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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auroral%20chorus | An auroral chorus is a series of electromagnetic waves at frequencies which resemble chirps, whistles, and quasi-musical sounds in predominantly rising tones when played as pressure waves (sound), which are created by geomagnetic storms also responsible for the auroras. The sounds last approximately 0.1 to 1.0 seconds. Other auroral sounds includes hissing, swishing, rustling and cracking.
The electromagnetic waves are a type of natural radio waves, vibrations of electric and magnetic energy occurring at the same frequency as sound.
Detection
Auroral chorus can be detected primarily around the magnetic equator, specifically in two distinct frequency bands, one above the equatorial half gyro-frequency and one below it. The gyro-frequency ranges from 0.6 kHz to about 1.6 kHz. Distinguishable on high resolution wideband spectrographs, the wave amplitude grows linearly then switches to non-linear. Demonstrating a peak distribution near dawn, the auroral chorus is most detectable via ELF/VLF Radio receivers in the middle latitude around 30-60 degrees N. The most numerous recordings of the auroral chorus has been by the Iowa Plasma Wave Group. They have released many audio interpretations of chorus recordings online along with spectrograph measurements.
Historically, the sounds have been associated with spiritual events by Inuit in Canada who regularly experienced auroral chorus on cold, windless nights.
Explanation
The specific nature and source of the auroral chorus is a continuing question in space and atmospheric research. Cluster satellite observations suggest that the sounds are seemingly generated by numerous sources in rapid motion.
Studies have shown a definite correlation on/off with fluctuations of solar wind and southward turning of IMF (which is correlated with aurora). The strength of noise correlates with strength of geomagnetic activity in the Earth's ionosphere. Other studies show a clear correlation peak at upper infrasound range (less than 20 Hz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Evolutionary%20Biology | The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology is a German institute for evolutionary biology. It is located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
History
The institute was founded by German zoologist Otto Zacharias as Hydrobiologische Station zu Plön. Working in Italy in the 1880s, Zacharias was inspired by the highly recognised Stazione Zoologica in Naples, founded in 1870 by Anton Dohrn, to set up the first biological station for freshwater research in Germany. He secured financial support from the Prussian government and several private individuals to establish it on Großer Plöner See in 1891, as a private research institute.
As the director, Zacharias published research reports from 1893 on the Station's activities, which were recorded from 1905 in the Archives of Hydrobiology. In so-called "summer schools" Zacharias trained teachers and laity interested in working with the microscope.
It became part of the Max Planck Society in 1948, and was renamed in 1966 as the Max Planck Institute of Limnology.
It was renamed again as Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in 2007, marking a change of the research focus towards evolutionary biology.
Departments
Evolutionary Genetics (Diethard Tautz)
Evolutionary Theory (Arne Traulsen)
Microbial Population Biology (Paul Rainey)
Research groups
Behavioural Genomics ()
Biological Clocks (Tobias Kaiser)
Dynamics of Social Behavior (Christian Hilbe)
Evolutionary Cell Biology (Javier López Garrido)
Craniofacial Biology (Marketa Kaucka )
Environmental Genomics ()
Antibiotic Resistance Evolution (Hinrich Schulenburg)
Evolutionary Genomics (John Baines)
Evolutionary Immunogenomics (Tobias L. Lenz) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20of%20force | A line of force in Faraday's extended sense is synonymous with Maxwell's line of induction. According to J.J. Thomson, Faraday usually discusses lines of force as chains of polarized particles in a dielectric, yet sometimes Faraday discusses them as having an existence all their own as in stretching across a vacuum. In addition to lines of force, J.J. Thomson—similar to Maxwell—also calls them tubes of electrostatic inductance, or simply Faraday tubes. From the 20th century perspective, lines of force are energy linkages embedded in a 19th-century unified field theory that led to more mathematically and experimentally sophisticated concepts and theories, including Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves, and Einstein's relativity.
Lines of force originated with Michael Faraday, whose theory holds that all of reality is made up of force itself. His theory predicts that electricity, light, and gravity have finite propagation delays. The theories and experimental data of later scientific figures such as Maxwell, Hertz, Einstein, and others are in agreement with the ramifications of Faraday's theory. Nevertheless, Faraday's theory remains distinct. Unlike Faraday, Maxwell and others (e.g., J.J. Thomson) thought that light and electricity must propagate through an ether. In Einstein's relativity, there is no ether, yet the physical reality of force is much weaker than in the theories of Faraday.
Historian Nancy J. Nersessian in her paper "Faraday's Field Concept" distinguishes between the ideas of Maxwell and Faraday:
The specific features of Faraday's field concept, in its 'favourite' and most complete form, are that force is a substance, that it is the only substance and that all forces are interconvertible through various motions of the lines of force. These features of Faraday's 'favourite notion' were not carried on. Maxwell, in his approach to the problem of finding a mathematical representation for the continuous transmission of electric and magnetic fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenogonadal%20fusion | Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital malformation that results from an abnormal connection between the primitive spleen and gonad during gestation. A portion of the splenic tissue then descends with the gonad. Splenogonadal fusion has been classified into two types: continuous, where there remains a connection between the main spleen and gonad; and discontinuous, where ectopic splenic tissue is attached to the gonad, but there is no connection to the orthotopic spleen. Patients can also have an accessory spleen. Patients with continuous splenogonadal fusion frequently have additional congenital abnormalities including limb defects, micrognathia, skull anomalies, Spina bifida, cardiac defects, anorectal abnormalities, and most commonly cryptorchidism. Terminal limb defects have been documented in at least 25 cases which makes up a separate diagnosis of splenogonadal fusion limb defect (SGFLD) syndrome.
The anomaly was first described in 1883 by Bostroem. Since then more than 150 cases of splenogonadal fusion have been documented, predominantly in males. The condition is considered benign. A few cases of testicular neoplasm have been reported in association with splenogonadal fusion. The reported cases have occurred in patients with a history of cryptorchidism, which is associated with an elevated risk of neoplasm.
Splenogonadal fusion occurs with a male-to-female ratio of 16:1, and is seen nearly exclusively on the left side. The condition remains a diagnostic challenge, but preoperative consideration of the diagnosis and use of ultrasound may help avoid unnecessary orchiectomy. The presence of splenic tissue may be confirmed with a technetium-99m sulfur colloid scan.
Classification
Splenogonadal fusion is separated into two types:
Continuous (55%): The native spleen is connected to the gonad. The connection occurs through a cord of splenic tissue or fibrous band.
Discontinuous (45%): Ectopic splenic tissue is present and attached to the gonad. An a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-value%20paradox | The G-value paradox arises from the lack of correlation between the number of protein-coding genes among eukaryotes and their relative biological complexity. The microscopic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, for example, is composed of only a thousand cells but has about the same number of genes as a human. Researchers suggest resolution of the paradox may lie in mechanisms such as alternative splicing and complex gene regulation that make the genes of humans and other complex eukaryotes relatively more productive.
DNA and biological complexity
The lack of correlation between the morphological complexity of eukaryotes and the amount of genetic information they carry has long puzzled researchers. The sheer amount of DNA in an organism, measured by the mass of DNA present in the nucleus or the number of constituent nucleotide pairs, varies by several orders of magnitude among eukaryotes and often is unrelated to an organism’s size or developmental complexity. One amoeba has 200 times more DNA per cell than humans, and even insects and plants within the same genus can vary dramatically in their quantity of DNA. This C-value paradox troubled genome scientists for many years.
Eventually, researchers recognized that not all DNA contributes directly to the production of proteins and other biological functions. Susumu Ohno coined the phrase “junk DNA” to describe these nonfunctional swaths of DNA. They include introns, genetic sequences that are removed after transcription into mRNA and thus are not translated into proteins; transposable elements that are mobile fragments of DNA, most of which are nonfunctional in humans; and pseudogenes, nonfunctional DNA sequences that originated from functional genes. The share of the human genome that may be considered “junk” remains controversial. Estimates reach as low as 8% and as high as 80%, with one researcher arguing that there is a fixed ceiling of 15% imposed by the genome’s genetic load. (Prokaryotes, which have little "junk |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecam | Insecam is a directory website that has lists of unsecured different live IP surveillance CCTV cameras without a changed default password. It had around 73,000 listed cameras . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furstenberg%20boundary | In potential theory, a discipline within applied mathematics, the Furstenberg boundary is a notion of boundary associated with a group. It is named for Harry Furstenberg, who introduced it in a series of papers beginning in 1963 (in the case of semisimple Lie groups). The Furstenberg boundary, roughly speaking, is a universal moduli space for the Poisson integral, expressing a harmonic function on a group in terms of its boundary values.
Motivation
A model for the Furstenberg boundary is the hyperbolic disc . The classical Poisson formula for a bounded harmonic function on the disc has the form
where P is the Poisson kernel. Any function f on the disc determines a function on the group of Möbius transformations of the disc by setting . Then the Poisson formula has the form
where m is the Haar measure on the boundary. This function is then harmonic in the sense that it satisfies the mean-value property with respect to a measure on the Möbius group induced from the usual Lebesgue measure of the disc, suitably normalized. The association of a bounded harmonic function to an (essentially) bounded function on the boundary is one-to-one.
Construction for semi-simple groups
In general, let G be a semi-simple Lie group and μ a probability measure on G that is absolutely continuous. A function f on G is μ-harmonic if it satisfies the mean value property with respect to the measure μ:
There is then a compact space Π, with a G action and measure ν, such that any bounded harmonic function on G is given by
for some bounded function on Π.
The space Π and measure ν depend on the measure μ (and so, what precisely constitutes a harmonic function). However, it turns out that although there are many possibilities for the measure ν (which always depends genuinely on μ), there are only a finite number of spaces Π (up to isomorphism): these are homogeneous spaces of G that are quotients of G by some parabolic subgroup, which can be described completely in terms of r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate%20lyase | Fumarate lyase belongs to the lyase class of enzymes. These proteins use fumarate as a substrate. They have been shown to share a short conserved sequence around a methionine which is probably involved in the catalytic activity of this type of enzymes.
The following are examples of members of this family:
3-carboxymuconate lactonizing enzyme, (3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase), an enzyme involved in aromatic acids catabolism.
Delta-crystallin shares around 90% sequence identity with arginosuccinate lyase, showing that it is an example of a 'hijacked' enzyme - accumulated mutations have, however, rendered the protein enzymatically inactive.
Class I Fumarase enzyme, (fumarate hydratase), which catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to L-malate. Class I enzymes are thermolabile dimeric enzymes (as for example: Escherichia coli fumA and fumB).
Arginosuccinase, (argininosuccinate lyase), which catalyzes the formation of arginine and fumarate from argininosuccinate, the last step in the biosynthesis of arginine.
Aspartate ammonia-lyase, (aspartase), which catalyzes the reversible conversion of aspartate to fumarate and ammonia. This reaction is analogous to that catalyzed by fumarase, except that ammonia rather than water is involved in the trans-elimination reaction.
class II Fumarase enzyme, , are thermostable and tetrameric and are found in prokaryotes (as for example: Escherichia coli fumC) as well as in eukaryotes. The sequence of the two classes of fumarases are not closely related.
Adenylosuccinase, (adenylosuccinate lyase), which catalyzes the eighth step in the de novo biosynthesis of purines, the formation of 5'-phosphoribosyl-5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide and fumarate from 1-(5- phosphoribosyl)-4-(N-succino-carboxamide). That enzyme can also catalyze the formation of fumarate and AMP from adenylosuccinate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbone | Mbone (short for "multicast backbone") was an experimental backbone and virtual network built on top of the Internet for carrying IP multicast traffic on the Internet. It was developed in the early 1990s and required specialized hardware and software. Since the operators of most Internet routers have disabled IP multicast due to concerns regarding bandwidth tracking and billing, the Mbone was created to connect multicast-capable networks over the existing Internet infrastructure.
History
Mbone was created by Van Jacobson, Steve Deering and Stephen Casner in 1992 based on a suggestion by Allison Mankin.
On May 23, 1993, Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees was streamed over the Mbone, becoming "the first movie to be transmitted on the Internet."
On June 24, 1993, the band Severe Tire Damage was the first to perform live on the Mbone.
On November 11, 1993 Sky Cries Mary performed on the Mbone from Bellevue, WA sponsored by Starwave.
On August 23, 1994 the band Deth Specula broadcast the first live concert over the Mbone.
A November 1994 Rolling Stones concert at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas with 50,000 fans was the "first major cyberspace multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened the concert by saying, "I wanna say a special welcome to everyone that's, uh, climbed into the Internet tonight and, uh, has got into the M-bone. And I hope it doesn't all collapse."
A year later the Mbone was used, this time symmetrically (simultaneous transmission and reception without hierarchy among participants), for a first experience of real-time graphical interaction without the intermediary of any Center (Poietic Generator).
By 1995, there were M-bone links in Russia, as well as at the McMurdo Sound research station in Antarctica. Mbone was predominantly used by research and scientific entities, including NASA. [more information required]
Mbone was used for shared communication such as video teleconferences or shared collaborative workspaces. It was not generally conn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental%20Electronics | Continental Electronics is an American manufacturer of broadcast and military radio transmitters, based in Dallas, Texas. Although Continental today is best known for its FM, shortwave, and military VLF transmitters, Continental is most significant historically for its line of mediumwave (AM) transmitters, many of which are still in active service as either main transmitters or backup facilities. Among clear-channel AM stations in the U.S. and Canada, the Continental 317C was the most popular transmitter type in the 1970s and 1980s.
History
Continental Electronics was founded in Dallas in 1946 by James O. Weldon, as a spin-off of the broadcast consulting business in which he was a partner, Weldon & Carr. In 1953, when Western Electric's radio equipment business was broken up by Federal antitrust regulators, Continental acquired the AM transmitter business, and with it the U.S. patent on the Doherty linear RF amplifier. Continental became part of Ling-Temco-Vought in about 1962, the first in a series of sales which would later bring it under the control of E-Systems and then Varian Associates in 1985. Tech-Sym acquired Continental from Varian in 1990, and then sold it to Integrated Defense Technologies in 2000. DRS Technologies acquired IDT in 2003, and in 2005, private-equity firm Veritas Capital (which had previously owned IDT) bought Continental back from DRS. Weldon remained with the company until his retirement in 1988.
In 1958, Continental introduced a more-efficient Doherty-style amplifier based on a tetrode (previous Doherty designs made by Western Electric and Continental used triodes) with the type 317B transmitter. With four subsequent revisions, more than 200 units were sold in the 317 line (a substantial number given the limited customer base for 50-kW AM transmitters in the North American market); the final revision, the 317C-3, was introduced in 1990. By this time, competitors such as Harris had demonstrated the workability of all-solid-state |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20genome%20assembly | A plant genome assembly represents the complete genomic sequence of a plant species, which is assembled into chromosomes and other organelles by using DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments that are obtained from different types of sequencing technology.
Structure
The genome of plants can vary in their structure and complexity from small genomes like green algae (15 Mbp). to very large and complex genomes that have typically much higher ploidy, higher rates of heterozygosity and repetitive elements than species from other kingdoms. One of the most complex plant genome assemblies available is that of loblolly pine (22 Gbp). Due to their complexity, the plants’ genome sequences can't be assembled back into chromosomes using only short reads provided by next-generation- sequencing technologies (NGS), and therefore most plant genome assemblies available that used NGS alone are highly fragmented, contain large numbers of contigs, and genome regions are not finished. Highly repetitive sequences, often larger than 10kbp, are the main challenge in plants. Most of the chromosomal sequences are produced by the activity of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the plant genomes. MGEs are divided into two classes: class I or retrotransposons, and class II or DNA transposons. In plants, long- terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are predominant and constitute from 15% to 90% of the genome. Polyploidy is another challenge in assembling a plant genome, and it is estimated that ~80% of plants are polyploids.
Assemblies
The first complete plant genome assembly, that of Arabidopsis thaliana, was finished in 2000, being the third multicellular eukaryotic genome published after C. elegans and D. melanogaster. Arabidopsis, unlike other plants’ genomes (e.g. Malus) has convenient traits, such as a small nuclear genome (135Mbp) and a short generation time (8 weeks from seed to seed). The genome has five chromosomes reflecting approximately 4% of the human genome size. The genome was sequ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cointerpretability | In mathematical logic, cointerpretability is a binary relation on formal theories: a formal theory T is cointerpretable in another such theory S, when the language of S can be translated into the language of T in such a way that S proves every formula whose translation is a theorem of T. The "translation" here is required to preserve the logical structure of formulas.
This concept, in a sense dual to interpretability, was introduced by , who also proved that, for theories of Peano arithmetic and any stronger theories with effective axiomatizations, cointerpretability is equivalent to -conservativity.
See also
Cotolerance
Interpretability logic.
Tolerance (in logic) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20lattice | In the mathematics of matroids and lattices, a geometric lattice is a finite atomistic semimodular lattice, and a matroid lattice is an atomistic semimodular lattice without the assumption of finiteness. Geometric lattices and matroid lattices, respectively, form the lattices of flats of finite, or finite and infinite, matroids, and every geometric or matroid lattice comes from a matroid in this way.
Definition
A lattice is a poset in which any two elements and have both a least upper bound, called the join or supremum, denoted by , and a greatest lower bound, called the meet or infimum, denoted by .
The following definitions apply to posets in general, not just lattices, except where otherwise stated.
For a minimal element , there is no element such that .
An element covers another element (written as or ) if and there is no element distinct from both and so that .
A cover of a minimal element is called an atom.
A lattice is atomistic if every element is the supremum of some set of atoms.
A poset is graded when it can be given a rank function mapping its elements to integers, such that whenever , and also whenever .
When a graded poset has a bottom element, one may assume, without loss of generality, that its rank is zero. In this case, the atoms are the elements with rank one.
A graded lattice is semimodular if, for every and , its rank function obeys the identity
A matroid lattice is a lattice that is both atomistic and semimodular. A geometric lattice is a finite matroid lattice.
Many authors consider only finite matroid lattices, and use the terms "geometric lattice" and "matroid lattice" interchangeably for both.
Lattices vs. matroids
The geometric lattices are equivalent to (finite) simple matroids, and the matroid lattices are equivalent to simple matroids without the assumption of finiteness (under an appropriate definition of infinite matroids; there are several such definitions). The correspondence is that the elements of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morchella%20spongiola | Morchella spongiola is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It was first described scientifically by Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1897. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noisy%20text%20analytics | Noisy text analytics is a process of information extraction whose goal is to automatically extract structured or semistructured information from noisy unstructured text data. While Text analytics is a growing and mature field that has great value because of the huge amounts of data being produced, processing of noisy text is gaining in importance because a lot of common applications produce noisy text data. Noisy unstructured text data is found in informal settings such as online chat, text messages, e-mails, message boards, newsgroups, blogs, wikis and web pages. Also, text produced by processing spontaneous speech using automatic speech recognition and printed or handwritten text using optical character recognition contains processing noise. Text produced under such circumstances is typically highly noisy containing spelling errors, abbreviations, non-standard words, false starts, repetitions, missing punctuations, missing letter case information, pause filling words such as “um” and “uh” and other texting and speech disfluencies. Such text can be seen in large amounts in contact centers, chat rooms, optical character recognition (OCR) of text documents, short message service (SMS) text, etc. Documents with historical language can also be considered noisy with respect to today's knowledge about the language. Such text contains important historical, religious, ancient medical knowledge that is useful. The nature of the noisy text produced in all these contexts warrants moving beyond traditional text analysis techniques.
Techniques for noisy text analysis
Missing punctuation and the use of non-standard words can often hinder standard natural language processing tools such as part-of-speech tagging
and parsing. Techniques to both learn from the noisy data and then to be able to process the noisy data are only now being developed.
Possible source of noisy text
World Wide Web: Poorly written text is found in web pages, online chat, blogs, wikis, discussion forums, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Amino-1%2C2%2C4-triazole | 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) is a heterocyclic organic compound that consists of a 1,2,4-triazole substituted with an amino group.
3-AT is a competitive inhibitor of the product of the HIS3 gene, imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase. Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase is an enzyme catalyzing the sixth step of histidine production.
3-AT is also a nonselective systemic triazole herbicide used on nonfood croplands to control annual grasses and broadleaf and aquatic weeds. It is not used on food crops because of its carcinogenic properties. As an herbicide, it is known as aminotriazole, amitrole or amitrol.
Amitrol was included in a biocide ban proposed by the Swedish Chemicals Agency and approved by the European Parliament on January 13, 2009.
Applications in microbiology
By applying 3-AT to a yeast cell culture which is dependent upon a plasmid containing HIS3 to produce histidine (i.e. its own HIS3 analogue is not present or nonfunctional), an increased level of HIS3 expression is required in order for the yeast cell to survive. This has proved useful in various two-hybrid system, where a high-affinity binding between two proteins (i.e., higher expression of the HIS3 gene) will allow the yeast cell to survive in media containing higher concentrations of 3-AT. This selection process is performed using selective media, containing no histidine.
1959 cranberry contamination
On November 9, 1959, the secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Arthur S. Flemming announced that some of the 1959 crop was tainted with traces of the herbicide aminotriazole. The market for cranberries collapsed and growers lost millions of dollars. However, Ocean Spray recovered by expanding the market for cranberry juice, which, although widely available for sale, was before then not popular. This ensured cranberry growers would not have to rely mostly on Thanksgiving and Christmas for sales, which was the case until the notorious 1959 incident. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screened%20subnet | In network security a screened subnet refers to the use of one or more logical screening routers as a firewall to define three separate subnets: an external router (sometimes called an access router), that separates the external network from a perimeter network, and an internal router (sometimes called a choke router) that separates the perimeter network from the internal network. The perimeter network, also called a border network or demilitarized zone (DMZ), is intended for hosting servers (sometimes called bastion hosts) that are accessible from or have access to both the internal and external networks. The purpose of a screened subnet or DMZ is to establish a network with heightened security that is situated between an external and presumed hostile network, such as the Internet or an extranet, and an internal network.
A screened subnet is an essential concept for e-commerce or any entity that has a presence in the World Wide Web or is using electronic payment systems or other network services because of the prevalence of hackers, advanced persistent threats, computer worms, botnets, and other threats to networked information systems.
Physical separation of routers
By separating the firewall system into two separate component routers it achieves greater potential throughput by reducing the computational load of each router. As each component router of the screened subnet firewall needs to implement only one general task, each router has a less complex configuration. A screened subnet or DMZ can also be achieved by a single firewall device with three network interfaces.
Relationship to DMZ
The term demilitarized zone in military context refers to an area in which treaties or agreements between contending groups forbid military installations and activities, often along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances. The similarity to network security is that the screened network (DMZ) has reduced fortifications because it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circaseptan | A circaseptan rhythm is a cycle consisting of approximately 7 days in which many biological processes of life, such as cellular immune system activity, resolve.
See also
Circadian rhythm
Chronobiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian%20Small%20Islands%20Directory | Indonesian Small Islands Directory (Direktori Pulau-pulau Kecil Indonesia) is a web directory that lists small islands of Indonesia.
Established by 2007 Law 27 (Undang-Undang 27 Tahun 2007), it covers islands up to area of 2,000 km2 and their surrounding marine ecosystem.
The directory is managed by Direktorat Pendayagunaan Pulau-Pulau Kecil, Direktorat Jenderal Pengelolaan Ruang Laut, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, Republik Indonesia.
The database also is important in quantifying the long term task of verifying how many islands exist in Indonesia.
Difficulties in ascertaining information about the smaller islands of the Indonesian archipelago has been a serious long term issue - and the database is part of governmental efforts to verify and determine the issue.
See also
List of Indonesian islands by area
List of Indonesian islands by population
List of outlying islands of Indonesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro%20de%20Estudios%20de%20Fisica%20del%20Cosmos%20de%20Aragon | The center for the study of the physics of the cosmos (, or CEFCA) is a Research institute in Teruel, Spain. Established in 2009 as a private foundation of public initiative. by the Government of Aragon. Besides research in astronomy, and leading several large astronomical surveys, CEFCA is the operator of the Astrophysical Observatory of Javalambre (OAJ, recognized as a Singular Scientific and Technical Infrastructure by the national government). The primary research interests at CEFCA are in Stellar evolution, Time-domain astronomy and Galaxy evolution.
History
CEFCA was officially established in January 2009 with Mariano Moles Villamate as the founding director.
The founding of CEFCA is intertwined with that of the OAJ, see the history of OAJ for more.
Some key dates in CEFCA's history include:
2010: CEFCA moved to its current location (in Teruel's Plaza San Juan).
2016: Javier Cenarro Lagunas became the director.
Location
CEFCA is geographically located in the following installations within the Province of Teruel.
The CEFCA headquarters are located in the historical center of Teruel (at Plaza San Juan, number 1). In a building that was previously owned by the Teruel branch of the Bank of Spain.
The Astrophysical Observatory of Javalambre (OAJ), which is located on the "Buitre" peak of the Sierra de Javalambre.
CEFCA's main High performance computing facility (Unit for Processing and Archival of Data) is located in the Government of Aragon building of Teruel.
CEFCA's main outreach facility is GALACTICA, which is an astronomy museum as well as facilities for Amateur astronomy. GALACTICA is managed by a private company is located on the base of the Pico de Buitre (where OAJ is located on the summit) in the Arcos de las Salinas village.
Academics
CEFCA's academic activity can be classified in the following fields
Gradate program
CEFCA's graduate program is composed of muliple levels:
Summer internships:
CEFCA provides funding for M.Sc students fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia%20milii | Euphorbia milii, the crown of thorns, Christ plant, or Christ's thorn, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae, native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once Governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821.
The native Malagasy name for this plant is songosongo also applied to several other Euphorbia species. It is imagined that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus. It is commonly used as an ornamental houseplant that can be grown in warmer climates. The common English name is due to the thorns and deep red bracts referring to the crown thorn Jesus had to wear during his crucifixion and his blood.
Description
It is a woody succulent subshrub or shrub growing to tall, with densely spiny stems. The straight, slender spines, up to long, help it scramble over other plants. The fleshy, green leaves are found mainly on new growth, and are up to long and broad. The flowers are small, subtended by a pair of conspicuous petal-like bracts, variably red, pink or white, up to broad. Wat Phrik in Thailand claims to be the home of the world's tallest Christ thorn plant. The plant thrives between spring and summer but produces flowers all year round.
Toxicity
The sap is moderately poisonous, and causes irritation on contact with skin or eyes. If ingested, it causes severe stomach pain, irritation of the throat and mouth, and vomiting. The poisonous ingredients have been identified as phorbol esters. It is very toxic to domesticated animals such as, horses, sheep, cats and dogs. For humans it is mildly toxic and only acts as an irritant.
Uses
Pesticide
The plant itself has proven to be an effective molluscicide and a natural alternative to pest control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the usage of Euphorbia milii in aiding snail control. Especially in endemic countries. Schistosomiasis is an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton200k | The Proton200k is a high-speed, space-qualified, radiation-hardened single-board computer based on a Texas Instruments 320C 6415/6713 DSP. The Proton200k is produced by Space Micro Inc, a designer and manufacturer of radiation hardened electronics for space applications. The Proton200k was originally developed under Phase I and Phase II SBIR contracts. The Proton200k displays processing speeds of 900 MFLOPS or 4000 MIPS while operating at 5 watts. It is radiation hardened to a total ionizing dose greater than 100 krad(Si) and fewer than 1 single event upset per 1000 days. Space Micro Inc also offers a triple-core version of the Proton200k.
In 2006, the Proton200k space computer was selected for Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Autonomous Nanosatellite Guardian Evaluating Local Space (ANGELS) satellite program.
Enabling technologies originally developed for the Proton200k led to the development of Space Micro's Proton400k PowerPC-based single-board computer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapple%20Monitor | The Zapple Monitor was a firmware-based product developed by Roger Amidon at Technical Design Laboratories (also known as TDL). TDL was based in Princeton, New Jersey, USA in the 1970s and early 1980s.
The Zapple monitor was a primitive operating system which could be expanded and used as a Basic Input/Output Services (BIOS) 8080 and Z80 based computers. Much of the functionality of Zapple would find its way into applications like 'Debug' in MS-DOS.
Zapple commands would allow a user to examine and modify memory, I/O, execute software (Goto or Call) and had a variety of other commands. The program required little in the way of then expensive Read Only Memory or RAM. An experienced user could use Zapple to test and debug code, verify hardware function, test memory, and so on.
A typical command line would start with a letter such as 'X' (examine memory) followed by a hexadecimal word (the memory address 01AB) and [enter] or [space]. After this sequence the content of the memory location would be shown [FF] and the user could enter a hexadecimal byte [00] to replace the contents of the address, or hit [space] or [enter] to move to the next address [01AB]. An experienced user could enter a small program in this manner, entering machine language from memory.
Because of the simple structure of the program, consisting of a vector table (one for each letter) and a small number of subroutines, and because the source code was readily available, adding or modifying Zapple was straightforward. The dominant operating system of the era, CP/M, required the computer manufacturer or hobbyist to develop hardware specific BIOS. Many users tested their BIOS subroutines using Zapple to verify, for example, a floppy disk track seek command, or read sector command, etc., was functioning correctly by extending Zapple to accommodate these operations in the hardware environment.
The general structure of Zapple lives on in the code of many older programmers working on embedded systems a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailymotion | Dailymotion is a French video-sharing technology platform owned by Vivendi. North American launch partners included Vice Media, Bloomberg and Hearst Digital Media. It is among the earliest known platforms to support HD (720p) resolution video. Dailymotion is available worldwide in 183 languages and 43 localised versions featuring local home pages and local content.
History
In March 2005, Benjamin Bejbaum and Olivier Poitrey founded the website, pooling €6,000 (US $9,271) from six individuals to start it. In September 2006, Dailymotion raised funds in collaboration with Atlas Ventures and Partech International. They raised €7 million, which was considered to be the most funds raised in 2006 from the French Web 2.0. In 2007 Dailymotion created ASIC, together with other companies in the sector.
Dailymotion supports a high-definition video resolution of 720p since February 2008, making it one of the earliest known HD video platforms.
October 2009, the French government invested in Dailymotion through the Strategic Investment Fund. On 25 January 2011, Orange acquired a 49% stake in Dailymotion for €62 million, valuing the company at €120 million.
On 10 January 2013, Orange bought the remaining 51% for €61 million. On or about 2 May 2013, the French government blocked Yahoo's acquisition of a majority stake in Dailymotion.
On 25 February 2014, Orange revealed it was in discussions with Microsoft about a deal that could see Dailymotion extend into the US market. In an interview with a local television station in Barcelona Stéphane Richard, CEO of Orange, said there was "great hope" an agreement would be reached. Any deal would see Orange retain majority ownership of Dailymotion. Richard said his company was in talks with other potential partners as well with a view to expanding Dailymotion's international appeal, but said discussions with others were more in relation to content.
In 2015, Vivendi purchased an 80% stake in Dailymotion from Orange S.A. Vivendi increas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millefleur | Millefleur, millefleurs or mille-fleur (French mille-fleurs, literally "thousand flowers") refers to a background style of many different small flowers and plants, usually shown on a green ground, as though growing in grass. It is essentially restricted to European tapestry during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, from about 1400 to 1550, but mainly about 1480–1520. The style had a notable revival by Morris & Co. in 19th century England, being used on original tapestry designs, as well as illustrations from his Kelmscott Press publications. The millefleur style differs from many other styles of floral decoration, such as the arabesque, in that many different sorts of individual plants are shown, and there is no regular pattern. The plants fill the field without connecting or significantly overlapping. In that it also differs from the plant and floral decoration of Gothic page borders in illuminated manuscripts.
There is also a rather different style known as millefleur in Indian carpets from about 1650 to 1800.
In the 15th century, an elaborate glass making technique was developed. See Millefiori, Murano glass and other glassmakers make pieces, particularly paper weights, that use the motif.
Tapestries
In the millefleur style the plants are dispersed across the field on a green background representing grass, to give the impression of a flowery meadow, and cover evenly the whole decorated field. At the time they were called verdures in French. They are mostly flowering plants shown as a whole, and in flower, with the coloration of the flowers of a distinct brightness compared to the usually darker background. Many are recognizable as specific species, with varying degrees of realism, but accuracy does not seem to be the point of the depiction. Neither are the flowering plants used to create perspective or depth of field. There are very often animals and sometimes human figures dispersed around the field, often rather small in relation to the plants, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh%20generation | Mesh generation is the practice of creating a mesh, a subdivision of a continuous geometric space into discrete geometric and topological cells.
Often these cells form a simplicial complex.
Usually the cells partition the geometric input domain.
Mesh cells are used as discrete local approximations of the larger domain. Meshes are created by computer algorithms, often with human guidance through a GUI , depending on the complexity of the domain and the type of mesh desired.
A typical goal is to create a mesh that accurately captures the input domain geometry, with high-quality (well-shaped) cells, and without so many cells as to make subsequent calculations intractable.
The mesh should also be fine (have small elements) in areas that are important for the subsequent calculations.
Meshes are used for rendering to a computer screen and for physical simulation such as finite element analysis or computational fluid dynamics. Meshes are composed of simple cells like triangles because, e.g., we know how to perform operations such as finite element calculations (engineering) or ray tracing (computer graphics) on triangles, but we do not know how to perform these operations directly on complicated spaces and shapes such as a roadway bridge. We can simulate the strength of the bridge, or draw it on a computer screen, by performing calculations on each triangle and calculating the interactions between triangles.
A major distinction is between structured and unstructured meshing. In structured meshing the mesh is a regular lattice, such as an array, with implied connectivity between elements. In unstructured meshing, elements may be connected to each other in irregular patterns, and more complicated domains can be captured. This page is primarily about unstructured meshes.
While a mesh may be a triangulation, the process of meshing is distinguished from point set triangulation in that meshing includes the freedom to add vertices not present in the input. "Facetting" (triangul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%2010%20Mobile%20version%20history | Windows 10 Mobile is a discontinued mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released to manufacturing on November 20, 2015, and was made generally available on March 17, 2016. In October 2017, Microsoft announced that it would pause the active development of Windows 10 Mobile, and future development will be limited to maintenance releases and security patches. The last feature update is the Fall Creators Update. The last version of Windows 10 Mobile reached the end of life on January 14, 2020. Development for Windows 10 Mobile has completely ceased since then.
Version history
Version 1511 (November Update)
Windows 10 Mobile November Update, also known as version 1511 and codenamed "Threshold 2", is the first major update to Windows 10 Mobile and the only one in a series of updates under the "Threshold" codenames. It carries the build number 10.0.10586. It was released to the public on November 12, 2015.
The update reached end of service on January 9, 2018.
Version 1607 (Anniversary Update)
Windows 10 Mobile Anniversary Update, also known as version 1607 and codenamed "Redstone 1", is the second major update to Windows 10 Mobile and the first in a series of updates under the "Redstone" codenames. It carries the build number 10.0.14393. The first preview was released on February 19, 2016. It was released to the public on August 16, 2016.
The update reached end of service after the release of build 14393.2551 on October 9, 2018.
Version 1703 (Creators Update)
Windows 10 Mobile Creators Update also known as version 1703 and codenamed "Redstone 2", is the third major update to Windows 10 Mobile and the second in a series of updates under the "Redstone" codenames. It carries the build number 10.0.15063. The first preview was released to Insiders on August 17, 2016. It was released to the public on April 25, 2017.
The update reached end of service after the release of build 15063.1868 on June 11, 2019.
Version 1709 (Fall Creators Update)
Windows |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusp%20neighborhood | In mathematics, a cusp neighborhood is defined as a set of points near a cusp singularity.
Cusp neighborhood for a Riemann surface
The cusp neighborhood for a hyperbolic Riemann surface can be defined in terms of its Fuchsian model.
Suppose that the Fuchsian group G contains a parabolic element g. For example, the element t ∈ SL(2,Z) where
is a parabolic element. Note that all parabolic elements of SL(2,C) are conjugate to this element. That is, if g ∈ SL(2,Z) is parabolic, then for some h ∈ SL(2,Z).
The set
where H is the upper half-plane has
for any where is understood to mean the group generated by g. That is, γ acts properly discontinuously on U. Because of this, it can be seen that the projection of U onto H/G is thus
.
Here, E is called the neighborhood of the cusp corresponding to g.
Note that the hyperbolic area of E is exactly 1, when computed using the canonical Poincaré metric. This is most easily seen by example: consider the intersection of U defined above with the fundamental domain
of the modular group, as would be appropriate for the choice of T as the parabolic element. When integrated over the volume element
the result is trivially 1. Areas of all cusp neighborhoods are equal to this, by the invariance of the area under conjugation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac%20bracket | The Dirac bracket is a generalization of the Poisson bracket developed by Paul Dirac to treat classical systems with second class constraints in Hamiltonian mechanics, and to thus allow them to undergo canonical quantization. It is an important part of Dirac's development of Hamiltonian mechanics to elegantly handle more general Lagrangians; specifically, when constraints are at hand, so that the number of apparent variables exceeds that of dynamical ones. More abstractly, the two-form implied from the Dirac bracket is the restriction of the symplectic form to the constraint surface in phase space.
This article assumes familiarity with the standard Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, and their connection to canonical quantization. Details of Dirac's modified Hamiltonian formalism are also summarized to put the Dirac bracket in context.
Inadequacy of the standard Hamiltonian procedure
The standard development of Hamiltonian mechanics is inadequate in several specific situations:
When the Lagrangian is at most linear in the velocity of at least one coordinate; in which case, the definition of the canonical momentum leads to a constraint. This is the most frequent reason to resort to Dirac brackets. For instance, the Lagrangian (density) for any fermion is of this form.
When there are gauge (or other unphysical) degrees of freedom which need to be fixed.
When there are any other constraints that one wishes to impose in phase space.
Example of a Lagrangian linear in velocity
An example in classical mechanics is a particle with charge and mass confined to the - plane with a strong constant, homogeneous perpendicular magnetic field, so then pointing in the -direction with strength .
The Lagrangian for this system with an appropriate choice of parameters is
where is the vector potential for the magnetic field, ; is the speed of light in vacuum; and is an arbitrary external scalar potential; one could easily take it to be quadratic in and , witho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Origami%20Society | The British Origami Society is a registered charity (no. 293039), devoted to the art of origami (paper folding). The Society has 700 members worldwide and publishes a bi-monthly magazine called "British Origami". They also have a library which is one of the world's largest collections of Origami resources, containing well over 4000 books, and a similar quantity of magazines, journals, convention packs and catalogues. As stated in the constitution of the society, its aims are, "to advance public education in the art of Origami and to promote the study and practice of Origami in education and as a means of therapy for the relief of people who are sick or mentally or physically handicapped". The society was founded at its inaugural meeting held at The Russell Hotel in London 28 October 1967. It was formed from the Origami Portfolio Society which had been founded in 1965. The first president of the new society was Robert Harbin, a noted British magician and author. Later, another notable president was Alfred Bestall, who had been writer and illustrator of Rupert Bear for the London Daily Express, from 1935 to 1965.
The Society created the Sydney French medal to honour recipients for outstanding services to origami. The first recipient was David Brill in 1992.
Notes and references
External links
Origami
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
Arts organizations established in 1967
Cultural charities based in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate%20operation | In computing, especially digital signal processing, the multiply–accumulate (MAC) or multiply-add (MAD) operation is a common step that computes the product of two numbers and adds that product to an accumulator. The hardware unit that performs the operation is known as a multiplier–accumulator (MAC unit); the operation itself is also often called a MAC or a MAD operation. The MAC operation modifies an accumulator a:
When done with floating point numbers, it might be performed with two roundings (typical in many DSPs), or with a single rounding. When performed with a single rounding, it is called a fused multiply–add (FMA) or fused multiply–accumulate (FMAC).
Modern computers may contain a dedicated MAC, consisting of a multiplier implemented in combinational logic followed by an adder and an accumulator register that stores the result. The output of the register is fed back to one input of the adder, so that on each clock cycle, the output of the multiplier is added to the register. Combinational multipliers require a large amount of logic, but can compute a product much more quickly than the method of shifting and adding typical of earlier computers. Percy Ludgate was the first to conceive a MAC in his Analytical Machine of 1909, and the first to exploit a MAC for division (using multiplication seeded by reciprocal, via the convergent series ). The first modern processors to be equipped with MAC units were digital signal processors, but the technique is now also common in general-purpose processors.
In floating-point arithmetic
When done with integers, the operation is typically exact (computed modulo some power of two). However, floating-point numbers have only a certain amount of mathematical precision. That is, digital floating-point arithmetic is generally not associative or distributive. (See .)
Therefore, it makes a difference to the result whether the multiply–add is performed with two roundings, or in one operation with a single rounding (a fused mul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumin | Urumin is a naturally occurring 27-amino acid virucidal host defense peptide against the human influenza A virus. It was discovered and isolated from the skin of Hydrophylax bahuvistara, a species of frog found in South India, by a team of Emory University researchers. The team that discovered urumin tested the peptide against 8 different H1N1 and 4 different H3N2 viruses, as well as various other influenza viruses. The peptide specifically targets the evolutionarily conserved H1 hemagglutinin stalk region of H1-containing influenza A viruses. Additionally, urumin was active against drug-resistant influenza A viruses, that were resistant against oseltamivir, zanamivir and peramivir . While its mechanism of action is not fully understood, urumin seems to inhibit viral growth by physically destroying influenza A virions, and is able to protect naive mice from doses of influenza A infection as high as 2 times the LD50. Because of its specific targeting of the hemagglutinin stalk region of the influenza A virus, the mechanism of action of urumin is similar to that of antibodies induced in the body by universal influenza vaccines. Urumin was also tested for toxicity against erythrocytes and showed a TD50 of 2,450 μM and TI of 664.7, indicating a favorable toxicity profile against erythrocytes. As such, urumin may represent the basis for a potential first-line antiviral treatment against influenza A, particularly in the context of influenza outbreaks, although the discoverers of the peptide have stated that urumin is far from becoming an anti-flu drug. Urumin was named after Urumi, a sword used in Kalaripayattu, the martial art of Kerala, where it was discovered. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicative%20transposition | Replicative transposition is a mechanism of transposition in molecular biology, proposed by James A. Shapiro in 1979, in which the transposable element is duplicated during the reaction, so that the transposing entity is a copy of the original element. In this mechanism, the donor and receptor DNA sequences form a characteristic intermediate "theta" configuration, sometimes called a "Shapiro intermediate". Replicative transposition is characteristic to retrotransposons and occurs from time to time in class II transposons. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty%20quantification | Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is the science of quantitative characterization and estimation of uncertainties in both computational and real world applications. It tries to determine how likely certain outcomes are if some aspects of the system are not exactly known. An example would be to predict the acceleration of a human body in a head-on crash with another car: even if the speed was exactly known, small differences in the manufacturing of individual cars, how tightly every bolt has been tightened, etc., will lead to different results that can only be predicted in a statistical sense.
Many problems in the natural sciences and engineering are also rife with sources of uncertainty. Computer experiments on computer simulations are the most common approach to study problems in uncertainty quantification.
Sources
Uncertainty can enter mathematical models and experimental measurements in various contexts. One way to categorize the sources of uncertainty is to consider:
Parameter This comes from the model parameters that are inputs to the computer model (mathematical model) but whose exact values are unknown to experimentalists and cannot be controlled in physical experiments, or whose values cannot be exactly inferred by statistical methods. Some examples of this are the local free-fall acceleration in a falling object experiment, various material properties in a finite element analysis for engineering, and multiplier uncertainty in the context of macroeconomic policy optimization.
Parametric This comes from the variability of input variables of the model. For example, the dimensions of a work piece in a process of manufacture may not be exactly as designed and instructed, which would cause variability in its performance.
Structural uncertainty Also known as model inadequacy, model bias, or model discrepancy, this comes from the lack of knowledge of the underlying physics in the problem. It depends on how accurately a mathematical model describes the true sys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20Institute%20for%20Biological%20Research | Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR) is an Israeli research and development laboratory It is under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Office that works in close cooperation with Israeli government agencies. IIBR has many public projects on which it works with international research organizations (governmental and non-governmental) and universities. It has approximately 350 employees, 150 of whom are scientists. Its research findings are often published in national and international scientific publications. It is widely believed to be involved in the manufacturing of biological and chemical weapons. The IIBR is currently developing a COVID-19 vaccine Brilife.
History
IIBR originated with Hemed Bet, the Haganah biological warfare unit, which Alexander Kenyan, then a microbiology student, established in Jaffa in February 1948, shortly before Israeli independence, at the direction of Yigael Yadin, the Haganah's chief operations officer. Ephraim Katzir was Hemed Bet's first commander.
The institute in its current form was founded in 1952, after Hemed Bet relocated to an orange grove near Ness Ziona. It was founded partly in a former Palestinian mansion of Wadi Hunayn. Among the founders were Professor Ernst David Bergmann, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion's science adviser and the head of R&D at the Ministry of Defense. Keynan was IIBR's first director.
Some of the fields in which IIBR conducts research include:
Medical diagnostic techniques
Mechanisms of pathogenic diseases
Vaccines and pharmaceuticals
Protein and enzyme synthesis and engineering
Process biotechnology
Air pollution risk assessment
Environmental detectors and biosensors
The institute is widely suspected of being involved in developing chemical and biological weapons. It is also assumed that the Institute develops vaccines and antidotes for such weapons. While refusing to confirm it, Israel is widely suspected of having developed offensive biological and chemical weapons ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20Calculus%20and%20Applied%20Analysis | Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Walter de Gruyter. It covers research on fractional calculus, special functions, integral transforms, and some closely related areas of applied analysis.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Zentralblatt MATH, and Mathematical Reviews.
The journal's Founding Editors were Professors Eric Love, Ian Sneddon, Bogoljub Stanković, Rudolf Gorenflo, Danuta Przeworska-Rolewicz, Gary Roach, Anatoly Kilbas, and Wen Chen. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20kinetic%20temperature | Mean kinetic temperature (MKT) is a simplified way of expressing the overall effect of temperature fluctuations during storage or transit of perishable goods. The MKT is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
The mean kinetic temperature can be expressed as:
Where:
is the mean kinetic temperature in kelvins
is the activation energy (in kJ mol−1)
is the gas constant (in J mol−1 K−1)
to are the temperatures at each of the sample points in kelvins
to are time intervals at each of the sample points
When the temperature readings are taken at the same interval (i.e., = = = ), the above equation is reduced to:
Where:
is the number of temperature sample points
Temperature
Pharmaceutical industry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip%20%28counting%29 | Pips are small but easily countable items, such as the dots on dominoes and dice, or the symbols on a playing card that denote its suit and value.
Playing cards
In playing cards, pips are small symbols on the front side of the cards that determine the suit of the card and its rank. For example, a standard 52-card deck consists of four suits of thirteen cards each: spades, hearts, clubs, and diamonds. Each suit contains three face cards – the jack, queen, and king. The remaining ten cards are called pip cards and are numbered from one to ten. (The "one" is almost always changed to "ace" and often is the highest card in many games, followed by the face cards.) Each pip card consists of an encoding in the top left-hand corner (and, because the card is also inverted upon itself, the lower right-hand corner) which tells the card-holder the value of the card. In Europe, it is more common to have corner indices on all four corners which lets left-handed players fan their cards more comfortably. The center of the card contains pips representing the suit. The number of pips corresponds with the number of the card, and the arrangement of the pips is generally the same from deck to deck.
Pip cards are also known as numerals or numeral cards.
In point-trick games where cards often score their value in pips (or equivalent if they are court cards e.g. a King may be worth 13), card points are sometimes referred to as pips.
Many French-suited packs contain a variation on the pip style for the Ace of Spades, often consisting of an especially large pip or even a representative image, along with information about the deck's manufacturer.
Historically German pips are generally different from the pips used in France and England, and the latter dates from at least the fourteenth century CE.
Dice
On dice, pips are small dots on each face of a common six-sided die. These pips are typically arranged in patterns denoting the numbers one through six. The sum of opposing faces traditio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wouzee | wouzee is an interactive broadcast platform for streaming video that allows users to visualize and share play and stream video using different devices video camera or a computer through Internet. The user produces, shares and consumes information actively. In addition to the free support, Wouzee offers a premium service through livestreaming event production.
Wouzee became known nationally when one of their users decided to upload a video in which Infanta Cristina stated on the Noos Case. afterwards, was published by the Spanish newspaper El Mundo. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquagenic%20urticaria | Aquagenic urticaria, also known as water allergy and water urticaria, is a rare form of physical urticaria in which hives develop on the skin after contact with water, regardless of its temperature. The condition typically results from contact with water of any type, temperature or additive.
Signs and symptoms
The main symptom of aquagenic urticaria is the development of physical hives, which may or may not itch. Itching after contact with water, without the development of physical hives, is known as aquagenic pruritus. Aquadynia is a condition in which pain occurs after contact with water.
In severe cases, drinking water can result in swelling of the oral cavity, swelling of the throat, and in extreme cases, anaphylaxis.
The hives associated with aquagenic urticaria are typically small (approximately 1–3 mm), red- or skin-colored welts (called wheals) with clearly defined edges. It most commonly develops on the neck, upper trunk and arms, although it can occur anywhere on the body. Once the water source is removed, the rash generally fades within 30 to 60 minutes.
Water in all forms, such as tap or sea water, swimming pool water, sweat, tears, and saliva can induce the lesions.
Cause
The cause of aquagenic urticaria is not fully understood; however, several mechanisms have been proposed. Interaction between water and a component in or on the skin or sebum has been suggested. This theory suggests that a substance is formed by this interaction, the absorption of which causes perifollicular mast cell degranulation with release of histamine. Another proposed theory is of a water-soluble allergen in the epithelial tissues. Water dissolves the allergen, causing it to diffuse into the tissues, causing histamine release from sensitized mast cells.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of aquagenic urticaria begins with a clinical history and water challenge test. The water challenge test consists of application of a 35°C water compress to the upper body for 30 minutes. Water of any t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHARE%20Operating%20System | The SHARE Operating System (SOS) is an operating system introduced in 1959 by the SHARE user group. It is an improvement on the General Motors GM-NAA I/O operating system, the first operating system for the IBM 704. The main objective was to improve the sharing of programs.
The SHARE Operating System provided new methods to manage buffers and input/output devices. Like GM-NAA I/O, it allowed execution of programs written in assembly language.
SOS initially ran on the IBM 709 computer and was then ported to its transistorized successor, the IBM 7090.
A series of articles describing innovations in the system appears in the April 1959 Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery.
In 1962, IBM discontinued support for SOS and announced an entirely new (and incompatible) operating system, IBM 7090/94 IBSYS.
See also
Multiple Console Time Sharing System
Timeline of operating systems
SQUOZE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20research%20information%20system | A current research information system (CRIS) is a database or other information system to store, manage and exchange contextual metadata for the research activity funded by a research funder or conducted at a research-performing organisation (or aggregation thereof).
CRIS systems are also known as Research Information Management or RIM Systems (RIMS).
Features
The data model underpinning a CRIS relies on a set of basic entities as defined by the Common European Research Information Format (CERIF ) model maintained by the non-profit organisation euroCRIS.
The links connecting these entities provide a standardised semantic layer that provides consistency to the data model. The basic CERIF entities are people, organisations, projects and outputs (publications, research data, patents). Further second-level entities in the comprehensive snapshot of research provided by CERIF are for instance funding, research facilities and equipment or skills.
System interoperability lies at the core of CRIS operation, both from an internal and an external viewpoint. Internally, information is exchanged between the multiple information-gathering systems at institutions (HR systems, project management tools, finance management systems, etc.) and the one-stop-shop CRIS where all the institutional research information is kept. From an external interoperability perspective, metadata need to be exchanged between the systems at research-performing organisations where the research is actually conducted and the systems run by research funders and governmental bodies in charge of research assessment processes. By providing a standard approach to information description, the CERIF model becomes a key feature for enabling this system interoperability.
A particularly important area of system interoperability is CRIS/IR interoperability, i.e. the information exchange workflows between Current Research Information Systems and Institutional Repositories. While these two kinds of systems were on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuchsia%20%28operating%20system%29 | Fuchsia is an open-source capability-based operating system developed by Google. In contrast to Google's Linux-based operating systems such as ChromeOS and Android, Fuchsia is based on a custom kernel named Zircon. It publicly debuted as a self-hosted git repository in August 2016 without any official corporate announcement. After years of development, its official product launch was in 2021 on the first-generation Google Nest Hub, replacing its original Linux-based Cast OS.
Etymology
Fuchsia is named for the color fuchsia, which is a combination of pink and purple. The name is a reference to two operating systems projects within Apple which influenced team members of the Fuchsia project: Taligent (code named "Pink") and iOS (code named "Purple"). The color-based naming scheme derives from the colors of index cards which Apple employees used to organize their ideas.
The name of the color fuchsia is derived from the Fuchsia plant species, which is derived from the name of botanist Leonhart Fuchs.
History
In August 2016, media outlets reported on a mysterious source code repository published on GitHub, revealing that Google was developing a new operating system named Fuchsia. No official announcement was made, but inspection of the code suggested its capability to run on various devices, including "dash infotainment" systems for cars, embedded devices like traffic lights, digital watches, smartphones, tablets, and PCs. Its architecture differs entirely from the Linux-based Android and ChromeOS due in part to its unique Zircon kernel, formerly named Magenta.
In May 2017, Ars Technica wrote about Fuchsia's new user interface, an upgrade from its command-line interface at its first reveal in August. A developer wrote that Fuchsia "isn't a toy thing, it's not a 20% Project, it's not a dumping ground of a dead thing that we don't care about anymore". Though users could test Fuchsia, nothing "works", because "it's all a bunch of placeholder interfaces that don't do anyt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20and%20Hypothesis | Science and Hypothesis () is a book by French mathematician Henri Poincaré, first published in 1902. Aimed at a non-specialist readership, it deals with mathematics, space, physics and nature. It puts forward the theses that absolute truth in science is unattainable, and that many commonly held beliefs of scientists are held as convenient conventions rather than because they are more valid than the alternatives.
In this book, Poincaré describes open scientific questions regarding the photo-electric effect, Brownian motion, and the relativity of physical laws in space.
Reading this book inspired Albert Einstein's subsequent Annus Mirabilis papers published in 1905.
A new translation was published in November 2017. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20temperature | Skin temperature is the temperature of the outermost surface of the body. Normal human skin temperature on the trunk of the body varies between 33.5 and 36.9 °C (92.3 and 98.4 °F), though the skin's temperature is lower over protruding parts, like the nose, and higher over muscles and active organs. Recording skin temperature presents extensive difficulties. Although it is not a clear indicator of internal body temperature, skin temperature is significant in assessing the healthy function of skin. Some experts believe the physiological significance of skin temperature has been overlooked, because clinical analysis has favoured measuring temperatures of the mouth, armpit, and/or rectum. Temperatures of these parts typically are consistent with internal body temperature.
Patterns in skin temperature often provide crucial diagnostic data on pathological conditions, ranging from locomotion to vascular diseases. Such information can prove significant to determination of subsequent therapeutic treatments.
Background and interactions
The three primary functions performed by skin are protection, regulation and sensation. Interactions between skin and temperature occur constantly in relation to each of these functions and often hold considerable medical and physiological significance.
The skin is composed of three main layers, the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis, and contains a variety of cells, receptors and junctions which enable performance of a multitude of functions. The capacity of our skin to cope under a range of conditions and at various tissue temperatures, whilst simultaneously delivering these functions, attests to the resilience of the organ.
There are three important aspects of the relationship between skin and temperature:
Thermal sensations can be detected and communicated from localised sensory regions of the skin.
Skin acts as both a medium and means for delivering mechanisms of thermoregulation, including insulation, sweating and control of blood |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCJR%20algorithm | The BCJR algorithm is an algorithm for maximum a posteriori decoding of error correcting codes defined on trellises (principally convolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv. This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting codes, including turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes.
Steps involved
Based on the trellis:
Compute forward probabilities
Compute backward probabilities
Compute smoothed probabilities based on other information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel)
Variations
SBGT BCJR
Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima simplification.
Log-Map BCJR
Implementations
Susa framework implements BCJR algorithm for forward error correction codes and channel equalization in C++.
See also
Forward-backward algorithm
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation
Hidden Markov model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA2 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the GABRA2 gene.
GABRA2 is an alpha subunit that is part of GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels and are activated by the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain, GABA. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents, such as benzodiazepines (psychoactive drugs) that bind to the GABA-A receptor.
GABA-A receptors are composed of two alpha, two beta, and one gamma subunits. They have at least 16 distinct subunits identified, including GABRA2. This receptor is found mainly in specific regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus.
Subunit isoforms are seen around in various locations in the brain throughout growth. The combination of subunits has a large effect on the pharmacological and biophysical characteristics. GABRA2 has been found to mediate anxiolytic activity, which plays a key role in emotional and behavioral control. Most of GABRA2 modifications have been found to be linked to alcoholism and adolescent behavior.
Structure
GABRA2 is one of the 16 distinct alpha subunits found for the GABA receptor. GABA-A has a pentametric form, with two alpha, two beta, and one gamma subunit. The various subunit isoforms seen in the GABA-A receptor structure has an effect on its function. GABRA2 is most often seen as part of the most common expression α2β3γ2, which is seen in 13% of all GABA-A receptors. The subunit, GABRA2, is found primarily in hippocampus and/or the forebrain. It is more confined to areas of the brain in comparison to other alpha subunits seen in GABA-A receptors. It is present in 35% of all GABA-A receptors being the fourth most abundant subunit next to GABRA1 and various beta subunits. Like all subunits, it is made from structurally distinct proteins. The presence of this subunit causes an easier binding of benzodiazepine which is a category of psychoactive drugs.
Function
GABRA2 mediates neural ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow%20sauce | Rainbow sauce refers to several types of culinary sauces. The term also refers to a food presentation or preparation style in which several sauces are placed on a food dish or plate alongside one-another, and also a sauce preparation method in which several sauces are mixed together.
Rainbow sauces
Rainbow sauce is a dessert sauce prepared with pineapple, candied cherries, apricot, citron, pears, and pistachio nuts. The ingredients are chopped, combined and boiled in simple syrup to create a sauce. This sauce is typically served atop ice cream.
The term also refers to sweet and sour sauce that may utilize many types of ingredients that are combined and heated to create a sauce. Myriad ingredients in its preparation can include green pepper, canned fruit cocktail, corn starch, vinegar, pineapple, pickled and sweet ginger, pickled cucumber, carrot, maraschino cherries, sugar, brown sugar, Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, lemon juice, cranberry juice, vinegar, and others. This type of sauce may be served on chicken dishes, among others.
Another version is a savory sauce prepared with ingredients such as cream, white wine, shallots and oranges. This sauce may be served with fillets of rainbow trout, among other foods.
See also
List of dessert sauces
List of sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census%20of%20Diversity%20of%20Abyssal%20Marine%20Life | The Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life (CeDAMar) is a field project of the Census of Marine Life that studies the species diversity of one of the largest and most inaccessible environments on the planet, the abyssal plain. CeDAMar uses data to create an estimation of global species diversity and provide a better understanding of the history of deep-sea fauna, including its present diversity and dependence on environmental parameters. CeDAMar initiatives aim to identify centers of high biodiversity useful for planning both commercial and conservation efforts, and are able to be used in future studies on the effects of climate change on the deep sea.
As of May 2009, participation by upwards of 56 institutions in 17 countries has resulted in the publication of nearly 300 papers. Results of CeDAMar-related research were also published in a 2010 textbook on deep-sea biodiversity by Michael Rex and Ron Etter, members of CeDAMar's Scientific Steering Committee.()
CeDAMar is led by Dr. Pedro Martinez Arbizu of Germany and Dr. Craig Smith, USA.
External links
Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life
Census of Antarctic Marine Life official web site |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Carrier%20Alpha%20Code | The Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC) is a privately controlled US code used to identify vessel operating common carriers (VOCC). It is typically two to four letters long. The National Motor Freight Traffic Association developed the SCAC code in the 1960s to help road transport companies computerize data and records.
Description
The Standard Carrier Alpha Code, a two-to-four letter identification, is used by the transportation industry to identify freight carriers in computer systems and shipping documents such as Bill of Lading, Freight Bill, Packing List, and Purchase Order. It is also used by the American National Standards Institute, Accredited Standards Committee X12, and United Nations EDIFACT for Electronic Data Interchange computer systems.
SCACs are commonly used by the automobile, petroleum, forest products, and chemical industries; as well as suppliers to retail businesses, carriers engaged in railroad piggyback trailers, and ocean container drayage. SCACs can be obtained online at http://www.nmfta.org.
Freight Carriers who participate in the Uniform Intermodal Interchange Agreement (UIIA) are required to maintain a SCAC.
Certain groups of SCACs are reserved for specific purposes. Codes ending with the letter "U" are reserved for the identification of freight containers. Codes ending with the letter "X" are reserved for the identification of privately owned railroad cars. Codes ending with the letter "Z" are reserved for the identification of truck chassis and trailers used in intermodal service.
SCAC is also used to identify an ocean carrier or self-filing party, such as a freight forwarder, for the Automated Manifest System used by US Customs and Border Protection for electronic import customs clearance and for manifest transmission as per the USA's "24 Hours Rule" which requires the carrier to transmit a cargo manifest to US Customs at least 24 hours prior to a vessel's departure at port of loading.
Widely used SCACs
The following is a list |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heok%20Hee%20Ng | Heok Hee Ng is a Singaporean ichthyologist and researcher of biodiversity at the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum of the National University of Singapore. He specialises in Asian catfish systematics with particular focus on sisoroid catfishes. As of 2018, Ng authored 14 species of Siluriformes
Publications
Ng has (co-)authored many publications.
See Wikispecies below.
See also
:Category:Taxa named by Heok Hee Ng |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait%20Space%20Rocket | The Kuwait Space Rocket (KSR), is a Kuwaiti project to build and launch the first suborbital liquid bi-propellant rocket in Arabia. The project is intended to be the first step towards starting a space industry in the country and a launch service provider in the GCC region. The project is divided into two phases with two separate vehicles. An initial testing phase with KSR-1 as a test vehicle capable of reaching an altitude of and a more expansive suborbital test phase with the KSR-2 planned to fly to an altitude of . in May 16 Ambition-1 launched but had a malfunction with the parachute and crashed in free fall.
History
The project began in January 2018 for conceptual design and planning. The team started the fabrication of KSR-1 in early 2019, and as of January 2020, KSR-1 was fully built.
KSR-1
KSR-1 is a vertically-launched single stage rocket. It uses a liquid bi-propellant rocket engine burning methanol as fuel and nitrous oxide as the oxidizer. KSR-1 is intended to be a test vehicle for the development of KSR-2, the goal of which is to reach space. As such, all the major components and technologies that are expected to be used in KSR-2 are present in KSR-1. The main components of KSR 1 are the engine—consisting of the injector, nozzle, and cooling jacket— with fuel and oxidizer tanks, a nitrogen gas tank, and various valves and pressure regulators.
KSR-1 Development Process
Engine Fabrication
The KSR-1 engine was built locally in Kuwait and it utilizes a pressure fed cycle. The engine utilizes the nitrous not only as an oxidizer but as a cooling agent, that flows around the nozzle and back into the injector again.
Cold Flow Testing
The KSR team performed a cold flow testing in October 2019 to verify the engine's flow rate and plumbing.
Static Testing
KSR performed a static testing of the Injector in November 2019.
Structural Assembly
The KSR-1 was fully assembled and presented at the Kuwait Aviation Show 2020.
KSR-2
KSR-2 is a planned liquid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidet%20shower | A bidet shower—also known as a handheld bidet, commode shower, toilet shower, health faucet, bum shower, jet spray, Muslim shower, shatafa (from the , "rinser") or bum gun—is a hand-held triggered nozzle that is placed near the toilet and delivers a spray of water used for anal cleansing and cleaning of the genitals after using the toilet for defecation and urination, popularised by Arab nations where the bidet shower is a common bathroom accessory. The device is similar to that of a kitchen sink sprayer.
In predominantly Catholic countries, the Muslim world, in the Eastern Orthodox and Hindu cultures, and in some Protestant countries such as Finland, water is usually used for anal cleansing, using a jet (bidet shower, bidet) or vessel, and a person's hand (in some places only the left hand is used).
Description
The shower is a source of water for people who prefer using water rather than other methods of cleansing after defecation or urination. The shower is an alternative for the traditional sources of water for this action, such as the bidet, copper pot or bucket and mug, being more hygienic and compact. There is no contact between the spray of water and the used water drainage.
Usage
The user aims the faucet and sprays water at the anus or genitals to assist cleansing after using the toilet. Toilet paper may be used to clean and dry, or a towel can be used to dry if clean. The bidet shower can also be disinfected using disinfectant wipes or disinfectant spray or by other means after use.
Prevalence
The bidet shower is common in the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, South America, etc., where water is considered essential for anal cleansing. This includes India, Nepal, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Maldives, Bangladesh, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore, etc. In those countries it is commonly installed in Western-style (sitting) toilet installations. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%20%28Unix%29 | host is a simple utility for performing Domain Name System lookups.
Origin
It was developed by the Internet Systems Consortium (ISC), and is released under the Mozilla Public License 2.0.
Modes
When applied to a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) the host command will return information associated with that name such as its IP address and mail handling host. It can also be used to list all members of a domain. The host command is also able to perform reverse IP lookups to find the FQDN associated with an IP address.
Example
See also
BIND name server
dig, a utility interrogates DNS servers directly for troubleshooting and system administration purposes.
nslookup, another utility that can be used to obtain similar information
Root name server - top-level name servers providing top level domain name resolution
List of DNS record types - possible types of records stored and queried within DNS
whois |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance%20seedling | A chance seedling is a plant that is the product of unintentional breeding.
Identifying the parent plants of a chance seedling may be difficult. It may be necessary to genetically analyse the seedling and surrounding plants to be sure. Plants that come from the artificial union of gametes from a maternal and paternal source are not chance seedlings.
A chance seedling may be a genetically unique individual with desirable characteristics that is then intentionally bred. The Kindred Spirit Hybrid Oak and the Granny Smith, Wolf River, Lady Alice, Red Delicious, Gravenstein, Braeburn, Samarbehisht Chausa, Calville Blanc d'hiver, Belle de Boskoop and Baldwin apples are examples of varieties that started with chance seedlings that were selected and assigned cultivar status owing to their desirable properties.
See also
Volunteer (botany) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul%20Hausmann | Raoul Hausmann (July 12, 1886 – February 1, 1971) was an Austrian artist and writer. One of the key figures in Berlin Dada, his experimental photographic collages, sound poetry, and institutional critiques would have a profound influence on the European Avant-Garde in the aftermath of World War I.
Early biography
Raoul Hausmann was born in Vienna but moved to Berlin with his parents at the age of 14, in 1901. His earliest art training was from his father, a professional conservator and painter. He met Johannes Baader, an eccentric architect and another future member of Dada, in 1905. At around the same time he met Elfride Schaeffer, a violinist, whom he married in 1908, a year after the birth of their daughter, Vera. That same year Hausmann enrolled at a private Art School in Berlin, where he remained until 1911.
After seeing Expressionist paintings in Herwarth Walden's gallery Der Sturm in 1912, Hausmann started to produce Expressionist prints in Erich Heckel's studio, and became a staff writer for Walden's magazine, also called Der Sturm, which provided a platform for his earliest polemical writings against the art establishment. In keeping with his Expressionist colleagues, he initially welcomed the war, believing it to be a necessary cleansing of a calcified society, although being an Austrian citizen living in Germany he was spared the draft.
Hausmann met Hannah Höch in 1915, and embarked upon an extramarital affair that produced an 'artistically productive but turbulent bond' that would last until 1922 when she left him. The relationship's turmoil even reached the point where Hausmann fantasized about killing Höch. He talked down to her about her opinions on everything from politics to art, and only came to her aid when the other artists of the Dada movement tried to exclude her from their art shows. Even after defending her art and arguing for its inclusion in the First International Dada Fair, he went on to say Höch "was never part of the club." Though H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20transverse%20scapular%20ligament | The superior transverse ligament (transverse or suprascapular ligament) converts the suprascapular notch into a foramen or opening.
It is a thin and flat fascicle, narrower at the middle than at the extremities, attached by one end to the base of the coracoid process and by the other to the medial end of the scapular notch.
The suprascapular nerve always runs through the foramen; while the suprascapular vessels cross over the ligament in most of the cases.
The suprascapular ligament can become completely or partially ossified. The ligament also been found to split forming doubled space within the suprascapular notch. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONAPS | SONAPS or Sonaps is a network TV production system by Sony. It allows planning, ingesting, editing and playouting of video material. The main focus are News programs. An essential part of Sonaps is the professional non-linear video editing system XPRI NS. Sonaps can be used with already existing network infrastructure. Standard video format is the Media Exchange Format (MXF).
Sonaps supplies an own nearline archive and interfaces to 3rd party archive systems. Through the MOS (Media Object Server) gateway it can be connected to NRCS (Newsroom Computer Systems) and other network production systems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polog%20Statistical%20Region | The Polog Statistical Region (; Albanian:Rajoni i Pollogut) is one of eight statistical regions of the Republic of North Macedonia. Polog, located in the northwestern part of the country, borders Albania and Kosovo. Internally, it borders the Southwestern and Skopje statistical regions.
Municipalities
Polog is divided into 9 municipalities:
Bogovinje
Brvenica
Gostivar
Jegunovce
Mavrovo and Rostuša
Tearce
Tetovo
Vrapčište
Želino
Demographics
Population
The current population of the Polog statistical region is 304,125 citizens, according to the last population census in 2002.
Ethnicities
Polog is the only statistical region in North Macedonia where Macedonians are not the majority.
See also
Polog |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean%20hammers | According to legend, Pythagoras discovered the foundations of musical tuning by listening to the sounds of four blacksmith's hammers, which produced consonance and dissonance when they were struck simultaneously. According to Nicomachus in his 2nd-century CE Enchiridion harmonices, Pythagoras noticed that hammer A produced consonance with hammer B when they were struck together, and hammer C produced consonance with hammer A, but hammers B and C produced dissonance with each other. Hammer D produced such perfect consonance with hammer A that they seemed to be "singing" the same note. Pythagoras rushed into the blacksmith shop to discover why, and found that the explanation was in the weight ratios. The hammers weighed 12, 9, 8, and 6 pounds respectively. Hammers A and D were in a ratio of 2:1, which is the ratio of the octave. Hammers B and C weighed 8 and 9 pounds. Their ratios with hammer D were (12:8 = 3:2 = perfect fifth) and (12:9 = 4:3 = perfect fourth). The space between B and C is a ratio of 9:8, which is equal to the musical whole tone, or whole step interval ().
The legend is, at least with respect to the hammers, demonstrably false. It is probably a Middle Eastern folk tale. These proportions are indeed relevant to string length (e.g. that of a monochord) — using these founding intervals, it is possible to construct the chromatic scale and the basic seven-tone diatonic scale used in modern music, and Pythagoras might well have been influential in the discovery of these proportions (hence, sometimes referred to as Pythagorean tuning) — but the proportions do not have the same relationship to hammer weight and the tones produced by them. However, hammer-driven chisels with equal cross-section, show an exact proportion between length or weight and Eigenfrequency.
Earlier sources mention Pythagoras' interest in harmony and ratio. Xenocrates (4th century BCE), while not as far as we know mentioning the blacksmith story, described Pythagoras' interest in gen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-plane%20and%20H-plane | The E-plane and H-plane are reference planes for linearly polarized waveguides, antennas and other microwave devices.
In waveguide systems, as in the electric circuits, it is often desirable to be able to split the circuit power into two or more fractions. In a waveguide system, an element called a junction is used for power division.
In a low frequency electrical network, it is possible to combine circuit elements in series or in parallel, thereby dividing the source power among several circuit components.
In microwave circuits, a waveguide with three independent ports is called a TEE junction. The output of E-Plane Tee is 180° out of phase where the output of H-plane Tee is in phase.
E-Plane
For a linearly-polarized antenna, this is the plane containing the electric field vector (sometimes called the E aperture) and the direction of maximum radiation. The electric field or "E" plane determines the polarization or orientation of the radio wave. For a vertically polarized antenna, the E-plane usually coincides with the vertical/elevation plane. For a horizontally polarized antenna, the E-Plane usually coincides with the horizontal/azimuth plane.
E- plane and H-plane should be 90 degrees apart.
H-plane
In the case of the same linearly polarized antenna, this is the plane containing the magnetic field vector (sometimes called the H aperture) and the direction of maximum radiation. The magnetizing field or "H" plane lies at a right angle to the "E" plane. For a vertically polarized antenna, the H-plane usually coincides with the horizontal/azimuth plane. For a horizontally polarized antenna, the H-plane usually coincides with the vertical/elevation plane.
Illustrations
Co- and cross-polarizations
Co-polarization (co-pol) and cross-polarization (cross-pol) are defined for the radiating E and H planes. These directions are defined in spherical coordinates corresponding to the spherical wavefronts of the propagating wave. By convention, the co-pol direction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectomycorrhiza | An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός , "outside", μύκης , "fungus", and ῥίζα , "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobiont, and the roots of various plant species. The mycobiont is often from the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota, and more rarely from the Zygomycota. Ectomycorrhizas form on the roots of around 2% of plant species, usually woody plants, including species from the birch, dipterocarp, myrtle, beech, willow, pine and rose families. Research on ectomycorrhizas is increasingly important in areas such as ecosystem management and restoration, forestry and agriculture.
Unlike other mycorrhizal relationships, such as arbuscular mycorrhiza and ericoid mycorrhiza, ectomycorrhizal fungi do not penetrate their host's cell walls. Instead they form an entirely intercellular interface known as the Hartig net, consisting of highly branched hyphae forming a latticework between epidermal and cortical root cells.
Ectomycorrhizas are further differentiated from other mycorrhizas by the formation of a dense hyphal sheath, known as the mantle, surrounding the root surface. This sheathing mantle can be up to 40 µm thick, with hyphae extending up to several centimeters into the surrounding soil. The hyphal network helps the plant to take up nutrients including water and minerals, often helping the host plant to survive adverse conditions. In exchange, the fungal symbiont is provided with access to carbohydrates.
Although samples of ectomycorrhizas are usually taken from the surface horizon due to higher root density, ectomycorrhizas are known to occur in deep tree roots (a depth more than 2 meters), some occurring at least as deep as 4 meters.
Well known EcM fungal fruiting bodies include the economically important and edible truffle (Tuber) and the deadly death caps and destroying angels (Amanita).
Evolution
Mycorrhizal symbioses are ubiquitous in terrestrial e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandhavgarh%20National%20Park | Bandhavgarh National Park is a national park of India, located in the Umaria district of Madhya Pradesh. Bandhavgarh, with an area of , was declared a national park in 1968 and then became Tiger Reserve in 1993. The current core area is spread over .
This park has a large biodiversity. The park has a large breeding population of leopards, and various species of deer. Maharaja Martand Singh of Rewa captured the first white tiger in this region in 1951. This white tiger, Mohan, is now stuffed and on display in the palace of the Maharajas of Rewa. Historically villagers and their cattle have been at a threat from the tiger. Rising mining activities around the park are putting the tigers at risk. The park derives its name from the most prominent hill of the area, which is said to have been given by Lord Rama to his brother Lakshmana to keep a watch on Lanka (Bandhav = Brother, Garh = Fort). The fort was built by a Gond Dynasty king.
Structure
The three main zones of the national park are Tala, Magdhi and Khitauli. Tala is the richest zone in terms of biodiversity, mainly tigers. Altogether, these three ranges comprise the 'core' of the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, constituting a total area of 716 km2.
Fauna
With the tiger at the apex of the food chain, it contains at least 37 species of mammals. According to forest officials, there are more than 250 species of birds, about 80 species of butterflies, a number of reptiles. But many people have the species' list of about 350 birds along with photographs. The richness and tranquity of grasslands invites pairs of sarus cranes to breed in the rainy season.
One of the biggest attractions of this national park is the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris). Bandhavgarh has a very high density of tigers within its jungles. The 105 km2 of park area open to tourists was reported to have 22 tigers, a density of one tiger for every 4.77 km2. (Population estimation exercise 2001). The population of tigers in the park in 2012 was abo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-loop%20controller | In control theory, an open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, is a control loop part of a control system in which the control action ("input" to the system) is independent of the "process output", which is the process variable that is being controlled. It does not use feedback to determine if its output has achieved the desired goal of the input command or process setpoint.
There are many open-loop controls, such as on/off switching of valves, machinery, lights, motors or heaters, where the control result is known to be approximately sufficient under normal conditions without the need for feedback. The advantage of using open-loop control in these cases is the reduction in component count and complexity. However, an open-loop system cannot correct any errors that it makes or correct for outside disturbances, and cannot engage in machine learning, unlike a closed-loop control system.
Open-loop and closed-loop
Applications
An open-loop controller is often used in simple processes because of its simplicity and low cost, especially in systems where feedback is not critical. A typical example would be an older model domestic clothes dryer, for which the length of time is entirely dependent on the judgement of the human operator, with no automatic feedback of the dryness of the clothes.
For example, an irrigation sprinkler system, programmed to turn on at set times could be an example of an open-loop system if it does not measure soil moisture as a form of feedback. Even if rain is pouring down on the lawn, the sprinkler system would activate on schedule, wasting water.
Another example is a stepper motor used for control of position. Sending it a stream of electrical pulses causes it to rotate by exactly that many steps, hence the name. If the motor was always assumed to perform each movement correctly, without positional feedback, it would be open-loop control. However, if there is a position encoder, or sensors to indicate the start or finis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby%20Froud | Toby Froud (born 1984) is an English-American artist, special effects designer, puppeteer, filmmaker, and performer. He rose to prominence for his role as the baby who was wished away to the goblins in the 1986 Jim Henson film Labyrinth. He became a puppeteer, sculptor, and fabricator for film, television, and theatre. He wrote and directed the 2014 fantasy short film Lessons Learned. He was the design supervisor of the 2019 streaming television series The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance.
Early life
Toby Froud was born in 1984 in London, to English painter Brian Froud and American puppet-maker Wendy Froud. His maternal grandfather was the German-American sculptor Walter Midener (1912–1998), and his maternal grandmother was Margaret "Peggy" Midener (née Mackenzie; 1925–2016), a painter and collage artist in Michigan.
His parents met in 1978 while working on preproduction for the 1982 Jim Henson film The Dark Crystal, for which Brian was the conceptual designer and Wendy a puppet fabricator. They married in 1980. Froud was born during preproduction of his parents' second film with Henson, Labyrinth (released in 1986), and at the age of one he was featured in the film as the baby who is wished away to the Goblin King by his older sister Sarah. The name of the baby in the script had originally been Freddie, but was changed to Toby so as not to confuse Froud. Due to Labyrinths popularity Froud has garnered a cult status and been described as one of the most famous babies in cinema and of the 1980s.
Froud was raised in Chagford, Devon, on the edge of Dartmoor. He developed an interest in puppetry from a young age due to exposure to his parents' artwork.
Career
Froud apprenticed at the Muppet Workshop in New York in 1999, and in 2004 worked at Weta Workshop in New Zealand as a sculptor, fabricator, and miniature effects artist for the 2005 films The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and King Kong. He graduated from Wimbledon School of Art in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOSS | AOSS (AirStation One-Touch Secure System) is a system by Buffalo Technology which allows a secure wireless connection to be set up with the push of a button. AirStation residential gateways incorporated a button on the unit to let the user initiate this procedure. AOSS was designed to use the maximum level of security available to both connecting devices, including both Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).
Connection Process
Association Phase: Once AOSS has been initiated on both devices via the AOSS button, the access point will change its SSID to "ESSID-AOSS" and the client will attempt to connect to it. Both devices will attempt connection for two minutes. Connection will be made using a secret 64-bit WEP key known to both devices.
Key Generation Phase: With both devices connected, the AP generates and transfers a unique key to the client, where an RC4 tunnel is created. The AP creates four SSIDs and encryption keys for AES, TKIP, WEP128, and WEP64 generated from a random key script. These keys are available in the user interface of the AOSS AP to be used with non-AOSS clients.
Information Exchange Phase: The client notifies the AP of its encryption support.
Key Transfer Phase: All four encryption keys are transmitted to the client regardless of encryption support, allowing the client to change the SSID if needed. The user does not have access to the keys through the client device.
Reboot Stack: The AP applies the SSID and key for the highest level of encryption supported by the client and reboots. The previously used WEP64 and RC4 tunnel are no longer used. The client adapter will automatically reboot or re-initialize and connect to the SSID using the proper encryption key.
If a subsequent AOSS process connects with a lesser wireless encryption standard, the AP will apply the lesser standard and the Reboot Stack phase will be repeated for all connected devices.
Compatible products
The Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection used b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics%20in%20insects | Epigenetics in insects is the role that epigenetics (hertiable characteristics that do not involve changes in DNA sequence) plays in insects.
Epigenetic mechanisms are regulatory mechanisms, which change expression levels of genes. Several mechanisms are considered epigenetic, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic mechanisms play a role in processes like development, learning and memory formation, aging, diseases, cell differentiation and genome defence.
DNA methylation
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism. It is a chemical modification of the DNA where a methyl group is attached to cytosine. This modification is set by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts). There are three known types of DNA methyltransferases in mammals. Those DNA methyltransferases are present in insects as well, although it varies between different species which specific Dnmt types are present. It still is a matter of discussion what the specific role of DNA methylation in insects is, as some insects such as Drosophila melanogaster just have traces of DNA methylation in their genome and in general insect genomes are much less methylated compared to mammalian genomes (0.034% vs. 7.6% in Mus musculus). In a comparison of different insect species and their respective methylation levels, there was a clear relationship between cell turn over and DNA methylation, but not between genome size or the number of repetitive sequences and DNA methylation.
In honeybees
Honeybees (Apis mellifera) possess homologs for all three DNA methyltransferases known in mammals. But unlike mammals they possess two DNA methyltransferases 1 and just one DNA methyltransferase 3. DNA methylation predominantly occurs in coding regions in honeybees. The function of the DNA methylation in honey bees is to regulate gene alternative splicing
Development
DNA methylation plays a major role in honeybee caste and subcaste development. In honeybees there are two different castes which are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogP%20machine | The LogP machine is a model for parallel computation.
It aims at being more practical than the PRAM model while still allowing for easy analysis of computation.
The name is not related to the mathematical logarithmic function: Instead, the machine is described by the four parameters , , and .
The LogP machine consists of arbitrarily many processing units with distributed memory.
The processing units are connected through an abstract communication medium which allows point-to-point communication. This model is pair-wise synchronous and overall asynchronous.
The machine is described by the four parameters:
, the latency of the communication medium.
, the overhead of sending and receiving a message.
, the gap required between two send/receive operations. A more common interpretation of this quantity is as the inverse of the bandwidth of a processor-processor communication channel.
, the number of processing units.
Each local operation on each machine takes the same time ('unit time'). This time is called a processor cycle. The units of the parameters , and are measured in multiples of processor cycles.
See also
Bulk synchronous parallel
Parallel programming model
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive%20Simpson%27s%20method | Adaptive Simpson's method, also called adaptive Simpson's rule, is a method of numerical integration proposed by G.F. Kuncir in 1962. It is probably the first recursive adaptive algorithm for numerical integration to appear in print, although more modern adaptive methods based on Gauss–Kronrod quadrature and Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature are now generally preferred. Adaptive Simpson's method uses an estimate of the error we get from calculating a definite integral using Simpson's rule. If the error exceeds a user-specified tolerance, the algorithm calls for subdividing the interval of integration in two and applying adaptive Simpson's method to each subinterval in a recursive manner. The technique is usually much more efficient than composite Simpson's rule since it uses fewer function evaluations in places where the function is well-approximated by a cubic function.
Simpson's rule is an interpolatory quadrature rule which is exact when the integrand is a polynomial of degree three or lower. Using Richardson extrapolation, the more accurate Simpson estimate for six function values is combined with the less accurate estimate for three function values by applying the correction . So, the obtained estimate is exact for polynomials of degree five or less.
Mathematical Procedure
Defining Terms
A criterion for determining when to stop subdividing an interval, suggested by J.N. Lyness, is
where is an interval with midpoint , while , , and given by Simpson's rule are the estimates of , , and respectively, and is the desired maximum error tolerance for the interval.
Note, .
Procedural Steps
To perform adaptive Simpson's method, do the following: if , add and to the sum of Simpson's rules which are used to approximate the integral, otherwise, perform the same operation with and instead of .
Numerical consideration
Some inputs will fail to converge in adaptive Simpson's method quickly, resulting in the tolerance underflowing and producing an infinite loop. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Sjerp%20Troelstra | Anne Sjerp Troelstra (10 August 1939 – 7 March 2019) was a professor of pure mathematics and foundations of mathematics at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam.
He was a constructivist logician, who was influential in the development of intuitionistic logic With Georg Kreisel, he was a developer of the theory of choice sequences. He wrote one of the first texts on linear logic, and, with Helmut Schwichtenberg, he co-wrote an important book on proof theory.
He became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1976. Troelstra died on 7 March 2019.
Notes
External links
Homepage of A. S. Troelstra : Dead Link - Archived : Homepage of A. S. Troelstra : Retrieved on 27 June 2018
1939 births
2019 deaths
Dutch mathematicians
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from De Bilt
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20cave | Wine caves are subterranean structures for the storage and the aging of wine. They are an integral component of the wine industry worldwide. The design and construction of wine caves represents a unique application of underground construction techniques.
The storage of wine in extensive underground space is an extension of the culture of wine cellar rooms, both offering the benefits of energy efficiency and optimum use of limited land area. Wine caves naturally provide both high humidity and cool temperatures, which are key to the storage and aging of wine.
History
The history of wine cave construction in the United States dates back to the 1860s in Sonoma, and the 1870s in the Napa Valley region. In 1857, Agoston Harazsthy founded Buena Vista Winery and in 1862, Buena Vista Winery's Press House was completed, and in 1864, a second building now called the Champagne Cellars was completed. In total, Buena Vista Winery had five caves among the two buildings in operation in 1864. Jacob Schram, a German immigrant and barber, founded Schramsberg Vineyards near Calistoga, California in 1862. Eight years later, Schram found new employment for the Chinese laborers who had recently finished constructing tunnels and grades over the Sierra Nevada Mountains for the Union Pacific Transcontinental Railroad. He hired them to dig a network of caves through the soft Sonoma Volcanics Formation rock underlying his vineyard.
Another Chinese workforce took time away from their regular vineyard work to excavate a labyrinth of wine-aging caves beneath the Beringer Vineyards near St. Helena, California. These caves exceeded 1,200 ft (365 m) long, 17 ft (5 m) wide and 7 ft (2 m) high. The workers used pick-axes and shovels – and on occasion, chisel steel, double jacks and black powder – to break the soft rock. They worked by candlelight, and removed the excavated material in wicker baskets. At least 12 wine storage caves were constructed by these methods.
From the late 19th century to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaborbactam | Vaborbactam (INN) is a non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor discovered by Rempex Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of The Medicines Company. While not effective as an antibiotic by itself, it restores potency to existing antibiotics by inhibiting the β-lactamase enzymes that would otherwise degrade them. When combined with an appropriate antibiotic it can be used for the treatment of gram-negative bacterial infections.
In the United States, the combination drug meropenem/vaborbactam (Vabomere) is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis.
Biochemistry
Vaborbactam is a boronic acid β-lactamase inhibitor with a high affinity for serine β-lactamases, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC).
Vaborbactam inhibits a variety of β-lactamases, exhibiting a 69 nM Ki against the KPC-2 carbapenemase and even lower inhibition constants against CTX-M-15 and SHV-12. Boronic acids are unusual in their ability to reversibly form covalent bonds with alcohols such as the active site serine in a serine carbapenemase. This property enables them to function as transition state analogs of serine carbapenemase-catalyzed lactam hydrolysis and thereby inhibit these enzymes.
Carbapenemases can be broadly divided into two different categories based on the mechanism they use to hydrolyze the lactam ring in their substrates: Metallo-β-lactamases contain bound zinc ions in their active sites and are therefore inhibited by chelating agents like EDTA, while serine carbapenemases feature an active site serine that participates in the hydrolysis of the substrate. Serine carbapenemase-catalyzed hydrolysis employs a three-step mechanism featuring acylation and deacylation steps analogous to the mechanism of protease-catalyzed peptide hydrolysis, proceeding through a tetrahedral transition state.
Given their mechanism of action, the possibility of off-target effects brought about through inhibition of endogenous serine hydrolases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AStA%20Wirtschafts-%20und%20Sozialstatistisches%20Archiv | (English: AStA Economical and Social Statistics Archive) is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal of statistics published quarterly by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 2007 and covers statistical analysis. Articles are in German or English. The journal evolved from the Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv, established in 1890.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Scopus
Academic OneFile
Expanded Academic
Research Papers in Economics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism%20%28book%29 | Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications is an 1889 book on evolution by Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection together with Charles Darwin. This was a book Wallace wrote as a defensive response to the scientific critics of natural selection. Of all Wallace's books, it is cited by scholarly publications the most.
Synopsis
In Darwinism fifteen chapters, Alfred Russel Wallace sets out his understanding of the theory of evolution by natural selection. He begins by defining "species", discussing creationism, opinion before Charles Darwin, and Darwin's theory. He then describes the Malthusian struggle for existence, given the ability of organisms to reproduce in a world of finite resources. He explains the importance of variability within species, giving examples. He describes variation in domesticated animals and cultivated plants, and the process of artificial selection by breeders. Wallace then explains the process of natural selection acting on pre-existing variation. He lists various issues and objections to the theory. He discusses how interspecies hybrids are usually infertile, and how this can contribute to reproductive isolation. He then examines the purpose of animal coloration, including camouflage and mimicry, arguing that these are evidence of natural selection. He gives detailed examples of warning coloration and mimicry, discussing how these are produced by selection. Animal coloration and ornamentation that differs between the sexes are discussed, though he largely disagrees with Darwin's theory of sexual selection. Wallace then explores the co-evolution of flowers with their pollinators including insects and birds. He then describes the geographical distribution of organisms, arguing that this was created by long-distance dispersal of pioneer organisms, such as insects blown across the sea. He explains the geological evidence for evolution, the fossil record in succ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20fakers%20controversy | The nature fakers controversy was an early 20th-century American literary debate highlighting the conflict between science and sentiment in popular nature writing. The debate involved important American literary, environmental and political figures. Dubbed the "War of the Naturalists" by The New York Times, it revealed seemingly irreconcilable contemporary views of the natural world: while some nature writers of the day argued as to the veracity of their examples of anthropomorphic wild animals, others questioned an animal's ability to adapt, learn, teach, and reason.
The controversy arose from a new literary movement, which followed a growth of interest in the natural world beginning in the late 19th century, and in which the natural world was depicted in a compassionate rather than realistic light. Works such as Ernest Thompson Seton's Wild Animals I Have Known (1898) and William J. Long's School of the Woods (1902) popularized this new genre and emphasized sympathetic and individualistic animal characters. In March 1903, naturalist and writer John Burroughs published an article entitled "Real and Sham Natural History" in The Atlantic Monthly. Lambasting writers such as Seton, Long, and Charles G. D. Roberts for their seemingly fantastical representations of wildlife, he also denounced the booming genre of realistic animal fiction as "yellow journalism of the woods". Burroughs' targets responded in defense of their work in various publications, as did their supporters, and the resulting controversy raged in the public press for nearly six years.
The constant publicity given to the debate contributed to a growing distrust of the truthfulness of popular nature writing of the day, and often pitted scientist against writer. The controversy effectively ended when President Theodore Roosevelt publicly sided with Burroughs, publishing his article "Nature Fakers" in the September 1907 issue of Everybody's Magazine. Roosevelt popularized the negative colloquialism by whi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webconverger | Webconverger is a discontinued Linux-based operating system designed solely for accessing Web applications privately and securely. Based on the Debian distro, it is able to boot live from removable media like CD-ROM or USB flash drive but can also be installed to a local hard drive. Webconverger is pre-compiled to run on any x86 hardware. It does not have high system requirements and will also run on older machines.
Webconverger is typically used in Web kiosk and digital signage deployments. It runs the Firefox web browser with a customised window manager dwm and a Firefox add-on also named Webconverger that locks the browser to a simple kiosk operation mode. The browser is locked down with most menus, toolbars, key commands and context menus disabled. Webconverger contains Adobe Flash support and PDF viewing by default. Both wired and wireless networks are supported via DHCP.
Webconverger does binary package updates through git hosted on GitHub. This is unique to Webconverger as most other distributions use separate package management utilities.
Although being developed in Singapore, it is mainly used commercially in Europe.
Reception
LWN.net reviewed Webconverger 12 in April 2012 with following words:
Softpedia Linux also have a review of Webconverger 35.1:
See also
Kiosk software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Physical%20Journal | The European Physical Journal (or EPJ) is a joint publication of EDP Sciences, Springer Science+Business Media, and the Società Italiana di Fisica. It arose in 1998 as a merger and continuation of Acta Physica Hungarica, Anales de Física, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, Il Nuovo Cimento, Journal de Physique, Portugaliae Physica and Zeitschrift für Physik. The journal is published in various sections, covering all areas of physics.
History
In the late 1990s, Springer and EDP Sciences decided to merge Zeitschrift für Physik and Journal de Physique. With the addition of Il Nuovo Cimento from the Societa Italiana di Fisica, the European Physical Journal commenced publication in January 1998. Now EPJ is a merger and continuation of Acta Physica Hungarica, Anales de Fisica, Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, Il Nuovo Cimento, Journal de Physique, Portugaliae Physica and Zeitschrift für Physik.
The short-lived open-access journal family PhysMath Central was merged in 2011 into the European Physical Journal, which has offered an open-access option since 2006.
Topics covered
The EPJ is published in the following sections:
European Physical Journal A: Hadrons and Nuclei
: Applied Metamaterials
: Applied Physics
European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems
European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields
European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics
: Data Science
European Physical Journal E: Soft Matter and Biological Physics
European Physical Journal H: Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Physics
: Nuclear Sciences and Technologies
: Nonlinear Biomedical Physics
: Photovoltaics
: Quantum Technology
: Special Topics
: Techniques and Instrumentation
: Web of Conferences: journal of conference proceedings
Controversies
In 2023, editors retracted a journal article published in 2022 in European Physical Journal Plus that claimed to have found no evidence of climate change.
The article was widely shared |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strobilurin | Strobilurins are a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs. A number of strobilurins are used in agriculture as fungicides. They are part of the larger group of QIs (Quinone outside Inhibitors), which act to inhibit the respiratory chain at the level of Complex III.
The first parent natural products, strobilurins A and B, were extracted from the fungus Strobilurus tenacellus.
Commercial strobilurin fungicides were developed through optimization of photostability and activity.
Strobilurins represented a major development in fungus-based fungicides. First released in 1996, there are now ten major strobilurin fungicides on the market, which account for 23-25 % of the global fungicide sales.
Examples of commercialized strobilurin derivatives are azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, oryzastrobin, dimoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin.
Strobilurins are mostly contact fungicides with a long half time as they are absorbed into the cuticle and not transported any further. They have a suppressive effect on other fungi, reducing competition for nutrients; they inhibit electron transfer in mitochondria, disrupting metabolism and preventing growth of the target fungi.
Natural strobilurins
Strobilurin A
Strobilurin A (also known as mucidin) is produced by Oudemansiella mucida, Strobilurus tenacellus, Bolinea lutea, and others. When first isolated it was incorrectly assigned as the E E E geometric isomer but was later identified by total synthesis as being the E Z E isomer, as shown.
9-Methoxystrobilurin A
9-Methoxystrobilurin A is produced by Favolaschia spp.
Strobilurin B
Strobilurin B is produced by S. tenacellus.
Strobilurin C
Strobilurin C is produced by X. longipes and X. melanotricha.
Strobilurin D and G
Strobilurin D is produced by Cyphellopsis anomala. Its structure was originally incorrectly assigned and is now considered to be identical to that of strobilurin G, produced by B. lutea. A related material, hydro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasisymmetry | In magnetic confinement fusion, quasisymmetry (sometimes hyphenated as quasi-symmetry) is a type of continuous symmetry in the magnetic field strength of a stellarator. Quasisymmetry is desired, as Noether's theorem implies that there exists a conserved quantity in such cases. This conserved quantity ensures that particles stick to the flux surface, resulting in better confinement and neoclassical transport.
It is currently unknown if it is mathematically possible to construct a quasi-symmetric magnetic field which upholds magnetohydrodynamic force balance, which is required for stability. There are stellarator designs which are very close to being quasisymmetric, and it is possible to find solutions by generalizing the magnetohydrodynamic force balance equation. Quasisymmetric systems are a subset of omnigenous systems. The Helically Symmetric eXperiment and the National Compact Stellarator Experiment are designed to be quasisymmetric. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipchains | Linux IP Firewalling Chains, normally called ipchains, is free software to control the packet filter or firewall capabilities in the 2.2 series of Linux kernels. It superseded ipfirewall (managed by ipfwadm command), but was replaced by iptables in the 2.4 series. Unlike iptables, ipchains is stateless.
It is a rewrite of Linux's previous IPv4 firewall, ipfirewall. This newer ipchains was required to manage the packet filter in Linux kernels starting with version 2.1.102 (which was a 2.2 development release). Patches are also available to add ipchains to 2.0 and earlier 2.1 series kernels. Improvements include larger maxima for packet counting, filtering for fragmented packets and a wider range of protocols, and the ability to match packets based on the inverse of a rule.
The ipchains suite also included some shell scripts for easier maintenance and to emulate the behavior of the old ipfwadm command.
The ipchains software was superseded by the iptables system in Linux kernel 2.4 and above, which was in turn superseded by the nftables system in 2014. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-verifying%20finite%20automaton | In automata theory, a self-verifying finite automaton (SVFA)
is a special kind of a nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA)
with a symmetric kind of nondeterminism
introduced by Hromkovič and Schnitger.
Generally, in self-verifying nondeterminism,
each computation path is concluded with any of the three possible answers:
yes, no, and I do not know.
For each input string, no two paths
may give contradictory answers,
namely both answers yes and no on the same input are not possible.
At least one path must give answer yes or no,
and if it is yes then the string is considered accepted.
SVFA accept the same class of languages as deterministic finite automata (DFA)
and NFA but have different state complexity.
Formal definition
An SVFA is represented formally by a 6-tuple,
A=(Q, Σ, Δ, q0, Fa, Fr)
such that (Q, Σ, Δ, q0, Fa)
is an NFA,
and Fa, Fr are disjoint subsets of Q.
For each word w = a1a2 … an,
a computation is a sequence of states
r0,r1, …, rn, in Q with the following conditions:
r0 = q0
ri+1 ∈ Δ(ri, ai+1), for i = 0, …, n−1.
If rn ∈ Fa then the computation is accepting,
and if rn ∈ Fr then the computation is rejecting.
There is a requirement that for each w
there is at least one accepting computation
or at least one rejecting computation
but not both.
Results
Each DFA is a SVFA, but not vice versa.
Jirásková and Pighizzini
proved that
for every SVFA of n states,
there exists an equivalent DFA
of states.
Furthermore, for each positive integer n, there exists an n-state SVFA
such that the minimal equivalent DFA has exactly states.
Other results on the state complexity of SVFA
were obtained by Jirásková and her colleagues. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCAR%20Southern%20Ocean%20Continuous%20Plankton%20Recorder%20Survey | The SCAR Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder (SO-CPR) Survey was established in 1991 by the Australian Antarctic Division,of Environment, Water Heritage and the Arts, to map the spatial-temporal patterns of zooplankton and then to use the sensitivity of plankton to environmental change as early warning indicators of the health of the Southern Ocean. It also serves as reference for other Southern Ocean and Antarctic monitoring programs.
Several countries collaborate in the survey providing vessels to tow Continuous Plankton Recorders (CPRs) in a near circum-Antarctic survey. Tows conducted between Hobart and the French Antarctic station Dumont d’Urville are also conducted in collaboration with the IMOSAustralian Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey. The SO-CPR Survey is supported by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research and its Expert Group on Continuous Plankton Research, which helps promote and develop the survey.
The CPRs are towed from research and supply vessels. The CPR is towed at about 10 metres below the surface and for about 450 nautical miles (830 km) per tow. The plankton enters a small opening in the device and is trapped and preserved between two layers of silk mesh. These vessels also collect at the same time underway data such as sea surface temperature, salinity, fluorometry, light and other oceanographic-meteorological parameters. All plankton in five nautical mile (9 km) equivalent sections are identified to the lowest possible taxa, usually species and counted. Antarctic krill and other euphausiids are identified to developmental stage. Plankton counts are combined with averaged environmental data for each .
Approximately 40-50 tows are made each year. More than 80 tows were completed in 2007-08 International Polar Year in support of the Census of Antarctic Marine Life. of data have been collected since 1991, producing more than 27,000 samples for 200+ taxa coupled with environmental data. Most data comes from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play%20%28activity%29 | Play is a range of intrinsically motivated activities done for recreational pleasure and enjoyment. Play is commonly associated with children and juvenile-level activities, but may be engaged in at any life stage, and among other higher-functioning animals as well, most notably mammals and birds.
Many prominent researchers in the field of psychology, including Melanie Klein, Jean Piaget, William James, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Lev Vygotsky erroneously viewed play as confined to the human species. They believed play was important for human development and used different research methods to prove their theories.
Play is often interpreted as frivolous; yet the player can be intently focused on their objective, particularly when play is structured and goal-oriented, as in a game. Accordingly, play can range from relaxed, free-spirited, spontaneous, and frivolous to planned or even compulsive. Play is not just a pastime activity; it has the potential to serve as an important tool in numerous aspects of daily life for adolescents, adults, and cognitively advanced non-human species (such as primates). Not only does play promote and aid in physical development (such as hand-eye coordination), but it also aids in cognitive development and social skills, and can even act as a stepping stone into the world of integration, which can be a very stressful process. Play is something that most children partake in, but the way play is executed is different between cultures and the way that children engage with play varies.
Definitions
The seminal text in the field of play studies is the book Homo Ludens first published in 1944 with several subsequent editions, in which Johan Huizinga defines play as follows:
This definition of play as constituting a separate and independent sphere of human activity is sometimes referred to as the "magic circle" notion of play, a phrase also attributed to Huizinga. Many other definitions exist. Jean Piaget stated, "the many theories of play |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20State%20Logic%20SL%204000 | The Solid State Logic SL 4000 is a series of large-format analogue mixing consoles designed and manufactured by Solid State Logic (SSL) from 1976 to 2002. 4000 Series consoles were widely adopted by major commercial recording studios in the 1980s.
History
Origin of the SSL console
SSL founder Colin Sanders owned and operated Acorn Studios, a recording studio in Stonesfield, Oxfordshire. When he sought a recording console with routing flexibility and settings recall unavailable on recording consoles at that time, Sanders applied his experience to design and build a mixing console himself, resulting in the SL 4000 A Series large-format analogue mixing console, which featured one-button switching between recording, tracking and mixdown modes. A total of two SL 4000 A Series consoles were built, the beginning of a series of products that would define and establish SSL as a company over the next two decades.
B Series
The SL 4000 B Series, introduced in 1976, revolutionized the recording industry by combining the in-line mixing console with a computer which provided fader automation and programmable tape transport auto-location functionality., The B Series was in production for four years, during which a total of six B Series consoles were built and sold, the first B Series console purchased by Abbey Road Studios in London, England. The second B Series console was purchased by Le Studio in Morin-Heights, Canada, where it was used in the recording of such notable albums as Moving Pictures and several subsequent Rush albums, as well as Bryan Adams Cuts Like a Knife. Kendun Recorders in Burbank, California also purchased an SL 4000 B.
Another early SL 4000 B was purchased by Virgin Records' Townhouse Studios in London, and it was with that console that engineer Hugh Padgham accidentally discovered gated reverb while recording Phil Collins' drum parts for Peter Gabriel's 1980 song "Intruder". The console featured a "Listen Mic", or reverse talkback function intended to a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdovanadate%20reagent | The molybdovanadate reagent is a solution containing both the molybdate and vanadate ions. It is commonly used in the determination of phosphate ion content. The reagent used is ammonium molybdovanadate with the addition of 70% perchloric acid (sulfuric acid is also known to be used). It is used for purposes such as the analysis of wine, canned fruits and other fruit-based products such as jams and syrups.
Physical properties
The reagent appears as a clear, yellow liquid without odour. It is harmful if inhaled, a recognised carcinogen and can cause eye burns. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olestra | Olestra (also known by its brand name Olean) is a fat substitute that adds no calories to products. It has been used in the preparation of otherwise high-fat foods, thereby lowering or eliminating their fat content. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) originally approved olestra for use in the US as a replacement for fats and oils in prepackaged ready-to-eat snacks in 1996, concluding that such use "meets the safety standard for food additives, reasonable certainty of no harm". In the late 2000s, olestra lost its popularity due to supposed side effects and has been largely phased out, but products containing the ingredient can still be purchased at grocery stores in some countries. As of 2023, no products are sold in the United States using Olestra.
Commercialization
Olestra was discovered accidentally by Procter & Gamble (P&G) researchers F. Mattson and R. Volpenhein in 1968 while researching fats that could be more easily digested by premature infants. In 1971, P&G met with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to examine what sort of testing would be required to introduce olestra as a food additive.
During the following tests, P&G noticed a decline in blood cholesterol levels as a side effect of olestra replacing natural dietary fats. Following this potentially lucrative possibility, in 1975, P&G filed a new request with the FDA to use olestra as a "drug", specifically to lower cholesterol levels. The lengthy series of studies that followed failed, however, to demonstrate the 15% reduction required by the FDA to be approved as a treatment. Further work on Olestra languished.
In 1984, the FDA allowed Kellogg to claim publicly that their high-fiber breakfast cereals were effective in reducing the risk of cancer. P&G immediately started another test series that lasted three years. When these tests were completed, P&G filed for approval as a food additive for up to 35% replacement of fats in home cooking and 75% in commercial uses.
One of the main concerns |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%27s%20muscle%20model | In biomechanics, Hill's muscle model refers to the 3-element model consisting of a contractile element (CE) in series with a lightly-damped elastic spring element (SE) and in parallel with lightly-damped elastic parallel element (PE). Within this model, the estimated force-velocity relation for the CE element is usually modeled by what is commonly called Hill's equation, which was based on careful experiments involving tetanized muscle contraction where various muscle loads and associated velocities were measured. They were derived by the famous physiologist Archibald Vivian Hill, who by 1938 when he introduced this model and equation had already won the Nobel Prize for Physiology. He continued to publish in this area through 1970. There are many forms of the basic "Hill-based" or "Hill-type" models, with hundreds of publications having used this model structure for experimental and simulation studies. Most major musculoskeletal simulation packages make use of this model.
AV Hill's force-velocity equation for tetanized muscle
This is a popular state equation applicable to skeletal muscle that has been stimulated to show Tetanic contraction. It relates tension to velocity with regard to the internal thermodynamics. The equation is
where
is the tension (or load) in the muscle
is the velocity of contraction
is the maximum isometric tension (or load) generated in the muscle
coefficient of shortening heat
is the maximum velocity, when
Although Hill's equation looks very much like the van der Waals equation, the former has units of energy dissipation, while the latter has units of energy. Hill's equation demonstrates that the relationship between F and v is hyperbolic. Therefore, the higher the load applied to the muscle, the lower the contraction velocity. Similarly, the higher the contraction velocity, the lower the tension in the muscle. This hyperbolic form has been found to fit the empirical constant only during isotonic contractions near resting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semistable%20reduction%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, semistable reduction theorems state that, given a proper flat morphism , there exists a morphism (called base change) such that is semistable (i.e., the singularities are mild in some sense). Precise formulations depend on the specific versions of the theorem.
For example, if is the unit disk in , then "semistable" means that the special fiber is a divisor with normal crossings.
The fundamental semistable reduction theorem for Abelian varieties by Grothendieck shows that if is an Abelian variety over the fraction field of a discrete valuation ring , then there is a finite field extension such that has semistable reduction over the integral closure of in . Semistability here means more precisely that if is the Néron model of over then the fibres of over the closed points (which are always a smooth algebraic groups) are extensions of Abelian varieties by tori.
Here is the algebro-geometric analogue of "small" disc around the , and the condition of the theorem states essentially that can be thought of as a smooth family of Abelian varieties away from ; the conclusion then shows that after base change this "family" extends to the so that also the fibres over the are close to being Abelian varieties.
The imprortant semistable reduction theorem for algebraic curves was first proved by Deligne and Mumford. The proof proceeds by showing that the curve has semistable reduction if and only if its Jacobian variety (which is an Abelian variety) has semistable reduction; one then applies the theorem for Abelian varieties above. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon%20physics | Two-photon physics, also called gamma–gamma physics, is a branch of particle physics that describes the interactions between two photons. Normally, beams of light pass through each other unperturbed. Inside an optical material, and if the intensity of the beams is high enough, the beams may affect each other through a variety of non-linear effects. In pure vacuum, some weak scattering of light by light exists as well. Also, above some threshold of this center-of-mass energy of the system of the two photons, matter can be created.
Astronomy
Cosmological/intergalactic gamma rays
Photon–photon interactions limit the spectrum of observed gamma-ray photons at moderate cosmological distances to a photon energy below around 20 GeV, that is, to a wavelength of greater than approximately . This limit reaches up to around 20 TeV at merely intergalactic distances.
An analogy would be light traveling through a fog: At near distances a light source is more clearly visible than can at long distances due to the scattering of light by fog particles. Similarly, the further a gamma-ray travels through the universe, the more likely it is to be scattered by an interaction with a low energy photon from the extragalactic background light.
At those energies and distances, very high energy gamma-ray photons have a significant probability of a photon-photon interaction with a low energy background photon from the extragalactic background light resulting in either the creation of particle-antiparticle pairs via direct pair production or (less often) by photon-photon scattering events that lower the incident photon energies. This renders the universe effectively opaque to very high energy photons at intergalactic to cosmological distances.
Experiments
Two-photon physics can be studied with high-energy particle accelerators, where the accelerated particles are not the photons themselves but charged particles that will radiate photons. The most significant studies so far were performed at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathymetry | Bathymetry (; ) is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors (seabed topography), lake floors, or river floors. In other words, bathymetry is the underwater equivalent to hypsometry or topography. The first recorded evidence of water depth measurements are from Ancient Egypt over 3000 years ago. Bathymetric charts (not to be confused with hydrographic charts), are typically produced to support safety of surface or sub-surface navigation, and usually show seafloor relief or terrain as contour lines (called depth contours or isobaths) and selected depths (soundings), and typically also provide surface navigational information. Bathymetric maps (a more general term where navigational safety is not a concern) may also use a Digital Terrain Model and artificial illumination techniques to illustrate the depths being portrayed. The global bathymetry is sometimes combined with topography data to yield a global relief model. Paleobathymetry is the study of past underwater depths.
Synonyms include seafloor mapping, seabed mapping, seafloor imaging and seabed imaging. Bathymetric measurements are conducted with various methods, from depth sounding, sonar and Lidar techniques, to buoys and satellite altimetry. Various methods have advantages and disadvantages and the specific method used depends upon the scale of the area under study, financial means, desired measurement accuracy, and additional variables. Despite modern computer-based research, the ocean seabed in many locations is less measured than the topography of Mars.
Seabed topography
Measurement
Originally, bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth through depth sounding. Early techniques used pre-measured heavy rope or cable lowered over a ship's side. This technique measures the depth only a singular point at a time, and is therefore inefficient. It is also subject to movements of the ship and currents moving the line out of true and therefore is not accurate.
The data used to make bathymetric maps |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennantia%20baylisiana | Pennantia baylisiana, commonly known as Three Kings kaikōmako or (Māori), is a species of plant in the family Pennantiaceae (Icacinaceae in older classifications). It is endemic to Manawatāwhi / Three Kings Islands, around northwest of Cape Reinga, New Zealand. At the time of its discovery just one plant remained. This single tree grows on a scree slope inaccessible to browsing goats, and has been called "the world's loneliest tree". The species was discovered in 1945 by botanist Geoff Baylis and described in 1948, although it took decades before it was it was fully accepted as a distinct species of Pennantia. Although the only wild tree is female, it was successfully propagated from cuttings in the 1950s, one of which was induced to self-pollinate in 1985. Subsequent seed-grown plants have themselves set seeds, and the species has been replanted on the island, the adjoining mainland, and in public and private gardens around New Zealand.
Description
Pennantia baylisiana is a shrubby, multi-trunked tree with a broad crown, unlike the three other species in the genus Pennantia. It does not have a divaricating juvenile form, unlike the other New Zealand Pennantia species kaikōmako (P. corymbosa). It grows to a height of 5 m in the wild, though has been recorded reaching 8 m in cultivation. It has pale greyish-brown bark and branchlets that are covered with lenticels.
It has leathery, green, egg-shaped alternate leaves around 12–16 by 7–10 cm. Adult leaves have smooth margins but young leaves are toothed. The leaves are large and flat in shade-grown plants, up to 20 by 10 cm, but notably curled along their sides – almost rolled – on branchlets exposed to sun and wind. They have distinctive hair-covered domatia on the underside, at the junction of the midrib and secondary veins, and are suspended from 2.5 cm long petioles.
Flowering occurs from October to November, producing 1.5 by 1.5 mm greenish-white flowers in panicles with 2.6 mm petals. Flowers usually arise |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford%20Aris | Rutherford "Gus" Aris (September 15, 1929 – November 2, 2005) was a chemical engineer, control theorist, applied mathematician, and a regents professor emeritus of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota (1958–2005).
Early life
Aris was born in Bournemouth, England, to Algernon Aris and Janet (Elford). From a young age, Aris was interested in chemistry. Aris's father owned a photo-finishing works, where he would experiment with chemicals and reactions. He attended St Martin's, a small local kindergarten and moved to St Wulfran's, a local preparatory school, now Queen Elizabeth's School. Here, he studied Latin (a skill he would make much use of later in his life) and was encouraged to continue pursuing his interest in chemistry. Because of his achievements, he was referred to the Reverend C. B. Canning, Headmaster of Canford School, a well-known public school, close to Wimborne. On the strength of this interview, he was given a place in the newly created house that the school had provided for day-boarders. This was in 1943, when he was 14. His mathematics teacher, H. E. Piggott, had a particular influence on Aris due to "the liveliness, enthusiasm, and care that he brought to his teaching", which "were unparalleled in my experience". Piggot spent substantial time on pure and applied mathematical papers, an experience that Aris described as "extraordinary". Aris dedicated his book Discrete Dynamic Programming to Piggot 15 years later.
Industry experience
Imperial Chemical Industries
Piggot helped Aris to get a job working for Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) as a laboratory technician in the Mechanical Engineering Department of the Research Labs, at the age of 17. While working at ICI, Aris attended the University of London part-time to work toward his B.Sc. Aris described this as "an excellent way to get a degree, although perhaps not so good a way of getting an education." After 2 years Aris made an attempt to earn the B.Sc. Honours Degree. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20Free | Flow Free is a puzzle game app for iOS and Android released by American studio Big Duck Games in June 2012.
Gameplay
The game presents numberlink puzzles. Each puzzle has a grid of squares with pairs of colored dots occupying some of the squares. The objective is to connect dots of the same color by drawing 'pipes' between them so that the entire grid is occupied by pipes. However, pipes may not intersect. Difficulty is primarily determined by the size of the grid, ranging from 5x5 squares (3 colors) to 15x15 squares (up to 16 colors). Many grids are "open" and some contain "walls" which must be navigated around. Whenever a level is completed, a check mark will appear on the level select icon to indicate that the puzzle is solved, while a star indicates a "perfect" game, where the player finished the puzzle with the fewest moves required. The app also contains additional paid packs as well as a time trial mode.
Expansions
Big Duck Games has also released three expansions in the series. The first expansion, "Flow Free: Bridges", was released on November 8, 2012 at a fixed price. In this expansion, pipes can be made to intersect through pre-made bridges. The second expansion, "Flow Free: Hexes", was released on October 12, 2016, and features both free and paid premium puzzles. The gameplay is similar to "Flow Free" except the layout resembles hexagons instead of squares. The third expansion, "Flow Free: Warps", was released on August 8, 2017. This expansion allows pipes to warp from an edge of the map to another edge of the map. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills%20ratio | In probability theory, the Mills ratio (or Mills's ratio) of a continuous random variable is the function
where is the probability density function, and
is the complementary cumulative distribution function (also called survival function). The concept is named after John P. Mills. The Mills ratio is related to the hazard rate h(x) which is defined as
by
Example
If has standard normal distribution then
where the sign means that the quotient of the two functions converges to 1 as , see Q-function for details. More precise asymptotics can be given.
Inverse Mills ratio
The inverse Mills ratio is the ratio of the probability density function to the complementary cumulative distribution function of a distribution. Its use is often motivated by the following property of the truncated normal distribution. If X is a random variable having a normal distribution with mean μ and variance σ2, then
where is a constant, denotes the standard normal density function, and is the standard normal cumulative distribution function. The two fractions are the inverse Mills ratios.
Use in regression
A common application of the inverse Mills ratio (sometimes also called “non-selection hazard”) arises in regression analysis to take account of a possible selection bias. If a dependent variable is censored (i.e., not for all observations a positive outcome is observed) it causes a concentration of observations at zero values. This problem was first acknowledged by Tobin (1958), who showed that if this is not taken into consideration in the estimation procedure, an ordinary least squares estimation will produce biased parameter estimates. With censored dependent variables there is a violation of the Gauss–Markov assumption of zero correlation between independent variables and the error term.
James Heckman proposed a two-stage estimation procedure using the inverse Mills ratio to correct for the selection bias. In a first step, a regression for observing a positive outco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visite%20du%20Branchage | A Visite du Branchage is an inspection of roads in Jersey and Guernsey to ensure property owners have complied with the laws against vegetation encroaching onto the road.
Jersey
The Visite du Branchage takes place in each parish twice a year to check that occupiers of houses and land bordering on public roads have undertaken the 'branchage'.
The Loi (1914) sur la Voirie imposes a duty on all occupiers of property to ensure that encroachments are removed from the public highway.
The first Visite is between 21 June – 11 July and the second is between 1 – 21 September.
On the Visite du Branchage the connétable, assisted by the members of the Roads Committee, Roads Inspectors and the centeniers, will visit the roads of his parish accompanied by the vingteniers in their respective Vingtaines to ensure that the branchage has been completed. Occupiers of land may be fined up to £50 for each infraction unless -
the 'branchage' [hedges, branches and overhanging trees] has been trimmed back so as to give a clearance of 12 feet over main roads and by-roads;
the 'branchage' [hedges, branches and overhanging trees] has been trimmed back so as to give a clearance of 8 feet over footpaths; and all trimmings have been removed from the road.
If the branchage has not been completed the occupier will be required to undertake the work and, if it is not carried out, the parish may arrange for the work to be done and charge the occupier the cost of that work.
The Visite du Branchage applies to all public roads including main roads, by-roads and footpaths.
The Branchage Film Festival, takes its name from Visite du Branchage. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20franc | The franc (; , ; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was reintroduced (in decimal form) in 1795. After two centuries of inflation, it was redenominated in 1960, with each (NF) being worth 100 old francs. The NF designation was continued for a few years before the currency returned to being simply the franc. Many French residents, though, continued to quote prices of especially expensive items in terms of the old franc (equivalent to the new centime), up to and even after the introduction of the euro (for coins and banknotes) in 2002. The French franc was a commonly held international reserve currency of reference in the 19th and 20th centuries. Between 1998 and 2002, the conversion of francs to euros was carried out at a rate of 6.55957 francs to 1 euro.
History
The French Franc traces its origins to the Carolingian monetary system of the 8th century AD, and more specifically to the Livre Tournois, an offshoot of the same system which emerged in the 13th century. Here is a table of changes to the value of the Livre Parisis and the Livre Tournois in terms of silver or gold until the French Franc was introduced in 1795.
Carolingian, 781
Emperor Charlemagne's monetary system was introduced in 781 AD to the Frankish Carolingian Empire and spread over the centuries to much of Western Europe, with a Livre (pound) of silver divided into 20 Sols or Sous (shillings) and the Sol divided into 12 Deniers (penny). Only the denier existed as a coin for the next 500 years, with the sou and livre functioning as accounting multiples of the denier. The first livre and denier weighed 407.92 g and 1.7 g, respectively, of the finest silver available.
Capetian, c. 1000
Livres and deniers issued under the Capetian dynasty contained 305.94 g and 1.27475 g fine silver, respectively. The Frenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-mode%20rejection%20ratio | In electronics, the common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier (or other device) is a metric used to quantify the ability of the device to reject common-mode signals, i.e. those that appear simultaneously and in-phase on both inputs. An ideal differential amplifier would have infinite CMRR, however this is not achievable in practice. A high CMRR is required when a differential signal must be amplified in the presence of a possibly large common-mode input, such as strong electromagnetic interference (EMI). An example is audio transmission over balanced line in sound reinforcement or recording.
Theory
Ideally, a differential amplifier takes the voltages, and on its two inputs and produces an output voltage , where is the differential gain. However, the output of a real differential amplifier is better described as :
where is the "common-mode gain", which is typically much smaller than the differential gain.
The CMRR is defined as the ratio of the powers of the differential gain over the common-mode gain, measured in positive decibels (thus using the 20 log rule):
As differential gain should exceed common-mode gain, this will be a positive number, and the higher the better.
The CMRR is a very important specification, as it indicates how much of the common-mode signal will appear in your measurement. The value of the CMRR often depends on signal frequency as well, and must be specified as a function thereof.
It is often important in reducing noise on transmission lines. For example, when measuring the resistance of a thermocouple in a noisy environment, the noise from the environment appears as an offset on both input leads, making it a common-mode voltage signal. The CMRR of the measurement instrument determines the attenuation applied to the offset or noise.
Amplifier design
CMRR is an important feature of operational amplifiers, difference amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers, and can be found in the datasheet. The CMRR often v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint%20chocolate%20chip | Mint chocolate chip is an ice cream flavor composed of mint ice cream with small chocolate chips. In some cases the liqueur crème de menthe is used to provide the mint flavor, but in most cases peppermint or spearmint flavoring is used. Food coloring is usually added to make it green, but it may be beige or white in "all natural" or "organic" varieties.
According to the International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA), 3% of all ice cream sold in 2000 was mint chocolate chip, making it the 10th-most popular flavor of ice cream. In a July 2017 survey by IDFA, mint chocolate chip was ranked as America's 4th most popular ice cream flavor.
Because of its popularity, the flavor is used in other foods such as cookies and meringues. Ice cream manufacturer Baskin-Robbins has created a hard candy named "mint chocolate chip" that tastes similar to their ice cream of the same name (which is one of their "permanent flavors").
Some brands name it chocolate (or choco) chip mint, mint 'n chip, or just mint chip.
History
Baskin Robbins cites Mint Chocolate Chip as being one of the original 31 flavors when they began operations in 1945.
Howard Johnson's restaurants were serving the flavor by the early 1950s, which would become a common flavor into the 1960s and 70s. Previously, Howard Johnson's was responsible for inventing chocolate chip ice cream under George R. Pitman.
The domestic terrorist Timothy McVeigh's last meal before he was executed for the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing was two pints of mint chocolate chip ice cream in the federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana.
See also
List of ice cream flavors
Mint chocolate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalah | Kalah is a modern variation in the ancient Mancala family of games, the oldest known version having been found carved into a stone tablet in the 16th-century BCE pyramid of Cheops. The Kalah variation was developed in the United States by William Julius Champion, Jr. in 1940. This game is sometimes also called "Kalahari", possibly by false etymology from the Kalahari desert in Namibia.
For most of its variations, Kalah is a solved game with a first-player win if both players play perfect games. The pie rule can be used to balance the first-player's advantage.
Standard gameplay
The game provides a Kalah board and a number of seeds or counters. The board has 6 small pits, called houses, on each side; and a big pit, called an end zone or store, at each end. The object of the game is to capture more seeds than one's opponent.
At the beginning of the game, four seeds are placed in each house. This is the traditional method.
Each player controls the six houses and their seeds on the player's side of the board. The player's score is the number of seeds in the store to their right.
Players take turns sowing their seeds. On a turn, the player removes all seeds from one of the houses under their control. Moving counter-clockwise, the player drops one seed in each house in turn, including the player's own store but not their opponent's.
If the last sown seed lands in an empty house owned by the player, and the opposite house contains seeds, both the last seed and the opposite seeds are captured and placed into the player's store.
If the last sown seed lands in the player's store, the player gets an additional move. There is no limit on the number of moves a player can make in their turn.
When one player no longer has any seeds in any of their houses, the game ends. The other player moves all remaining seeds to their store, and the player with the most seeds in their store wins.
It is possible for the game to end in a draw.
Variations
The game may start with a num |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute%20pericarditis | Acute pericarditis is a type of pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart, the pericardium) usually lasting less than 6 weeks. It is the most common condition affecting the pericardium.
Signs and symptoms
Chest pain is one of the common symptoms of acute pericarditis. It is usually of sudden onset, occurring in the anterior chest and often has a sharp quality that worsens with breathing in or coughing, due to inflammation of the pleural surface at the same time. The pain may be reduced with sitting up and leaning forward while worsened with lying down, and also may radiate to the back, to one or both trapezius ridges. However, the pain can also be dull and steady, resembling the chest pain in an acute myocardial infarction. As with any chest pain, other causes must also be ruled out, such as GERD, pulmonary embolism, muscular pain, etc.
A pericardial friction rub is a very specific sign of acute pericarditis, meaning the presence of this sign invariably indicates presence of disease. However, absence of this sign does not rule out disease. This rub can be best heard by the diaphragm of the stethoscope at the left sternal border arising as a squeaky or scratching sound, resembling the sound of leather rubbing against each other. This sound should be distinguished from the sound of a murmur, which is similar but sounds more like a "swish" sound than a scratching sound. The pericardial rub is said to be generated from the friction generated by the two inflamed layers of the pericardium; however, even a large pericardial effusion does not necessarily present a rub. The rub is best heard during the maximal movement of the heart within the pericardial sac, namely, during atrial systole, ventricular systole, and the filling phase of early ventricular diastole.
Fever may be present since this is an inflammatory process.
Causes
There are several causes of acute pericarditis. In developed nations, the cause of most (80–90%) cases of acute pericarditis i |
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