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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifidus%20muscle
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The multifidus (multifidus spinae : pl. multifidi ) muscle consists of a number of fleshy and tendinous fasciculi, which fill up the groove on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, from the sacrum to the axis. While very thin, the multifidus muscle plays an important role in stabilizing the joints within the spine. The multifidus is one of the transversospinales.
Located just superficially to the spine itself, the multifidus muscle spans three joint segments and works to stabilize these joints at each level.
The stiffness and stability makes each vertebra work more effectively, and reduces the degeneration of the joint structures caused by friction from normal physical activity.
These fasciculi arise:
in the sacral region: from the back of the sacrum, as low as the fourth sacral foramen, from the aponeurosis of origin of the sacrospinalis, from the medial surface of the posterior superior iliac spine, and from the posterior sacroiliac ligaments.
in the lumbar region: from all the mamillary processes.
in the thoracic region: from all the transverse processes.
in the cervical region: from the articular processes of the lower four vertebrae.
Each fasciculus, passing obliquely upward and medially, is inserted into the whole length of the spinous process of one of the vertebræ above.
These fasciculi vary in length: the most superficial, the longest, pass from one vertebra to the third or fourth above; those next in order run from one vertebra to the second or third above; while the deepest connect two adjacent vertebrae.
The multifidus lies deep relative to the spinal erectors, transverse abdominis, abdominal internal oblique muscle and abdominal external oblique muscle.
Atrophy and association with low back pain
Dysfunction in the lumbar multifidus muscles is strongly associated with low back pain. The dysfunction can be caused by inhibition of pain by the spine. The dysfunction frequently persists even after the pain has disappeared. Such
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycopane
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Lycopane (C40H82; 2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyldotriacontane), a 40 carbon alkane isoprenoid, is a widely present biomarker that is often found in anoxic settings. It has been identified in anoxically deposited lacustrine sediments (such as the Messel formation and the Condor oil shale deposit). It has been found in sulfidic and anoxic hypersaline environments (such as the Sdom Formation). It has been widely identified in modern marine sediments, including the Peru upwelling zone, the Black Sea, and the Cariaco Trench. It has been found only rarely in crude oils.
Biological origins
The pathway for production of lycopane has not been conclusively identified. There are several theories for its origins/production.
Methanogenic archaea
Some of the earliest theories for the biosynthesis of lycopane center around it being anaerobically produced by methanogenic archaea. Lycopane has been observed in recent marine sediments in contexts where methanogenic activity is occurring. In older sediments, methanogenic activity is harder to conclusively determine, as methane can migrate from other layers and not necessarily be a product of that geological time. It is possible that isoprenoid alkanes such as lycopane serve as biomarkers for methanogenesis and methanogenic archaea.
Lycopane has not yet been directly isolated in any biological organism, so its linkage to methanogenic archaea is conjecture. However, the process has been identified in a different isoprenoid alkane: squalane. Squalane was not initially thought to be directly biologically synthesized, but was later determined to be present in archaea.
Some acyclic unsaturated tetraterpenoids (structurally similar to lycopane) have been detected in Thermococcus hydrothermalis, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent archaea. Lycopane has also been found alongside archaeal ethers in certain marine sediments. These findings provide support for a methanogenic origin of lycopane, but it is not conclusive. Furthermore, lycopane ha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyronie%27s%20disease
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Peyronie's disease is a connective tissue disorder involving the growth of fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis. Specifically, scar tissue forms in the tunica albuginea, the thick sheath of tissue surrounding the corpora cavernosa, causing pain, abnormal curvature, erectile dysfunction, indentation, loss of girth and shortening.
It is estimated to affect 1–20% of men. The condition becomes more common with age.
Signs and symptoms
A certain degree of curvature of the penis is considered normal, as many people are born with this benign condition, commonly referred to as congenital curvature. The disease may cause pain; hardened, big, cord-like lesions (scar tissue known as "plaques"); or abnormal curvature of the penis when erect due to chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea (CITA).
Although the popular conception of Peyronie's disease is that it always involves curvature of the penis, the scar tissue sometimes causes divots or indentations rather than curvature. The condition may also make sexual intercourse painful and/or difficult, though it is unclear whether some men report satisfactory or unsatisfactory intercourse in spite of the disorder. The disorder is confined to the penis, although a substantial number of men with Peyronie's exhibit concurrent connective tissue disorders in the hand, and to a lesser degree, in the feet. About 30 percent of men with Peyronie's disease develop fibrosis in other elastic tissues of the body, such as on the hand or foot, including Dupuytren's contracture of the hand. An increased incidence in genetically related males suggests a genetic component. It can affect men of any race and age.
Psychosocial
Peyronie's disease can also have psychological effects. While most men will continue to be able to have sexual relations, they are likely to experience some degree of erectile dysfunction. It is not uncommon to exhibit depression or withdrawal from their sexual partners.
Causes
The underlying cause of Peyronie'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notation%20in%20probability%20and%20statistics
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Probability theory and statistics have some commonly used conventions, in addition to standard mathematical notation and mathematical symbols.
Probability theory
Random variables are usually written in upper case roman letters: , , etc.
Particular realizations of a random variable are written in corresponding lower case letters. For example, could be a sample corresponding to the random variable . A cumulative probability is formally written to differentiate the random variable from its realization.
The probability is sometimes written to distinguish it from other functions and measure P so as to avoid having to define "P is a probability" and is short for , where is the event space and is a random variable. notation is used alternatively.
or indicates the probability that events A and B both occur. The joint probability distribution of random variables X and Y is denoted as , while joint probability mass function or probability density function as and joint cumulative distribution function as .
or indicates the probability of either event A or event B occurring ("or" in this case means one or the other or both).
σ-algebras are usually written with uppercase calligraphic (e.g. for the set of sets on which we define the probability P)
Probability density functions (pdfs) and probability mass functions are denoted by lowercase letters, e.g. , or .
Cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) are denoted by uppercase letters, e.g. , or .
Survival functions or complementary cumulative distribution functions are often denoted by placing an overbar over the symbol for the cumulative:, or denoted as ,
In particular, the pdf of the standard normal distribution is denoted by , and its cdf by .
Some common operators:
: expected value of X
: variance of X
: covariance of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarolaner
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Sarolaner, sold under the brand name Simparica, is an ectoparasiticide veterinary medication for the treatment of flea and tick infestations in dogs. It is also used off-label to control sarcoptic mange and demodectic mange.
Sarolaner is also a component of the combination drug Simparica Trio, which contains sarolaner, moxidectin, and pyrantel. It is used for prevention of heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis; treat and prevent flea infestations; treat and control tick infestations with the lone star tick, Gulf Coast tick, American dog tick, black-legged tick, and brown dog tick; and treat and control roundworm and adult hookworm infections.
Sarolaner is also an ingredient in feline combination antiparasitic Revolution Plus (or Stronghold Plus), which contains sarolaner and selamectin and is used for prevention of sarcoptic mange, feline hookworms, feline roundworms, ear mites, and heartworms, as well as treating and preventing fleas and ticks.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyparissus%20%28Vignali%29
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Cyparissus is a 1620s Baroque painting on a mythological subject from Ovid's Metamorphoses by the Italian painter Jacopo Vignali. It is on display in the Musée des Beaux-Arts of Strasbourg, France, to which it had been donated by the collectors Othon Kaufmann and François Schlageter in 1994. Its inventory number is 994-1-8, or 44.994.1.8.
The painting depicts the young Cyparissus, mourning his pet deer, that he had mistakenly killed with his own bow and arrow. The young boy's pain is amplified beyond the description given by Ovid, and possibly inspired by a 1624 Venetian edition of Giovanni Andrea dell' Anguillara's Metamorfosi ridotte in ottava rima, in which the tearful aspect of the story is emphasized. It is one of the very few profane paintings by Vignali.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%B2%E2%80%B2
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P′′ (P double prime) is a primitive computer programming language created by Corrado Böhm in 1964 to describe a family of Turing machines.
Definition
(hereinafter written P′′) is formally defined as a set of words on the four-instruction alphabet , as follows:
Syntax
and are words in P′′.
If and are words in P′′, then is a word in P′′.
If is a word in P′′, then is a word in P′′.
Only words derivable from the previous three rules are words in P′′.
Semantics
is the tape-alphabet of a Turing machine with left-infinite tape, being the blank symbol, equivalent to .
All instructions in P′′ are permutations of the set of all possible tape configurations; that is, all possible configurations of both the contents of the tape and the position of the tape-head.
is a predicate saying that the current symbol is not . It is not an instruction and is not used in programs, but is instead used to help define the language.
means move the tape-head rightward one cell (if possible).
means replace the current symbol with , and then move the tape-head leftward one cell.
means the function composition . In other words, the instruction is performed before .
means iterate in a while loop, with the condition .
Relation to other programming languages
P′′ was the first "GOTO-less" imperative structured programming language to be proven Turing-complete
The Brainfuck language (apart from its I/O commands) is a minor informal variation of P′′. Böhm gives explicit P′′ programs for each of a set of basic functions sufficient to compute any computable function, using only , and the four words where with denoting the th iterate of , and . These are the equivalents of the six respective Brainfuck commands , , , , , . Note that since , incrementing the current symbol times will wrap around so that the result is to "decrement" the symbol in the current cell by one ().
Example program
Böhm gives the following program to compute the predecessor (x-1) of an integ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully%20qualified%20name
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In computer programming, a fully qualified name is an unambiguous name that specifies which object, function, or variable a call refers to without regard to the context of the call. In a hierarchical structure, a name is fully qualified when it "is complete in the sense that it includes (a) all names in the hierarchic sequence above the given element and (b) the name of the given element itself."
Programming
Fully qualified names explicitly refer to namespaces that would otherwise be implicit because of the scope of the call. While always done to eliminate ambiguity, this can mean different things dependent on context.
Commonly encountered applications of the notion have been given their own names, such as the fully qualified domain name and the fully qualified file name.
Examples
To distinguish a fully qualified name from a regular name, C++, Tcl, Perl and Ruby use two colons (::), and Java uses dots (.), as does Visual Basic .NET. and C#. In Java, ActionScript, and other object-oriented languages the use of the dot is known as "dot syntax". Other examples include:
As an example of a relational database, in Microsoft SQL Server the fully qualified name of an object is the one that specifies all four parts: server_name.[database_name].[schema_name].object_name.
In Perl, a fully qualified scalar ($scalar) that is in the package package2 would be referred to as $package2::scalar
In Ruby, the fully qualified name of a class is the name of such class with all its parent modules, as Vehicles::Cars::Factory would be the fully qualified name of Factory class within Cars module within Vehicles module.
In COBOL, a fully qualified data item name can be created by suffixing a potentially ambiguous identifier with an (or ) phrase. For example, multiple data item records might contain a member item named , so specifying serves to disambiguate a specific data item, specifically, the one that is a member of the parent data item. Multiple clauses may be necessar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20zoology
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This is a chronologically organized listing of notable zoological events and discoveries.
Ancient world
28000 BC. Cave paintings (e.g. Chauvet Cave) in Southern France and northern Spain depict animals in a stylized fashion. These European cave paintings depict Mammoths (the same species is later seen thawed ice in Siberia).
12000-8000 BC. Bubalus Period creation of rock art in the Central Sahara depicting a range of animals including elephants, antelopes, rhinoceros and catfish.
10000 BC. Humans (Homo sapiens) domesticated dogs, pigs, sheep, goats, fowl, and other animals in Europe, northern Africa and the Near East.
6500 BC. The aurochs, ancestors of domestic cattle, were domesticated in the next two centuries if not earlier (Obre I, Yugoslavia). This was the last major animal to be tamed as a source of milk, meat, power, and leather in the Old World.
3500 BC. Sumerian animal-drawn wheeled vehicles and plows were developed in Mesopotamia, the region called the "Fertile Crescent". Irrigation was probably done using animal power. Since Sumeria had no natural defenses, armies with mounted cavalry and chariots became important, increasing the importance of equines (horses and donkeys).
2000 BC. Domestication of the silkworm in China.
1100 BC. Won Chang (China), first of the Zhou emperors, stocked his imperial zoological garden with deer, goats, birds, and fish from many parts of the world. The emperor also enjoyed sporting events with the use of animals.
850 BC. Homer (Greek) wrote the epics Iliad and Odyssey, which both contain animals as monsters and metaphors (gross soldiers turned into pigs by the witch Circe), but also some correct observations on bees and fly maggots. Both epics make reference to mules.
610 BC. Anaximander (Greek, 610 BC–545 BC) was a student of Thales of Miletus. He taught that the first life was formed by spontaneous generation in the mud. Later animals came into being by transmutations, left the water, and reached dry land. Man was derived
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpesvirus%20glycoprotein%20B
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Herpesvirus glycoprotein B is a viral glycoprotein that is involved in the viral cell entry of Herpes simplex virus (HSV). Herpesviruses have a lipid bilayer, called the envelope, which contains twelve surface glycoproteins. For infectivity to be attained, the double stranded DNA genome of HSV must enter the host cell through means of fusion of its envelope with the cellular membrane or via endocytosis. Other viral glycoproteins involved in the process of viral cell entry include gC, gB, gD, gH, and gL, but only gC, gB, gD, and gH are required for the fusion of the HSV's envelope with the cellular membrane. It can be noted that all herpesviruses have glycoproteins gB, gH, and gL.
Structure
The herpesvirus glycoprotein B is a type-1 transmembrane protein with a signal sequence at its N terminus. The crystal structure of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1 and Epstein–Barr virus glycoprotein B ectodomains were solved as a trimer, revealing five structural domains (I-V). Domain I contains two internal fusion loops, thought to insert into the cellular membrane during virus-cell fusion. In HSV, domain II is hypothesized to interact with another herpesvirus glycoprotein, gH/gL, during the fusion process. Domain III consists of a structurally important elongated alpha helix, while domain IV is hypothesized to interact with cellular receptors. Finally, domain V acts in conjunction with domain I during protein-lipid interactions. In HSV, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies map to structural domains I, II, IV and V. Due to its unique structure, herpesvirus glycoprotein B (along with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G and baculovirus gp64) belongs to a new class of viral membrane fusion glycoproteins, class III.
Function
The herpesvirus glycoprotein B is the most highly conserved of all surface glycoproteins and acts primarily as a fusion protein. The precise functions of gB and gH/gL are unknown but they are required for viral entry into the cell and constitute the c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spore%20Galactic%20Adventures
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Spore Galactic Adventures is an expansion pack for the multigenre game Spore, developed by Maxis Emeryville and published by Electronic Arts. The US version of the game was released on June 23, 2009. The European version was released on June 26, 2009.
Gameplay
The main feature added to the game is the Adventure Creator. This Creator allows players to create various missions, which are then populated into the Space stage in a manner similar to the other content created in the original game. Players add elements to the adventure by dragging them from a menu and dropping them into the world. Creatures, vehicles and buildings created using the game's other editors can be selected and placed throughout the world. The player can also set creatures' behaviors from aggressive to friendly, and add speech bubbles. In addition, fixed objects from the previous stages of Spore, as well as gameplay objects like bombs and teleporters, can be added to the game.
Players can select a range of special effects and drop them into the level. Sounds can be added to the game in the same manner, although new sound files cannot be added to the game. A complexity meter exists to prevent too many objects being dropped into the game; it also enables the player to beam down and experience a planet firsthand rather than exploring it with a holographic projection.
Complementing the Adventure Creator is the Planet Creator, which is accessed from within the Adventure Creator. Players select a prebuilt planet and then edit it in a manner similar to the Adventure Creator. Elements such as temperature and atmospheric density can be adjusted using sliders. The planet's terrain is modified using terrain stamps, which are dragged and dropped from the interface. Like the Adventure Creator, a complexity meter exists to prevent too many elements being used to create the planet.
The expansion also adds a Captain Outfitter, which allows players to modify their Space stage creatures by giving them differe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20semantics%20management
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Business semantics management (BSM) encompasses the technology, methodology, organization, and culture that brings business stakeholders together to collaboratively realize the reconciliation of their heterogeneous metadata; and consequently the application of the derived business semantics patterns to establish semantic alignment between the underlying data structures.
BSM is established by two complementary process cycles each grouping a number of activities. The first cycle is the semantic reconciliation cycle, and the second cycle is the semantic application cycle. The two cycles are tied together by the unification process. This double process cycle is iteratively applied until an optimal balance of differences and commonalities between stakeholders are reached that meets the semantic integration requirements. This approach is based on research on community-based ontology engineering that is validated in European projects, government and industry.
Semantic reconciliation
Semantic reconciliation is a process cycle constituted of four subsequent activities: scope, create, refine, and articulate. First, the community is scoped: user roles and affordances are appointed. Next, relevant facts are collected from documentation such as, e.g., natural language descriptions, (legacy) logical schemas, or other metadata and consequently decomposing this scope in elicitation contexts. The deliverable of scoping is an initial upper common ontology that organizes the key upper common patterns that are shared and accepted by the community. These upper common patterns define the current semantic interoperability requirements of the community. Once the community is scoped, all stakeholders syntactically refine and semantically articulate these upper common patterns.
Unification
During unification, a new proposal for the next version of the upper common ontology is produced, aligning relevant parts from the common and divergent stakeholder perspectives. If the semantic reconci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal%20segno
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In music notation, dal segno (, , ), often abbreviated as D.S., is used as a navigation marker. From Italian for "from the sign", D.S. appears in sheet music and instructs a musician to repeat a passage starting from the sign shown at right, sometimes called the segno in English.
Two common variants:
D.S. al coda instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and when Al coda or To coda is reached jump to the coda symbol.
D.S. al fine instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and end the piece at the measure marked fine.
Al segno indicates that the player should go to the sign. Da capo al segno (D.C. al Segno), "From the beginning to the sign (𝄋)."
In operas of the 18th century, dal segno arias were a common alternative to da capo arias which began with an opening ritornello, which was then omitted in the repeat (the sign being placed after the ritornello).
Encoding
The segno sign is encoded in the Musical Symbols block of Unicode as .
See also
Coda
Da capo
Fermata
Repeat sign
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact%20completion
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the exact completion constructs a Barr-exact category from any finitely complete category. It is used to form the effective topos and other realizability toposes.
Construction
Let C be a category with finite limits. Then the exact completion of C (denoted Cex) has for its objects pseudo-equivalence relations in C. A pseudo-equivalence relation is like an equivalence relation except that it need not be jointly monic. An object in Cex thus consists of two objects X0 and X1 and two parallel morphisms x0 and x1 from X1 to X0 such that there exist a reflexivity morphism r from X0 to X1 such that x0r = x1r = 1X0; a symmetry morphism s from X1 to itself such that x0s = x1 and x1s = x0; and a transitivity morphism t from X1 × x1, X0, x0 X1 to X1 such that x0t = x0p and x1t = x1q, where p and q are the two projections of the aforementioned pullback. A morphism from (X0, X1, x0, x1) to (Y0, Y1, y0, y1) in Cex is given by an equivalence class of morphisms f0 from X0 to Y0 such that there exists a morphism f1 from X1 to Y1 such that y0f1 = f0x0 and y1f1 = f0x1, with two such morphisms f0 and g0 being equivalent if there exists a morphism e from X0 to Y1 such that y0e = f0 and y1e = g0.
Examples
If the axiom of choice holds, then Setex is equivalent to Set.
More generally, let C be a small category with finite limits. Then the category of presheaves SetCop is equivalent to the exact completion of the coproduct completion of C.
The effective topos is the exact completion of the category of assemblies.
Properties
If C is an additive category, then Cex is an abelian category.
If C is cartesian closed or locally cartesian closed, then so is Cex.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrohyoid%20muscle
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The thyrohyoid muscle is a small skeletal muscle of the neck. Above, it attaches onto the greater cornu of the hyoid bone; below, it attaches onto the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. It is innervated by fibres derived from the cervical spinal nerve 1 that run with the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) to reach this muscle. The thyrohyoid muscle depresses the hyoid bone and elevates the larynx during swallowing. By controlling the position and shape of the larynx, it aids in making sound.
Structure
The thyrohyoid muscle is a small, broad and short muscle. It is quadrilateral in shape. It may be considered a superior-ward continuation of sternothyroid muscle.
It belongs to the infrahyoid muscles group and the outer laryngeal muscle group.
Attachments
Its superior attachment is the inferior border of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone and adjacent portions of the body of hyoid bone.
Its inferior attachment is the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage (alongside the sternothyroid muscle).
Innervation
The thyrohyoid muscle is innervated (along with the geniohyoid muscle) by a branch of the cervical plexus - the nerve to thyrohyoid muscle (thyrohyoid branch of ansa cervicalis) - which is formed by fibres of the cervical spinal nerve 1 (C1) (and - according to some sources - cervical spinal nerve 2 as well) that join and travel with the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) before splitting away from it distal to the superior root of ansa cervicalis. The thyrohyoid muscle is the only infrahyoid muscle that is not innervated via the ansa cervicalis.
Blood supply
The muscle is provided with arterial blood by branches of the superior thyroid artery, and of the lingual artery.
Relations
The thyrohyoid muscle forms the inferior boundary of the carotid triangle. It is situated deep to (beneath) the (depending upon the source) superior portion of/superior belly of the sternohyoid muscle, and the superior portion of the omohyoid muscle.
Function
The thyrohyoid muscle depresses
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectrochemical%20cell
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A "photoelectrochemical cell" is one of two distinct classes of device. The first produces electrical energy similarly to a dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell, which meets the standard definition of a photovoltaic cell. The second is a photoelectrolytic cell, that is, a device which uses light incident on a photosensitizer, semiconductor, or aqueous metal immersed in an electrolytic solution to directly cause a chemical reaction, for example to produce hydrogen via the electrolysis of water.
Both types of device are varieties of solar cell, in that a photoelectrochemical cell's function is to use the photoelectric effect (or, very similarly, the photovoltaic effect) to convert electromagnetic radiation (typically sunlight) either directly into electrical power, or into something which can itself be easily used to produce electrical power (hydrogen, for example, can be burned to create electrical power, see photohydrogen).
Two principles
The standard photovoltaic effect, as operating in standard photovoltaic cells, involves the excitation of negative charge carriers (electrons) within a semiconductor medium, and it is negative charge carriers (free electrons) which are ultimately extracted to produce power. The classification of photoelectrochemical cells which includes Grätzel cells meets this narrow definition, albeit the charge carriers are often excitonic.
The situation within a photoelectrolytic cell, on the other hand, is quite different. For example, in a water-splitting photoelectrochemical cell, the excitation, by light, of an electron in a semiconductor leaves a hole which "draws" an electron from a neighboring water molecule:
H2O(l) + [hv] + 2h+ -> 2H+ (aq) + 1/2O2(g)
This leaves positive charge carriers (protons, that is, H+ ions) in solution, which must then bond with one other proton and combine with two electrons in order to form hydrogen gas, according to:
2H+ + 2e- -> H2(g)
A photosynthetic cell is another form of photoelectrolytic cell, w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtually%20Haken%20conjecture
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In topology, an area of mathematics, the virtually Haken conjecture states that every compact, orientable, irreducible three-dimensional manifold with infinite fundamental group is virtually Haken. That is, it has a finite cover (a covering space with a finite-to-one covering map) that is a Haken manifold.
After the proof of the geometrization conjecture by Perelman, the conjecture was only open for hyperbolic 3-manifolds.
The conjecture is usually attributed to Friedhelm Waldhausen in a paper from 1968, although he did not formally state it. This problem is formally stated as Problem 3.2 in Kirby's problem list.
A proof of the conjecture was announced on March 12, 2012 by Ian Agol in a seminar lecture he gave at the Institut Henri Poincaré. The proof appeared shortly thereafter in a preprint which was eventually published in Documenta Mathematica. The proof was obtained via a strategy by previous work of Daniel Wise and collaborators, relying on actions of the fundamental group on certain auxiliary spaces (CAT(0) cube complexes)
It used as an essential ingredient the freshly-obtained solution to the surface subgroup conjecture by Jeremy Kahn and Vladimir Markovic.
Other results which are directly used in Agol's proof include the Malnormal Special Quotient Theorem of Wise and a criterion of Nicolas Bergeron and Wise for the cubulation of groups.
In 2018 related results were obtained by Piotr Przytycki and Daniel Wise proving that mixed 3-manifolds are also virtually special, that is they can be cubulated into a cube complex with a finite cover where all the hyperplanes are embedded which by the previous mentioned work can be made virtually Haken.
See also
Virtually fibered conjecture
Surface subgroup conjecture
Ehrenpreis conjecture
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination%20schedule
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A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen. Vaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.
Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease. In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage. Sample vaccination schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25. This difference is due to the lower cost o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming%20television
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Streaming television is the digital distribution of television content, such as television shows and films, as streaming media delivered over the Internet. Streaming television stands in contrast to dedicated terrestrial television delivered by over-the-air aerial systems, cable television, and/or satellite television systems.
History
Up until the 1990s, it was not thought possible that a television show could be squeezed into the limited telecommunication bandwidth of a copper telephone cable to provide a streaming service of acceptable quality, as the required bandwidth of a digital television signal was around 200Mbit/s, which was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper telephone wire.
Streaming services started as a result of two major technological developments: MPEG (motion-compensated DCT) video compression and asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) data communication.
The first worldwide live-streaming event was a radio live broadcast of a baseball game between the Seattle Mariners and the New York Yankees streamed by ESPN SportsZone on September 5, 1995. During the mid-2000s, the streaming media was based on UDP, whereas the basis of the majority of the Internet was HTTP and content delivery networks (CDNs). In 2007, HTTP-based adaptive streaming was introduced by Move Networks. This new technology would be a significant change for the industry. One year later the introduction of HTTP-based adaptive streaming, many companies such as Microsoft and Netflix developed their streaming technology. In 2009, Apple launched HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), and Adobe, in 2010, HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS). In addition, HTTP-based adaptive streaming was chosen for important streaming events such as Roland Garros, Wimbledon, Vancouver and London Olympic Games, and many others and on premium on-demand services (Netflix, Amazon Instant Video, etc.). The increase in streaming services required a new standardization, therefore in 2012, wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave%20Journal
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Microwave Journal (abbreviated as MWJ), , is an American magazine. It was established in 1958 as an industry technical journal covering RF and microwave applications for practicing engineers and scientists. It is indexed and abstracted in the Science Citation Index The print magazine reaches 50,000 qualified readers monthly (print and digital distribution). The journal articles are reviewed for impact, relevance and accuracy by their editorial review board making them the only industry journal that is peer reviewed in this market. It had an impact factor of 0.35 in 2018 according to the Web of Science Journal list. It also publishes in Chinese bi-monthly reaching 10,000 readers in China. In 2017, a sister journal covering high speed digital applications was launched called Signal Integrity Journal. Both magazines are free to qualified subscribers and are advertiser supported.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20loss
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In telecommunications, insertion loss is the loss of signal power resulting from the insertion of a device in a transmission line or optical fiber and is usually expressed in decibels (dB).
If the power transmitted to the load before insertion is PT and the power received by the load after insertion is PR, then the insertion loss in decibels is given by,
Electronic filters
Insertion loss is a figure of merit for an electronic filter and this data is generally specified with a filter. Insertion loss is defined as a ratio of the signal level in a test configuration without the filter installed () to the signal level with the filter installed (). This ratio is described in decibels by the following equation:
For passive filters, will be smaller than . In this case, the insertion loss is positive and measures how much smaller the signal is after adding the filter.
Link with scattering parameters
In case the two measurement ports use the same reference impedance, the insertion loss () is defined as:
.
Here is one of the scattering parameters. Insertion loss is the extra loss produced by the introduction of the DUT between the 2 reference planes of the measurement. The extra loss can be introduced by intrinsic loss in the DUT and/or mismatch. In case of extra loss the insertion loss is defined to be positive.
See also
Mismatch loss
Return loss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruriko%20Yoshida
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Ruriko (Rudy) Yoshida is a Japanese-American mathematician and statistician whose research topics have ranged from abstract mathematical problems in algebraic combinatorics to optimized camera placement in sensor networks and the phylogenomics of fungi. She works at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California as a professor of operations research. She was promoted as a rank of professor on July 1st 2023.
Early life and education
Yoshida grew up in Japan. Despite a love of mathematics that began in middle school, she was discouraged from studying mathematics by her teachers, and in response dropped out of her Japanese high school and took the high school equivalency examination instead. In order to continue her study of mathematics, she moved to the US, and after studying at a junior college, transferred to the University of California, Berkeley. Her parents, who had been supporting her financially, stopped their support when they learned that she was studying mathematics instead of business, and she put herself through school working both as a grader in the mathematics department and in the university's police department. She graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 2000.
She went to the University of California, Davis for graduate study, under the supervision of Jesús A. De Loera. De Loera had been a student of Berkeley professor Bernd Sturmfels, and Yoshida also considers Sturmfels to be an academic mentor. Part of her work there involved implementing a method of Alexander Barvinok for counting integer points in convex polyhedra by decomposing the input into cones, and her 2004 dissertation was Barvinok's Rational Functions: Algorithms and Applications to Optimization, Statistics, and Algebra.
Career
After completing her doctorate, Yoshida returned to the University of California, Berkeley as a postdoctoral researcher, working with Lior Pachter in the Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics, and then went to Duke University for more postd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discretization
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In applied mathematics, discretization is the process of transferring continuous functions, models, variables, and equations into discrete counterparts. This process is usually carried out as a first step toward making them suitable for numerical evaluation and implementation on digital computers. Dichotomization is the special case of discretization in which the number of discrete classes is 2, which can approximate a continuous variable as a binary variable (creating a dichotomy for modeling purposes, as in binary classification).
Discretization is also related to discrete mathematics, and is an important component of granular computing. In this context, discretization may also refer to modification of variable or category granularity, as when multiple discrete variables are aggregated or multiple discrete categories fused.
Whenever continuous data is discretized, there is always some amount of discretization error. The goal is to reduce the amount to a level considered negligible for the modeling purposes at hand.
The terms discretization and quantization often have the same denotation but not always identical connotations. (Specifically, the two terms share a semantic field.) The same is true of discretization error and quantization error.
Mathematical methods relating to discretization include the Euler–Maruyama method and the zero-order hold.
Discretization of linear state space models
Discretization is also concerned with the transformation of continuous differential equations into discrete difference equations, suitable for numerical computing.
The following continuous-time state space model
where v and w are continuous zero-mean white noise sources with power spectral densities
can be discretized, assuming zero-order hold for the input u and continuous integration for the noise v, to
with covariances
where
, if is nonsingular
and is the sample time, although is the transposed matrix of . The equation for the discretized measurement nois
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementum%20primum%20Prodromi%20florae%20Novae%20Hollandiae
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Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae ("First supplement to the Prodromus of the flora of New Holland") is an 1830 supplement to Robert Brown's Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. It may be referred to by its standard botanical abbreviation Suppl. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holl.
The supplement published numerous new Proteaceae taxa, mainly those discovered by William Baxter since the publication of the original Prodromus in 1810.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEEP2%20Redshift%20Survey
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The DEEP2 Survey or DEEP2 was a two-phased Redshift survey of the Redshift z=~1 universe (where z= a measure of speed and by extension, the distance from earth). It used the twin 10 metre Keck telescopes in Hawaii (the world's second largest optical telescope) to measure the spectra and hence the redshifts of approximately 50,000 galaxies. It was the first project to study galaxies in the distant Universe with the resolution of local surveys like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and was completed in 2013.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEK8
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Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek8, also known as never in mitosis A-related kinase 8, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NEK8 gene.
Function
Nek8 is a member of the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family related to NIMA (never in mitosis, gene A) of Aspergillus nidulans. The encoded protein may play a role in cell cycle progression from G2 to M phase.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the NEK8 gene associated with nephronophthisis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20braking%20%28astronomy%29
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Magnetic braking is a theory explaining the loss of stellar angular momentum due to material getting captured by the stellar magnetic field and thrown out at great distance from the surface of the star. It plays an important role in the evolution of binary star systems.
The problem
The currently accepted theory of the a planetary system's evolution states that the system originates from a contracting gas cloud. As the cloud contracts, the angular momentum must be conserved. Any small net rotation of the cloud will cause the spin to increase as the cloud collapses, forcing the material into a rotating disk. At the dense center of this disk a protostar forms, which gains heat from the gravitational energy of the collapse. As the collapse continues, the rotation rate can increase to the point where the accreting protostar can break up due to centrifugal force at the equator.
Thus the rotation rate must be braked during the first 100,000 years of the star's life to avoid this scenario. One possible explanation for the braking is the interaction of the protostar's magnetic field with the stellar wind. In the case of the Solar System, when the planets' angular momenta are compared to the Sun's own, the Sun has less than 1% of its supposed angular momentum. In other words, the Sun has slowed down its spin while the planets have not.
The idea behind magnetic braking
Ionized material captured by the magnetic field lines will rotate with the Sun as if it were a solid body. As material escapes from the Sun due to the solar wind, the highly ionized material will be captured by the field lines and rotate with the same angular velocity as the Sun, even though it is carried far away from the Sun's surface, until it eventually escapes. This effect of carrying mass far from the centre of the Sun and throwing it away slows down the spin of the Sun. The same effect is used in slowing the spin of a rotating satellite; here two wires spool out weights to a distance slowing the satel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat%20%28video%20game%29
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Habitat is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by LucasArts. It is the first attempt at a large-scale commercial virtual community that was graphic based. Initially created in 1985 by Randy Farmer, Chip Morningstar, Aric Wilmunder and Janet Hunter the game was made available as a beta test in 1986 by Quantum Link, an online service for the Commodore 64 computer and the corporate progenitor to AOL. Both Farmer and Morningstar were given a First Penguin Award at the 2001 Game Developers Choice Awards for their innovative work on Habitat. As a graphical MUD it is considered a forerunner of modern MMORPGs unlike other online communities of the time (i.e. MUDs and massively multiplayer onlines with text-based interfaces). Habitat had a GUI and large user base of consumer-oriented users, and those elements in particular have made Habitat a much-cited project and acknowledged benchmark for the design of today's online communities that incorporate accelerated 3D computer graphics and immersive elements into their environments.
Culture
Users in the virtual world were represented by onscreen avatars, meaning that individual users had a third-person perspective of themselves, making it rather like a videogame. Players in the same region (denoted by all objects and elements shown on a particular screen) could see, speak (through onscreen text output from the users), and interact with one another. Habitat was governed by its citizenry. The only off-limits portions were those concerning the underlying software constructs and physical components of the system. The users were responsible for laws and acceptable behavior within Habitat. The authors of Habitat were greatly concerned with allowing the broadest range of interaction possible, since they felt that interaction, not technology or information, truly drove cyberspace. Avatars had to barter for resources within Habitat, and could even be robbed or "killed" by other avatars. Initially, this le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener%20filter
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In signal processing, the Wiener filter is a filter used to produce an estimate of a desired or target random process by linear time-invariant (LTI) filtering of an observed noisy process, assuming known stationary signal and noise spectra, and additive noise. The Wiener filter minimizes the mean square error between the estimated random process and the desired process.
Description
The goal of the Wiener filter is to compute a statistical estimate of an unknown signal using a related signal as an input and filtering that known signal to produce the estimate as an output. For example, the known signal might consist of an unknown signal of interest that has been corrupted by additive noise. The Wiener filter can be used to filter out the noise from the corrupted signal to provide an estimate of the underlying signal of interest. The Wiener filter is based on a statistical approach, and a more statistical account of the theory is given in the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimator article.
Typical deterministic filters are designed for a desired frequency response. However, the design of the Wiener filter takes a different approach. One is assumed to have knowledge of the spectral properties of the original signal and the noise, and one seeks the linear time-invariant filter whose output would come as close to the original signal as possible. Wiener filters are characterized by the following:
Assumption: signal and (additive) noise are stationary linear stochastic processes with known spectral characteristics or known autocorrelation and cross-correlation
Requirement: the filter must be physically realizable/causal (this requirement can be dropped, resulting in a non-causal solution)
Performance criterion: minimum mean-square error (MMSE)
This filter is frequently used in the process of deconvolution; for this application, see Wiener deconvolution.
Wiener filter solutions
Let be an unknown signal which must be estimated from a measurement signal . W
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiotherapy
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Hagiotherapy is the medieval practice of using religious relics, prayers, pilgrimages, etc. to alleviate sickness. It was used to treat epilepsy during the Middle Ages with Saint Valentine particularly associated with the treatment as an 'epilepsy specialist'.
Tomislav Ivančić
A known practicing therapist is Tomislav Ivančić, who founded Center for Spiritual Help in Zagreb. Prokop Remeš in the Czech Republic is treating addicts in Bohnice Psychiatric Hospital in Prague. His style of hagiotherapy is a type of group existential psychotherapy (Yalom, Frankl), which focuses on eliminating dysfunctional behaviour patterns from one's life. This hagiotherapy uses biblical text as background to project one's own experiences against to active a greater understanding of text: one of the main instruments of hagiotherapy is projective work with biblical texts.
Ivančić recently defined hagiotherapy as a scientific discipline which aims to heal the human soul. His thesis was that every human being does not have only physical and psychological dimension, but also spiritual dimension (human soul) that has its own scientific laws and it should be subject of scientific research.
One of examples Ivančić gives is addiction. He was concerned with the fact that so many patients relapse some time after treatment. He explained it with the fact that they were treated only on mental level, and not on spiritual level. According to his opinion, addiction is basically spiritual issue, so it needs to be treated on spiritual level.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Centre%20for%20High-End%20Computing
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The Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) is the national high-performance computing centre in Ireland. It was established in 2005 and provides supercomputing resources, support, training and related services. ICHEC is involved in education and training, including providing courses for researchers.
Kay supercomputer
ICHEC's newest supercomputer, Kay, was commissioned in August 2018 and was named after Irish-American ENIAC programmer Kathleen Antonelli following a public poll, in which the other shortlist candidates were botanist Ellen Hutchins, scientist and inventor Nicholas Callan, geologist Richard Kirwan, chemist Eva Philbin, and hydrographer Francis Beaufort. Kay's system is composed of:
A cluster of 336 nodes, each node having 2x 20-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 (Skylake) processors, 192 GiB of RAM, a 400 GiB local SSD for scratch space and a 100Gbit OmniPath network adaptor. This partition has a total of 13,440 cores and 63 TiB of distributed memory.
A GPU partition of 16 nodes with the same specification as above, plus 2x Nvidia Tesla V100 16GB PCIe (Volta architecture) GPUs on each node. Each GPU has 5,120 CUDA cores and 640 Tensor Cores.
A "Phi" partition of 16 nodes, each containing 1x self-hosted Intel Xeon Phi Processor 7210 (Knights Landing or KNL architecture) with 64 cores @ 1.3 GHz, 192 GiB RAM and a 400 GiB local SSD for scratch space.
A "high memory" set of 6 nodes each containing 1.5 TiB of RAM, 2x 20-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 (Skylake) processors and 1 TiB of dedicated local SSD for scratch storage.
A set of service and administrative nodes to provide user login, batch scheduling, management, networking, etc. Storage is provided via Lustre filesystems on a high-performance DDN SFA14k system with 1 PiB of capacity.
Like all previous HPC systems, ICHEC is connected to the HEAnet and GÉANT networks.
Fionn supercomputer
Between 2014 and August 2018, ICHEC managed the Fionn supercomputer, a heterogeneous system composed o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucophlorethol
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Fucophlorethols are a class of chemicals found in certain brown algae. "Fuco" comes from the genus Fucus, but not all brown algae that produce these chemicals belong to that genus.
Examples:
Fucophlorethol A
Fucotriphlorethol-G
Fucotriphlorethol-H
Fucotetraphlorethol-J
Fucotetraphlorethol-K
Fucopentaphlorethol-E
Bisfucoheptaphlorethol-A
Difucofucotriphlorethol-A
Difucofucotetraphlorethol-B
Terfucohexaphlorethol-B
Terfucoheptaphlorethol-A
Fucophlorethol-B
Fucodiphlorethol-D
Fucotriphlorethol-B
Fucotetra-phlorethol-B
Bisfucotriphlorethol-A
Bisfucotetraphlorethol-A
Bisfucopentaphlorethol-A
Bisfucopentaphlorethol-B
Difucophlorethol-A
Difucofucotetraphlorethol-A
Terfucopentaphlorethol-A
Terfucohexaphlorethol-A
Tannins
Brown algae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Story-driven%20modeling
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Story-driven modeling is an object-oriented modeling technique. Other forms of object-oriented modeling focus on class diagrams.
Class diagrams describe the static structure of a program, i.e. the building blocks of a program and how they relate to each other.
Class diagrams also model data structures, but with an emphasis on rather abstract concepts like types and type features.
Instead of abstract static structures, story-driven modeling focuses on concrete example scenarios and on how the steps of the example scenarios
may be represented as object diagrams and how these object diagrams evolve during scenario execution.
Software development approach
Story-driven modeling proposes the following software development approach:
Textual scenarios: For the feature you want to implement, develop a textual scenario description for the most common case. Look on only one example at a time. Try to use specific terms and individual names instead of general terms and e.g. role names:
Scenario Go-Dutch barbecue
Start: This Sunday Peter, Putri, and Peng meet at the park for a go-Dutch barbecue. They use the Group Account app to do the accounting.
Step 1: Peter brings the meat for $12. Peter adds this item to the Group Account app.
Step 2: Putri brings salad for $9. Peter adds this item, too. The app shows that by now the average share is $7 and that Peng still have to bring these $7 while Peter gets $5 out and Putri gets $2 out.
Step 3: ...
GUI mock-ups: To illustrate the graphical user interface (GUI) for the desired feature, you may add some wireframe models or GUI mock-ups to your scenario:
Scenario Go-Dutch barbecue
Start: This Sunday Peter, Putri, and Peng meet at the park for a go-Dutch barbecue. They use the Group Account app to do the accounting.
Step 1: Peter brings the meat for $12. Peter adds this item to the Group Account app.
Step 2: Putri brings salad for $9. Peter adds this item, too. The app shows that by now the average share is $7 and that P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-A
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MPEG-A is a group of standards for composing MPEG systems formally known as ISO/IEC 23000 - Multimedia Application Format, published since 2007.
MPEG-A consists of 20 parts, including:
MPEG-A Part 1: Purpose for multimedia application formats
MPEG-A Part 2: MPEG music player application format
MPEG-A Part 3: MPEG photo player application format
MPEG-A Part 4: Musical slide show application format
MPEG-A Part 5: Media streaming application format
MPEG-A Part 6: Professional archival application format
MPEG-A Part 7: Open access application format
MPEG-A Part 8: Portable video application format
MPEG-A Part 9: Digital Multimedia Broadcasting application format
MPEG-A Part 10: Surveillance application format
MPEG-A Part 11: Stereoscopic video application format
MPEG-A Part 12: Interactive music application format
MPEG-A Part 13: Augmented reality application format
MPEG-A Part 15: Multimedia preservation application format
MPEG-A Part 16: Publish/Subscribe Application Format
MPEG-A Part 17: Multiple sensorial media application format
MPEG-A Part 18: Media linking application format
MPEG-A Part 19: Common media application format (CMAF) for segmented media (MPEG CMAF), – a media application format for ABR (adaptive bitrate) media
See also
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loewner%20order
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In mathematics, Loewner order is the partial order defined by the convex cone of positive semi-definite matrices. This order is usually employed to generalize the definitions of monotone and concave/convex scalar functions to monotone and concave/convex Hermitian valued functions. These functions arise naturally in matrix and operator theory and have applications in many areas of physics and engineering.
Definition
Let A and B be two Hermitian matrices of order n. We say that A ≥ B if A − B is positive semi-definite. Similarly, we say that A > B if A − B is positive definite.
Properties
When A and B are real scalars (i.e. n = 1), the Loewner order reduces to the usual ordering of R. Although some familiar properties of the usual order of R are also valid when n ≥ 2, several properties are no longer valid. For instance, the comparability of two matrices may no longer be valid. In fact, if
and then neither A ≥ B or B ≥ A holds true.
Moreover, since A and B are Hermitian matrices, their eigenvalues are all real numbers.
If λ1(B) is the maximum eigenvalue of B and λn(A) the minimum eigenvalue of A, a sufficient criterion to have A ≥ B is that λn(A) ≥ λ1(B). If A or B is a multiple of the identity matrix, then this criterion is also necessary.
The Loewner order does not have the least-upper-bound property, and therefore does not form a lattice.
See also
Trace inequalities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot%20%28botany%29
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In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages like, leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the spring, perennial plant shoots are the new growth that grows from the ground in herbaceous plants or the new stem or flower growth that grows on woody plants.
In everyday speech, shoots are often synonymous with stems. Stems, which are an integral component of shoots, provide an axis for buds, fruits, and leaves.
Young shoots are often eaten by animals because the fibers in the new growth have not yet completed secondary cell wall development, making the young shoots softer and easier to chew and digest.
As shoots grow and age, the cells develop secondary cell walls that have a hard and tough structure.
Some plants (e.g. bracken) produce toxins that make their shoots inedible or less palatable.
Shoot types of woody plants
Many woody plants have distinct short shoots and long shoots. In some angiosperms, the short shoots, also called spur shoots or fruit spurs, produce the majority of flowers and fruit. A similar pattern occurs in some conifers and in Ginkgo, although the "short shoots" of some genera such as Picea are so small that they can be mistaken for part of the leaf that they have produced.
A related phenomenon is seasonal heterophylly, which involves visibly different leaves from spring growth and later lammas growth. Whereas spring growth mostly comes from buds formed the previous season, and often includes flowers, lammas growth often involves long shoots.
See also
Bud
Crown (botany)
Heteroblasty (botany), an abrupt change in the growth pattern of some plants as they mature
Lateral shoot
Phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves along a plant stem
Seedling
Sterigma, the "woody peg" below the leaf of some conifers
Thorn (botany), true thorns, as distinct from spines or prickles, are short shoots
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating%20algebra
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In mathematics, an alternating algebra is a -graded algebra for which for all nonzero homogeneous elements and (i.e. it is an anticommutative algebra) and has the further property that for every homogeneous element of odd degree.
Examples
The differential forms on a differentiable manifold form an alternating algebra.
The exterior algebra is an alternating algebra.
The cohomology ring of a topological space is an alternating algebra.
Properties
The algebra formed as the direct sum of the homogeneous subspaces of even degree of an anticommutative algebra is a subalgebra contained in the centre of , and is thus commutative.
An anticommutative algebra over a (commutative) base ring in which 2 is not a zero divisor is alternating.
See also
Alternating multilinear map
Exterior algebra
Graded-symmetric algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXAPT
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EXAPT (a portmanteau of "Extended Subset of APT") is a production-oriented programming language that allows users to generate NC programs with control information for machining tools and facilitates decision-making for production-related issues that may arise during various machining processes.
EXAPT was first developed to address industrial requirements. Through the years, the company created additional software solutions for the manufacturing industry. Today, EXAPT offers a suite of SAAS products and services for the manufacturing industry.
The tradename EXAPT is most commonly associated with the CAD/CAM-System, production data, and tool management Software of the German company EXAPT Systemtechnik GmbH based in Aachen, DE.
General
EXAPT is a modularly built programming system for all NC machining operations as
Drilling
Turning
Milling
Turn-Milling
Nibbling
Flame-, Laser-, Plasma- and Water jet cutting
Wire eroding
Operations with Industrial robots
Due to the modular structure the main product groups EXAPTcam and EXAPTpdo are gradually expandable and permit individual software solutions for the manufacturing industry used individually and also in compound with an existing IT environment.
Functionality
EXAPTcam meets the requirements for NC planning especially for the cutting operations as turning, drilling and milling up to 5-axis simultaneous machining. Thereby new process technologies, tool and machine concepts are constantly involved. In the NC programming data from different sources as 3D CAD models, drawings or tables can flow in. The possibilities of NC programming reaches from the language-oriented to the feature-oriented NC programming. The integrated EXAPT knowledge database and intelligent and scalable automatisms support the user. The EXAPT NC planning also covers the generation of production information as clamping and tool plans, presetting data or time calculations. The realistic simulation possibilities of NC planning and NC control
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage%20Module%20Device
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Storage Module Drive (SMD) is a family of storage devices (hard disk drives) that were first shipped by Control Data Corporation in December 1973 as the CDC 9760 40 MB (unformatted) storage module disk drive. The CDC 9762 80 MB variant was announced in June 1974 and the CDC 9764 150 MB and the CDC 9766 300 MB variants were announced in 1975 (all capacities unformatted). A non-removable media variant family of 12, 24 and 48 MB capacity, the MMD, was then announced in 1976. This family's interface, SMD, derived from the earlier Digital RP0x interface, was documented as ANSI Standard X3.91M - 1982, Storage Module Interfaces with Extensions for Enhanced Storage Module Interfaces.
The SMD interface is based upon a definition of two flat interface cables ("A" control and "B" data) which run from the disk drive to a controller and then to a computer. This interface allows data to be transferred at 9.6 Mbit/s. The SMD interface was supported by many 8 inch and 14 inch removable and non-removable disk drives. It was mainly implemented on disk drives used with mainframes and minicomputers and was later itself replaced by SCSI.
Control Data shipped its 100,000th SMD drive in July 1981. By 1983 at least 25 manufacturers had supplied SMD drives, including, Ampex, Century Data Systems, CDC, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Micropolis, Pertec, Priam, NEC and Toshiba.
CDC 976x disk geometry
The CDC 9762 80 MB variant has 5 × 14" platters. The top and bottom platters are guard platters and not used for storage. The top and bottom guard platters are exactly the same size as the data platters, and are usually made from a data platter which had too many errors to be usable as a data platter. The remaining 3 platters give 5 data surfaces and one servo surface for head positioning, being the upper surface of the center platter.
The CDC 9766 300 MB variant has 12 × 14" platters. Again the top and bottom platters are guard platters and not used for storage. The remaining 10 platters give 19 data
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatocyte%20growth%20factor
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Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or scatter factor (SF) is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells and T cells. It has been shown to have a major role in embryonic organ development, specifically in myogenesis, in adult organ regeneration, and in wound healing.
Function
Hepatocyte growth factor regulates cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis by activating a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade after binding to the proto-oncogenic c-Met receptor. Hepatocyte growth factor is secreted by platelets, and mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. Its ability to stimulate mitogenesis, cell motility, and matrix invasion gives it a central role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration.
Structure
It is secreted as a single inactive polypeptide and is cleaved by serine proteases into a 69-kDa alpha-chain and 34-kDa beta-chain. A disulfide bond between the alpha and beta chains produces the active, heterodimeric molecule. The protein belongs to the plasminogen subfamily of S1 peptidases but has no detectable protease activity.
Clinical significance
Human HGF plasmid DNA therapy of cardiomyocytes is being examined as a potential treatment for coronary artery disease as well as treatment for the damage that occurs to the heart after myocardial infarction.
As well as the well-characterised effects of HGF on epithelial cells, endothelial cells and haemopoietic progenitor cells, HGF also regulates the chemotaxis of T cells into heart tissue. Binding of HGF by c-Met, expressed on T cells, causes the upregulation of c-Met, CXCR3, and CCR4 which in turn imbues them with the ability to migrate into heart tissue. HGF also promotes angiogenesis in ischemia injury.
HGF may further play a role as an indicator for prognosis of chronicit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorex
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Memorex Corp. began as a computer tape producer and expanded to become both a consumer media supplier and a major IBM plug compatible peripheral supplier. It was broken up and ceased to exist after 1996 other than as a consumer electronics brand specializing in disk recordable media for CD and DVD drives, flash memory, computer accessories and other electronics.
History and evolution
Established in 1961 in Silicon Valley, Memorex started by selling computer tapes, then added other media such as disk packs. The company then expanded into disk drives and other peripheral equipment for IBM mainframes. During the 1970s and into the early 1980s, Memorex was worldwide one of the largest independent suppliers of disk drives and communications controllers to users of IBM-compatible mainframes, as well as media for computer uses and consumers. The company's name is a portmanteau of "memory excellence".
Memorex entered the consumer media business in 1971 and started the ad campaign, first with its "shattering glass" advertisements and then with a series of legendary television commercials featuring Ella Fitzgerald. In the commercials, she would sing a note that shattered a glass while being recorded to a Memorex audio cassette. The tape was played back and the recording also broke the glass, asking "Is it live, or is it Memorex?" This would become the company slogan which was used in a series of advertisements released through 1970s and 1980s.
In 1982, Memorex was bought by Burroughs for its enterprise businesses; the company’s consumer business, a small segment of the company’s revenue at that time was sold to Tandy. Over the next six years, Burroughs and its successor Unisys shut down, sold off or spun out the various remaining parts of Memorex.
The computer media, communications and IBM end user sales and service organization were spun out as Memorex International. In 1988, Memorex International acquired the Telex Corporation becoming Memorex Telex NV, a corporatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleep%20censor
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A bleep censor is the replacement of offensive language or classified information with a beep sound (usually a ), used in television and radio.
History
Bleeping has been used for many years as a means of censoring TV and radio programs to remove content not deemed suitable for "family", "daytime", "broadcasting", or "international" viewing, as well as sensitive classified information for security. The bleep censor is a software module, manually operated by a broadcast technician. A bleep is sometimes accompanied by a digital blur pixelization or box over the speaker's mouth in cases where the removed speech may still be easily understood or not understood by lip reading.
On the closed caption subtitling, bleeped words are usually represented by "[bleep]", sometimes the phrases "[expletive]", "[beep]", "[censored]", "[explicit]", occasionally hyphens (e.g. abbreviations of the word "fuck" like f—k f---), and sometimes asterisks or other non-letter symbols (e.g. other abbreviations of "fuck" like ****, f***, f**k, f*ck, f#@k or f#@%), remaining faithful to the audio track. The words "cunt" and "shit" may also be censored in the same manner (e.g. c***, c**t, c*nt, c#@t or c#@% and s***, s**t, sh*t, s#@t or s#@%, respectively). The characters used to denote censorship in text (e.g. p%@k, %$^&, mother f%@$er, bulls%@t or c#@t) are called grawlixes. Where open captions are used (generally in instances where the speaker is not easily understood), or the profanities with letters substituted with asterisks non-letter symbols, called grawlixes. Where open captions are used (generally in instances where the speaker is not easily understood), a blank is used where the word is bleeped. Occasionally, bleeping is not reflected in the captions, allowing the unedited dialogue to be seen. Sometimes, a "black bar" can be seen for closed caption bleep.
Bleeping is normally only used in unscripted programs – documentaries, radio features, panel games etc. – since scripted drama and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensity-duration-frequency%20curve
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An intensity-duration-frequency curve (IDF curve) is a mathematical function that relates the intensity of an event (e.g. rainfall) with its duration and frequency of occurrence. Frequency is the inverse of the probability of occurrence. These curves are commonly used in hydrology for flood forecasting and civil engineering for urban drainage design. However, the IDF curves are also analysed in hydrometeorology because of the interest in the time concentration or time-structure of the rainfall, but it is also possible to define IDF curves for drought events. Additionally, applications of IDF curves to risk-based design are emerging outside of hydrometeorology, for example some authors developed IDF curves for food supply chain inflow shocks to US cities.
Mathematical approaches
The IDF curves can take different mathematical expressions, theoretical or empirically fitted to observed event data. For each duration (e.g. 5, 10, 60, 120, 180 ... minutes), the empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF), and a determined frequency or return period is set. Therefore, the empirical IDF curve is given by the union of the points of equal frequency of occurrence and different duration and intensity Likewise, a theoretical or semi-empirical IDF curve is one whose mathematical expression is physically justified, but presents parameters that must be estimated by empirical fits.
Empirical approaches
There is a large number of empirical approaches that relate the intensity (I), the duration (t) and the return period (p), from fits to power laws such as:
Sherman's formula, with three parameters (a, c and n), which are a function of the return period, p:
Chow's formula, also with three parameters (a, c and n), for a particular return period p:
Power law according to Aparicio (1997), with four parameters (a, c, m and n), already adjusted for all return periods of interest:
In hydrometeorology, the simple power law (taking ) is used as a measure of the time-st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Welsh
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James Anthony Dominic Welsh (known professionally as D.J.A. Welsh) (born 29 August 1938) is an English mathematician and emeritus professor of Oxford University's Mathematical Institute. He is an expert in matroid theory, the computational complexity of combinatorial enumeration problems, percolation theory, and cryptography.
Biography
Welsh obtained his Doctor of Philosophy from Oxford University under the supervision of John Hammersley. After working as a researcher at Bell Laboratories, he joined the Mathematical Institute in 1963 and became a fellow of Merton College, Oxford in 1966. He chaired the British Combinatorial Committee from 1983 to 1987. Welsh was given a personal chair in 1992 and retired in 2005. He supervised 28 doctoral students.
Books
Matroid Theory (LMS Monographs, vol. 8, Academic Press, 1976, , reprinted by Dover Publications, 2010, )
Probability: An Introduction (with Geoffrey Grimmett, Oxford University Press, 1986, , )
Codes and Cryptography (Oxford University Press, 1988, , )
Complexity: Knots, Colourings and Counting (LMS Lecture Notes, vol. 186, Oxford University Press, 1993, , )
Complexity and Cryptography: An Introduction (with John Talbot, Cambridge University Press, 2006, )
Awards and honours
Welsh received an honorary doctorate from the University of Waterloo in 2006.
In 2007, Oxford University press published Combinatorics, Complexity, and Chance: A Tribute to Dominic Welsh, an edited volume of research papers dedicated to Welsh.
The Russo–Seymour–Welsh estimate in percolation theory is partly named after Welsh.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velamen
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Velamen or velamen radicum is a spongy, multiple epidermis that covers the roots of some epiphytic or semi-epiphytic plants, such as orchid and Clivia species.
The velamen of an orchid is the white or gray covering of aerial roots (when dry, and usually more green when wet as a result of the appearance of underlying photosynthetic structures). It is many cell layers thick and capable of absorbing atmospheric moisture and nutrients, but its main function may lie in protecting the underlying cells against damaging UV rays (Chomicki et al., 2015).
Often, the roots of orchids are associated with symbiotic fungi or bacteria; the latter may fix nutrients from the air. This functionality allows the orchid to exist in locations that provide a reproductive or vegetative advantage such as improved exposure or reduced competition from other plant species.
The velamen also serves a mechanical function, protecting the vascular tissues in the root cortex, shielding the root from transpirational water loss, and, in many cases, adhering the plant to the substrate.
The typical orchid root has a stele of comparatively small diameter. It is surrounded by a cortex which is further enveloped by a highly specialized exodermis, most of which at maturity do not contain protoplasm. A few cells, however, are living and allow the passage of water through them. The exodermis is surrounded by velamen, consisting of one to several layers of cells, which can develop root hair under proper environmental conditions.
The velamen arises from the root tip by division of a special tissue. The dead cells of velamen diffuse light, thus giving it a grey appearance—except at the tips, where the chlorophyll become visible. Upon absorbing water, the dead cells become transparent, and the whole velamen tissue then appears green.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20oceanography
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Physical oceanography is the study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean, especially the motions and physical properties of ocean waters.
Physical oceanography is one of several sub-domains into which oceanography is divided. Others include biological, chemical and geological oceanography.
Physical oceanography may be subdivided into descriptive and dynamical physical oceanography.
Descriptive physical oceanography seeks to research the ocean through observations and complex numerical models, which describe the fluid motions as precisely as possible.
Dynamical physical oceanography focuses primarily upon the processes that govern the motion of fluids with emphasis upon theoretical research and numerical models. These are part of the large field of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (GFD) that is shared together with meteorology. GFD is a sub field of Fluid dynamics describing flows occurring on spatial and temporal scales that are greatly influenced by the Coriolis force.
Physical setting
Roughly 97% of the planet's water is in its oceans, and the oceans are the source of the vast majority of water vapor that condenses in the atmosphere and falls as rain or snow on the continents. The tremendous heat capacity of the oceans moderates the planet's climate, and its absorption of various gases affects the composition of the atmosphere. The ocean's influence extends even to the composition of volcanic rocks through seafloor metamorphism, as well as to that of volcanic gases and magmas created at subduction zones.
From sea level, the oceans are far deeper than the continents are tall; examination of the Earth's hypsographic curve shows that the average elevation of Earth's landmasses is only , while the ocean's average depth is . Though this apparent discrepancy is great, for both land and sea, the respective extremes such as mountains and trenches are rare.
Temperature, salinity and density
Because the vast majority of the world ocean's volume
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg%20oil
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Nutmeg oil is a volatile essential oil from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). The oil is colorless or light yellow and smells and tastes of nutmeg. It contains numerous components of interest to the oleochemical industry. The essential oil consists of approximately 90% terpene hydrocarbons. Prominent components are sabinene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and limonene. A major oxygen-containing component is terpinen-4-ol. The oil also contains small amounts of various phenolic compounds and aromatic ethers, e.g. myristicin, elemicin, safrole, and methyl eugenol. The phenolic fraction is considered main contributor to the characteristic nutmeg odor. However, in spite of the low oil content, the characteristic composition of nutmeg oil makes it a valuable product for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, an improved process for its extraction would be of industrial interest.
General uses
The essential oil is obtained by the steam distillation of ground nutmeg and is used heavily in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The nutmeg essential oil is used as a natural food flavoring in baked goods, syrups, beverages (e.g. Coca-Cola), sweets, etc. It can then be used to replace ground nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the food. The essential oil is also used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for instance in toothpaste and as a major ingredient in some cough syrups.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20congruency
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Phase congruency is a measure of feature significance in computer images, a method of edge detection that is particularly robust against changes in illumination and contrast.
Foundations
Phase congruency reflects the behaviour of the image in the frequency domain. It has been noted that edgelike features have many of their frequency components in the same phase. The concept is similar to coherence, except that it applies to functions of different wavelength.
For example, the Fourier decomposition of a square wave consists of sine functions, whose frequencies are odd multiples of the fundamental frequency. At the rising edges of the square wave, each sinusoidal component has a rising phase; the phases have maximal congruency at the edges. This corresponds to the human-perceived edges in an image where there are sharp changes between light and dark.
Definition
Phase congruency compares the weighted alignment of the Fourier components of a signal with the sum of the Fourier components.
where is the local or instantaneous phase as can be calculated using the Hilbert transform and are the local amplitude, or energy, of the signal. When all the phases are aligned, this is equal to 1.
Several ways of implementing phase congruency have been developed, of which two versions are available in open source, one written for Matlab and the other written in Java as a plugin for the ImageJ software.
Given the different notations used for its formulation, a unified version has been recently presented, where a methodology for the parameter tuning is also presented.
Advantages
The square-wave example is naive in that most edge detection methods deal with it equally well. For example, the first derivative has a maximal magnitude at the edges. However, there are cases where the perceived edge does not have a sharp step or a large derivative. The method of phase congruency applies to many cases where other methods fail.
A notable example is an image feature consisting of a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Remote%20Access%20Computing
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IBM Remote Access Computing (RAX) is a discontinued early time-sharing system for IBM System/360 introduced in 1966. RAX was based on an earlier system, RACS. developed jointly by IBM and Lockheed Aircraft in Marietta, Georgia in 1965. The system influenced a number of other timesharing systems including MCGILL-RAX from McGill University, McGill's MUSIC, and Reactive Terminal Service (RTS) from ITT Data Services. In the 1970s Boston University used RAX as the basis of its VPS system, which ran as a guest operating system running on VM/370.
Hardware
RAX was available from IBM as program number 360A-CX-17X, and runs on System/360 Model 30 and above.As announced, it runs on systems with as little as 64 KB of main storage, and supports a mix of up to 63 IBM 1050 typewriter terminals and IBM 2260 display terminals. The languages supported are BASIC, FORTRAN IV, and IBM Basic assembly language. In a minimal system with 64 KB memory, user programs can be up to 32 KB, with larger programs allowed on larger systems.
Users
In 1968 RAX was used by the United States Department of Agriculture for their Washington Data Processing Center. It was used in a number of colleges, universities, and corporations, including McGill, Boston University, St. Andrew's in Scotland, The University of Rhode Island, and Bell Aerosystems.
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haze
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Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon in which dust, smoke, and other dry particulates suspended in air obscure visibility and the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization manual of codes includes a classification of particulates causing horizontal obscuration into categories of fog, ice fog, steam fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash, dust, sand, and snow. Sources for particles that cause haze include farming (ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry, windy weather, volcanic activity and wildfires.
Seen from afar (e.g. an approaching airplane) and depending on the direction of view with respect to the Sun, haze may appear brownish or bluish, while mist tends to be bluish grey instead. Whereas haze often is considered a phenomenon occurring in dry air, mist formation is a phenomenon in saturated, humid air. However, haze particles may act as condensation nuclei that leads to the subsequent vapor condensation and formation of mist droplets; such forms of haze are known as "wet haze".
In meteorological literature, the word haze is generally used to denote visibility-reducing aerosols of the wet type suspended in the atmosphere. Such aerosols commonly arise from complex chemical reactions that occur as sulfur dioxide gases emitted during combustion are converted into small droplets of sulfuric acid when exposed. The reactions are enhanced in the presence of sunlight, high relative humidity, and an absence of air flow (wind). A small component of wet-haze aerosols appear to be derived from compounds released by trees when burning, such as terpenes. For all these reasons, wet haze tends to be primarily a warm-season phenomenon. Large areas of haze covering many thousands of kilometers may be produced under extensive favorable conditions each summer.
Air pollution
Haze often occurs when suspended dust and smoke particles accumulate in relatively dry air. When weather conditions block the dispersal of smoke and other pollutants they concen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial%20regression
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In statistics, binomial regression is a regression analysis technique in which the response (often referred to as Y) has a binomial distribution: it is the number of successes in a series of independent Bernoulli trials, where each trial has probability of success . In binomial regression, the probability of a success is related to explanatory variables: the corresponding concept in ordinary regression is to relate the mean value of the unobserved response to explanatory variables.
Binomial regression is closely related to binary regression: a binary regression can be considered a binomial regression with , or a regression on ungrouped binary data, while a binomial regression can be considered a regression on grouped binary data (see comparison). Binomial regression models are essentially the same as binary choice models, one type of discrete choice model: the primary difference is in the theoretical motivation (see comparison). In machine learning, binomial regression is considered a special case of probabilistic classification, and thus a generalization of binary classification.
Example application
In one published example of an application of binomial regression, the details were as follows. The observed outcome variable was whether or not a fault occurred in an industrial process. There were two explanatory variables: the first was a simple two-case factor representing whether or not a modified version of the process was used and the second was an ordinary quantitative variable measuring the purity of the material being supplied for the process.
Specification of model
The response variable Y is assumed to be binomially distributed conditional on the explanatory variables X. The number of trials n is known, and the probability of success for each trial p is specified as a function θ(X). This implies that the conditional expectation and conditional variance of the observed fraction of successes, Y/n, are
The goal of binomial regression is to estimate the fun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneesur%20Rahman%20Prize
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The Aneesur Rahman Prize for Computational Physics is a prize that has been awarded annually by the American Physical Society since 1993. The recipient is chosen for "outstanding achievement in computational physics research" and it is the highest award given by the APS for work in computational physics. The prize is named after Aneesur Rahman (1927–1987), pioneer of the molecular dynamics simulation method. The prize was valued at $5,000 from 2007 to 2014, and is currently valued at $10,000.
Recipients
Source: American Physical Society
2023 Pablo G. Debenedetti
2022 Giulia Galli
2021 Anders W. Sandvik
2020 Antoine Georges and Gabriel Kotliar
2019 Sharon C. Glotzer
2018
2017 Sauro Succi
2016
2015 John D. Joannopoulos
2014 Robert Swendsen
2013 James R. Chelikowsky
2012 Kai-Ming Ho
2011 James M. Stone
2010 Frans Pretorius
2009
2008 Gary S. Grest
2007 Daan Frenkel
2006 David Vanderbilt
2005 Uzi Landman
2004 Farid Abraham
2003 Steven R. White
2002 David P. Landau
2001 Alex Zunger
2000 Michael John Creutz
1999 Michael L. Klein
1998 David Matthew Ceperley
1997 Donald H. Weingarten
1996 Steven Gwon Sheng Louie
1995 Roberto Car and Michele Parrinello
1994 John M. Dawson
1993 Kenneth G. Wilson
See also
List of American Physical Society prizes and awards
List of physics awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Cybernetic%20Building%20Testbed
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The Virtual Cybernetic Building Testbed (VCBT) is a whole building emulator located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. It is designed with enough flexibility to be capable of reproducibly simulating normal operation and a variety of faulty and hazardous conditions that might occur in a cybernetic building. It serves as a testbed for investigating the interactions between integrated building systems and a wide range of issues important to the development of cybernetic building technology.
The VCBT consists of a variety of simulation models that together emulate the
characteristics and performance of a cybernetic building system. The simulation models are
interfaced to real state-of-the-art BACnet speaking control systems to provide a hybrid
software/hardware testbed that can be used to develop and evaluate control strategies and control
products that use the BACnet communication protocol. The simulation models used are based on
versions of HVACSIM+ and CFAST.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNG3
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Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily G member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNG3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20dioxide
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Uranium dioxide or uranium(IV) oxide (), also known as urania or uranous oxide, is an oxide of uranium, and is a black, radioactive, crystalline powder that naturally occurs in the mineral uraninite. It is used in nuclear fuel rods in nuclear reactors. A mixture of uranium and plutonium dioxides is used as MOX fuel. Prior to 1960, it was used as yellow and black color in ceramic glazes and glass.
Production
Uranium dioxide is produced by reducing uranium trioxide with hydrogen.
UO3 + H2 → UO2 + H2O at 700 °C (973 K)
This reaction plays an important part in the creation of nuclear fuel through nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment.
Chemistry
Structure
The solid is isostructural with (has the same structure as) fluorite (calcium fluoride), where each U is surrounded by eight O nearest neighbors in a cubic arrangement. In addition, the dioxides of cerium, thorium, and the transuranic elements from neptunium through californium have the same structures. No other elemental dioxides have the fluorite structure. Upon melting, the measured average U-O coordination reduces from 8 in the crystalline solid (UO8 cubes), down to 6.7±0.5 (at 3270 K) in the melt. Models consistent with these measurements show the melt to consist mainly of UO6 and UO7 polyhedral units, where roughly of the connections between polyhedra are corner sharing and are edge sharing.
Oxidation
Uranium dioxide is oxidized in contact with oxygen to the triuranium octaoxide.
3 UO2 + O2 → U3O8 at 700 °C (970 K)
The electrochemistry of uranium dioxide has been investigated in detail as the galvanic corrosion of uranium dioxide controls the rate at which used nuclear fuel dissolves. See spent nuclear fuel for further details. Water increases the oxidation rate of plutonium and uranium metals.
Carbonization
Uranium dioxide is carbonized in contact with carbon, forming uranium carbide and carbon monoxide.
UO2 \ + \ 4C -> UC2 \ + \ 2CO.
This process must be done under an inert gas as uranium car
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20nutrition
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Animal nutrition focuses on the dietary nutrients needs of animals, primarily those in agriculture and food production, but also in zoos, aquariums, and wildlife management.
Constituents of diet
Macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, though the net energy depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. A third class dietary material, fiber (i.e., non-digestible material such as cellulose), seems also to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, though the exact reasons remain unclear.
Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the animal. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose. By breaking down existing protein, some glucose can be produced internally; the remaining amino acids are discarded, primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.
Other dietary substances found in plant foods (phytochemicals, polyphenols) are not identified as essential nutrients but appear to impact healt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return%20on%20tangible%20equity
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Return on tangible equity (ROTE) (also return on average tangible common shareholders' equity (ROTCE)) measures the rate of return on the tangible common equity.
ROTE is computed by dividing net earnings (or annualized net earnings for annualized ROTE) applicable to common shareholders by average monthly tangible common shareholders' equity. Tangible common shareholders' equity equals total shareholders' equity less preferred stock, goodwill, and identifiable intangible assets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark%20River%20Reef
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Shark River Reef is an artificial reef located in the Atlantic Ocean, 15.6 miles southeast of Manasquan Inlet, off of the coast of Ocean County, New Jersey. The site contains almost 4 million cubic yards of dredge rock material. Although 96% of the total reef material is rock, the site also contains numerous subway cars.
It is the deepest of all New Jersey's artificial reefs, having an average bottom depth of approximately 125'. The site is located near Stolt Dagali wreck (rammed and sunk in 1964 by the SS Shalom).
The site contains at least nine vessels, including five tankers.
The Shark River Reef was established as part of the New Jersey's Artificial Reef Program. It is administered by the State of New Jersey's Division of Fish and Wildlife.
Boundaries
Coordinates are as follows:
Incidents
On two occasions, rocks intended for the Shark River Reef were dumped before reaching the site, violating the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), known as the Ocean Dumping Act.
The first incident occurred in December 2003 in rough seas. 3,600 cubic yards of rock shifted position within the barge, causing it to flip over and dump its cargo.
The second incident, also in December, resulted in the deliberate dumping of 3,600 cubic yards of dredged rock material about half of a mile north of the reef. Due to a punctured hull, the barge carrying the rock began to lean rapidly. To avoid possible sinking or flipping of the barge, the captain dumped the rock.
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flupropadine
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Flupropadine is a rodenticide. Originally made by May and Baker and tested on farms in the United Kingdom it was withdrawn from use by 1994. Flupropadine has a delayed action, and so rodents can have multiple feeds from the bait before being killed.
The molecule has two rings, one is a m-hexafluoroxylene, and the other is piperidine.
Flupropadine is made from 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)iodobenzene, propargyl alcohol, and 4-tert-butylpiperidine.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20China
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The national flag of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Five-star Red Flag, is a Chinese red field with five golden stars charged at the canton. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in an arc set off towards the fly. It has been the national flag of China since the foundation of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. The flag was designed by Zeng Liansong.
The red represents the Chinese Communist Revolution and the five stars and their relationships to each other represent the unity of the Chinese people under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The flag was first hoisted by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) on a pole overlooking Beijing's Tiananmen Square on 1 October 1949, at a ceremony proclaiming the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
History
Early flags
The previous flag of China was the "Yellow Dragon Flag" used by the Qing dynasty — the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history— from 1865 until the overthrow of the monarchy during the Xinhai Revolution. The flag that was adopted in 1867 was triangular, but the dynasty adopted a rectangular version of the dragon flag in 1889.
Republic of China
The canton (upper corner on the hoist side) originated from the "Blue Sky with a White Sun flag" () designed by Lu Haodong, a martyr of the Xinhai Revolution. He presented his design to represent the revolutionary army at the inauguration of the Society for Regenerating China, an anti-Qing society in Hong Kong, on 21 February 1895. This design was later adopted as the KMT party flag and the Coat of Arms of the Republic of China. The "red Earth" portion was added by Sun Yat-sen in the winter of 1906, bringing the flag to its modern form. According to George Yeo, the then Foreign Minister of Singapore in 2011, in those days, the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag was sewn in the Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall (formerly known as the "Sun Yat Sen Villa") in Singapore by Teo Eng Hock and his wife. The drafted d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davisson%E2%80%93Germer%20experiment
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The Davisson–Germer experiment was a 1923-27 experiment by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer at Western Electric (later Bell Labs), in which electrons, scattered by the surface of a crystal of nickel metal, displayed a diffraction pattern. This confirmed the hypothesis, advanced by Louis de Broglie in 1924, of wave-particle duality, and also the wave mechanics approach of the Schrödinger equation. It was an experimental milestone in the creation of quantum mechanics.
History and overview
According to Maxwell's equations in the late 19th century, light was thought to consist of waves of electromagnetic fields and matter was thought to consist of localized particles. However, this was challenged in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect, which described light as discrete and localized quanta of energy (now called photons), which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. In 1924 Louis de Broglie presented his thesis concerning the wave–particle duality theory, which proposed the idea that all matter displays the wave–particle duality of photons. According to de Broglie, for all matter and for radiation alike, the energy of the particle was related to the frequency of its associated wave by the Planck relation:
And that the momentum of the particle was related to its wavelength by what is now known as the de Broglie relation:
where is Planck's constant.
An important contribution to the Davisson–Germer experiment was made by Walter M. Elsasser in Göttingen in the 1920s, who remarked that the wave-like nature of matter might be investigated by electron scattering experiments on crystalline solids, just as the wave-like nature of X-rays had been confirmed through X-ray scattering experiments on crystalline solids.
This suggestion of Elsasser was then communicated by his senior colleague (and later Nobel Prize recipient) Max Born to physicists in England. When the Davisson and Germer experiment was performed, the results of the experiment were
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele-specific%20oligonucleotide
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An allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short piece of synthetic DNA complementary to the sequence of a variable target DNA. It acts as a probe for the presence of the target in a Southern blot assay or, more commonly, in the simpler dot blot assay. It is a common tool used in genetic testing, forensics, and molecular biology research.
An ASO is typically an oligonucleotide of 15–21 nucleotide bases in length. It is designed (and used) in a way that makes it specific for only one version, or allele, of the DNA being tested. The length of the ASO, which strand it is chosen from, and the conditions by which it is bound to (and washed from) the target DNA all play a role in its specificity. These probes can usually be designed to detect a difference of as little as 1 base in the target's genetic sequence, a basic ability in the assay of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), important in genotype analysis and the Human Genome Project. To be detected after it has bound to its target, the ASO must be labeled with a radioactive, enzymatic, or fluorescent tag. The Illumina Methylation Assay technology takes advantage of ASO to detect one base pair difference (cytosine versus thymine) to measure methylation at a specific CpG site.
Example
The human disease sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation in the codon for the sixth amino acid of the blood protein beta-hemoglobin. The normal DNA sequence G-A-G codes for the amino acid glutamate, while the mutation changes the middle adenine to a thymine, leading to the sequence G-T-G (G-U-G in the mRNA). This altered sequence substitutes a valine into the final protein, distorting its structure.
To test for the presence of the mutation in a DNA sample, an ASO probe would be synthesized to be complementary to the altered sequence, here labeled as "S". As a control, another ASO would be synthesized for the normal sequence "A". Each ASO is fully complementary to its target sequence (and will bind strongly), but has
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic%20baud%20rate%20detection
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Automatic baud rate detection (ABR, autobaud) refers to the process by which a receiving device (such as a modem) determines the speed, code level, start bit, and stop bits of incoming data by examining the first character, usually a preselected sign-on character (syncword) on a UART connection. ABR allows the receiving device to accept data from a variety of transmitting devices operating at different speeds without needing to establish data rates in advance.
Process
During the autobaud process, the baud rate of received character stream is determined by examining the received pattern and its timing, and the length of a start bit. These type of baud rate detection mechanism are supported by many hardware chips including processors such as STM32 MPC8280, MPC8360, and so on.
When start bit length is used to determine the baud rate, it requires the character to be odd since UART sends LSB bit first — this particular bit order scheme is referred to as little-endian. Often symbols 'a' or 'A' (0x61 or 0x41) are used. For example, the MPC8270 SCC tries to detect the length of the UART start bit for autobaud.
Many protocols begin each frame with a preamble of alternating 1 and 0 bits that can be used for automatic baud rate detection.
For example, the TI PGA460 uses a 'U' ( 0x55 ) sync byte for automatic baud rate detection as well as frame synchronization,
and so does the LIN header (Local Interconnect Network#Header).
For example, the UART-based FlexWire protocol begins each frame with a 'U' (0x55) sync byte.
FlexWire receivers use the sync byte to precisely set their UART bit-clock frequency without a high-precision oscillator.
For example, the Ethernet preamble contains 56 bits of alternating 1 and 0 bits for synchronizing bit clocks.
Support
Most modems currently on the market support autobaud. Before receiving any input data, most modems use a default baud rate of 9600 for output. For example, the following modems have been verified for autobaud and defaul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20Medal
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The Hector Medal, formerly known as the Hector Memorial Medal, is a science award given by the Royal Society Te Apārangi in memory of Sir James Hector to researchers working in New Zealand. It is awarded annually in rotation for different sciences – currently there are three: chemical sciences; physical sciences; mathematical and information sciences. It is given to a researcher who "has undertaken work of great scientific or technological merit and has made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of the particular branch of science." It was previously rotated through more fields of science – in 1918 they were: botany, chemistry, ethnology, geology, physics (including mathematics and astronomy), zoology (including animal physiology). For a few years it was awarded biennially – it was not awarded in 2000, 2002 or 2004.
In 1991 it was overtaken by the Rutherford Medal as the highest award given by the Royal Society of New Zealand.
The obverse of the medal bears the head of James Hector and the reverse a Māori snaring a huia. The last confirmed sighting of a living huia predates the award of the medal by three years.
Recipients
See also
:Category:New Zealand scientists
The Shorland Medal given by the New Zealand Association of Scientists
List of chemistry awards
List of mathematics awards
List of physics awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Catlin
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David William Catlin (born 12 May 1952 Rochester, Pennsylvania) is an American mathematician who works on the theory of several complex variables.
Catlin received in 1978 his Ph.D. from Princeton University under Joseph Kohn with thesis Boundary Behavior of Holomorphic Functions on Weakly Pseudoconvex Domains. He is a professor at Purdue University.
He solved a boundary behavior problem of complex analysis in several variables, on which his teacher Kohn worked in detail and which was originally formulated by Donald Spencer, a particular case of the Neumann problem for , a non-elliptic boundary value problem.
Catlin was an Invited Speaker with talk Regularity of solutions of the -Neumann problem at the ICM in 1986 in Berkeley. In 1989 he received the inaugural Stefan Bergman Prize.
His brother Paul Allen Catlin (1948–1995) also achieved fame as a mathematician, doing research on graph theory.
Selected publications
Necessary conditions for subellipticity of the -Neumann problem, Annals of Mathematics, 117, 1983, 147–171
Boundary invariants of pseudoconvex domains, Annals of Mathematics 120, 1984, 529–586
Subelliptic estimates for the -Neumann problem on pseudoconvex domains, Annals of Mathematics, 126, 1987, 131–191
Estimates of invariant metrics on pseudoconvex domains of dimension two, Mathematische Zeitschrift 200, 1989, 429–466
as editor with Thomas Bloom, John P. D'Angelo, Yum-Tong Siu: Modern methods in complex analysis, Annals of Mathematics Studies 137, Princeton University Press 1995 (dedicated to Robert Gunning and Joseph Kohn)
with J. P. D'Angelo: A stabilization theorem for Hermitian forms and applications to holomorphic mappings, arXiv preprint math/9511201, 1995
Global regularity of the -Neumann problem, in: Complex analysis of several variables, Proc. Symp. Pure Math. Vol. 41, AMS, 1984, 39–49
Necessary conditions for subellipticity and hypoellipticity for the -Neumann problem on pseudoconvex domains, in: Recent Developments in Several Complex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20correction%20function
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The shape correction function is a ratio of the surface area of a growing organism and that of an isomorph as function of the volume. The shape of the isomorph is taken to be equal to that of the organism for a given reference volume, so for that particular volume the surface areas are also equal and the shape correction function has value one.
For a volume and reference volume , the shape correction function equals:
V0-morphs:
V1-morphs:
Isomorphs:
Static mixtures between a V0 and a V1-morph can be found as: for
The shape correction function is used in Dynamic Energy Budget theory to correct equations for isomorphs to organisms that change shape during growth. The conversion is necessary for accurately modelling food (substrate) acquisition and mobilization of reserve for use by metabolism.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Cooper
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Leon N. Cooper (born February 28, 1930) is an American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate who, with John Bardeen and John Robert Schrieffer, developed the BCS theory of superconductivity. His name is also associated with the Cooper pair and the BCM theory of synaptic plasticity.
Biography and career
Cooper's mother is Jewish. Cooper graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1947 and received a BA in 1951, MA in 1953, and PhD in 1954 from Columbia University. He spent a year at the Institute for Advanced Study and taught at the University of Illinois and Ohio State University before coming to Brown University in 1958. He has been the Thomas J. Watson Sr. Professor of Science at Brown since 1974, and director of the Institute for Brain and Neural Systems which he founded in 1973. Along with colleague Charles Elbaum, he founded the tech company Nestor, dedicated to finding commercial applications for artificial neural networks. Nestor, along with Intel, developed the Ni1000 neural network computer chip in 1994.
In 1969 Cooper married Kay Allard. They have two children.
He has carried out research at various institutions including the Institute for Advanced Study and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.
The character Sheldon Cooper, featured in the CBS comedy The Big Bang Theory, is named in part after Leon Cooper.
Memberships and honors
Fellow of the American Physical Society
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Member of the National Academy of Sciences
Member of the American Philosophical Society
Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Associate member of the Neuroscience Research Program
Research fellow of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1959–1966)
Fellow of the Guggenheim Institute (1965–66)
Nobel Prize Recipient for Physics (1972)
Co-winner (with Dr. Schrieffer) of the Comstock Prize in Physics of the National Academy of Sciences (1968)
Received the Award of Excellence,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella
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Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two known species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further divided into six subspecies that include over 2,600 serotypes. Salmonella was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon (1850–1914), an American veterinary surgeon.
Salmonella species are non-spore-forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5 μm, lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body, allowing them to move). They are chemotrophs, obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions, using organic sources. They are also facultative anaerobes, capable of generating adenosine triphosphate with oxygen ("aerobically") when it is available, or using other electron acceptors or fermentation ("anaerobically") when oxygen is not available.
Salmonella species are intracellular pathogens, of which certain serotypes cause illness. Most infections are due to the ingestion of food contaminated by feces. Typhoidal Salmonella serotypes can only be transferred between humans and can cause foodborne illness as well as typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by typhoidal Salmonella invading the bloodstream, as well as spreading throughout the body, invading organs, and secreting endotoxins (the septic form). This can lead to life-threatening hypovolemic shock and septic shock, and requires intensive care including antibiotics.
Nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes are zoonotic and can be transferred from animals and between humans. They usually invade only the gastrointestinal tract and cause salmonellosis, the symptoms of which can be resolved without antibiotics. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, nontyphoidal Salmonella can be invasive and cause paratyphoid fever, which requires immediate antibiotic treatment.
Taxonomy
The genus Salmonella is part of the fa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20track%20longitudinal%20timecode
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Control track longitudinal timecode, or CTL timecode, developed by JVC in the early 1990s, is a unique technique for embedding, or striping, reference SMPTE timecode onto a videotape.
Similar to the way VITC timecode is embedded in the vertical interval area of a video signal, CTL timecode embeds SMPTE timecode in the control track area of helical scan video recordings. The advantage of both VITC and CTL timecode is that an audio track does not have to be sacrificed for linear timecode.
Though a very effective technology, and still probably in limited use today, CTL timecode never really caught on. JVC is apparently the only manufacturer that included CTL timecode capability in their video products, and this was limited to select professional S-VHS equipment.
When it was introduced, there was much negativity about CTL timecode, because people misunderstood how it worked. Many incorrectly assumed that CTL timecode was nothing more than a control track pulse signal.
Control Track Pulse: Most are familiar with the digital "counters" on VHS recorders and camcorders, viewed via the onscreen display (OSD) and/or a dedicated LED display. These numbers are sometimes in real-time format (hours:minutes:seconds), but are often only an ambiguous 4 digit sequential counter. These numbers advance up or down based on the machine counting a tape's control track pulses. This type of display is useful only as a simple and temporary reference, as it is very inaccurate, and the counter is reset to zero when a tape is inserted. A basic 4 digit counter is almost completely worthless, as their rate of advance was never standardized by manufacturers.
Conversely, CTL timecode is an absolute timecode with specific digital references for every frame of video. Thus, a tape with CTL timecode can always display current timecode position accurately, even if the tape is moved from one machine to another. CTL timecode embedding can be transferred when making a copy, as long as the recording
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%20constant
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In mathematics, the Lebesgue constants (depending on a set of nodes and of its size) give an idea of how good the interpolant of a function (at the given nodes) is in comparison with the best polynomial approximation of the function (the degree of the polynomials are fixed). The Lebesgue constant for polynomials of degree at most and for the set of nodes is generally denoted by . These constants are named after Henri Lebesgue.
Definition
We fix the interpolation nodes and an interval containing all the interpolation nodes. The process of interpolation maps the function to a polynomial . This defines a mapping from the space C([a, b]) of all continuous functions on [a, b] to itself. The map X is linear and it is a projection on the subspace of polynomials of degree or less.
The Lebesgue constant is defined as the operator norm of X. This definition requires us to specify a norm on C([a, b]). The uniform norm is usually the most convenient.
Properties
The Lebesgue constant bounds the interpolation error: let denote the best approximation of f among the polynomials of degree or less. In other words, minimizes among all p in Πn. Then
We will here prove this statement with the maximum norm.
by the triangle inequality. But X is a projection on Πn, so
.
This finishes the proof since . Note that this relation comes also as a special case of Lebesgue's lemma.
In other words, the interpolation polynomial is at most a factor worse than the best possible approximation. This suggests that we look for a set of interpolation nodes with a small Lebesgue constant.
The Lebesgue constant can be expressed in terms of the Lagrange basis polynomials:
In fact, we have the Lebesgue function
and the Lebesgue constant (or Lebesgue number) for the grid is its maximum value
Nevertheless, it is not easy to find an explicit expression for .
Minimal Lebesgue constants
In the case of equidistant nodes, the Lebesgue constant grows exponentially. More precisely, we hav
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonomino
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A nonomino (or enneomino or 9-omino) is a polyomino of order 9, that is, a polygon in the plane made of 9 equal-sized squares connected edge-to-edge. The name of this type of figure is formed with the prefix non(a)-. When rotations and reflections are not considered to be distinct shapes, there are 1,285 different free nonominoes. When reflections are considered distinct, there are 2,500 one-sided nonominoes. When rotations are also considered distinct, there are 9,910 fixed nonominoes.
Symmetry
The 1,285 free nonominoes can be classified according to their symmetry groups:
1,196 nonominoes have no symmetry. Their symmetry group consists only of the identity mapping.
38 nonominoes have an axis of reflection symmetry aligned with the gridlines. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and the reflection in a line parallel to the sides of the squares.
26 nonominoes have an axis of reflection symmetry at 45° to the gridlines. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and a diagonal reflection.
19 nonominoes have point symmetry, also known as rotational symmetry of order 2. Their symmetry group has two elements, the identity and the 180° rotation.
4 nonominoes have two axes of reflection symmetry, both aligned with the gridlines. Their symmetry group has four elements, the identity, two reflections and the 180° rotation. It is the dihedral group of order 2, also known as the Klein four-group.
2 nonominoes have four axes of reflection symmetry, aligned with the gridlines and the diagonals, and rotational symmetry of order 4. Their symmetry group, the dihedral group of order 4, has eight elements.
Unlike octominoes, there are no nonominoes with rotational symmetry of order 4 or with two axes of reflection symmetry aligned with the diagonals.
If reflections of a nonomino are considered distinct, as they are with one-sided nonominoes, then the first and fourth categories above double in size, resulting in an extra 1,215 nonominoes for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic%20peeler
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A garlic peeler is a kitchen utensil used to take off the skin off the garlic cloves.
A closed, hard-walled container, such as a jar or lidded tub or bowl, can be used to peel garlic. The bulb of garlic is smashed with the bottom of the container, and the cloves placed in the container and shaken to separate them from their skins.
One garlic-peeling device is a silicone or rubber tube. Using hands to apply a moderate pressure and to rotate the tube on a cutting board or a table makes the skin come off the clove. The tube peeler was invented by Ben Omessi, a retired American architect who was designing home items for people with disabilities and it was patented in 1998.
A food chopper can also be used to peel garlic, by replacing the blades with a central device having a surface featuring large bumps. The rotation will push the cloves to bounce between the wall and the bumpy surface, taking the skin off.
See also
Garlic press
Notes
External links
Food preparation utensils
Garlic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMBRACE
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EMBRACE (A European Model for Bioinformatics Research and Community Education) was a project from the years 2005 to 2010, with the objective of drawing together a wide group of European experts involved in using information technology in the biomolecular sciences. The EMBRACE Network endeavored to integrate major bioinformatics databases and software tools, using existing methods and emerging grid service technologies.
Integration efforts were driven by a set of test problems representing key issues for bioinformatics service providers and end-user biologists. EMBRACE made many bioinformatics web services available to the international research community. As a result, groups throughout Europe were able to use the EMBRACE service interfaces for their own local or proprietary data and tools. The project was run from the EBI in Hinxton, England. Fred Marcus was its EU project coordinator.
The EMBRACE project was funded by the European Commission within its FP6 Programme, under the thematic area "Life sciences, genomics, and biotechnology for health", contract number LHSG-CT-2004-512092.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Plant%20Protection
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The Department of Plant Protection (DPP) ( is a department of the Ministry of National Food Security and Research of the Government of Pakistan and a Federal Minister is the head of the ministry.
Syed Fakhar Imam is the head of ministry since 6 April 2020. It works under the following pieces of legislation and regulation of the Government of Pakistan: (i) Plant Quarantine Act 1976 (ii) Agricultural Pesticide Rules and (iii) Agricultural Pesticide Ordinance.
The Department of Plant Protection was established in 1977.The Department offers courses and research methods for the control of major pests
The Department consists of the following four divisions and wings:
Plant Quarantine
Pesticide Registration
Locust Control and Survey
Aerial Wing
In addition, the Department also operates the following two laboratories:
Central Plant Quarantine Lab
Federal Pesticide Testing and Reference Lab
Controversy
Corruption and mismanagement
Department of Plant Protection functioning without permanent director general since 1998 and inflicting heavy losses on the economy. Mr. Muhammad Sohail Shahzad. Deputy Director (Quarantine) and DR. Syed Waseem-ul-Hassan, Deputy Food Security Commissioner are under intense pressure after their corruption stories surfaced in 2018.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Lukacs
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Eugene Lukacs (Hungarian: Lukács Jenő, 14 August 1906 – 21 December 1987) was a Hungarian-American statistician notable for his work in characterization of distributions, stability theory, and being the author of Characteristic Functions, a classic textbook in the field.
Born to a Jewish family in born in Szombathely, from six weeks after birth Lukacs lived in Vienna, Austria. There he received primary and secondary education and studied mathematics at University of Vienna. His professors included Hans Hahn, Eduard Helly, Walther Mayer, Leopold Vietoris and Wilhelm Wirtinger. In 1930 he earned his doctorate in geometry under the supervision of Walther Mayer, and a degree in actuarial science in 1931. Eugene met his future wife Elizabeth Weisz (Lisl) in 1927 at the University of Vienna, and they married in 1935. He taught secondary mathematics for two years and later accepted a position with an insurance company, where Eduard Helly and Z. W. Birnbaum were colleagues. After Germany annexed Austria in 1938, he decided to emigrate to the United States, arriving in 1939.
In 1953 Eugene joined the Office of Naval Research (ONR) USA, and became the director of Statistics. While at ONR he also taught at American University in Washington, D.C.
Lukacs joined the Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. in 1955. There he organized the Statistical Laboratory in 1959 and became its first and only director. Researchers at the Statistical Laboratory included Edward Batschlet, Tatsuo Kawata, Radha Laha, M. Masuyama and Vijay Rohatgi, and many distinguished visitors.
On his retirement from Catholic University in 1972, he moved with his colleagues Laha and Rohatgi to Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio, where he remained until 1976.
His primary interest was in the theory of characteristic functions. Prior to publication of his 1960 monograph, Characteristic Functions, the English language textbooks on the subject were translations of works by Cramer,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbeck%20Street
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Welbeck Street is a street in the West End, central London. It has historically been associated with the medical profession.
Former resident Andrew Berry was one of the men to have successfully deployed a parachute at altitude less than 3000 ft
Location
The street runs approximately north–south between New Cavendish Street at the northern end, crossing Wigmore Street near Wigmore Hall just to the east, becoming Vere Street continuing southwards. The nearest tube station is Bond Street to the south. The part south of Wigmore Street is part of the B406.
The London Welbeck Hospital, is located at 27 Welbeck Street, and the Welbeck Street Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System was located on this street as well; the offices of the British Institute of Radiology were formerly located there. The Welbeck Clinic is located at No. 20.
There is a Russian Orthodox Chapel at 32 Welbeck Street that dates back as far as the early 19th century when the building was the residence of the Russian Embassy Chaplain. The chapel was rebuilt in 1864 and features a particularly fine iconostasis. The chapel is located behind No. 32, on the east side of the street near the northern end, and can be seen from Marylebone Mews (it is visible on Edward Stanford's 1862 map of London).
Notable people
The notorious 18th-century highwayman James MacLaine was once a grocer on Welbeck Street.
In 1799, Thomas Young established himself as a physician in this street at No 48, now recorded by a blue plaque. The street was favoured by doctors at the time and remains a leading medical location. It is close to Harley Street, now more famed for its concentration of private medical practitioners.
General John Egerton, 7th Earl of Bridgewater (b. 14 Apr 1753, d. 21 Oct 1823) married Charlotte Catherine Anne Haynes, daughter of Samuel Haynes and Elizabeth, on 14 January 1783 at 58 Welbeck Street.
Flautist Robert Sidney Pratten and his wife, the guitar virtuoso, composer and teacher Catharina Joseph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20mean%20temperature%20difference
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In thermal engineering, the logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) is used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most notably in heat exchangers. The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold feeds at each end of the double pipe exchanger. For a given heat exchanger with constant area and heat transfer coefficient, the larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred. The use of the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a heat exchanger with constant flow rate and fluid thermal properties.
Definition
We assume that a generic heat exchanger has two ends (which we call "A" and "B") at which the hot and cold streams enter or exit on either side; then, the LMTD is defined by the logarithmic mean as follows:
where is the temperature difference between the two streams at end , and is the temperature difference between the two streams at end . When the two temperature differences are equal, this formula does not directly resolve, so the LMTD is conventionally taken to equal its limit value, which is in this case trivially equal to the two differences.
With this definition, the LMTD can be used to find the exchanged heat in a heat exchanger:
where (in SI units):
is the exchanged heat duty (watts),
is the heat transfer coefficient (watts per kelvin per square meter),
is the exchange area.
Note that estimating the heat transfer coefficient may be quite complicated.
This holds both for cocurrent flow, where the streams enter from the same end, and for countercurrent flow, where they enter from different ends.
In a cross-flow, in which one system, usually the heat sink, has the same nominal temperature at all points on the heat transfer surface, a similar relation between exchanged heat and LMTD holds, but with a correction factor. A correction factor is also required for other more complex geometries, such as a shell and tube exchanger with baffles.
Derivation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips%20Natuurkundig%20Laboratorium
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The Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium (English translation: Philips Physics Laboratory) or NatLab was the Dutch section of the Philips research department, which did research for the product divisions of that company. Originally located in the Strijp district of Eindhoven, the facility moved to Waalre in the early 1960s. A 1972 municipal rezoning brought the facility back into Eindhoven, which was followed some years later by Eindhoven renaming the street the facility is on into the Prof. Holstlaan, after the first director.
In 1975, the NatLab employed some 2000 people, including 600 researchers with university degrees. Research done at the NatLab has ranged from product-specific to fundamental research into electronics, physics and chemistry, as well as computing science and information technology.
The original NatLab facility was disbanded in 2001 and the facility has been transformed into the High Tech Campus Eindhoven, which is open to researchers from many different companies. Philips Research is still one of the largest campus tenants, although not with anything like the number of people employed in the NatLab days. Philips Research also has branches in Germany, the United Kingdom, United States, India and China; the non-Netherlands parts of Philips Research account for about half the research work done by Philips nowadays.
History
The history of the NatLab spans roughly three periods: 1914–1946, 1946–1972 and 1972–2001.
The start: 1914-1946
The NatLab was founded in 1914 after a direct decision of Gerard and Anton Philips. At the time Philips was branching out into different areas of electronics and they felt the need to do in-house research to support product development, as well as create a company patent portfolio and reduce the company dependence on patents held by third parties. They hired physicist Gilles Holst (the first director) who assembled a staff consisting of Ekko Oosterhuis and a small number of research assistants; this was the entire sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witton%20Isolation%20Hospital
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Witton Isolation Hospital was a facility for the treatment and quarantine of smallpox victims and their contacts in Birmingham, England, from 1894 to 1966.
History
Operation
Built in 1894, Witton Isolation Hospital was initially in a semi-rural district but by the 1930s the site was surrounded by the newly built Kingstanding and Perry Common social housing developments. It occupied the site now enclosed by College Road, Brackenbury Road and Plumstead Road.
Witton Isolation Hospital was used sporadically during the 20th century including the outbreak of smallpox that occurred in the city in 1962. The last cases quarantined there were during January and February 1966, following an outbreak that originated at the University of Birmingham Medical School. Witton Isolation Hospital was eventually superseded by the UK's first National Isolation Hospital, established at nearby Catherine-de-Barnes in 1966.
On 4 May 1966, the last patient was discharged.
During its life as a first-line smallpox hospital Witton had a resident caretaker, but on 2 May 1966 the caretaker resigned. His departure left the facility of ten buildings unguarded, except for the ten feet high perimeter wall. In the middle of 1966, local children broke in, causing some vandalism.
Disposal
Burning of the building
After the incident involving children breaking into Witton Isolation Hospital in mid-1966, Birmingham's Chief Medical Officer, Ernest Millar, was contacted by a local resident who had regularly seen the children from the top seats of a double-decker bus.
Millar eventually ordered the facility to be destroyed by fire and on 3 May 1967 – chosen because the wind was blowing from the south, away from the city centre – the buildings were set ablaze by firemen of the Birmingham Fire and Ambulance Service, under the supervision of William Nicholls, Deputy Chief Medical Officer, and George Merrill, Deputy Chief Fire Officer, accompanied by representatives of the news media. All personnel involved
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP55%20family
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Cytochrome P450, family 55, also known as CYP55, is a cytochrome P450 family in fungi supposed to derived from horizontal gene transfer of Actinomycetes CYP105 family member in the ancestor of all Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota). The first gene identified in this family is the CYP55A1 from Fusarium oxysporum encoding the NADPH dependent reductase of nitrous oxide ().
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleed%20screw
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A bleed screw is a device used to create a temporary opening in an otherwise closed hydraulic system, which facilitates the removal of air or another substance from the system by way of pressure and density differences.
Applications
Domestic heating radiators
On a home radiator unit, the bleed screw can be opened, usually by means of a key, to allow unwanted air to escape from the unit. Bleed screws are also found on some pump types fulfilling a similar purpose.
They are most often located at the top of the radiator on the side of the inflow pipe. The screw itself, usually a hexagonal or square knob, is inside a small round protrusion.
The key looks similar to that used to wind a clock. It is inserted into the protrusion, mates with the bleed screw and turns it. Opening the bleed screw then allows air which has risen to the top of the radiator system (the top of the radiator itself) to escape and new water to take its place. Removing the air and allowing water to displace it makes the radiator work more efficiently since water conducts heat better than air.
A domestic radiator may need bleeding in this way either during a heating upgrade, power flushing or simply when the radiator feels colder at the top can indicate there is air in the radiator that needs to be released.
Engine cooling
Engine cooling systems can also have bleed screws. They can take the form of a bolt with a hole through the middle that is threaded into a hole on the engine's cylinder head. This hole goes into the water jacket of the cylinder head. In other designs, the bleed screw is placed in the uppermost hose which leads to the heater core, i.e. at the highest point of the cooling system.
When the bleed screw is loosened, antifreeze is added to the engine's cooling system and the increase in fluid pressure displaces air through the opened bleed screw. When liquid begins to flow out, all air has been removed from the system and the bleed screw is closed.
Bleed screws are not common o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGF
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VGF or VGF nerve growth factor inducible is a secreted protein and neuropeptide precursor that may play a role in regulating energy homeostasis, metabolism and synaptic plasticity. The protein was first discovered in 1985 by Levi et al. in an experiment with PC12 cells and its name is non-acronymic. VGF gene encodes a precursor which is divided by proteolysis to polypeptides of different mass, which have a variety of functions, the best studied of which are the roles of TLQP-21 in the control of appetite and inflammation, and TLQP-62 as well as AQEE-30 in regulating depression-like behaviors and memory. The expression of VGF and VGF-derived peptides is detected in a subset of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and specific populations of endocrine cells in the adenohypophysis, adrenal medulla, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. VGF expression is induced by NGF, CREB and BDNF and regulated by neurotrophin-3. Physical exercise significantly increases VGF expression in mice hippocampal tissue and upregulates a neurotrophic signaling cascade thought to underlie the action of antidepressants.
Role in pathology
Changes in expression of discrete VGF fragments have been detected in different neurological and psychiatric conditions. In schizophrenia, one study has shown an increase in the VGF23-62 peptide and a subsequent small study demonstrated that drugs further increase the expression, pointing at a possible ameliorating action of the fragment. A decreased expression of VGF26-62 peptide was found in frontotemporal dementia and the expression of a fragment containing aminoacids 378-398 was found to be changing in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. VGF expression has also been shown in damaged peripheral nerves, and it is thought to have a role in neuropathic pain. In glioblastoma, VGF has been shown to play autocrine and paracrine roles in feedback loops between differentiated glioblastoma cells and glioblastoma-specific cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamorphic%20stretch%20transform
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An anamorphic stretch transform (AST) also referred to as warped stretch transform is a physics-inspired signal transform that emerged from time stretch dispersive Fourier transform. The transform can be applied to analog temporal signals such as communication signals, or to digital spatial data such as images. The transform reshapes the data in such a way that its output has properties conducive for data compression and analytics. The reshaping consists of warped stretching in the Fourier domain. The name "Anamorphic" is used because of the metaphoric analogy between the warped stretch operation and warping of images in anamorphosis and surrealist artworks.
Operation principle
An anamorphic stretch transform (AST) is a mathematical transformation in which analog or digital data is stretched and warped in a context-aware manner, such that it results in nonuniform Fourier domain sampling. The transformation is defined as:
where is the input optical spectrum, is the spectral phase added by AST ( being the AST warp kernel), and and denote the optical and envelope modulation frequencies, respectively. The detailed of the reshaping depends on the sparsity and redundancy of the input signal and can be obtained by a mathematical function, which is called "stretched modulation distribution" or "modulation intensity distribution" (not to be confused with a different function of the same name used in mechanical diagnostics).
The stretched modulation distribution is a 3D representation of a type of bilinear time–frequency distribution similar, but not the same, as other time-frequency distributions. One can interpret the added phasor term to represent the effect of a time-shift on the spectral autocorrelation of the signal. As a result, the distribution can be used to show the effects of the AST spectral phase on the temporal duration and intensity envelope bandwidth of the output signal, which is useful in visualizing the time-bandwidth product of the signal.
Spar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshman%27s%20dream
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The freshman's dream is a name sometimes given to the erroneous equation , where is a real number (usually a positive integer greater than 1) and are non-zero real numbers. Beginning students commonly make this error in computing the power of a sum of real numbers, falsely assuming powers distribute over sums. When n = 2, it is easy to see why this is incorrect: (x + y)2 can be correctly computed as x2 + 2xy + y2 using distributivity (commonly known by students in the USA as the FOIL method). For larger positive integer values of n, the correct result is given by the binomial theorem.
The name "freshman's dream" also sometimes refers to the theorem that says that for a prime number p, if x and y are members of a commutative ring of characteristic p, then
(x + y)p = xp + yp. In this more exotic type of arithmetic, the "mistake" actually gives the correct result, since p divides all the binomial coefficients apart from the first and the last, making all the intermediate terms equal to zero.
The identity is also actually true in the context of tropical geometry, where multiplication is replaced with addition, and addition is replaced with minimum.
Examples
, but .
does not equal . For example, , which does not equal . In this example, the error is being committed with the exponent .
Prime characteristic
When is a prime number and and are members of a commutative ring of characteristic , then . This can be seen by examining the prime factors of the binomial coefficients: the nth binomial coefficient is
The numerator is p factorial(!), which is divisible by p. However, when , both n! and are coprime with p since all the factors are less than p and p is prime. Since a binomial coefficient is always an integer, the nth binomial coefficient is divisible by p and hence equal to 0 in the ring. We are left with the zeroth and pth coefficients, which both equal 1, yielding the desired equation.
Thus in characteristic p the freshman's dream is a valid identity.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbound%20interface
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In computer networking and computer architecture, a northbound interface of a component is an interface that allows the component to communicate with a higher level component, using the latter component's southbound interface. The northbound interface conceptualizes the lower level details (e.g., data or functions) used by, or in, the component, allowing the component to interface with higher level layers.
In architectural overviews, the northbound interface is normally drawn at the top of the component it is defined in; hence the name northbound interface. A southbound interface decomposes concepts in the technical details, mostly specific to a single component of the architecture. Southbound interfaces are drawn at the bottom of an architectural overview.
Typical use
A northbound interface is typically an output-only interface (as opposed to one that accepts user input) found in carrier-grade network and telecommunications network elements. The languages or protocols commonly used include SNMP and TL1. For example, a device that is capable of sending out syslog messages but that is not configurable by the user is said to implement a northbound interface. Other examples include SMASH, IPMI, WSMAN, and SOAP.
The term is also important for software-defined networking (SDN), to facilitate communication between the physical devices, the SDN software and applications running on the network.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalization%20model
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The normalization model is an influential model of responses of neurons in primary visual cortex. David Heeger developed the model in the early 1990s, and later refined it together with Matteo Carandini and J. Anthony Movshon. The model involves a divisive stage. In the numerator is the output of the classical receptive field. In the denominator, a constant plus a measure of local stimulus contrast. Although the normalization model was initially developed to explain responses in the primary visual cortex, normalization is now thought to operate throughout the visual system, and in many other sensory modalities and brain regions, including the representation of odors in the olfactory bulb, the modulatory effects of visual attention, the encoding of value, and the integration of multisensory information. It has also been observed at subthreshold potentials in the hippocampus. Its presence in such a diversity of neural systems in multiple species, from invertebrates to mammals, suggests that normalization serves as a canonical neural computation. Divisive normalization reduces the redundancy in natural stimulus statistics and is sometimes viewed as an implementation of the efficient coding principle. Formally, divisive normalization is an information-maximizing code for stimuli following a multivariate Pareto distribution.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenic%20system
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In classical mechanics, a physical system is termed a monogenic system if the force acting on the system can be modelled in a particular, especially convenient mathematical form. The systems that are typically studied in physics are monogenic. The term was introduced by Cornelius Lanczos in his book The Variational Principles of Mechanics (1970).
In Lagrangian mechanics, the property of being monogenic is a necessary condition for certain different formulations to be mathematically equivalent. If a physical system is both a holonomic system and a monogenic system, then it is possible to derive Lagrange's equations from d'Alembert's principle; it is also possible to derive Lagrange's equations from Hamilton's principle.
Mathematical definition
In a physical system, if all forces, with the exception of the constraint forces, are derivable from the generalized scalar potential, and this generalized scalar potential is a function of generalized coordinates, generalized velocities, or time, then, this system is a monogenic system.
Expressed using equations, the exact relationship between generalized force and generalized potential is as follows:
where is generalized coordinate, is generalized velocity, and is time.
If the generalized potential in a monogenic system depends only on generalized coordinates, and not on generalized velocities and time, then, this system is a conservative system. The relationship between generalized force and generalized potential is as follows:
.
See also
Scleronomous
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aureoboletus%20auriporus
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Aureoboletus auriporus, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae that is found in Europe and North America. It was originally described in 1872 by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck, who called it Boletus auriporus. Zdenek Pouzar transferred it to the genus Aureoboletus in 1957.
The species is edible, and could be confused with (the also edible) Xerocomus illudens.
See also
List of North American boletes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piriformis%20fascia
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The fascia of the Piriformis is very thin and is attached to the front of the sacrum and the sides of the greater sciatic foramen; it is prolonged on the muscle into the gluteal region.
At its sacral attachment around the margins of the anterior sacral foramina it comes into intimate association with and ensheathes the nerves emerging from these foramina.
Hence the sacral nerves are frequently described as lying behind the fascia.
The internal iliac artery, internal iliac vein, and their branches, on the other hand, lie in the subperitoneal tissue in front of the fascia, and the branches to the gluteal region emerge in special sheaths of this tissue, above and below the Piriformis muscle.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wold%27s%20decomposition
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In mathematics, particularly in operator theory, Wold decomposition or Wold–von Neumann decomposition, named after Herman Wold and John von Neumann, is a classification theorem for isometric linear operators on a given Hilbert space. It states that every isometry is a direct sum of copies of the unilateral shift and a unitary operator.
In time series analysis, the theorem implies that any stationary discrete-time stochastic process can be decomposed into a pair of uncorrelated processes, one deterministic, and the other being a moving average process.
Details
Let H be a Hilbert space, L(H) be the bounded operators on H, and V ∈ L(H) be an isometry. The Wold decomposition states that every isometry V takes the form
for some index set A, where S is the unilateral shift on a Hilbert space Hα, and U is a unitary operator (possible vacuous). The family {Hα} consists of isomorphic Hilbert spaces.
A proof can be sketched as follows. Successive applications of V give a descending sequences of copies of H isomorphically embedded in itself:
where V(H) denotes the range of V. The above defined Hi = Vi(H). If one defines
then
It is clear that K1 and K2 are invariant subspaces of V.
So V(K2) = K2. In other words, V restricted to K2 is a surjective isometry, i.e., a unitary operator U.
Furthermore, each Mi is isomorphic to another, with V being an isomorphism between Mi and Mi+1: V "shifts" Mi to Mi+1. Suppose the dimension of each Mi is some cardinal number α. We see that K1 can be written as a direct sum Hilbert spaces
where each Hα is an invariant subspaces of V and V restricted to each Hα is the unilateral shift S. Therefore
which is a Wold decomposition of V.
Remarks
It is immediate from the Wold decomposition that the spectrum of any proper, i.e. non-unitary, isometry is the unit disk in the complex plane.
An isometry V is said to be pure if, in the notation of the above proof, ∩i≥0 Hi = {0}. The multiplicity of a pure isometry V is the dimension of the ke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliquus%20capitis%20inferior%20muscle
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The obliquus capitis inferior muscle () is a muscle in the upper back of the neck. It is one of the suboccipital muscles. Its inferior attachment is at the spinous process of the axis; its superior attachment is at the transverse process of the atlas. It is innervated by the suboccipital nerve (the posterior ramus of first cervical spinal nerve). The muscle rotates the head to its side.
Despite what its name suggest, it is the only capitis (Latin: "head") muscle that does not actually attach to the skull.
Anatomy
The obliquus capitis inferior is one of the suboccipital muscles (and the only one of these to have no attachment to the skull). It is larger than the obliquus capitis superior muscle. It forms the inferolateral boundary of the suboccipital triangle.
The muscle extends laterally and somewht superiorly from its inferior attachment to its superior attachment.
Attachments
its inferior attachment is at the lateral external aspect of the bifid spinous process of the axis (cervical vertebra C2) (inferior to the attachment of the rectus capitis posterior major muscle) and the lamina of the axis.
Its superior attachment is at (the inferoposterior aspect of) the transverse process of the atlas (cervical vertebra C1).
Innervation
The muscle receives motor innervation from the suboccipital nerve (the posterior ramus of cervical spinal nerve C1).
Relations
It lies deep to the semispinalis capitis and trapezius muscles.
Actions/movements
The muscle acts to rotate the atlas (and thus the head) ipsilaterally. It acts together with the rectus capitis posterior major muscle.
Function
The muscle is responsible for rotation of the head and first cervical vertebra (atlanto-axial joint).
The obliquus capitis inferior muscle, like the other suboccipital muscles, has an important role in proprioception. This muscle has a very high density of Golgi organs and muscle spindles which accounts for this. It is believed that proprioception may be the primary role of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20conformal%20field%20theory
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In theoretical physics, a rational conformal field theory is a special type of two-dimensional conformal field theory with a finite number of conformal primaries. In these theories, all dimensions (and the central charge) are rational numbers that can be computed from the consistency conditions of conformal field theory. The most famous examples are the so-called minimal models.
More generally, rational conformal field theory can refer to any CFT with a finite number of primary operators with respect to the action of its chiral algebra. Chiral algebras can be much larger than the Virasoro algebra. Well-known examples include (the enveloping algebra of) affine Lie algebras, relevant to the Wess–Zumino–Witten model, and W-algebras.
Conformal field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSX-Engine
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An MSX-ENGINE chip is a specially developed integrated circuit for home computers that are built according to the MSX specifications.
Generally, such a chip combines the functions of many separate, older/simpler chips into one. This is done to reduce required circuit board space, power consumption, and (most importantly) production costs for complete systems.
The first MSX-Engine chip, the T7775 operated next to a standard Zilog Z80-clone chip, the main CPU of the system, but most later versions of the engine also included the Z80 (clone) CPU in a same single chip package. The S-1990, is a special case, as it's not really an MSX-Engine, but a chip that was used as "glue logic" between the MSX-engine and an external R800 CPU.
The T9769 is used in MSX 2 computers, while in MSX 1 computers mostly the T7775 and T7937 are used. You can also find the S-1985 and S-3527 in these systems. After the MSX 2 generation (from MSX2+ onwards) Toshiba took over the complete production of MSX engine chips. The last generation of MSX, the Turbo-R used the NEC S-1990 "TurboR bus controller" together with a R800 CPU.
MSX engine chips from Yamaha were mostly used in MSX-computers from Sony and Philips, while the Toshiba chips were mostly used in computers from Sanyo and Matsushita (Panasonic/National).
Overview
Here is a short overview of MSX-Engine chips.
MSX 1
Yamaha S3527
a Yamaha YM2149 PSG-sound chip, compatible with a General Instrument AY-3-8910
parallel I/O chip: backward compatible with the Intel i8255
standard MSX1 functions: DRAM control, slot selection, joystick ports, cassette/printer interface etc.
100 pins
Note that this IC is also used in many MSX2 computers, but does not include any MSX2-specific functions. In such machines, these are implemented using additional IC's
Sony MB64H131
Intel i8255
printer port
Toshiba T7775
CMOS-chip with all MSX 1 functions.
Toshiba T7937(A)
main CPU, a Zilog Z80 (clone) with a clock speed of 3,58 MHz.
PSG-sound chip, co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%20addition
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In geometry, the Minkowski sum of two sets of position vectors A and B in Euclidean space is formed by adding each vector in A to each vector in B:
The Minkowski difference (also Minkowski subtraction, Minkowski decomposition, or geometric difference) is the corresponding inverse, where produces a set that could be summed with B to recover A. This is defined as the complement of the Minkowski sum of the complement of A with the reflection of B about the origin.
This definition allows a symmetrical relationship between the Minkowski sum and difference. Note that alternately taking the sum and difference with B is not necessarily equivalent. The sum can fill gaps which the difference may not re-open, and the difference can erase small islands which the sum cannot recreate from nothing.
In 2D image processing the Minkowski sum and difference are known as dilation and erosion.
An alternative definition of the Minkowski difference is sometimes used for computing intersection of convex shapes. This is not equivalent to the previous definition, and is not an inverse of the sum operation. Instead it replaces the vector addition of the Minkowski sum with a vector subtraction. If the two convex shapes intersect, the resulting set will contain the origin.
The concept is named for Hermann Minkowski.
Example
For example, if we have two sets A and B, each consisting of three position vectors (informally, three points), representing the vertices of two triangles in , with coordinates
and
then their Minkowski sum is
which comprises the vertices of a hexagon.
For Minkowski addition, the , containing only the zero vector, 0, is an identity element: for every subset S of a vector space,
The empty set is important in Minkowski addition, because the empty set annihilates every other subset: for every subset S of a vector space, its sum with the empty set is empty:
For another example, consider the Minkowski sums of open or closed balls in the field which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicopper%20oxidase
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In molecular biology, multicopper oxidases are enzymes which oxidise their substrate by accepting electrons at a mononuclear copper centre and transferring them to a trinuclear copper centre; dioxygen binds to the trinuclear centre and, following the transfer of four electrons, is reduced to two molecules of water. There are three spectroscopically different copper centres found in multicopper oxidases: type 1 (or blue), type 2 (or normal) and type 3 (or coupled binuclear). Multicopper oxidases consist of 2, 3 or 6 of these homologous domains, which also share homology with the cupredoxins azurin and plastocyanin. Structurally, these domains consist of a cupredoxin-like fold, a beta-sandwich consisting of 7 strands in 2 beta-sheets, arranged in a Greek-key beta-barrel. Multicopper oxidases include:
Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase), a 6-domain enzyme found in the serum of mammals and birds that oxidizes different inorganic and organic substances; exhibits internal sequence homology that appears to have evolved from the triplication of a Cu-binding domain similar to that of laccase and ascorbate oxidase.
Laccase (urishiol oxidase), a 3-domain enzyme found in fungi and plants, which oxidizes different phenols and diamines. CueO is a laccase found in Escherichia coli that is involved in copper-resistance.
Ascorbate oxidase , a 3-domain enzyme found in higher plants.
Nitrite reductase , a 2-domain enzyme containing type-1 and type-2 copper centres.
In addition to the above enzymes there are a number of other proteins that are similar to the multi-copper oxidases in terms of structure and sequence, some of which have lost the ability to bind copper. These include: copper resistance protein A (copA) from a plasmid in Pseudomonas syringae; domain A of (non-copper binding) blood coagulation factors V (Fa V) and VIII (Fa VIII); yeast Fet3p (FET3) required for ferrous iron uptake; yeast hypothetical protein YFL041w; and the fission yeast homologue SpAC1F7.08.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap%20reduction
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In computational complexity theory, a gap reduction is a reduction to a particular type of decision problem, known as a c-gap problem. Such reductions provide information about the hardness of approximating solutions to optimization problems. In short, a gap problem refers to one wherein the objective is to distinguish between cases where the best solution is above one threshold from cases where the best solution is below another threshold, such that the two thresholds have a gap in between. Gap reductions can be used to demonstrate inapproximability results, as if a problem may be approximated to a better factor than the size of gap, then the approximation algorithm can be used to solve the corresponding gap problem.
-gap problem
We define a -gap problem as follows: given an optimization (maximization or minimization) problem , the equivalent -gap problem distinguishes between two cases, for an input and an instance of problem :
. Here, the best solution to instance of problem has a cost, or score, below .
. Here, the best solution to instance of problem has cost above The gap between the two thresholds is thus .
Note that whenever falls between the thresholds, there is no requirement on what the output should be. valid algorithm for the -gap problem may answer anything if is in the middle of the gap. The value does not need to be constant; it can depend on the size of the instance of . Note that -approximating the solution to an instance of is at least as hard as solving the -gap version of .
One can define an -gap problem similarly. The difference is that the thresholds do not depend on the input; instead, the lower threshold is and the upper threshold is .
Gap-producing reduction
A gap-producing reduction is a reduction from an optimization problem to a c-gap problem, so that solving the c-gap problem quickly would enable solving the optimization problem quickly. The term gap-producing arises from the nature of the reduction: the op
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Independent%20Game%20Developers%27%20Association
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The Independent Game Developers' Association (TIGA) is a trade association representing the business and commercial interests of some video and computer game developers in the UK and Europe.
TIGA aims to strengthen the games development and digital publishing sector by advocating for the industry, championing it in the media, and by offering commercial or educational support to members.
History
TIGA was launched in 2001 by Patricia Hewitt. TIGA was a founding member of the European Game Developers Federation (EGDF).
Richard Wilson is the current CEO, succeeding Fred Hasson who held the post since TIGA was founded until the end of 2007.
Board members
The TIGA Board is elected by TIGA members at the TIGA AGM each December. One half of the directors of TIGA must resign before each AGM, although they are free to seek re-election. 12 directors represent independent developers (of which 10 represent full members and 2 represent associate members). A further 4 directors represent publisher developer members.
Awards
Since 2010, TIGA has won 28 business awards, such as Global Business Excellence Awards in 2011, 2012 and 2017, Best Practice Awards 2011, Director of the Year Awards 2011, PRCA Awards 2012, Public Affairs Awards in 2012, The Association Excellence Awards in 2018, Best Professional Development Initiative 2019, Management and Leadership Awards, and accredited till 2022 by Investors in People.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Mazur
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Stanisław Mieczysław Mazur (1 January 1905, Lwów – 5 November 1981, Warsaw) was a Polish mathematician and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
Mazur made important contributions to geometrical methods in linear and nonlinear functional analysis and to the study of Banach algebras. He was also interested in summability theory, infinite games and computable functions.
Lwów and Warsaw
Mazur was a student of Stefan Banach at University of Lwów. His doctorate, under Banach's supervision, was awarded in 1935. Mazur, with Juliusz Schauder, was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1936 in Oslo.
Mazur was a close collaborator with Banach at Lwów and was a member of the Lwów School of Mathematics, where he participated in the mathematical activities at the Scottish Café. On 6 November 1936, he posed the "basis problem" of determining whether every Banach space has a Schauder basis, with Mazur promising a "live goose" as a reward: 37 years later and in a ceremony that was broadcast throughout Poland, Mazur awarded a live goose to Per Enflo for constructing a counter-example.
From 1948 Mazur worked at the University of Warsaw.
See also
Approximation problem
Approximation property
Banach–Mazur theorem
Banach–Mazur game
Compact operator
Gelfand–Mazur theorem
Mazur–Ulam theorem
Schauder basis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20cranial%20fossa
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The middle cranial fossa is formed by the sphenoid bones, and the temporal bones. It lodges the temporal lobes, and the pituitary gland. It is deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior cranial fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest.
It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellae; laterally by the temporal squamae, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater wings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures.
Anatomy
Features
Middle part
The middle part of the fossa presents, in front, the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity.
Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward and medialward and gives attachment to the cerebellar tentorium .
Behind the tuberculum sellae is a deep depression, the sella turcica, containing the fossa hypophyseos, which lodges the pituitary gland, and presents on its anterior wall the middle clinoid processes.
The sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a quadrilateral plate of bone, the dorsum sellae, the upper angles of which are surmounted by the posterior clinoid processes: these afford attachment to the cerebellar tentorium, and below each is a notch for the abducent nerve.
On either side of the sella turcica is the carotid groove, which is broad, shallow, and curved somewhat like the italic letter f.
It begins behind at the foramen lacerum, and ends on the medial side of the anterior clinoid process, where it is sometimes converted into a foramen (ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ET-188
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ET-188 was an IBM PC XT compatible computer made by the Yugoslav company Novkabel (Novosadska fabrika kabela - Novi Sad Cable Factory) from Novi Sad (now Serbia) in the 1980s.
Novkabel already had experience in developing computer systems (ERA 20, ERA 60 and others) which was used to make ET-188 as an original design, compatible with IBM PC XT.
To save space and to lower the cost, ET-188 used 8 MHz Intel 80188 CPU, with integrated timer, DMA and interrupt controller. This also made it faster than the original XT.
ET-188 was offered to the public in 1985 and advertised in the Yugoslav computer press.
An improved ET-188A model was in May 1986 presented to the public at the Belgrade International Fair of Technique and Technical Advancements with more RAM and a new redesigned case.
Among other things, ET-188A was used for education in classrooms throughout Vojvodina province.
Technical specifications
CPU: Intel 80188 running at 8 MHz
ROM: 8 KB custom made BIOS
RAM: 256KB (ET-188) or 512 KB (ET-188A), expandable up to 640 KB
Operating system: MS-DOS 3.20
Secondary storage: 2 x 5.25’’ 360KB floppy drive or 5.25’’ 360KB floppy drive + 22MB Tandon hard disk
Display: CGA or Hercules compatible adapter
Sound: beeper
I/O ports: DE9 video output, RS-232, parallel port, keyboard
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