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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilum%20%28anatomy%29 | In human anatomy, the hilum (; : hila), sometimes formerly called a hilus (; : hili), is a depression or fissure where structures such as blood vessels and nerves enter an organ. Examples include:
Hilum of kidney, admits the renal artery, vein, ureter, and nerves
Splenic hilum, on the surface of the spleen, admits the splenic artery, vein, lymph vessels, and nerves
Hilum of lung, a triangular depression where the structures which form the root of the lung enter and leave the viscus
Hilum of lymph node, the portion of a lymph node where the efferent vessels exit
Hilus of dentate gyrus, part of hippocampus that contains the mossy cells.
Anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticausal%20system | In systems theory, an anticausal system is a hypothetical system with outputs and internal states that depend solely on future input values. Some textbooks and published research literature might define an anticausal system to be one that does not depend on past input values, allowing also for the dependence on present input values.
An acausal system is a system that is not a causal system, that is one that depends on some future input values and possibly on some input values from the past or present. This is in contrast to a causal system which depends only on current and/or past input values. This is often a topic of control theory and digital signal processing (DSP).
Anticausal systems are also acausal, but the converse is not always true. An acausal system that has any dependence on past input values is not anticausal.
An example of acausal signal processing is the production of an output signal that is processed from an input signal that was recorded by looking at input values both forward and backward in time (from a predefined time arbitrarily denoted as the "present" time). In reality, that "present" time input, as well as the "future" time input values, have been recorded at some time in the past, but conceptually it can be called the "present" or "future" input values in this acausal process. This type of processing cannot be done in real time as future input values are not yet known, but is done after the input signal has been recorded and is post-processed.
Digital room correction in some sound reproduction systems rely on acausal filters. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Sol-Gel%20Science%20and%20Technology | The Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on sol-gel materials. Recent findings on new products developed via chemical nanotechnology are also included.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology has a 2021 impact factor of 2.606. It is the official journal of the International Sol-Gel Society.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (hTRPM4), also known as melastatin-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM4 gene.
TRPM4 Channel Blocker
9-Phenanthrol
TRPM4-IN-5
See also
TRPM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th%20meridian%20west%20from%20Washington | The 38th meridian west from Washington is an archaic meridian based on the Washington Meridian, lying approximately 115°02′48″ west of the Prime Meridian through Greenwich. The meridian is not currently used for any boundaries, but historically formed the eastern boundary of Nevada Territory and the state of Nevada and the western boundary of Utah Territory.
History
In 1861, the western portion of what was then Utah Territory was split off to form the Nevada Territory, and the boundary between the two territories was initially set at the 39th meridian west from Washington. However, gold was discovered the next year to the east of this meridian, and Nevada Territory's Congressional delegation requested that the boundary be moved east. Congress granted this request on July 14, 1862, moving the boundary east one degree to the 38th meridian. Nevada Territory became the state of Nevada in 1864, but its eastern boundary would remain at the 38th meridian until May 5, 1866. At that time, in part due to the discovery of more gold, the eastern boundary of Nevada was moved east one degree again to the 37th meridian, where it remains today. Since then, the 38th meridian has not served as a boundary for any U.S. state or territory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KdpD/KdpE%20two-component%20system | KdpD/KdpE two-component system is a regulatory system involved in controlling potassium transport and intracellular osmolarity of pathogenic bacteria. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Medicines%20Compendium | The Electronic Medicines Compendium is a provider of information on medicines, produced by Datapharm. It lists summaries of product characteristics and patient information leaflets. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonema | A protonema (plural: protonemata) is a thread-like chain of cells that forms the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte (the haploid phase) in the life cycle of mosses. When a moss first grows from a spore, it starts as a germ tube, which lengthens and branches into a filamentous complex known as a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophore, the adult form of a gametophyte in bryophytes.
Moss spores germinate to form an alga-like filamentous structure called the protonema. It represents the juvenile gametophyte. While the protonema is growing by apical cell division, at some stage, under the influence of the phytohormone cytokinin, buds are induced which grow by three-faced apical cells. These give rise to gametophores, stems and leaf like structures. Bryophytes do not have true leaves (megaphylls). Protonemata are characteristic of all mosses and some liverworts but are absent from hornworts.
Protonemata of mosses are composed of two cell types: chloronemata, which form upon germination, and caulonemata, which later differentiate from chloronemata and on which buds are formed, which then differentiate to gametophores. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowen%E2%80%93Conradi%20syndrome | Bowen–Conradi syndrome is a disease in humans that can affect children. The disease is due to an autosomal recessive abnormality of the EMG1 gene, which plays a role in small ribosomal subunit (SSU) assembly. The preponderance of diagnoses has been in North American Hutterite children, but BWCNS can affect other population groups.
BWCNS is a ribosomopathy. A D86G mutation of EMG1 destroys an EcoRV restriction endonuclease site in the most highly conserved region of the protein.
Skeletal dysmorphology is seen and severe prenatal and postnatal growth failure usually leads to death by one year of age. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20National%20Botanic%20Gardens | The Australian National Botanic Gardens (ANBG) is a heritage-listed botanical garden located in , Canberra, in the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Established in 1949, the Gardens is administered by the Australian Government's Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. The botanic gardens was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004.
The botanic gardens is the largest living collection of native Australian flora. The mission of the ANBG is to "study and promote Australia's flora". The gardens maintains a wide variety of botanical resources for researchers and cultivates native plants threatened in the wild. The herbarium code for the Australian National Botanic Gardens is CANB.
History
When Canberra was being planned in the 1930s, the establishment of the gardens was recommended in a report in 1933 by the Australian Capital Territory Advisory Council. In 1935, The Dickson Report set forth a framework for their development. A large site for the gardens was set aside on Black Mountain. In September 1949, the ceremonial planting of the first trees by Prime Minister Ben Chifley and Sir Edward Salisbury, director of Kew Gardens, took place. Development of the site, facilities and collection progressed and the Gardens were officially opened in October 1970 by Prime Minister John Gorton.
To celebrate the Gardens' 50th anniversary in 2020, a new Banksia garden was added, showcasing a wide selection of the over-170 Banksia species spread across the coasts and hinterland of most of mainland Australia and Tasmania.
The Gardens has tenure over on Black Mountain. Approximately are currently developed as the Botanic Gardens. Plans for the development of the remaining land are on hold until funds are available.
Collection
The gardens is organised in thematic sections; plants are grouped by shared taxonomy or are presented in ecological groupings that exist in nature. More than 5,500 species are cultivated. Displays include:
Rainforest G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%20wars | Math wars is the debate over modern mathematics education, textbooks and curricula in the United States that was triggered by the publication in 1989 of the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) and subsequent development and widespread adoption of a new generation of mathematics curricula inspired by these standards.
While the discussion about math skills has persisted for many decades, the term "math wars" was coined by commentators such as John A. Van de Walle and David Klein. The debate is over traditional mathematics and reform mathematics philosophy and curricula, which differ significantly in approach and content.
Advocates of reform
The largest supporter of reform in the US has been the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
One aspect of the debate is over how explicitly children must be taught skills based on formulas or algorithms (fixed, step-by-step procedures for solving math problems) versus a more inquiry-based approach in which students are exposed to real-world problems that help them develop fluency in number sense, reasoning, and problem-solving skills. In this latter approach, conceptual understanding is a primary goal and algorithmic fluency is expected to follow secondarily. Some parents and other stakeholders blame educators saying that failures occur not because the method is at fault, but because these educational methods require a great deal of expertise and have not always been implemented well in actual classrooms.
A backlash, which advocates call "poorly understood reform efforts" and critics call "a complete abandonment of instruction in basic mathematics," resulted in "math wars" between reform and traditional methods of mathematics education.
Critics of reform
Those who disagree with the inquiry-based philosophy maintain that students must first
develop computational skills before they can understand concepts of mathematics. These
skills shoul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Calcium | Cell Calcium is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier that covers the field of cell biology and focuses mainly on calcium signalling and metabolism in living organisms.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, Cell Calcium has a 2022 impact factor of 4.0. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20and%20the%20Mad%20Dog | Mike and the Mad Dog was an American sports radio show hosted by Mike Francesa and Christopher "Mad Dog" Russo that aired in afternoons on WFAN in New York City from September 1989 to August 2008. From 2002 the show was simulcast on television on the YES Network. On the radio, the show was simulcast beginning 2007 on WQYK in Tampa, Florida, and from 2004 until 2007 on WROW in Albany, New York.
History
Before Mike and the Mad Dog
Before Francesa and Russo were paired, Russo was an overnight/weekend and fill-in host. He caught the attention of Don Imus, who was impressed with his vibrant personality and brought Russo onto the Imus in the Morning show as its sports reporter.
Meanwhile, Francesa was a midday and weekend host at WFAN, and was known to be knowledgeable but somewhat dry on-air. Like Russo, Francesa got the attention of Imus when he made an on-the-air bet with Francesa that Seton Hall University's basketball team would not make the Final Four in the NCAA tournament. Imus promised Francesa a new Porsche if Seton Hall made the Final Four, which they did. Though Imus found a way around the bet, the dialogue between the two is considered to be among the classic moments in the history of Imus in the Morning.
Paired together
In August 1989, WFAN (which was owned at the time by Emmis Communications) was looking for hosts to replace the controversial Pete Franklin in the afternoon drive time period. Mark Mason, then the program director, floated the idea of teaming Francesa with Russo. At first, the station management thought the idea was crazy because they were no-names at that time. However, because of Francesa and Russo's popularity on the weekends and on Imus in the Morning individually, the station management decided to pair the two together. The show was dubbed Mike and the Mad Dog and debuted on September 5, 1989. However, the decision to pair them on an afternoon show was a surprise to the two men, and a risk. Things were rocky at first. Accordi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyoxyethylene%20stearate | Polyoxyethylene stearate is a non-ionic surfactant, which is permitted for use as the E number food additive E431. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20representation%20theory%20topics | This is a list of representation theory topics, by Wikipedia page. See also list of harmonic analysis topics, which is more directed towards the mathematical analysis aspects of representation theory.
See also: Glossary of representation theory
General representation theory
Linear representation
Unitary representation
Trivial representation
Irreducible representation
Semisimple
Complex representation
Real representation
Quaternionic representation
Pseudo-real representation
Symplectic representation
Schur's lemma
Restricted representation
Representation theory of groups
Group representation
Group ring
Maschke's theorem
Regular representation
Character (mathematics)
Character theory
Class function
Representation theory of finite groups
Modular representation theory
Frobenius reciprocity
Restricted representation
Induced representation
Peter–Weyl theorem
Young tableau
Spherical harmonic
Hecke operator
Representation theory of the symmetric group
Representation theory of diffeomorphism groups
Permutation representation
Affine representation
Projective representation
Central extension
Representation theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras
Representation of a Lie group
Lie algebra representation, Representation of a Lie superalgebra
Universal enveloping algebra
Casimir element
Infinitesimal character
Harish-Chandra homomorphism
Fundamental representation
Antifundamental representation
Bifundamental representation
Adjoint representation
Weight (representation theory)
Cartan's theorem
Spinor
Wigner's classification, Representation theory of the Poincaré group
Wigner–Eckart theorem
Stone–von Neumann theorem
Orbit method
Kirillov character formula
Weyl character formula
Discrete series representation
Principal series representation
Borel–Weil–Bott theorem
Weyl's character formula
Representation theory of algebras
Algebra representation
Representation theory of Hopf algebras
Representation theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramov%27s%20algorithm | In mathematics, particularly in computer algebra, Abramov's algorithm computes all rational solutions of a linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients. The algorithm was published by Sergei A. Abramov in 1989.
Universal denominator
The main concept in Abramov's algorithm is a universal denominator. Let be a field of characteristic zero. The dispersion of two polynomials is defined aswhere denotes the set of non-negative integers. Therefore the dispersion is the maximum such that the polynomial and the -times shifted polynomial have a common factor. It is if such a does not exist. The dispersion can be computed as the largest non-negative integer root of the resultant . Let be a recurrence equation of order with polynomial coefficients , polynomial right-hand side and rational sequence solution . It is possible to write for two relatively prime polynomials . Let andwhere denotes the falling factorial of a function. Then divides . So the polynomial can be used as a denominator for all rational solutions and hence it is called a universal denominator.
Algorithm
Let again be a recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients and a universal denominator. After substituting for an unknown polynomial and setting the recurrence equation is equivalent toAs the cancel this is a linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients which can be solved for an unknown polynomial solution . There are algorithms to find polynomial solutions. The solutions for can then be used again to compute the rational solutions .
algorithm rational_solutions is
input: Linear recurrence equation .
output: The general rational solution if there are any solutions, otherwise false.
Solve for general polynomial solution
if solution exists then
return general solution
else
return false
end if
Example
The homogeneous recurrence equation of order over has a rational solution. I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutation%20theorem%20for%20traces | In mathematics, a commutation theorem for traces explicitly identifies the commutant of a specific von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space in the presence of a trace.
The first such result was proved by Francis Joseph Murray and John von Neumann in the 1930s and applies to the von Neumann algebra generated by a discrete group or by the dynamical system associated with a measurable transformation preserving a probability measure.
Another important application is in the theory of unitary representations of unimodular locally compact groups, where the theory has been applied to the regular representation and other closely related representations. In particular this framework led to an abstract version of the Plancherel theorem for unimodular locally compact groups due to Irving Segal and Forrest Stinespring and an abstract Plancherel theorem for spherical functions associated with a Gelfand pair due to Roger Godement. Their work was put in final form in the 1950s by Jacques Dixmier as part of the theory of Hilbert algebras.
It was not until the late 1960s, prompted partly by results in algebraic quantum field theory and quantum statistical mechanics due to the school of Rudolf Haag, that the more general non-tracial Tomita–Takesaki theory was developed, heralding a new era in the theory of von Neumann algebras.
Commutation theorem for finite traces
Let H be a Hilbert space and M a von Neumann algebra on H with a unit vector Ω such that
M Ω is dense in H
M ' Ω is dense in H, where M ' denotes the commutant of M
(abΩ, Ω) = (baΩ, Ω) for all a, b in M.
The vector Ω is called a cyclic-separating trace vector. It is called a trace vector because the last condition means that the matrix coefficient corresponding to Ω defines a tracial state on M. It is called cyclic since Ω generates H as a topological M-module. It is called separating
because if aΩ = 0 for a in M, then aMΩ= (0), and hence a = 0.
It follows that the map
for a in M defines a conjugate-l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistus%20%C3%97%20rodiaei | Cistus × rodiaei Verg. 1932 is a variety of rockrose.
It is a small gray-green evergreen shrub reaching a maximum height of . These rockroses have huge deep pink flowers with a diameter of . They bloom from late April to early June. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercica | Tercica, Inc., was a biopharmaceutical company based in Brisbane, California, United States. It developed Increlex (mecasermin [rDNA origin] injection), also known as recombinant human Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (rhIGF-1). Tercica applied to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of Increlex as a long-term therapy for growth failure in children with severe primary IGF-1 deficiency (Primary IGFD), which is characterized by growth failure, and as a treatment for children with growth hormone (GH) gene deletion who have developed neutralizing antibodies to growth hormone.
Tercica licensed rights to develop, manufacture, and market Increlex from Genentech, Inc. Increlex conducted Phase III clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Increlex in children with Primary IGFD.
In 2007, a case between Insmed and Tercica was settled when the jury found that Insmed infringed patents licensed to Tercica for Increlex. In the settlement, Insmed agreed to stop selling Iplex in the United States as a treatment for growth deficiencies and to withdraw an application to have the drug approved for such use in Europe.
In 2008, the Ipsen Group acquired Tercica and changed its name to Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.
See also
Human growth hormone (HGH)
IGF-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%A4rn%C3%B6%20Marine%20Biological%20Laboratory | The Tjärnö Marine Laboratory is a marine science field station in Sweden. It is part of the University of Gothenburg and located on the island Tjärnö, Strömstad Municipality in the northern part of Bohuslän province.
TML was founded as a field station for university education in marine biology in 1963. During the first half of 1970s TML became manned year round, and scientists began to choose TML for their permanent place of work. The activities have expanded and diversified. 70 people now work permanently at TML.
Within 10 minutes by boat lies the Koster fjord, a 247 meter deep fissure fault between the Koster Islands and the mainland. It is in deep-water contact with the remaining Skagerrak, the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean beyond, leading to oceanic salinity, 35 ‰, in the bottom water. This is the only true oceanic environment in Sweden, with the highest number of marine species in Sweden. Between 5000 and 10000 species are to be found in the Skagerrak, and more than 200 of them do not occur elsewhere in Swedish waters. For instance, cold water reefs of stony corals could be found.
Annually, about 500 university students, mainly from Gothenburg, attend courses at TML, lasting from one week to one term. A large proportion of the education is devoted to identification of marine algal and animal species. Other courses are more concerned with ecology, including training in experiments and investigations. Field education, on research vessels, in smaller boats and at the shore, are common.
The major research programs are directed towards marine ecology, presented under six programs – marine chemical ecology, evolution and genetics, biodiversity, biohydrodynamics, fishery biology and aquaculture, and integrated coastal zone management. Most scientists at TML belong to the Department of Marine Sciences at the University of Gothenburg.
TML is a resource for regional industry, decision-makers and authorities, and gives support for the development of research-based |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donislecel | Donislecel, sold under the brand name Lantidra, is a cellular therapy medication used for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Donislecel is an allogeneic (donor) pancreatic islet cellular therapy made from deceased donor pancreatic cells. Donislecel is administered as a single infusion into the hepatic (liver) portal vein.
The most common adverse reactions include nausea, fatigue, anemia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
Donislecel was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023.
Medical uses
Donislecel is indicated for the treatment of adults with type1 diabetes who are unable to approach target glycated hemoglobin (average blood glucose levels) because of current repeated episodes of severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) despite intensive diabetes management and education.
The primary mechanism of action of donislecel is believed to be the secretion of insulin by the infused allogeneic islet beta cells. In some people with type1 diabetes, these infused cells can produce enough insulin, so the recipient no longer needs to take insulin (by injections or pump) to control their blood sugar levels.
Adverse effects
The most common adverse reactions include nausea, fatigue, anemia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
History
The safety and effectiveness of donislecel was evaluated in two non-randomized, single-arm studies in which a total of 30 participants with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemic unawareness received at least one infusion and a maximum of three infusions. Overall, 21 participants did not need to take insulin for a year or more, with eleven participants not needing insulin for one to five years and ten participants not needing insulin for more than five years. Five participants did not achieve any days of insulin independence.
The FDA granted marketing approval of Lantidra to CellTrans, Inc. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACER2 | Alkaline ceramidase 2 also known as ACER2 is a ceramidase enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ACER2 gene.
Function
The ACER2/sphingosine pathway plays an important role in regulating integrin β1 subunit (ITGB1) maturation and cell adhesion mediated by β1 integrins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Physical%20Journal%20B | The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers condensed matter physics, statistical and nonlinear physics, and complex systems. Part of the European Physical Journal series, it is jointly published by EDP Sciences, the Società Italiana di Fisica, and Springer Science+Business Media.
Abstracting and indexing
The European Physical Journal B is indexed in the following databases:
Science Citation Index
Journal Citation Reports
Materials Science Citation Index
Chemical Abstracts Service
CSA - ProQuest
Zentralblatt Math
See also
European Physical Journal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterRidge | InterRidge is a non-profit organisation that promotes interdisciplinary, international studies in the research of oceanic spreading centres, including mid-ocean ridge and back-arc basin systems. It does so by creating a global research community, planning and coordinating new science programmes that no single nation can achieve alone, exchanging scientific information, and sharing new technologies and facilities. InterRidge is dedicated to reaching out to the public, scientists and governments, and to providing a unified voice for ocean ridge researchers worldwide.
It was launched in 1992, and in 2011 InterRidge has 6 principal, 3 associate, and 21 corresponding member nations and regions. InterRidge has more than 2500 individual member scientists in disciplines ranging from marine geology to chemistry, biology, and ocean engineering.
The InterRidge Office rotates every 3 years. During 2013-2015, InterRidge is being hosted by the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Geophysics, Peking University, Beijing, China. InterRidge is governed by a steering committee consisting of delegates from the principal and associate member nations and regions.
Main functions
InterRidge has four main functions, which may be summarised as:
Building a community of ridge scientists
Identifying important scientific questions through working groups and workshops
Acting as a voice for ridge scientists
Education and outreach.
InterRidge serves as a "clearinghouse" for information on mid-ocean ridge research across the globe. InterRidge publishes an annual newsletter with preliminary results from field work, national and regional reports, and working group updates. InterRidge maintains 3 databases:
member database
research cruise database (past and upcoming cruises to the ridge crest)
database of active hydrothermal vent fields, established in 2000 (InterRidge Japan office)
Development
First decade (1992 - 2003)
InterRidge began at a meeting in France in 1990 that gathered ridge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verinice | Verinice is a free and open source information security management system (ISMS) application which can help in creating and maintaining systems for information and security management.
Verinice was written and is maintained primarily by a German company named SerNet Service Network GmbH.
Verinice is licensed under GNU General Public License (version 3 or later).
Its main users are usually small and medium companies, some big enterprises and government agencies.
In Germany, Verinice is the recommended
ISMS tool from German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA) for its members like Volkswagen, Daimler AG, Fiat and other big manufacturers. VDA is also sponsoring Verinice development since release 1.2.
Verinice supports the operating systems Windows, Linux and OS X and has licensed the IT Baseline Protection Catalogs from the Federal Office for Information Security.
Other tools for creating ISMS
CertVision NormTracker
HiScout GRC Suite
GS Tool
SecuMax
CRISAM
ibi systems iris
eramba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emodepside | Emodepside is an anthelmintic drug that is effective against a number of gastrointestinal nematodes, is licensed for use in cats and belongs to the class of drugs known as the octadepsipeptides, a relatively new class of anthelmintic (research into these compounds began in the early 1990s), which are suspected to achieve their anti-parasitic effect by a novel mechanism of action due to their ability to kill nematodes resistant to other anthelmintics.
Synthesis
Emodepside is synthesised by attaching a morpholine ring “at the paraposition of each of the two D-phenyllactic acids” to PF1022A, a metabolite of Mycelia sterile, a fungus that inhabits the leaves of Camellia japonica – a flowering shrub.
Anthelmintic effects
When applied to nematodes, emodepside has been shown to have a range of effects, inhibiting muscle in the parasitic nematode Ascaris sum, and inhibiting locomotive and pharyngeal movement in Caenorhabditis elegans in addition to having effects in other tissues such as the inhibition of egg laying.
Mechanism of action
One of the ways in which this drug achieves its effects has been shown to be through binding to a group of G-protein coupled receptors called latrophilins, first identified as being target proteins for α-latrotoxin (the other target protein of α-LTX being neurexin, a membrane receptor with laminin-like extracellular domains), a component of black widow spider venom that can cause paralysis and subsequent death in nematodes and humans alike. LAT-1 (1014 amino acids, 113 KDa coded by the B0457.1 gene) and LAT-2 (1338 amino acids, 147 KDa coded by the B0286.2 gene) are located presynaptically at the neuromuscular junction in Caenorhabditis elegans and share 21% amino acid identity with each other (the amino acid sequence homology LAT-1 shares with rat, bovine and human latrophilins has been shown to be 22, 23 and 21% respectively).
Following receptor-ligand binding, a conformational change induced in the receptor activates the Gq protein, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20storage%20oscilloscope | A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is an oscilloscope which stores and analyses the input signal digitally rather than using analog techniques. It is now the most common type of oscilloscope in use because of the advanced trigger, storage, display and measurement features which it typically provides.
The input analogue signal is sampled and then converted into a digital record of the amplitude of the signal at each sample time. The sampling frequency should be not less than the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing. These digital values are then turned back into an analogue signal for display on a cathode ray tube (CRT), or transformed as needed for the various possible types of output—liquid crystal display, chart recorder, plotter or network interface.
Digital storage oscilloscope costs vary widely; bench-top self-contained instruments (complete with displays) start at or even less, with high-performance models selling for tens of thousands of dollars. Small, pocket-size models, limited in function, may retail for as little as US$50.
Comparison with analog storage
The principal advantage over analog storage is that the stored traces are as bright, as sharply defined, and written as quickly as non-stored traces. Traces can be stored indefinitely or written out to some external data storage device and reloaded. This allows, for example, comparison of an acquired trace from a system under test with a standard trace acquired from a known-good system. Many models can display the waveform prior to the trigger signal.
Digital oscilloscopes usually analyze waveforms and provide numerical values as well as visual displays. These values typically include averages, maxima and minima, root mean square (RMS) and frequencies. They may be used to capture transient signals when operated in a single sweep mode, without the brightness and writing speed limitations of an analog storage oscilloscope.
The displayed trace can be manipulated after acquisition; a portion of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers%3A%20Endgame | Avengers: Endgame is a 2019 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, it is the direct sequel to Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and the 22nd film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo and written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, the film features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson, Jeremy Renner, Don Cheadle, Paul Rudd, Brie Larson, Karen Gillan, Danai Gurira, Benedict Wong, Jon Favreau, Bradley Cooper, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Josh Brolin. In the film, the surviving members of the Avengers and their allies attempt to reverse Thanos's actions in Infinity War.
The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers: Infinity War – Part 2, but Marvel later removed this title. The Russo brothers joined as directors in April 2015, with Markus and McFeely signing on to write the script a month later. The film serves as a conclusion to the story of the MCU up to that point, ending the story arcs for several main characters. The plot revisits several moments from earlier films, bringing back actors and settings from throughout the franchise. Filming began in August 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, shooting back-to-back with Infinity War, and ended in January 2018. Additional filming took place in the Metro and Downtown Atlanta areas, the state of New York, Scotland, and England. The official title was revealed in December 2018. With an estimated budget of $356–400million, the film is one of the most expensive films ever made.
Avengers: Endgame premiered in Los Angeles on April 22, 2019, and was released in the United States on April 26, as part of Phase Three of the MCU. The film received praise for its direction, acting, musical score, action sequences, visual effects, and emotional weight, with critics lauding its |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius%20Wigram | Octavius Wigram (18 December 1794 – 20 May 1878) was an English businessman and ship owner in the City of London, a member of Lloyds and Governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Corporation.
Life
Born at Walthamstow House, Walthamstow, on 18 December 1794, despite his name Wigram was the twelfth child and seventh son of Lady Eleanor and Sir Robert Wigram, 1st Baronet (1744–1830) His father was a merchant shipbuilder and Tory politician who had a total of twenty-three children. He was educated privately at Shacklewell, and at the age of sixteen he entered his father's counting-house. In 1819 he became a director of the Royal Exchange Assurance Company, remaining with the company until his death.
Wigram joined the London and Westminster Light Horse (a Volunteer regiment) as a trooper. At the coronation of King George IV at Westminster Abbey in 1820, Wigram was on duty, guarding one of the doors of the Abbey, when the new king's estranged wife Queen Caroline tried unsuccessfully to enter the Abbey by force. She was turned away. In 1822 he was commissioned as a cornet in the same regiment.
From 1823 to 1831 Wigram is listed as the owner of two ships in the service of the East India Company. In 1824 he was elected a member of Lloyds, and on 24 March 1824 was married at St George's, Hanover Square, by William Knox, Bishop of Derry, to the bishop's daughter, Isabella Charlotte, who was a niece of Thomas Knox, 2nd Viscount Northland, later created Earl of Ranfurly. They had three sons and three daughters. Until 1830 the Wigrams lived at 36, Wimpole Street, Westminster. They then moved to Thorpe Combe House and in 1841 to Dulwich.
Wigram was a partner in Huldart's Patent Cables Company and Reid's Brewery Company, was on the Committee of Lloyd's Register of Shipping, and was a member of a Royal Commission of inquiry into the law governing pilots.
In 1870 he was still Governor of the Royal Exchange Assurance Company, and the next year the Company presented him with his p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory%20loss | Many types of sense loss occur due to a dysfunctional sensation process, whether it be ineffective receptors, nerve damage, or cerebral impairment. Unlike agnosia, these impairments are due to damages prior to the perception process.
Vision loss
Degrees of vision loss vary dramatically, although the ICD-9 released in 1979 categorized them into three tiers: normal vision, low vision, and blindness. Two significant causes of vision loss due to sensory failures include media opacity and optic nerve diseases, although hypoxia and retinal disease can also lead to blindness. Most causes of vision loss can cause varying degrees of damage, from total blindness to a negligible effect. Media opacity occurs in the presence of opacities in the eye tissues or fluid, distorting and/or blocking the image prior to contact with the photoreceptor cells. Vision loss often results despite correctly functioning retinal receptors. Optic nerve diseases such as optic neuritis or retrobulbar neuritis lead to dysfunction in the afferent nerve pathway once the signal has been correctly transmitted from retinal photoreceptors.
Partial or total vision loss may affect every single area of a person's life. Though loss of eyesight may occur naturally as we age, trauma to the eye or exposure to hazardous conditions may also cause this serious condition. Workers in virtually any field may be at risk of sustaining eye injuries through trauma or exposure. A traumatic eye injury occurs when the eye itself sustains some form of trauma, whether a penetrating injury such as a laceration or a non-penetrating injury such as an impact. Because the eye is a delicate and complex organ, even a slight injury may have a temporary or permanent effect on eyesight.
Hearing loss
Similarly to vision loss, hearing loss can vary from full or partial inability to detect some or all frequencies of sound which can typically be heard by members of their species. For humans, this range is approximately 20 Hz to 20 k |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Jane%20West-Eberhard | Mary Jane West-Eberhard (born 1941) is an American theoretical biologist noted for arguing that phenotypic and developmental plasticity played a key role in shaping animal evolution and speciation. She is also an entomologist notable for her work on the behavior and evolution of social wasps.
She is a member both of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2005 she was elected to be a foreign member of the Italian Accademia dei Lincei. She has been a past president (1991) of the Society for the Study of Evolution. She won the 2003 R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Professional, Reference or Scholarly Work for her book Developmental Plasticity and Evolution (618 pages). In the same year she was the recipient of the Sewall Wright Award. She has been selected as one of the 21 "Leaders in Animal Behavior".
She is engaged in long-term research projects at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute at the Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Early life and education
West-Eberhard's mother was a primary school teacher, and her father, a small-town businessman, and as parents they encouraged her curiosity. She went to school in Plymouth Community Schools, Plymouth, Michigan. She recalls of her high school that the best scientific training "was an English course on critical reading and writing, taught by the school librarian. Biology class was just a workbook, an enormous disappointment for me."
She did all her degrees at the University of Michigan. She did her bachelor's degree from University of Michigan in zoology in 1963. She earned her master's degree from the same place in zoology in 1964, and then her PhD(zoology) in 1967. There she was taught by Richard D. Alexander and had part-time employment in its Museum of Zoology. She records that "I also learned the excitement of being a sleuth in the university libraries where even an undergraduate could explore an idea beyond textbooks and could f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20modeling |
Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes.
The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-dimensional (solid figures), although many of its tools and principles can be applied to sets of any finite dimension. Today most geometric modeling is done with computers and for computer-based applications. Two-dimensional models are important in computer typography and technical drawing. Three-dimensional models are central to computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and widely used in many applied technical fields such as civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, geology and medical image processing.
Geometric models are usually distinguished from procedural and object-oriented models, which define the shape implicitly by an opaque algorithm that generates its appearance. They are also contrasted with digital images and volumetric models which represent the shape as a subset of a fine regular partition of space; and with fractal models that give an infinitely recursive definition of the shape. However, these distinctions are often blurred: for instance, a digital image can be interpreted as a collection of colored squares; and geometric shapes such as circles are defined by implicit mathematical equations. Also, a fractal model yields a parametric or implicit model when its recursive definition is truncated to a finite depth.
Notable awards of the area are the John A. Gregory Memorial Award and the Bézier award.
See also
2D geometric modeling
Architectural geometry
Computational conformal geometry
Computational topology
Computer-aided engineering
Computer-aided manufacturing
Digital geometry
Geometric modeling kernel
List of interactive geometry software
Parametric equation
Parametric surface
Solid modeling
Space partitioning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-learning | Q-learning is a model-free reinforcement learning algorithm to learn the value of an action in a particular state. It does not require a model of the environment (hence "model-free"), and it can handle problems with stochastic transitions and rewards without requiring adaptations.
For any finite Markov decision process, Q-learning finds an optimal policy in the sense of maximizing the expected value of the total reward over any and all successive steps, starting from the current state. Q-learning can identify an optimal action-selection policy for any given finite Markov decision process, given infinite exploration time and a partly-random policy. "Q" refers to the function that the algorithm computes – the expected rewards for an action taken in a given state.
Reinforcement learning
Reinforcement learning involves an agent, a set of states , and a set of actions per state. By performing an action , the agent transitions from state to state. Executing an action in a specific state provides the agent with a reward (a numerical score).
The goal of the agent is to maximize its total reward. It does this by adding the maximum reward attainable from future states to the reward for achieving its current state, effectively influencing the current action by the potential future reward. This potential reward is a weighted sum of expected values of the rewards of all future steps starting from the current state.
As an example, consider the process of boarding a train, in which the reward is measured by the negative of the total time spent boarding (alternatively, the cost of boarding the train is equal to the boarding time). One strategy is to enter the train door as soon as they open, minimizing the initial wait time for yourself. If the train is crowded, however, then you will have a slow entry after the initial action of entering the door as people are fighting you to depart the train as you attempt to board. The total boarding time, or cost, is then:
0 seconds wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yip1%20domain%20family | The Yip1 domain family is a group of proteins involved in regulating secretory traffic in eukaryotes. The family consists of four members in yeast and nine members in humans. Family members have a shared architecture containing five transmembrane domains.
Evolution
Yip1 domain family members are found in all eukaryotes. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has four Yip1 domain family members: Yif1p, Yip1p, Yip4p, and Yip5p. The amino acid sequence of the Yip domain family members divides them into two groups, called α-subunits and β-subunits. The α-subunits – in yeast Yip1p and Yip4p – are more closely related to each other than they are to the β-subunits, Yip5p and Yif1p. In mammals, both groups are expanded, with α-subunits YipF4, YipF5, YipF6, and YipF7; as well as β-subunits Yif1A, Yif1B, YipF1, YipF2, and YipF3.
Function
Yip1 domain family members localize to the Golgi apparatus, where they interact with each other to form complexes involved in trafficking cargo within the Golgi, and/or between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. The Yip1 domain family members are widely distributed throughout the body – with the exception of YipF7 found primarily in the skeletal muscle and tongue, while YipF1A is predominantly in the liver. Within the cell, the different Yip family members have slightly different localizations, with YipF5, YipF7, Yif1A, and Yif1B (in yeast Yip1p and Yif1p) at the margin of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi; YipF3 and YipF4 at the cis-Golgi; and YipF1, YipF2, and Yipf6 (in yeast Yip4p and Yip5p) at the trans-Golgi.
YipF1 was conditionally knocked-out in mice with no observable effect.
A non-functional version of YipF6 exacerbated intestinal inflammation in mice, and sometimes resulted in spontaneous intestinal inflammatory disease.
Structure
Each Yip1 domain family protein contains five transmembrane domains, with the N-terminus exposed to the cytosol and the C-terminus to the Golgi apparatus lumen. Yip1 domain family members are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20archaeology | Computational archaeology describes computer-based analytical methods for the study of long-term human behaviour and behavioural evolution. As with other sub-disciplines that have prefixed 'computational' to their name (e.g., computational biology, computational physics and computational sociology), the term is reserved for (generally mathematical) methods that could not realistically be performed without the aid of a computer.
Computational archaeology may include the use of geographical information systems (GIS), especially when applied to spatial analyses such as viewshed analysis and least-cost path analysis as these approaches are sufficiently computationally complex that they are extremely difficult if not impossible to implement without the processing power of a computer. Likewise, some forms of statistical and mathematical modelling, and the computer simulation of human behaviour and behavioural evolution using software tools such as Swarm or Repast would also be impossible to calculate without computational aid. The application of a variety of other forms of complex and bespoke software to solve archaeological problems, such as human perception and movement within built environments using software such as University College London's Space Syntax program, also falls under the term 'computational archaeology'.
The acquisition, documentation and analysis of archaeological finds at excavations and in museums is an important field having pottery analysis as one of the major topics. In this area 3D-acquisition techniques like structured light scanning (SLS), photogrammetric methods like "structure from motion" (SfM), computed tomography as well as their combinations provide large data-sets of numerous objects for digital pottery research. These techniques are increasingly integrated into the in-situ workflow of excavations. The Austrian subproject of the Corpus vasorum antiquorum (CVA) is seminal for digital research on finds within museums.
Computational arch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levator%20veli%20palatini | The levator veli palatini () is a muscle of the soft palate and pharynx. It is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) via its pharyngeal plexus. During swallowing, it contracts, elevating the soft palate to help prevent food from entering the nasopharynx.
Structure
The levator veli palatini muscle occurs in the soft palate of the mouth. It forms a sling superior and immediately posterior to the palatine aponeurosis.
Origin
The primary site of origin of the muscle is a quadrangular roughened area upon the medial extremity of the inferior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone; here, the muscle arises by a small tendon.
Additional fibres of the muscle arise from the inferior aspect of the cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube, and the vaginal process of sphenoid bone.
Insertion
In the medial third of the soft palate, its fibers spread out between the two strands of the palatoglossus muscle to attach to the superior surface of the palatine aponeurosis and intermingle with fibres of its contralateral partner.
Nerve supply
The levator veli palatini muscle receives motor innervation from the vagus nerve (CN X) via the pharyngeal plexus.
Relations
During its course from its origin to its insertion, the muscle passes medial to the superior margin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
It lies lateral to the choana.
Actions/movements
The primary action of the muscle is to elevate and draw posterior-ward the nearly vertical posterior portion of the soft palate; thereby, the soft palate is brought into contact with the posterior wall of the pharynx, thus creating a barrier between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.
Additionally, the muscle draws the lateral walls of the nasopharynx posteromedially, thus narrowing the nasopharynx.
Function
The levator veli palatini muscle elevates the soft palate during swallowing. This helps to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx. Its action may be slightly slower than its partner, the tenso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BANA%20test | The BANA test (referring to the enzymatic breakdown of [N-benzoyl-dL-arginine-2-napthylamide]) is used to determine the proteolytic activity of certain oral anaerobes that contribute to oral malodor. Some bacteria, e.g. Prophyromona gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Bacteroides forsythus (Red complex) produce waste products that are quite odiferous, and as a result contribute to bad breath.
When a sample of a patient's saliva that contains these bacteria is placed within the BANA testing compound, it causes the breakdown of the N-benzoyl enzyme. As a result of this biodegradation occurs, the test compound changes color, indicating a positive reaction.
Uses: Used to identify volatile Sulphur compounds in halitosis patients. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email%20storm | An email storm (also called a reply all storm or sometimes reply allpocalypse) is a sudden spike of "reply all" messages on an email distribution list, usually caused by a controversial or misdirected message. Such storms can start when even one member of the distribution list replies to the entire list at the same time in response to an instigating message. When other members respond, pleading for the cessation of messages, asking to be removed from the list, or adding vitriol to the discussion this triggers a chain reaction of email messages. The sheer load of traffic generated by these storms can render the email servers inoperative, similar to a distributed denial-of-service attack.
Some email viruses also have the capacity to create email storms by sending copies of themselves to an infected user's contacts, including distribution lists, infecting the contacts in turn.
Examples
On 31 March 1987, Jordan Hubbard, using rwall, intended to message every machine at UC Berkeley, but the message was sent to every machine on the Internet listed in /etc/hosts. This message was not an email.
On 3 October 2007, an email storm was generated at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, causing more than 2.2 million messages to be sent and exposing the names of hundreds of security professionals.
In early 2009, U.S. State Department employees were warned they could face disciplinary action for taking part in a massive email storm that "nearly knocked out one of the State Department's main electronic communications systems".
In November 2012, New York University experienced a reply-all email storm with 39,979 subscribed addresses affected due to an older listserv-based mailing list.
On 18 September 2013, a Cisco employee sent an email to a "sep_training1" mailing list containing 23,570 members requesting that an online training be performed. The resulting storm of "unsubscribe", "me-too" requests and sarcastic facepalm images resulted in (by the time the list was clo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization%20for%20Bat%20Conservation | Organization for Bat Conservation (OBC) was a national environmental education nonprofit based in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, established to educate and inspire people to save bats. In February 2018, it was announced that the Organization was ceasing operations due to unexpected financial problems and personnel changes.
History
Founded in 1992, OBC was a leading environmental educator focused on bats. Its home base was at the Cranbrook Institute of Science in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where OBC operated the Bat Zone, a live animal center with approximately 200 animals including bats from around the world and other nocturnal animals. Each year, thousands of visitors came to the Bat Zone to attend tours and participate in live animal educational programs. OBC educators traveled throughout the country to present education programs to children and adults at schools, festivals, museums, science and nature centers each year.
OBC also organized and participated in several special events. The Annual Great Lakes Bat Festival, started in 2002, was created to celebrate the role of bats in the Great Lakes ecosystem as insect eaters, while dispelling misconceptions that generate fears and threaten bats and their habitats around the world. The goal of the festival is to help people understand the impact to natural ecosystems and human economies should bat populations continue to decline.
Rob Mies was removed from his position as Executive Director of OBC in February 2018.
Shortly after his dismissal, OBC announced that it would cease operation due to unexpected financial struggles.
Mies disagrees with the decision to dissolve OBC, and has called for the resignation of its board members to save the organization.
National Conservation Campaign
In September 2014, OBC launched a new public action campaign called Save the Bats. Save the Bats is aimed at preventing the decline of bat populations. Save the Bats encourages people to take local action to conserve bats, including in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20evolutionary%20genetics | Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave rise to the human genome, and its current effects. Differences between genomes have anthropological, medical, historical and forensic implications and applications. Genetic data can provide important insights into human evolution.
Origin of apes
Biologists classify humans, along with only a few other species, as great apes (species in the family Hominidae). The living Hominidae include two distinct species of chimpanzee (the bonobo, Pan paniscus, and the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes), two species of gorilla (the western gorilla, Gorilla gorilla, and the eastern gorilla, Gorilla graueri), and two species of orangutan (the Bornean orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, and the Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii). The great apes with the family Hylobatidae of gibbons form the superfamily Hominoidea of apes.
Apes, in turn, belong to the primate order (>400 species), along with the Old World monkeys, the New World monkeys, and others. Data from both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) indicate that primates belong to the group of Euarchontoglires, together with Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Dermoptera, and Scandentia. This is further supported by Alu-like short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) which have been found only in members of the Euarchontoglires.
Phylogenetics
A phylogenetic tree is usually derived from DNA or protein sequences from populations. Often, mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human demographics. These single-locus sources of DNA do not recombine and are almost always inherited from a single parent, with only one known exception in mtDNA. Individuals from closer geographic regions generally tend to be more similar than individuals from regions farther away. Distance on a phylogenetic tree can be used approximately to indicate:
Genetic distance. The genetic difference between humans and chimpanzee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20the%20Theory%20of%20Computation | Introduction to the Theory of Computation () is a textbook in theoretical computer science, written by Michael Sipser and first published by PWS Publishing in 1997.
See also
Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman, an older textbook in the same field |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotoga%20subterranea | Thermotoga subterranea is a thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, motile and Gram-negative bacterium, with type strain SL1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra%27s%20Schwartz%20space | In mathematical abstract harmonic analysis, Harish-Chandra's Schwartz space is a space of functions on a semisimple Lie group whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing, studied by . It is an analogue of the Schwartz space on a real vector space, and is used to define the space of tempered distributions on a semisimple Lie group.
Definition
The definition of the Schwartz space uses Harish-Chandra's Ξ function and his σ function. The σ function is defined by
for x=k exp X with k in K and X in p for a Cartan decomposition G = K exp p of the Lie group G, where ||X|| is a K-invariant Euclidean norm on p, usually chosen to be the Killing form. .
The Schwartz space on G consists roughly of the functions all of whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing compared to Ξ. More precisely, if G is connected then the Schwartz space consists of all smooth functions f on G such that
is bounded, where D is a product of left-invariant and right-invariant differential operators on G . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic%20bundle | In algebraic geometry, a conic bundle is an algebraic variety that appears as a solution of a Cartesian equation of the form:
Conic bundles can be considered a Severi–Brauer surface, or, more precisely, a Châtelet surface. This can be a double covering of a ruled surface. Through an isomorphism, it can be associated with a symbol in the second Galois cohomology of the field . In practice, it is more commonly observed as a surface with a well-understood divisor class group, and the simplest cases share with Del Pezzo surfaces the property of being a rational surface. But many problems of contemporary mathematics remain open, notably (for those examples which are not rational) the question of unirationality.
A naive point of view
In order to properly express a conic bundle, the initial step involves simplifying the quadratic form on the left side. This can be achieved through an alteration, as such:
In a second step, it should be placed in a projective space in order to complete the surface at infinity.
To achieve this, we write the equation in homogeneous coordinates and expresses the first visible part of the fiber:
That is not enough to complete the fiber as non-singular (smooth and proper), and then glue it to infinity by a change of classical maps.
Seen from infinity, (i.e. through the change ), the same fiber (excepted the fibers and ), written as the set of solutions where appears naturally as the reciprocal polynomial of . Details are below about the map-change .
The fiber c
Going a little further, while simplifying the issue, limit to cases where the field is of characteristic zero and denote by any integer except zero. Denote by P(T) a polynomial with coefficients in the field , of degree 2m or 2m − 1, without multiple root. Consider the scalar a.
One defines the reciprocal polynomial by , and the conic bundle Fa,P as follows:
Definition
is the surface obtained as "gluing" of the two surfaces and of equations
and
along |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20Paul%20Langevin | The prix Paul-Langevin is a prize created in 1956 and named in honor of Paul Langevin. It has been awarded each year since 1957 by the Société française de physique (SFP). The prize honors French physicists for work in theoretical physics.
The prix Paul Langevin should not be confused with the , which is a prize awarded in mathematics, physics, chemistry, or biology by the Académie des sciences.
Recipients
1957 Yves Ayant
1958 Jacques Winter
1959 Roland Omnès
1960 Philippe Nozières
1961 Cyrano de Dominicis
1962 Jacques Villain
1963 Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
1964 Marcel Froissart
1965 Robert Arvieu
1966 Roger Balian
1967 Jean Lascoux
1968 Émile Daniel
1969 Jean Ginibre
1970 Daniel Bessis
1971 Loup Verlet
1972 Claude Itzykson
1973 André Neveu
1974 Édouard Brézin
1975 Dominique Vautherin
1976 Gérard Toulouse
1977 Jean Zinn-Justin
1978 Jean Iliopoulos
1979 Richard Schaeffer
1980 Roland Seneor and Jacques Magnen
1981 Yves Pomeau
1982 Pierre Fayet
1983 Serge Aubry
1984 Thibault Damour
1985 Mannque Rho
1986 Bernard Julia
1987 Bernard Souillard
1988 Paul Manneville
1989 Jean Bellissard
1990 Pierre Coullet
1991 Jean-Bernard Zuber
1992 Rémy Mosseri
1993 Jean-François Joanny
1994 Dominique Escande
1995 Costas Kounnas
1996 Vincent Hakim
1997 Patrick Mora
1998 Denis Bernard
1999 Pierre Binétruy
2000 Jean-Louis Barrat
2001 Vincent Pasquier
2002 Leticia Cugliandolo and Jorge Kurchan
2004 Bart Van Tiggelen
2005 Satya Majumdar
2008 Rémi Monasson
2009 Alain Barrat
2010 Jean-Philippe Uzan
2015 François Gelis and Ubirajara van Kolck
2016 Silke Biermann and Jesper Jacobsen
2017 Olivier Bénichou and Raphaël Voituriez |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowotny%20phase | In inorganic chemistry, a Nowotny chimney ladder phase (NCL phase) is a particular intermetallic crystal structure found with certain binary compounds. NLC phases are generally tetragonal and are composed of two separate sublattices. The first is a tetragonal array of transition metal atoms, generally from group 4 through group 9 of the periodic table. Contained within this array of transition metal atoms is a second network of main group atoms, typically from group 13 (boron group) or group 14 (carbon group). The transition metal atoms form a chimney with helical zigzag chain. The main-group elements form a ladder spiraling inside the transition metal helix.
The phase is named after one of the early investigators H. Nowotny. Examples are RuGa2, Mn4Si7, Ru2Ge3, Ir3Ga5, Ir4Ge5 V17Ge31, Cr11Ge19, Mn11Si19, Mn15Si26, Mo9Ge16, Mo13Ge23, Rh10Ga17, and Rh17Ge22.
In RuGa2 the ruthenium atoms in the chimney are separated by 329 pm. The gallium atoms spiral around the Ru chimney with a Ga–Ga intrahelix distance of 257 pm. The view perpendicular to the chimney axis is that of a hexagonal lattice with gallium atoms occupying the vertices and ruthenium atoms occupying the center. Each gallium atom bonds to 5 other gallium atoms forming a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The gallium atoms carry a positive charge and the ruthenium atoms have a formal charge of −2 (filled 4d shell).
In Ru2Sn3 the ruthenium atoms spiral around the tin inner helix. In two dimension the Ru atoms form a tetragonal lattice with the tin atoms appearing as triangular units in the Ru channels.
The occurrence of a LCP phase can be predicted by the so-called 14 electron rule. In it the total number of valence electrons per transition metal atom is 14. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenario%20optimization | The scenario approach or scenario optimization approach is a technique for obtaining solutions to robust optimization and chance-constrained optimization problems based on a sample of the constraints. It also relates to inductive reasoning in modeling and decision-making. The technique has existed for decades as a heuristic approach and has more recently been given a systematic theoretical foundation.
In optimization, robustness features translate into constraints that are parameterized by the uncertain elements of the problem. In the scenario method, a solution is obtained by only looking at a random sample of constraints (heuristic approach) called scenarios and a deeply-grounded theory tells the user how “robust” the corresponding solution is related to other constraints. This theory justifies the use of randomization in robust and chance-constrained optimization.
Data-driven optimization
At times, scenarios are obtained as random extractions from a model. More often, however, scenarios are instances of the uncertain constraints that are obtained as observations (data-driven science). In this latter case, no model of uncertainty is needed to generate scenarios. Moreover, most remarkably, also in this case scenario optimization comes accompanied by a full-fledged theory because all scenario optimization results are distribution-free and can therefore be applied even when a model of uncertainty is not available.
Theoretical results
For constraints that are convex (e.g. in semidefinite problems, involving LMIs (Linear Matrix Inequalities)), a deep theoretical analysis has been established which shows that the probability that a new constraint is not satisfied follows a distribution that is dominated by a Beta distribution. This result is tight since it is exact for a whole class of convex problems. More generally, various empirical levels have been shown to follow a Dirichlet distribution, whose marginals are beta distribution. The scenario approach with regul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Isidoro%20Belzu | Manuel Isidoro Belzu Humérez (4 April 1808 – 27 March 1865) was a Bolivian military officer and statesman who served as the 11th president of Bolivia from 1848 to 1855. Under his presidency, the current national anthem and flag of Bolivia were adopted.
Early life and education
Belzu was born in La Paz to mestizo parents Gaspar Belzu and Manuela Humérez. He was educated as a youth by Franciscan friars. However, Belzu admired the heroes of the Spanish American wars of independence such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín and hoped to emulate them. For this reason, he decided to join Army of Liberation when he was fifteen, in hopes to join the fight against the Spanish in his homeland of Upper Peru. He joined the wars of independence, fighting under Andrés de Santa Cruz at Zepita (1823). After serving as an aide-de-camp to Agustín Gamarra, he left the Peruvian army when the latter entered Bolivia in 1828.
Marriage and family
Assigned as garrison commander to Tarija, where Francisco Burdett O'Connor was military governor at the time, Belzu married "up" by wedding a beautiful and intellectual Argentine lady, Juana Manuela Gorriti, who resided there with her family. General O'Connor would be one of the witnesses to the wedding and would later be a supporter of Belzu. They had two daughters, Edelmira and Mercedes. Edelmira would later marry General Jorge Córdova, who became Belzu's successor.
Military career and plots
Belzu fought in the battles of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy, during which he was promoted to the post of Army commander by President José Ballivián. He had fought bravely under his orders at the Battle of Ingavi (1841).
Originally a close friend and supporter of President Ballivián, Belzu turned against him about 1845. Ballivián had reportedly attempted to seduce Belzu's wife in his own Oruro home. Surprising the President there, Belzu shot at him and barely missed. The event sealed an undying enmity between the two that would never abate. Politic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Vasiliev | Victor Anatolyevich Vassiliev or Vasilyev (; born April 10, 1956), is a Soviet and Russian mathematician. He is best known for his discovery of the Vassiliev invariants in knot theory (also known as finite type invariants), which subsume many previously discovered polynomial knot invariants such as the Jones polynomial. He also works on singularity theory, topology, computational complexity theory, integral geometry, symplectic geometry, partial differential equations (geometry of wavefronts), complex analysis, combinatorics, and Picard–Lefschetz theory.
Biography
Vassiliev studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics at the Lomonosov University in Moscow until 1981. From 1981 to 1987 he was Senior Researcher at the Documents and Archives Research Institute, Moscow and a part-time mathematics teacher at Specialized Mathematical School No. 57, Moscow. In 1982 he defended his Kandidat nauk thesis under Vladimir Arnold and received the title of Doktor nauk in 1992.
From 1987 to 1989 he was Senior Researcher at the Statistical Information Systems Research Institute in Moscow. From 1989 to 1990 he was Senior Researcher at the Department of Functional Analysis in the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics in Moscow. From 1990 to 1995 he was Leading Researcher at the Department of Mathematics in the Research Institute for System Studies in Moscow. Since 1991 he has been professor at the Mathematics College of the Independent Moscow University. Since 1997 he has been Principal Researcher in the Department of Geometry and Topology at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow. Since 2009 he has been professor and department chair in Higher School of Economics -Faculty of Mathematics, HSE,.
Since 2019 his is a member and first chairperson of the Russian Academy of Science's Commission against falsification of scientific research.
He has been a visiting professor at the University of Paris VII, and at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI) at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune%20tolerance%20in%20pregnancy | Immune tolerance in pregnancy or maternal immune tolerance is the immune tolerance shown towards the fetus and placenta during pregnancy. This tolerance counters the immune response that would normally result in the rejection of something foreign in the body, as can happen in cases of spontaneous abortion. It is studied within the field of reproductive immunology.
Mechanisms
Placental mechanisms
The placenta functions as an immunological barrier between the mother and the fetus, creating an immunologically privileged site. For this purpose, it uses several mechanisms:
It secretes neurokinin B containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host.
Also, there is the presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the response to interleukin 2.
The placental trophoblast cells do not express the classical MHC class I isotypes HLA-A and HLA-B, unlike most other cells in the body, and this absence is assumed to prevent destruction by maternal cytotoxic T cells, which otherwise would recognize the fetal HLA-A and HLA-B molecules as foreign. On the other hand, they do express the atypical MHC class I isotypes HLA-E and HLA-G, which is assumed to prevent destruction by maternal natural killer cells, which otherwise destroy cells that do not express any MHC class I. However, trophoblast cells do express the rather typical HLA-C.
It forms a syncytium without any extracellular spaces between cells in order to limit the exchange of migratory immune cells between the developing embryo and the body of the mother (something an epithelium will not do sufficiently, as certain blood cells are specialized to be able to insert themselves between adjacent epithelial cells). The fusion of the cells is apparently caused by viral fusion proteins from endosymbiotic endogenous retrovirus. An immunoevasive action was the initial norm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completing%20the%20square | In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form
to the form
for some values of h and k.
In other words, completing the square places a perfect square trinomial inside of a quadratic expression.
Completing the square is used in
solving quadratic equations,
deriving the quadratic formula,
graphing quadratic functions,
evaluating integrals in calculus, such as Gaussian integrals with a linear term in the exponent,
finding Laplace transforms.
In mathematics, completing the square is often applied in any computation involving quadratic polynomials.
History
The technique of completing the square was known in the Old Babylonian Empire.
Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, a famous polymath who wrote the early algebraic treatise Al-Jabr, used the technique of completing the square to solve quadratic equations.
Overview
Background
The formula in elementary algebra for computing the square of a binomial is:
For example:
In any perfect square, the coefficient of x is twice the number p, and the constant term is equal to p2.
Basic example
Consider the following quadratic polynomial:
This quadratic is not a perfect square, since 28 is not the square of 5:
However, it is possible to write the original quadratic as the sum of this square and a constant:
This is called completing the square.
General description
Given any monic quadratic
it is possible to form a square that has the same first two terms:
This square differs from the original quadratic only in the value of the constant
term. Therefore, we can write
where . This operation is known as completing the square.
For example:
Non-monic case
Given a quadratic polynomial of the form
it is possible to factor out the coefficient a, and then complete the square for the resulting monic polynomial.
Example:
This process of factoring out the coefficient a can further be simplified by only factorising it out of the first 2 terms. The integer at the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID%20processing%20unit | A RAID processing unit (RPU) is an integrated circuit that performs specialized calculations in a RAID host adapter.
XOR calculations, for example, are necessary for calculating parity data, and for maintaining data integrity when writing to a disk array that uses a parity drive or data striping. An RPU may perform these calculations more efficiently than the computer's central processing unit (CPU). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-contact%20wafer%20testing | Non contact wafer testing is a normal step in semiconductor device fabrication, used to detect defects in integrated circuits (IC) before they are assembled during the IC packaging step.
Traditional (contact) wafer testing
Probing ICs while they are still on the wafer normally requires that contact be made between the automatic test equipment (ATE) and IC. This contact is usually made with some form of mechanical probe. A set of mechanical probes will often be arranged together on a probe card, which is attached to the wafer prober. The wafer is lifted by the wafer prober until metal pads on one or more ICs on the wafer make physical contact with the probes. A certain amount of over-travel is required after the first probe makes contact with the wafer, for two reasons:
to guarantee that all probes have made contact (to account for non-planarity of the wafer)
to break through the thin oxidized layer (if the metal pad is Aluminum) on the pad
There are numerous types of mechanical probes available commercially: their shape can be in the form of a cantilever, spring, or membrane, and they can be bent into shape, stamped, or made by microelectromechanical systems processing.
Using mechanical probes has certain drawbacks:
mechanical probing can damage the circuits under the probe pad on the IC
repeated probing can damage the probe pad on the IC, making further probing of that IC impossible
the probe card may be damaged from repeated contact, or become contaminated with debris created by contact with the wafer
the probe will act as a circuit and affect the results of the test. For this reason, the tests performed at wafer sort cannot always be identical and as extensive as those performed at the final device test after packaging is complete
since the probe pads are typically on the perimeter of the IC, the IC can soon become pad-limited. Shrinking pad sizes makes design and manufacturing of smaller and more accurate probes a challenge
Non-contact (wireless) wafer testi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal%20genome%20project | The Neanderthal genome project is an effort of a group of scientists to sequence the Neanderthal genome, founded in July 2006.
It was initiated by 454 Life Sciences, a biotechnology company based in Branford, Connecticut in the United States and is coordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. In May 2010 the project published their initial draft of the Neanderthal genome (Vi33.16, Vi33.25, Vi33.26) based on the analysis of four billion base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. The study determined that some mixture of genes occurred between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans and presented evidence that elements of their genome remain in modern humans outside Africa.
In December 2013, a high coverage genome of a Neanderthal was reported for the first time. DNA was extracted from a toe fragment from a female Neanderthal researchers have dubbed the "Altai Neandertal". It was found in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia and is estimated to be 50,000 years old.
Findings
The researchers recovered ancient DNA of Neanderthals by extracting the DNA from the femur bones of three 38,000 year-old female Neanderthal specimens from Vindija Cave, Croatia, and other bones found in Spain, Russia, and Germany. Only about half a gram of the bone samples (or 21 samples each 50–100 mg) was required for the sequencing, but the project faced many difficulties, including the contamination of the samples by the bacteria that had colonized the Neanderthal's body and humans who handled the bones at the excavation site and at the laboratory.
In February 2009, the Max Planck Institute's team led by Svante Pääbo announced that they had completed the first draft of the Neanderthal genome. An early analysis of the data suggested in "the genome of Neanderthals, a human species driven to extinction" "no significant trace of Neanderthal genes in modern humans". New results suggested that some adult Neanderthals were lactose intolerant. On the questi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park%20miniat%C3%BAr | Park miniatúr is a miniature park in Podolie, Slovakia. It displays 32 miniature models of architecture from Slovakia, built at a ratio of 1:25 and 1:50.
The park was established on 25 October 2003. In the final form of park, there will be 80 miniature models.
A small selection of the models:
Čachtický hrad
Tematín
Svätý Kríž
Nový zámok Banská Štiavnica
Červený Kameň
Parks in Slovakia
Miniature parks
Buildings and structures in Trenčín Region
Tourist attractions in Trenčín Region |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20D.%20Morley | Michael Darwin Morley (September 29, 1930 – October 11, 2020) was an American mathematician. At his death in 2020, Morley was professor emeritus at Cornell University. His research was in mathematical logic and model theory, and he is best known for Morley's categoricity theorem, which he proved in his PhD thesis Categoricity in Power in 1962.
Early life and education
Morley was born in Youngstown, Ohio, on September 29, 1930. He obtained his BS in mathematics from Case Institute of Technology in 1951 and his PhD in mathematics from the University of Chicago in 1962. Morley's formal PhD advisor at the University of Chicago was Saunders Mac Lane, but he completed his thesis under the guidance of Robert Vaught at the University of California, Berkeley. His dissertation was titled Categoricity in Power.
Career
Morley was an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1963 to 1967. He joined the faculty at Cornell University in 1967 as an associate professor, was promoted to professor in 1970, and became a professor emeritus in 2003. He served as president of the Association for Symbolic Logic from 1986 to 1989.
Morley received the 2003 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research from the American Mathematical Society for his 1965 paper "Categoricity in Power". This paper, his doctoral dissertation, introduced Morley rank and proved Morley's categoricity theorem.
Personal life
Morley died on October 11, 2020, in Sayre, Pennsylvania.
Selected publications
See also
Morley's problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Hartree%E2%80%93Fock | In computational chemistry, post–Hartree–Fock (post-HF) methods are the set of methods developed to improve on the Hartree–Fock (HF), or self-consistent field (SCF) method. They add electron correlation which is a more accurate way of including the repulsions between electrons than in the Hartree–Fock method where repulsions are only averaged.
Details
In general, the SCF procedure makes several assumptions about the nature of the multi-body Schrödinger equation and its set of solutions:
For molecules, the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is inherently assumed. The true wavefunction should also be a function of the coordinates of each of the nuclei.
Typically, relativistic effects are completely neglected. The momentum operator is assumed to be completely nonrelativistic.
The basis set is composed of a finite number of orthogonal functions. The true wavefunction is a linear combination of functions from a complete (infinite) basis set.
The energy eigenfunctions are assumed to be products of one-electron wavefunctions. The effects of electron correlation, beyond that of exchange energy resulting from the anti-symmetrization of the wavefunction, are completely neglected.
For the great majority of systems under study, in particular for excited states and processes such as molecular dissociation reactions, the fourth item is by far the most important. As a result, the term post–Hartree–Fock method is typically used for methods of approximating the electron correlation of a system.
Usually, post–Hartree–Fock methods give more accurate results than Hartree–Fock calculations, although the added accuracy comes with the price of added computational cost.
Post–Hartree–Fock methods
Configuration interaction (CI)
Coupled cluster (CC)
Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH,)
Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2, MP3, MP4, etc.)
Quadratic configuration interaction (QCI)
Quantum chemistry composite methods (G2, G3, CBS, T1. etc.)
Related methods
Method |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk%20basic%20protein | Milk basic protein (MBP) is a fraction of whey protein found in milk. Separated from milk through the process of fractionation, it is a functional compound and consists of several milk proteins which are biologically active. The composition is approximately 54% lactoferrin and 41% lactoperoxidase, with other active proteins, such as Cyastin C and high mobility group-like proteins, making up the remainder of the fraction. MBP has been evaluated for safety and is intended for use as a dietary ingredient. It is approved in Japan as a functional food ingredient in tofu and nattō.
Biological function
Active substances in the milk basic protein fraction promote bone formation and suppress bone resorption. It has been found to decrease the formation of osteoclast pits, which act to break down bone and release minerals for resorption into plasma, MBP helps to reduce this process. It also increases bone mineralization by stimulating proliferation of osteoblasts which are involved in collagen production and bone formation. Daily supplementation with 40 mg of MBP over 6 months has been shown to result in increased bone mineral density and lower urinary markers of bone resorption.
Clinical relevance
It has been found to have a role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Direct effects have been identified between MBP and strengthening of bones, through its influences on bone remodelling (formation and resorption) and enhancement bone mineral density. These actions may be beneficial for pre-menopausal and menopausal women in particular, as increased bone mineral density decreases the risk of fractures associated with osteoporosis.
Allergen Labeling
Previous studies have concluded that "the protein components in MBP are unlikely to present any increased risk of allergy for milk allergic subjects or of cross-reactivity for other allergic subjects" (Goodman et al. 2007, p. 1787). However, the United States of America and the European Union have not deemed it to be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20drunk | Food drunkenness is the physiological state of a person after consuming large amounts of food.
Historical meaning
The use of the word "drunk" to signify being overcome by substances other than alcohol is long-established, e.g. drunk with opium (1585), or with tobacco (1698).
In October 1905, Thomas Edison (then 58 years old) declared that "the country is food drunk.... the people eat too much and sleep too much, and don't work enough". Citing the theories of Louis Cornaro (born 1464), Edison explained how an assistant had been so affected by experiments with X-rays that "doctors had to amputate one limb after another.... and finally he died". Thomas Edison also stated that by reducing his food intake to a day, at the end of two months he weighed just as much as when he began, exactly .
The phrase was echoed by Dr J E Rullfson of Toledo after fasting for sixty days from January 5, 1907. He holds that the entire human race is food drunk, saying "the dinner eaten by Napoleon just before the Battle of Leipzig proved so indigestible that the monarch's brain was clouded and as a result the battle was lost and a pie which King Philip failed to digest caused the revolt of the Netherlands."
State of being food drunk
When people overeat, their bodies have the tendency to chemically change, including metabolic shifts. There are also electrolyte imbalances due to the process of digestion that occur once the massive amounts of food have been deposited into the body. This can also cause a feeling of depression, emotional attachment to food, fatigue, and also boredom. This is hypothesized to be partially due to dopamine and endorphin release after food consumption (especially spicy foods).
See also
Postprandial somnolence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha1sum | is a computer program that calculates and verifies SHA-1 hashes. It is commonly used to verify the integrity of files. It (or a variant) is installed by default on most Linux distributions. Typically distributed alongside are , , and , which use a specific SHA-2 hash function and , which uses the BLAKE2 cryptographic hash function.
The SHA-1 variants are proven vulnerable to collision attacks, and users should instead use, for example, a SHA-2 variant such as or the BLAKE2 variant to prevent tampering by an adversary.
It is included in GNU Core Utilities, Busybox (excluding ), and Toybox (excluding ). Ports to a wide variety of systems are available, including Microsoft Windows.
Examples
To create a file with a SHA-1 hash in it, if one is not provided:
$ sha1sum filename [filename2] ... > SHA1SUM
If distributing one file, the file extension may be appended to the filename e.g.:
$ sha1sum --binary my-zip.tar.gz > my-zip.tar.gz.sha1
The output contains one line per file of the form "{hash} SPACE (ASTERISK|SPACE) [{directory} SLASH] {filename}". (Note well, if the hash digest creation is performed in text mode instead of binary mode, then there will be two space characters instead of a single space character and an asterisk.) For example:
$ sha1sum -b my-zip.tar.gz
d5db29cd03a2ed055086cef9c31c252b4587d6d0 *my-zip.tar.gz
$ sha1sum -b subdir/filename2
55086cef9c87d6d031cd5db29cd03a2ed0252b45 *subdir/filename2
To verify that a file was downloaded correctly or that it has not been tampered with:
$ sha1sum -c SHA1SUM
filename: OK
filename2: OK
$ sha1sum -c my-zip.tar.gz.sha1
my-zip.tar.gz: OK
Hash file trees
can only create checksums of one or multiple files inside a directory, but not of a directory tree, i.e. of subdirectories, sub-subdirectories, etc. and the files they contain. This is possible by using in combination with the find command with the option, or by piping the output from into xargs. can create checksums of a directory tree.
To use with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%20membrane | In quantum mechanics, a Dirac membrane is a model of a charged membrane introduced by Paul Dirac in 1962. Dirac's original motivation was to explain the mass of the muon as an excitation of the ground state corresponding to an electron. Anticipating the birth of string theory by almost a decade, he was the first to introduce what is now called a type of Nambu–Goto action for membranes.
In the Dirac membrane model the repulsive electromagnetic forces on the membrane are balanced by the contracting ones coming from the positive tension. In the case of the spherical membrane, classical equations of motion imply that the balance is met for the radius , where is the classical electron radius. Using Bohr–Sommerfeld quantisation condition for the Hamiltonian of the spherically symmetric membrane, Dirac finds the approximation of the mass corresponding to the first excitation as , where is the mass of the electron, which is about a quarter of the observed muon mass.
Action principle
Dirac chose a non-standard way to formulate the action principle for the membrane. Because closed membranes in provide a natural split of space into the interior and the exterior there exists a special curvilinear system of coordinates in spacetime and a function such that
- defines a membrane
- , describe a region outside or inside the membrane
Choosing and the following gauge , ,
where , ( ) is the internal parametrization of the membrane world-volume, the membrane action proposed by Dirac is
where the induced metric and the factors J and M are given by
In the above are rectilinear and orthogonal. The space-time signature used is (+,-,-,-). Note that is just a usual action for the electromagnetic field in a curvilinear system while is the integral over the membrane world-volume i.e. precisely the type of the action used later in string theory.
Equations of motion
There are 3 equations of motion following from the variation with respect to and . They ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linktree | Linktree is a freemium social media reference landing page developed by Alex Zaccaria, Anthony Zaccaria, and Nick Humphreys, headquartered in Melbourne Australia. Founded in 2016, it serves as a landing page for a person or company's entire associated links in social media, which rarely allows linking to multiple sites. The site was inspired by the developers' annoyance with social media that can't allow multiple hyperlinks.
History
Linktree was established in 2016, out of annoyance regarding social media that does not allow multiple hyperlinks in profiles. The site was created in six hours. It is reported to have gained 3,000 users overnight, which caused the server to crash due to overload. In 2018, Instagram banned the site due to "spam", although it was lifted and Instagram issued an apology. In December 2018, the number of users reached 1 million, then 3 million by the end of 2019. By October 2020, Linktree had gained more than 8 million users.
As of March 2021, the number of users reached nearly 16 million, with an increase of 300% over the previous year.
In August 2021 Linktree announced the acquisition of smart link provider Odesli to become a "one-stop-shop" for musicians seeking to monetize their art.
Features and subscriptions
Linktree is a freemium service: it is free, but also offers a 'Pro' subscription launched in April 2017, which gives more benefits, such as more customization options, more detailed analytics, email sign-up integration, removal of the Linktree logo, etc. Users can upload as many links as they wish despite not subscribing. Pro analytics allows users to view their click-through rates. Both offerings allow users to create a personalized and customizable page, that houses all social media links and official websites. Linktree also partnered with Amazon, allowing users to upload their Amazon store profile as an affiliate link. Amid the George Floyd protests, Linktree allowed users to adopt a 'Support Anti-Racism' icon, which pops a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RadioDNS | RadioDNS is an organisation that promotes the use of open technology standards to enable hybrid radio. Hybrid radio combines broadcast radio and internet (IP) technologies to create a harmonised distribution technology.
The core technology standard (ETSI TS 103 270) relies on the Domain Name System (DNS) to allow a connected radio receiver to look up IP resources based on their broadcast parameters, such as the station identifier received within the broadcast signal. RadioDNS operates the root name server for the radiodns.org domain according to a published trust model. Although RadioDNS reserves the right to charge a small annual registration fee of USD10, this has never been charged and continues to be waived.
The project is an open standard, initially created by a series of broadcasters and manufacturers.
History
RadioDNS was originally created as a collaborative project between Global Radio (at that time called GCap Media) and the BBC, to investigate creating a mechanism for linking Broadcast Radio and IP delivered webservices.
The concept was first presented to the WorldDMB Technical Committee in Munich in May 2008. Interest in the project grew, to the extent where it was necessary to formalise the project.
The First General Meeting of RadioDNS was hosted by the European Broadcasting Union in Geneva in October 2009
The Second General Meeting of RadioDNS (held on 16 February 2010 in Geneva) adopted the Statutes, Intellectual Rights Policy, Trust Model and Membership Process, and thus effectively established RadioDNS as a not-for-profit organisation.
At the Seventh General Meeting (held on 18 July 2013), the Members unanimously voted to incorporate RadioDNS as a Company Limited by Guarantee, registered in England and Wales. The company is jointly owned by its members, is governed by Articles and continues as not-for-profit entity. RadioDNS Limited holds the trademark registrations of the RadioDNS Logo and Words.
In January 2015, the original technology s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibonding%20molecular%20orbital | In theoretical chemistry, an antibonding orbital is a type of molecular orbital that weakens the chemical bond between two atoms and helps to raise the energy of the molecule relative to the separated atoms. Such an orbital has one or more nodes in the bonding region between the nuclei. The density of the electrons in the orbital is concentrated outside the bonding region and acts to pull one nucleus away from the other and tends to cause mutual repulsion between the two atoms. This is in contrast to a bonding molecular orbital, which has a lower energy than that of the separate atoms, and is responsible for chemical bonds.
Diatomic molecules
Antibonding molecular orbitals (MOs) are normally higher in energy than bonding molecular orbitals. Bonding and antibonding orbitals form when atoms combine into molecules. If two hydrogen atoms are initially far apart, they have identical atomic orbitals. However, as the spacing between the two atoms becomes smaller, the electron wave functions begin to overlap. The Pauli exclusion principle prohibits any two electrons (e-) in a molecule from having the same set of quantum numbers. Therefore each original atomic orbital of the isolated atoms (for example, the ground state energy level, 1s) splits into two molecular orbitals belonging to the pair, one lower in energy than the original atomic level and one higher. The orbital which is in a lower energy state than the orbitals of the separate atoms is the bonding orbital, which is more stable and promotes the bonding of the two H atoms into H2. The higher-energy orbital is the antibonding orbital, which is less stable and opposes bonding if it is occupied. In a molecule such as H2, the two electrons normally occupy the lower-energy bonding orbital, so that the molecule is more stable than the separate H atoms.
A molecular orbital becomes antibonding when there is less electron density between the two nuclei than there would be if there were no bonding interaction at all. When |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20cartilage | Artificial cartilage is a synthetic material made of hydrogels or polymers that aims to mimic the functional properties of natural cartilage in the human body. Tissue engineering principles are used in order to create a non-degradable and biocompatible material that can replace cartilage. While creating a useful synthetic cartilage material, certain challenges need to be overcome. First, cartilage is an avascular structure in the body and therefore does not repair itself. This creates issues in regeneration of the tissue. Synthetic cartilage also needs to be stably attached to its underlying surface i.e. the bone. Lastly, in the case of creating synthetic cartilage to be used in joint spaces, high mechanical strength under compression needs to be an intrinsic property of the material.
Natural cartilage
There are three types of cartilage in the human body: fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage. Each type of cartilage has varying concentrations of components such as proteoglycans, collagen and water which determine its functional properties and location in the body. Fibrocartilage is most often found in the intervertebral discs, elastic cartilage is found in the external ear and hyaline cartilage is found on many joint surfaces in the body. Replacement of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) is the most common application of synthetic cartilage.
Articular cartilage
Cartilage is an avascular, aneural and alymphatic tissue within the body. The extracellular matrix (ECM) of collagen is what gives it its high strength. The figure below shows the components of the ECM.
Components
Water: Water makes up around 80% of cartilage.
Chondrocytes: Chondrocytes are the cells that produce and maintain the cartilaginous matrix. They are sparsely dispersed throughout cartilage and make up only about 2% of the total volume of cartilage. Chondrocytes vary in size, shape and concentration depending on their location in articular cartilage.
Collagen: Collagen i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome%20recycling%20factor | Ribosome recycling factor or ribosome release factor (RRF) is a protein found in bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts. It functions to recycle ribosomes after completion of protein synthesis (bacterial translation). In humans, the mitochrondrial version is coded by the MRRF gene.
Discovery
The ribosome recycling factor was discovered in the early 1970s by the work of Akira Kaji and Akikazu Hiroshima at the University of Pennsylvania. Their work described the requirement for two protein factors to release ribosomes from mRNA. These two factors were identified as RRF, an unknown protein until then, and Elongation Factor G (EF-G), a protein already identified and known to function in protein synthesis. RRF was originally called Ribosome Releasing Factor but is now called Ribosome Recycling Factor.
Function
RRF accomplishes the recycling of ribosomes by splitting ribosomes into subunits, thereby releasing the bound mRNA. This also requires the participation of EF-G (GFM2 in humans). Depending on the tRNA, IF1–IF3 may also perform recycling.
Loss of RRF function
In Bacteria (specifically Escherichia coli), loss of the gene encoding RRF is deleterious. This makes RRF a possible target for new antibacterial drugs.
Yeast mitochondrial RRF (mtRRF) is encoded by a gene in the cell nucleus. Loss of function of this gene leads to mitochondrial genome instability and respiratory incompetence.
Structure and binding to ribosomes
The crystal structure of RRF was first determined by X-ray diffraction in 1999. The most striking revelation was that RRF is a near-perfect structural mimic of tRNA, in both size and dimensions. One view of RRF can be seen here.
Despite the tRNA-mimicry, RRF binds to ribosomes quite differently from the way tRNA does. It has been suggested that ribosomes bind proteins (or protein domain) of similar shape and size to tRNA, and this, rather than function, explains the observed structural mimicr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulcus%20limitans%20%28neural%20tube%29 | A shallow, longitudinal groove separating the developing gray matter into a basal and alar plates along the length of the neural tube. The sulcus limitans extends the length of the spinal cord and through the mesencephalon. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun%27s%20theorem | In number theory, Brun's theorem states that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes (pairs of prime numbers which differ by 2) converges to a finite value known as Brun's constant, usually denoted by B2 . Brun's theorem was proved by Viggo Brun in 1919, and it has historical importance in the introduction of sieve methods.
Asymptotic bounds on twin primes
The convergence of the sum of reciprocals of twin primes follows from bounds on the density of the sequence of twin primes.
Let denote the number of primes p ≤ x for which p + 2 is also prime (i.e. is the number of twin primes with the smaller at most x). Then, we have
That is, twin primes are less frequent than prime numbers by nearly a logarithmic factor.
This bound gives the intuition that the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes converges, or stated in other words, the twin primes form a small set. In explicit terms, the sum
either has finitely many terms or has infinitely many terms but is convergent: its value is known as Brun's constant.
If it were the case that the sum diverged, then that fact would imply that there are infinitely many twin primes. Because the sum of the reciprocals of the twin primes instead converges, it is not possible to conclude from this result that there are finitely many or infinitely many twin primes. Brun's constant could be an irrational number only if there are infinitely many twin primes.
Numerical estimates
The series converges extremely slowly. Thomas Nicely remarks that after summing the first billion (109) terms, the relative error is still more than 5%.
By calculating the twin primes up to 1014 (and discovering the Pentium FDIV bug along the way), Nicely heuristically estimated Brun's constant to be 1.902160578. Nicely has extended his computation to 1.6 as of 18 January 2010 but this is not the largest computation of its type.
In 2002, Pascal Sebah and Patrick Demichel used all twin primes up to 1016 to give the estimate that B2 ≈ 1.902160583104. Henc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impartial%20culture | Impartial culture (IC) or the culture of indifference is a probabilistic model used in social choice theory for analyzing ranked voting method rules.
The model is understood to be unrealistic, and not a good representation of real-world voting behavior, however, it is useful for mathematical comparisons of voting methods under reproducible, worst-case scenarios.
The model assumes that each voter provides a complete strict ranking of all the candidates (with no equal rankings or blanks), which is drawn from a set of all possible rankings. For candidates, there are possible strict rankings (permutations).
There are three variations of the model that use different subsets of the full set of possible rankings, so that different election permutations are drawn with different probabilities:
Impartial Culture (IC)
This model assumes that each voter's ranking is randomly selected from a uniform distribution. If these are chosen by voters, there are thus possible elections ("preference profiles".)
Impartial Anonymous Culture (IAC)
This reduces the set of possible elections by eliminating those that are equivalent if the voter identities are unknown. For example, the two-candidate, three-voter election {A>B, A>B, B>A} is equivalent to the election where the second and third voters swap votes: {A>B, B>A, A>B}, and so all variations on this set of votes are only included once. The set of all such elections is called the anonymous equivalence class (AEC), and if the strict rankings are being chosen by voters, there are possible elections
This is also referred to as the "Dirichlet" or "simplex" model.
Impartial, Anonymous, and Neutral Culture (IANC)
This reduces the set of possible elections further, by eliminating those that are equivalent if the candidate identities are unknown. For example, the two-candidate, three-voter election {A>B, A>B, B>A} is equivalent to the election where the two candidates are swapped: {B>A, B>A, A>B}. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20property | A physical property is any property that is measurable, involved in the physical system, intensity on the object's state and behavior. The changes in the physical properties of a system can be used to describe its changes between momentary states. A quantifiable physical property is called physical quantity. Measurable physical quantities are often referred to as observables.
Some physical properties are qualitative, such as shininess, brittleness, etc.; some general qualitative properties admit more specific related quantitative properties, such as in opacity, hardness, ductility,viscosity, etc.
Physical properties are often characterized as intensive and extensive properties. An intensive property does not depend on the size or extent of the system, nor on the amount of matter in the object, while an extensive property shows an additive relationship. These classifications are in general only valid in cases when smaller subdivisions of the sample do not interact in some physical or chemical process when combined.
Properties may also be classified with respect to the directionality of their nature. For example, isotropic properties do not change with the direction of observation, and anisotropic properties do have spatial variance.
It may be difficult to determine whether a given property is a material property or not. Color, for example, can be seen and measured; however, what one perceives as color is really an interpretation of the reflective properties of a surface and the light used to illuminate it. In this sense, many ostensibly physical properties are called supervenient. A supervenient property is one which is actual, but is secondary to some underlying reality. This is similar to the way in which objects are supervenient on atomic structure. A cup might have the physical properties of mass, shape, color, temperature, etc., but these properties are supervenient on the underlying atomic structure, which may in turn be supervenient on an underlying quan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer%20network | The notion of consumer networks expresses the idea that people's embeddedness in social networks affects their behavior as consumers. Interactions within consumer networks such as information exchange and imitation can affect demand and market outcomes in ways not considered in the neoclassical theory of consumer choice.
Economics
Economic research on the topic is not ample. In attempts to incorporate consumer networks into standard microeconomic models, some interesting implications have been found concerning market structure, market dynamics and the firm's profit maximizating decision.
It has been shown that under certain assumptions the structure of the consumer network can affect market structure. In certain scenarios, where consumers have a higher inclination to compare their habitually consumed product to that of their acquaintances, the equilibrium market structure can switch from oligopoly to monopoly.
In another model, which incorporates small world consumer networks into the profit function of the firm, it has been demonstrated that the density of the network significantly affects the optimal price the firm should charge and the optimal referral fee (paid to consumers who can convince another one to buy). On the other hand, the size of the network does not have an important effect on these.
A 2007 laboratory experiment found that increased density of consumer networks can reduce market inefficiencies caused by moral hazard. The ability of consumers to exchange information with more neighbors increases firms’ incentives to build a reputation through selling high quality products. Even a low level of density was found to isolated consumers who can rely only on their own experience.
Marketing
Exploiting consumer networks for marketing purposes, through techniques such as viral marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, or network marketing, is increasingly experimented with by marketers, to the extent that "some developments in customer networking are ahead of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaIC | AlphaIC is a method for assessing the value of information technology (IT) investments that surpasses banal ROI analyses and looks at how IT affects an organization's intellectual capital.
The methodology was developed in 2003-2004 by technologist Paolo Magrassi and economist Alessandro Cravera, based on the observation of two ongoing trends:
On one side, research on the information technology (IT) 'productivity paradox’ and the quantitative assessment of IT’s impact as a general purpose technology. This was mainly stimulated by Erik Brynjolfsson’s works in 1998-2002;
On the other side, research and practitioners’ work on intangible assets (a.k.a. a company's ‘intellectual capital’ ), such as that by Karl-Erik Sveiby at Skandia AV in 1986, Baruch Lev at NYU's Stern in 1996, and Cravera in 1999–2000.
The two trends were merged in order to develop a ‘value of IT’ assessment methodology that go beyond simple return on investment (ROI) analyses as well as other existing methodologies, all unable to capture the true advantage provided by IT.
The methodology is copyrighted, however a simple and concise description, including that of its application in real-world organizations, is to be found in. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Multiple%20Precision%20Arithmetic%20Library | GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library (GMP) is a free library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic, operating on signed integers, rational numbers, and floating-point numbers. There are no practical limits to the precision except the ones implied by the available memory (operands may be of up to 232−1 bits on 32-bit machines and 237 bits on 64-bit machines). GMP has a rich set of functions, and the functions have a regular interface. The basic interface is for C, but wrappers exist for other languages, including Ada, C++, C#, Julia, .NET, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, and Rust. Prior to 2008, Kaffe, a Java virtual machine, used GMP to support Java built-in arbitrary precision arithmetic. Shortly after, GMP support was added to GNU Classpath.
The main target applications of GMP are cryptography applications and research, Internet security applications, and computer algebra systems.
GMP aims to be faster than any other bignum library for all operand sizes. Some important factors in doing this are:
Using full words as the basic arithmetic type.
Using different algorithms for different operand sizes; algorithms that are faster for very big numbers are usually slower for small numbers.
Highly optimized assembly language code for the most important inner loops, specialized for different processors.
The first GMP release was made in 1991. It is constantly developed and maintained.
GMP is part of the GNU project (although its website being off gnu.org may cause confusion), and is distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).
GMP is used for integer arithmetic in many computer algebra systems such as Mathematica and Maple. It is also used in the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL).
GMP is needed to build the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).
Examples
Here is an example of C code showing the use of the GMP library to multiply and print large numbers:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <gmp.h>
int main(void) {
mpz_t x, y, result;
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICAXE | PICAXE is a microcontroller system based on a range of Microchip PIC microcontrollers. PICAXE devices are Microchip PIC devices with pre-programmed firmware that enables bootloading of code directly from a PC, simplifying hobbyist embedded development (not unlike the Arduino and Parallax BASIC Stamp systems). PICAXE devices have been produced by Revolution Education (Rev-Ed) since 1999.
Hardware
There are currently six (6) PICAXE variants of differing pin counts (8-14-18-20-28-40) and are available as DIL and SMD.
PICAXE microcontrollers are pre-programmed with an interpreter similar to the BASIC Stamp but using internal EEPROM instead, thus reducing cost. This also allows downloads to be made with a simple serial connection which eliminates the need for a PIC programmer. PICAXE is programmed using an RS-232 serial cable or a USB cable which connects a computer to the download circuit, which normally uses a 3.5 mm jack and two resistors.
Programming language
PICAXE microcontrollers are programmed using BASIC.
The PICAXE interpreter features bit-banged communications:
Serial (asynchronous serial)
SPI (synchronous serial)
Infrared (using a 38 kHz carrier, seven data bits and five ID bits)
One-wire
The "readtemp" command reads the temperature from a DS18B20 temperature sensor and converts it into Celsius.
All current PICAXEs have commands for using hardware features of the underlying PIC microcontrollers:
Hardware asynchronous serial
Hardware synchronous serial
Hardware PWM
DAC
ADC
SR Latch
Timers (two on X2/X1 parts which have settable intervals, only one on M2 parts with a fixed interval, older parts have none)
Comparators
Internal temperature measurement
Program space
All current PICAXE chips have at least 2048 bytes of on board program memory available for user programs:
08M2 - 2048 bytes
14M2 - 2048
18M2+ - 2048
20M2 - 2048
20X2 - 4096
28X1 - 4096
40X1 - 4096
28X2 - 4096 per slot with four slots for a total of 16 KiB
40X2 - 4096 per sl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritchardia%20woodfordiana | Pritchardia woodfordiana is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae. It is found only in Solomon Islands. It may be a form of Pritchardia pacifica. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerosis%20%28medicine%29 | Sclerosis (from Greek σκληρός sklērós, "hard") is the stiffening of a tissue or anatomical feature, usually caused by a replacement of the normal organ-specific tissue with connective tissue. The structure may be said to have undergone sclerotic changes or display sclerotic lesions, which refers to the process of sclerosis.
Common medical conditions whose pathology involves sclerosis include:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—also known as Lou Gehrig's disease or motor neurone disease—a progressive, incurable, usually fatal disease of motor neurons.
Atherosclerosis, a deposit of fatty materials, such as cholesterol, in the arteries which causes hardening.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a disease that attacks the kidney's filtering system (glomeruli) causing serious scarring and thus a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults.
Hippocampal sclerosis, a brain damage often seen in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Lichen sclerosus, an inflammatory skin disease that most often affects the vulva and the penis.
Multiple sclerosis, or focal sclerosis, is a central nervous system disease which affects coordination.
Osteosclerosis, a condition where the bone density is significantly increased, resulting in decreased lucency on radiographs.
Otosclerosis, a disease of the ears.
Primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary muscles.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis, a hardening of the bile duct by scarring and repeated inflammation.
Systemic sclerosis (progressive systemic scleroderma), a rare, chronic disease which affects the skin, and in some cases also blood vessels and internal organs.
Tuberous sclerosis, a rare genetic disease which affects multiple systems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant%20exitance | In radiometry, radiant exitance or radiant emittance is the radiant flux emitted by a surface per unit area, whereas spectral exitance or spectral emittance is the radiant exitance of a surface per unit frequency or wavelength, depending on whether the spectrum is taken as a function of frequency or of wavelength. This is the emitted component of radiosity. The SI unit of radiant exitance is the watt per square metre (), while that of spectral exitance in frequency is the watt per square metre per hertz (W·m−2·Hz−1) and that of spectral exitance in wavelength is the watt per square metre per metre (W·m−3)—commonly the watt per square metre per nanometre (). The CGS unit erg per square centimeter per second () is often used in astronomy. Radiant exitance is often called "intensity" in branches of physics other than radiometry, but in radiometry this usage leads to confusion with radiant intensity.
Mathematical definitions
Radiant exitance
Radiant exitance of a surface, denoted ("e" for "energetic", to avoid confusion with photometric quantities), is defined as
where
is the partial derivative symbol,
is the radiant flux emitted, and
is the surface area.
If we want to talk about the radiant flux received by a surface, we speak of irradiance.
The radiant exitance of a black surface, according to the Stefan–Boltzmann law, is equal to:
where is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant, and is the temperature of that surface.
For a real surface, the radiant exitance is equal to:
where is the emissivity of that surface.
Spectral exitance
Spectral exitance in frequency of a surface, denoted Me,ν, is defined as
where is the frequency.
Spectral exitance in wavelength of a surface, denoted Me,λ, is defined as
where is the wavelength.
The spectral exitance of a black surface around a given frequency or wavelength, according to the Lambert's cosine law and the Planck's law, is equal to:
where
is the Planck constant,
is the frequency,
is the wavelength,
is the Boltz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-polarization%20interferometry | Dual-polarization interferometry (DPI) is an analytical technique that probes molecular layers adsorbed to the surface of a waveguide using the evanescent wave of a laser beam. It is used to measure the conformational change in proteins, or other biomolecules, as they function (referred to as the conformation activity relationship).
Instrumentation
DPI focuses laser light into two waveguides. One of these functions as the "sensing" waveguide having an exposed surface while the second one functions to maintain a reference beam. A two-dimensional interference pattern is formed in the far field by combining the light passing through the two waveguides. The DPI technique rotates the polarization of the laser, to alternately excite two polarization modes of the waveguides. Measurement of the interferogram for both polarizations allows both the refractive index and the thickness of the adsorbed layer to be calculated. The polarization can be switched rapidly, allowing real-time measurements of chemical reactions taking place on a chip surface in a flow-through system. These measurements can be used to infer conformational information about the molecular interactions taking place, as the molecule size (from the layer thickness) and the fold density (from the RI) change. DPI is typically used to characterize biochemical interactions by quantifying any conformational change at the same time as measuring reaction rates, affinities and thermodynamics.
The technique is quantitative and real-time (10 Hz) with a dimensional resolution of 0.01 nm.
Extensions of dual-polarization interferometry also exist, namely multiple pathlength dual-polarization interferometry (MPL-DPI) and absorption enhanced DPI. In MPL-DPI quantification of both layer thickness and refractive index (density) and therefore mass per unit area can be made for in situ and ex-situ coated films, where normal DPI can only calculate film properties if the interferogram is constantly monitored. Absorption enhance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20shuttle | The mitochondrial shuttles are biochemical transport systems used to transport reducing agents across the inner mitochondrial membrane. NADH as well as NAD+ cannot cross the membrane, but it can reduce another molecule like FAD and [QH2] that can cross the membrane, so that its electrons can reach the electron transport chain.
The two main systems in humans are the glycerol phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The malate/a-ketoglutarate antiporter functions move electrons while the aspartate/glutamate antiporter moves amino groups. This allows the mitochondria to receive the substrates that it needs for its functionality in an efficient manner.
Shuttles
In humans, the glycerol phosphate shuttle is primarily found in brown adipose tissue, as the conversion is less efficient, thus generating heat, which is one of the main purposes of brown fat. It is primarily found in babies, though it is present in small amounts in adults around the kidneys and on the back of our necks. The malate-aspartate shuttle is found in much of the rest of the body.
The shuttles contains a system of mechanisms used to transport metabolites that lack a protein transporter in the membrane, such as oxaloacetate.
Malate shuttle
The malate shuttle allows the mitochondria to move electrons from NADH without the consumption of metabolites and it uses two antiporters to transport metabolites and keep balance within the mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm.
On the cytoplasmic side a transaminase enzyme is used to remove an amino group from aspartate which is converted into oxaloacetate, then malate dehydrogenase enzyme uses an NADH cofactor to reduce oxaloacetate to malate which can be transported across the membrane because of the presence of a transporter.
Once the malate is inside the matrix its converted back to oxaloacetate, which is converted to aspartate and can be transported back outside the mitochondria to allow the cycle to continue. The movement of oxaloacetate across |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPI%20protein%20family | The WIPI protein family (WD-repeat protein Interacting with PhosphoInositides) is an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins. WIPI proteins contain a WD repeat domain that folds into a 7-bladed beta-propeller that functions in autophagy, and contain a conserved motif for interaction with phospholipids.
Members of this family include: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeil%27s%20theorem | In differential geometry, Vermeil's theorem essentially states that the scalar curvature is the only (non-trivial) absolute invariant among those of prescribed type suitable for Albert Einstein’s theory of General Relativity. The theorem was proved by the German mathematician Hermann Vermeil in 1917.
Standard version of the theorem
The theorem states that the Ricci scalar is the only scalar invariant (or absolute invariant) linear in the second derivatives of the metric tensor .
See also
Scalar curvature
Differential invariant
Einstein–Hilbert action
Lovelock's theorem
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodama%20state | The Kodama state in physics for loop quantum gravity, is a zero energy solution to the Schrödinger equation (a linear partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system).
In 1988, Hideo Kodama wrote down the equations of the Kodama state, but as it described a positive (de Sitter universe) spacetime, which was believed to be inconsistent with observation, it was largely ignored.
In 2002, Lee Smolin suggested that the Kodama state is a ground state which has a good semiclassical limit which reproduces the dynamics of general relativity with a positive (de Sitter) cosmological constant, 4 dimensions, and gravitons. It is an exact solution to ordinary constraints on background independent quantum gravity, providing evidence that loop quantum gravity is indeed a quantum gravity with the correct semiclassical description. In 2003, Edward Witten published a paper in response to Lee Smolin's, arguing that the Kodama state is unphysical, due to an analogy to a state in Chern–Simons theory wave functions, resulting in negative energies. In 2006, Andrew Randono published two papers which address these objections, by generalizing the Kodama state. Randono concluded that the Immirzi parameter, when generalized with a real value, fixed by matching with black hole entropy, describes parity violation in quantum gravity, and is CPT invariant, and is normalizable, and chiral, consistent with known observations of both gravity and quantum field theory. Randono claims that Witten's conclusions rest on the Immirzi parameter taking on an imaginary number, which simplifies the equation. The physical inner product may resemble the MacDowell–Mansouri action formulation of gravity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi%20State%20Axion%20Search | Mississippi State Axion Search is the first of its kind light shining through the wall experiment designed to operate using a continuous radio wave emitter as the source of photons. The experiment contains a radio source and a set of detectors separated by a wall. The aim of the experiment is to limit the mass and coupling constants of an axion like particle or a para photon by looking at the photons on the dark side of the tuned cavity. The experiment is projected to be completed by 2016.
Collaboration
The collaboration currently includes members from the following institutions;
Mississippi State University |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n%20Ayasl%C4%B1 | Yalçın Ayaslı (born 1946) is a Turkish-American business executive.
Biography
A graduate of the Ankara Atatürk High School, Ayaslı received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Middle East Technical University Electrical Engineering Department in 1968.
Yalcin Ayasli received his M.S.E.E. and Sc.D. degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1973 and worked as a faculty member and Deputy Department Chair at the METU Electrical Engineering Department for six years.
A Massachusetts (MA) resident in 1979-2006, and NH resident since 2006, Ayasli has conducted theoretical and experimental studies on Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit techniques involving GaAs Field-Effect Transistors and related devices. He began his professional career at the MA based Raytheon's research division. In 1985, he founded Hittite Microwave Corporation, a public company traded on Nasdaq, in Chelmsford, MA. The company is a supplier of mixed signal RFIC and Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuit components and subsystems for wireless and telecommunication markets. After serving as the company's CEO and Chairman of the Board for 20 years, Ayasli served as Chairman Emeritus until the company was purchased by Analog Devices Inc. in 2014 for $2.45 billion. In 2017 he sold the airline Borajet to the SBK Holding of Sezgin Baran Korkmaz.
Ayaslı is the author of numerous scientific papers in this research area and holds 15 patents. He was the General Chairman for the 1987 IEEE Microwave and Millimeter Wave Monolithic Circuits Symposium.
Ayaslı is founder and chairman of two US public charitable organizations; Turkish Cultural Foundation and Turkish Coalition of America. Both organizations have offices in Boston, Washington, D.C. and Istanbul.
Ayaslı also established the Culinary Arts Center and Cultural Heritage Preservation and Natural Dyes Laboratory in Istanbul.
In 2012, he donated the Ayasli Research Center to his alma mater, Middle East Technical University E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%208257 | The Intel 8257 is a direct memory access (DMA) controller, a part of the MCS 85 microprocessor family. The chip is supplied in 40-pin DIP package.
External links
Intel: 8257/8257-5 Programmable DMA Controller (PDF; 2,2 MB).
NEC Electronics (Europe) GmbH, 1982 Catalog, p. 665–674 (μPD8257; μPD8257C-5).
Intel chipsets
Input/output integrated circuits |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescent%20bacteria | Luminescent bacteria emit light as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. Luminescent bacteria exist as symbiotic organisms carried within a larger organism, such as many deep sea organisms, including the Lantern Fish, the Angler fish, certain jellyfish, certain clams and the Gulper eel. The light is generated by an enzyme-catalyzed chemoluminescence reaction, wherein the pigment luciferin is oxidised by the enzyme luciferase. The expression of genes related to bioluminescence is controlled by an operon called the lux operon.
Some species of luminescent bacteria possess quorum sensing, the ability to determine local population by the concentration of chemical messengers. Species which have quorum sensing can turn on and off certain chemical pathways, commonly luminescence; in this way, once population levels reach a certain point the bacteria switch on light-production
Characteristics of the phenomenon
Bioluminescence is a form of luminescence, or "cold light" emission; less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. It should not be confused with fluorescence, phosphorescence or refraction of light. Most forms of bioluminescence are brighter (or only exist) at night, following a circadian rhythm.
See also
Dinoflagellates
Vibrionaceae (e.g. Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio phosphoreum) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C2-Symmetric%20ligands | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C2-Symmetric ligands}}
In homogeneous catalysis, C2-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C2 symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate and are valuable in catalysis. The C2 symmetry of ligands limits the number of possible reaction pathways and thereby increases enantioselectivity, relative to asymmetrical analogues. C2-symmetric ligands are a subset of chiral ligands. Chiral ligands, including C2-symmetric ligands, combine with metals or other groups to form chiral catalysts. These catalysts engage in enantioselective chemical synthesis, in which chirality in the catalyst yields chirality in the reaction product.
Examples
An early C2-symmetric ligand, diphosphine catalytic ligand DIPAMP, was developed in 1968 by William S. Knowles and coworkers of Monsanto Company, who shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This ligand was used in the industrial production of -DOPA.
Some classes of C2-symmetric ligands are called privileged ligands, which are ligands that are broadly applicable to multiple catalytic processes, not only a single reaction type.
Mechanistic concepts
While the presence of any symmetry element within a ligand intended for asymmetric induction might appear counterintuitive, asymmetric induction only requires that the ligand be chiral (i.e. have no improper rotation axis). Asymmetry (i.e. absence of any symmetry elements) is not required. C2 symmetry improves the enantioselectivity of the complex by reducing the number of unique geometries in the transition states. Steric and kinetic factors then usually favor the formation of a single product.
Chiral fence
Chiral ligands work by asymmetric induction somewhere along the reaction coordinate. The image to the right illustrates how a chiral ligand may induce an enantioselective reaction. The ligand (in green) has C2 symmetry with its nitrogen, oxygen or phosphorus atoms hugging a central metal atom (in red). In this part |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar | A pulsar (from pulsating radio source) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles. This radiation can be observed only when a beam of emission is pointing toward Earth (similar to the way a lighthouse can be seen only when the light is pointed in the direction of an observer), and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission. Neutron stars are very dense and have short, regular rotational periods. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that ranges from milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. Pulsars are one of the candidates for the source of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. (See also centrifugal mechanism of acceleration.)
The periods of pulsars make them very useful tools for astronomers. Observations of a pulsar in a binary neutron star system were used to indirectly confirm the existence of gravitational radiation. The first extrasolar planets were discovered around a pulsar, PSR B1257+12 in 1992. In 1983, certain types of pulsars were detected that, at that time, exceeded the accuracy of atomic clocks in keeping time.
History of observation
Discovery
Signals from the first discovered pulsar were initially observed by Jocelyn Bell while analyzing data recorded on August 6, 1967, from a newly commissioned radio telescope that she helped build. Initially dismissed as radio interference by her supervisor and developer of the telescope, Antony Hewish, the fact that the signals always appeared at the same declination and right ascension soon ruled out a terrestrial source. On November 28, 1967, Bell and Hewish using a fast strip chart recorder resolved the signals as a series of pulses, evenly spaced every 1.337 seconds. No astronomical object of this nature had ever been observed before. On December 21, Bell discovered a second pulsar, quashing speculation that these might be signals beamed at earth from an extraterrestrial intelligence.
When observations with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNH3 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNH3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20privacy%20technologies | Soft privacy technologies fall under the category of PETs, Privacy-enhancing technologies, as methods of protecting data. Soft privacy is a counterpart to another subcategory of PETs, called hard privacy. Soft privacy technology has the goal of keeping information safe, allowing services to process data while having full control of how data is being used. To accomplish this, soft privacy emphasizes the use of third-party programs to protect privacy, emphasizing auditing, certification, consent, access control, encryption, and differential privacy. Since evolving technologies like the internet, machine learning, and big data are being applied to many long-standing fields, we now need to process billions of datapoints every day in areas such as health care, autonomous cars, smart cards, social media, and more. Many of these fields rely on soft privacy technologies when they handle data.
Applications
Health care
Some medical devices like Ambient Assisted Living monitor and report sensitive information remotely into a cloud. Cloud computing offers a solution that meets the healthcare need for processing and storage at an affordable price. Together, this system is used to monitor a patient's biometric conditions remotely, connecting with smart technology when necessary. In addition to monitoring, the devices can also send a mobile notification when certain conditions pass a set point such as a major change in blood pressure. Due to the nature of these devices, which report data constantly and use smart technology, this type of medical technology is subject to a lot of privacy concerns. Soft privacy is thus relevant for the third-party cloud service, as many privacy concerns center there, including risk in unauthorized access, data leakage, sensitive information disclosure, and privacy disclosure.
One solution proposed for privacy issues around cloud computing in health care is through the use of Access control, by giving partial access to data based on a user's role |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvariella | Volvariella is a genus of mushrooms with deep salmon pink gills and spore prints.
Description
They lack a ring, and have an Amanita-like volva at the stem base. Some species of Amanita look similar, but Amanita has white spores and often have a ring. Since the gills of young Volvariella are white at first, they are more easily mistaken for Amanita. The genus is estimated to contain about 50 species.
Species
Many sources list Volvariella as a member of the Pluteaceae family, but recent DNA studies have revealed that Pluteus and Volvariella evolved separately and have very different DNA. These studies show that Volvariella is very closely related to "schizophylloid" mushrooms like Schizophyllum commune.
Some species of Volvariella are popular edibles in Europe, accounting for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world.
Cultivation and edibility
Volvariella volvacea, well known as the "paddy straw mushroom", is cultured in rice straw in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. This species also favors wood chip piles. Unfortunately, it is easy to mistake the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), as well as some other Amanita species, for this edible species due to similarities in appearance. This mistake is the leading cause of lethal mushroom poisoning in the United States. Volvariella and Amanita cannot be distinguished in the early "button stage", that, for many, is considered the best stage to collect Volvariella for consumption. Like Amanita, the paddy straw mushroom has a volva, or universal veil, so called because it is a membrane that encapsulates the entire mushroom when it is young. This structure breaks apart as the mushroom expands, leaving parts that can be found at the base of the stalk as a cup-like structure.
List of species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Serbian%20flags | This is a list of Serbian flags used in the past and present.
Current flags
National flags
Presidential standards
Military flags
Provincial flags
Flags of municipalities and cities
Historical flags
National flags
Royal standards
Presidential standards
Military flags
Flags of Serbian people in other countries
Republika Srpska
National flags
Presidential standards
Flags of municipalities and cities
Montenegro, Croatia, North Macedonia and Romania
Religious flags
Other historical flags
See also
List of flags of Montenegro
List of Yugoslav flags |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Varley%20divider | The Kelvin-Varley voltage divider, named after its inventors William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, is an electronic circuit used to generate an output voltage as a precision ratio of an input voltage, with several decades of resolution. In effect, the Kelvin–Varley divider is an electromechanical precision digital-to-analog converter.
The circuit is used for precision voltage measurements in calibration and metrology laboratories. It can achieve resolution, accuracy and linearity of 0.1 ppm (1 in 10 million).
Circuit
The conventional voltage divider (Kelvin divider) uses a tapped string of resistors connected in series. The fundamental disadvantage of this architecture is that resolution of 1 part in 1000 would require 1000 precision resistors.
To overcome this limitation, the Kelvin–Varley divider uses an iterated scheme whereby cascaded stages consisting of eleven precision resistors provide one decade of resolution per stage. Cascading three stages, for example, therefore permits any division ratio from 0 to 1 in increments of 0.001 to be selected.
Each stage of a Kelvin–Varley divider consists of a tapped string of equal value resistors. Let the value of each resistor in the i-th stage be Ri Ω. For a decade stage, there will be eleven resistors. Two of those resistors will be bridged by the following stage, and the following stage is designed to have an input impedance of 2 Ri. That design choice makes the effective resistance of the bridged portion to be Ri. The resulting input impedance of the i-th stage will be 10 Ri.
In the simple Kelvin-Varley decade design, the resistance of each stage decreases by a factor of 5: Ri+1 = Ri / 5. The first stage might use 10 kΩ resistors, the second stage 2 kΩ, the third stage 400 Ω, the fourth stage 80 Ω, and the fifth stage 16 Ω.
Application
The full precision of the circuit can only be realized with no output current flowing, since the output's effective source resistance is variable. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapuya%20brunnea | Kalapuya brunnea is a species of truffle in the monotypic fungal genus Kalapuya. The truffle occurs only in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in western Oregon and northern California. Known locally as the Oregon brown truffle, it was formerly thought to be an undescribed species of Leucangium until molecular analysis demonstrated that it was distinct from that genus. The truffle is reddish brown with a rough and warty outer skin, while the interior spore-producing gleba is initially whitish before developing greyish-brown mottling as it matures. Mature truffles have an odor resembling garlicky cheese, similar to mature Camembert. The species has been harvested for culinary purposes in Oregon.
Taxonomy
The species was first described scientifically in 2010, based on specimens collected in February, 2009 from Benton County, Oregon. Before this, it had been known locally for several years as the Oregon brown truffle, and assumed to be an undescribed species of Leucangium, based on its overall resemblance to and similar habitat as the Oregon black truffle, Leucangium carthusianum; it was given the provisional name Leucangium brunneum. Molecular analysis of DNA sequences revealed that the species is not related to the truffle genera of the family Tuberaceae, including Tuber, Dingleya and Reddellomyces. Rather, it has close affinity with the hypogeous (below the soil surface) genera of the Morchellaceae, including Fischerula, Imaia, and Leucangium, but both genetic and morphological characters are sufficiently distinct to warrant designation as a distinct genus. All four hypogeous Morchellaceae genera produce huge spores, with sizes ranging from 32 to 100 micrometers (μm). Both Kalapuya and Imaia have asci (spore-bearing cells) that have thick cell walls when young, but become thin when mature—a trait not shared with Fischerula. The authors explain that although the hypogeous Morchellaceae genera share the trait of large spore size, striking difference |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGG-glucan | Poly-[1-6]--D-glucopyranosyl-[1-3]--D-glucopyranose glucan (PGG glucan, proprietary name Betafectin) is an anti-infective agent and a form or type of beta-glucan.
Betafectin is a PGG-glucan, a novel β-(1,6) branched β-(1,3) glucan, purified from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
It is a macrophage-specific immunomodulator. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glan%E2%80%93Taylor%20prism | A Glan–Taylor prism is a type of prism which is used as a polarizer or polarizing beam splitter. It is one of the most common types of modern polarizing prism. It was first described by Archard and Taylor in 1948.
The prism is made of two right-angled prisms of calcite (or sometimes other birefringent materials) separated on their long faces with an air gap. The optical axes of the calcite crystals are aligned parallel to the plane of reflection. Total internal reflection of s-polarized light at the air gap ensures that only p-polarized light is transmitted by the device. Because the angle of incidence at the gap can be reasonably close to Brewster's angle, unwanted reflection of p-polarized light is reduced, giving the Glan–Taylor prism better transmission than the Glan–Foucault design. Note that while the transmitted beam is completely polarized, the reflected beam is not. The sides of the crystal can be polished to allow the reflected beam to exit or can be blackened to absorb it. The latter reduces unwanted Fresnel reflection of the rejected beam.
A variant of the design exists called a Glan–laser prism. This is a Glan–Taylor prism with a steeper angle for the cut in the prism, which decreases reflection loss at the expense of reduced angular field of view. These polarizers are also typically designed to tolerate very high beam intensities, such those produced by a laser. The differences may include using calcite selected for low scattering loss, improved polish quality on the faces and especially on the sides of the crystal, and better antireflection coatings. Prisms with irradiance damage thresholds greater than 1 GW/cm2 are commercially available.
See also
Glan–Foucault prism
Glan–Thompson prism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvector%20centrality | In graph theory, eigenvector centrality (also called eigencentrality or prestige score) is a measure of the influence of a node in a network. Relative scores are assigned to all nodes in the network based on the concept that connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node in question than equal connections to low-scoring nodes. A high eigenvector score means that a node is connected to many nodes who themselves have high scores.
Google's PageRank and the Katz centrality are variants of the eigenvector centrality.
Using the adjacency matrix to find eigenvector centrality
For a given graph with vertices let be the adjacency matrix, i.e. if vertex is linked to vertex , and otherwise. The relative centrality score, , of vertex can be defined as:
where is the set of neighbors of and is a constant. With a small rearrangement this can be rewritten in vector notation as the eigenvector equation
In general, there will be many different eigenvalues for which a non-zero eigenvector solution exists. However, the additional requirement that all the entries in the eigenvector be non-negative implies (by the Perron–Frobenius theorem) that only the greatest eigenvalue results in the desired centrality measure. The component of the related eigenvector then gives the relative centrality score of the vertex in the network. The eigenvector is only defined up to a common factor, so only the ratios of the centralities of the vertices are well defined. To define an absolute score, one must normalise the eigenvector e.g. such that the sum over all vertices is 1 or the total number of vertices n. Power iteration is one of many eigenvalue algorithms that may be used to find this dominant eigenvector. Furthermore, this can be generalized so that the entries in A can be real numbers representing connection strengths, as in a stochastic matrix.
Normalized eigenvector centrality scoring
Google's PageRank is based on the normalized eigenvector |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20band%20centrifugation | Analytical band centrifugation (ABC) (also known as analytical band ultracentrifugation, or band sedimentation-velocity), is a specialized ultracentrifugation procedure, where unlike the typical use of (boundary) sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) wherein a homogenous bulk solution is centrifuged, in ABC a thin (~15 µL, ~500 µm) sample is layered on top of a bulk solvent and then centrifuged. The method is distinguished from zone-sedimentation in that a stabilizing density gradient is self-generated during centrifugation, through the use of a higher density (than the sample) bulk "binary solvent", containing both a solvent (i.e. H2O), and a second component (small molecules, i.e. CsCl) that will sediment to form a stabilizing density gradient for the sample.
ABC also requires specially designed analytical ultracentrifuge cells, as the sample is not manually applied by pipette but instead automatically delivered via capillary under low g-forces at the beginning of a run from a reservoir within the cell. It was first demonstrated in 1963, and was not commonly used for many decades, but recently has become more widely used due to its applicability to quality control measurements on therapeutic viruses such as adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). The profiles resulting from ABC analyses are similar in their interpretation to the profiles from electrophoretic separations ("electropherograms"), and thus have been dubbed "centrifugrams".
See also
Svedberg
Sedimentation
Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor%20supplementary%20capability | A processor supplementary capability is a feature that has been added to an existing central processing unit (CPU) design after the initial introduction of that design to the marketplace.
A supplementary capability increases the usefulness of the processor design, allowing it to compete more favorably with competitors and giving consumers a reason to upgrade, while retaining backwards compatibility with the original design.
The CPU supplementary instruction capability does not as a rule apply to 8 or 16 bit CPUs, as many of these CPUs are used mostly as microcontrollers. On modern 32 and 64 bit CPUs the processor supplementary capability does not extend to Floating Point Units (FPUs) or Memory Management Units (MMUs) as these are considered to be fundamental core functionalities. Extensions to the core functionalities of the MMU and FPU may be considered CPU extensions however.
Historical reasoning
The supplementary instructions feature has always been assumed to mean fixed sets of instructions that are not obligatory across all CPUs in a CPU family. Supplementary instructions will simply not be found on all processors within that family. A programmer who wishes to use a supplementary feature of a CPU is faced with a couple of choices.
Supplemental instruction programming options
The operating system (kernel) and systems programmer (programs) may choose to design the systems software so that it mandatorily uses that feature and therefore can only be run on the more recent processors that have that feature.
On the other hand, the system programmer may write or use existing software libraries to determine whether the processor it is running on has a particular feature (or set of instructions).
Should the needed instructions not be there a fall back to a (presumably slower or otherwise less desirable) alternative technique can be initiated or else the program may be set to run with reduced functionality.
In other cases, an operating system may mimic the new f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20catalysis | Magnetic catalysis is a physics phenomenon, which is defined as an enhancement of dynamical symmetry breaking by an external magnetic field in quantum field theory, used for the description of quantum (quasi-)particles in particle physics, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics. The underlying phenomenon is a consequence of the strong tendency of a magnetic field to enhance binding of oppositely charged particles into bound states. The catalyzing effect comes from a partial restriction (dimensional reduction) of the motion of charged particles in the directions perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
Commonly, the magnetic catalysis is specifically associated with spontaneous breaking of flavor or chiral symmetry in quantum field theory, which is enhanced or triggered by the presence of an external magnetic field.
General description
The underlying mechanism behind magnetic catalysis is the dimensional reduction of low-energy charged spin-1/2 particles. As a result of such a reduction, there exists a strong enhancement of the particle-antiparticle pairing responsible for symmetry breaking. For gauge theories in 3+1 space-time dimensions, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum chromodynamics, the dimensional reduction leads to an effective (1+1)-dimensional low-energy dynamics. (Here the dimensionality of space-time is written as D+1 for D spatial directions.) In simple terms, the dimensional reduction reflects the fact that the motion of charged particles is (partially) restricted in the two space-like directions perpendicular to the magnetic field. However, this orbital motion constraint alone is not sufficient (for example, there is no dimensional reduction for charged scalar particles, carrying spin 0, although their orbital motion is constrained in the same way.) It is also important that the fermions have spin 1/2 and, as follows from the Atiyah–Singer index theorem, their lowest Landau level states have an energy independent of the m |
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