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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20and%20beam | The ball and beam system consists of a long beam which can be tilted by a servo or electric motor together with a ball
rolling back and forth on top of the beam.
It is a popular textbook example in control theory.
The significance of the ball and beam system is that it is a simple system which is open-loop unstable.
Even if the beam is restricted to be very nearly horizontal, without active feedback, it will swing to one side or the
other, and the ball will roll off the end of the beam. To stabilize the ball, a control system which
measures the position of the ball and adjusts the beam accordingly must be used.
In two dimensions, the ball and beam system becomes the ball and plate system, where a ball rolls on top of
a plate whose inclination can be adjusted by tilting it forwards, backwards, leftwards, or rightwards.
External links
Ball and beam with various controls strategies
Ball and beam 1: basics
Ball and beam with comprehensive dynamics and movies
Control engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%20Zebrafish%20Resource%20Center | The China Zebrafish Resource Center (CZRC) is a non-profit organization located in 7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, Focusing mainly on zebrafish resources. It was established in the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in October 2012, currently headed by the Board Chairman Meng Anming.
Introduction
CZRC is a non-profit organization jointly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. CZRC mainly focuses on collecting the existing zebrafish resources, developing new lines and technology, with the purpose to provide resource, technical and informatic support for Chinese and overseas colleagues.
Board of directors
Honorary Board Chairman: Zhu Zuoyan
Board Chairman: Meng Anming
Board Secretary-General and Director: Sun Yonghua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klystron | A klystron is a specialized linear-beam vacuum tube, invented in 1937 by American electrical engineers Russell and Sigurd Varian, which is used as an amplifier for high radio frequencies, from UHF up into the microwave range. Low-power klystrons are used as oscillators in terrestrial microwave relay communications links, while high-power klystrons are used as output tubes in UHF television transmitters, satellite communication, radar transmitters, and to generate the drive power for modern particle accelerators.
In a klystron, an electron beam interacts with radio waves as it passes through resonant cavities, metal boxes along the length of a tube. The electron beam first passes through a cavity to which the input signal is applied. The energy of the electron beam amplifies the signal, and the amplified signal is taken from a cavity at the other end of the tube. The output signal can be coupled back into the input cavity to make an electronic oscillator to generate radio waves. The gain of klystrons can be high, 60 dB (an increase in signal power by a factor of one million) or more, with output power up to tens of megawatts, but the bandwidth is narrow, usually a few percent although it can be up to 10% in some devices.
A reflex klystron is an obsolete type in which the electron beam was reflected back along its path by a high potential electrode, used as an oscillator.
The name klystron comes from the Greek verb κλύζω (klyzo) referring to the action of waves breaking against a shore, and the suffix -τρον ("tron") meaning the place where the action happens. The name "klystron" was suggested by Hermann Fränkel, a professor in the classics department at Stanford University when the klystron was under development.
History
The klystron was the first significantly powerful source of radio waves in the microwave range; before its invention the only sources were the Barkhausen–Kurz tube and split-anode magnetron, which were limited to very low power. It was invented b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium%20in%20biology | Selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals, though it is toxic in large doses. In plants, it sometimes occurs in toxic amounts as forage, e.g. locoweed. Selenium is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient that functions as cofactor for glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase. Selenium-containing proteins are produced from inorganic selenium via the intermediacy of selenophosphate (PSeO33−).
Se-containing biomolecules
Selenium is an essential micronutrient in mammals, but is also recognized as toxic in excess. Selenium exerts its biological functions through selenoproteins, which contain the amino acid selenocysteine. Twenty-five selenoproteins are encoded in the human genome.
Glutathione peroxidase
The glutathione peroxidase family of enzymes (abbreviated GSH-Px) catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides:
2GSH + H2O2 → GSSG + 2 H2O
The two H atoms are donated by thiols in a process that begins with oxidation of a selenol side chain in GSH-Px. The organoselenium compound ebselen is a drug used to supplement the action of GSH-Px. It functions as a catalyst for the destruction of hydrogen peroxide.
A related selenium-containing enzyme in some plants and in animals (thioredoxin reductase) generates reduced thioredoxin, a dithiol that serves as an electron source for peroxidases and also the important reducing enzyme ribonucleotide reductase that makes DNA precursors from RNA precursors.
Deiodinases
Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It participates as a cofactor for the three thyroid hormone deiodinases. These enzymes activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. It may inhibit Hashimoto's disease, an auto-immune disease in which the body's own thyroid cells are attacked by the immune system. A reduction of 21% on TPO antibodies was reported with the dietary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTX%20%28form%20factor%29 | WTX (for Workstation Technology Extended) was a motherboard form factor specification introduced by Intel at the IDF in September 1998, for its use at high-end, multiprocessor, multiple-hard-disk servers and workstations. The specification had support from major OEMs (Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu, Gateway, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intergraph, NEC, Siemens Nixdorf, and UMAX) and motherboard manufacturers (Acer, Asus, Supermicro and Tyan) and was updated (1.1) in February 1999. , the specification has been discontinued and the URL www.wtx.org no longer hosts a website and has not been owned by Intel since at least 2004.
This form factor was geared specifically towards the needs of high-end systems, and included specifications for a WTX power supply unit (PSU) using two WTX-specific 24-pin and 22-pin Molex connectors.
The WTX specification was created to standardize a new motherboard and chassis form factor, fix the relative processor location, and allow for high volume airflow through a portion of the chassis where the processors are positioned. This allowed for standard form factor motherboards and chassis to be used to integrate processors with more demanding thermal management requirements.
Bigger than ATX, maximum WTX motherboard size was . This was intended to provide more room in order to accommodate higher numbers of integrated components.
WTX computer cases were backwards compatible with ATX motherboards (but not vice versa), and sometimes came equipped with ATX power supplies.
See also
eATX: a version of ATX which has a form factor of .
SWTX: Server Workstation Technology Extended
External links
Intel's 1998 WTX case definition
WTX Form Factor definition
WTX Power Supply connectors
IBM PC compatibles
Motherboard form factors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEBEC | CEBEC (; ) is a private Belgian rating label for the quality assurance of electrical appliances. Use of this label indicates that a piece of equipment conforms to European safety standards. The label is issued by SGS-CEBEC, now part of the SGS group. CEBEC has its own electrical testing laboratory located in Brussels. It is an approved laboratory for the purpose of certifications granted by SGS.
The laboratory was set up in 2002. In 2004 it was audited by an international team and at the end of 2004 the SGS CEBEC laboratory was approved as a CBTL (CB Testing Laboratory) under the international IECEE-CB scheme. In 2005, it was approved by EEPCA as a laboratory operating in compliance with the CCA, HAR and ENEC agreements.
Certification
The following Marks and Certifications can be obtained on the basis of testing performed in the SGS CEBEC laboratory:
CEBEC
Mark of compliance with Belgian safety standards. It is widely recognized in Europe and worldwide and generally equivalent to the European EN and International IEC Standards
IECEE/CB
International scheme for mutual acceptance of CB test reports and certification, based on IEC standards
ENEC
European mark for electrical equipment safety
ENEC+
European mark for performance of electrical equipment
CCA
European scheme for mutual acceptance of CCA test reports and certification, based on European standards
LOVAG
Agreement for electrical low-voltage equipment used in an industrial environment
HAR
European mark for electrical cables
Services
Product categories
Products for which certification services are available include:
CABL: electrical cable
CONT: automatic control equipment
HOUS: electrical household appliances
INST: installation equipment
ITAV: information technology Audio Video
MEAS: measuring equipment
MED: electro-medical equipment
OFF: information-processing equipment
POW: power equipment
PROT: protection equipment
SAFE: transformers
TRON: electronics household equipment
Sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitemia | Parasitemia is the quantitative content of parasites in the blood. It is used as a measurement of parasite load in the organism and an indication of the degree of an active parasitic infection. Systematic measurement of parasitemia is important in many phases of the assessment of disease, such as in diagnosis and in the follow-up of therapy, particularly in the chronic phase, when cure depends on ascertaining a parasitemia of zero.
The methods to be used for quantifying parasitemia depends on the parasitic species and its life cycle. For instance, in malaria, the number of blood-stage parasites can be counted using an optical microscope, on a special thick film (for low parasitemias) or thin film blood smear (for high parasitemias).
The use of molecular biology techniques, such as PCR has been used increasingly as a tool to measure parasitemia, especially in patients in the chronic phase of disease. In this technique, blood samples are obtained from the patient, and specific DNA of the parasite is extracted and amplified by PCR. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukbang | A mukbang or meokbang (, ), also known as an eating show, is an online audiovisual broadcast in which a host consumes various quantities of food while interacting with the audience. The genre became popular in South Korea in the early 2010s, and has become a global trend since the mid-2010s. Varieties of foods ranging from pizza to noodles are consumed in large quantities in front of a camera. The purpose of mukbang is also sometimes educational, introducing viewers to regional specialties or gourmet spots.
A mukbang may be either prerecorded or streamed live through a webcast on multiple streaming platforms such as AfreecaTV, YouTube, TikTok, and Twitch In the live version, the mukbang host chats with the audience while the audience type in real-time in the live chat room. Eating shows are expanding their influence on internet broadcasting platforms and serve as virtual communities and as venues for active communication among internet users.
Mukbangers from many different countries have gained considerable popularity on numerous social media platforms and have established the mukbang as a possible viable alternative career path with a potential to earn a high income for young South Koreans. By cooking and consuming food on camera for a large audience, mukbangers generate income from advertising, sponsorships, endorsements, as well as viewers' support. However, there has been growing criticism of mukbang's promotion of unhealthy eating habits, particularly eating disorders, animal cruelty, and food waste.
Etymology
The word mukbang () is a portmanteau of the Korean words for "eating" () and "broadcast/show" (). It would thus be morphologically comparable to "eatcast" or "eatshow".
Historical background and origins
Prior to the 21st century, Korea had traditionally had a food culture based on healthy eating practices and strict Confucian etiquette. However, a new food culture since the late 2000s has emerged in South Korea characterized by internet eating culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s%20lattice | In mathematics, Young's lattice is a lattice that is formed by all integer partitions. It is named after Alfred Young, who, in a series of papers On quantitative substitutional analysis, developed the representation theory of the symmetric group. In Young's theory, the objects now called Young diagrams and the partial order on them played a key, even decisive, role. Young's lattice prominently figures in algebraic combinatorics, forming the simplest example of a differential poset in the sense of . It is also closely connected with the crystal bases for affine Lie algebras.
Definition
Young's lattice is a lattice (and hence also a partially ordered set) Y formed by all integer partitions ordered by inclusion of their Young diagrams (or Ferrers diagrams).
Significance
The traditional application of Young's lattice is to the description of the irreducible representations of symmetric groups Sn for all n, together with their branching properties, in characteristic zero. The equivalence classes of irreducible representations may be parametrized by partitions or Young diagrams, the restriction from Sn +1 to Sn is multiplicity-free, and the representation of Sn with partition p is contained in the representation of Sn +1 with partition q if and only if q covers p in Young's lattice. Iterating this procedure, one arrives at Young's semicanonical basis in the irreducible representation of Sn with partition p, which is indexed by the standard Young tableaux of shape p.
Properties
The poset Y is graded: the minimal element is ∅, the unique partition of zero, and the partitions of n have rank n. This means that given two partitions that are comparable in the lattice, their ranks are ordered in the same sense as the partitions, and there is at least one intermediate partition of each intermediate rank.
The poset Y is a lattice. The meet and join of two partitions are given by the intersection and the union of the corresponding Young diagrams. Because it i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Vogan | David Alexander Vogan, Jr. (born September 8, 1954) is a mathematician at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who works on unitary representations of simple Lie groups.
While studying at the University of Chicago, he became a Putnam Fellow in 1972. He received his Ph.D. from M.I.T. in 1976, under the supervision of Bertram Kostant. In his thesis, he introduced the notion of lowest K type in the course of obtaining
an algebraic classification of irreducible Harish Chandra modules. He is currently one of the participants in the Atlas of Lie Groups and Representations.
Vogan was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. He served as Head of the Department of Mathematics at MIT from 1999 to 2004.
In 2012 he became Fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He was president of the AMS in 2013–2014. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2013.
He was the Norbert Wiener Chair of Mathematics at MIT until his retirement in 2020.
Publications
Representations of real reductive Lie groups. Birkhäuser, 1981
Unitary representations of reductive Lie groups. Princeton University Press, 1987
with Paul Sally (ed.): Representation theory and harmonic analysis on semisimple Lie groups. American Mathematical Society, 1989
with Jeffrey Adams & Dan Barbasch (ed.): The Langlands Classification and Irreducible Characters for Real Reductive Groups. Birkhäuser, 1992
with Anthony W. Knapp: Cohomological Induction and Unitary Representations. Princeton University Press, 1995
with Joseph A. Wolf and Juan Tirao (ed.): Geometry and representation theory of real and p-adic groups. Birkhäuser, 1998
with Jeffrey Adams (ed.): Representation theory of Lie groups. American Mathematical Society, 2000
The Character Table for E8. In: Notices of the American Mathematical Society Nr. 9, 2007 (PDF) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20Physics%20of%20Particles | Statistical Physics of Particles and Statistical Physics of Fields are a two-volume series of textbooks by Mehran Kardar. Each book is based on a semester-long course taught by Kardar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They cover statistical physics and thermodynamics at the graduate level.
Editions
External links
Statistical Mechanics I at MIT OpenCourseWare
Statistical Mechanics II at MIT OpenCourseWare
Publisher's website for Particles
Publisher's website for Fields |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical%20user%20interface%20testing | In software engineering, graphical user interface testing is the process of testing a product's graphical user interface (GUI) to ensure it meets its specifications. This is normally done through the use of a variety of test cases.
Test case generation
To generate a set of test cases, test designers attempt to cover all the functionality of the system and fully exercise the GUI itself. The difficulty in accomplishing this task is twofold: to deal with domain size and sequences. In addition, the tester faces more difficulty when they have to do regression testing.
Unlike a CLI (command-line interface) system, a GUI may have additional operations that need to be tested. A relatively small program such as Microsoft WordPad has 325 possible GUI operations. In a large program, the number of operations can easily be an order of magnitude larger.
The second problem is the sequencing problem. Some functionality of the system may only be accomplished with a sequence of GUI events. For example, to open a file a user may first have to click on the File Menu, then select the Open operation, use a dialog box to specify the file name, and focus the application on the newly opened window. Increasing the number of possible operations increases the sequencing problem exponentially. This can become a serious issue when the tester is creating test cases manually.
Regression testing is often a challenge with GUIs as well. A GUI may change significantly, even though the underlying application does not. A test designed to follow a certain path through the GUI may then fail since a button, menu item, or dialog may have changed location or appearance.
These issues have driven the GUI testing problem domain towards automation. Many different techniques have been proposed to automatically generate test suites that are complete and that simulate user behavior.
Most of the testing techniques attempt to build on those previously used to test CLI programs, but these can have scaling probl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20H.%20Wood | Samuel H. Wood is a scientist and fertility specialist. In 2008, he became the first man to clone himself, donating his own DNA via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to produce mature human embryos that were his clones.
Education and early research
Wood completed undergraduate studies in psychology at Loma Linda University in 1979. His graduate training includes a M.A. in psychology from the University of Richmond (1980), an M.D. (1985) and a Ph.D. (1986) from Medical College of Virginia, and an MBA from San Diego State University (1997).
Wood's early scholarship laid the foundation for his future scientific endeavors, beginning with an initial focus on DNA. While attending the Medical College of Virginia, Wood researched isolating a DNA nuclear matrix of HeLa cells using a poly(dT) template. He and his colleagues discovered that HeLa cell primase in these cells is in a bound form and they determined the presence of multiple forms of polymerase α. Wood further studied DNA, in the form of nucleoids, while in his clinical residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The properties of two types of "subnuclear systems" (preparations of non-DNased-digested nuclei vs. DNased-digested nuclei) were differentiated along with their respective ability to retain elongation in response to increasing concentrations of salt.
Wood then turned his attention to treating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as well as improving pregnancy rates when using donated eggs. During a fellowship in reproductive endocrinology and infertility, Wood studied the usefulness of fluoxetine (tradename Prozac or Sarafem) for patients experiencing severe PMS. He and his research team found this medication significantly reduced behavioral and physical symptoms during the luteal phase without suffering significant side effects or treatment complications. The collaborators subsequently investigated the efficacy of RU 486 (commonly referred to as "the abortion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20chimera | A human chimera is a human with a subset of cells with a distinct genotype than other cells, that is, having genetic chimerism. In contrast, an individual where each cell contains genetic material from a human and an animal is called a human–animal hybrid.
Mechanisms
A major mechanisms of human chimerism is mosaicism, wherein there is a mutation of the genetic material in a cell, giving rise to a subset of cells that are different from the rest. Another mechanism is the fusion of more than one fertilized zygote in the early stages of prenatal development.
In artificial chimerism, an individual has one cell lineage that was inherited genetically at the time of the formation of the human embryo and the other that was introduced through a procedure, including organ transplantation or blood transfusion. Specific types of transplants that could induce this condition include bone marrow transplants and organ transplants, as the recipient's body essentially works to permanently incorporate the new blood stem cells into it.
Examples
Natural chimerism
Natural chimerism has been documented in humans in several instances.
The Dutch sprinter Foekje Dillema was expelled from the 1950 national team after she refused a mandatory sex test in July 1950; later investigations revealed a Y-chromosome in her body cells, and the analysis showed that she was probably a 46,XX/46,XY mosaic female.
In 1953, a human chimera was reported in the British Medical Journal. A woman was found to have blood containing two different blood types. Apparently this resulted from her twin brother's cells living in her body. A 1996 study found that such blood group chimerism is not rare.
In 2002, Lydia Fairchild was denied public assistance in Washington state when DNA evidence appeared to show that she was not the mother of her children. A lawyer for the prosecution heard of a human chimera in New England, Karen Keegan, and suggested the possibility to the defense, who were able to show that Fairch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coprinol | Coprinol is an antibiotic isolated from Coprinus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-forbidden%20reactions | In chemistry, the selection rule (also known as the transition rule) formally restricts certain reactions, known as spin-forbidden reactions, from occurring due to a required change between two differing quantum states. When a reactant exists in one spin state and the product exists in a different spin state, the corresponding reaction will have an increased activation energy when compared to a similar reaction in which the spin states of the reactant and product are isomorphic. As a result of this increased activation energy, a decreased rate of reaction is observed.
Case of some cobalt carbonyls
Singlet and triplet states can occur within organometallic complexes as well, such as Tpi-Pr,MeCo(CO)2 and Tpi-Pr,MeCo(CO), respectively.
Changing spin states
When a reaction converts a metal from a singlet to triplet state (or vice versa):
The energy of the two spin states must be nearly equal, as dictated by temperature,
A mechanism is required to change spin states.
Strong spin-orbital coupling can satisfy the 2nd condition. Parameter 1, however, can lead to very slow reactions due to large disparities between the metal complex's potential energy surfaces, which only cross at high energy leading to a substantial activation barrier.
Spin-forbidden reactions formally fall into the category of electronically non-adiabatic reactions. In general, potential energy surfaces fall into either the adiabatic and diabatic classification. Potential Energy Surfaces that are adiabatic rely on the use of the full electronic Hamiltonian, which includes the spin-orbit term. Those that are diabatic are likewise derived by solving the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation, but in this case one or more terms are omitted.
Non-adiabatic transition
Once a minimum energy crossing point is reached and parameter 1 above is satisfied, the system needs to hop from one diabatic surface to the other, as stated above by parameter 2. At a given energy (E), the rate coefficient [k(E)] of a spi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Media%20Database | Swiss Media Database (SMD) is a Swiss newspaper-article and television-program database accessible at no charge to media professionals. The public can access its contents for a fee.
Organization and contents
The Swiss Media Database, founded in Zurich in May 1966 is a joint venture of publishing houses Ringier of Zofingen, Tamedia of Zurich, and Swiss Radio and Television. Each holds one-third of the shares.
The offerings of the participating publishers are in full text, and reproductions of the original newspaper pages are available. Full texts of most Swiss daily and weekly newspapers, print and online, are archived.
Since June 2019, broadcasts of the German-speaking Swiss television (SRF) and the Swiss television in French (RTS) have been indexed. Swiss Media Database (SMD) contains more than 33 million documents (as of 2019). About two million are added each year.
Since 2002, SMD has been providing paid access to its archives through the website swissdox.ch. The SMD, in cooperation with the Association of Swiss Professional Journalists, has also offered access for free lance journalists.
Deletion of articles
The deletion of articles in the database is sometimes ordered by courts or by publishers on their own. These deletions have led to controversial discussions — for example on the coverage of Jolanda Spiess-Hegglin, a politician in the canton of Zug who quit the Alternative Green Party a year after a scandal in which she claimed to have been sexually abused by a fellow member of the cantonal parliament. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasulo%27s%20algorithm | Tomasulo's algorithm is a computer architecture hardware algorithm for dynamic scheduling of instructions that allows out-of-order execution and enables more efficient use of multiple execution units. It was developed by Robert Tomasulo at IBM in 1967 and was first implemented in the IBM System/360 Model 91’s floating point unit.
The major innovations of Tomasulo’s algorithm include register renaming in hardware, reservation stations for all execution units, and a common data bus (CDB) on which computed values broadcast to all reservation stations that may need them. These developments allow for improved parallel execution of instructions that would otherwise stall under the use of scoreboarding or other earlier algorithms.
Robert Tomasulo received the Eckert–Mauchly Award in 1997 for his work on the algorithm.
Implementation concepts
The following are the concepts necessary to the implementation of Tomasulo's algorithm:
Common data bus
The Common Data Bus (CDB) connects reservation stations directly to functional units. According to Tomasulo it "preserves precedence while encouraging concurrency". This has two important effects:
Functional units can access the result of any operation without involving a floating-point-register, allowing multiple units waiting on a result to proceed without waiting to resolve contention for access to register file read ports.
Hazard Detection and control execution are distributed. The reservation stations control when an instruction can execute, rather than a single dedicated hazard unit.
Instruction order
Instructions are issued sequentially so that the effects of a sequence of instructions, such as exceptions raised by these instructions, occur in the same order as they would on an in-order processor, regardless of the fact that they are being executed out-of-order (i.e. non-sequentially).
Register renaming
Tomasulo's algorithm uses register renaming to correctly perform out-of-order execution. All general-purpose and rese |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffing%20models | Staffing models are related sets of reports, charts and graphs that are used to precisely measure work activity, determine how many labor hours are needed, analyze how employee time is spent and calculate costs. Staffing models are used in the healthcare industry and use predictive analytics methods for forecasting.
Overview
Staffing models provide:
A structure for staff scheduling
Staff interactions
Both a broad and in-depth picture of work activity, and its time and cost
Information about current resource and process performance
Information and tools to manage and improve staffing resource performance.
Staffing models are also used to reduce overtime costs.
Time presentation curves have been used to guide staffing in the emergency department.
See also
Job analysis
Salary inversion
Task analysis
Work sampling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyragas%20method | In the mathematics of chaotic dynamical systems, in the Pyragas method of stabilizing a periodic orbit, an appropriate continuous controlling signal is injected into the system, whose intensity is nearly zero as the system evolves close to the desired periodic orbit but increases when it drifts away from the desired orbit. Both the Pyragas and OGY (Ott, Grebogi and Yorke) methods are part of a general class of methods called "closed loop" or "feedback" methods which can be applied based on knowledge of the system obtained through solely observing the behavior of the system as a whole over a suitable period of time.
The method was proposed by Lithuanian physicist . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20waypoint%20model | In mobility management, the random waypoint model is a random model for the movement of mobile users, and how their location, velocity and acceleration change over time. Mobility models are used for simulation purposes when new network protocols are evaluated. The random waypoint model was first proposed by Johnson and Maltz. It is one of the most popular mobility models to evaluate mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols, because of its simplicity and wide availability.
In random-based mobility simulation models, the mobile nodes move randomly and freely without restrictions. To be more specific, the destination, speed and direction are all chosen randomly and independently of other nodes. This kind of model has been used in many simulation studies.
Two variants, the random walk model and the random direction model are variants of the random waypoint model.
Description of model
The movement of nodes is governed in the following manner: Each node begins by pausing for a fixed number of seconds. The node then selects a random destination in the simulation area and a random speed between 0 (excluded) and some maximum speed. The node moves to this destination and again pauses for a fixed period before another random location and speed. This behaviour is repeated for the length of the simulation.
Simulation of model
BonnMotion is one of the tool to generate mobility scenarios based on random waypoint model and many other mobility models including random walk model, random direction model, etc.
Orientation-based Random Waypoint
In the context of mmWave communication, optical wireless communication, and Terahertz networks, the orientation of a device is also important (in contrast to the radio frequency networks). Therefore, it is essential to incorporate the orientation of the device with the mobility model. This concept was first introduced in the paper entitled "Modeling the Random Orientation of Mobile Devices: Measurement, Analysis and LiFi Use Case" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend%20discharge | In electromagnetism, the Townsend discharge or Townsend avalanche is a ionisation process for gases where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons. Those electrons are in turn accelerated and free additional electrons. The result is an avalanche multiplication that permits electrical conduction through the gas. The discharge requires a source of free electrons and a significant electric field; without both, the phenomenon does not occur.
The Townsend discharge is named after John Sealy Townsend, who discovered the fundamental ionisation mechanism by his work circa 1897 at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge.
General description
The avalanche occurs in a gaseous medium that can be ionised (such as air). The electric field and the mean free path of the electron must allow free electrons to acquire an energy level (velocity) that can cause impact ionisation. If the electric field is too small, then the electrons do not acquire enough energy. If the mean free path is too short, the electron gives up its acquired energy in a series of non-ionising collisions. If the mean free path is too long, then the electron reaches the anode before colliding with another molecule.
The avalanche mechanism is shown in the accompanying diagram. The electric field is applied across a gaseous medium; initial ions are created with ionising radiation (for example, cosmic rays). An original ionisation event produces an ion pair; the positive ion accelerates towards the cathode while the free electron accelerates towards the anode. If the electric field is strong enough, the free electron can gain sufficient velocity (energy) to liberate another electron when it next collides with a molecule. The two free electrons then travel towards the anode and gain sufficient energy from the electric field to cause further impact ionisations, and so on. This process is effectively a chain reaction that generates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dander | Dander is material shed from the body of humans and other animals that have fur, hair, or feathers. The term is similar to dandruff, when an excess of flakes becomes visible. Skin flakes that come off the main body of an animal are dander, while the flakes of skin called dandruff come from the scalp and are composed of epithelial skin cells. The surface layer of mammalian skin is called the stratum corneum, which is shed as part of normal skin replacement.
Dander is microscopic, and can be transported through the air in house dust, where it forms the diet of the dust mites. Through the air, dander can enter the mucous membranes in the nose and lungs, causing allergies in susceptible individuals, largely through the mechanism of allergy to proteins in the bodies of the dust mites that live on dander. Dander builds up in carpets and in mattresses and pillows, so smooth surfaces predispose to an environment where levels of dander can be controlled more easily. More pet dander is sloughed off in older animals than in younger animals. Dander build up can be a cause of allergies, such as allergic rhinitis, in humans. Dr. Paivi Salo, an allergy expert at the National Institute of Health, states that "airborne allergies affect approximately 10-30% of adults and 40% of children." Damp dusting and vacuum cleaners with sealed bodies and fitted with HEPA filters reduce re-distribution of the dander dust, with associated dust mites, into the air.
has it that dander is a dialect synonym of dandruff, possibly from Yorkshire in England.
See also
Allergy to cats
Allergy to dogs
Dandruff
Powder down |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharyngeal%20nerve | The pharyngeal nerve is a small branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V2), arising at (the posterior part of the) pterygopalatine ganglion. It passes posterior-ward through the palatovaginal canal with the pharyngeal branch of the maxillary artery.
It is distributed to the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx (its posterior wall, posterior to the pharyngotympanic tube). It also issues some minute orbital branches which pass through the inferior orbital fissure to enter the orbit and innervate the periosteum of the floor of the orbit, and the mucosa of the sphenoid sinus and ethmoid sinus.
See also
Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization%20%28medicine%29 | Decolonization, also bacterial decolonization, is a medical intervention that attempts to rid a patient of an antimicrobial resistant pathogen, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or antifungal-resistant Candida.
By pre-emptively treating patients who have become colonized with an antimicrobial resistant organism, the likelihood of the patient going on to develop life-threatening health care-associated infections is reduced. Common sites of bacterial colonization include the nasal passage, groin, oral cavity and skin.
History
In cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Chicago Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Prevention Epicenter (C-PIE), Harvard/Irvine Bi-Coastal Epicenter, and Washington University and Barnes Jewish County (BJC) Center for Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections conducted a study to test different strategies to prevent and decrease the rate of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). REDUCE MRSA, which stands for Randomized Evaluation of Decolonization vs. Universal Clearance to Eliminate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), was completed in September 2011. This study determined decolonization with chlorhexidine and mupirocin of all patients without screening was the most effective method of reducing the presence of MRSA and overall number of bloodstream infections.
Medical uses
Decolonization is used to reduce rates of infections caused by MRSA. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common cause of hospital related infections, including blood stream infections and infections of the heart and bone. Additionally, increasing cases of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA pose a new challenge as these strains are difficult or impossible to treat with standard antibiotic regimens. Because of the prevalence of S. aureus within the general population and significant number of severe infections caused by this bacteria, decolonization protocols have bee |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimidine | Crimidine is a convulsant poison used as a rodenticide. Crimidine was originally known by its product name, Castrix. It was originally produced in the 1940s by the conglomerate, IG Farben. It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. It is also no longer used in the United States as a rodenticide, but is still used to this day in other countries.
Mechanism of action
Crimidine is a highly reactive compound. The main mechanism of toxicity with crimidine is that it inhibits vitamin B6, which is used in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. This is due to the pyrimidine ring that both compounds contain. Although, the exact mechanism of how crimidine antagonizes vitamin B6 is unknown. Another mechanism of toxicity with crimidine is due to its deactivating effect on acetylcholinesterase
The serine residue, which is part of the acetylcholinesterase, acts a nucleophile and eventually replaces the C-Cl bond that is present in crimidine. Unlike with acetylcholine, the resulting serine-crimidine bond does not hydrolyze, permanently deactivating the enzyme
Toxicity
Crimidine is a fast acting convulsant, with an LD50 of 5 mg/kg. Earliest symptoms can develop within 20–40 minutes. These symptoms can include burning, irritation, and itching at the site of exposure or intake. Following these initial symptoms, convulsions follow and can be fatal. Low dose, long-term exposure can lead to damage in the central nervous system, resulting in muscle stiffness, restlessness, and sensitivity to light and noise. Although crimidine is fast acting, it is also quickly secreted and can pass through the system in less than 24 hours..
intravenous vitamin B6 should be given as soon as poisoning is suspected |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive%20cardiac%20conduction%20defect | Progressive cardiac conduction defect (PCCD) is a rare inherited degenerative disease of a heart's electrical conduction system. Over time PCCD can lead to a complete heart block and might require a pacemaker implantation to treat it.
Genetics
Most commonly PCCD is inherited as a autosomal dominant defect and is caused by mutations of chromosome 19q13.3 and in SCN5A, SCN1B and TRPM4 genes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomised%20decision%20rule | In statistical decision theory, a randomised decision rule or mixed decision rule is a decision rule that associates probabilities with deterministic decision rules. In finite decision problems, randomised decision rules define a risk set which is the convex hull of the risk points of the nonrandomised decision rules.
As nonrandomised alternatives always exist to randomised Bayes rules, randomisation is not needed in Bayesian statistics, although frequentist statistical theory sometimes requires the use of randomised rules to satisfy optimality conditions such as minimax, most notably when deriving confidence intervals and hypothesis tests about discrete probability distributions.
A statistical test making use of a randomized decision rule is called a randomized test.
Definition and interpretation
Let be a set of non-randomised decision rules with associated probabilities . Then the randomised decision rule is defined as and its associated risk function is . This rule can be treated as a random experiment in which the decision rules are selected with probabilities respectively.
Alternatively, a randomised decision rule may assign probabilities directly on elements of the actions space for each member of the sample space. More formally, denotes the probability that an action is chosen. Under this approach, its loss function is also defined directly as: .
The introduction of randomised decision rules thus creates a larger decision space from which the statistician may choose his decision. As non-randomised decision rules are a special case of randomised decision rules where one decision or action has probability 1, the original decision space is a proper subset of the new decision space .
Selection of randomised decision rules
As with nonrandomised decision rules, randomised decision rules may satisfy favourable properties such as admissibility, minimaxity and Bayes. This shall be illustrated in the case of a finite decision problem, i.e. a problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfonatronovibrio%20hydrogenovorans | Desulfonatronovibrio hydrogenovorans is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is an alkaliphilic, sulfate-reducing and motile bacterium. It is obligately sodium-dependent and its type strain is Z-7935 (= DSM 9292). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma%20terreum | Tricholoma terreum, commonly known as the grey knight or dirty tricholoma, is a grey-capped mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma. It is found in coniferous woodlands in Europe, and has also been encountered under introduced pine trees in Australia and New Zealand. It is regarded as edible. A 2014 article speculated that it may be poisonous,
but Sitta et al. in 2016 published in the same journal a counter article demonstrating the unfounded nature of such speculation.
Taxonomy
The fungus was originally described as Agaricus terreus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1762, and as Agaricus myomyces by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794. It was given its current binomial name by German Paul Kummer in 1871. It is commonly known as the grey knight from its discoloured gills.
Almost all modern sources consider Tricholoma myomyces to be a synonym of T. terreum, but there are some exceptions. Bon mentions that T. myomyces has been defined for lowland mushrooms with white gills and a fleecy cap and Courtecuisse separates it on the same basis. Moser distinguished T. myomyces on the basis that the gills should go yellow.
Description
The cap is wide and evenly covered in fine grey scales. Convex with a slight boss, it is broadly conical in shape. The whitish stipe is high and wide and has no ring. There is no ring or volva. The whitish flesh is thin, easily broken, and has a pleasant mild (not mealy) smell and taste. The widely spaced and uneven gills are free (unattached to the stipe). The spore print is white, the oval spores 6–7 μm long by 3.5–4.4 μm wide.
It could be confused with the larger (and poisonous) T. pardinum has a mealy smell and cap scales; the edible T. orirubens has fine dark scales and pinkish gills.
Distribution and habitat
Tricholoma terreum is found in Europe, where fruiting bodies appear under conifers, particularly pine and spruce, from late summer to late autumn. They may also arise in parks near these trees, and grow in fairy rings. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey%20Studios | Odyssey Studios was a recording studio based near Marble Arch in London and opened in 1979. It was set up by Wayne Bickerton as an extension of State Records, the label he had set up with Tony Waddington and John Fruin in 1975. The studio closed in 1989 and the building was subsequently sold to Jazz FM.
Albums recorded at Odyssey
Through the 1980s, many artists recorded at Odyssey Studios, including Cliff Richard, Paul McCartney, Kate Bush, George Michael, Spandau Ballet and Roger Daltrey. Trevor Jones' score for the feature film Labyrinth was also recorded there. The Pat Metheny Group recorded a portion of the score for the feature film The Falcon and the Snowman (1985) there.
Below is a list of some albums recorded either in part or entirely at Odyssey Studios.
Set-up and equipment
Studio One in Odyssey was 1,400 square feet and had room for 50 musicians, which meant it could facilitate orchestral recordings and could be used for other activities such as video shoots. Studios 1 and 2 were equipped with MCI consoles and tape machines. Peter Jones (chief engineer) went to Fort Lauderdale, home of MCI, to commission all the equipment. At the time, they were the largest consoles that MCI had produced, and a hole in the factory wall was required to accommodate the extra length of the chassis. The studio was designed by Keith Slaughter and constructed on the "floating" principle to ensure total sound insulation. Studio Two, which was a mixing suite with capacity for 8 musicians, had an MCI 6000 48 Channel Desk which offered up to 48 tracks of recording, or the capacity to mixdown. Upstairs there was a radio facility, which offered a studio and separate control room plus a lounge area.
Odyssey was one of the first studios to install a satellite linkup, which effectively turned the studio into a miniature radio station and allowing it to broadcast any session live around the world. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20P.%20Fleming | Francis Philip Fleming (September 28, 1841December 20, 1908) was an American Democratic politician who served as the 15th governor of Florida from 1889 to 1893. A Confederate soldier and lawyer before Governor, Fleming's "racist record is undisputed".
Biography
Fleming was born September 28, 1841, in Panama Park (now part of Jacksonville), Duval County, Florida. He spent his early years with his parents, Lewis Fleming and his second wife Margaret Seton, on their St. Johns River plantation, "Hibernia". The plantation narrowly escaped destruction at the hands of the Independent Battalion, Massachusetts Cavalry in mid-April 1864 when Colonel Guy V. Henry, a relative of the Fleming family, ordered it spared.
During the American Civil War, Fleming served the Confederate cause by enlisting as a private in the 2nd Florida Regiment and received a battlefield promotion to first lieutenant, and subsequently to the rank of captain. After being wounded, Fleming returned to Florida and actively enlisted new volunteers, commanding a volunteer company at the Battle of Natural Bridge at St. Marks on March 6, 1865. By the end of the war, Fleming had served under four generals: John Magruder, Joseph Johnston, John Bell Hood, and Robert E. Lee.
After the war, Francis Fleming studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1868, becoming a partner in the firm of Fleming and Daniel, later Fleming and Fleming. In 1871, he married Floride Lydia Pearson, the daughter of Florida Supreme Court justice Bird M. Pearson. Together the couple had three children: Francis Philip Jr., Elizabeth Fleming, and Charles Seton.
Francis P. Fleming authored a book memorializing his brother, titled The Florida Troops/A Memoir of Captain C. Seton Fleming C.S.A., originally published by Times-Union Publishing House, Jacksonville, Florida, 1884. Its preface includes: "The preparation of the following pages was not commenced with the design of publication; but for the purpose of collecting and preserving in manu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwitchUp | SwitchUp is an online coding and computing programing platform. Students use the website to research online and offline programming courses by reading alumni reviews, connecting with mentors in the forum, taking an online quiz, and reading industry studies. SwitchUp only accepts reviews from verified alumni and has a verification process.
History
SwitchUp, was started after Jonathan Lau, an MIT alum, attended a Coding Bootcamp in Boston. He launched SwitchUp with a small team, and left the first code bootcamp review on the site.
SwitchUp aims to add transparency to the technology education industry. The website was launched in August 2014.
Product
As of October 2020, the site had over 20,000 reviews of 1000 different programming bootcamps and courses across 30 different countries. Switch guides students on a career path, recommends bootcamps, and aggregates alumni reviews.
Research Publications and Rankings
SwitchUp regularly publishes industry research and bootcamp rankings. They also put out data science, cyber security, and web design rankings.
They also offer scholarship information and listings for bootcamps that accept the GI Bill.
In a job outcomes study conducted by researchers published on Dec 1, 2016, the following trends were found:
63% of graduates reported increase in salary
80% of graduates reported they were 'satisfied' or 'very satisfied'
Average class size is 30 students with a 1-to-3.8 student instructor ratio
A one-tailed paired-difference test showed that the increase in salary was statistically significant at the 95% level
SwitchUp also published the 2018 best coding bootcamp rankings on December 31, 2018.
See also
Code.org
Codecademy
Team Treehouse
Udacity
Dev Bootcamp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing%20equation | A power system consists of a number of synchronous machines operating synchronously under all operating conditions. Under normal operating conditions, the relative position of the rotor axis and the resultant magnetic field axis is fixed. The angle between the two is known as the power angle, torque angle, or rotor angle. During any disturbance, the rotor decelerates or accelerates with respect to the synchronously rotating air gap magnetomotive force, creating relative motion. The equation describing the relative motion is known as the swing equation, which is a non-linear second order differential equation that describes the swing of the rotor of synchronous machine. The power exchange between the mechanical rotor and the electrical grid due to the rotor swing (acceleration and deceleration) is called Inertial response.
Derivation
A synchronous generator is driven by a prime mover. The equation governing the rotor motion is given by:
N-m
Where:
is the total moment of inertia of the rotor mass in kg-m2
is the angular position of the rotor with respect to a stationary axis in (rad)
is time in seconds (s)
is the mechanical torque supplied by the prime mover in N-m
is the electrical torque output of the alternator in N-m
is the net accelerating torque, in N-m
Neglecting losses, the difference between the mechanical and electrical torque gives the net accelerating torque Ta. In the steady state, the electrical torque is equal to the mechanical torque and hence the accelerating power is zero. During this period the rotor moves at synchronous speed ωs in rad/s. The electric torque Te corresponds to the net air-gap power in the machine and thus accounts for the total output power of the generator plus I2R losses in the armature winding.
The angular position θ is measured with a stationary reference frame. Representing it with respect to the synchronously rotating frame gives:
where, δm is the angular position in rad with respect to the synchronously rotati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Verses | The Golden Verses (, ; ) are a collection of moral exhortations comprising 71 lines written in dactylic hexameter. They are traditionally attributed to Pythagoras.
Overview
The exact origins of the Golden Verses are unknown and there are varying opinions regarding their dating. It appears that the verses may have been known as early as the third century BCE but their existence as we know them cannot be confirmed prior to the fifth century CE.
The Golden Verses enjoyed great popularity and were widely distributed in late antiquity, being often quoted. Their renown persisted during the medieval ages and into the Renaissance. In 1494 the Neoplatonic Greek scholar Constantine Lascaris published in a famous printed edition of his Grammatica, deliberately, the Golden Verses translated into Latin, thereby bringing them to a widespread audience.
The Neoplatonists used the Golden Verses as part of their preparatory program of moral instruction, and a number of Neoplatonic commentaries on the verses are extant.
An early English translation of the Golden Verses, accompanied by the commentary of the Neoplatonist Hierocles of Alexandria, was published by John Hall of Durham in his posthumous Hierocles (1657). Other early translations of the Golden Verses and Hierocles' commentary include the translation into French by André Dacier (1706) and the translation into English by Nicholas Rowe (1707). A modern critical edition and English translation of the Golden Verses was prepared by Johan C. Thom in 1995, while a recent English translation of Hierocles' commentary was published by Herman S. Schibli in 2002.
The Golden Verses of Pythagoras (Rowe/Firth translation, modernized)
First worship the Immortal gods, as they are established and ordained by the Law.
Reverence the Oath, and next the Heroes, full of goodness and light.
Honour likewise the Terrestrial Daemons by rendering them the worship lawfully due to them.
Honour likewise your parents, and those most nearly r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded%20protein%20response | The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It has been found to be conserved between mammalian species, as well as yeast and worm organisms.
The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. In this scenario, the UPR has three aims: initially to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signalling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. If these objectives are not achieved within a certain time span or the disruption is prolonged, the UPR aims towards apoptosis.
Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases, and inhibiting the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases. Diseases amenable to UPR inhibition include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis
The term protein folding incorporates all the processes involved in the production of a protein after the nascent polypeptides have become synthesized by the ribosomes. The proteins destined to be secreted or sorted to other cell organelles carry an N-terminal signal sequence that will interact with a signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP will lead the whole complex (Ribosome, RNA, polypeptide) to the ER membrane. Once the sequence has “docked”, the protein continues translation, with the resultant strand being fed through the polypeptide translocator directly into the ER. Protein folding commences as soon as the polypeptide enters to the luminal environment, even as translation of the remaining polypeptide continues.
Protein folding and quality control
Protein folding steps involve a range of enzymes and molecular chaperone |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDST3 | Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDST3 gene. It catalyses the reaction:3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate + α-D-glucosaminyl-[heparan sulfate](n) = adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate + 2 H+ + N-sulfo-α-D-glucosaminyl-[heparan sulfate](n)This is a step in the production of heparin.
Clinical significance
Mutations in NDST3 have been linked to schizophrenia. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%2027 | In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 27 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
Glycoside hydrolase family 27 together with family 31 and the family 36 alpha-galactosidases form the glycosyl hydrolase clan GH-D, a superfamily of alpha-galactosidases, alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidases, and isomaltodextranases which are likely to share a common catalytic mechanism and structural topology.
Alpha-galactosidase () (melibiase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose. In man, the deficiency of this enzyme is the cause of Fabry's disease (X-linked sphingolipidosis). Alpha-galactosidase is present in a variety of organisms. There is a considerable degree of similarity in the sequence of alpha-galactosidase from various eukaryotic species. Escherichia coli alpha-galactosidase (gene melA), which requires NAD and magnesium as cofactors, is not structurally related to the eukaryotic enzymes; by contrast, an Escherichia coli plasmid encoded alpha-galactosidase (gene rafA ) contains a region of about 50 amino acids which is similar to a domain of the eukaryotic alpha-galactosidases. Alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase () catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residues in N-acetyl-alpha-D- galactosaminides. In man, the deficiency of this enzyme is the cause of Schindler and Kanzaki diseases. The sequence of this enzyme is highly related to that of the eukaryotic alpha-galactosidases.
External links
GH27 in CAZypedia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe%20%28journal%29 | Universe is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by MDPI covering several aspects of physics and astronomy and astrophysics. It was established in 2015. The editor-in-chief is Lorenzo Iorio since its inception.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 2.9.
Young investigator award
Since 2020, the journal confers the Universe Young Investigator Award to a young researcher in recognition of their excellence in fields related to fundamental principles and discovered in the universe. The first awardee (2020) was Lavinia Heisenberg (ETH Zürich, Switzerland). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-strand%20RNA%20virus | Negative-strand RNA viruses (−ssRNA viruses) are a group of related viruses that have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA). They have genomes that act as complementary strands from which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by the viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). During replication of the viral genome, RdRp synthesizes a positive-sense antigenome that it uses as a template to create genomic negative-sense RNA. Negative-strand RNA viruses also share a number of other characteristics: most contain a viral envelope that surrounds the capsid, which encases the viral genome, −ssRNA virus genomes are usually linear, and it is common for their genome to be segmented.
Negative-strand RNA viruses constitute the phylum Negarnaviricota, in the kingdom Orthornavirae and realm Riboviria. They are descended from a common ancestor that was a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, and they are considered to be a sister clade of reoviruses, which are dsRNA viruses. Within the phylum, there are two major branches that form two subphyla: Haploviricotina, whose members are mostly non-segmented and which encode an RdRp that synthesizes caps on mRNA, and Polyploviricotina, whose members are segmented and which encode an RdRp that snatches caps from host mRNAs. A total of six classes in the phylum are recognized.
Negative-strand RNA viruses are closely associated with arthropods and can be informally divided between those that are reliant on arthropods for transmission and those that are descended from arthropod viruses but can now replicate in vertebrates without the aid of arthropods. Prominent arthropod-borne −ssRNA viruses include the Rift Valley fever virus and the tomato spotted wilt virus. Notable vertebrate −ssRNA viruses include the Ebola virus, hantaviruses, influenza viruses, the Lassa fever virus, and the rabies virus.
Etymology
Negarnaviricota takes the first part of its name from Latin nega, meaning negative, the middle part r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20novo%20synthesis | In chemistry, de novo synthesis () refers to the synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules such as sugars or amino acids, as opposed to recycling after partial degradation. For example, nucleotides are not needed in the diet as they can be constructed from small precursor molecules such as formate and aspartate. Methionine, on the other hand, is needed in the diet because while it can be degraded to and then regenerated from homocysteine, it cannot be synthesized de novo.
Nucleotide
De novo pathways of nucleotides do not use free bases: adenine (abbreviated as A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T), or uracil (U). The purine ring is built up one atom or a few atoms at a time and attached to ribose throughout the process. Pyrimidine ring is synthesized as orotate and attached to ribose phosphate and later converted to common pyrimidine nucleotides.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes. Cholesterol also serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D. In mammals cholesterol is either absorbed from dietary sources or is synthesized de novo. Up to 70-80% of de novo cholesterol synthesis occurs in the liver, and about 10% of de novo cholesterol synthesis occurs in the small intestine. Cancer cells require cholesterol for cell membranes, so cancer cells contain many enzymes for de novo cholesterol synthesis from acetyl-CoA.
Fatty-acid (de novo lipogenesis)
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is the process by which carbohydrates (primarily, especially after a high-carbohydrate meal) from the circulation are converted into fatty acids, which can be further converted into triglycerides or other lipids. Acetate and some amino acids (notably leucine and isoleucine) can also be carbon sources for DNL.
Normally, de novo lipogenesis occurs primarily in adipose tissue. But in conditions of obesity, insulin resistance, or type 2 diabetes de novo lipogenesis is reduced in adipos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor%20mode | Monitor mode, or RFMON (Radio Frequency MONitor) mode, allows a computer with a wireless network interface controller (WNIC) to monitor all traffic received on a wireless channel. Unlike promiscuous mode, which is also used for packet sniffing, monitor mode allows packets to be captured without having to associate with an access point or ad hoc network first. Monitor mode only applies to wireless networks, while promiscuous mode can be used on both wired and wireless networks. Monitor mode is one of the eight modes that 802.11 wireless adapter can operate in: Master (acting as an access point), Managed (client, also known as station), Ad hoc, Repeater, Mesh, Wi-Fi Direct, TDLS and Monitor mode.
Uses
Uses for monitor mode include: geographical packet analysis, observing of widespread traffic and acquiring knowledge of Wi-Fi technology through hands-on experience. It is especially useful for auditing unsecure channels (such as those protected with WEP). Monitor mode can also be used to help design Wi-Fi networks. For a given area and channel, the number of Wi-Fi devices currently being used can be discovered. This helps to create a better Wi-Fi network that reduces interference with other Wi-Fi devices by choosing the least used Wi-Fi channels.
Software such as KisMAC or Kismet, in combination with packet analyzers that can read pcap files, provide a user interface for passive wireless network monitoring.
Limitations
Usually the wireless adapter is unable to transmit in monitor mode and is restricted to a single wireless channel, though this is dependent on the wireless adapter's driver, its firmware, and features of its chipset. Also, in monitor mode the adapter does not check to see if the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) values are correct for packets captured, so some captured packets may be corrupted.
Operating system support
The Microsoft Windows Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS) API has supported extensions for monitor mode since NDIS version |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Diamond%20Tower | The Philippine Diamond Tower (PDT) was a proposed broadcast and observation tower to be built in the former Manila Seedling Bank property in QC CBD Triangle Park- North Triangle, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The groundbreaking for the tower was initially scheduled to take place last October 12, 2014, in line with Quezon City's 75th foundation anniversary. Construction of the tower was planned to take place in mid 2015 and was planned to be completed in 2019.
The tower's height was planned to be at , to signify the country's Independence Day which is celebrated annually on June 12. It is set to be completed in 3 years and will be open to the public by 2017 - 2018. Philippine Diamond Tower is planned to be a major landmark not only of Manila, but the entire Philippines. A city ordinance was planned to be enacted to support the development of the tower.
In February 2016, the Japanese government was reportedly interested to invest in the project through The Corporation for the Overseas Development of Japan's ICT and Postal Services with a local subsidiary. China was also reportedly interested in the project and was likely to bid. The tower was expected to cost around and was projected to be completed by 2019.
However, construction of PDT was cancelled due to unknown reasons when it was shelved out. Construction never commenced like the proposed Centennial Tower and the Pagcor Tower despite the introduction of Digital Terrestrial Television and ISDB-T.
See also
Pagcor Tower |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captafol | Captafol is a fungicide. It is used to control almost all fungal diseases of plants except powdery mildews. It is believed to be a human carcinogen, and production for use as a fungicide in the United States stopped in 1987. Its continued use from existing stocks was allowed, but in 1999 the Environmental Protection Agency banned its use on all crops except onions, potatoes, and tomatoes. In 2006 even these exceptions were disallowed, so currently its use on all crops is banned in the United States. Several other countries have followed suit since 2000, and as of 2010, no countries are known to allow the use of captafol on food crops. Currently, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health established a recommended exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m3 for dermal exposures.
Captafol was disclosed in US patent 3,178,447 (1965). Its synergistic mixture with thiabendazole was described in US patent 4092422 (1978).
International trade in captafol is regulated by the Rotterdam Convention. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentacle | In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, and elongated organ present in some species of animals, most of them invertebrates. In animal anatomy, tentacles usually occur in one or more pairs. Anatomically, the tentacles of animals work mainly like muscular hydrostats. Most forms of tentacles are used for grasping and feeding. Many are sensory organs, variously receptive to touch, vision, or to the smell or taste of particular foods or threats. Examples of such tentacles are the eyestalks of various kinds of snails. Some kinds of tentacles have both sensory and manipulatory functions.
A tentacle is similar to a cirrus, but a cirrus is an organ that usually lacks the tentacle's strength, size, flexibility, or sensitivity. A nautilus has cirri, but a squid has tentacles.
Invertebrates
Molluscs
Many molluscs have tentacles of one form or another. The most familiar are those of the pulmonate land snails, which usually have two sets of tentacles on the head: when extended the upper pair have eyes at their tips; the lower pair are chemoreceptors. Both pairs are fully retractable muscular hydrostats, but they are not used for manipulation or prey capture. Molluscs have one pair of tentacles close to their mouths that hold close to their captured prey before they can consume it.
Some marine snails such as abalone and top snails, Trochidae, have numerous small tentacles around the edge of the mantle. These are known as pallial tentacles.
Among cephalopods, squid have spectacular tentacles. They take the form of highly mobile muscular hydrostats with various appendages such as suction disks and sometimes thorny hooks. Up to the early twentieth century "tentacles" were interchangeably called "arms". These tentacles are made of stalks of axial nerve cords that are covered by circular transverse muscle tissue that contract in response to stimuli. There is a layer of helical muscle that helps each tentacle to twist or turn in any direction where the prey is sendsed.
Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Thermophysics | The International Journal of Thermophysics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media. It was established in 1980. The editor-in-chief is currently Marc J. Assael (Professor of Thermophysical Properties, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece). The 2020 impact factor was 1.608.
Scope
This journal covers research on theory and experimental results pertaining to the thermophysical properties of solid states, liquids, and gases, encompassing temperature, pressure, wavelength and other variables of interest. Instruments, techniques, measurement, computer modeling, and related systems are also covered.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Chemistry Citation Index
Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences
Materials Science Citation Index
Reaction Citation Index
Science Citation Index
Academic OneFile
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Summon by Serial Solutions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer%20baby | A designer baby is a baby whose genetic makeup has been selected or altered, often to exclude a particular gene or to remove genes associated with disease. This process usually involves analysing a wide range of human embryos to identify genes associated with particular diseases and characteristics, and selecting embryos that have the desired genetic makeup; a process known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Screening for single genes is commonly practiced, and polygenic screening is offered by a few companies. Other methods by which a baby's genetic information can be altered involve directly editing the genome before birth, which is not routinely performed and only one instance of this is known to have occurred as of 2019, where Chinese twins Lulu and Nana were edited as embryos, causing widespread criticism.
Genetically altered embryos can be achieved by introducing the desired genetic material into the embryo itself, or into the sperm and/or egg cells of the parents; either by delivering the desired genes directly into the cell or using gene-editing technology. This process is known as germline engineering and performing this on embryos that will be brought to term is typically prohibited by law. Editing embryos in this manner means that the genetic changes can be carried down to future generations, and since the technology concerns editing the genes of an unborn baby, it is considered controversial and is subject to ethical debate. While some scientists condone the use of this technology to treat disease, concerns have been raised that this could be translated into using the technology for cosmetic purposes and enhancement of human traits.
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) is a procedure in which embryos are screened prior to implantation. The technique is used alongside in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to obtain embryos for evaluation of the genome – alternatively, ovocytes can be screened prior to fertilisat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC%20Atmos | EMC Atmos is a cloud storage services platform developed by EMC Corporation. Atmos can be deployed as either a hardware appliance or as software in a virtual environment. The Atmos technology uses an object storage architecture designed to manage petabytes of information and billions of objects across multiple geographic locations as a single system.
History
Atmos was developed by EMC Corporation and made generally available in November 2008.
The project used the internal code name "Maui".
At least one of the researchers on a project called OceanStore at the University of California, Berkeley had also worked on Atmos, using an architecture now known as object storage.
A second major release in February 2010 added a "GeoProtect" distributed data protection feature, faster processors and denser hard drives.
During EMC World in May 2011, EMC announced the 2.0 version of Atmos with better performance, more efficient "GeoParity" data protection and expanded access with Windows client software (Atmos GeoDrive) and an Atmos SDK with Centera/XAM and Apple iOS compatibility.
Atmos can be used as data storage for custom or packaged applications using either a REST or SOAP data API, or more traditional storage interfaces like Network File System (NFS) and Server Message Block (SMB). It presents a single unified namespace or object-space, stores information as objects (files and metadata), and manages information by user or administrator-defined policies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladosporium | Cladosporium is a genus of fungi including some of the most common indoor and outdoor molds. Some species are endophytes or plant pathogens, while others parasitize fungi.
Description
Species produce olive-green to brown or black colonies, and have dark-pigmented conidia that are formed in simple or branching chains. Many species of Cladosporium are commonly found on living and dead plant material. Including Sunflowers. The spores are wind-dispersed and they are often extremely abundant in outdoor air. Indoors Cladosporium species may grow on surfaces when moisture is present.
Cladosporium fulvum, cause of tomato leaf mould, has been an important genetic model, in that the genetics of host resistance are understood. In the 1960s, it was estimated that the genus Cladosporium contained around 500 plant-pathogenic and saprotrophic species, but this number has since been increased to over 772 species. The genus is very closely related to black yeasts in the order Dothideales. Cladosporium species are often highly osmotolerant, growing easily on media containing 10% glucose or 12–17% NaCl. They are rarely grown on media containing 24% NaCl or 50% glucose and never isolated from medium with 32% NaCl or greater. Most species have very fragile spore chains, making it extremely difficult to prepare a mount for microscopic observation in which the conidial chains are preserved intact.
Health effects
Cladosporium species are present in the Human mycobiome but are rarely pathogenic to humans. They have been reported to cause infections of the skin and toenails as well as sinuses and lungs, with more common symptoms including nasal congestion, sneezing, coughing, and itchy eyes. The airborne spores of Cladosporium species are significant allergens, and in large amounts they can severely affect people with asthma and other respiratory diseases. Cladosporium species produce no major mycotoxins of concern, but do produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with odours |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niclosamide | Niclosamide, sold under the brand name Niclocide among others, is an anthelmintic medication used to treat tapeworm infestations, including diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and taeniasis. It is not effective against other worms such as flukes or roundworms. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and itchiness. It may be used during pregnancy. It works by blocking glucose uptake and oxidative phosphorylation by the worm.
Niclosamide was first synthesized in 1958. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Niclosamide is not available for human use in the United States.
Side effects
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and itchiness. Rarely, dizziness, skin rash, drowsiness, perianal itching, or an unpleasant taste occur. For some of these reasons, praziquantel is a preferable and equally effective treatment for tapeworm infestation.
Important Note: Niclosamide kills the pork tapeworm and results in its digestion. This then may cause a multitude of viable eggs to be released and may result in cysticercosis. Therefore, a purge should be given 1 or two hours after treatment. CNS cysticercosis is a life-threatening condition and may require brain surgery.
Mechanism of action
Niclosamide inhibits glucose uptake, oxidative phosphorylation, and anaerobic metabolism in the tapeworm.
Other applications
Niclosamide's metabolic effects are relevant to a wide ranges of organisms, and accordingly it has been applied as a control measure to organisms other than tapeworms. For example, it is an active ingredient in some formulations such as Bayluscide for killing lamprey larvae, as a molluscide, and as a general purpose piscicide in aquaculture. Niclosamide has a short half-life in water in field conditions; this makes it valuable in ridding commercial fish ponds of unwanted fish; it loses its activity soon enough to permit re-stocking within a few days of eradicating the prev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL1RAP | Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RAP gene.
Interleukin 1 induces synthesis of acute phase and proinflammatory proteins during infection, tissue damage, or stress, by forming a complex at the cell membrane with an interleukin 1 receptor and an accessory protein. This gene encodes an interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding two different isoforms, one membrane-bound and one soluble.
Interactions
IL1RAP has been shown to interact with TOLLIP and Interleukin 1 receptor, type I. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenical | Arsenicals are chemical compounds that contain arsenic. In a military context, the term arsenical refer to toxic arsenic compounds that are used as chemical warfare agents. This include blister agents, blood agents and vomiting agents. Historically, they were used extensively as insecticides, especially lead arsenate.
Examples
Blister agents
Ethyldichloroarsine
Lewisite
Methyldichloroarsine
Phenyldichloroarsine
Blood agents
Arsine
Vomiting agents
Adamsite
Diphenylchlorarsine
Diphenylcyanoarsine
Phenyldichloroarsine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding%20DNA | Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, microRNA, piRNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs). Other functional regions of the non-coding DNA fraction include regulatory sequences that control gene expression; scaffold attachment regions; origins of DNA replication; centromeres; and telomeres. Some non-coding regions appear to be mostly nonfunctional such as introns, pseudogenes, intergenic DNA, and fragments of transposons and viruses.
Fraction of non-coding genomic DNA
In bacteria, the coding regions typically take up 88% of the genome. The remaining 12% does not encode proteins, but much of it still has biological function through genes where the RNA transcript is functional (non-coding genes) and regulatory sequences, which means that almost all of the bacterial genome has a function. The amount of coding DNA in eukaryrotes is usually a much smaller fraction of the genome because eukaryotic genomes contain large amounts of repetitive DNA not found in prokaryotes. The human genome contains somewhere between 1–2% coding DNA. The exact number is not known because there are disputes over the number of functional coding exons and over the total size of the human genome. This means that 98–99% of the human genome consists of non-coding DNA and this includes many functional elements such as non-coding genes and regulatory sequences.
Genome size in eukaryotes can vary over a wide range, even between closely related species. This puzzling observation was originally known as the C-value Paradox where "C" refers to the haploid genome size. The paradox was resolved with the discovery that most of the differences were due to the expansion and contraction of repetitive DNA and not the number of genes. Some researchers speculated that this repetitive DNA was mostly junk DNA. The reasons for the changes in genome si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoDNS | GeoDNS (or GeoIP) is a patch for BIND DNS server software, to allow geographical split horizon (different DNS answers based on client's geographical location), based on MaxMind's geoip (commercial) or geolite (free) databases.
The objective of this technology is to enhance the domain name lookup by address resolution based on the geographical location of the client. For example a website might have 2 servers, one located in France and one in the US. With GeoDNS it's possible to create a DNS record for which clients from Europe would get the IP address of the French server and clients from the US would get the American one. This makes network access faster and possibly cheaper, compared to directing all users worldwide to the same server or to multiple servers using random distribution, such as round robin.
As this technology is DNS based, it is much easier to deploy than BGP anycast. It does not require any support from the ISP and will not break existing connections when the server selected for a particular client changes. However, as it is not intimately tied into the network infrastructure it is likely to be less accurate at sending data to the nearest server.
The requester that the resolving DNS server sees is typically not the end user, but the DNS server of the user's ISP doing a recursive lookup, and the recursive DNS server caches the result. As ISPs typically arrange for users to use DNS servers geographically near them, the system usually works nonetheless.
External links
https://kb.isc.org/docs/aa-01149 BIND9 Documentation for GeoIP feature
http://news.constellix.com/dns-coach-digs-deeper-into-geoip-infographic/ Geo-IP Info graphic
DNS software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsochromic%20shift | In spectroscopy, hypsochromic shift () is a change of spectral band position in the absorption, reflectance, transmittance, or emission spectrum of a molecule to a shorter wavelength (higher frequency). Because the blue color in the visible spectrum has a shorter wavelength than most other colors, this effect is also commonly called a blue shift. It should not be confused with a bathochromic shift, which is the opposite process – the molecule's spectra are changed to a longer wavelength (lower frequency).
Hypsochromic shifts can occur because of a change in environmental conditions: for example, a change in solvent polarity will result in solvatochromism. A series of structurally related molecules in a substitution series can also show a hypsochromic shift. Hypsochromic shift is a phenomenon seen in molecular spectra, not atomic spectra - it is thus more common to speak of the movement of the peaks in the spectrum rather than lines.
where is the wavelength of the spectral peak of interest and
For example, β-acylpyrrole will show a hypsochromic shift of 30-40 nm in comparison with α-acylpyrroles.
See also
Bathochromic shift, a change in band position to a longer wavelength (lower frequency).
Spectroscopy
Chromism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofer%20Gabber | Ofer Gabber (עופר גאבר; born May 16, 1958) is a mathematician working in algebraic geometry.
Life
In 1978 Gabber received a Ph.D. from Harvard University for the thesis Some theorems on Azumaya algebras, written under the supervision of Barry Mazur. Gabber has been at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette in Paris since 1984 as a
CNRS senior researcher. He won the Erdős Prize in 1981 and the Prix Thérèse Gautier from the French Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 1981 Gabber with Victor Kac published a proof of a conjecture stated by Kac in 1968.
Books
With Lorenzo Ramero: Almost Ring Theory, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 1800, 2003.
With Brian Conrad, Gopal Prasad: Pseudo-reductive Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2010; 2015, 2nd edition
See also
Gabber rigidity
Almost ring theory
t-structure
Theorem of absolute purity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoknife | A nanoknife is a carbon nanotube-based prototype compression cutting tool intended for sectioning of biological cells. Working principle is similar to that of a 'cheese slicer', a nanometer-thin individual carbon nanotube strung between two tungsten needles would allow sectioning of very thin slices of biological matter for imaging under an electron microscope. Tests are currently being performed by scientists at Virginia Tech, CU-Boulder and other universities. A successful development of this new tool will allow scientists and biologists to make 3D images of cells and tissues for electron tomography, which typically requires samples less than ~300 nanometers in thickness. In 2009, the nano-knife was used to create indentation marks on biological cell plasticizer (epoxy resin). The whole cutting process is currently limited by electron charging of polymeric specimen in the SEM, which makes it difficult to observe any small cut or mark as the carbon nanotube is pressed against the specimen.
Nanoknife Procedure
Doctors use a special medical device designed for the specific purpose of performing irreversible electroporation. The device implements a direct current generator which emits short pulses of high voltage electric current through electrodes into the cell membrane. The doctor inserts thin needles into the area, using ultrasound imaging to guide the placement of the needles. In nanoknife treatment, strong electric fields cause cells to die without exposing the tissue to radiation or heating it. Most patients don’t feel anything at all during the procedure. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Resilience%20Project | The Resilience Project is a project, undertaken by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in collaboration with Sage Bionetworks.
Overview
The project seeks to identify protective factors against disease through collaboration with people who have significant risk factors for disease that nevertheless do not manifest typical signs and symptoms. In a pilot study, big data was used to identify individuals with apparent resistance to severe genetic disease.
This approach may seem weird, since the gene that is known to cause a genetic disorder could also be dealt with (head on) by just using overwriting the genetic code of this faulty gene with "good code" using gene therapy.
However, there is never just one version of "good code" (even people that do not have a disorder, the gene that is otherwise known to cause the defect can be present with different code). So rather than having to deal with these problems, Stephen Friend decided to use a workaround method (which consists of the approach noted above).
Diseases
Initially, the diseases the project looked at were 170 severe, Mendelian, disorders. However, the genetic data gathered from 600,000 people was not enough(only resilient individuals of 8 of the targeted diseases were found). The list of diseases it know look at is the following:
Cystic fibrosis
Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Familial dysautonomia
Epidermolysis Bullosa simplex
Pfeiffer syndrome
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APECED)
Acampomelic campomelic dysplasia
Atelosteogenesis
Data
DNA sequences from 589,306 people were used, obtained from 23andMe, Beijing Genomics Institute, Broad Institute and others.
Criticism
Critics have argued that the researchers could not contact any of people to positively ensure that they were indeed healthy, despite having the disease mutation. Human geneticist Daniel MacArthur of the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts still regards the study as “important as a proof-of-principle”.
In response t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Flora%20Online | World Flora Online is an Internet-based compendium of the world's plant species.
Description
The World Flora Online (WFO) is an open-access database, launched in October 2012 as a follow-up project to The Plant List, with the aim of publishing an online flora of all known plants by 2020. It is a project of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, with goal of halting the loss of plant species worldwide by 2020. It is developed by a collaborative group of institutions around the world in response to the 2011–2020 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)'s updated Target 1: to produce "an online flora of all known plants".
An accessible flora of all known plant species was considered a fundamental requirement for plant conservation. It provides a baseline for the achievement and monitoring of other targets of the strategy. The previous target of GSPC was achieved in 2010 with The Plant List. WFO was conceived in 2012 by an initial group of four institutions; the Missouri Botanical Garden, the New York Botanical Garden, the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In all, 36 institutions are involved in the production. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce%20modeling | Workforce modeling is the process by which the need for skilled workers at a particular point in time (demand) is matched directly with the availability and preference of skilled workers (supply). The resulting mathematical models may be used to perform sensitivity analysis and generate data output in the form of reports and schedules.
Due to the complexity level of building a workforce model, adoption of a workforce model is usually found in industries that have complex work rules, skilled or certified workers, medium to large teams of workers and fluctuating demand. Some examples include healthcare, public safety, and retail.
A workforce modeling solution can also refer to software that effectively captures all the complexity of a process from start to finish and delivers complete and correct results. Components include:
Demand management – tracking the demand for skilled workers by small units of time (generally 15 or 30 minutes)
Employee availability – tracking of contractual work-hour obligations and limits on an individual basis for each employee
Employee preference – tracking of preferred times and dates that employees wish to work (used to help increase job satisfaction)
Workflow management – the ability for the solution to automate normally manual processes such as requesting and approving time off, requesting shift swaps, and generating and posting schedules
Optimization Engine – uses the mathematical model to create numerous schedules that are complete and correct and can be optimized on many dimensions simultaneously. The most important are cost, overtime, and employee satisfaction.
Definition
For a more detailed definition, the term must be differentiated from traditional staff scheduling. Staff scheduling is rooted in time management and encompasses the mere administration of past and future working times. However, during the last ten to fifteen years, this traditional approach has evolved towards a demand-oriented solution which, under economic asp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone%20numbers%20in%20Oceania | Telephone numbers in Oceania use a variety of area codes to denote their location along with their own area code depending on the country's geographic makeup. They also have other prefixes to denote different types of mobile services and international calls. There are exceptions because of regional variations and time zones.
Australia
Country Code: +61
International Call Prefix: 0011
Trunk Prefix: 0
Telephone numbers in Australia consist of a single-digit area code (prefixed with a '0' when dialing within Australia) and eight-digit local numbers, the first four, five or six of which specify the exchange, and the remaining four, three or two a line at that exchange. (Most exchanges though have several exchange codes.) Within Australia, the area code is only required to call from one area code to another.
Australia is divided geographically into a small number of large area codes, some of which cover more than one state and territory. Prior to the introduction of eight-digit numbers in the early-to-mid-1990s, telephone numbers were seven digits in the major capital cities, with a double-digit area code, and six digits in other areas with a three-digit area code. There were more than sixty such codes by 1990, with numbers running out, thus spurring the reorganization.
Following reorganization of the numbering plan between 1994 and 1998, the following numbering ranges are now used:
00 International and Emergency access
01 Alternative phone services
014 Satellite phones
0163 Pager numbers
0198 Data numbers (e.g. 0198 308 888 is the dial-up PoP number for Telstra)
02 Geographic: Central East region (New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory)
03 Geographic: South-east region (Victoria and Tasmania)
04 Digital Mobile services (3G, 4G, 5G and GSM)
0550 Location Independent Communication Services
07 Geographic: North-east region (Queensland) and Tweed Heads
08 Geographic: Central and West region (South Australia, Northern Territory, Western Australia) and B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics%20by%20the%20Inch | Ballistics by the Inch (often called BBTI) was a project to test the performance characteristics of a variety of common handgun calibers/cartridges. The initial testing was done in 2008 and tested the velocity of 13 common handgun cartridges as it related to firearm barrel length. In 2009 an additional three calibers were tested and in 2010 and 2011 more calibers were added. Also in 2011 testing was carried out to study the "cylinder gap effect" on the velocity of ammunition shot from revolvers. All testing has been carried out as carefully as possible with no bias toward any particular manufacturer, caliber, or firearm. In November 2008 the BBTI website went online, describing the tests and making the data freely available so that anyone can dig out any particular bit of information they may be interested in. The website underwent a complete redesign in late 2011 with the addition of the 2011 tests, and even more tests have been done in the years since.
As of 1st September 2020, the project has been declared to be in 'archive status', as mentioned on the official website, which has remained accessible to the public.
Barrel length tests
The initial round of tests, and most later ones tested handgun bullet velocity as it relates to the length of the barrel. The BBTI team wanted to test barrel lengths from 2 to 18 inches in one-inch increments. To have a consistent platform to test the various sizes and shapes of ammunition, a gunsmith was commissioned to create a custom barrel to fit each caliber tested. These barrels fit into a single housing and can be swapped out easily, so the team can remove them for cutting. Each brand of ammunition in each caliber/cartridge was tested at 18". Then, the barrel was removed and 1" was cut off the end of the barrel and the cut end was dressed. Once all the cartridges had been tested at 18" and the barrels were cut and ready, each brand was tested again at 17" and so on, right down to a 2" barrel. Three rounds of eac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacryon | The point of junction of the maxillary bone, lacrimal bone, and frontal bone is named the dacryon. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedimental%20sculpture | Pedimental sculpture is a form of architectural sculpture designed for installation in the tympanum, the space enclosed by the architectural element called the pediment. Originally a feature of Ancient Greek architecture, pedimental sculpture started as a means to decorate a pediment in its simplest form: a low triangle, like a gable, above an horizontal base or entablature. However, as classical architecture developed from the basis of Ancient Greek and Roman architecture, the varieties of pedimental sculpture also developed. The sculpture can be either freestanding or relief sculpture, in which case it is attached to the back wall of the pediment. Harris in The Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture defines pediment as "In classical architecture, the triangular gable end of the roof above the horizontal cornice, often filled with sculpture." Pediments can also be used to crown doors or windows.
In Romanesque architecture, and very often in Gothic architecture, the tympanum is usually semi-circular at the top, and the sculptural groups, usually with religious subjects, adapted to fit the new spaces. In the Renaissance triangular pediments returned, as gradually did sculptural groups within them, becoming very popular for important buildings in the 19th century.
History
Ancient Greek architecture
The pediment begins in Ancient Greek architecture; according to the mid-fifth century BCE poet Pindar, it was a Corinthian invention. It is possible that it was devised specifically to contain sculpture, which from the early 6th century became "customary (though never obligatory)" in Doric temples; in Ionic ones it was a "rarity". A difference between the ancient Greek temple and temples of other, older, cultures of the Near East was that the visual effect and decoration of the exterior exceeded that of the interiors and exteriors behind the main facade. Like the other forms of exterior decoration such as statues, antefixes, and acroteria, the pedimental |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken%20Niyazbekov | Shaken Onlasynuly Niyazbekov (, Şäken Оñlаsynūly Niiazbekov; ; 12 November 1938 – 16 August 2014) was a Kazakhstani artist best known for designing the flag of Kazakhstan.
He was born on 12 November 1938 in Jambul (present-day Taraz). Shaken Niyazbekov left Secondary school and entered Leningrad art-industrial college. During studying in this college he participated in restoration works in the Hermitage, Isakiev’s cathedral and Petrodvorets.
Niyazbekov's project of the national flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan was chosen among more than 600 proposals.
Sources
Akim`s administration of Auezov district homepage
The Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the UK homepage
1938 births
2014 deaths
Kazakhstani artists
Flag designers
People from Taraz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20fingerprint | An acoustic fingerprint is a condensed digital summary, a fingerprint, deterministically generated from an audio signal, that can be used to identify an audio sample or quickly locate similar items in an audio database.
Practical uses of acoustic fingerprinting include identifying songs, melodies, tunes, or advertisements; sound effect library management; and video file identification. Media identification using acoustic fingerprints can be used to monitor the use of specific musical works and performances on radio broadcast, records, CDs, streaming media, and peer-to-peer networks. This identification has been used in copyright compliance, licensing, and other monetization schemes.
Attributes
A robust acoustic fingerprint algorithm must take into account the perceptual characteristics of the audio. If two files sound alike to the human ear, their acoustic fingerprints should match, even if their binary representations are quite different. Acoustic fingerprints are not hash functions, which are sensitive to any small changes in the data. Acoustic fingerprints are more analogous to human fingerprints where small variations that are insignificant to the features the fingerprint uses are tolerated. One can imagine the case of a smeared human fingerprint impression which can accurately be matched to another fingerprint sample in a reference database; acoustic fingerprints work similarly.
Perceptual characteristics often exploited by audio fingerprints include average zero crossing rate, estimated tempo, average spectrum, spectral flatness, prominent tones across a set of frequency bands, and bandwidth.
Most audio compression techniques will make radical changes to the binary encoding of an audio file, without radically affecting the way it is perceived by the human ear. A robust acoustic fingerprint will allow a recording to be identified after it has gone through such compression, even if the audio quality has been reduced significantly. For use in radio broadcas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univalent%20foundations | Univalent foundations are an approach to the foundations of mathematics in which mathematical structures are built out of objects called types. Types in univalent foundations do not correspond exactly to anything in set-theoretic foundations, but they may be thought of as spaces, with equal types corresponding to homotopy equivalent spaces and with equal elements of a type corresponding to points of a space connected by a path. Univalent foundations are inspired both by the old Platonic ideas of Hermann Grassmann and Georg Cantor and by "categorical" mathematics in the style of Alexander Grothendieck. Univalent foundations depart from (although also compatible with) the use of classical predicate logic as the underlying formal deduction system, replacing it, at the moment, with a version of Martin-Löf type theory. The development of univalent foundations is closely related to the development of homotopy type theory.
Univalent foundations are compatible with structuralism, if an appropriate (i.e., categorical) notion of mathematical structure is adopted.
History
The main ideas of univalent foundations were formulated by Vladimir Voevodsky during the years 2006 to 2009. The sole reference for the philosophical connections between univalent foundations and earlier ideas are Voevodsky's 2014 Bernays lectures. The name "univalence" is due to Voevodsky. A more detailed discussion of the history of some of the ideas that contribute to the current state of univalent foundations can be found at the page on homotopy type theory (HoTT).
A fundamental characteristic of univalent foundations is that they — when combined with the Martin-Löf type theory (MLTT) — provide a practical system for formalization of modern mathematics. A considerable amount of mathematics has been formalized using this system and modern proof assistants such as Coq and Agda. The first such library called "Foundations" was created by Vladimir Voevodsky in 2010. Now Foundations is a part of a larger d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetate%20decarboxylase | Oxaloacetate decarboxylase is a carboxy-lyase involved in the conversion of oxaloacetate into pyruvate.
It is categorized under .
Oxaloacetate decarboxylase activity in a given organism may be due to activity of malic enzyme, pyruvate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase or the activity of "real" oxaloacetate decarboxylases. The latter enzymes catalyze the irreversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetate and can be classified into (i) the divalent cation-dependent oxaloacetate decarboxylases and (ii) the membrane-bound sodium-dependent and biotin-containing oxaloacetate decarboxylases from enterobacteria.
Kinetic Properties
An oxaloacetate decarboxylase from the family of divalent cation dependent decarboxylases was isolated from Corynebacterium glutamicum in 1995 by Jetten et al. This enzyme selectively catalyzed the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to pyruvate and CO2 with a Km of 2.1mM, Vmax of 158 umol, and kcat of 311 s^-1. Mn2+ was required for enzymatic activity with a Km of 1.2mM for Mn2+.
A oxaloacetate decarboxylase found in mitochondria and soluble cytoplasm was isolated and purified from rat liver cells in 1974 by Wojtcak et al. The enzyme was not activated by divalent cations nor inhibited by chelating agents. The determined Km value was 0.55mM and the pH optimum for the enzyme between 6.5 and 7.5.
Cytoplasmic Enzymes
Found in different microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, Acetobacter, C. glutamicum, Veillonella parvula, and A. vinelandii, cytoplasmic oxaloacetate decarboxylases are dependent on the presence of divalent cations such as , , , , or . These enzymes are inhibited by acetyl-CoA and ADP.
Membrane-Bound Enzymes
Membrane bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase was the first enzyme of the Na+ transport decarboxylase family demonstrated to act as primary Na+ pump. This enzyme family includes methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase, malonate decarboxylase, and glutanoyl-CoA decarboxylase, all of which are found exclusively |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20sort | Cycle sort is an in-place, unstable sorting algorithm, a comparison sort that is theoretically optimal in terms of the total number of writes to the original array, unlike any other in-place sorting algorithm. It is based on the idea that the permutation to be sorted can be factored into cycles, which can individually be rotated to give a sorted result.
Unlike nearly every other sort, items are never written elsewhere in the array simply to push them out of the way of the action. Each value is either written zero times, if it's already in its correct position, or written one time to its correct position. This matches the minimal number of overwrites required for a completed in-place sort.
Minimizing the number of writes is useful when making writes to some huge data set is very expensive, such as with EEPROMs like Flash memory where each write reduces the lifespan of the memory.
Algorithm
To illustrate the idea of cycle sort, consider a list with distinct elements. Given an element , we can find the index at which it will occur in the sorted list by simply counting the number of elements in the entire list that are smaller than . Now
If the element is already at the correct position, do nothing.
If it is not, we will write it to its intended position. That position is inhabited by a different element , which we then have to move to its correct position. This process of displacing elements to their correct positions continues until an element is moved to the original position of . This completes a cycle.
Repeating this process for every element sorts the list, with a single writing operation if and only if an element is not already at its correct position. While computing the correct positions takes time for every single element, thus resulting in a quadratic time algorithm, the number of writing operations is minimized.
Implementation
To create a working implementation from the above outline, two issues need to be addressed:
When computing the correct p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XY%20sex-determination%20system | The XY sex-determination system is a sex-determination system used to classify many mammals, including humans, some insects (Drosophila), some snakes, some fish (guppies), and some plants (Ginkgo tree). In this system, the sex of an individual is determined by a pair of sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have two of the same kind of sex chromosome (XX), and are called the homogametic sex. Males have two different kinds of sex chromosomes (XY), and are called the heterogametic sex.
In humans, the presence of the Y chromosome is responsible for triggering male development; in the absence of the Y chromosome, the fetus will undergo female development. There are various exceptions, such as individuals with Klinefelter syndrome (who have XXY chromosomes), Swyer syndrome (women with XY chromosomes), and XX male syndrome (men with XX chromosomes), however these exceptions are rare. In some instances, a seemingly normal female with a vagina, cervix, and ovaries has XY chromosomes, but the SRY gene has been shut down. In most species with XY sex determination, an organism must have at least one X chromosome in order to survive.
The XY system contrasts in several ways with the ZW sex-determination system found in birds, some insects, many reptiles, and various other animals, in which the heterogametic sex is female. It had been thought for several decades that in all snakes sex was determined by the ZW system, but there had been observations of unexpected effects in the genetics of species in the families Boidae and Pythonidae; for example, parthenogenic reproduction produced only females rather than males, which is the opposite of what is to be expected in the ZW system. In the early years of the 21st century such observations prompted research that demonstrated that all pythons and boas so far investigated definitely have the XY system of sex determination.
A temperature-dependent sex determination system is found in some reptiles and fish.
Mechanisms
All animals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Invisible%20Boy%20%282014%20film%29 | The Invisible Boy () is a 2014 Italian fantasy-superhero film directed by Gabriele Salvatores.
Plot
Michele Silenzi is a shy thirteen-year-old boy from Trieste who lives with his single mother (a local police inspector). He is often overlooked at school, and is picked on regularly by the school bullies. He wants to attend a fancy-dress party, because the object of his desires, classmate Stella, is going. Unfortunately, the fifty-Euro note he was to use to buy a superhero costume is stolen by the bullies. He has to settle instead for a much cheaper costume, which he is told belongs to an obscure Chinese superhero who has mystical powers.
The bullies embarrass him at the party by showing Stella that he has been secretly filming her on his phone. Mortified, Michele makes his escape into the night, but not before wishing the costume would make him invisible. He later discovers his wish has come true. At first he uses his power to get his own back on the bullies and to spy on his female classmates in their underwear in the changing room.
It becomes apparent that children at the school are going missing, and eventually Stella is kidnapped too. Eventually a mysterious blind man tells Michele that he is his father, and that both he and Michele are members of a secret Russian group called The Specials. All members of this group have superpowers, and the kidnapping of the children is an attempt by The Specials to track Michele down.
By now Michele can control his invisibility, and after escaping the leader of the Specials he helps free the children; his father then mentally wipes everyone's memory.
The film ends with the revelation that the leader of the Specials is actually Michele's birth mother. The final scene shows her being informed that, although they have failed to recruit Michele, they have located his long-lost twin sister in Morocco.
Cast
Ludovico Girardello as Michele Silenzi
Valeria Golino as Giovanna Silenzi
Fabrizio Bentivoglio as Basili
Noa Zatta as Ste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20marrow%20adipose%20tissue | Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow. It increases in states of low bone density -osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa/ caloric restriction, skeletal unweighting such as that which occurs in space travel, and anti-diabetes therapies. BMAT decreases in anaemia, leukaemia, and hypertensive heart failure; in response to hormones such as oestrogen, leptin, and growth hormone; with exercise-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery; in response to chronic cold exposure; and in response to pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and metformin.
Anatomy
Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) originate from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts, among other cell types. Thus, it is thought that BMAT results from preferential MSC differentiation into the adipocyte, rather than osteoblast, lineage in the setting of osteoporosis. Since BMAT is increased in the setting of obesity and is suppressed by endurance exercise, or vibration, it is likely that BMAT physiology, in the setting of mechanical input/exercise, approximates that of white adipose tissue (WAT).
Physiology
Exercise regulation
The first study to demonstrate exercise regulation of BMAT in rodents was published in 2014; Now, exercise regulation of BMAT has been confirmed in a human, adding clinical importance. Several studies demonstrated exercise reduction of BMAT which occurs along with an increase in bone quantity. Since exercise increases bone quantity, reduces BMAT and increases expression of markers of fatty acid oxidation in bone, BMAT is thought to be providing needed fuel for exercise-induced bone formation or anabolism. A notable exception occurs in the setting of caloric restriction: exercise suppression of BMAT does not yield an increase in bone formation and even appears to cause bone loss. Indeed, energy availability appears to be a factor in the ability of e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20antenna%20array | Digital antenna array (DAA) is a smart antenna with multi channels digital beamforming, usually by using fast Fourier transform (FFT).
The development and practical realization of digital antenna arrays theory started in 1962 under the guidance of Vladimir Varyukhin (USSR).
History
The history of the DAA was started to emerge as a theory of multichannel analysis in the 1920s. In the 1940s this theory evolved to the theory of three-channel antenna analyzers.
The implementation of effective signal processing in radars by the end of the 1950s predetermined the use of electronic computers in this field. In 1957, Ben S. Meltont and Leslie F. Bailey published article regarding using algebraic operations for signal processing with the help of electronic circuits or analog computer.
Three years after in 1960 the idea of using high-speed computers to solve directional finding problems was embodied, initially to locate earthquake epicenter. B. A. Bolt was one of the first who implemented this idea in practice. Almost simultaneously a similar approach was used by Flinn, a research fellow of the Australian National University.
Despite the fact that in the mentioned experiments the interaction between sensors and computers was implemented with the help of data input cards, such decision was a decisive step on the way of the appearance of the DAA. Then, it was needed only to solve the problem of direct digital data input into the computer from sensors, excluding the step of preparation of punch card and operator assistance as a surplus element. This step for radars theory was made after 1962 in the former USSR conducted with a solution to the problem of superRayleigh resolution of the emission sources.
Digital beamforming
The main approach to digital signal processing in DAA is the "digital beamforming" after Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) of receiver channels or before Digital-to-analog converters (DAC) by transmission.
Digital beamforming of DAA has advantages b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis%20Cauchy | Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy ( , , ; 21 August 178923 May 1857) was a French mathematician, engineer, and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics. He was one of the first to state and rigorously prove theorems of calculus, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He (nearly) single-handedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra.
A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors; Hans Freudenthal stated: "More concepts and theorems have been named for Cauchy than for any other mathematician (in elasticity alone there are sixteen concepts and theorems named for Cauchy)." Cauchy was a prolific writer; he wrote approximately eight hundred research articles and five complete textbooks on a variety of topics in the fields of mathematics and mathematical physics.
Biography
Youth and education
Cauchy was the son of Louis François Cauchy (1760–1848) and Marie-Madeleine Desestre. Cauchy had two brothers: Alexandre Laurent Cauchy (1792–1857), who became a president of a division of the court of appeal in 1847 and a judge of the court of cassation in 1849, and Eugene François Cauchy (1802–1877), a publicist who also wrote several mathematical works.
Cauchy married Aloise de Bure in 1818. She was a close relative of the publisher who published most of Cauchy's works. They had two daughters, Marie Françoise Alicia (1819) and Marie Mathilde (1823).
Cauchy's father was a highly ranked official in the Parisian Police of the
Ancien Régime, but lost this position due to the French Revolution (July 14, 1789), which broke out one month before Augustin-Louis was born. The Cauchy family survived the revolution and the following Reign of Terror (1793–94) by escaping to Arcueil, where Cauchy received his first education, from his father. After the execution of R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff%20algorithm | Chaff is an algorithm for solving instances of the Boolean satisfiability problem in programming. It was designed by researchers at Princeton University. The algorithm is an instance of the DPLL algorithm with a number of enhancements for efficient implementation.
Implementations
Some available implementations of the algorithm in software are mChaff and zChaff, the latter one being the most widely known and used. zChaff was originally written by Dr. Lintao Zhang, at Microsoft Research, hence the “z”. It is now maintained by researchers at Princeton University and available for download as both source code and binaries on Linux. zChaff is free for non-commercial use. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4%20model | The C4 model is a lean graphical notation technique for modelling the architecture of software systems. It is based on a structural decomposition of a system into containers and components and relies on existing modelling techniques such as the Unified Modelling Language (UML) or Entity Relation Diagrams (ERD) for the more detailed decomposition of the architectural building blocks.
History
The C4 model was created by the software architect Simon Brown between 2006 and 2011 on the roots of Unified Modelling Language (UML) and the 4+1 architectural view model. The launch of an official website under a Creative Commons license and an article published in 2018 popularised the emerging technique.
Overview
The C4 model documents the architecture of a software system, by showing multiple points of view that explain the decomposition of a system into containers and components, the relationship between these elements, and, where appropriate, the relation with its users.
The viewpoints are organized according to their hierarchical level:
Context diagrams (level 1): show the system in scope and its relationship with users and other systems;
Container diagrams (level 2): decompose a system into interrelated containers. A container represents an application or a data store;
Component diagrams (level 3): decompose containers into interrelated components, and relate the components to other containers or other systems;
Code diagrams (level 4): provide additional details about the design of the architectural elements that can be mapped to code. The C4 model relies at this level on existing notations such as Unified Modelling Language (UML), Entity Relation Diagrams (ERD) or diagrams generated by Integrated Development Environments (IDE).
For level 1 to 3, the C4 model uses 5 basic diagramming elements: persons, software systems, containers, components and relationships. The technique is not prescriptive for the layout, shape, colour and style of these elements. Instead, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetGenie | NetGenie is a wireless router that offers security and protection against internet and network threats. It is a part of the Cyberoam's product portfolio and was launched in 2011.
Product Range
Considering the product range, NetGenie offers 4 basic products, two for HOME users and two for SOHO users. The appliance available for the HOME users are NG11VH and NG11EH and the appliance available for the SOHO users are NG11VO and NG11EO.
NG11VH
NG11VH is a Wireless VDSL2 /ADSL2+ Modem Router and Supports VDSL2, ADSL2+, Cable Internet, 3G USB modem connections.
NG11EH
NG11EH model is a Multi-Device Wi-Fi Security, parental control, Security, 3G ready, Threat-free Wi-Fi, Reports, Remote Management etc. NG11EH have in-depth parental control that comprises facility for blocking Unsafe/Adult Internet Control (under lists of pornography, Spyware, nudity), security coverage for all connected devices (Including laptops, desktops, iPads, iPhones), Age-Appropriate Internet Access for Kids, List of pre-categorized websites and applications with regular updates, Customizable Internet Access and Reports on Online Activities for all relevant information about security on kids’ /users Internet activities such as – websites visited, online applications used, attempts to visit blocked websites and more – with its logs and reports.
NG11VO
NG11VO is a Wireless VDSL2/ADSL2+ Integrated Security Appliance for small offices. It supports VDSL2, ADSL2+, Cable Internet, 3G USB modem connections. NG11VO have advanced Internet controls to manage employees’ time and productivity. NG11VO preconfigured security against unauthorized access and misuse of office Wi-Fi network protecting users against legal liabilities and data loss.
NG11EO
NG11EO is for small or home offices which can be managed through a web-based GUI, available over any Internet-access device within the office network. The appliance have features like Security, VPN, 3G ready, Internal controls, Pre-configured Wi-Fi Securi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNC2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNC2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit (Kv3.2).
Expression pattern
Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 channels are prominently expressed in neurons that fire at high frequency. Kv3.2 channels are prominently expressed in brain (fast-spiking GABAergic interneurons of the neocortex, hippocampus, and caudate nucleus; terminal fields of thalamocortical projections), and in retinal ganglion cells.
Physiological role
Kv3.1/Kv3.2 conductance is necessary and kinetically optimized for high-frequency action potential generation. Sometimes in heteromeric complexes with Kv3.1; important for the high-frequency firing of fast spiking GABAergic interneurons and retinal ganglion cells; and GABA release via regulation of action potential duration in presynaptic terminals.
Pharmacological properties
Kv3.2 currents in heterologous systems are highly sensitive to external tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) (IC50 values are 0.1 mM for both of the drugs). This can be useful in identifying native channels.
Transcript variants
There are four transcript variants of Kv3.2 gene: Kv3.2a, Kv3.2b, Kv3.2c, Kv3.2d. Kv3.2 isoforms differ only in their C-terminal sequence. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear%20Labs | Clear Labs, Inc. is a private genomics testing company headquartered in San Carlos, California, United States. It offers a fully automated, next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform for turnkey diagnostics, including SARS-CoV-2 genomic characterization and detection of foodborne pathogens such as listeria and salmonella. It can also verify a food's ingredients, its GMO status, or conduct other tests.
Clear Labs was co-founded by Sasan Amini in 2014, who left his job at a genomics company to start Clear Labs. The company acquired $6.5 million in series A financing in September 2015. In December 2016, the company closed a $16 million Series B funding round. This was followed by another $21 million round in October 2018.
Clear Labs was granted an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the US FDA in September 2020 for its SARS-CoV-2 descriptive diagnostic test. Clear Labs launched in January 2021 a groundbreaking solution for whole genome sequencing surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and its mutations. Clear Labs announced in March 2021 that the company had reached a critical milestone of over 50% public health laboratory penetration with its whole genome sequencing SARS-CoV-2 product, including laboratories such as Nebraska, Nevada, New York, California and Kansas, among others. Clear Labs Raised a $60M Series C round led by Morgan Stanley and T. Rowe Price in May 2021.
Clear Labs has also received governmental and professional certification for its food safety next generation sequencing platform, including from the International AOAC in December 2019 and the National Poultry Improvement Plan in October 2021.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93hydrogen%20bond | In chemistry, the carbon-hydrogen bond ( bond) is a chemical bond between carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be found in many organic compounds. This bond is a covalent, single bond, meaning that carbon shares its outer valence electrons with up to four hydrogens. This completes both of their outer shells, making them stable.
Carbon–hydrogen bonds have a bond length of about 1.09 Å (1.09 × 10−10 m) and a bond energy of about 413 kJ/mol (see table below). Using Pauling's scale—C (2.55) and H (2.2)—the electronegativity difference between these two atoms is 0.35. Because of this small difference in electronegativities, the bond is generally regarded as being non-polar. In structural formulas of molecules, the hydrogen atoms are often omitted. Compound classes consisting solely of bonds and bonds are alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Collectively they are known as hydrocarbons.
In October 2016, astronomers reported that the very basic chemical ingredients of life—the carbon-hydrogen molecule (CH, or methylidyne radical), the carbon-hydrogen positive ion () and the carbon ion ()—are the result, in large part, of ultraviolet light from stars, rather than in other ways, such as the result of turbulent events related to supernovae and young stars, as thought earlier.
Bond length
The length of the carbon-hydrogen bond varies slightly with the hybridisation of the carbon atom. A bond between a hydrogen atom and an sp2 hybridised carbon atom is about 0.6% shorter than between hydrogen and sp3 hybridised carbon. A bond between hydrogen and sp hybridised carbon is shorter still, about 3% shorter than sp3 C-H. This trend is illustrated by the molecular geometry of ethane, ethylene and acetylene.
Reactions
The C−H bond in general is very strong, so it is relatively unreactive. In several compound classes, collectively called carbon acids, the C−H bond can be sufficiently acidic for proton removal. Unactivated C−H bonds are found in alkanes and are no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanophora | Cyanophora is a genus of glaucophytes, a group of rare but evolutionarily significant freshwater microalgae.
It includes the following species:
Cyanophora biloba
Cyanophora cuspidata
Cyanophora kugrensii
Cyanophora paradoxa
Cyanophora sudae
Cyanophora tetracyanea
These species are differentiated based on cell shape, number and position of cyanelles, and molecular data.
The species Cyanophora paradoxa is well-studied as a model organism. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork%20taint | Cork taint is a broad term referring to an off-odor and off-flavor wine fault arising from the presence of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), a chemical compound that represents one of the strongest off-flavors, and one "generated naturally in foods/beverages", in particular wines, that considerably reduce the quality of these products.
Cork taint is characterized by a set of undesirable smells or tastes found in a bottle of wine, especially spoilage that can only be detected after bottling, aging and opening. Though modern studies have shown that other factors can also be responsible for taint—including wooden barrels, storage conditions and the transport of corks and wine—the cork stopper is normally considered to be responsible, and a wine found to be tainted on opening is said to be corked or "corky". Cork taint can affect wines irrespective of price and quality level.
The chief cause of cork taint is the presence of the chemical compounds 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA) or 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) in the wine, which in many cases will have been transferred from the cork, but which also can have been transferred through the cork rather than from it. TCA is a compound which does not occur naturally; It is created when some fungi are treated with chlorinated phenolic compounds, which are a type of antimicrobial agent used in the processing of wood. This class of compounds is a chief factor responsible for the problem associated with mold liable to be found in cork; very small amounts of this compound, on the order of nanograms, can be responsible for this defect.
Corked wine containing TCA has a characteristic odor, variously described as resembling a moldy newspaper, wet dog, damp cloth, or damp basement; in almost all cases of corked wine the wine's native aromas are reduced significantly, and a very tainted wine is quite unpalatable, although harmless. While the human threshold for detecting TCA is measured in the single-digit parts per trillion, this can vary b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Comorian%20flags | The following is a list of flags and banners associated with the Comoros.
National Flag
Island Flags
Historical Flags
See also
Flag of the Comoros
National seal of the Comoros |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information%20repository | In information technology, an information repository or simply a repository is "a central place in which an aggregation of data is kept and maintained in an organized way, usually in computer storage." It "may be just the aggregation of data itself into some accessible place of storage or it may also imply some ability to selectively extract data."
Universal digital library
The concept of a universal digital library was described as "within reach" by a 2012 European Union Copyright Directive which told about Google's attempts to "mass-digitize" what are termed "orphan works" (i.e. out-of-print copyrighted works).
The U.S. Copyright Office and the European Union Copyright law have been working on this. Google has reached agreements in France which "lets the publisher choose which works can be scanned or sold." By contrast, Google has been trying in the USA for a "free to digitize and sell any works unless the copyright holders opted out" deal and is still unsuccessful.
Information repository
Attempts to develop what was called an information repository'' have been underway for decades:
In 1989, IBM tried to have OfficeVision combine mainframes and PCs to enable "an information repository."
In 2003, Microsoft introduced OneNote as an extension to Microsoft Office 2003; it would support "a personal information repository."
In 1996, an 1898-founded library obtained additional funding to expand its mission, and become a major "local resource center and regional information repository." The New York Times described them as "the second largest in the New York City region, second only to the New York Public Library on Fifth Avenue." Their services include "a computer information center devoted to outside-item requests."
Federated information repository
A federated information repository is an easy way to deploy a secondary tier of data storage that can comprise multiple, networked data storage technologies running on diverse operating systems, where data that no l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnstile%20%28symbol%29 | In mathematical logic and computer science the symbol ⊢ () has taken the name turnstile because of its resemblance to a typical turnstile if viewed from above. It is also referred to as tee and is often read as "yields", "proves", "satisfies" or "entails".
Interpretations
The turnstile represents a binary relation. It has several different interpretations in different contexts:
In epistemology, Per Martin-Löf (1996) analyzes the symbol thus: "...[T]he combination of Frege's , judgement stroke [ | ], and , content stroke [—], came to be called the assertion sign." Frege's notation for a judgement of some content
can then be read
I know is true.
In the same vein, a conditional assertion
can be read as:
From , I know that
In metalogic, the study of formal languages; the turnstile represents syntactic consequence (or "derivability"). This is to say, that it shows that one string can be derived from another in a single step, according to the transformation rules (i.e. the syntax) of some given formal system. As such, the expression
means that is derivable from in the system.
Consistent with its use for derivability, a "⊢" followed by an expression without anything preceding it denotes a theorem, which is to say that the expression can be derived from the rules using an empty set of axioms. As such, the expression
means that is a theorem in the system.
In proof theory, the turnstile is used to denote "provability" or "derivability". For example, if is a formal theory and is a particular sentence in the language of the theory then
means that is provable from . This usage is demonstrated in the article on propositional calculus. The syntactic consequence of provability should be contrasted to semantic consequence, denoted by the double turnstile symbol . One says that is a semantic consequence of , or , when all possible valuations in which is true, is also true. For propositional logic, it may be shown that semantic consequence and derivability a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation%20algebra | In mathematics and abstract algebra, a relation algebra is a residuated Boolean algebra expanded with an involution called converse, a unary operation. The motivating example of a relation algebra is the algebra 2 X 2 of all binary relations on a set X, that is, subsets of the cartesian square X2, with R•S interpreted as the usual composition of binary relations R and S, and with the converse of R as the converse relation.
Relation algebra emerged in the 19th-century work of Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, which culminated in the algebraic logic of Ernst Schröder. The equational form of relation algebra treated here was developed by Alfred Tarski and his students, starting in the 1940s. Tarski and Givant (1987) applied relation algebra to a variable-free treatment of axiomatic set theory, with the implication that mathematics founded on set theory could itself be conducted without variables.
Definition
A relation algebra is an algebraic structure equipped with the Boolean operations of conjunction x∧y, disjunction x∨y, and negation x−, the Boolean constants 0 and 1, the relational operations of composition x•y and converse x˘, and the relational constant , such that these operations and constants satisfy certain equations constituting an axiomatization of a calculus of relations. Roughly, a relation algebra is to a system of binary relations on a set containing the empty (0), universal (1), and identity relations and closed under these five operations as a group is to a system of permutations of a set containing the identity permutation and closed under composition and inverse. However, the first-order theory of relation algebras is not complete for such systems of binary relations.
Following Jónsson and Tsinakis (1993) it is convenient to define additional operations x ◁ y = x • y˘, and, dually, x ▷ y = x˘ • y. Jónsson and Tsinakis showed that , and that both were equal to x˘. Hence a relation algebra can equally well be defined a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey%20acidic%20protein | In molecular biology, the Whey acidic proteins (WAP) have been identified as a major whey protein family in milk, and are important in regulating the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Additionally, their physiological function is thought to be similar to a protease inhibitor. It has been concluded, therefore, that WAP regulate the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells by preventing elastase-type serine proteases from carrying out laminin degradation and by suppressing the MAP kinase signal pathway in the cell cycle.
Production in mammals
Whey Acidic Protein (WAP) is the major milk protein in certain mammals. There are exceptions in some mammalian species, whereby WAP has not been found to be synthesized in the mammary gland.
WAP motif and cancer
There have been several candidate markers for cancer; most notably genes coding for elafin, antileukoproteinase 1 (previously called secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor, SLPI), WAP four disulphide core domain protein 1 (previously called prostate stromal protein 20 kDa, PS20), and WAP four disulphide core domain protein 2 (previously called major human epididymis-specific protein E4, HE4). These genes can be useful biomarkers for detecting tumours.
Biochemistry of WAP motifs
Whey Acidic Protein contains two to three four-disulfide core domain, also termed WAP domain or WAP motif. Each disulfide bond of the WAP motif is made up of two cysteine molecule. This motif is also found in other proteins of different functions, which led to the suggestion that WAP is associated with antiprotease or antibacterial properties. The following schematic representation shows the position of the conserved cysteines that form the 'four-disulfide core' WAP domain
+---------------------+
| +-----------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| +------- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th%20meridian%20east | The meridian 68° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 68th meridian east forms a great circle with the 112th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 68th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="115" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kara Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Yamal Peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kara Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Baydaratskaya Bay
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| For about 6 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Balochistan Sindh
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of the Westernmost Point of India near Guhar Moti (at )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by
|-
|}
See also
67th meridian east
69th meridian east
e068 meridian east |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Abril | Carlos Abril (born 2 July 1970) is a Spanish video game programmer, producer and designer best known for his work in the PC Fútbol franchise.
He started working as a programmer for Dinamic Software in Phantis and Navy Moves. Following the company's conversion into Dinamic Multimedia, which he co-founded, he focused in the PC Fútbol franchise and its spin-offs, which was initially developed on a game engine he had developed previously, first as programmer and, from the 1996 PC Fútbol 5.0 edition, as its producer. PC Fútbol 7 was the last edition in which he was involved, as he left the company in 1999.
He subsequently was part in the creation of FX Interactive as its programming director, but his main personal project within the studio, a MOBA titled FX Tanks, failed to be completed. He left FX Interactive to create his own studio, Crocodile Entertainment, which released Zack Zero for PlayStation 3 in 2012, but has since collaborated with FX Interactive to create FX Fútbol, a spiritual successor to PC Fútbol. He has also worked for Saber Interactive and Ubisoft Reflections. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterpreted%20function | In mathematical logic, an uninterpreted function or function symbol is one that has no other property than its name and n-ary form. Function symbols are used, together with constants and variables, to form terms.
The theory of uninterpreted functions is also sometimes called the free theory, because it is freely generated, and thus a free object, or the empty theory, being the theory having an empty set of sentences (in analogy to an initial algebra). Theories with a non-empty set of equations are known as equational theories. The satisfiability problem for free theories is solved by syntactic unification; algorithms for the latter are used by interpreters for various computer languages, such as Prolog. Syntactic unification is also used in algorithms for the satisfiability problem for certain other equational theories, see Unification (computer science).
Example
As an example of uninterpreted functions for SMT-LIB, if this input is given to an SMT solver:
(declare-fun f (Int) Int)
(assert (= (f 10) 1))
the SMT solver would return "This input is satisfiable". That happens because f is an uninterpreted function (i.e., all that is known about f is its signature), so it is possible that f(10) = 1. But by applying the input below:
(declare-fun f (Int) Int)
(assert (= (f 10) 1))
(assert (= (f 10) 42))
the SMT solver would return "This input is unsatisfiable". That happens because f, being a function, can never return different values for the same input.
Discussion
The decision problem for free theories is particularly important, because many theories can be reduced by it.
Free theories can be solved by searching for common subexpressions to form the congruence closure. Solvers include satisfiability modulo theories solvers.
See also
Algebraic data type
Initial algebra
Term algebra
Theory of pure equality
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient%20%28acoustics%29 | In acoustics and audio, a transient is a high amplitude, short-duration sound at the beginning of a waveform that occurs in phenomena such as musical sounds, noises or speech. Transients do not necessarily directly depend on the frequency of the tone they initiate. It contains a high degree of non-periodic components and a higher magnitude of high frequencies than the harmonic content of that sound.
Transients are more difficult to encode with many audio compression algorithms, causing pre-echo.
See also
Prefix (acoustics)
Impulse function
Onset (audio)
Transient response – a common electrical engineering term that may be the source of the idea of an acoustic "transient" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Topology | The Journal of Topology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes papers of high quality and significance in topology, geometry, and adjacent areas of mathematics. It was established in 2008, when the Editorial Board of Topology resigned due to the increasing costs of Elsevier's subscriptions.
The journal is owned and managed by the London Mathematical Society and produced, distributed, sold and marketed by John Wiley & Sons. It appears quarterly with articles published individually online prior to appearing in a printed issue.
Editorial Board
Arthur Bartels (University of Münster)
Andrew Blumberg (University of Texas at Austin)
Jeffrey Brock (Yale University)
Simon Donaldson (Imperial College London)
Cornelia Druţu Badea (University of Oxford)
Mark Gross (University of Cambridge)
Lars Hesselholt (University of Copenhagen)
Misha Kapovich (UC Davis)
Frances Kirwan (University of Oxford)
Marc Lackenby (University of Oxford)
Oscar Randal-Williams (University of Cambridge)
Jacob Rasmussen (University of Cambridge)
Ivan Smith (University of Cambridge)
Constantin Teleman (University of California, Berkeley)
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Mathematical Reviews, Science Citation Index, and Zentralblatt MATH. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus%20Eee%20Top | The Asus Eee Top (with the second word pronounced ) is a touch screen all-in-one desktop computer designed by Asus and released in November 2008. Its motherboard employs Splashtop technology called "ExpressGate" by Asus.
There are four models in this series, the ET1602, ET1603, ET2002 and ET2203d.
The ET 1602 and 1603 models feature a 1.6 GHz Intel Atom processor, wide-screen (16:9) 15.6" display, 1 GB of DDR2 RAM, 160 GB SATA HDD, 802.11b/g/draft-n Wi-Fi, speakers, SD card reader and a 1.3MP webcam with Windows XP Home modified with Asus' big-icon Easy Mode.
The difference between the models is in the graphics cards. The 1602 has integrated graphics chipset, but the 1603 includes a separate video card, the ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3450.
In August 2009, two more models were introduced, the ET2002 and ET2203. The ET2002 is the first all-in-one to use the Nvidia Ion platform with the Atom 330 and nVidia GeForce 9400 IGP. The ET2203 includes a Blu-ray player, a Core 2 Duo T6600 processor and an ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4570 graphics card. These models can also be used as standalone monitors with the ability to connect an HDMI-equipped gaming console such as the PS3 or Xbox 360, and other HDMI-equipped peripherals to the HDMI input.
Models
See also
HP TouchSmart
iMac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Centre%20for%20Integrative%20Biodiversity%20Research%20%28iDiv%29 | The German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig is a DFG research center with staff and members at its main locations in Halle, Jena and Leipzig. It is a central facility of Leipzig University, and is run together with the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, as well as in cooperation with the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ. In addition, seven non-university research institutions belong to the iDiv consortium. iDiv was founded in 2012 and is funded by the DFG.
History
Due to a great need for research to facilitate implementation of the National Strategy on Biological Diversity, the DFG developed the idea of having its own collaborative research centre for biodiversity. Finally, an institution in the form of a DFG research centre was decided upon.
In the time leading up to October 2010, 15 universities applied to the DFG for establishment of the research centre. The concepts of the FU Berlin, the University of Göttingen, the University Network Halle-Jena-Leipzig and the University of Oldenburg were preselected in July 2011 by the DFG Senate. The FU Berlin and the University Network Halle-Jena-Leipzig were then shortlisted.
On April 27, 2012, came the decision in favour of the University Network Halle-Jena-Leipzig and for the establishment of the core centre at the Leipzig location. At its meeting in Bonn, the DFG's central committee selected the joint application of the Universities of Halle, Jena and Leipzig on the recommendation of the DFG Senate. The scientific and structural conditions at the three neighbouring locations are excellent, and the fact that they already had a strong reputation and had conducted numerous, in some instances internationally oriented research projects in the field of biodiversity science before the opening of the research centre influenced the DFG in its decision. In addition, eight non-university research institutions are involved in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlap%E2%80%93save%20method | In signal processing, overlap–save is the traditional name for an efficient way to evaluate the discrete convolution between a very long signal and a finite impulse response (FIR) filter :
where for m outside the region .
This article uses common abstract notations, such as or in which it is understood that the functions should be thought of in their totality, rather than at specific instants (see Convolution#Notation).
The concept is to compute short segments of y[n] of an arbitrary length L, and concatenate the segments together. Consider a segment that begins at n = kL + M, for any integer k, and define:
Then, for , and equivalently , we can write:
With the substitution , the task is reduced to computing for . These steps are illustrated in the first 3 traces of Figure 1, except that the desired portion of the output (third trace) corresponds to 1 ≤ ≤ L.
If we periodically extend xk[n] with period N ≥ L + M − 1, according to:the convolutions and are equivalent in the region . It is therefore sufficient to compute the N-point circular (or cyclic) convolution of with in the region [1, N]. The subregion [M + 1, L + M] is appended to the output stream, and the other values are discarded. The advantage is that the circular convolution can be computed more efficiently than linear convolution, according to the circular convolution theorem:where:DFTN and IDFTN refer to the Discrete Fourier transform and its inverse, evaluated over N discrete points, and
is customarily chosen such that is an integer power-of-2, and the transforms are implemented with the FFT algorithm, for efficiency.
The leading and trailing edge-effects of circular convolution are overlapped and added, and subsequently discarded.
Pseudocode
(Overlap-save algorithm for linear convolution)
h = FIR_impulse_response
M = length(h)
overlap = M − 1
N = 8 × overlap (see next section for a better choice)
step_size = N − overlap
H = DFT(h, N)
position = 0
while pos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-Phosphogluconolactone | 6-Phosphogluconolactone is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP).
In the PPP pathway, it is produced from glucose-6-phosphate by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. It is then converted to 6-Phosphogluconic acid by 6-phosphogluconolactonase.
See also
Lactone
Organophosphates
Delta-lactones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Sava%20Statistical%20Region | The Central Sava Statistical Region () is a statistical region in Slovenia. This statistical region in the Sava Hills is the smallest region in the country in terms of both area and population. In early-2010 almost 41,700 people lived on 264 km², meaning that together with the Central Slovenia Statistical Region it is the most densely populated statistical region. The natural and geographic features of this region create conditions for industrial activities and more than a third of gross value added is still generated by manufacturing, mining, and other industry. In 2013, the region once again recorded the highest negative annual population growth rate (−11.9‰), which was mainly a result of migration to other statistical regions. Among all statistical regions in 2013, this region had the highest negative net migration between regions; namely, −9.5. This region also stands out by age of mothers at childbirth.
In 2013 first-time mothers in the region were on average 28.5 years old, whereas first-time mothers in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region were on average 1 year older. In the same year, the number of unemployed persons increased further. The registered unemployment rate was among the highest in the country (16.6%). In comparison with other regions, this is 7 percentage points more than in the region with the lowest registered unemployment rate, Upper Carniola, and almost 1 percentage point less than in the region with the highest unemployment rate, the Mura Statistical Region. According to the labour migration index, this is the most residential statistical region. In 2013, 60% of people in the region worked in their region of residence, and 40% worked in another region.
Municipalities
The Central Sava Statistical Region comprises the following four municipalities:
Hrastnik
Litija
Trbovlje
Zagorje ob Savi
Demographics
The population in 2020 was 41,657. It has a total area of 264 km².
Economy
Employment structure: 51.2% services, 46.9% industry, 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20Mycology | Medical Mycology is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. It was established in 1962 as Sabouraudia, honoring the French dermatologist/medical mycologist, Raimond Sabouraud and publishing 3 to 4 issues per year. In 1986 the name was changed to Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology and the number of issues was increased to six per year. The journal obtained its current name in 1998, increasing the number of yearly issues to eight in 2005. In addition, the journal occasionally publishes supplemental issues on specific topics of current interest to the medical mycology community or the proceedings of international conferences.
The journal covers all aspects of medical, veterinary, and environmental mycology. The editor-in-chief is Karl V. Clemons (California Institute for Medical Research).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.851. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest%20Diagnostics | Quest Diagnostics is an American clinical laboratory. A Fortune 500 company, Quest operates in the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Brazil. Quest also maintains collaborative agreements with various hospitals and clinics across the globe.
As of 2020 the company had approximately 48,000 employees, and it generated more than $7.7 billion in revenue in 2019. The company offers access to diagnostic testing services for cancer, cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, neurological disorders, COVID-19, and employment and court-ordered drug testing.
History
1960–1995
Originally founded as Metropolitan Pathology Laboratory, Inc. in 1967 by Paul A. Brown, MD, the clinical laboratory underwent a variety of name changes. In 1969, the company's name changed to MetPath, Inc. with headquarters in Teaneck, New Jersey. By 1982, MetPath was acquired by what was then known as Corning Glass Works and was subsequently renamed Corning Clinical Laboratories.
1996–2000
On December 31, 1996, Quest Diagnostics became an independent company as a spin-off from Corning. Kenneth W. Freeman was appointed as CEO during this transition. Over the next year, Quest acquired a clinical laboratory division of Branford, CT–based Diagnostic Medical Laboratory, Inc. (DML). Two years later in 1999, Quest added SmithKline Beecham Clinical Laboratories to their subsidiaries; which includes a joint venture ownership with CompuNet Clinical Laboratory. The purchase of SmithKline Beecham also included the lab's medical sample transport airline originally founded in 1988.
In 1997, Quest and Banner Health formed a joint venture creating the Arizona based Sonora Quest laboratory, a business unit of Laboratory Sciences of Arizona. This entity represents the operations of Quest Diagnostics in the Arizona regional market.
2001–2015
From May 2004 to April 2012, Surya Mohapatra served as the company's President and CEO. In 2007 Quest acquired diagnostic testing equipment company AmeriPath. In respon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular%20axis%20theorem | The perpendicular axis theorem (or plane figure theorem) states that the moment of inertia of a planar lamina (i.e. 2-D body) about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the lamina is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia of the lamina about the two axes at right angles to each other, in its own plane intersecting each other at the point where the perpendicular axis passes through it.
Define perpendicular axes , , and (which meet at origin ) so that the body lies in the plane, and the axis is perpendicular to the plane of the body. Let Ix, Iy and Iz be moments of inertia about axis x, y, z respectively. Then the perpendicular axis theorem states that
This rule can be applied with the parallel axis theorem and the stretch rule to find polar moments of inertia for a variety of shapes.
If a planar object has rotational symmetry such that and are equal,
then the perpendicular axes theorem provides the useful relationship:
Derivation
Working in Cartesian coordinates, the moment of inertia of the planar body about the axis is given by:
On the plane, , so these two terms are the moments of inertia about the and axes respectively, giving the perpendicular axis theorem.
The converse of this theorem is also derived similarly.
Note that because in , measures the distance from the axis of rotation, so for a y-axis rotation, deviation distance from the axis of rotation of a point is equal to its x coordinate. |
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