1982 before being changed to Classic Adventure in 1984-1985 and re-released on more platforms.
Classic Adventure is a remake of the 1976 text adventure game Colossal Cave Adventure.
Gameplay
As a text based game it starts with the opening "You are standing at the end of a road before a small brick building. Around you is a forest. A small stream flows out of the building and down a gully". From here it is up to the player to decide how to explore the caves in the game. There are obstacles that must be overcome and treasure to bring back to the house.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular%20scheme
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In algebraic geometry, a regular scheme is a locally Noetherian scheme whose local rings are regular everywhere. Every smooth scheme is regular, and every regular scheme of finite type over a perfect field is smooth.
For an example of a regular scheme that is not smooth, see Geometrically regular ring#Examples.
See also
Étale morphism
Dimension of an algebraic variety
Glossary of scheme theory
Smooth completion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-pouring%20algorithm
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The water-pouring algorithm is a technique used in digital communications systems for allocating power among different channels in multicarrier schemes. It was described by R. C. Gallager in 1968 along with the water-pouring theorem which proves its optimality for channels having Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and intersymbol interference (ISI).
For this reason, it is a standard baseline algorithm for various digital communications systems.
The intuition that gives the algorithm its name is to think of the communication medium as if it was some kind of water container with an uneven bottom. Each of the available channels is then a section of the container having its own depth, given by the reciprocal of the frequency-dependent SNR for the channel.
To allocate power, imagine pouring water into this container (the amount depends on the desired maximum average transmit power). After the water level settles, the largest amount of water is in the deepest sections of the container. This implies allocating more power to the channels with the most favourable SNR. Note, however, that the ratio allocation to each channel is not a fixed proportion but varies nonlinearly with the maximum average transmit power.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clark%20Loomis
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Charles Clark Loomis, (February 26, 1921 - July 14, 2011) was a mathematical physicist on Project Orion.
Loomis joined General Atomics division of General Dynamics Corporation at the John Jay Hopkins Laboratory for Pure and Applied Science, San Diego, California.
Project Orion
Loomis, was a mathematical physicist from Los Alamos, who helped Ted Taylor with his ideas for Project Orion. He in charge of General Atomic's first computers. Loomis's office was next door to Taylor's. Taylor told him about the sense of discouragement because Orion was so big, but he said "Well, think big! If it isn't big, it's the wrong concept. What's wrong with it being big?" it was this discussion that everything flipped for Project Orion. It was Loomis's call that if you were serious about exploring the solar system, who not use something the size of the Queen Mary? He understood that bombs could in principle do it. Loomis is listed on a report indicating he had worked on the meter model tests.
Later career
Charles Loomis joined S-Cubed after Project Orion was cancelled.
Death
Loomis died on July 14, 2011.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation%20problem
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The circulation problem and its variants are a generalisation of network flow problems, with the added constraint of a lower bound on edge flows, and with flow conservation also being required for the source and sink (i.e. there are no special nodes). In variants of the problem, there are multiple commodities flowing through the network, and a cost on the flow.
Definition
Given flow network with:
, lower bound on flow from node to node ,
, upper bound on flow from node to node ,
, cost of a unit of flow on
and the constraints:
,
(flow cannot appear or disappear in nodes).
Finding a flow assignment satisfying the constraints gives a solution to the given circulation problem.
In the minimum cost variant of the problem, minimize
Multi-commodity circulation
In a multi-commodity circulation problem, you also need to keep track of the flow of the individual commodities:
{|
| || The flow of commodity from to .
|-
| || The total flow.
|}
There is also a lower bound on each flow of commodity.
{|
|
|}
The conservation constraint must be upheld individually for the commodities:
Solution
For the circulation problem, many polynomial algorithms have been developed (e.g., Edmonds–Karp algorithm, 1972; Tarjan 1987-1988). Tardos found the first strongly polynomial algorithm.
For the case of multiple commodities, the problem is NP-complete for integer flows. For fractional flows, it is solvable in polynomial time, as one can formulate the problem as a linear program.
Related problems
Below are given some problems, and how to solve them with the general circulation setup given above.
Minimum cost multi-commodity circulation problem - Using all constraints given above.
Minimum cost circulation problem - Use a single commodity
Multi-commodity circulation - Solve without optimising cost.
Simple circulation - Just use one commodity, and no cost.
Multi-commodity flow - If denotes a demand of for commodity from to , create an edge with for all com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside-down%20painting
|
Most paintings are intended to be hung in a precise orientation, defining an upper part and a lower part.
Some paintings are displayed upside down, sometimes by mistake since the image does not represent an easily recognizable oriented subject and lacks a signature or by a deliberate decision of the exhibitor.
Examples
In 1941 unfinished version of New York City, a 1942 oil by Piet Mondrian, was hung upside-down at 1945 at the MOMA of New York and since 1980 at the Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen. After the mistake was discovered in 2022, the painting's orientation was not corrected, to avoid damage.
, a paper-cut by Henri Matisse, depicts a ship reflecting on the water. It hung upside down at MOMA for 47 days in 1961.
Georgia O'Keeffe's The Lawrence Tree (1929) depicts a tree from its foot. It hung up upside down in 1931 and between 1979 and 1989. Her Oriental Poppies hung upside down for 30 years at the Weisman Art Museum of the University of Minnesota.
Vincent van Gogh's Long Grass with Butterflies spent two weeks inverted at the National Gallery of London.
Salvador Dalí's Four Fishermen's Wives in Cadaquès was upside down at the Metropolitan Museum of New York.
Pablo Picasso's 1912 drawing The Fiddler was upside down at the Reina Sofía Museum of Madrid. The representations of the head and the fiddle were confused.
Josep Amorós's portrait of Philip V of Spain hangs upside down at the , Spain. The king ordered the burning of Xàtiva in 1701, during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Georg Baselitz used a painting by Louis-Ferdinand von Rayski, Wermsdorf Woods, as a model, in order to paint his first picture with an inverted motif: The Wood On Its Head (1969). By inverting his paintings, the artist is able to emphasize the organisation of colours and form and confront the viewer with the picture's surface rather than the personal content of the image. In this sense, the paintings are empty and not subject to interpretation. Instead, one can only look at them
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20unfolding
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In computational geometry, the star unfolding of a convex polyhedron is a net obtained by cutting the polyhedron along geodesics (shortest paths) through its faces. It has also been called the inward layout of the polyhedron, or the Alexandrov unfolding after Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, who first considered it.
Description
In more detail, the star unfolding is obtained from a polyhedron by choosing a starting point on the surface of , in general position, meaning that there is a unique shortest geodesic from to each vertex of .
The star polygon is obtained by cutting the surface of along these geodesics, and unfolding the resulting cut surface onto a plane. The resulting shape forms a simple polygon in the plane.
The star unfolding may be used as the basis for polynomial time algorithms for various other problems involving geodesics on convex polyhedra.
Related unfoldings
The star unfolding should be distinguished from another way of cutting a convex polyhedron into a simple polygon net, the source unfolding. The source unfolding cuts the polyhedron at points that have multiple equally short geodesics to the given base point , and forms a polygon with at its center, preserving geodesics from . Instead, the star unfolding cuts the polyhedron along the geodesics, and forms a polygon with multiple copies of at its vertices. Despite their names, the source unfolding always produces a star-shaped polygon, but the star unfolding does not.
Generalizations of the star unfolding using a geodesic or quasigeodesic in place of a single base point have also been studied. Another generalization uses a single base point, and a system of geodesics that are not necessarily shortest geodesics.
Neither the star unfolding nor the source unfolding restrict their cuts to the edges of the polyhedron. It is an open problem whether every polyhedron can be cut and unfolded to a simple polygon using only cuts along its edges.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Union%20of%20Distributive%20and%20Allied%20Workers
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The National Union of Distributive and Allied Workers (NUDAW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom.
History
The union was founded in 1921, when the Amalgamated Union of Co-operative Employees merged with the National Union of Warehouse and General Workers. The Co-operative Insurance Staff union split in 1922, but several small unions joined during the 1920s, and membership reached 96,000 by 1926, rising to 274,000 in 1946, the year that the Journeymen Butchers' Federation of Great Britain joined. By this point, four-tenths of its members were women.
In 1947, NUDAW merged with the National Amalgamated Union of Shop Assistants, to form the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers. Joseph Hallsworth was General Secretary of the union for its entire existence.
Election results
The union stood a large number of Labour Party candidates, many of whom won election.
Leadership
General secretaries
1921: Joseph Hallsworth
General presidents
1921: John Jagger
1942: Percy Cottrell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porta%20hepatis
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The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long, extending transversely beneath the left portion of the right lobe of the liver, nearer its posterior surface than its anterior border.
It joins nearly at right angles with the left sagittal fossa, and separates the quadrate lobe in front from the caudate lobe and process behind.
Function
It transmits the following (in anterior to posterior order):
common hepatic duct (leaving)
proper hepatic artery (entering)
hepatic portal vein (entering)
The hepatic duct lies in front and to the right, the hepatic artery to the left, and the portal vein behind and between the duct and artery.
It also transmits nerves and lymphatics.
Sympathetic nerves - these provide afferent pain impulses from the liver and gall bladder to the brain. Pain may be referred to the lower pole of the right scapula (T7).
Hepatic branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).
Location
The porta hepatis runs in the hepatoduodenal ligament.
When the patient is supine, and the liver observed inferiorly (as in a surgeon's perspective), the important structures demarcating its inferior aspect can be represented by a hepatic "H" figure. The right vertical limb of the "H" defines the left and right functional lobes, while the left vertical limb of the "H" defines the right and left anatomical lobes. The horizontal line between the vertical limbs of the "H" represents the porta hepatis. The quadrate and caudate lobe lie superior and inferior to this line respectively.
See also
Portal triad
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tait%E2%80%93Kneser%20theorem
|
In differential geometry, the Tait–Kneser theorem states that, if a smooth plane curve has monotonic curvature, then the osculating circles of the curve are disjoint and nested within each other.
The logarithmic spiral or the pictured Archimedean spiral provide examples of curves whose curvature is monotonic for the entire curve. This monotonicity cannot happen for a simple closed curve (by the four-vertex theorem, there are at least four vertices where the curvature reaches an extreme point) but for such curves the theorem can be applied to the arcs of the curves between its vertices.
The theorem is named after Peter Tait, who published it in 1896, and Adolf Kneser, who rediscovered it and published it in 1912. Tait's proof follows simply from the properties of the evolute, the curve traced out by the centers of osculating circles.
For curves with monotone curvature, the arc length along the evolute between two centers equals the difference in radii of the corresponding circles.
This arc length must be greater than the straight-line distance between the same two centers, so the two circles have centers closer together than the difference of their radii, from which the theorem follows.
Analogous disjointness theorems can be proved for the family of Taylor polynomials of a given smooth function, and for the osculating conics to a given smooth curve.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20linear%20transformation
|
A is a linear transformation that is also a conformal map. Since it is a linear transformation, it transforms vectors between vector spaces. In terms of high-level transform decomposition, a conformal linear transformation may only be composed of rotation and uniform scale (and translation in the case of matrices with an origin vector), but not shear/skew or non-uniform scale. This restriction ensures the transform preserves angles like a conformal map. Additionally, this union of linear transformations and conformal maps has a new property not generally present in either alone, that distance ratios are preserved by the transformation.
General properties
Across all dimensions, a conformal linear transformation matrix has the following properties:
The basis matrix must have the same number of rows and columns, such that its inputs and outputs are in the same dimensions.
Each column vector must be 90 degrees apart from all other column vectors (they are orthogonal).
Angles are preserved by applying the transformation (possibly with orientation reversed).
Distance ratios are preserved by applying the transformation.
Orthogonal inputs remain orthogonal after applying the transformation.
The transformation may be composed of translation.
The basis may be composed of rotation.
The basis may be composed of a flip/reflection.
The basis may be composed of uniform scale.
The basis must not be composed of non-uniform scale.
The basis must not be composed of shear/skew.
The basis must not be composed of squeeze.
The basis must not be composed of projection.
Two dimensions
In 2D, a conformal linear transformation has a special form. For a non-flipped conformal 2D basis, it looks like this:
Or, in the case of a flip/reflection, the form is similar but with the signs swapped in the second column:
This form occurs because in order for a transformation matrix to be conformal, the second column must be 90 degrees apart from the first column (orthogonal), and th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20Format%20Description%20language
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The Binary Format Description (BFD) language is an extension of XSIL which has added conditionals and the ability to reference files by their stream numbers, rather than by their public URLs. A template written in the BFD language can be applied to a binary data file to produce a file with that data formatted with descriptive XML tags. Such XML-tagged data is then readable by humans and generally by a wider set of computer programs than could read the original data file.
External links
Binary Format Description (BFD) Language
XML-based standards
Data modeling languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed%20tomography%20of%20the%20thyroid
|
In CT scan of the thyroid, focal and diffuse thyroid abnormalities are commonly encountered. These findings can often lead to a diagnostic dilemma, as the CT reflects nonspecific appearances. Ultrasound (US) examination has a superior spatial resolution and is considered the modality of choice for thyroid evaluation. Nevertheless, CT detects incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs) and plays an important role in the evaluation of thyroid cancer.
This pictorial review covers a wide spectrum of common and uncommon, incidental and non-incidental thyroid findings from CT scans. It will also include the most common incidental thyroid findings. In addition, the role of imaging in the assessment of thyroid carcinoma (before and after treatment) and preoperative thyroid goiter is explored, as well as localization of ectopic and congenital thyroid tissue.
Thyroid ultrasonography is the modality of choice for thyroid evaluation. Yet, focal and diffuse thyroid abnormalities are commonly encountered during the interpretation of computed tomography (CT) exams performed for various clinical purposes. For example, CT often detects incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs). It plays an important role in the evaluation of abnormal structures including thyroid cancer.
Thyroid disorder
Thyroid disorders are common and include many entities. They can be symptomatic, asymptomatic, diffuse, focal, neoplastic, or non-neoplastic processes. Neck ultrasound (US), with the prospect of proceeding to fine needle aspiration (FNA), is the first line of investigation; however, other options are available. Thyroid Uptake Scans using Tc-99 m or I-123 are typically reserved for specific clinical scenarios. Cross-sectional imaging including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detect incidental thyroid nodules (ITNs) and can be used in the evaluation of thyroid cancers and goiter. The aim of this article is to provide a pictorial review of a broad spectrum of incidental and non-incidental
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20biodiversity%20articles
|
This is a list of topics in biodiversity.
A
Abiotic stress —
Adaptation —
Agricultural biodiversity —
Agroecological restoration —
All-taxa biodiversity inventory —
Alpha diversity —
Applied ecology —
Arca-Net —
ASEAN Center for Biodiversity —
ASEAN Heritage Parks —
Aquatic biomonitoring —
Axe Lake Swamp State Nature Preserve —
B
Bank of Natural Capital —
Beta diversity —
BioBlitz —
Biocomplexity —
Biocultural diversity —
Biodiversity action plan —
Biodiversity and drugs —
Biodiversity and food —
Biodiversity banking —
Biodiversity databases (list) —
Biodiversity hotspot —
Biodiversity in Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip —
Biodiversity Indicators Partnership —
Biodiversity informatics —
Biodiversity Monitoring Switzerland —
Biodiversity of Borneo —
Biodiversity of Cape Town —
Biogeography —
Bioindicator —
Bioinformatics —
BIOPAT - Patrons for Biodiversity —
Biorisk —
Biosafety Clearing-House —
BioSearch —
Biota by conservation status (list) —
Biosurvey —
BioWeb —
Body size and species richness —
Box corer —
Bray–Curtis dissimilarity —
C
Caribbean Initiative —
Carta di Siracusa on Biodiversity —
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety —
Center for Biological Diversity —
Centres of Plant Diversity —
Chresonym —
Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad —
Conservation Biology —
Conservation Commons —
Conservation ethic —
Conservation in Papua New Guinea —
Conservation reliant species —
Conservation status —
Conservation status (biota - list) —
Convention on Biological Diversity —
Critically Endangered —
Crop diversity —
D
Data Deficient —
Deforestation —
Diversitas —
Diversity-function debate —
Diversity index —
E
ECNC-European Centre for Nature Conservation —
Ecological economics —
Ecological effects of biodiversity —
Ecological goods and services —
Ecological restoration —
Ecology —
Economics of biodiversity —
Ecosystem diversity —
EDGE species (list) —
Effect of climate change on plant biodiversity —
Eichler's rule —
Endemic Bird Ar
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