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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloplanus | In taxonomy, Haloplanus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrophorus%20flavescens | Hygrophorus flavescens is an edible mushroom of the genus Hygrophorus found in the Pacific Northwest, eastern North America, and Texas. It is similar to Hygrophorus chlorophanus, which has a sticky coating. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jy%C4%81%2C%20koti-jy%C4%81%20and%20utkrama-jy%C4%81 | Jyā, koṭi-jyā and utkrama-jyā are three trigonometric functions introduced by Indian mathematicians and astronomers. The earliest known Indian treatise containing references to these functions is Surya Siddhanta. These are functions of arcs of circles and not functions of angles. Jyā and koti-jyā are closely related to the modern trigonometric functions of sine and cosine. In fact, the origins of the modern terms of "sine" and "cosine" have been traced back to the Sanskrit words jyā and koti-jyā.
Definition
Let 'arc AB' denote an arc whose two extremities are A and B of a circle with center O. If a perpendicular BM be dropped from B to OA, then:
jyā of arc AB = BM
koti-jyā of arc AB = OM
utkrama-jyā of arc AB = MA
If the radius of the circle is R and the length of arc AB is s, the angle subtended by arc AB at O measured in radians is θ = s / R. The three Indian functions are related to modern trigonometric functions as follows:
jyā ( arc AB ) = R sin ( s / R )
koti-jyā ( arc AB ) = R cos ( s / R )
utkrama-jyā ( arc AB ) = R ( 1 - cos ( s / R ) ) = R versin ( s / R )
Terminology
An arc of a circle is like a bow and so is called a dhanu or chāpa which in Sanskrit means "a bow".
The straight line joining the two extremities of an arc of a circle is like the string of a bow and this line is a chord of the circle. This chord is called a jyā which in Sanskrit means "a bow-string", presumably translating Hipparchus's with the same meaning.
The word jīvá is also used as a synonym for jyā in geometrical literature.
At some point, Indian astronomers and mathematicians realised that computations would be more convenient if one used the halves of the chords instead of the full chords and associated the half-chords with the halves of the arcs. The half-chords were called ardha-jyās or jyā-ardhas. These terms were again shortened to jyā by omitting the qualifier ardha which meant "half of".
The Sanskrit word koṭi has the meaning of "point, cusp", and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance%20logic | Relevance logic, also called relevant logic, is a kind of non-classical logic requiring the antecedent and consequent of implications to be relevantly related. They may be viewed as a family of substructural or modal logics. It is generally, but not universally, called relevant logic by British and, especially, Australian logicians, and relevance logic by American logicians.
Relevance logic aims to capture aspects of implication that are ignored by the "material implication" operator in classical truth-functional logic, namely the notion of relevance between antecedent and conditional of a true implication. This idea is not new: C. I. Lewis was led to invent modal logic, and specifically strict implication, on the grounds that classical logic grants paradoxes of material implication such as the principle that a falsehood implies any proposition. Hence "if I'm a donkey, then two and two is four" is true when translated as a material implication, yet it seems intuitively false since a true implication must tie the antecedent and consequent together by some notion of relevance. And whether or not the speaker is a donkey seems in no way relevant to whether two and two is four.
In terms of a syntactical constraint for a propositional calculus, it is necessary, but not sufficient, that premises and conclusion share atomic formulae (formulae that do not contain any logical connectives). In a predicate calculus, relevance requires sharing of variables and constants between premises and conclusion. This can be ensured (along with stronger conditions) by, e.g., placing certain restrictions on the rules of a natural deduction system. In particular, a Fitch-style natural deduction can be adapted to accommodate relevance by introducing tags at the end of each line of an application of an inference indicating the premises relevant to the conclusion of the inference. Gentzen-style sequent calculi can be modified by removing the weakening rules that allow for the introduction o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%20border%20of%20heart | The left border of heart (or obtuse margin) is formed from the rounded lateral wall of the left ventricle. It is called the 'obtuse' margin because of the obtuse angle (>90 degrees) created between the anterior part of the heart and the left side, which is formed from the rounded lateral wall of the left ventricle. Within this margin can be found the obtuse marginal artery, which is the a branch of the left circumflex artery.
It extends from a point in the second left intercostal space, about 2.5 mm. from the sternal margin, obliquely downward, with a convexity to the left, to the apex of the heart.
This is contrasted with the acute margin of the heart, which is at the border of the anterior and posterior surface, and in which the acute marginal branch of the right coronary artery is found. The angle formed here is <90 degrees, therefore an acute angle. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7%20Media | 24/7 Media, formerly 24/7 Real Media is a technology company headquartered in New York City and 20 offices in 12 countries, specializing in Digital Marketing. It provides for publishers, advertisers and agencies globally. It was formerly listed as "TFSM" on the NASDAQ stock exchange. The company was purchased by WPP plc in 2007 for $649 million. David J. Moore is the chairman, founder and CEO. He also served as chairman of the Interactive Advertising Bureau. In December, 2013, 24/7 Media announced it would merge with GroupM subsidiary, Xaxis.
History
The original name of the company was 24/7 Media which was a result of a unification of Petry Interactive, Interactive Imaginations and Advercomm, Inc. It had a stock market launch in August 1998 following which it went through a period of rapid expansion through organic growth and series of acquisitions.
A very difficult situation arose in the wake of the tech bubble burst of 2001. As a result, 24/7 Media merged with a company called Real Media and changed its name to 24/7 Real Media. As part of this merger it acquired an advertising technology platform called Open AdStream. According to a video recording of the CEO produced 9 years later, it was able to capitalize on a mistake by Doubleclick. Doubleclick had agreed to buy Real Media for 11 million dollars. DoubleClick tried to change the offer to 10M at the last moment. Thus, the sellers – a Swiss company PubliGroupe – gave 24/7 Media an opportunity to acquire Real Media for no-cash 2 million dollar of stock swap. This acquisition came at the right time as 24/7 Media's stock was trading at 10 cents. The Real Media acquisition brought intellectual property, Open Adstream, additional revenues and clients. Incidentally, because of the 24/7 Media stock appreciation in subsequent years, PubliGroupe received in payments a total of over 25 million dollars by 2007, instead of Doubleclick's $10M.
The turnaround started shortly thereafter according to the stock price. In Ju |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralcasting | In terrestrial radio and television broadcasting, centralcasting refers to the use of systems automation by which customised signals for broadcast by multiple individual stations may be created at one central facility.
Definition
Centralcasting is a form of broadcast automation which operates on the presumption that large quantities of content are similar and are handled in a consistent or repetitive manner across multiple stations in a broadcast station group. While each individual station has its own digital on-screen graphic logo, call sign and identity, much of the content on a typical affiliate station consists of a common television network or syndicated programming with a small number of local broadcast programming time blocks employed for television news and sports television coverage, public affairs programming or local television commercials.
Traditionally, many operations at an individual broadcast station were handled manually by broadcast engineering technicians at the local station. Network feeds would arrive by satellite; these would contain time cues to indicate when the station could switch to a prerecorded local station break from a videotape recorder, a local station ID from a character generator or a local program such as a newscast. Syndicated programming would arrive separately, either recorded in advance from satellite for tape delay or transported on prerecorded media. Local advertisements would be stored on tape cartridges ("carts") which would need to be inserted in the correct timeslots manually. A station could not operate unattended, even if it were merely retransmitting a network television programme originated elsewhere.
Broadcast automation relies on computers to store and retrieve video, largely eliminating the use of individual videotapes and allowing switching and retrieval of stored programming, advertising and titles to take place automatically. The server would operate from stored playlists, in which each programme, each co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20of%20the%20universe | The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion; the universe does not expand "into" anything and does not require space to exist "outside" it. To any observer in the universe, it appears that all but the nearest galaxies (which are bound to each other by gravity) recede at speeds that are proportional to their distance from the observer, on average. While objects cannot move faster than light, this limitation only applies with respect to local reference frames and does not limit the recession rates of cosmologically distant objects.
Cosmic expansion is a key feature of Big Bang cosmology. It can be modeled mathematically with the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric (FLRW), where it corresponds to an increase in the scale of the spatial part of the universe's spacetime metric tensor (which governs the size and geometry of spacetime). Within this framework, the separation of objects over time is associated with the expansion of space itself. However, this is not a generally covariant description but rather only a choice of coordinates. Contrary to common misconception, it is equally valid to adopt a description in which space does not expand and objects simply move apart while under the influence of their mutual gravity. Although cosmic expansion is often framed as a consequence of general relativity, it is also predicted by Newtonian gravity.
According to inflation theory, during the inflationary epoch about 10−32 of a second after the Big Bang, the universe suddenly expanded, and its volume increased by a factor of at least 1078 (an expansion of distance by a factor of at least 1026 in each of the three dimensions). This would be equivalent to expanding an object 1 nanometer (10−9 m, about half the width of a molecule of DNA) in length to one approximately 10.6 light years (about 1017 m or 62 trillion miles) long. Cosmic expansion subsequently |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%20sac | The vocal sac is the flexible membrane of skin possessed by most male frogs and toads. The purpose of the vocal sac is usually as an amplification of their mating or advertisement call. The presence or development of the vocal sac is one way of externally determining the sex of a frog or toad in many species; taking frogs as an example;
The vocal sac is open to the mouth cavity of the frog, with two slits on either side of the tongue. To call, the frog inflates its lungs and shuts its nose and mouth. Air is then expelled from the lungs, through the larynx, and into the vocal sac. The vibrations of the larynx emits a sound, which resonates on the elastic membrane of the vocal sac. The resonance causes the sound to be amplified and allows the call to carry further. Muscles within the body wall force the air back and forth between the lungs and vocal sac.
Development
The development of the vocal sac is different in most species, however they mostly follow the same process. The development of the unilobular vocal sac begins with two small growths on the floor of the mouth. These grow until they form two small pouches, which expand until they meet in the centre of the mouth and form one large cavity, which then grows until it is fully developed.
Purpose
The primary purpose of the vocal sac is to amplify the advertisement call of the male, and attract females from as large an area as possible. Species of frog without vocal sacs may only be heard within a radius of a few metres, whereas some species with vocal sacs can be heard over away. Modern frog species (neobatrachians and some mesobatrachians) which lack vocal sacs tend to inhabit areas close to flowing water. The sound of the flowing water overpowers the advertisement call, so they must advertise by other means.
An alternative use of the vocal sac is employed by the frogs of the family Rhinodermatidae. The males of the two species of this family scoop recently hatched tadpoles into their mouth, where they move |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heok%20Hui%20Tan | Heok Hui Tan is a Singaporean ichthyologist at the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum of the National University of Singapore. Dr. Tan's main interest lies in the systematics of Southeast Asian freshwater fishes, encompassing taxonomy, ecology and biogeography. His primary areas of research focus on neglected and de novo habitats such as peat swamp forests, swamp forests, and rapids.
As of 2018, Tan has authored two species of Osphronemidae (Luciocephalus aura and Betta pi).
Publications (selection)
The Borneo Suckers: Revision of the Torrent Loaches of Borneo (Balitoridae, Gastromyzon, Neogastromyzon) (Natural History Publications (Borneo): 2006)
Britz, R., Kottelat. M, & Tan, H.H. 2011. Fangfangia spinicleithralis, a new genus and species of miniature cyprinid fish from the peat swamp forests of Borneo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 22(4): 327–335. (PDF)
Tan has (co-)authored many publications. Also see the list of publications in the external links.
See also
:Category:Taxa named by Heok Hui Tan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial%20Storage%20Architecture | Serial Storage Architecture (SSA) was a serial transport protocol used to attach disk drives to server computers.
History
SSA was invented by Ian Judd of IBM in 1990. IBM produced a number of successful products based upon this standard before it was overtaken by the more widely adopted Fibre Channel protocol.
SSA was promoted as an open standard by the SSA Industry Association, unlike its predecessor the first generation Serial Disk Subsystem. A number of vendors including IBM, Pathlight Technology and Vicom Systems produced products based on SSA. It was also adopted as an American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T10.1 standard. SSA devices are logically SCSI devices and conform to all of the SCSI command protocols.
SSA provides data protection for critical applications by helping to ensure that a single cable failure will not prevent access to data. All the components in a typical SSA subsystem are connected by bi-directional cabling. Data sent from the adaptor can travel in either direction around the loop to its destination. SSA detects interruptions in the loop and automatically reconfigures the system to help maintain connection while a link is restored.
Up to 192 hot swappable hard disk drives can be supported per system. Drives can be designated for use by an array in the event of hardware failure. Up to 32 separate RAID arrays can be supported per adaptor, and arrays can be mirrored across servers to provide cost-effective protection for critical applications. Furthermore, arrays can be sited up to 25 metres apart - connected by thin, low-cost copper cables - allowing subsystems to be located in secure, convenient locations, far from the server itself.
SSA was deployed in server RAID environments, where it was capable of providing for up to 80 Mbyte/s of data throughput, with sustained data rates as high as 60 Mbytes/s in non-RAID mode and 35 Mbytes/s in RAID mode.
Link characteristics
The copper cables used in SSA configurations are round b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandinin | Grandinin is an ellagitannin. It can be found in Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves and in oaks species like the North American white oak (Quercus alba) and European red oak (Quercus robur). It shows antioxydant activity. It is an astringent compound. It is also found in wine, red or white, aged in oak barrels.
It is a castalagin glycoside by binding of the pentose lyxose. It contains a nonahydroxytriphenic acid moiety.
It suppresses the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human colon carcinoma cells.
See also
Phenolic compounds in wine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20feedback | Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances. A classic example of negative feedback is a heating system thermostat — when the temperature gets high enough, the heater is turned OFF. When the temperature gets too cold, the heat is turned back ON. In each case the "feedback" generated by the thermostat "negates" the trend.
The opposite tendency — called positive feedback — is when a trend is positively reinforced, creating amplification, such as the squealing "feedback" loop that can occur when a mic is brought too close to a speaker which is amplifying the very sounds the mic is picking up, or the runaway heating and ultimate meltdown of a nuclear reactor.
Whereas positive feedback tends to lead to instability via exponential growth, oscillation or chaotic behavior, negative feedback generally promotes stability. Negative feedback tends to promote a settling to equilibrium, and reduces the effects of perturbations. Negative feedback loops in which just the right amount of correction is applied with optimum timing, can be very stable, accurate, and responsive.
Negative feedback is widely used in mechanical and electronic engineering, and also within living organisms, and can be seen in many other fields from chemistry and economics to physical systems such as the climate. General negative feedback systems are studied in control systems engineering.
Negative feedback loops also play an integral role in maintaining the atmospheric balance in various systems on Earth. One such feedback system is the interaction between solar radiation, cloud cover, and planet temperature.
General description
In many physical and biological systems, qualitatively different influences can oppose each other. For example, in biochemistry, one set of chemicals drives the syst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-675%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-675 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
Inhibition of cell proliferation
miR-675 overexpression brings about reduced proliferation in a range of embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines. It has been found to be embedded in the first exon of the large intergenic non-coding RNA H19, which is responsible for limiting placental growth prior to birth. There is upregulation of the targets of miR-675 in placentas lacking H19; these include the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Thus placentas lacking miR-675 continue to grow. It is possible that controlled miR-675 release from H19 may enable a rapid inhibition of cell proliferation in response to cellular stress or oncogenic signals.
COL2A1 upregulation in Osteoarthritis
miR-675 has been found to be upregulated in osteoarthritic cartilage, alongside H19. Indeed, there is co-regulation of these two RNAs. The COL2A1 gene associated with osteoarthritis through altered expression levels compared with in normal tissue is upregulated by miR-675 overexpression. It has been proposed that miR-675 may modulate collagen type II levels via an unknown target molecule, and there is potential for a diagnostic metabolic balance indicator in osteoarthritis through this microRNA.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion%20%28music%29 | Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain, producing a "fuzzy", "growling", or "gritty" tone. Distortion is most commonly used with the electric guitar, but may also be used with other electric instruments such as electric bass, electric piano, synthesizer and Hammond organ. Guitarists playing electric blues originally obtained an overdriven sound by turning up their vacuum tube-powered guitar amplifiers to high volumes, which caused the signal to distort. While overdriven tube amps are still used to obtain overdrive, especially in genres like blues and rockabilly, a number of other ways to produce distortion have been developed since the 1960s, such as distortion effect pedals. The growling tone of a distorted electric guitar is a key part of many genres, including blues and many rock music genres, notably hard rock, punk rock, hardcore punk, acid rock, and heavy metal music, while the use of distorted bass has been essential in a genre of hip hop music and alternative hip hop known as "SoundCloud rap".
The effects alter the instrument sound by clipping the signal (pushing it past its maximum, which shears off the peaks and troughs of the signal waves), adding sustain and harmonic and inharmonic overtones and leading to a compressed sound that is often described as "warm" and "dirty", depending on the type and intensity of distortion used. The terms distortion and overdrive are often used interchangeably; where a distinction is made, distortion is a more extreme version of the effect than overdrive. Fuzz is a particular form of extreme distortion originally created by guitarists using faulty equipment (such as a misaligned valve (tube); see below), which has been emulated since the 1960s by a number of "fuzzbox" effects pedals.
Distortion, overdrive, and fuzz can be produced by effects pedals, rackmounts, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers (a pote |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediator%20pattern | In software engineering, the mediator pattern defines an object that encapsulates how a set of objects interact. This pattern is considered to be a behavioral pattern due to the way it can alter the program's running behavior.
In object-oriented programming, programs often consist of many classes. Business logic and computation are distributed among these classes. However, as more classes are added to a program, especially during maintenance and/or refactoring, the problem of communication between these classes may become more complex. This makes the program harder to read and maintain. Furthermore, it can become difficult to change the program, since any change may affect code in several other classes.
With the mediator pattern, communication between objects is encapsulated within a mediator object. Objects no longer communicate directly with each other, but instead communicate through the mediator. This reduces the dependencies between communicating objects, thereby reducing coupling.
Overview
The mediator design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.
Problems that the mediator design pattern can solve
Tight coupling between a set of interacting objects should be avoided.
It should be possible to change the interaction between a set of objects independently.
Defining a set of interacting objects by accessing and updating each other directly is inflexible because it tightly couples the objects to each other and makes it impossible to change the interaction independently from (without having to change) the objects.
And it stops the objects from being reusable and makes them hard to test.
Tightly coupled objects are hard to implement, change, test, and reuse because they refer to and know about many different objects.
Solutions described by the mediator de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalid%20organ | Natalid organs, composed of cells closely resembling sensory cells, are on the heads of all adult male bats of the Natalidae family. The organs show some evidence of glandular function. The first to investigate this organ was Gerrit Miller, who referred to it as a "large, glandular swelling between and in front of the eyes." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery%20charger | A battery charger, recharger, or simply charger, is a device that stores energy in a battery by running an electric current through it. The charging protocol (how much voltage or current for how long, and what to do when charging is complete) depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging (i.e., continued charging after the battery has been fully charged) and can be recharged by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source, depending on battery type. Simple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end of the charge cycle. Other battery types use a timer to cut off when charging should be complete. Other battery types cannot withstand over-charging, becoming damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime), over heating or even exploding. The charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to safely adjust the charging current and voltage, determine the state of charge, and cut off at the end of charge. Chargers may elevate the output voltage proportionally with current to compensate for impedance in the wires.
A trickle charger provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Some battery types cannot tolerate trickle charging; attempts to do so may result in damage. Lithium-ion batteries cannot handle indefinite trickle charging. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge. High-rate chargers may restore most capacity much faster, but high rate chargers can be more than some battery types can tolerate. Such batteries require active monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharging. Electric vehicles ideally need high-rate chargers. For public access, installation of such chargers and the distribution support for them is an issue in the proposed adoption of electric cars.
C-rate
Charge and discharge rates a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhysX | PhysX is an open-source realtime physics engine middleware SDK developed by Nvidia as a part of Nvidia GameWorks software suite.
Initially, video games supporting PhysX were meant to be accelerated by PhysX PPU (expansion cards designed by Ageia). However, after Ageia's acquisition by Nvidia, dedicated PhysX cards have been discontinued in favor of the API being run on CUDA-enabled GeForce GPUs. In both cases, hardware acceleration allowed for the offloading of physics calculations from the CPU, allowing it to perform other tasks instead.
PhysX and other middleware physics engines are used in many video games today because they free game developers from having to write their own code that implements classical mechanics (Newtonian physics) to do, for example, soft body dynamics.
History
What is known today as PhysX originated as a physics simulation engine called NovodeX. The engine was developed by Swiss company NovodeX AG, an ETH Zurich spin-off. In 2004, Ageia acquired NovodeX AG and began developing a hardware technology that could accelerate physics calculations, aiding the CPU. Ageia called the technology PhysX, the SDK was renamed from NovodeX to PhysX, and the accelerator cards were dubbed PPUs (Physics Processing Units).
In its implementation, the first video game to use PhysX technology is The Stalin Subway, released in Russia-only game stores in September 2005.
In 2008, Ageia was itself acquired by graphics technology manufacturer Nvidia. Nvidia started enabling PhysX hardware acceleration on its line of GeForce graphics cards and eventually dropped support for Ageia PPUs.
PhysX SDK 3.0 was released in May 2011 and represented a significant rewrite of the SDK, bringing improvements such as more efficient multithreading and a unified code base for all supported platforms.
At GDC 2015, Nvidia made the source code for PhysX available on GitHub, but required registration at developer.nvidia.com. The proprietary SDK was provided to developers for free f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicrobeLibrary | MicrobeLibrary is a permanent collection of over 1400 original peer-reviewed resources for teaching undergraduate microbiology. It is provided by the American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, United States.
Contents include curriculum activities; images and animations; reviews of books, websites and other resources; and articles from Focus on Microbiology Education, Microbiology Education and Microbe. Around 40% of the materials are free to educators and students, the remainder require a subscription. the service is suspended with the message to:
"Please check back with us in 2017".
External links
MicrobeLibrary
Microbiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtered%20category | In category theory, filtered categories generalize the notion of directed set understood as a category (hence called a directed category; while some use directed category as a synonym for a filtered category). There is a dual notion of cofiltered category, which will be recalled below.
Filtered categories
A category is filtered when
it is not empty,
for every two objects and in there exists an object and two arrows and in ,
for every two parallel arrows in , there exists an object and an arrow such that .
A filtered colimit is a colimit of a functor where is a filtered category.
Cofiltered categories
A category is cofiltered if the opposite category is filtered. In detail, a category is cofiltered when
it is not empty,
for every two objects and in there exists an object and two arrows and in ,
for every two parallel arrows in , there exists an object and an arrow such that .
A cofiltered limit is a limit of a functor where is a cofiltered category.
Ind-objects and pro-objects
Given a small category , a presheaf of sets that is a small filtered colimit of representable presheaves, is called an ind-object of the category . Ind-objects of a category form a full subcategory in the category of functors (presheaves) . The category of pro-objects in is the opposite of the category of ind-objects in the opposite category .
κ-filtered categories
There is a variant of "filtered category" known as a "κ-filtered category", defined as follows. This begins with the following observation: the three conditions in the definition of filtered category above say respectively that there exists a cocone over any diagram in of the form , , or . The existence of cocones for these three shapes of diagrams turns out to imply that cocones exist for any finite diagram; in other words, a category is filtered (according to the above definition) if and only if there is a cocone over any finite diagram .
Extending this, given a regular cardinal κ, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitotoxicity | In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors. For example, when glutamate receptors such as the NMDA receptor or AMPA receptor encounter excessive levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter, glutamate, significant neuronal damage might ensue. Excess glutamate allows high levels of calcium ions (Ca2+) to enter the cell. Ca2+ influx into cells activates a number of enzymes, including phospholipases, endonucleases, and proteases such as calpain. These enzymes go on to damage cell structures such as components of the cytoskeleton, membrane, and DNA. In evolved, complex adaptive systems such as biological life it must be understood that mechanisms are rarely, if ever, simplistically direct. For example, NMDA in subtoxic amounts induces neuronal survival of otherwise toxic levels of glutamate.
Excitotoxicity may be involved in cancers, spinal cord injury, stroke, traumatic brain injury, hearing loss (through noise overexposure or ototoxicity), and in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, alcoholism, alcohol withdrawal or hyperammonemia and especially over-rapid benzodiazepine withdrawal, and also Huntington's disease. Other common conditions that cause excessive glutamate concentrations around neurons are hypoglycemia. Blood sugars are the primary glutamate removal method from inter-synaptic spaces at the NMDA and AMPA receptor site. Persons in excitotoxic shock must never fall into hypoglycemia. Patients should be given 5% glucose (dextrose) IV drip during excitotoxic shock to avoid a dangerous build up of glutamate around NMDA and AMPA neurons. When 5% glucose (dextrose) IV drip is not available high levels of fructose are given orally. Treatment is administered during the acute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilurus%20tenacellus | Strobilurus tenacellus, commonly known as the pinecone cap, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. It is found in Asia and Europe, where it grows on the fallen cones of pine and spruce trees. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) are small, with convex to flat, reddish to brownish caps up to in diameter, set atop thin cylindrical stems up to long with a rooting base. A characteristic microscopic feature of the mushroom is the sharp, thin-walled cystidia found on the stipe, gills, and cap. The mushrooms, sometimes described as edible, are too small to be of culinary interest. The fungus releases compounds called strobilurins that suppress the growth and development of other fungi. Derivatives of these compounds are used as an important class of agricultural fungicides.
Taxonomy
The species was first described as Agaricus tenacellus by Christian Hendrik Persoon in his 1796 Observationes Mycologicae. In its taxonomic history, it has been moved to the genera Collybia by Paul Kummer in 1803, Marasmius by Jules Favre in 1939, and Pseudohiatula by Georges Métrod in 1952. Rolf Singer transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Strobilurus in 1962, giving it the name by which it is currently known.
The specific epithet tenacellus is a diminutive form of the Latin word tenax, meaning "tough". Its British Mycological Society-recommended common name is the "pinecone cap". English botanist James Edward Smith called it the "dark fir-cone Agaric" in his 1836 work The English Flora.
Description
The cap is initially convex before flattening out, sometimes retaining a small central papilla, and sometimes developing a central depression; the cap diameter reaches . The smooth cap is hygrophanous (i.e., it changes colour as it loses or absorbs moisture), and has shallow radial grooves extending about halfway up the cap. Its colour is reddish to brownish, and is often paler in the center than the margin; when dry, the colour fades to greyish. The greyish-white g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotachy | Heterotachy refers to variations in lineage-specific evolutionary rates over time. In the field of molecular evolution, the principle of heterotachy states that the substitution rate of sites in a gene can change through time. It has been proposed that the positions that show switches in substitution rate over time (that is, heterotachous sites) are good indicators of functional divergence. However, it appears that heterotachy is a much more general process, since most variable sites of homologous proteins with no evidence of functional shift are heterotachous.
The covarion hypothesis is a specific form of heterotachy. Some studies have proposed functional divergence models that are also heterotachous. Additionally, some mixture models that do not explicitly account for rate-shift, but site-partitions evolving at different relative substitution rates across lineages are mathematically heterotachous.
Failure to take heterotachy into account in phylogenetic reconstructions may lead to incorrect phylogenetic trees. Thus Zhong et al. (2011) say that heterotachy is one of the reasons for variability in reconstructions of the origin of gnetophytes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands | The wildlife of the Falkland Islands is quite similar to that of Patagonia. The Falkland Islands have no native reptiles or amphibians, and the only native land mammal, the warrah, is now extinct. However, a large number of bird species have been seen around the islands, and many of them breed on the smaller islands of the archipelago. Insects play a large role in the ecosystem of the islands, and over 200 species have been recorded. The waters around the Falkland Islands sustain many animals, including a large number of marine mammals. Three pinniped species breed on the islands.
There are no trees native to the area, leading to a wide proliferation of grass species. This includes tussac grass, the dense leaves of which provide a micro-climate for many bird and invertebrate species. Small bushes are also found, along with a small number of freshwater plants. The plant species vary with different factors such as the fertility of the soil, the humidity, and altitude.
There is a lack of data about many species in the islands, as well as a lack of long-term data about the environment. Introduced animals are having a detrimental effect on native wildlife, which is now mainly restricted to smaller offshore islands. Some native animals are protected, but many are not, due to a lack of information about them.
Ecological zones and habitats
The Falkland islands are an archipelago located some off South America in the south Atlantic Ocean. Biogeographically, the Falkland Islands are classified as part of the Antarctic ecozone and Antarctic Floristic Kingdom. Strong connections exist with the flora and fauna of Patagonia in South America, especially to those in Tierra del Fuego. As the Falkland Islands were originally connected to the African rather than South American mainland, the connections with Patagonia suggest wildlife on the islands arrived through dispersal.
There are two main islands in the archipelago, East Falkland and West Falkland, along with over 700 smalle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniqueness%20theorem | In mathematics, a uniqueness theorem, also called a unicity theorem, is a theorem asserting the uniqueness of an object satisfying certain conditions, or the equivalence of all objects satisfying the said conditions. Examples of uniqueness theorems include:
Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem of three-dimensional polyhedra
Black hole uniqueness theorem
Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem is the main local existence and uniqueness theorem for analytic partial differential equations associated with Cauchy initial value problems.
Cauchy–Kowalevski–Kashiwara theorem is a wide generalization of the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem for systems of linear partial differential equations with analytic coefficients.
Division theorem, the uniqueness of quotient and remainder under Euclidean division.
Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, the uniqueness of prime factorization.
Holmgren's uniqueness theorem for linear partial differential equations with real analytic coefficients.
Picard–Lindelöf theorem, the uniqueness of solutions to first-order differential equations.
Thompson uniqueness theorem in finite group theory
Uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation
Electromagnetism uniqueness theorem for the solution of Maxwell's equation
Uniqueness case in finite group theory
The word unique is sometimes replaced by essentially unique, whenever one wants to stress that the uniqueness is only referred to the underlying structure, whereas the form may vary in all ways that do not affect the mathematical content.
A uniqueness theorem (or its proof) is, at least within the mathematics of differential equations, often combined with an existence theorem (or its proof) to a combined existence and uniqueness theorem (e.g., existence and uniqueness of solution to first-order differential equations with boundary condition).
See also
Existence theorem
Rigidity (mathematics)
Uniqueness quantification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech%20Application%20Language%20Tags | Speech Application Language Tags (SALT) is an XML-based markup language that is used in HTML and XHTML pages to add voice recognition capabilities to web-based applications.
Description
Speech Application Language Tags enables multimodal and telephony-enabled access to information, applications, and Web services from PCs, telephones, tablet PCs, and wireless personal digital assistants (PDAs). The Speech Application Language Tags extend existing mark-up languages such as HTML, XHTML, and XML. Multimodal access will enable users to interact with an application in a variety of ways: they will be able to input data using speech, a keyboard, keypad, mouse and/or stylus, and produce data as synthesized speech, audio, plain text, motion video, and/or graphics.
History
SALT was developed as a competitor to VoiceXML and was supported by the SALT Forum. The SALT Forum was founded on October 15, 2001, by Microsoft, along with Cisco Systems, Comverse, Intel, Philips Consumer Electronics, and ScanSoft. The SALT 1.0 specification was submitted to the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) for review in August 2002. However, the W3C continued developing its VoiceXML 2.0 standard, which reached the final "Recommendation" stage in March 2004.
By 2006, Microsoft realized Speech Server had to support the W3C VoiceXML standard to remain competitive. Microsoft joined the VoiceXML Forum as a Promoter in April of that year. Speech Server 2007 supports VoiceXML 2.0 and 2.1 in addition to SALT. In 2007, Microsoft purchased Tellme, one of the largest VoiceXML service providers.
By that point nearly every other SALT Forum company had committed to VoiceXML. The last press release posted to the SALT Forum website was in 2003, while the VoiceXML Forum is quite active. "SALT [Speech Application Language Tags] is a direct competitor but has not reached the level of maturity of VoiceXML in the standards process," said Bill Meisel, principal at TMA Associates, a speech technology research firm.
Us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent | An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin adstringere, which means "to bind fast". Calamine lotion, witch hazel, and yerba mansa, a Californian plant, are astringents, as are the powdered leaves of the myrtle.
Astringency, the dry, puckering or numbing mouthfeel caused by the tannins in unripe fruits, lets the fruit mature by deterring eating. Ripe fruits and fruit parts including blackthorn (sloe berries), Aronia chokeberry, chokecherry, bird cherry, rhubarb, quince, jabuticaba and persimmon fruits (especially when unripe), banana skins (or unripe bananas), cashew fruits and acorns are astringent. Citrus fruits, like lemons, are somewhat astringent. Tannins, being a kind of polyphenol, bind salivary proteins and make them precipitate and aggregate, producing a rough, "sandpapery", or dry sensation in the mouth. The tannins in some teas, coffee, and red grape wines like Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot produce mild astringency.
Squirrels, wild boars, and insects can eat astringent food as their tongues are able to handle the taste.
In Ayurveda, astringent is the sixth taste (after sweet, sour, salty, pungent, bitter) represented by "air and earth".
Smoking tobacco is also reported to have an astringent effect.
In a scientific study, astringency was still detectable by subjects who had local anesthesia applied to their taste nerves, but not when both these and the trigeminal nerves were disabled.
Uses
In medicine, astringents cause constriction or contraction of mucous membranes and exposed tissues and are often used internally to reduce discharge of blood serum and mucous secretions. This can happen with a sore throat, hemorrhages, diarrhea, and peptic ulcers. Externally applied astringents, which cause mild coagulation of skin proteins, dry, harden, and protect the skin. People with acne are often advised to use astringents if they have oily skin. Mild astringents relieve s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReverbNation | ReverbNation.com is a website, launched in 2006, that focuses on the independent music industry. It aims to provide a central site for musicians, producers, and venues to collaborate and communicate. ReverbNation was bought for an undisclosed sum by music creation platform, BandLab, in November 2021.
Innovations
ReverbNation provides a widget that allows its members to place content on web pages. This TuneWidget is a feature that links back to additional content, such as music recommended by the band who created the widget. In 2007, Webs (formerly Freewebs) added a widget service that included TuneWidget as an option for its web site users.
A feature called Band Equity measures popularity based on four metrics of its service: reach, influence, access, and recency with the top 100 of each genre being recognized.
Events
The band Rehab headlined the ReverbNation summer 2007 tour.
In May 2008, Judas Priest pre-released a track from its upcoming album on ReverbNation. Its label, Epic Records, described the use of the TuneWidget as "a must have tool for any artist's viral campaign".
In Dec 2009, ReverbNation partnered with Microsoft launching Playlist 7 sponsorship program where 7 top emerging artists were able to showcase their work having one of their songs featured.
In Nov 2021, ReverbNation was acquired by BandLab. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator%20car | A refrigerator car (or "reefer") is a refrigerated boxcar (U.S.), a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Refrigerator cars differ from simple insulated boxcars and ventilated boxcars (commonly used for transporting fruit), neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. Reefers can be ice-cooled, come equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems, or utilize carbon dioxide (either as dry ice, or in liquid form) as a cooling agent. Milk cars (and other types of "express" reefers) may or may not include a cooling system, but are equipped with high-speed trucks and other modifications that allow them to travel with passenger trains.
History
Background: North America
After the end of the American Civil War, Chicago, Illinois emerged as a major railway center for the distribution of livestock raised on the Great Plains to Eastern markets. Transporting the animals to market required herds to be driven up to to railheads in Kansas City, Missouri or other locations in the midwest, such as Abilene and Dodge City, Kansas, where they were loaded into specialized stock cars and transported live ("on-the-hoof") to regional processing centers. Driving cattle across the plains also caused tremendous weight loss, with some animals dying in transit.
Upon arrival at the local processing facility, livestock were slaughtered by wholesalers and delivered fresh to nearby butcher shops for retail sale, smoked, or packed for shipment in barrels of salt. Costly inefficiencies were inherent in transporting live animals by rail, particularly the fact that approximately 60% of the animal's mass is inedible. The death of animals weakened by the long drive further increased the per-unit shipping cost. Meat processors sought a method to ship dressed meats from their Chicago packing plants to eastern markets.
Early attempts at refrigerated transport
During the mid-19th century, attempts were made to ship |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20for%20Biological%20Standards%20and%20Control | The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) is a government agency that works in the field of biological standardisation and is part of the United Kingdom's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). It is responsible for developing and producing over 90% of the biological international standards in use around the world.
The Institute is the UK's Official Medicines Control Laboratory, responsible for independent regulatory testing of biological medicines within the framework of the European Union. It is also host to the UK's stem cell bank and is a key research centre in the field of pandemic influenza.
History
The NIBSC began work in May 1972. The National Biological Standards Board was formed in 1975 at the NIMR in Mill Hill. A site was selected and the new £25m building opened in 1987, although it was officially opened in 1988. It has 4,500 square metres of laboratories. NIBSC employs around 300 staff, 200 of whom are scientists.
In February 2008, it featured in a thirty-minute programme on BBC Radio 4 in the Secret Science two-part series (the other programme was about the Health Protection Agency's Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response at Porton Down).
In April 2009, NIBSC became a centre of the UK Health Protection Agency. In April 2013, the NIBSC left that agency and was merged with the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
Functions
It produces over 90% of the WHO's International Standards for substances such as antibiotics, enzymes, antibodies and hormones, and methods such as blood transfusions. These standards form a vital part of global health efforts and pharmaceutical research, and over 10,000 standards a month are shipped worldwide.
It is the UK's Official Medicines Control Laboratory.
Facilities
New buildings for the UK Stem Cell Bank (which has been on the site since May 2004 and was Europe's first stem cell bank) and Influenza Resource Centre were built on the site |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffing | Stuffing, filling, or dressing is an edible mixture, often composed of herbs and a starch such as bread, used to fill a cavity in the preparation of another food item. Many foods may be stuffed, including poultry, seafood, and vegetables. As a cooking technique stuffing helps retain moisture, while the mixture itself serves to augment and absorb flavors during its preparation.
Poultry stuffing often consists of breadcrumbs, onion, celery, spices, and herbs such as sage, combined with the giblets. Additions in the United Kingdom include dried fruits and nuts (such as apricots and flaked almonds), and chestnuts.
History
It is not known when stuffings were first used. The earliest documentary evidence is the Roman cookbook, Apicius De Re Coquinaria, which contains recipes for stuffed chicken, dormouse, hare, and pig. Most of the stuffings described consist of vegetables, herbs and spices, nuts, and spelt (a cereal), and frequently contain chopped liver, brains, and other organ meat.
Names for stuffing include "farce" (~1390), "stuffing" (1538), "forcemeat" (1688), and relatively more recently in the United States; "dressing" (1850).
Cavities
In addition to stuffing the body cavity of animals, including birds, fish, and mammals, various cuts of meat may be stuffed after they have been deboned or a pouch has been cut into them. Recipes include stuffed chicken legs, stuffed pork chops, stuffed breast of veal, as well as the traditional holiday stuffed turkey or goose.
Many types of vegetables are also suitable for stuffing, after their seeds or flesh has been removed. Tomatoes, capsicums (sweet or hot peppers), and vegetable marrows such as zucchini may be prepared in this way. Cabbages and similar vegetables can also be stuffed or wrapped around a filling. They are usually blanched first, in order to make their leaves more pliable. Then, the interior may be replaced by stuffing, or small amounts of stuffing may be inserted between the individual leaves.
Purport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School%20Mathematics%20Project | The School Mathematics Project arose in the United Kingdom as part of the new mathematics educational movement of the 1960s. It is a developer of mathematics textbooks for secondary schools, formerly based in Southampton in the UK.
Now generally known as SMP, it began as a research project inspired by a 1961 conference chaired by Bryan Thwaites at the University of Southampton, which itself was precipitated by calls to reform mathematics teaching in the wake of the Sputnik launch by the Soviet Union, the same circumstances that prompted the wider New Math movement. It maintained close ties with the former Collaborative Group for Research in Mathematics Education at the university.
Instead of dwelling on 'traditional' areas such as arithmetic and geometry, SMP dwelt on subjects such as set theory, graph theory and logic, non-cartesian co-ordinate systems, matrix mathematics, affine transforms, Euclidean vectors, and non-decimal number systems.
Course books
SMP, Book 1
This was published in 1965. It was aimed at entry level pupils at secondary school, and was the first book in a series of 4 preparing pupils for Elementary Mathematics Examination at 'O' level.
SMP, Book 3
The computer paper tape motif on early educational material reads "THE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS PROJECT DIRECTED BY BRYAN THWAITES".
O O O O O O OO O O O O OO O O O O O
O O OOOO O O O O OO O O O O O O O
O O O OO O O OO O O O O O O OOO O O O OO O
···································································
O OO OO OO OOO O O O O OO O O O O
O O OO OO OO OOO OOO O OO O OO O O OO OOO OO O
THE SCHOOL MATHEMATICS PROJECT DIRECTED BY BRYAN THWAITES
The code for this tape is introduced in Book 3 as part of the notional computer system now described.
Simpol programming language
The Simpol language was devised by The School Mathematics Project in the 1960s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floccularia%20albolanaripes | Floccularia albolanaripes is a species of fungus in the family Agaricaceae. Mushrooms are characterized by their yellow caps with a brownish center and scales over the margin, and the conspicuous remains of a partial veil that is left on the stipe. The species grows in the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains of North America, and in India.
Taxonomy
The species was first described as Armillaria albolanaripes by American mycologist George F. Atkinson in 1908. The type specimens were collected from Corvallis, Oregon on November 6, 1906. It was known as an Armillaria for several decades until members of that genus with amyloid spores and lacking black rhizomorphs were transferred to Floccularia in 1987.
Description
The cap is convex to flattened (sometimes with a shallow umbo), measuring in diameter. Its color is bright-yellow to orange-yellow and then later brownish, and it has flattened brownish scales over the center. The whitish cap margin is rolled inward. The well-separated gills have tooth-like edges, and an adnate attachment to the stipe, sometimes with a notch. They are initially white before turning cream in maturity. The stipe measures long by wide, and is roughly the same width throughout. Shiny with a light yellow-brown base color, it has one to several cottony zones of partial veil remnants. The flesh is firm, and white to yellow under the cap cuticle. It has no distinguishable odor and a mild taste. F. albolanaripes mushrooms are edible.
The spore print is white. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, and measure 6–8 by 4–4.5 µm.
Similar species
The base form of species Floccularia luteovirens is similar in appearance, but can be distinguished from F. albolanaripes by its brighter yellow cap color with raised scales on the surface, and yellowish gills. F. luteovirens forma straminea (which has sometimes been defined as a distinct species, F. straminea) is another lookalike with similar coloration and habitat preferences, but its cap features shagg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian%20Journal%20of%20Physics%20Research | The Iranian Journal of Physics Research () is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal of physics published by the Physics Society of Iran. It was established in 1995, with S. Mohammad Amini as editor-in-chief. Originally publishing exclusively in Persian, the journal began accepting articles in English as well in 1999. In 2004 the publication frequency was raised from 2 to 4 issues per year. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAFNE | DAFNE or DAΦNE (Double Annular Φ Factory for Nice Experiments), is an electron-positron collider at the INFN Frascati National Laboratory in Frascati, Italy. It consists of 2 accelerator rings, both approximately 100 meters in length. Since 1999 it has been colliding electrons and positrons at a center of mass energy of 1.02 GeV to create phi mesons (φ). 85% of these decay into kaons (K), whose physics is the subject of most of the experiments at DAFNE.
There have been five experiments at DAFNE:
KLOE (K LOng Experiment), which has been studying CP violation in kaon decays and rare kaon decays since 2000. This is the largest of DAFNE experiments. It has been continued by the KLOE-2 experiment.
FINUDA (FIsica NUcleare a DAFNE), studies the spectra and nonmesonic decays of hypernuclei containing Lambda baryons (Λ). The hypernuclei are produced by negatively charged kaons () striking a thin target.
DEAR (DAFNE Exotic Atoms Research experiment), determines scattering lengths in atoms made from a kaon and a proton or deuteron.
DAFNE Light Laboratory (DAΦNE-L) consists of 3 lines of synchrotron radiation emitted by DAFNE, a fourth is under construction.
SIDDHARTA (SIlicon Drift Detectors for Hadronic Atom Research by Timing Application), aims to improve the precision measurements of X-ray transitions in kaon atoms studied at DEAR.
External links
Homepage of the accelerator division of Frascati National Laboratory: public (Italian), technical
Particle physics facilities
Particle experiments
Research institutes in Italy
Particle accelerators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EusLisp%20Robot%20Programming%20Language | EusLisp is a Lisp-based programming system. Built on the basis of object orientation, it is designed specifically for developing robotics software. The first version of it ran in 1986 on Unix-System5/Ustation-E20. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGD1 | FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1) also known as faciogenital dysplasia 1 protein (FGDY), zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 3 (ZFYVE3), or Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor FGD1 (Rho/Rac GEF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGD1 gene that lies on the X chromosome. Orthologs of the FGD1 gene are found in dog, cow, mouse, rat, and zebrafish, and also budding yeast and C. elegans. It is a member of the FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing family.
FGD1 is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that can activate the Rho GTPase Cdc42. It localizes preferentially to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) of mammalian cells and regulates, for example, the secretory transport of bone-specific proteins from the Golgi complex. Thus Cdc42 and FGD1 regulate secretory membrane trafficking that occurs especially during bone growth and mineralization in humans. FGD1 promotes nucleotide exchange on the GTPase Cdc42, a key player in the establishment of cell polarity in all eukaryotic cells. The GEF activity of FGD1, which activates Cdc42, is harbored in its DH domain and causes the formation of filopodia, enabling the cells to migrate. FGD1 also activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade, important in cell differentiation and apoptosis. It also promotes the transition through G1 during the cell cycle and causes tumorgenic transformation of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts.
The FGD1 gene is located on the short arm of the X-chromosome and is essential for normal mammalian embryonic development. Mice embryos that carried experimentally introduced mutations in the FGD1 gene had skeletal abnormalities affecting bone size, cartilage growth, vertebrae formation and distal extremities. These severe phenotypes are consistent with a lack of Cdc42 activity, as it controls membrane traffic as well as the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Mutations in the FGD1 gene that cause the production of non-functional proteins are respon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20spectroscopy | Modern spectroscopy in the Western world started in the 17th century. New designs in optics, specifically prisms, enabled systematic observations of the solar spectrum. Isaac Newton first applied the word spectrum to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light. During the early 1800s, Joseph von Fraunhofer conducted experiments with dispersive spectrometers that enabled spectroscopy to become a more precise and quantitative scientific technique. Since then, spectroscopy has played and continues to play a significant role in chemistry, physics and astronomy. Fraunhofer observed and measured dark lines in the Sun's spectrum, which now bear his name although several of them were observed earlier by Wollaston.
Origins and experimental development
The Romans were already familiar with the ability of a prism to generate a rainbow of colors. Newton is traditionally regarded as the founder of spectroscopy, but he was not the first scientist who studied and reported on the solar spectrum. The works of Athanasius Kircher (1646), Jan Marek Marci (1648), Robert Boyle (1664), and Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1665), predate Newton's optics experiments (1666–1672). Newton published his experiments and theoretical explanations of dispersion of light in his Opticks. His experiments demonstrated that white light could be split up into component colors by means of a prism and that these components could be recombined to generate white light. He demonstrated that the prism is not imparting or creating the colors but rather separating constituent parts of the white light. Newton's corpuscular theory of light was gradually succeeded by the wave theory. It was not until the 19th century that the quantitative measurement of dispersed light was recognized and standardized. As with many subsequent spectroscopy experiments, Newton's sources of white light included flames and stars, including the Sun. Subsequent studies of the nature of light include those of Hooke, Huygens, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsus%20%28eyelids%29 | The tarsi (: tarsus) or tarsal plates are two comparatively thick, elongated plates of dense connective tissue, about in length for the upper eyelid and 5 mm for the lower eyelid; one is found in each eyelid, and contributes to its form and support. They are located directly above the lid margins. The tarsus has a lower and upper part making up the palpebrae.
Superior
The superior tarsus (tarsus superior; superior tarsal plate), the larger, is of a semilunar form, about in breadth at the center, and gradually narrowing toward its extremities. It is adjoined by the superior tarsal muscle.
To the anterior surface of this plate the aponeurosis of the levator palpebrae superioris is attached.
Inferior
The inferior tarsus (tarsus inferior; inferior tarsal plate) is smaller, is thin, is elliptical in form, and has a vertical diameter of about . The free or ciliary margins of these plates are thick and straight.
Relations
The attached or orbital margins are connected to the circumference of the orbit by the orbital septum.
The lateral angles are attached to the zygomatic bone by the lateral palpebral raphe.
The medial angles of the two plates end at the lacrimal lake, and are attached to the frontal process of the maxilla by the medial palpebral ligament).
The sulcus subtarsalis is a groove in the inner surface of each eyelid.
Along the inner margin of the tarsus are modified sebaceous glands known as tarsal glands (or meibomian glands), aligned vertically within the tarsi: 30 to 40 glands in the upper lid, and 20 to 30 in the lower lid, which secrete a lipid-rich product which helps keep the lacrimal secretions or tears from evaporating too quickly, thus keeping the eye moist.
Additional images
See also
List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nador%20transmitter | Nador transmitter is the main transmission facility for longwave and shortwave of Medi 1 Radio, a privately owned broadcasting company of Morocco. It is situated approximately 18 kilometres south of the city of Nador and a few kilometres south of Selouane at 35°2'29"N and 2°55'7"W.
The longwave transmitter of the Nador facility, which works at 171 kHz, had originally a transmission power of 2000 kilowatts. After 2009 the original equipment had been replaced by a new set of Thomson Broadcast S7HP solid-state transmitters with an output of 1600 kW. This modernization project incorporated a refurbishment of the three guyed masts, each 380 metres tall, thus the tallest structures in Africa after the demolition of the OMEGA Navigation System in Paynesville, Liberia in 2011.
In addition the Nador facility is also equipped with two Thomson 250 kW shortwave transmitters. One of these transmitters carried the main program of Morocco's state broadcaster SNRT on varying frequencies around 15345 kHz until it was switched off in September 2012. The other transmitter was used for Medi 1 on 9575 kHz, unheard since May 2017 as well.
Sources and references
External links
Entries at skyscraperpage
Radio masts and towers
Towers in Morocco
Transmitter
Buildings and structures in Oriental (Morocco)
Shortwave radio stations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiminy%20Cricket | Jiminy Cricket is the Disney version of the "Talking Cricket" (Italian: Il Grillo Parlante), a fictional character created by Italian writer Carlo Collodi for his 1883 children's book The Adventures of Pinocchio, which Walt Disney adapted into the animated film Pinocchio in 1940. Originally an unnamed, minor character in Collodi's novel who is killed by Pinocchio before returning as a ghost, he was transformed for the Disney adaptation into a comical and wisecracking partner who accompanies Pinocchio on his adventures, having been appointed by the Blue Fairy (known in the book as the "Fairy with Turquoise Hair") to serve as Pinocchio's official conscience. In the film, he sings "When You Wish Upon a Star", the Walt Disney Company's signature song, and "Give a Little Whistle".
Jiminy Cricket's appearance differs somewhat from that of actual crickets, which range from black to light brown and have long antennae and six legs; Jiminy Cricket has short antennae, a greenish-brown hue, and four limbs; like most Disney characterizations, he is bipedal. He dresses in the manner of a 19th- or early 20th-century gentleman, characteristically wearing a blue top hat and a white dress shirt with an orange vest over a black jacket along with a yellow tie and khaki slacks with blue and yellow spats and carrying a burgundy umbrella and wears gloves similar to what Mickey Mouse wears. Since his debut in Pinocchio, he has become an iconic Disney character, making numerous other appearances, including in Fun and Fancy Free (1947) as the host and in Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983) as the Ghost of Christmas Past.
Background
Origin of name
"Jiminy", along with variants "Jiminy Christmas" and "Jiminy cricket" have been used as minced oaths for "Jesus Christ" since at least 1803. "Jiminy Cricket!" was uttered in Pinocchios immediate Disney predecessor, 1937's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by the seven dwarfs. It also occurs in the 1938 Mickey Mouse cartoon "Brave Little Tailor".
Creat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Defense%20Information%20Assurance%20Certification%20and%20Accreditation%20Process | The DoD Information Assurance Certification and Accreditation Process (DIACAP) is a deprecated United States Department of Defense (DoD) process meant to ensure companies and organizations applied risk management to information systems (IS). DIACAP defined a DoD-wide formal and standard set of activities, general tasks and a management structure process for the certification and accreditation (C&A) of a DoD IS which maintained the information assurance (IA) posture throughout the system's life cycle.
As of May 2015, the DIACAP was replaced by the "Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information Technology (IT)". Although re-accreditations via DIACAP continued through late 2016, systems that had not yet started accreditation by May 2015 were required to transition to the RMF processes. The DoD RMF aligns with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Risk Management Framework (RMF).
History
DIACAP resulted from an NSA directed shift in underlying security approaches. An interim version of the DIACAP was signed July 6, 2006, and superseded the interim DITSCAP guidance. The final version is called Department of Defense Instruction 8510.01, and was signed on March 12, 2014 (previous version was November 28, 2007).
DODI 8500.01 Cybersecurity
http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/850001_2014.pdf,
DODI 8510.01 Risk Management Framework (RMF) for DoD Information Technology (IT)
https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/i8510_01.pdf
DIACAP differed from DITSCAP in several ways—in particular, in its embrace of the idea of information assurance controls (defined in DoDD 8500.1 and DoDI 8500.2) as the primary set of security requirements for all automated information systems (AISs). Applicable IA Controls were assigned based on the system's mission assurance category (MAC) and confidentiality level (CL).
Process
System Identification Profile
DIACAP Implementation Plan
Validation
Certification Determination
DIACAP Scorecard
POA&M
Authorizatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20source%20and%20channel%20coding | In information theory, joint source–channel coding is the encoding of a redundant information source for transmission over a noisy channel, and the corresponding decoding, using a single code instead of the more conventional steps of source coding followed by channel coding.
Joint source–channel coding has been proposed and implemented for a variety of situations, including speech and videotransmission. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicritical%20point | Multicritical points are special points in the parameter space of thermodynamic or
other systems with a continuous phase transition. At least two thermodynamic or other
parameters must be adjusted to reach a multicritical point. At a multicritical point the system belongs to a universality class different from the "normal" universality class.
A more detailed definition requires concepts from the theory of critical phenomena,
a branch of physics that reached a very satisfying state in the 1970s.
Definition
The union of all the points of the parameter space for which the system is critical is
called a critical manifold.
As an example consider a substance ferromagnetic below a
transition temperature , and paramagnetic above . The parameter space here is
the temperature axis, and the critical manifold consists of the point . Now add
hydrostatic pressure to the parameter space. Under hydrostatic pressure the substance
normally still becomes ferromagnetic below a temperature ().
This leads to a
critical curve in the () plane - a -dimensional critical manifold. Also taking into account
shear stress as a thermodynamic parameter leads to a critical surface () in the
() parameter space - a -dimensional critical manifold.
Critical manifolds of dimension and may have physically reachable borders of dimension
which in turn may have borders of dimension . The system still is critical at
these borders. However, criticality terminates for good reason, and the points on the
borders normally belong to another universality class than the universality class realized
within the critical manifold. All the points on the border of a critical manifold are
multicritical points.
Instead of terminating somewhere critical manifolds also may branch or intersect.
The points on the intersections or branch lines also are multicritical points.
At least two parameters must be adjusted to reach a multicritical point.
A -dimensional critical manifold may have two -dimen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery%20Resources%20Monitoring%20System | The Fishery Resources Monitoring System (FIRMS) is a partnership of intergovernmental fisheries organizations that share information on the global monitoring and management of marine fishery resources.
Activities
FIRMS draws together a unified partnership of international organizations, regional fishery bodies collaborating within a formal agreement to report and share information on fisheries resources.
The Secretariat and system maintenance are part of the FAO Regular Programme (Food and Agriculture Organization).
It was established in February 2004 to respond to the need to achieve a sustainability of the fisheries and to provide relevant, reliable and up-to-date information on a global scale.
FIRMS aims to provide information in order to develop effective fisheries policies in accordance with the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries.
This code of conduct, adopted by FAO members on 31 October 1995, contains a broad set of principles and methods for developing and managing fisheries and aquaculture. A voluntary, non-binding instrument, the code is widely recognized as the global standard for settling out the aims of sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for the coming decades.
The information available in FIRMS is based on international protocols and data/metadata standards. It benefits also of functionalities from the Fisheries Global Information System (FIGIS) implemented by FAO.
The information is presented in synthesized fact sheets and state of resource summaries which include images, maps of geographical distribution, general biological and habitat characteristics, scientific assessment results, management considerations and status and trends statements.
Partners
Currently, the FIRMS partnership is composed of 13 international organizations:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
Statistical Office of the European Communities (EUROSTAT)
Fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C%20Device%20Description%20Working%20Group | The W3C Device Description Working Group (DDWG), operating as part of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Mobile Web Initiative (MWI), was chartered to "foster the provision and access to device descriptions that can be used in support of Web-enabled applications that provide an appropriate user experience on mobile devices." Mobile devices exhibit the greatest diversity of capabilities, and therefore present the greatest challenge to content adaptation technologies. The group published several documents, including a list of requirements for an interface to a Device Description Repository (DDR) and a standard interface meeting those requirements.
The group was rechartered in 2006 to work in public towards the development of the Application Programming Interface (API) for a DDR. Early in 2007, the group launched a wiki and a blog to add to the public mailing list. The group subsequently published a formal vocabulary of core device properties, and an API called the DDR Simple API, which became a W3C Recommendation in December 2008. The group closed at the end of 2008, but with the intention of maintaining the Web pages, blog and wiki through W3C volunteer effort.
Publications
The DDWG published several W3C Working Group Notes and one W3C Recommendation.
A W3C WG Note that articulates what the W3C and other organizations are doing or have already done with regards to device information. This document suggests an environment in which these technologies work together to meet the goals of content adaptation. The completed document was published on 31 October 2007.
A W3C WG Note describing the ecosystem surrounding creation, maintenance and use of device descriptions. The completed document was published on 31 October 2007.
A W3C WG Note describing a set of requirements for a reference repository of device descriptions. The completed document was published on 17 December 2007.
A W3C WG Note describing a process to manage contributions to an initial core vocabulary, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopanoids | Hopanoids are a diverse subclass of triterpenoids with the same hydrocarbon skeleton as the compound hopane. This group of pentacyclic molecules therefore refers to simple hopenes, hopanols and hopanes, but also to extensively functionalized derivatives such as bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) and hopanoids covalently attached to lipid A.
The first known hopanoid, hydroxyhopanone, was isolated by two chemists at The National Gallery, London working on the chemistry of dammar gum, a natural resin used as a varnish for paintings. While hopanoids are often assumed to be made only in bacteria, their name actually comes from the abundance of hopanoid compounds in the resin of plants from the genus Hopea. In turn, this genus is named after John Hope, the first Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Since their initial discovery in an angiosperm, hopanoids have been found in plasma membranes of bacteria, lichens, bryophytes, ferns, tropical trees and fungi. Hopanoids have stable polycyclic structures that are well-preserved in petroleum reservoirs, rocks and sediment, allowing the diagenetic products of these molecules to be interpreted as biomarkers for the presence of specific microbes and potentially for chemical or physical conditions at the time of deposition. Hopanoids have not been detected in archaea.
Biological function
About 10% of sequenced bacterial genomes have a putative shc gene encoding a squalene-hopene cyclase and can presumably make hopanoids, which have been shown to play diverse roles in the plasma membrane and may allow some organisms to adapt in extreme environments.
Since hopanoids modify plasma membrane properties in bacteria, they are frequently compared to sterols (e.g., cholesterol), which modulate membrane fluidity and serve other functions in eukaryotes. Although hopanoids do not rescue sterol deficiency, they are thought to increase membrane rigidity and decrease permeability. Also, gammaproteobacteria and eukaryotic organisms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune%20disease%20in%20women | Autoimmune disease in women refers to the autoimmune diseases which affect women. Several autoimmune diseases are more common in women, and may present differently in women than they do in men. The root of such conditions is not exactly clear, but may in part involve an extra copy of the X chromosome that is present in females, compared to the single copy found in males.
The elevated risk factor of autoimmune conditions in women are thought to be associated with physiological changes; for example, hormonal shifts, sex chromosomes, stress, genetics or a variety of different factors. Some of these differences are unique to women, such as the effects during pregnancy. It is possible that this immune reaction could be heightened through pregnancy, as the mother's immune system works to protect both her and her infant. Women with autoimmune diseases can safely have children. There are some risks for the mother or baby, depending on the disease and how severe it is. For some women, symptoms tend to improve during pregnancy, while others find that their symptoms flare up. Also, some medicines used to treat autoimmune diseases might not be safe to use during pregnancy. Importantly, there are other methods for mediating these diseases, such as lifestyle changes to help control the overactive immune system.
Common diseases
Many autoimmune conditions are more prevalent in women than in men. Some of these include:
Signs and Symptoms
Causes
While the exact cause of autoimmune diseases remains uncertain, there are a few theories that may explain the prevalence of these illnesses in women. Some of these possible explanations include effects of hormonal changes and sex chromosomes.
Many genes that are involved in the immune response reside on the X chromosome for which females have two copies whereas males only have one. Normally the expression of X chromosome genes is randomly suppressed on one of the two copies in females in order to compensate for the extra copy of these |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota%20Damansara%20Community%20Forest%20Park | The Kota Damansara Community Forest Park (KDCFP) is a secondary forest located in Selangor, Malaysia. It was part of a defunct Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve gazetted in 1898 which contained of protected primary forest. This made it as the oldest forest reserve in Peninsular Malaysia. The forest reserve was degazetted a number of times and subsequent development brought down the size of the reserve to a .
Logging activities especially has turned the area into a secondary forest. This results in the abundance of pioneer plants as well as rare species of plant such as Begonia aequilateralis. Despite being a secondary forest, a number of primary forest species such as meranti are observable at the park. Furthermore, KDCFP is a dipterocarp forest typically found in tropical countries such as Malaysia. The area is a combination of flat land and low elevation hill.
The trademark of KDCFP is an artificial lake. The lake was created in early 2000s due to the building of a road that blocked a small stream that flows through the park. This has introduced aquatic flora and fauna attributable to slow-flowing water body to the area.
Current development
Kota Damansara is a developing area and there are efforts to develop the area. The local residents and the Malaysian Nature Society with aid from the United Nations Development Program through the Small Grants Program are trying to protect the area from further development projects.
See also
Geography of Malaysia
External links
() Geo Links for Kota Damansara Forest Park
Selamatkan Hutan Simpan Kota Damansara
Clean-Up Program during EARTH DAY 2008 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hero%3A%20Love%20Story%20of%20a%20Spy | The Hero: Love Story of a Spy is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language spy thriller film directed by Anil Sharma and produced by Time Magnetics. It stars Sunny Deol, Preity Zinta and Priyanka Chopra in her Bollywood film debut. Written by Shaktimaan, the film tells the story of an undercover Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) agent who must gather intelligence about cross-border terrorism and stop the terrorist responsible for it and his separation from his fiancé.
Sharma had long contemplated making a spy film but felt this was not economically viable for the Indian market because Indian films did not have sufficient budgets. He first planned a film about India's spy network set in the early 2000s but made the 2001 film Gadar: Ek Prem Katha, which became one of the highest-grossing Indian films of all time. Following the record-breaking success of that film, Sharma decided to make The Hero: Love Story of a Spy. The Shah Brothers were engaged to produce the film, which was touted to have a huge budget and scale, unlike previous Bollywood films. Aiming for high production values, a sizeable amount of money was spent on the film. Several large sets were created to give the film a feeling of grandeur, and international stunt experts were hired to coordinate action sequences new to Bollywood. Principal photography was done at Indian locations, including Kullu and Manali, and in locations in Canada and Switzerland. Uttam Singh composed the soundtrack with lyrics written by Anand Bakshi and Javed Akhtar.
The film's production cost was very high, with trades suggesting that it was the most expensive Indian film ever made at that point; this was the most talked-about aspect of the film. The Hero: Love Story of a Spy was released on 11 April 2003 to mixed to positive reviews from critics. It grossed over 451 million at the box office against a production and marketing budget of 350 million, becoming the third-highest-grossing film of the year. Chopra won the Stardust Award for Best S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oophagy | Oophagy ( ) sometimes ovophagy, literally "egg eating", is the practice of
embryos feeding on eggs produced by the ovary while still inside the mother's uterus. The word oophagy is formed from the classical Greek (, "egg") and classical Greek (, "to eat"). In contrast, adelphophagy is the cannibalism of a multi-celled embryo.
Oophagy is thought to occur in all sharks in the order Lamniformes and has been recorded in the bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus), the pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus), the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the porbeagle (Lamna nasus) among others. It also occurs in the tawny nurse shark (Nebrius ferrugineus), and in the family Pseudotriakidae.
This practice may lead to larger embryos or prepare the embryo for a predatory lifestyle.
There are variations in the extent of oophagy among the different shark species. The grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) practices intrauterine cannibalism, the first developed embryo consuming both additional eggs and any other developing embryos. Slender smooth-hounds (Gollum attenuatus), form egg capsules which contain 30-80 ova, within which only one ovum develops; the remaining ova are ingested and their yolks stored in its external yolk sac. The embryo then proceeds to develop normally, without ingesting further eggs.
Oophagy is also used as a synonym of egg predation practised by some snakes and other animals. Similarly, the term can be used to describe the destruction of non-queen eggs in nests of certain social wasps, bees, and ants. This is seen in the wasp species Polistes biglumis and Polistes humilis. Oophagy has been observed in Leptothorax acervorum and Parachartergus fraternus, where oophagy is practiced to increase energy circulation and provide more dietary protein. Polistes fuscatus use oophagy as a method to establish a dominance hierarchy; dominant females will eat the eggs of subordinate females such that they no longer produce eggs, possibly due to the unnecessary expenditure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20therapy%20for%20osteoarthritis | Gene therapy for osteoarthritis is the application of gene therapy to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Unlike pharmacological treatments which are administered locally or systemically as a series of interventions, gene therapy aims to establish sustained therapeutic effect after a single, local injection.
The main risk factors for osteoarthritis are age and body mass index, as such, OA is predominantly considered a disease of aging. As the body ages, catabolic factors begin to predominate over anabolic factors resulting in a reduction of extracellular matrix gene expression and reduced cellularity in articular cartilage. Catabolism eventually predominates over anabolism to such an extent that severe cartilage erosions and bone marrow lesions / remodeling manifest in clinical osteoarthritis. In addition, osteoarthritis has a number of heritable factors, and there may be genetic risk factors for the disease.
Gene augmentation, gene replacement, and novel transgene gene therapy strategies for the potential medical management of osteoarthritis are under preliminary research to define pathological mechanisms and possible treatments for this chronic disease. While viral vector gene therapies predominate, both viral and non-viral vectors have been developed as a means to deliver therapeutic genes.
Gene augmentation approaches
As the body ages, catabolic factors begin to predominate over anabolic factors. In osteoarthritis, catabolic factors promote the degradation of articular cartilage and decrease the total cell content of cartilage. While the body is young, anabolic factors are able to replace the lost cartilage and cartilage producing cells, however, this ability appears to decrease with age. Gene Augmentation approaches, such as the delivery of FGF18 and PRG4 aim to augment the natural anabolic processes within the joint, to delay the progression of cartilage degeneration. Anabolic factors appear to be successful in clinical studies when delivered in the form of repeat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarsometatarsal%20joints | The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joints) are arthrodial joints in the foot. The tarsometatarsal joints involve the first, second and third cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone and the metatarsal bones.
The eponym of Lisfranc joint is 18th–19th-century surgeon and gynecologist Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin.
Structure
Bones
The bones entering into their formation are the first, second, and third cuneiforms, and the cuboid bone, which articulate with the bases of the metatarsal bones.
The first metatarsal bone articulates with the first cuneiform; the second is deeply wedged in between the first and third cuneiforms articulating by its base with the second cuneiform; the third articulates with the third cuneiform; the fourth, with the cuboid and third cuneiform; and the fifth, with the cuboid.
The bones are connected by dorsal, plantar, and interosseous ligaments.
Dorsal ligaments
The dorsal ligaments are strong, flat bands.
The first metatarsal is joined to the first cuneiform by a broad, thin band; the second has three, one from each cuneiform bone; the third has one from the third cuneiform; the fourth has one from the third cuneiform and one from the cuboid; and the fifth, one from the cuboid.
Plantar ligaments
The plantar ligaments consist of longitudinal and oblique bands, disposed with less regularity than the dorsal ligaments.
Those for the first and second metatarsals are the strongest; the second and third metatarsals are joined by oblique bands to the first cuneiform; the fourth and fifth metatarsals are connected by a few fibers to the cuboid.
Interosseous ligaments
The interosseous ligaments are three in number.
The first is the strongest, and passes from the lateral surface of the first cuneiform to the adjacent angle of the second metatarsal.
The second connects the third cuneiform with the adjacent angle of the second metatarsal.
The third connects the lateral angle of the third cuneiform with the adjacent side of the base of the third me |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collenia | Collenia is genus of fossil cyanobacteria that form a particular type of stromatolites.
Description
Collenia are stromatolites made up of convex layers flattened in the center, forming columnar colonies. The microorganisms involved were likely photosynthetic bacteria expiring oxygen.
Fossil record
Collenia stromatolites were very common in the late Precambrian, about 2.2 to 2.4 billion years ago. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcon | Alcon is a Swiss-American pharmaceutical and medical device company specializing in eye care products. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and has a major presence in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, where it employs about 4,500 people.
Alcon was a subsidiary of Novartis until April 2019, when it was spun out into a separate publicly-traded company. Alcon itself has a number of subsidiaries, including Aerie Pharmaceuticals, focused on therapies for glaucoma and other diseases of the eye, and WaveLight, which develops and manufactures laser eye surgery technologies.
History
Alcon was founded in 1945 as a small pharmacy in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. It was named for its founders, pharmacists Robert Alexander and William Conner who focused on sterile ophthalmic products.
Nestlé of Switzerland purchased Alcon in 1977. Alcon expanded its manufacturing capability with new plants in South America and Europe and drastically increased its investment in research.
In 1979, Alcon acquired Texas Pharmacal Company which became Dermatological Products of Texas (and is now DPT Laboratories).
In 1984, Alcon founded the Technical Excellence Award to promote achievements in R&D excellence and has awarded it to more than 100 recipients. The Alcon product line has expanded from pharmaceuticals to the surgical arena. Today, Alcon has operations in 75 countries and its products are sold in over 180 countries.
Nestlé conducted an initial public offering of 25% of its stake in Alcon in 2002. The stock is traded under the ticker symbol ALC. In July 2008, Novartis purchased approximately 25% of Nestlé's stake in Alcon, with an option to buy Nestlé's remaining shares beginning in 2010. Novartis bought 52% stake from Nestlé for $28.1 Billion. This deal brought the total ownership of Alcon by Novartis to 77%. Beginning January 2010 Novartis formally announced it will be completing the exercise options for finishing purchasing the rest of Alcon and then promptly continue t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplacian%20smoothing | Laplacian smoothing is an algorithm to smooth a polygonal mesh. For each vertex in a mesh, a new position is chosen based on local information (such as the position of neighbours) and the vertex is moved there. In the case that a mesh is topologically a rectangular grid (that is, each internal vertex is connected to four neighbours) then this operation produces the Laplacian of the mesh.
More formally, the smoothing operation may be described per-vertex as:
Where is the number of adjacent vertices to node , is the position of the -th adjacent vertex and is the new position for node .
See also
Tutte embedding, an embedding of a planar mesh in which each vertex is already at the average of its neighbours' positions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not%20Just%20Another%20Bogus%20List | Not Just Another Bogus List (NJABL) was a DNS blacklist.
NJABL maintained a list of known and potential spam sources (open mail relays, open proxies, open form to mail HTTP gateways, dynamic IP pools, and direct spammers) for the purpose of being able to tag or refuse e-mail and thereby block spam from certain sources. NJABL automatically retests only listed open relays every 90 days.
The Open Proxy IPs portion (only) of NJABL data was used in Spamhaus XBL list
NJABL's dynamic IP list originally came from Dynablock but was maintained independently since Dynablock stopped updating December 2003. The SORBS dynamic IP list is also a development from Dynablock, but is more aggressively inclusive than NJABL's version.
As of March 1, 2013, NJABL is in the process of being shut down. The DNSBL zones have been emptied. After "the Internet" has had some time to remove NJABL from server configs, the NS's will be pointed off into unallocated space (192.0.2.0/24 TEST-NET-1) to hopefully make the shutdown obvious to those who were slower to notice.
As of April 29, the above-mentioned pointing of the DNSBL NS's into 192.0.2.0/24 has been done.
As of Jan 02/2019, the domain name njabl.org was set to expire and dns servers were switched to tucows autorenew servers which would cause any lookups by servers still not having removed the configuration to have rejections. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20YMZ280B | The Yamaha YMZ280B, also known as PCMD8, is a sound chip produced by Yamaha Corporation. It is an eight-channel PCM/ADPCM sample-based synthesizer designed for use with video game machines, packaged in a 64-pin QFP.
Features
Up to 8 simultaneous sounds (voices)
Waveform data lengths of 4 (ADPCM), 8, 16 bits (PCM)
Stereo output (with a 4-bit/16-level pan for each voice)
Up to 16 MB of external memory for wave data
External ROM or SRAM memory.
The YMZ280B can either use an internal crystal oscillator running at 16.9344 MHz or be connected to a master clock line. The chip can be connected to up to 16 MB of external memory to provide the voice data for sound reproduction. The sound data can be encoded as 4-bit ADPCM, 8-bit PCM, or 16-bit PCM, played back in a wide range of frequencies (up to 256 steps), and then mixed together and output as a two's complement MSB-first digital data stream meant to be connected to a complementing DAC chip like the YAC513. The YMZ280B can also be connected to a YSS225 effects processor (EP), allowing two of the 8 channels to be processed further.
Products
Per its design, the YMZ280B found significant use in arcade machines from the late 1990s. The first generation of video games from Cave were among the first to employ the chip. Later games from Data East and Psikyo also employed the chip. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeburg%201000 | The Seeburg 1000 Background Music System is a phonograph designed and built by the Seeburg Corporation to play background music from special 16 RPM vinyl records in offices, restaurants, retail businesses, factories and similar locations. Seeburg provided a service similar to that of Muzak.
Phonograph
The Seeburg 1000 phonograph was introduced in 1959 as model BMS1. The system replaced the Seeburg Library Unit, which served the same purpose but played standard 45 rpm records. The Seeburg 1000 is enclosed in a metal cabinet 22 inches (55 cm) wide by 14 inches (35 cm) tall by 12 inches (30 cm) deep.
A later version (the Seeburg Background Music Compact, model BMC1) is housed in a windowless, blue and grey painted metal box. This version contains only the record-playing mechanism, without any amplifier or timer built in.
The player is capable of playing both sides of up to 28 records and repeating the process indefinitely. The records are stacked on the spindle with the first side to be played on the bottom of the stack. A special tone arm, with two needles (one above and one below), is used to play both sides of each record.
A rotating base plate below the records prevents damage to the bottom playing surface while re-stacking the records. A similar weight on top of the stack ensures stable playback of the bottom side of the topmost record.
The mechanism causes the lower portion of the spindle to rotate clockwise like an ordinary record player, while the top half of the spindle rotates counterclockwise to permit the bottom of the record to be played in the correct direction. The spindle contains three sets of retractable claws which hold the records in the upper and lower playing positions, and permit one record at a time to be dropped from the upper to the lower playing position.
A release button in the top of the spindle permits the operator to retract the record-holding claws to remove the record stack.
The BMS 1000 was so called because it played both side |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20press | A fruit press is a device used to separate fruit solids - stems, skins, seeds, pulp, leaves, and detritus - from fruit juice.
History
In the United States, Madeline Turner invented the Turner's Fruit-Press, in 1916.
Cider press
A cider press is used to crush apples or pears. In North America, the unfiltered juice is referred to as cider, becoming known as apple juice once filtered; in Britain it is referred to as juice regardless of whether it is filtered or not (the term cider is reserved for the fermented (alcoholic) juice). Other products include cider vinegar, (hard) cider, apple wine, apple brandy, and apple jack.
The traditional cider press is a ram press. Apples are ground up and placed in a cylinder, and a piston exerts pressure. The cylinder and/or piston is "leaky" and the juice is forced from the solids. The traditional cider press has not changed much since the early modern period. The only difference being that in earlier versions of the press horses were used to power the machine. Diderot's Encyclopedie offers a portrayal of the traditional cider press,
"This is how the cider mill is made. Imagine a circular trough made of wood connected to two wooden millstones like those used in a windmill, but fixed differently. In a windmill, they are horizontal, but in the cider mill they are placed in the trough vertically. They are fixed to a vertical piece of wood that turns on itself and which is placed in the centre of the circular part of the trough; a long axle passes through them; the axle is joined to the vertical axis; its other end juts out from the trough; a horse → is harnessed to it; the ← horse → pulls the axle by walking round the trough, which also moves the pressing stones in the trough where the apples are pounded. When they are judged to be sufficiently crushed, that is to say, enough for all the juice to be extracted from them, the apples are removed with a wooden spade and put into a large vat nearby. Enough apples are pounded to make a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone%20H2B | Histone H2B is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a main globular domain and long N-terminal and C-terminal tails, H2B is involved with the structure of the nucleosomes.
Structure
Histone H2B is a lightweight structural protein made of 126 amino acids. Many of these amino acids have a positive charge at cellular pH, which allows them to interact with the negatively charged phosphate groups in DNA. Along with a central globular domain, histone H2B has two flexible histone tails that extend outwards – one at the N-terminal end and one at C-terminal end. These are highly involved in condensing chromatin from the beads-on-a-string conformation to a 30-nm fiber. Similar to other histone proteins, histone H2B has a distinct histone fold that is optimized for histone-histone as well as histone-DNA interactions.
Two copies of histone H2B come together with two copies each of histone H2A, histone H3, and histone H4 to form the octamer core of the nucleosome to give structure to DNA. To facilitate this formation, histone H2B first binds to histone H2A to form a heterodimer. Two of these heterodimers then bind together with a heterotetramer made of histone H3 and histone H4, giving the nucleosome its characteristic disk shape. DNA is then wrapped around the entire nucleosome in groups of approximately 160 base pairs of DNA. The wrapping continues until all chromatin has been packaged with the nucleosomes.
Function
Histone H2B is a structural protein that helps organize eukaryotic DNA. It plays an important role in the biology of the nucleus where it is involved in the packaging and maintaining of chromosomes, regulation of transcription, and replication and repair of DNA. Histone H2B helps regulate chromatin structure and function through post-translational modifications and specialized histone variants.
Acetylation and ubiquitination are examples of two post-translational modifications that affect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation%20%28networking%29 | Encapsulation is the computer-networking process of concatenating layer-specific headers or trailers with a service data unit (i.e. a payload) for transmitting information over computer networks. Deencapsulation (or de-encapsulation) is the reverse computer-networking process for receiving information; it removes from the protocol data unit (PDU) a previously concatenated header or tailer that an underlying communications layer transmitted.
Encapsulation and deencapsulation allow the design of modular communication protocols so to logically separate the function of each communications layer, and abstract the structure of the communicated information over the other communications layers. These two processes are common features of the computer-networking models and protocol suites, like in the OSI model and internet protocol suite. However, encapsulation/deencapsulation processes can also serve as malicious features like in the tunneling protocols.
The physical layer is responsible for physical transmission of the data, link encapsulation allows local area networking, IP provides global addressing of individual computers, and TCP selects the process or application (i.e., the TCP or UDP port) that specifies the service such as a Web or TFTP server.
For example, in the IP suite, the contents of a web page are encapsulated with an HTTP header, then by a TCP header, an IP header, and, finally, by a frame header and trailer. The frame is forwarded to the destination node as a stream of bits, where it is decapsulated into the respective PDUs and interpreted at each layer by the receiving node.
The result of encapsulation is that each lower-layer provides a service to the layer or layers above it, while at the same time each layer communicates with its corresponding layer on the receiving node. These are known as adjacent-layer interaction and same-layer interaction, respectively.
In discussions of encapsulation, the more abstract layer is often called the upper-laye |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetical%20hierarchy | In mathematical logic, the arithmetical hierarchy, arithmetic hierarchy or Kleene–Mostowski hierarchy (after mathematicians Stephen Cole Kleene and Andrzej Mostowski) classifies certain sets based on the complexity of formulas that define them. Any set that receives a classification is called arithmetical. The arithmetical hierarchy was invented independently by Kleene (1943) and Mostowski (1946).
The arithmetical hierarchy is important in computability theory, effective descriptive set theory, and the study of formal theories such as Peano arithmetic.
The Tarski–Kuratowski algorithm provides an easy way to get an upper bound on the classifications assigned to a formula and the set it defines.
The hyperarithmetical hierarchy and the analytical hierarchy extend the arithmetical hierarchy to classify additional formulas and sets.
The arithmetical hierarchy of formulas
The arithmetical hierarchy assigns classifications to the formulas in the language of first-order arithmetic. The classifications are denoted and for natural numbers n (including 0). The Greek letters here are lightface symbols, which indicates that the formulas do not contain set parameters.
If a formula is logically equivalent to a formula with only bounded quantifiers, then is assigned the classifications and .
The classifications and are defined inductively for every natural number n using the following rules:
If is logically equivalent to a formula of the form , where is , then is assigned the classification .
If is logically equivalent to a formula of the form , where is , then is assigned the classification .
A formula is equivalent to a formula that begins with some existential quantifiers and alternates times between series of existential and universal quantifiers; while a formula is equivalent to a formula that begins with some universal quantifiers and alternates analogously.
Because every first-order formula has a prenex normal form, every formula is assigned at l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Dystic | Josh Buchbinder,
better known as Sir Dystic, has been a member of Cult of the Dead Cow (cDc) since May 1997,
and is the author of Back Orifice.
He has also written several other hacker tools, including SMBRelay, NetE, and NBName.
Sir Dystic has appeared at multiple hacker conventions, both as a member of panels and speaking on his own. He has also been interviewed on several television and radio programs
and in an award-winning short film about hacker culture in general and cDc in particular.
Dystic's pseudonym is taken from a somewhat obscure 1930s bondage comic character named "Sir Dystic D'Arcy." According to the cDc's Sir Dystic, his namesake "tried to do evil things but always bungles it and ends up doing good inadvertently."
Software
Back Orifice
Back Orifice (often shortened to BO) is a controversial computer program designed for remote system administration. It enables a user to control a computer running the Microsoft Windows operating system from a remote location. The name is a pun on Microsoft BackOffice Server software. The program debuted at DEF CON 6 on August 1, 1998. It was the brainchild of Sir Dystic, a member of the U.S. hacker organization Cult of the Dead Cow. According to the group, its purpose was to demonstrate the lack of security in Microsoft's operating system Windows 98.
According to Sir Dystic, "BO was supposed to be a statement about the fact that people feel secure and safe, although there are wide, gaping holes in both the operating system they're using and the means of defense they're using against hostile code. I mean, that was my message and BO2K really has a different message." Vnunet.com reported Sir Dystic's claim that this message was privately commended by employees of Microsoft.
SMBRelay & SMBRelay2
SMBRelay and SMBRelay2 are computer programs that can be used to carry out SMB man in the middle (mitm) attacks on Windows machines. They were written by Sir Dystic and released 21 March 2001 at the @lantacon convention in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gago%20Coutinho | Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho, GCTE, GCC (; 17 February 1869 – 18 February 1959), generally known simply as Gago Coutinho, was a Portuguese geographer, cartographer, naval officer, historian and aviator. An aviation pioneer, Gago Coutinho and Sacadura Cabral were the first to cross the South Atlantic Ocean by air, in a journey from March to June 1922, started in Lisbon, Portugal, and finished in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a seaplane variant of the British reconnaissance biplane Fairey III.
In June 2022, the centenary of the first aerial crossing of the South Atlantic, it was announced that Faro Airport will officially change its name to Gago Coutinho Airport.
Early life
He was born in Belém, Lisbon, in a modest family, the son of José Viegas Gago Coutinho and his cousin, Fortunata Maria Coutinho. He finished high school in 1885, and entered the Polytechnic School, where he studied for one year, as preparation for his entrance at the Naval School, in Alfeite, Almada, in 1886.
Naval and geographical career
He joined the Navy in 1886 as an aspirant. In 1890, he was promoted to marine guard, in 1891 to second lieutenant, and in 1895 to first lieutenant. In 1907 he was promoted to captain-lieutenant and in 1915 to frigate captain. In 1920 he became captain of sea-and-war. In 1922 he was promoted to vice-admiral, and in 1958 to admiral. During his first Navy years, he did several travels, being the first in the corvette "Afonso de Albuquerque", from 7 December 1888 to 16 January 1891, where he traveled to Mozambique as a member of the Naval Division of Eastern Africa. He did several naval travels the following years, until 31 March 1898, when he did his first commission as an overseas geographer, in Portuguese Timor. Since March 1898, Gago Coutinho activities were developed mostly at the Cartography Commission, created in 1883. From 27 July 1898 to 19 April 1899, he was involved in field work, working at the delimitation of the borders and at the survey of the geograp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug%20shot%20publishing%20industry | The mugshot publishing industry is a niche market of tabloid journalism in the United States. The industry consists of companies that publish mugshots and booking details of individuals arrested by law enforcement agencies. These companies publish the arrest information in tabloids, through local and multi-jurisdictional search websites. The related reputation management industry profits when individuals pay a fee to have their mugshot removed from one or more websites; often the same entity owns both the publishing site and the removal service, which has led to allegations of and lawsuits for extortionate practices and arrests of mugshot business owners on charges of identity theft, money laundering, and extortion. In 2018 the journal of the American Bar Association called the industry an "online extortion scheme."
Publishing
The owners of mugshot websites have stated their belief that publishing the information can spur tips to Crime Stoppers and deter others from committing crimes for fear of their information being published.
Arrest data and photos are public record, and can be accessed through the websites of law enforcement agencies. However, many agencies in small cities, towns and counties do not provide online data. To reduce the probability of their mugshot going online, at least one Florida attorney suggests that his clients pick a rural sheriff's department when they surrender to authorities.
Removal
Some sites remove information free of charge if a complainant provides proof they were found not guilty or that the charges were dropped. Other sites charge a fee regardless of the disposition of the case. This controversy has led some state legislatures to propose bills to regulate the industry.
Mugshots and the associated information are published regardless of whether or not the person is guilty or has been convicted of the crime they were arrested for. The industry has become controversial because of the lack of case disposition.
It has been argue |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%20array | A bit array (also known as bitmask, bit map, bit set, bit string, or bit vector) is an array data structure that compactly stores bits. It can be used to implement a simple set data structure. A bit array is effective at exploiting bit-level parallelism in hardware to perform operations quickly. A typical bit array stores kw bits, where w is the number of bits in the unit of storage, such as a byte or word, and k is some nonnegative integer. If w does not divide the number of bits to be stored, some space is wasted due to internal fragmentation.
Definition
A bit array is a mapping from some domain (almost always a range of integers) to values in the set {0, 1}. The values can be interpreted as dark/light, absent/present, locked/unlocked, valid/invalid, et cetera. The point is that there are only two possible values, so they can be stored in one bit. As with other arrays, the access to a single bit can be managed by applying an index to the array. Assuming its size (or length) to be n bits, the array can be used to specify a subset of the domain (e.g. {0, 1, 2, ..., n−1}), where a 1-bit indicates the presence and a 0-bit the absence of a number in the set. This set data structure uses about n/w words of space, where w is the number of bits in each machine word. Whether the least significant bit (of the word) or the most significant bit indicates the smallest-index number is largely irrelevant, but the former tends to be preferred (on little-endian machines).
A finite binary relation may be represented by a bit array called a logical matrix. In the calculus of relations, these arrays are composed with matrix multiplication where the arithmetic is Boolean, and such a composition represents composition of relations.
Basic operations
Although most machines are not able to address individual bits in memory, nor have instructions to manipulate single bits, each bit in a word can be singled out and manipulated using bitwise operations. In particular:
OR to set a bit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin | Cathepsins (Ancient Greek kata- "down" and hepsein "boil"; abbreviated CTS) are proteases (enzymes that degrade proteins) found in all animals as well as other organisms. There are approximately a dozen members of this family, which are distinguished by their structure, catalytic mechanism, and which proteins they cleave. Most of the members become activated at the low pH found in lysosomes. Thus, the activity of this family lies almost entirely within those organelles. There are, however, exceptions such as cathepsin K, which works extracellularly after secretion by osteoclasts in bone resorption. Cathepsins have a vital role in mammalian cellular turnover.
Classification
Cathepsin A (serine protease)
Cathepsin B (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin C (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin D (aspartyl protease)
Cathepsin E (aspartyl protease)
Cathepsin F (cysteine proteinase)
Cathepsin G (serine protease)
Cathepsin H (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin K (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin L1 (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin L2 (or V) (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin O (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin S (cysteine protease)
Cathepsin W (cysteine proteinase)
Cathepsin Z (or X) (cysteine protease)
Clinical significance
Cathepsins are involved in many physiological processes have been implicated in a number of human diseases. The cysteine cathepsins have attracted significant research effort as drug targets.
Cancer, Cathepsin D is a mitogen and "it attenuates the anti-tumor immune response of decaying chemokines to inhibit the function of dendritic cells". Cathepsins B and L are involved in matrix degradation and cell invasion.
Stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Alzheimer's disease
Arthritis
Ebola, Cathepsin B and to a lesser extent cathepsin L have been found to be necessary for the virus to enter host cells.
COPD
Chronic periodontitis
Pancreatitis
Several ocular disorders: keratoconus, retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma.
Cathepsin A
Deficienc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian%20and%20Eulerian%20specification%20of%20the%20flow%20field |
In classical field theories, the Lagrangian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion where the observer follows an individual fluid parcel as it moves through space and time. Plotting the position of an individual parcel through time gives the pathline of the parcel. This can be visualized as sitting in a boat and drifting down a river.
The Eulerian specification of the flow field is a way of looking at fluid motion that focuses on specific locations in the space through which the fluid flows as time passes. This can be visualized by sitting on the bank of a river and watching the water pass the fixed location.
The Lagrangian and Eulerian specifications of the flow field are sometimes loosely denoted as the Lagrangian and Eulerian frame of reference. However, in general both the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field can be applied in any observer's frame of reference, and in any coordinate system used within the chosen frame of reference.
These specifications are reflected in computational fluid dynamics, where "Eulerian" simulations employ a fixed mesh while "Lagrangian" ones (such as meshfree simulations) feature simulation nodes that may move following the velocity field.
Description
In the Eulerian specification of a field, the field is represented as a function of position x and time t. For example, the flow velocity is represented by a function
On the other hand, in the Lagrangian specification, individual fluid parcels are followed through time. The fluid parcels are labelled by some (time-independent) vector field x0. (Often, x0 is chosen to be the position of the center of mass of the parcels at some initial time t0. It is chosen in this particular manner to account for the possible changes of the shape over time. Therefore the center of mass is a good parameterization of the flow velocity u of the parcel.) In the Lagrangian description, the flow is described by a function
giving the position of the pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-23%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-23 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20median | In geometry, the geometric median of a discrete set of sample points in a Euclidean space is the point minimizing the sum of distances to the sample points. This generalizes the median, which has the property of minimizing the sum of distances for one-dimensional data, and provides a central tendency in higher dimensions. It is also known as the 1-median, spatial median, Euclidean minisum point, or Torricelli point.
The geometric median is an important estimator of location in statistics, where it is also known as the L1 estimator (after the L1 norm). It is also a standard problem in facility location, where it models the problem of locating a facility to minimize the cost of transportation.
The more general k-median problem asks for the location of k cluster centers minimizing the sum of distances from each sample point to its nearest center.
If the point is generalized into a line or a curve, the best-fitting solution is found via least absolute deviations.
The special case of the problem for three points in the plane (that is, = 3 and = 2 in the definition below) is sometimes also known as Fermat's problem; it arises in the construction of minimal Steiner trees, and was originally posed as a problem by Pierre de Fermat and solved by Evangelista Torricelli. Its solution is now known as the Fermat point of the triangle formed by the three sample points. The geometric median may in turn be generalized to the problem of minimizing the sum of weighted distances, known as the Weber problem after Alfred Weber's discussion of the problem in his 1909 book on facility location. Some sources instead call Weber's problem the Fermat–Weber problem, but others use this name for the unweighted geometric median problem.
provides a survey of the geometric median problem. See for generalizations of the problem to non-discrete point sets.
Definition
Formally, for a given set of m points with each , the geometric median is defined as
Here, arg min means the value of the a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris%20%28simulation%29 | Eris is a computer simulation of the Milky Way galaxy's physics. It was done by astrophysicists from the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich, Switzerland and University of California, Santa Cruz. The simulation project was undertaken at the NASA Advanced Supercomputer Division's Pleiades and the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre for nearly eight months, which would have otherwise taken 570 years in a personal computer. The Eris simulation is the first successful detailed simulation of a Milky Way like galaxy. The results of the simulation were announced in August 2011.
Background
Simulation projects intending to simulate spiral galaxies have been undertaken for the past 20 years. All of these projects had failed as the simulation results showed central bulges which are huge compared to the disk size.
Simulation
The simulation was undertaken using supercomputers which include the Pleiades supercomputer, the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre and the supercomputers at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The simulation used 1.4 million processor-hours of the Pleiades supercomputer.
It is based on the theory that in the early universe, cold and slow moving dark matter particles clumped together. These dark matter clumps then formed the "scaffolding" around galaxies and galactic clusters. The motions of more than 60 million particles which represented dark matter and galactic gas were simulated for a period of 13 billion years. The software platform Gasoline was used for the simulation.
Simulation results
The Eris simulation is the first successful simulation to have resolved the high-density gas clouds where stars formed. The simulation result consisted of a galaxy which is very similar to the Milky Way galaxy. Some of the parameters which were similar to Milky Way are stellar content, gas content, kinematic decomposition, brightness profile and the bulge-to-disk ratio. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling%20and%20information%20theory | Statistical inference might be thought of as gambling theory applied to the world around us. The myriad applications for logarithmic information measures tell us precisely how to take the best guess in the face of partial information. In that sense, information theory might be considered a formal expression of the theory of gambling. It is no surprise, therefore, that information theory has applications to games of chance.
Kelly Betting
Kelly betting or proportional betting is an application of information theory to investing and gambling. Its discoverer was John Larry Kelly, Jr.
Part of Kelly's insight was to have the gambler maximize the expectation of the logarithm of his capital, rather than the expected profit from each bet. This is important, since in the latter case, one would be led to gamble all he had when presented with a favorable bet, and if he lost, would have no capital with which to place subsequent bets. Kelly realized that it was the logarithm of the gambler's capital which is additive in sequential bets, and "to which the law of large numbers applies."
Side information
A bit is the amount of entropy in a bettable event with two possible outcomes and even odds. Obviously we could double our money if we knew beforehand for certain what the outcome of that event would be. Kelly's insight was that no matter how complicated the betting scenario is, we can use an optimum betting strategy, called the Kelly criterion, to make our money grow exponentially with whatever side information we are able to obtain. The value of this "illicit" side information is measured as mutual information relative to the outcome of the betable event:
where Y is the side information, X is the outcome of the betable event, and I is the state of the bookmaker's knowledge. This is the average Kullback–Leibler divergence, or information gain, of the a posteriori probability distribution of X given the value of Y relative to the a priori distribution, or stated odds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid%20triangle | The carotid triangle (or superior carotid triangle) is a portion of the anterior triangle of the neck.
Anatomy
Boundaries
It is bounded:
Posteriorly by (the anterior border of) the sternocleidomastoid muscle,
Anteroinferiorly by (the superior belly of) the omohyoid muscle.
Superiorly by (the posterior belly of) the digastric muscle.
Roof
The roof is formed by:
Integument,
Superficial fascia,
Platysma,
Deep fascia.
Floor
The floor is formed by (parts of) the:
Thyrohyoid membrane,
Hyoglossus,
Constrictor pharyngis medius and constrictor pharyngis inferior muscles.
Contents
Arteries
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery and its branches (all except the posterior auricular artery):
Superior thyroid artery,
Ascending pharyngeal artery,
Lingual artery,
Facial artery,
Occipital artery.
Veins
internal jugular vein and its tributaries (correspondng to the branches of the corresponding artery):
Superior thyroid vein,
Lingual veins,
Common facial vein (draining into the internal jugular vein)
Ascending pharyngeal vein,
Occipital vein (sometimes).
Nerves
Superficial to the carotid sheath lies the hypoglossal nerve, and ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus.
The hypoglossal nerve crosses both the internal and external carotids, curving around the origin of the occipital artery.
Within the sheath, between the artery and vein, and behind both, is the vagus nerve; behind the sheath, the sympathetic trunk.
On the lateral side of the vessels, the accessory nerve runs for a short distance before it pierces the Sternocleidomastoideus; and on the medial side of the external carotid, just below the hyoid bone, the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve may be seen; and, still more inferiorly, the external branch of the same nerve.
Other
The superior portion of the larynx and inferior portion of the pharynx are also found in the anterior portion part of this space.
See also
Anterior triangle of the neck
Farabeuf's trian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element%20%28category%20theory%29 | In category theory, the concept of an element, or a point, generalizes the more usual set theoretic concept of an element of a set to an object of any category. This idea often allows restating of definitions or properties of morphisms (such as monomorphism or product) given by a universal property in more familiar terms, by stating their relation to elements. Some very general theorems, such as Yoneda's lemma and the Mitchell embedding theorem, are of great utility for this, by allowing one to work in a context where these translations are valid. This approach to category theory – in particular the use of the Yoneda lemma in this way – is due to Grothendieck, and is often called the method of the functor of points.
Definition
Suppose C is any category and A, T are two objects of C. A T-valued point of A is simply a morphism . The set of all T-valued points of A varies functorially with T, giving rise to the "functor of points" of A; according to the Yoneda lemma, this completely determines A as an object of C.
Properties of morphisms
Many properties of morphisms can be restated in terms of points. For example, a map is said to be a monomorphism if
For all maps , , if then .
Suppose and in C. Then g and h are A-valued points of B, and therefore monomorphism is equivalent to the more familiar statement
f is a monomorphism if it is an injective function on points of B.
Some care is necessary. f is an epimorphism if the dual condition holds:
For all maps g, h (of some suitable type), implies .
In set theory, the term "epimorphism" is synonymous with "surjection", i.e.
Every point of C is the image, under f, of some point of B.
This is clearly not the translation of the first statement into the language of points, and in fact these statements are not equivalent in general. However, in some contexts, such as abelian categories, "monomorphism" and "epimorphism" are backed by sufficiently strong conditions that in fact they do allow such a reinterpretat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed%20air%20gramophone | Compressed air gramophones were gramophones which employed compressed air and a pneumatic amplifier to amplify the recorded sound.
One of the earliest versions was the , designed by the Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons. It was capable of producing sufficient volume to broadcast public music performances from the top of the Blackpool Tower, and was said to be loud enough to cause people to vacate the front rows of seats in an auditorium. The Auxetophone was sold in the United States as the Victor Auxetophone.
Pneumatic Amplifier
A was realised by using a sensitive valve, which required little force to operate, to modulate the flow of a stream of compressed air. The basic principle of the valves used in these devices was to pass the stream of compressed air through two partially overlapping combs. The sound vibrations to be amplified were applied to one of the combs, causing it to move laterally in relation to the other comb, varying the degree of overlap and so altering the flow of compressed air in sympathy with the sound vibrations.
The , designed for large halls, was a compressed air gramophone which employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound. It was used by Gaumont for the presentation of some of their early sound films.
Other compressed-air gramophones included the Elgéphone. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chresonym | In biodiversity informatics, a chresonym is the cited use of a taxon name, usually a species name, within a publication. The term is derived from the Greek χρῆσις chresis meaning "a use" and refers to published usage of a name.
The technical meaning of the related term synonym is for different names that refer to the same object or concept. As noted by Hobart and Rozella B. Smith, zoological systematists had been using "the term (synonymy) in another sense as well, namely in reference to all occurrences of any name or set of names (usually synonyms) in the literature." Such a "synonymy" could include multiple listings, one for each place the author found a name used, rather than a summarized list of different synonyms. The term "chresonym" was created to replace this second sense of the term "synonym." The concept of synonymy is furthermore different in the zoological and botanical codes of nomenclature.
A name that correctly refers to a taxon is further termed an orthochresonym while one that is applied incorrectly for a given taxon may be termed a heterochresonym.
Orthochresonymy
Species names consist of a genus part and a species part to create a binomial name. Species names often also include a reference to the original publication of the name by including the author and sometimes the year of publication of the name. As an example, the sperm whale, Physeter catodon, was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Thus, the name may also be referenced as Physeter catodon Linnaeus 1758. That name was also used by Harmer in 1928 to refer to the species in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London and of course, it has appeared in numerous other publications since then. Taxonomic catalogues, such as Catalog of Living Whales by Philip Hershkovitz, may reference this usage with a Genus+species+authorship convention that may appear to indicate a new species (a homonym) when in fact it is referencing a particular us |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRE%20Mathematics%20Test | The GRE subject test in mathematics is a standardized test in the United States created by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), and is designed to assess a candidate's potential for graduate or post-graduate study in the field of mathematics. It contains questions from many fields of mathematics; about 50% of the questions come from calculus (including pre-calculus topics, multivariate calculus, and differential equations), 25% come from algebra (including linear algebra, abstract algebra, and number theory), and 25% come from a broad variety of other topics typically encountered in undergraduate mathematics courses, such as point-set topology, probability and statistics, geometry, and real analysis.
Up until the September 2023 administration, the GRE subject test in Mathematics was paper-based, as opposed to the GRE general test which is usually computer-based. Since then, it's been moved online It contains approximately 66 multiple-choice questions, which are to be answered within 2 hours and 50 minutes. Scores on this exam are required for entrance to most math Ph.D. programs in the United States.
Scores are scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores have been 920 and 400, which correspond to the 99th percentile and the 1st percentile, respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July 1, 2011 to June 30, 2014 was 659, with a standard deviation of 137.
Prior to October 2001, a significant percentage of students were achieving perfect scores on the exam, which made it difficult for competitive programs to differentiate between students in the upper percentiles. As a result, the test was reworked and renamed "The Mathematics Subject Test (Rescaled)". According to ETS, "Scores earned on the test after October 2001 should not be compared to scores earned prior to that date."
Tests generally take place three times per year, within an approximately 14-day windo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara%20Walker | Kara Elizabeth Walker (born November 26, 1969) is an American contemporary painter, silhouettist, print-maker, installation artist, filmmaker, and professor who explores race, gender, sexuality, violence, and identity in her work. She is best known for her room-size tableaux of black cut-paper silhouettes. Walker was awarded a MacArthur fellowship in 1997, at the age of 28, becoming one of the youngest ever recipients of the award. She has been the Tepper Chair in Visual Arts at the Mason Gross School of the Arts, Rutgers University since 2015.
Walker is regarded as among the most prominent and acclaimed Black American artists working today.
Early life and education
Walker was born in 1969 in Stockton, California. Her father, Larry Walker, was a painter and professor. Her mother Gwendolyn was an administrative assistant. A 2007 review in the New York Times described her early life as calm, noting that "nothing about [Walker's] very early life would seem to have predestined her for this task. Born in 1969, she grew up in an integrated California suburb, part of a generation for whom the uplift and fervor of the civil rights movement and the want-it-now anger of Black Power were yesterday's news."
When Walker was 13, her father accepted a position at Georgia State University. They settled in the city of Stone Mountain. The move was a culture shock for the young artist. In sharp contrast with the multi-cultural environment of coastal California, Stone Mountain still held Ku Klux Klan rallies. At her new high school, Walker recalls, "I was called a 'nigger,' told I looked like a monkey, accused (I didn't know it was an accusation) of being a 'Yankee.'"
Walker received her BFA from the Atlanta College of Art in 1991 and her MFA from the Rhode Island School of Design in 1994. Walker found herself uncomfortable and afraid to address race within her art during her early college years, worrying it would be received as "typical" or "obvious"; however, she began introduc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedwriting | Speedwriting is the trademark under which three versions of a shorthand system were marketed during the 20th century. The original version was designed so that it could be written with a pen or typed on a typewriter. At the peak of its popularity, Speedwriting was taught in more than 400 vocational schools and its advertisements were ubiquitous in popular American magazines.
Description of the original version
The original version of Speedwriting uses letters of the alphabet and a few punctuation marks to represent the sounds of English. There are abbreviations for common prefixes and suffixes; for example, uppercase N represents enter- or inter- so "entertainment" is written as Ntn- and "interrogation" is reduced to Ngj. Vowels are omitted from many words and arbitrary abbreviations are provided for the most common words.
Specimen: . Let us have a quiet little party and surprise our neighbor on the farm.
By reducing the use of spaces between words a high level of brevity can be achieved: "laugh and the world laughs with you" can be written as "lfatwolfs wu".
Original Speedwriting can be typed on a typewriter or computer keyboard. When writing with a pen, one uses regular cursive handwriting with a few small modifications. Lowercase 't' is written as a simple vertical line and 'l' must be written with a distinctive loop; specific shapes for various letters are prescribed in the textbook.
With twelve weeks of training, students could achieve speeds of 80 to 100 words per minute writing with a pen. The inventor of the system was able to type notes on a typewriter as fast as anyone could speak, therefore she believed Speedwriting could eliminate the need for stenotype machines in most applications.
History of the original version
Emma B. Dearborn (February 1, 1875 – July 28, 1937) worked as a shorthand instructor and trainer of shorthand teachers at Simmons College, Columbia University, and several other institutions. She was an expert in several pen stenography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfinite%20equivalence%20relation | In descriptive set theory and related areas of mathematics, a hyperfinite equivalence relation on a standard Borel space X is a Borel equivalence relation E with countable classes, that can, in a certain sense, be approximated by Borel equivalence relations that have finite classes.
Definitions
Definition 1. Let X be a standard Borel space, that is; it is a measurable space which arises by equipping a Polish space X with its σ-algebra of Borel subsets (and forgetting the topology). Let E be an equivalence relation on X. We will say that E is Borel if E is a Borel subset of the cartesian product of X with itself, when equipped with the product σ-algebra. We will say that E is finite (respectively, countable) if E has finite (respectively, countable) classes.
The above names might be misleading, since if X is an uncountable standard Borel space, the equivalence relation will be uncountable when considered as a set of ordered pairs from X.
Definition 2. Let E be a countable Borel equivalence relation on a standard Borel space X. We will say that E is hyperfinite if , where is an increasing sequence of finite Borel equivalence relations on X.
Intuitively, this means that there is a sequence finite equivalence relations on X, each finer then its predecessors, approximating E arbitrarily well.
Discussion
A major area of research in descriptive set theory is the classification of Borel equivalence relations, and in particular those which are countable. Among these, finite equivalence relations are considered to be the simplest (for instance, they admit Borel transversals). Therefore, it is natural to ask whether certain equivalence relations, which are not necessarily finite, can be approximated by finite equivalence relations. This turns out to be a notion which is both rich enough to encapsulate many natural equivalence relations appearing in mathematics, yet restrictive enough to allow deep theorems to develop.
It is also worthwhile to note that any countable e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragats%20%28computer%29 | Aragats is a first-generation electronic computer developed at the Yerevan Computer Research and Development Institute (YerNIIMM). The elemental base is vacuum tubes. The work supervisor is B.E.Khaikin.
Development continued from 1958 to 1960. In total, 4 copies of the machine were produced.
The basis for the development was the M-3 computer, developed by the team of I. S. Bruk. Simultaneously with the work on "Aragats", and also on the basis of the M-3 scheme, the YerNIIMM developed the Razdan computer, based on a semiconductor element base. To assist in the creation of Razdan and Aragats, several employees of the Computing Center of the Academy of Sciences were seconded to Yerevan, the head of the group was A.P. Merenkov.
The head copy was acquired by Perm State University in 1961, although it was originally created for Leningrad State University. It was located on the basement floor of the educational building No. 2, and worked until 1973, until it was decommissioned. At the moment, the brass emblem from the computer is stored in the university museum.
Specifications
RAM – on ferrite cores
Information storage devices:
Magnetic drum
Magnetic tape
Punched tape |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaria%20subbotrytis | Ramaria subbotrytis is a species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. It was originally described as Clavaria subbotrytis by William Chambers Coker in 1923 from collections made in North Carolina. E.J.H. Corner transferred it to the genus Ramaria in 1950. Ramaria subbotrytis accumulates arsenic and besides arsenobetaine contains a very unusual organoarsenic compound homoarsenocholine.
The species is edible. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20field%20NMR | Electric field NMR (EFNMR) spectroscopy is the NMR spectroscopy where additional information on a sample being probed is obtained from the effect of a strong, externally applied, electric field on the NMR signal.
See also
NMR spectroscopy
Stark effect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium%20access%20control | In IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards, the medium access control (MAC), also called media access control, is the layer that controls the hardware responsible for interaction with the wired (electrical or optical) or wireless transmission medium. The MAC sublayer and the logical link control (LLC) sublayer together make up the data link layer. The LLC provides flow control and multiplexing for the logical link (i.e. EtherType, 802.1Q VLAN tag etc), while the MAC provides flow control and multiplexing for the transmission medium.
These two sublayers together correspond to layer 2 of the OSI model. For compatibility reasons, LLC is optional for implementations of IEEE 802.3 (the frames are then "raw"), but compulsory for implementations of other IEEE 802 physical layer standards. Within the hierarchy of the OSI model and IEEE 802 standards, the MAC sublayer provides a control abstraction of the physical layer such that the complexities of physical link control are invisible to the LLC and upper layers of the network stack. Thus any LLC sublayer (and higher layers) may be used with any MAC. In turn, the medium access control block is formally connected to the PHY via a media-independent interface. Although the MAC block is today typically integrated with the PHY within the same device package, historically any MAC could be used with any PHY, independent of the transmission medium.
When sending data to another device on the network, the MAC sublayer encapsulates higher-level frames into frames appropriate for the transmission medium (i.e. the MAC adds a syncword preamble and also padding if necessary), adds a frame check sequence to identify transmission errors, and then forwards the data to the physical layer as soon as the appropriate channel access method permits it. For topologies with a collision domain (bus, ring, mesh, point-to-multipoint topologies), controlling when data is sent and when to wait is necessary to avoid collisions. Additionally, the MAC is also responsib |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20eponyms%20of%20special%20functions | This is a list of special function eponyms in mathematics, to cover the theory of special functions, the differential equations they satisfy, named differential operators of the theory (but not intended to include every mathematical eponym). Named symmetric functions, and other special polynomials, are included.
A
Niels Abel: Abel polynomials - Abelian function - Abel–Gontscharoff interpolating polynomial
Sir George Biddell Airy: Airy function
Waleed Al-Salam (1926–1996): Al-Salam polynomial - Al Salam–Carlitz polynomial - Al Salam–Chihara polynomial
C. T. Anger: Anger–Weber function
Kazuhiko Aomoto: Aomoto–Gel'fand hypergeometric function - Aomoto integral
Paul Émile Appell (1855–1930): Appell hypergeometric series, Appell polynomial, Generalized Appell polynomials
Richard Askey: Askey–Wilson polynomial, Askey–Wilson function (with James A. Wilson)
B
Ernest William Barnes: Barnes G-function
E. T. Bell: Bell polynomials
Bender–Dunne polynomial
Jacob Bernoulli: Bernoulli polynomial
Friedrich Bessel: Bessel function, Bessel–Clifford function
H. Blasius: Blasius functions
R. P. Boas, R. C. Buck: Boas–Buck polynomial
Böhmer integral
Erland Samuel Bring: Bring radical
de Bruijn function
Buchstab function
Burchnall, Chaundy: Burchnall–Chaundy polynomial
C
Leonard Carlitz: Carlitz polynomial
Arthur Cayley, Capelli: Cayley–Capelli operator
Celine's polynomial
Charlier polynomial
Pafnuty Chebyshev: Chebyshev polynomials
Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Darboux: Christoffel–Darboux relation
Cyclotomic polynomials
D
H. G. Dawson: Dawson function
Charles F. Dunkl: Dunkl operator, Jacobi–Dunkl operator, Dunkl–Cherednik operator
Dickman–de Bruijn function
E
Engel: Engel expansion
Erdélyi Artúr: Erdelyi–Kober operator
Leonhard Euler: Euler polynomial, Eulerian integral, Euler hypergeometric integral
F
V. N. Faddeeva: Faddeeva function (also known as the complex error function; see error function)
G
C. F. Gauss: Gaussian polynomial, Gaussian distribution, etc.
Leopold Bernhar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deferribacter%20desulfuricans | Deferribacter desulfuricans is a species of sulfur-, nitrate- and arsenate-reducing thermophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is an anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile with type strain SSM1T (=JCM 11476T =DSM 14783T).
Genome structure
Deferribacter desulfuricans genome contains 2,23 Mbp with 2,184 protein coding genes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerted%20evolution |
Concerted Evolution- A definition
Concerted evolution is the phenomenon where paralogous genes within one species are more closely related to one another than to members of the same gene family in closely related species. In other terms, when specific members of a family are investigated, a greater amount of similarity is found within a species rather than between species. This is suggesting that members within this family do not in fact evolve independently of one another.
The concept of concerted evolution is a molecular process which leads to the homogenization of DNA sequences.
As shown from the diagram on the right, as each organism evolves, it creates a species that is more closely related to their genes than anyone else in their species. This is demonstrated by the different colors of circles. If each different color is representing a different organism in one species, this is showing that once the blue and the orange reproduce, they create organisms that are incredibly alike to them (thus they are represented as the same color)
This fundamental process operates in all organisms, even if it doesn't seem ultimately present at every moment.
Causes
Concerted evolution (phenomenon of duplicated genes) may often be caused by the genetic exchange known as gene conversion. This other phenomenon is known as the "non-reciprocal exchange of genetic material between homologous sequences."
Gene conservation can do a few things...
Decrease mutational load
Eliminate deleterious mutations
Spread advantageous alleles
...thus playing a role in concerted evolution.
Gene conversion is also reliant on the gene sequences that are involved in the current process. Some entire gene sequences have undergone the process of concerted evolution whereas others have a more mosaic pattern where some genes are homogenized, and others diverge without this conversion.
Example
An example can be seen in bacteria: Escherichia coli (can cause severe food poisoning in hosts) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redheffer%20matrix | In mathematics, a Redheffer matrix, often denoted as studied by , is a square (0,1) matrix whose entries aij are 1 if i divides j or if j = 1; otherwise, aij = 0. It is useful in some contexts to express Dirichlet convolution, or convolved divisors sums, in terms of matrix products involving the transpose of the Redheffer matrix.
Variants and definitions of component matrices
Since the invertibility of the Redheffer matrices are complicated by the initial column of ones in the matrix, it is often convenient to express where is defined to be the (0,1) matrix whose entries are one if and only if and . The remaining one-valued entries in then correspond to the divisibility condition reflected by the matrix , which plainly can be seen by an application of Mobius inversion is always invertible with inverse . We then have a characterization of the singularity of expressed by
If we define the function
then we can define the Redheffer (transpose) matrix to be the nxn square matrix in usual matrix notation. We will continue to make use this notation throughout the next sections.
Examples
The matrix below is the 12 × 12 Redheffer matrix. In the split sum-of-matrices notation for , the entries below corresponding to the initial column of ones in are marked in blue.
A corresponding application of the Mobius inversion formula shows that the Redheffer transpose matrix is always invertible, with inverse entries given by
where denotes the Moebius function. In this case, we have that the inverse Redheffer transpose matrix is given by
Key properties
Singularity and relations to the Mertens function and special series
Determinants
The determinant of the n × n square Redheffer matrix is given by the Mertens function M(n). In particular, the matrix is not invertible precisely when the Mertens function is zero (or is close to changing signs). As a corollary of the disproof of the Mertens conjecture, it follows that the Mertens function changes sign, and is th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemifacial%20hypertrophy | Hemifacial hypertrophy (also termed facial hemihypertrophy, facial hemihyperplasia, or Friedreich's disease) abbreviated as (HFH) is rare congenital disease characterized by unilateral enlargement of the head and teeth. It is classified as true HFH (THFH) with unilateral enlargement of the viscerocranium, and partial HFH (PHFH) in which not all structures are enlarged. Hemifacial hypertrophy can cause a wide spectrum of defects or may involve only muscle or bone. it is usually treated surgically. It is believed to be a minor form of hemihypertrophy. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subacute%20sclerosing%20panencephalitis | Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), also known as Dawson disease, is a rare form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with the measles virus. The condition primarily affects children, teens, and young adults. It has been estimated that about 2 in 10,000 people who get measles will eventually develop SSPE. However, a 2016 study estimated that the rate for unvaccinated infants under 15 months was as high as 1 in 609. No cure for SSPE exists, and the condition is almost always fatal. SSPE should not be confused with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, which can also be caused by the measles virus, but has a very different timing and course.
SSPE is caused by the wild-type virus, not by vaccine strains.
Signs and symptoms
SSPE is characterized by a history of primary measles infection, followed by an asymptomatic period that lasts 7 years on average but can range from 1 month to 27 years. After the asymptomatic period, progressive neurological deterioration occurs, characterized by behavior change, intellectual problems, myoclonic seizures, blindness, ataxia, and eventually death.
Stages of Progression
Symptoms progress through the following 4 stages:
Stage 1: There may be personality changes, mood swings, or depression. Fever, headache, and memory loss may also be present. This stage may last up to 6 months.
Stage 2: This stage may involve jerking, muscle spasms, seizures, loss of vision, and dementia.
Stage 3: Jerking movements are replaced by writhing (twisting) movements and rigidity. At this stage, complications may result in blindness or death.
Stage 4: Progressive loss of consciousness into a persistent vegetative state, which may be preceded by or concomitant with paralysis, occurs in the final stage, during which breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure are affected. Death usually occurs as a result of fever, heart failure, or the brain’s inability to control the autonomic nervous system.
Pathogenesis
A large num |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20tarsal%20synovial%20membrane | The great tarsal synovial membrane is a synovial membrane in the foot.
The synovial membranes between the second and third, and the third and fourth metatarsal bones are part of the great tarsal synovial membrane; that between the fourth and fifth metatarsal bones is a prolongation of the synovial membrane of the cuboideometatarsal joint. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo%20Institute%20for%20Nanotechnology | The Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN) is located at the University of Waterloo and is co-located with the Institute for Quantum Computing in the Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum-Nano Centre (QNC). WIN is currently headed by Dr. Sushanta Mitra.
The Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology comprises 96 faculty from nine different departments in the faculties of Science, Engineering, Mathematics, and Environment.
Major research facilities
The Quantum-Nano centre is the site of a community laboratory for nano-metrology and nano-fabrication. Construction began on 9 June 2008 and is expected to be completed 21 September 2012. The 160 million dollar, facility will be the home to a laboratory.
Funding
Capital funding for construction of the QNC was made possible by major gifts and awards from multiple sources including a 101 million dollar donation from Ophelia and Mike Lazaridis (co-CEO of Research in Motion and Chancellor of the University of Waterloo). Government funding includes 17.9 million dollars from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) which has been matched by the Province of Ontario. In addition, an anonymous donor has provided an endowment of 29 million dollars for 3 endowed chairs and 42 Graduate Nanofellowships.
Laboratories
Giga to Nano Electronics Laboratory
G2N is a fabrication laboratory that integrates a range of thin-film manufacturing, assembly, testing, and characterization equipment to create electronic systems in the very large (a few billion pixels) and very small (a few nanometres) size range.
WATLab
WATlab is a nano-materials metrology research facility, equipped with surface and nano-materials research tools for exploring areas of nanotechnology and nano-scale sciences.
Advanced Micro-Nano Lab
The Advanced Micro-Nano Lab will address the following device technologies.
Micro/Nanoelectromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS): micro-optics, electromechanical wireless components, and biomedical & microfluidics devices.
Carbon Nano |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases%20of%20fluorine | Fluorine forms diatomic molecules () that are gaseous at room temperature with a density about 1.3 times that of air. Though sometimes cited as yellow-green, pure fluorine gas is actually a very pale yellow. The color can only be observed in concentrated fluorine gas when looking down the axis of long tubes, as it appears transparent when observed from the side in normal tubes or if allowed to escape into the atmosphere. The element has a "pungent" characteristic odor that is noticeable in concentrations as low as 20 ppb.
Fluorine condenses to a bright yellow liquid at −188 °C (−307 °F), which is near the condensation temperatures of oxygen and nitrogen.
The solid state of fluorine relies on Van der Waals forces to hold molecules together, which, because of the small size of the fluorine molecules, are relatively weak. Consequently, the solid state of fluorine is more similar to that of oxygen or the noble gases than to those of the heavier halogens.
Fluorine solidifies at −220 °C (−363 °F) into a cubic structure, called beta-fluorine. This phase is transparent and soft, with significant disorder of the molecules; its density is 1.70 g/cm3. At −228 °C (−378 °F) fluorine undergoes a solid–solid phase transition into a monoclinic structure called alpha-fluorine. This phase is opaque and hard, with close-packed layers of molecules, and is denser at 1.97 g/cm3. The solid state phase change requires more energy than the melting point transition and can be violent, shattering samples and blowing out sample holder windows.
Solid fluorine received significant study in the 1920s and 30s, but relatively less until the 1960s. The crystal structure of alpha-fluorine given, which still has some uncertainty, dates to a 1970 paper by Linus Pauling.
Notes
Citations
Indexed references
Further reading
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/4010212-0BbwUC/4010212.pdf (phase diagrams of the elements)
http://jcp.aip.org/resource/1/jcpsa6/v47/i2/p740_s1?isAuthorized=no (samp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20Mini%C3%A8re%20du%20Haut-Katanga | The Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (French; literally "Mining Union of Upper-Katanga") was a Belgian mining company (with minority British share) which controlled and operated the mining industry in the copperbelt region in the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1906 and 1966.
Created in 1906, the UMHK was founded as a joint venture of the Belgian Compagnie du Katanga, the Belgian Comité Spécial du Katanga and the British Tanganyika Concessions.
The Compagnie du Katanga was a subsidiary of the Compagnie du Congo pour le Commerce et l'Industrie (CCCI), which was controlled by the country's largest conglomerate, the Société Générale de Belgique.
With the support of the colonial state, the company was allocated a concession in Katanga.
Its primary product was copper, but it also produced tin, cobalt, radium, uranium, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, and gold. UMHK was part of a powerful group of global copper producers. By the start of World War II, the Société Générale controlled 70% of the Congolese economy. Exercising preponderant influence over the Comité spécial, the Société Générale effectively controlled the Union Minière from its inception to 1960. In 1967, the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga reorganized as Union Minière, and in 2001 it became Umicore.
Company history
Copper
Cheap copper has no terrors for the great Mid-African mines of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga, world's biggest producer... Elements in Katanga's strength are: tremendously rich ores; cheap native labor; big production of cobalt and radium (over 82%, of world radium supply) on the side; and, most recent, the newly opened Benguela Railway, which connects Katanga with the Atlantic, saves hundreds of rail miles, thousands of nautical miles for Katanga copper on its long journey to European markets.
Copper's Travail, 10 August 1931, Time
During its years of operation, the UMHK greatly contributed to the wealth of Belgium, and, to a lesser extent, Katanga—whi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCDC180 | Coiled-coil domain containing protein 180 (CCDC180) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC180 gene. This protein is known to localize to the nucleus and is thought to be involved in regulation of transcription as are many proteins containing coiled-coil domains. As it is expressed most highly in the testes and is regulated by SRY and SOX transcription factors, it could be involved in sex determination.
Gene
Locus
CCDC180 is located on chromosome 9 at the locus 9q22.33.
Common aliases
CCDC180 is also known by the aliases KIAA1529, BDAG1 (Behçet's Disease Associated Gene 1), and C9orf174.
Gene features
The CCDC180 gene is 71,221 bases long. It contains 37 exons and is oriented on the forward strand of the chromosome.
mRNA
There are no known isoforms or alternative splicing variants of the CCDC180 mRNA.
Protein
General features
CCDC180 contains 1,701 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 197.3 kDa. The isoelectric point (pI) is 5.74. The low pI is attributed to a relatively high concentration of glutamic acid when compared to other human proteins at 12.9%. CCDC180 also contains a relatively low concentration of glycine when compared to the average human protein at 3.5%.
Domains
CCDC180 contains two domains of unknown function (DUFs): DUF4455 and DUF4456. There are also two coiled-coil regions which overlap with the DUFs. There is a region of low complexity that is very rich in glutamic acid.
Secondary and tertiary structure
The secondary structure of CCDC180 is predicted to be almost completely composed of alpha helices, with only a few predicted beta sheets. The tertiary structure is not completely characterized as yet, but a model predicted by the I-TASSER server at the University of Michigan is pictured.
Post-translational modifications
CCDC180 is predicted to undergo a variety of post-translational modifications:
Phosphorylation on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues
Tyrosine sulfation
Sumoylation
O-linked β-N-acet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Jung%20Prize | The Ernst Jung Prize is a prize awarded annually for excellence in biomedical sciences. The Ernst Jung Foundation, funded by Hamburg merchant Ernst Jung in 1967, has awarded the Ernst Jung Prize in Medicine, now €300,000, since 1976, and the lifetime achievement Ernst Jung Gold Medal for Medicine since 1990.
Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine
Source: Jung Foundation
1976: Donald Henderson and Lorenz Zimmerman
1977: and John B. West
1979: Karl Lennert and
1980: , Alan Parks and
1981: David E. Kuhl
1982: Hartmut Wekerle and Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1983: and Richard Lower
1984: , Werner Franke and Klaus Weber
1985: Hendrik Coenraad Hemker, Rudolf Pichlmayr and Peter K. Vogt
1986: Albrecht Fleckenstein
1987: Peter Richardson and
1988: Helmut Sies and Charles Weissmann
1989: and Jon van Rood
1990: Gerhard Giebisch and
1991: David Ho and
1992: Roy Yorke Calne and
1993: Charles A. Dinarello and Robert Machemer
1994: and Wolf Singer
1995: Anthony Fauci and
1996: Harald zur Hausen and
1997: Francis V. Chisari, and Judah Folkman
1998: Alain Fischer
1999: and
2000: Martin J. Lohse and Peter H. Krammer
2001: Christine Petit and
2002: and Christian Haass
2003: Ari Helenius and
2004: and Tobias Bonhoeffer
2005: and Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2006: Reinhard Jahn and
2007: , Stefanie Dimmeler and Josef Penninger
2008: , and Thomas Tuschl
2009: and Patrick Cramer
2010: Stephen G. Young and Peter Carmeliet
2011: Hans Clevers and
2012: Peter Walter and Elisa Izaurralde
2013: Angelika Amon and Ivan Đikić
2014:
2015: Emmanuelle Charpentier
2016: Hans-Georg Rammensee
2017: and Nenad Ban
2018: Ruth Ley and Marco Prinz
2019: Brenda A. Schulman and Gary R. Lewin
2020: Matthias Tschöp
2021: Christian Hertweck
2022: Ralf Bartenschlager and
Ernst Jung Gold Medal for Medicine
Source: Jung Foundation
1990: Beatrice Mintz
1991:
1992:
1993: Robert Daroff
1994:
1995: Friedrich Stelzner
1996:
1997: and
1998:
1999:
2000:
2001: Gustav Born
2002:
2003:
2004: Werner Creutzfe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensing%20of%20phage-triggered%20ion%20cascades | Sensing of phage-triggered ion cascades (SEPTIC) is a prompt bacterium identification method based on fluctuation-enhanced sensing in fluid medium. The advantages of SEPTIC are the specificity and speed (needs only a few minutes) offered by the characteristics of phage infection, the sensitivity due to fluctuation-enhanced sensing, and durability originating from the robustness of phages. An idealistic SEPTIC device may be as small as a pen and maybe able to identify a library of different bacteria within a few minutes measurement window.
The mechanism
SEPTIC utilizes bacteriophages as indicators to trigger an ionic response by the bacteria during phage infection. Microscopic metal electrodes detect the random fluctuations of the electrochemical potential due to the stochastic fluctuations of the ionic concentration gradient caused by the phage infection of bacteria. The electrode pair in the electrolyte with different local ion concentrations at the vicinity of electrodes form an electrochemical cell that produces a voltage depending on the instantaneous ratio of local concentrations. While the concentrations are fluctuating, an alternating random voltage difference will appear between the electrodes. According to the experimental studies, whenever there is an ongoing phage infection, the power density spectrum of the measured electronic noise will have a noise spectrum while, without phage infection, it is a 1/f noise spectrum. In order to have a high sensitivity, a DC electrical field attracts the infected bacteria (which are charged due to ion imbalance) to the electrode with the relevant polarization.
Advantages
The advantages of SEPTIC are the specificity and speed (needs only a few minutes) offered by the characteristics of phage infection, the sensitivity due to fluctuation-enhanced sensing, and durability originating from the robustness of phages. An idealistic SEPTIC device may be as small as a pen and maybe able to identify a library of different b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggett%20inequality | The Leggett inequalities, named for Anthony James Leggett, who derived them, are a related pair of mathematical expressions concerning the correlations of properties of entangled particles. (As published by Leggett, the inequalities were exemplified in terms of relative angles of elliptical and linear polarizations.) They are fulfilled by a large class of physical theories based on particular non-local and realistic assumptions, that may be considered to be plausible or intuitive according to common physical reasoning.
The Leggett inequalities are violated by quantum mechanical theory. The results of experimental tests in 2007 and 2010 have shown agreement with quantum mechanics rather than the Leggett inequalities. Given that experimental tests of Bell's inequalities have ruled out local realism in quantum mechanics, the violation of Leggett's inequalities is considered to have falsified realism in quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics "realism" means "notion that physical systems possess complete sets of definite values for various parameters prior to, and independent of, measurement".
See also
Leggett–Garg inequality |
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