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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%20adaptation | Link adaptation, comprising adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) and others (such as Power Control), is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching of the modulation, coding and other signal and protocol parameters to the conditions on the radio link (e.g. the pathloss, the interference due to signals coming from other transmitters, the sensitivity of the receiver, the available transmitter power margin, etc.). For example, WiMAX uses a rate adaptation algorithm that adapts the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) according to the quality of the radio channel, and thus the bit rate and robustness of data transmission. The process of link adaptation is a dynamic one and the signal and protocol parameters change as the radio link conditions change—for example in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) this can take place every 2 ms.
Adaptive modulation systems invariably require some channel state information at the transmitter. This could be acquired in time-division duplex systems by assuming the channel from the transmitter to the receiver is approximately the same as the channel from the receiver to the transmitter. Alternatively, the channel knowledge can also be directly measured at the receiver, and fed back to the transmitter. Adaptive modulation systems improve rate of transmission, and/or bit error rates, by exploiting the channel state information that is present at the transmitter. Especially over fading channels which model wireless propagation environments, adaptive modulation systems exhibit great performance enhancements compared to systems that do not exploit channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Example
In HSDPA link adaptation is performed by:
Choice of modulation type—the link can employ QPSK for noisy channels and 16QAM for clearer channels. The former is more robust and can tolerate higher levels of interference but has lower spectral efficiency, which means it may transmi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOXS | Solar X-Ray Spectrometer, or SOXS, was an experimental payload launched onboard Indian geostationary satellite GSAT-2 by the Indian Space Research Organisation, ISRO. SOXS collected data about X-ray emissions from solar flares with high energy and temporal resolutions.
Features
X-Ray Spectrometer (SOXS) was flown onboard GSAT-2 on 8-May-2003.
SOXS employs Si and CZT semiconductor devices, which are extremely high resolution and low noise detectors.
Detector package is mounted on a Sun Pointing Mechanism with tracking accuracy better than 0.1 degree.
Pulse Height (PHA) measurements in 256 channels.
System Dead Time- 16 microseconds for Si Pin and 13 microseconds for CZT.
Energy window counters.
On board calibration using Cd109 Radio isotope.
System Health Parameters Monitoring.
Onboard selection for Background Rejection (LLD/Threshold).
In view of Temperature sensitivity of the detectors, observational interval is < 3 Hrs starting from 04:00 to 06:45 UT.
Block Schematics of SLD Payload (SLED, SFE, SLE and SCE)
SSTM Daily Tracking (0 to 189 degrees) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational%20learning | Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher with surroundings. Particularly in childhood, a model is someone of authority or higher status in an environment. In animals, observational learning is often based on classical conditioning, in which an instinctive behavior is elicited by observing the behavior of another (e.g. mobbing in birds), but other processes may be involved as well.
Human observational learning
Many behaviors that a learner observes, remembers, and imitates are actions that models display and display modeling, even though the model may not intentionally try to instill a particular behavior. A child may learn to swear, smack, smoke, and deem other inappropriate behavior acceptable through poor modeling. Albert Bandura claims that children continually learn desirable and undesirable behavior through observational learning. Observational learning suggests that an individual's environment, cognition, and behavior all incorporate and ultimately determine how the individual functions and models.
Through observational learning, individual behaviors can spread across a culture through a process called diffusion chain. This basically occurs when an individual first learns a behavior by observing another individual and that individual serves as a model through whom other individuals learn the behavior, and so on.
Culture plays a role in whether observational learning is the dominant learning style in a person or community. Some cultures expect children to actively participate in their communities and are therefore exposed to different trades and roles on a daily basis. This exposure allows children to observe and learn the different skills and practices that are valued i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wix.com | Wix.com Ltd. () is an Israeli software company, publicly listed in the US, that provides cloud-based web development services. It offers tools for creating HTML5 websites and mobile sites using online drag-and-drop editing. Along with its headquarters and other offices in Israel, Wix also has offices in Brazil, Canada, Germany, India, Ireland, Japan, Lithuania, Poland, the Netherlands, the United States, Ukraine, and Singapore.
Users can add applications for social media, e-commerce, online marketing, contact forms, e-mail marketing, and community forums to their web sites. The Wix website builder is built on a freemium business model, earning its revenues through premium upgrades. According to the W3Techs technology survey website, Wix is used by 2.5% of websites as of September 2023.
History
Product development
Wix was founded in 2006 by Israeli developers Avishai Abrahami, Nadav Abrahami, and Giora Kaplan. With its main offices in Tel Aviv, Wix was backed by investors Insight Venture Partners, Mangrove Capital Partners, Bessemer Venture Partners, DAG Ventures, and Benchmark Capital. The company entered an open beta phase in 2007 using a platform based on Adobe Flash.
By April 2010 Wix had 3.5 million users and raised US$10 million in Series C funding provided by Benchmark Capital and existing investors Bessemer Venture Partners and Mangrove Capital Partners. In March 2011, Wix had 8.5 million users and raised US$40 million in Series D funding, bringing its total funding to that date to US$61 million.
In June 2011, Wix launched the Facebook store module, making its first step into the social commerce trend. In March 2012, Wix launched a new HTML5 site builder, replacing the Adobe Flash technology. In October 2012, Wix launched an app market for users to sell applications built with the company's automated web development technology. Wix's software development kit lets app developers create and offer web apps to Wix users.
By August 2013, the Wix platform had |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocard%27s%20conjecture | In number theory, Brocard's conjecture is the conjecture that there are at least four prime numbers between (pn)2 and (pn+1)2, where pn is the nth prime number, for every n ≥ 2. The conjecture is named after Henri Brocard. It is widely believed that this conjecture is true. However, it remains unproven as of 2022.
The number of primes between prime squares is 2, 5, 6, 15, 9, 22, 11, 27, ... .
Legendre's conjecture that there is a prime between consecutive integer squares directly implies that there are at least two primes between prime squares for pn ≥ 3 since pn+1 − pn ≥ 2.
See also
Prime-counting function
Notes
Conjectures about prime numbers
Unsolved problems in number theory
Squares in number theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEC%20RADIX%2050 | RADIX 50 or RAD50 (also referred to as RADIX50, RADIX-50 or RAD-50), is an uppercase-only character encoding created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use on their DECsystem, PDP, and VAX computers.
RADIX 50's 40-character repertoire (050 in octal) can encode six characters plus four additional bits into one 36-bit machine word (PDP-6, PDP-10/DECsystem-10, DECSYSTEM-20), three characters plus two additional bits into one 18-bit word (PDP-9, PDP-15), or three characters into one 16-bit word (PDP-11, VAX).
The actual encoding differs between the 36-bit and 16-bit systems.
36-bit systems
In 36-bit DEC systems RADIX 50 was commonly used in symbol tables for assemblers or compilers which supported six-character symbol names from a 40-character alphabet. This left four bits to encode properties of the symbol.
For its similarities to the SQUOZE encoding scheme used in IBM's SHARE Operating System for representing object code symbols, DEC's variant was also sometimes called DEC Squoze, however, IBM SQUOZE packed six characters of a 50-character alphabet plus two additional flag bits into one 36-bit word.
RADIX 50 was not normally used in 36-bit systems for encoding ordinary character strings; file names were normally encoded as six six-bit characters, and full ASCII strings as five seven-bit characters and one unused bit per 36-bit word.
18-bit systems
RADIX 50 (also called Radix 508 format) was used in Digital's 18-bit PDP-9 and PDP-15 computers to store symbols in symbol tables, leaving two extra bits per 18-bit word ("symbol classification bits").
16-bit systems
Some strings in DEC's 16-bit systems were encoded as 8-bit bytes, while others used RADIX 50 (then also called MOD40).
In RADIX 50, strings were encoded in successive words as needed, with the first character within each word located in the most significant position.
For example, using the PDP-11 encoding, the string "ABCDEF", with character values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, would be encoded as a wor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactation | Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature female mammals, although it may predate mammals. The process of feeding milk in all female creatures is called nursing, and in humans it is also called breastfeeding. Newborn infants often produce some milk from their own breast tissue, known colloquially as witch's milk.
In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although in humans and goats, it can happen without pregnancy. Nearly every species of mammal has nipples; except for monotremes, egg-laying mammals, which instead release milk through ducts in the abdomen. In only one species of mammal, the Dayak fruit bat from Southeast Asia, is milk production a normal male function.
Galactopoiesis is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires prolactin. Oxytocin is critical for the milk let-down reflex in response to suckling. Galactorrhea is milk production unrelated to nursing. It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as hyperprolactinaemia.
Purpose
The chief function of a lactation is to provide nutrition and immune protection to the young after birth. Due to lactation, the mother-young pair can survive even if food is scarce or too hard for the young to attain, expanding the environmental conditions the species can withstand. The costly investment of energy and resources into milk is outweighed by the benefit to offspring survival. In almost all mammals, lactation induces a period of infertility (in humans, lactational amenorrhea), which serves to provide the optimal birth spacing for survival of the offspring.
Human
Hormonal influences
From the eighteenth week of pregnancy (the second and third trimesters), a woman's body produces hormones that stimulate the growth of the milk duct system in the breasts:
Pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteration | Iteration is the repetition of a process in order to generate a (possibly unbounded) sequence of outcomes. Each repetition of the process is a single iteration, and the outcome of each iteration is then the starting point of the next iteration.
In mathematics and computer science, iteration (along with the related technique of recursion) is a standard element of algorithms.
Mathematics
In mathematics, iteration may refer to the process of iterating a function, i.e. applying a function repeatedly, using the output from one iteration as the input to the next. Iteration of apparently simple functions can produce complex behaviors and difficult problems – for examples, see the Collatz conjecture and juggler sequences.
Another use of iteration in mathematics is in iterative methods which are used to produce approximate numerical solutions to certain mathematical problems. Newton's method is an example of an iterative method. Manual calculation of a number's square root is a common use and a well-known example.
Computing
In computing, iteration is the technique marking out of a block of statements within a computer program for a defined number of repetitions. That block of statements is said to be iterated; a computer scientist might also refer to that block of statements as an "iteration".
Implementations
Loops constitute the most common language constructs for performing iterations. The following pseudocode "iterates" three times the line of code between begin & end through a for loop, and uses the values of i as increments.
a := 0
for i := 1 to 3 do { loop three times }
begin
a := a + i; { add the current value of i to a }
end;
print(a); { the number 6 is printed (0 + 1; 1 + 2; 3 + 3) }
It is permissible, and often necessary, to use values from other parts of the program outside the bracketed block of statements, to perform the desired function.
Iterators constitute alternative language constructs to loops, which ensure c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auramine%20phenol%20stain | Auramine phenol stain is a stain used in clinical microbiology and histology to identify tuberculosis mycobacteria.
There are two types of auramine phenol stains, 1 and 2 to stain mycobacterium species and cryptosporidium respectively. Both are fluorescent stains. The bacteria or the parasites appear brilliant greenish yellow against dark background.
Mycolic acids of the mycobacteria keep this stain when decolorising with the acid alcohol. The method is more rapid and sensitive than ZN technique.
Method
Smears are prepared just like that for ZN staining
Stain with Auramine-Phenol for 20 mins
Rinse with water
Decolourise in acid alcohol
Rinse with water
Counterstain with 0.1% potassium permanganate for 30 seconds
Rinse and air dry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Cohen | Edith Cohen (born May 21, 1966) is an Israeli and American computer scientist specializing in data mining and algorithms for big data. She is also known for her research on peer-to-peer networks. She works for Google in Mountain View, California, and as a visiting professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel.
Education
Cohen is originally from Tel Aviv, where her father was a banker.
She earned a bachelor's degree in 1985 and a master's degree in 1986 from Tel Aviv University; her master's thesis was supervised by Michael Tarsi. She moved to Stanford University for her doctoral studies, and completed her Ph.D. in 1991 with Andrew V. Goldberg as her doctoral advisor and Nimrod Megiddo as an unofficial mentor. Her dissertation was Combinatorial Algorithms for Optimization Problems.
Career and research
Cohen was a student researcher at IBM Research - Almaden from 1987 to 1991, and a researcher at Bell Labs and its successor AT&T Labs from 1991 to 2012. In 2012, she became a visiting professor at Tel Aviv University, and began working for Microsoft Research, as a visitor for one year and then as a principal researcher. She has been associated with Google since 2015.
Awards and honors
Cohen won the William R. Bennett prize of the IEEE Communications Society in 2007 with David Applegate, for their work on robust network routing.
She was elected an ACM Fellow in 2017 "for contributions to the design of efficient algorithms for networking and big data". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulacoseirales | Aulacoseirales is an order of diatoms belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae. The order consists only one family: Aulacoseiraceae.
Genera
Genera:
Alveolophora A.I.Moisseeva & T.L.Nevretdinova, 1990
Aulacoseira G.H.K.Thwaites, 1848
†Eoseira A.P.Wolfe & M.B.Edlund, 2005
Pseudoaulacosira G.Lupikina & G.K.Khursevich, 1991
Strangulonema R.K.Greville, 1865 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocalcin | Neurocalcin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of proteins. It expressed in mammalian brains. It possesses a Ca2+/myristoyl switch
The subclass of neurocalcins are brain-specific proteins that fit into the EF-hand superfamily of calcium binding proteins. The NCS family were defined by the photoreceptor cell-specific protein, recoverin. Neurocalcin was purified from the bovine brain by using calcium-dependent drug affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence showed that neurocalcin has three functional calcium binding sites. It is expressed in the central nervous system, retina, and adrenal gland. With this unique pattern of expression it is thought that neurcalcin offers a different physiological role than similar proteins visinin and recoverin.
Neurocalcin delta an isoform of Neurocalcin is known to regulate adult neurogenesis ( Upadhyay et al., 2019)
External links
NCS proteins
Protein Database Page |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20of%20the%20universe | In physical cosmology, the shape of the universe refers to both its local and global geometry. Local geometry is defined primarily by its curvature, while the global geometry is characterised by its topology (which itself is constrained by curvature). General relativity explains how spatial curvature (local geometry) is constrained by gravity. The global topology of the universe cannot be deduced from measurements of curvature inferred from observations within the family of homogeneous general relativistic models alone, due to the existence of locally indistinguishable spaces with varying global topological characteristics. For example; a multiply connected space like a 3 torus has everywhere zero curvature but is finite in extent, whereas a flat simply connected space is infinite in extent (euclidean space).
Current observational evidence (WMAP, BOOMERanG, and Planck for example) imply that the observable universe is flat to within a 0.4% margin of error of the curvature density parameter with an unknown global topology. It is currently unknown if the universe is simply connected like euclidean space or multiply connected like a torus. To date, no compelling evidence has been found suggesting the universe has a non-trivial (i.e; not simply connected) topology, though it has not been ruled out by astronomical observations.
Shape of the observable universe
The universe's structure can be examined from two angles:
Local geometry: This relates to the curvature of the universe, primarily concerning what we can observe.
Global geometry: This pertains to the universe's overall shape and structure.
The observable universe is like a sphere extending 46.5 billion light-years in all directions from any observer. It appears older and more redshifted the deeper we look into space. In theory, we could look all the way back to the Big Bang, but in practice, we can only see up to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) as anything beyond that is opaque. Studies show that the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20physical%E2%80%93chemical%20vapor%20deposition | Hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) is a thin-film deposition technique, that combines physical vapor deposition (PVD) with chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
For the instance of magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin-film growth, HPCVD process uses diborane (B2H6) as the boron precursor gas, but unlike conventional CVD, which only uses gaseous sources, heated bulk magnesium pellets (99.95% pure) are used as the Mg source in the deposition process. Since the process involves chemical decomposition of precursor gas and physical evaporation of metal bulk, it is named as hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition.
System configuration
The HPCVD system usually consists of a water-cooled reactor chamber, gas inlet and flow control system, pressure maintenance system, temperature control system and gas exhaust and cleaning system.
The main difference between HPCVD and other CVD systems is in the heating unit. For HPCVD, both substrate and solid metal source are heated up by the heating module. The conventional HPCVD system usually has only one heater. The substrate and solid metal source sit on the same susceptor and are heated up inductively or resistively at the same time. Above certain temperature, the bulk metal source melts and generates a high vapor pressure in the vicinity of the substrate. Then the precursor gas is introduced into the chamber and decomposes around the substrate at high temperature. The atoms from the decomposed precursor gas react with the metal vapor, forming thin films on the substrate. The deposition ends when the precursor gas is switched off. The main drawback of single heater setup is the metal source temperature and the substrate temperature cannot be controlled independently. Whenever the substrate temperature is changed, the metal vapor pressure changes as well, limiting the ranges of the growth parameters. In the two-heater HPCVD arrangement, the metal source and substrate are heated up by two separate heaters. Thus it can provid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulas%20in%20signal%20processing | A copula is a mathematical function that provides a relationship between marginal distributions of random variables and their joint distributions. Copulas are important because it represents a dependence structure without using marginal distributions. Copulas have been widely used in the field of finance, but their use in signal processing is relatively new. Copulas have been employed in the field of wireless communication for classifying radar signals, change detection in remote sensing applications, and EEG signal processing in medicine. In this article, a short introduction to copulas is presented, followed by a mathematical derivation to obtain copula density functions, and then a section with a list of copula density functions with applications in signal processing.
Introduction
Using Sklar's theorem, a copula can be described as a cumulative distribution function (CDF) on a unit-space with uniform marginal distributions on the interval (0, 1). The CDF of a random variable X is the probability that X will take a value less than or equal to x when evaluated at x itself. A copula can represent a dependence structure without using marginal distributions. Therefore, it is simple to transform the uniformly distributed variables of copula (u, v, and so on) into the marginal variables (x, y, and so on) by the inverse marginal cumulative distribution function. Using the chain rule, copula distribution function can be partially differentiated with respect to the uniformly distributed variables of copula, and it is possible to express the multivariate probability density function (PDF) as a product of a multivariate copula density function and marginal PDF''s. The mathematics for converting a copula distribution function into a copula density function is shown for a bivariate case, and a family of copulas used in signal processing are listed in a TABLE 1.
Mathematical derivation
For any two random variables X and Y, the continuous joint probability distribution functi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonic%20composition | In mathematics, demonic composition is an operation on binary relations that is similar to the ordinary composition of relations but is robust to refinement of the relations into (partial) functions or injective relations.
Unlike ordinary composition of relations, demonic composition is not associative.
Definition
Suppose is a binary relation between and and is a relation between and Their is a relation between and Its graph is defined as
Conversely, their is defined by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue%20engineering%20of%20heart%20valves | Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV) offer a new and advancing proposed treatment of creating a living heart valve for people who are in need of either a full or partial heart valve replacement. Currently, there are over a quarter of a million prosthetic heart valves implanted annually, and the number of patients requiring replacement surgeries is only suspected to rise and even triple over the next fifty years. While current treatments offered such as mechanical valves or biological valves are not deleterious to one's health, they both have their own limitations in that mechanical valves necessitate the lifelong use of anticoagulants while biological valves are susceptible to structural degradation and reoperation. Thus, in situ (in its original position or place) tissue engineering of heart valves serves as a novel approach that explores the use creating a living heart valve composed of the host's own cells that is capable of growing, adapting, and interacting within the human body's biological system.
Research has not yet reached the stage of clinical trials.
Procedure
Scaffolds
Various biomaterials, whether they are biological, synthetic, or a combination of both, can be used to create scaffolds, which when implanted in a human body can promote host tissue regeneration. First, cells from the patient in which the scaffold will be implanted in are harvested. These cells are expanded and seeded into the created scaffold, which is then inserted inside the human body. The human body serves as a bioreactor, which allows the formation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) along with fibrous proteins around the scaffold to provide the necessary environment for the heart and circulatory system. The initial implantation of the foreign scaffold triggers various signaling pathways guided by the foreign body response for cell recruitment from neighboring tissues. The new nanofiber network surrounding the scaffold mimics the native ECM of the host body. Once cells begin to p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Ivanovich%20%28Vostok%20programme%29 | Ivan Ivanovich (Иван Иванович, the Russian equivalent of "John Doe") was the name given to a mannequin used in testing the Soviet Vostok spacecraft in preparation for its crewed missions.
Ivan Ivanovich was made to look as lifelike as possible, with eyes, eyebrows, eyelashes, and a mouth. He was dressed in a cosmonaut suit and strongly resembled a dead person; for this reason, a sign reading "МАКЕТ" (Russian for "dummy") was placed under his visor so that anyone who found him after his missions would not think he was a corpse or an alien.
First spaceflight
Ivan first flew into space on Korabl-Sputnik 4 on 9 March 1961, accompanied by a dog named Chernushka, various reptiles, and 80 mice and guinea pigs, some of which were placed inside his body. To test the spacecraft's communication systems, an automatic recording of a choir was placed in Ivan's body – this way, any radio stations who heard the recording would understand it was not a real person. Ivan was also used to test the landing system upon return to Earth, when he was successfully ejected from the capsule and parachuted to the ground.
His second space flight, Korabl-Sputnik 5, on 26 March 1961, was similar – he was again accompanied by a dog, Zvyozdochka, and other animals, he had a recording of a choir (and also a recipe for cabbage soup to confuse any listeners) inside him, and he safely returned to Earth. These flights paved the way for Vostok 1, the first crewed flight into space on 12 April 1961.
Other uses
In 1993, Ivan was auctioned at Sotheby's, with the winning bid coming from a foundation belonging to US businessman Ross Perot. He fetched $189,500. Since 1997, he has been on loan to the National Air and Space Museum, where he was on display, still in his spacesuit, until 2017 when he was moved back into the private collection of Ross Perot.
In 2006, the name Ivan Ivanovich was used as a nickname for SuitSat-1, a satellite made from a disused spacesuit, ejected from the International Space |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Devol | George Charles Devol Jr. (February 20, 1912 – August 11, 2011) was an American inventor, best known for creating Unimate, the first industrial robot. Devol's invention earned him the title "Grandfather of Robotics". The National Inventors Hall of Fame says, "Devol's patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry."
The concept of the robot arm has evolved over time with contributions from various individuals and researchers. However, the first patent for an industrial robot was filed in 1954 by George Devol, an American inventor and entrepreneur, who is often credited as the "father of the robot arm."
Early life
George Devol was born in an upper-middle-class family in Louisville, Kentucky. He attended Riordan Prep school.
United Cinephone
Foregoing higher education, Devol went into business in 1932, forming United Cinephone to produce variable area recording directly onto film for the new sound motion pictures ("talkies"). However, he later learned that companies like RCA and Western Electric were working in the same area, and discontinued the product.
During that time, Devol developed and patented industrial lighting and invented the automatic opening door.
World War II
In 1939, Devol applied for a patent for proximity controls for use in laundry press machines, based on a radio frequency field. This control would automatically open and close laundry presses when workers approached the machines. After World War II began, the patent office told Devol that his patent application would be placed on hold for the duration of the conflict.
Around that time, Devol sold his interest in United Cinephone and approached Sperry Gyroscope to pitch his ideas on radar technology. He was retained by Sperry as manager of the Special Projects Department, which developed radar devices and microwave test equipment.
Later in the war, he approached Auto-Ordnance Company regarding products that company |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiable%20measure | In functional analysis and measure theory, a differentiable measure is a measure that has a notion of a derivative. The theory of differentiable measure was introduced by Russian mathematician Sergey Fomin and proposed at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1966 in Moscow as an infinite-dimensional analog of the theory of distributions. Besides the notion of a derivative of a measure by Sergey Fomin there exists also one by Anatoliy Skorokhod, one by Sergio Albeverio and Raphael Høegh-Krohn, and one by Oleg Smolyanov and Heinrich von Weizsäcker.
Differentiable measure
Let
be a real vector space,
be σ-algebra that is invariant under translation by vectors , i.e. for all and .
This setting is rather general on purpose since for most definitions only linearity and measurability is needed. But usually one chooses to be a real Hausdorff locally convex space with the Borel or cylindrical σ-algebra .
For a measure let denote the shifted measure by .
Fomin differentiability
A measure on is Fomin differentiable along if for every set the limit
exists. We call the Fomin derivative of .
Equivalently, for all sets is differentiable in .
Properties
The Fomin derivative is again another measure and absolutely continuous with respect to .
Fomin differentiability can be directly extend to signed measures.
Higher and mixed derivatives will be defined inductively .
Skorokhod differentiability
Let be a Baire measure and let be the space of bounded and continuous functions on .
is Skorokhod differentiable (or S-differentiable) along if a Baire measure exists such that for all the limit
exists.
In shift notation
The measure is called the Skorokhod derivative (or S-derivative or weak derivative) of along and is unique.
Albeverio-Høegh-Krohn Differentiability
A measure is Albeverio-Høegh-Krohn differentiable (or AHK differentiable) along if a measure exists such that
is absolutely continuous with respect to such that ,
the map is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20den%20Hollander | Frank den Hollander (born 1 December 1956) is a Dutch mathematician.
Education and career
Frank den Hollander studied theoretical physics at Leiden University with undergraduate degree and MSc in 1980 and a PhD in 1985 with thesis advisor Pieter Kasteleyn and thesis Random Walks on Random Lattices. As a postdoc he studied from 1985 to 1989 with Michael Keane at Delft Technical University (TU Delft) and from 1989 to 1991 was at TU Delft on a scholarship from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Den Hollander was from 1991 to 1994 an associate professor at Utrecht University and from 1994 to 2000 a professor of probability and statistics at the Radboud University Nijmegen. He was from 2000 to 2005 a professor at Eindhoven University of Technology (TU Eindhoven) and scientific director of EURANDOM (TU Eindhoven's center for stochastic sciences). In 2005 he became a professor at Leiden University.
His research deals with probability theory (e.g. theory of large deviations, potential theory methods, and systems of interacting particles), statistical physics (including applications of variational methods to phase transitions), ergodic theory, population genetics, and complex networks.
Den Hollander has been a visiting professor at several academic institutions around the world, including a visit from August 1998 to January 1999 at the Fields Institute in Toronto.
Honors and awards
2003 — Lévy Lecturer of the Bernoulli Society in Rio de Janeiro
2004 — Invited Speaker at the European Congress of Mathematicians in Stockholm
2005 — elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
2010 — Invited Speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Hyderabad
2012 — elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society
2013 — elected a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
2016 — Medallion Lecturer at the World Congress of Probability and Statistics in Toronto
2016 — Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Selected |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis | Apoptosis (from ) is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms and in some eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms such as yeast. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, and mRNA decay. The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between eight and fourteen years old, each day the approximate lost is 20 to 30 billion cells.
In contrast to necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. For example, the separation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the digits undergo apoptosis. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis produces cell fragments called apoptotic bodies that phagocytes are able to engulf and remove before the contents of the cell can spill out onto surrounding cells and cause damage to them.
Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells. Weak external signals may also activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Both pathways induce cell death by activating caspases, which are proteases, or enzymes that degrade proteins. The two pathways both activate initiator caspases, which then activate executioner caspases, which then kill the cell by degrading proteins indiscriminately.
In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in a wide variety of diseases. Excessive apoptosis causes atrophy, whereas an insuffic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%20invariant | Writer invariant, also called authorial invariant or author's invariant, is a property of a text which is invariant of its author, that is, it will be similar in all texts of a given author and different in texts of different authors. It can be used to find plagiarism or discover who is real author of anonymously published text. Writer invariant is also an author's pattern of writing a letter in handwritten text recognition.
While it is generally recognised that writer invariants exist, it is not agreed what properties of a text should be used. Among the first ones used was distribution of word lengths; other proposed invariants include average sentence length, average word length, noun, verb or adjective usage frequency, vocabulary richness, and frequency of function words, or specific function words.
Of these, average sentence lengths can be very similar in works of different authors or vary significantly even within a single work; average word lengths likewise turn out to be very similar in works of different authors. Analysis of function words shows promise because they are used by authors unconsciously.
See also
Stylometry
Writeprint |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20%28Patterson%20novel%29 | Zoo is a science fiction thriller novel by James Patterson and Michael Ledwidge published in September 2012. The book made it to the New York Times bestseller list. A sequel, Zoo 2, by Patterson and Max DiLallo, was released on June 7, 2016, as a novella.
Plot
The novel centers on Jackson Oz, an outcast among professional and academic ecologists and biologists. Oz has tried for years to get other scientists to listen to the data he has been collecting on the increasing numbers of mammal attacks on humans. He becomes so obsessed with this goal that he quits graduate school and devotes himself to full-time data collection and arguing his case. Finally, on a trip to Botswana, he survives an attack by a large band of male lions in which about 100 people are killed over a large area. He saves the life of ecologist Chloe Tousignant. Upon returning to America, he finds his girlfriend dead in his apartment, killed and partly eaten by his pet chimpanzee.
Five years later, Oz has married Chloe and they have a son named Eli. His theory becomes accepted as all over the world, packs of animals are entering densely populated cities and killing humans en masse. He is recruited by the US president to research the cause but before he and his team of scientists can find an answer, the president's daughter is killed by their dog and the military launches strikes against affected cities, which worsens the attacks. Continuing his research, Oz discovers that animal pheromones have changed due to the widespread use of radio communication (cell phones) and petroleum products (notably automobile exhaust) and these disrupted pheromones are enlarging the animals' amygdalas and causing the aggression. The President of the United States orders all electricity, cellphone, and automobile usage banned for two weeks, and animal attacks cease nearly immediately as the ban takes effect. But after one week, people return to their previous habits and the attacks restart with increased ferocity. Oz, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%20type | In mathematical logic and computer science, some type theories and type systems include a top type that is commonly denoted with top or the symbol ⊤. The top type is sometimes called also universal type, or universal supertype as all other types in the type system of interest are subtypes of it, and in most cases, it contains every possible object of the type system. It is in contrast with the bottom type, or the universal subtype, which every other type is supertype of and it is often that the type contains no members at all.
Support in programming languages
Several typed programming languages provide explicit support for the top type.
In statically-typed languages, there are two different, often confused, concepts when discussing the top type.
A universal base class or other item at the top of a run time class hierarchy (often relevant in object-oriented programming) or type hierarchy; it is often possible to create objects with this (run time) type, or it could be found when one examines the type hierarchy programmatically, in languages that support it
A (compile time) static type in the code whose variables can be assigned any value (or a subset thereof, like any object pointer value), similar to dynamic typing
The first concept often implies the second, i.e., if a universal base class exists, then a variable that can point to an object of this class can also point to an object of any class. However, several languages have types in the second regard above (e.g., void * in C++, id in Objective-C, interface {} in Go), static types which variables can accept any object value, but which do not reflect real run time types that an object can have in the type system, so are not top types in the first regard.
In dynamically-typed languages, the second concept does not exist (any value can be assigned to any variable anyway), so only the first (class hierarchy) is discussed. This article tries to stay with the first concept when discussing top types, but also mentio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Pike | Robert Pike (born 1956) is a Canadian programmer and author.
Life and works
He is best known for his work on the Go programming language and, earlier, at Bell Labswhere he was a member of the Unix team and was involved in the creation of the Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno operating systems, as well as the Limbo programming language.
He also co-developed the Blit graphical terminal for Unix; before that he wrote the first window system for Unix in 1981. Pike is the sole inventor named in US patent 4,555,775.
Over the years Pike has written many text editors; sam and acme are the most well known and are still in active use and development.
Pike, with Brian Kernighan, is the co-author of The Practice of Programming and The Unix Programming Environment. With Ken Thompson he is the co-creator of UTF-8. Pike also developed lesser systems such as the vismon program for displaying faces of email authors.
Pike also appeared once on Late Night with David Letterman, as a technical assistant to the comedy duo Penn & Teller.
Pike worked at Google from 2002 to 2021 when he retired. While at Google, he has been involved in the creation of the programming languages Go and Sawzall.
Pike is married to author and illustrator Renée French; the couple live in both the US and Australia.
See also
The plumber – the interprocess communications mechanism used in Plan 9 and Inferno
Mark V. Shaney – an artificial Usenet poster designed by Pike |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsinoid | Capsinoids are alkaloid substances naturally present in chili peppers. Although they are structurally similar to capsaicin, the substance that causes pungency in hot peppers, they largely lack that characteristic. Capsinoids have an estimated "hot taste threshold" which is about 1/1000 that of capsaicin. Capsinoids were not reported in the scientific literature until 1989, when biologists first isolated them in a unique variety of chili peppers, CH-19 Sweet, which does not contain capsaicin. Capsinoids include capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, and nordihydrocapsiate.
Many health effects have been ascribed to capsaicin and capsinoids, both anecdotally and through scientific study, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities, and weight management.
Structure
Structural differences between capsaicin and members of the capsinoid family of compounds are illustrated below. Capsinoids have an ester bond in their structures, as compared with the amide bond characteristic of capsaicin.
Mechanisms of action: capsaicin vs. capsinoids
It is anecdotally said that hot peppers help people in the tropics “cool off.” This theory is consistent with the peripheral vasodilatory effect of capsaicin that has been shown to lower skin temperature in humans exposed to a hot environment. Capsaicin feels hot in the mouth because it activates sensory receptors on the tongue otherwise used to detect thermal heat. This receptor is called Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). TRPV1 receptors are also located in the gut and in other organs. Stimulation of TRPV1 receptors is known to bring about activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Capsaicin has been shown to increase fat burning in humans and animals through stimulation of the SNS.
Like capsaicin, capsinoids activate TRPV1 receptors, although they are not hot in the mouth. Capsinoids cannot reach the TRPV1 oral cavity receptors, located slightly below the surface in the mouth, because of structural |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehalogenimonas%20lykanthroporepellens | Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens is an anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria in the phylum Chloroflexota isolated from a Superfund site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is useful in bioremediation for its ability to reductively dehalogenate chlorinated alkanes.
Discovery and description
Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens cells are Gram-negative, non-motile, irregular cocci that are 0.3–0.6 μm in diameter. There is no evidence of pathogenicity. They are mesophiles that can grow in a temperature range of 20–34 °C with their optimum temperature range being 28–34 °C. They grow best in pH 7-7.5 (pH range 6–8, although it was isolated from groundwater of pH 5.1). Growth has been observed in salt concentrations from 0.1–2% NaCl with optimum growth at ≤1%. GC-content reported in characterization of D. lykanthroporellens is 53.8% as determined by HPLC; however, as determined by genomic analysis, the GC-content is 55.04%. D. lyankanthroporepellens does not form spores. Resistance to the antibiotics ampicillin and vancomycin has been observed.
D. lykanthroporepellens is strictly anaerobic and uses hydrogen as an electron donor. It has been cultured in an anaerobic basal medium at 30 °C in the dark. It is able to reductively dehalogenate aliphatic alkanes (non-aromatic alkanes) such as 1,2,3-trichloropropane (reduces it to allyl chloride which abiotically transforms in the presence of water to allyl alcohol).
Two strains (BL-DC-9T and BL-DC-8) were isolated from a Superfund site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 2009 by Moe, Yan, Nobre, Costa, and Rainey—researchers at Louisiana State University and the University of Coimbra (Coimbra, Portugal). A Superfund site is an abandoned site that contains hazardous waste. This site was contaminated with chlorinated solvents.
The genus name Dehalogenimonas reflects its ability to dehalogenate chlorinated alkanes. The species name lykanthroporepellens comes from lykanthropos meaning werewolf and re-pellens meaning repelling. The species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokagon%20Interpretive%20Center | The interpretive center located in Pokagon State Park, Angola, Indiana, contains animals and displays about Pokagon and its surrounding areas. It is staffed by full-time and part-time naturalists. The Interpretive Center is the start of some interpretive hikes and the adjacent auditorium is the site of some programs.
External links
Pokagon Interpretive Center
Pokagon State Park
Nature centers in Indiana
Tourist attractions in Steuben County, Indiana
Education in Steuben County, Indiana
Buildings and structures in Steuben County, Indiana |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20integrated%20circuit%20exports | The following is a list of countries by integrated circuit exports. Data is for 2019, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by International Trade Centre. Currently the top twenty countries are listed.
See also
List of flat panel display manufacturers
List of integrated circuit manufacturers
List of solid-state drive manufacturers
List of system on a chip suppliers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras%20lunar%20sample%20displays | The Honduras lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of Honduras by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.
Description
Apollo 11
Apollo 17
History
The Honduras Apollo 17 "goodwill Moon rocks" plaque display came into the possession of retired colonel Roberto Agurcia Ugarte; it is unclear how Ugarte obtained it. Ugarte put the plaque up for sale, covering the stars of the Honduras flag to conceal the plaque's origin. Alan Rosen, a Florida fruit distributor, purchased it from Ugarte for what he claims was $50,000 in 1996.
In 1998 Rosen attempted to sell the rock and was caught in a sting operation, Operation Lunar Eclipse; U.S. Government agents recovered the rock.
A lawsuit filed against Rosen, United States v. One Lucite Ball Containing Lunar Material (One Moon Rock) and One Ten Inch by Fourteen Inch Wooden Plaque, was settled in 2003. Rosen forfeited the Honduras Apollo 17 lunar sample plaque display, which was presented in 2004 to Honduran President Ricardo Maduro. The Honduras Apollo 17 goodwill Moon rock plaque, of as 2012, is on display in Tegucigalpa at Centro Interactivo Chiminike.
According to Robert Pearlman, the whereabouts of the Honduras Apollo 11 goodwill lunar display are unknown.
See also
List of Apollo lunar sample displays |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20determinant%20lemma | In mathematics, in particular linear algebra, the matrix determinant lemma computes the determinant of the sum of an invertible matrix A and the dyadic product, uvT, of a column vector u and a row vector vT.
Statement
Suppose A is an invertible square matrix and u, v are column vectors. Then the matrix determinant lemma states that
Here, uvT is the outer product of two vectors u and v.
The theorem can also be stated in terms of the adjugate matrix of A:
in which case it applies whether or not the square matrix A is invertible.
Proof
First the proof of the special case A = I follows from the equality:
The determinant of the left hand side is the product of the determinants of the three matrices. Since the first and third matrix are triangular matrices with unit diagonal, their determinants are just 1. The determinant of the middle matrix is our desired value. The determinant of the right hand side is simply (1 + vTu). So we have the result:
Then the general case can be found as:
Application
If the determinant and inverse of A are already known, the formula provides a numerically cheap way to compute the determinant of A corrected by the matrix uvT. The computation is relatively cheap because the determinant of A + uvT does not have to be computed from scratch (which in general is expensive). Using unit vectors for u and/or v, individual columns, rows or elements of A may be manipulated and a correspondingly updated determinant computed relatively cheaply in this way.
When the matrix determinant lemma is used in conjunction with the Sherman–Morrison formula, both the inverse and determinant may be conveniently updated together.
Generalization
Suppose A is an invertible n-by-n matrix and U, V are n-by-m matrices. Then
In the special case this is the Weinstein–Aronszajn identity.
Given additionally an invertible m-by-m matrix W, the relationship can also be expressed as
See also
The Sherman–Morrison formula, which shows how to update the inver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipgate | Sipgate, stylised as sipgate, is a European VoIP and mobile telephony operator.
Company
Sipgate was founded in 2004 and became one of Germany's largest VoIP service providers for consumers and small businesses. Through its network, which used SIP protocol, it allowed making low-cost national and international calls and provided customers with an incoming geographical phone number. Customers were expected to use a client software or a SIP-compliant hardware (a VoIP phone or ATA) to access its services.
Since 2011, Sipgate's network has been using the open-source project Yate for the core of its softswitch infrastructure.
Sipgate are among the sponsors of the Kamailio World Conference & Exhibition. In January 2013, the firm entered the German mobile phone market as a full MVNO. Sipgate's German mobile phone services run over the Telefónica Germany network.
Products
sipgate team
Introduced in 2009, the product is a hosted business phone system (PBX) providing online management of phone services for 1 to 250 Users. All billing, end user management, call management, etc. is through an online portal. A mobile solution was released in Germany in early 2013 that can be integrated with the 'Team' business VoIP service. SIM cards can be used as extensions in the Team web telephone system or used individually with mobile and landline numbers.
sipgate trunking
In Germany, SIP trunking services connect customer's third party VoIP PBXs via broadband with the public telephone network. SIP trunking can be combined with the team product.
sipgate basic and sipgate basic plus
The basic residential VoIP service was released in Germany and the UK in January, 2004. basic accounts receive one free UK or German geographic 'landline' phone number and a voicemail box. With a suitable fax-enabled VoIP adapter faxes may also be sent from conventional fax machines.
On 6 October 2014, the firm released an open API sipgate io.
Discontinued products
Smartphone apps
Sipgate pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF%20television%20broadcasting | UHF television broadcasting is the use of ultra high frequency (UHF) radio for over-the-air transmission of television signals. UHF frequencies are used for both analog and digital television broadcasts. UHF channels are typically given higher channel numbers, like the US arrangement with VHF channels (initially) 1 to 13, and UHF channels (initially) numbered 14 to 83. Compared with an equivalent VHF television transmitter, to cover the same geographic area with a UHF transmitter requires a higher effective radiated power, implying a more powerful transmitter or a more complex antenna. However, the additional channels allow more broadcasters in a given region without causing objectionable mutual interference.
UHF broadcasting became possible due to the introduction of new high-frequency vacuum tubes developed by Philips immediately prior to the opening of World War II. These were used in experimental television receivers in the UK in the 1930s, and became widely used during the war as radar receivers. Surplus tubes flooded the market in the post-war era. At the same time, the development of color television was taking its first steps, initially based on incompatible transmission systems. The US FCC set aside a block of the then-unused and now-practical UHF frequencies for color television use. The introduction of the backward compatible NTSC standard led to these channels being released for any television use in 1952.
Early receivers were generally less efficient at UHF band reception, and the signals are also subject to more environmental interference. Additionally, the signals are less susceptible to diffraction effects, which can improve reception at long range. UHF generally had less clear signals, and for some markets, became the home of smaller broadcasters who were not willing to bid on the more coveted VHF allocations. These issues are greatly reduced with digital television, and today most over-the-air broadcasts take place on UHF, while VHF channels are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOTECanada | BIOTECanada, or the Industrial Biotechnology Association of Canada, is a Canadian biotechnology industry association based in Ottawa, Ontario. It is an industry-funded membership organization composed of over 250 national and international pharmaceutical and gene therapy companies, medical device manufacturers, agricultural science businesses, law firms, academic institutions, research and development networks, advertising agencies, insurance companies and financial services firms.
BIOTECanada and the University of Western Ontario jointly administer the Gold Leaf Awards, presented annually to individuals and organizations who are deemed to have made significant contributions to Canada's biotechnology sector.
History
The organization was incorporated in 1987 as the Industrial Biotechnology Association of Canada.
Health Canada partnered with BIOTECanada in May 2012 to organize a summit on clinical and regulatory topics associated with biosimilars. The event was held in association with the International Alliance for Biological Standardization, and was observed by representatives from the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board and the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. Panelists included representatives from academia, regulatory bodies and industry, such as UMass Memorial Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, the Robarts Research Institute, Alberta Blue Cross, Mount Sinai Hospital and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre.
In 2017, BIOTECanada published a report detailing proposed initiatives to use biotechnology to address issues including population growth, climate change, food security, health, and economic instability. President and CEO Andrew Casey sent a letter in July 2017 to Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada proposing measures to offset costs of patent filings, and to reduce taxation on intellectual property revenues.
COVID-19
Several representatives of BIOTECanada participated as members and advisors in the COVID-19 Therapeut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary%20surfactant%20protein%20D | In molecular biology, Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a protein domain predominantly found in lung surfactant. This protein plays a special role; its primary task is to act as a defence protein against any pathogens that may invade the lung. It also plays a role in lubricating the lung and preventing it from collapse. It has an interesting structure as it forms a triple-helical parallel coiled coil, helps the protein to fold into a trimer.
Function
Pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), has an important role in acting as a lung host defence protein. SP-D has a significant roles in immune and inflammatory regulation of the lung as it regulates of the level of surfactant in the lungs by a process named surfactant homeostasis.
Structure
SP-D is a type of lectin, more specifically they are a collagen-containing C-type (calcium dependent) lectin which are named collectins. The collectins are responsible for immune and inflammatory control. They have a very basic structure,
triple-helical collagen region
C-terminal homotrimeric lectin or carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD).
SP-D is actually a monomer, these monomers assist in high affinity saccharide binding. Three of the same type of monomers associate to form a homotrimer.
SP-D has a complex quaternary structure in which monomers (43 kDa) are assembled into tetramers of trimers thus forming dodecamers. Dodecamers are further assembled into large multimeric structures. The oligomerization of SP-D results in the burial of the tail domains while the head domains are exposed. Oligomerization is dependent upon the cysteine residues at positions 15 and 20 within the N-terminal tail region. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom%20of%20regularity | In mathematics, the axiom of regularity (also known as the axiom of foundation) is an axiom of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory that states that every non-empty set A contains an element that is disjoint from A. In first-order logic, the axiom reads:
The axiom of regularity together with the axiom of pairing implies that no set is an element of itself, and that there is no infinite sequence (an) such that ai+1 is an element of ai for all i. With the axiom of dependent choice (which is a weakened form of the axiom of choice), this result can be reversed: if there are no such infinite sequences, then the axiom of regularity is true. Hence, in this context the axiom of regularity is equivalent to the sentence that there are no downward infinite membership chains.
The axiom is the contribution of ; it was adopted in a formulation closer to the one found in contemporary textbooks by . Virtually all results in the branches of mathematics based on set theory hold even in the absence of regularity; see chapter 3 of . However, regularity makes some properties of ordinals easier to prove; and it not only allows induction to be done on well-ordered sets but also on proper classes that are well-founded relational structures such as the lexicographical ordering on
Given the other axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the axiom of regularity is equivalent to the axiom of induction. The axiom of induction tends to be used in place of the axiom of regularity in intuitionistic theories (ones that do not accept the law of the excluded middle), where the two axioms are not equivalent.
In addition to omitting the axiom of regularity, non-standard set theories have indeed postulated the existence of sets that are elements of themselves.
Elementary implications of regularity
No set is an element of itself
Let A be a set, and apply the axiom of regularity to {A}, which is a set by the axiom of pairing. We see that there must be an element of {A} which is disjoint from {A}. Since the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey%20Bear | Smokey Bear is an American campaign and advertising icon of the U.S. Forest Service in the Wildfire Prevention Campaign, which is the longest-running public service announcement campaign in United States history. The Ad Council, the United States Forest Service (USFS), and the National Association of State Foresters (NASF), in partnership with creative agency FCB, employ Smokey Bear to educate the public about the dangers of unplanned human-caused wildfires.
A campaign began in 1944 featuring Smokey and the slogan "Smokey Says – Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires". His slogan changed to "Remember... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires" in 1947 and was associated with Smokey Bear for more than five decades. In April 2001, the message was officially updated to "Only You Can Prevent Wildfires" in response to a massive outbreak of wildfires in natural areas other than forests (such as grasslands), and to clarify that Smokey was promoting the prevention of unplanned outdoor fires, not prescribed burns. Smokey has also had other lines throughout the years, but these have remained his central slogans. According to the Ad Council, 80% of outdoor recreationists correctly identified Smokey Bear's image and 8 in 10 recognized the campaign PSAs.
Smokey Bear's name and image are protected by the Smokey Bear Act of 1952 (16 U.S.C. 580 (p-2); previously also 18 U.S.C. 711). Smokey's name has always intentionally been spelled differently from the adjective "smoky".
Campaign beginnings
Although the U.S. Forest Service fought wildfires long before World War II, the war brought a new importance and urgency to the effort. At the time, many experienced firefighters and other able-bodied men were serving in the armed forces, leaving fewer at home to fight wildfires. The Forest Service began using colorful posters to educate Americans about the dangers of wildfires in the hope that local communities could prevent them from starting in the first place. Careless citizens were not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution%20of%20singularities | In algebraic geometry, the problem of resolution of singularities asks whether every algebraic variety V has a resolution, a non-singular variety W with a proper birational map W→V. For varieties over fields of characteristic 0 this was proved in Hironaka (1964), while for varieties over fields of characteristic p it is an open problem in dimensions at least 4.
Definitions
Originally the problem of resolution of singularities was to find a nonsingular model for the function field of a variety X, in other words a complete non-singular variety X′ with the same function field. In practice it is more convenient to ask for a different condition as follows: a variety X has a resolution of singularities if we can find a non-singular variety X′ and a proper birational map from X′ to X. The condition that the map is proper is needed to exclude trivial solutions, such as taking X′ to be the subvariety of non-singular points of X.
More generally, it is often useful to resolve the singularities of a variety X embedded into a larger variety W. Suppose we have a closed embedding of X into a regular variety W. A strong desingularization of X is given by a proper birational morphism from a regular variety W′ to W subject to some of the following conditions (the exact choice of conditions depends on the author):
The strict transform X′ of X is regular, and transverse to the exceptional locus of the resolution morphism (so in particular it resolves the singularities of X).
The map from the strict transform of X′ to X is an isomorphism away from the singular points of X.
W′ is constructed by repeatedly blowing up regular closed subvarieties of W or more strongly regular subvarieties of X, transverse to the exceptional locus of the previous blowings up.
The construction of W′ is functorial for smooth morphisms to W and embeddings of W into a larger variety. (It cannot be made functorial for all (not necessarily smooth) morphisms in any reasonable way.)
The morphism from X′ to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo%20Tumbler%20Puzzle | The Nintendo Tumbler Puzzle, also known as the Ten Billion Barrel in English and originally in Japanese, is a mathematical and mechanical puzzle. It is one of many mechanical toys invented by Gunpei Yokoi at Nintendo. It was released in 1980 under . The patent expired in March 1995 due to non-payment of a maintenance fee.
Overview
The puzzle consists of a cylinder of transparent plastic divided into six levels, within a black plastic frame. The frame consists of upper and lower discs that are joined through the middle of the cylinder.
The top and bottom levels of the cylinder form a single piece, but between them are two rotatable pieces each two levels high. Each of the four central levels is divided into five chambers each containing a colored ball. The top and bottom levels have only three chambers, containing either three balls or three parts of the frame depending on the relative position of frame and cylinder.
The balls in three of the five resulting columns of chambers can be moved up or down one level by raising or lowering the frame relative to the transparent cylinder.
The object is to sort the balls, so that each of the five columns contains balls of a single color.
Cameos
As a tribute to the late creator of the puzzle and former Metroid series producer, Gunpei Yokoi, the puzzle has a small cameo appearance in Metroid Prime for the GameCube. A large-scale version appears in the Phazon Mines in which Samus Aran uses the Morph Ball to interact with it by rotating the levels and climbing the side of it with magnetic rails.
The puzzle appears in Animal Crossing: New Leaf, as one of the prizes from Redd during the fireworks displays throughout August.
It is an easter egg in The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask 3D.
In WarioWare Gold, it appears as one of the microgames, requiring the matching of 4 of its marbles. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandon%20Corporation | The Tandon Corporation was an American disk drive and PC manufacturer founded in 1975 (incorporated in 1976 as Tandon Magnetics Corp.) by Sirjang Lal Tandon, a former mechanical engineer. The company originally produced magnetic recording read/write heads for the then-burgeoning floppy-drive market. Due to the labor-intensive nature of the product, production was carried out in low-wage India where production costs were lower. This was the key to the company's competitiveness. In the late 1970s, Tandon developed direct equivalents to Shugart floppy drives, and is credited with the invention of DS/DD (double-sided, double-density) versions which became its primary product in the early 1980s.
In 1979, Tandon introduced the TM-100 diskette drive, a 5.25" unit with 40 track support as opposed to the Shugart SA-400's 35 tracks. When Tandy introduced the TRS-80 Model III in 1980, they equipped the computer with TM-100s. The following year, Tandon obtained an even more lucrative contract when IBM released its Personal Computer. Until 1985, Tandon were the sole supplier of floppy drives for IBM PCs, initially the same single-sided unit used in the TRS-80, then the newer double-sided TM-100-2. Tandon would become the world's largest independent producer of disk drives for personal computers and word processors.
In the mid-1980s, Tandon introduced a line of hard disk drives, making several models of the same basic design with a P shaped top cover and a pinion rack stepper motor off to the side. They also introduced portable hard disk drives that could be easily removed from personal computers. A major decline in North American computer sales during 1984–85 as well as competition from Japanese and Taiwanese manufacturers proved difficult for the company. Tandon in April 1987 purchased hard disk drive maker Atasi Corporation for $5 million in stock. This was done so they could improve the capacity of their disk drive lines, as Atasi offered up to 170 MB while Tandon only did |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigur%C3%B0ur%20Helgason%20%28mathematician%29 | Sigurdur Helgason (born 30 September 1927; Icelandic: Sigurður) is an Icelandic mathematician whose research has been devoted to the geometry and analysis on symmetric spaces. In particular, he has used new integral geometric methods to establish fundamental existence theorems for differential equations on symmetric spaces as well as some new results on the representations of their isometry groups. He also introduced a Fourier transform on these spaces and proved the principal theorems for this
transform, the inversion formula, the Plancherel theorem and the analog of the Paley–Wiener theorem.
He was born in Akureyri, Iceland. In 1954, he earned a PhD from Princeton University under Salomon Bochner. Since 1965, Helgason has been a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
He was winner of the 1988 Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contributions for his books Groups and Geometric Analysis and Differential Geometry, Lie Groups and Symmetric Spaces. This was followed by the 2008 book Geometric Analysis on Symmetric Spaces. On May 31, 1996 Helgason received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of
Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden.
He has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1970. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected works
Articles
Books
Differential geometry and symmetric spaces. Academic Press 1962, AMS 2001
Analysis on Lie groups and homogeneous spaces. AMS 1972
Differential geometry, Lie groups and symmetric spaces. Academic Press 1978, 7th edn. 1995
The Radon Transform. Birkhäuser, 1980, 2nd edn. 1999
Topics in harmonic analysis on homogeneous spaces. Birkhäuser 1981
Groups and geometric analysis: integral geometry, invariant differential operators and spherical functions. Academic Press 1984, AMS 1994
Geometric analysis on symmetric spaces. AMS 1994, 2nd. edn. 2008 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeled%20data | Labeled data is a group of samples that have been tagged with one or more labels. Labeling typically takes a set of unlabeled data and augments each piece of it with informative tags. For example, a data label might indicate whether a photo contains a horse or a cow, which words were uttered in an audio recording, what type of action is being performed in a video, what the topic of a news article is, what the overall sentiment of a tweet is, or whether a dot in an X-ray is a tumor.
Labels can be obtained by asking humans to make judgments about a given piece of unlabeled data. Labeled data is significantly more expensive to obtain than the raw unlabeled data.
Crowdsourced labeled data
In 2006 Fei-Fei Li, the co-director of the Stanford Human-Centered AI Institute, set out to improve the artificial intelligence models and algorithms for image recognition by significantly enlarging the training data. The researchers downloaded millions of images from the World Wide Web and a team of undergraduates started to apply labels for objects to each image. In 2007 Li outsourced the data labelling work on Amazon Mechanical Turk, an online marketplace for digital piece work. The 3.2 million images that were labelled by more than 49,000 workers formed the basis for ImageNet, one of the largest hand-labeled database for outline of object recognition.
Automated data labelling
After obtaining a labeled dataset, machine learning models can be applied to the data so that new unlabeled data can be presented to the model and a likely label can be guessed or predicted for that piece of unlabeled data.
Data-driven bias
Algorithmic decision-making is subject to programmer-driven bias as well as data-driven bias. Training data that relies on bias labeled data will result in prejudices and omissions in a predictive model, despite the machine learning algorithm being legitimate. The labelled data used to train a specific machine learning algorithm needs to be a statistically representativ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBA%20on%20NBN/IBC | The PBA on NBN and The PBA on IBC were brandings used for presentations of Philippine Basketball Association games produced by Summit Sports and was aired on Philippine television networks National Broadcasting Network and Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, respectively in 2003. The PBA on NBN and The PBA on IBC succeeded PBA's longtime TV partner Vintage Television.
Overview
The consortium of NBN and IBC took over the league's TV coverage after winning the TV rights over the league's longtime TV partner Vintage Television on November 8, 2002. The league considered the NBN-IBC bid because they can provide a wider coverage of the games not only in Metro Manila but also throughout the provinces. The consortium signed an agreement to the PBA to cover the games for three years, paying the league for almost P670 million.
NBN began airing the PBA games with the opening of the 2003 PBA season on February 23, 2003, while IBC first aired the PBA games on March 16, 2003.
The first week's ratings of the games over NBN were negligible when compared to those of IBC which had telecast the games for several years, while even the two networks combined ratings were way below those of Viva TV in 2002. The use of two networks to broadcast the PBA also led to an experiment during the first few months of the season where NBN and IBC would air separate telecasts of a game aimed at different audiences, NBN's broadcasts were more traditionally styled, while IBC's broadcasts were aimed at a younger audience, utilizing a separate pool of younger personalities. The format was eventually dropped and replaced with straight simulcasts later on in the season.
Due to allegations by IBC that NBN had not paid close to 30 million pesos in rights fees, IBC stopped broadcasting PBA games at the end of October 2003. NBN would continue on until the finals of the 2003 Reinforced Conference. The PBA gave the consortium a formal notice on December 1, 2003, to settle their debts of unpaid rights fe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosslinking%20of%20DNA | In genetics, crosslinking of DNA occurs when various exogenous or endogenous agents react with two nucleotides of DNA, forming a covalent linkage between them. This crosslink can occur within the same strand (intrastrand) or between opposite strands of double-stranded DNA (interstrand). These adducts interfere with cellular metabolism, such as DNA replication and transcription, triggering cell death. These crosslinks can, however, be repaired through excision or recombination pathways.
DNA crosslinking also has useful merit in chemotherapy and targeting cancerous cells for apoptosis, as well as in understanding how proteins interact with DNA.
Crosslinking agents
Many characterized crosslinking agents have two independently reactive groups within the same molecule, each of which is able to bind with a nucleotide residue of DNA. These agents are separated based upon their source of origin and labeled either as exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous crosslinking agents are chemicals and compounds, both natural and synthetic, that stem from environmental exposures such as pharmaceuticals and cigarette smoke or automotive exhaust. Endogenous crosslinking agents are compounds and metabolites that are introduced from cellular or biochemical pathways within a cell or organism.
Exogenous agents
Nitrogen mustards are exogenous alkylating agents which react with the N7 position of guanine. These compounds have a bis-(2-ethylchloro)amine core structure, with a variable R-group, with the two reactive functional groups serving to alkylate nucleobases and form a crosslink lesion. These agents most preferentially form a 1,3 5'-d(GNC) interstrand crosslink. The introduction of this agent slightly bends the DNA duplex to accommodate for the agent's presence within the helix. These agents are often introduced as a pharmaceutical and are used in cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)) and its derivatives mostly act on adjacent guanines at their N7 positi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race%20and%20health | Race and health refers to how being identified with a specific race influences health. Race is a complex concept that has changed across chronological eras and depends on both self-identification and social recognition. In the study of race and health, scientists organize people in racial categories depending on different factors such as: phenotype, ancestry, social identity, genetic makeup and lived experience. "Race" and ethnicity often remain undifferentiated in health research.
Differences in health status, health outcomes, life expectancy, and many other indicators of health in different racial and ethnic groups are well documented. Epidemiological data indicate that racial groups are unequally affected by diseases, in terms or morbidity and mortality. Some individuals in certain racial groups receive less care, have less access to resources, and live shorter lives in general. Overall, racial health disparities appear to be rooted in social disadvantages associated with race such as implicit stereotyping and average differences in socioeconomic status.
Health disparities are defined as "preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations". According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, they are intrinsically related to the "historical and current unequal distribution of social, political, economic and environmental resources".
The relationship between race and health has been studied from multidisciplinary perspectives, with increasing focus on how racism influences health disparities, and how environmental and physiological factors respond to one another and to genetics.
Racial health disparities
Health disparities refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial and ethnic groups. The US Health Resources and Services Administration defines health disparities as "population-specific differences in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate%20hydrate | Clathrate hydrates, or gas hydrates, clathrates, or hydrates, are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules. In other words, clathrate hydrates are clathrate compounds in which the host molecule is water and the guest molecule is typically a gas or liquid. Without the support of the trapped molecules, the lattice structure of hydrate clathrates would collapse into conventional ice crystal structure or liquid water. Most low molecular weight gases, including , , , , , , , , and , as well as some higher hydrocarbons and freons, will form hydrates at suitable temperatures and pressures. Clathrate hydrates are not officially chemical compounds, as the enclathrated guest molecules are never bonded to the lattice. The formation and decomposition of clathrate hydrates are first order phase transitions, not chemical reactions. Their detailed formation and decomposition mechanisms on a molecular level are still not well understood.
Clathrate hydrates were first documented in 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy who found that water was a primary component of what was earlier thought to be solidified chlorine.
Clathrates have been found to occur naturally in large quantities. Around 6.4 trillion () tonnes of methane is trapped in deposits of methane clathrate on the deep ocean floor. Such deposits can be found on the Norwegian continental shelf in the northern headwall flank of the Storegga Slide. Clathrates can also exist as permafrost, as at the Mallik gas hydrate site in the Mackenzie Delta of northwestern Canadian Arctic. These natural gas hydrates are seen as a potentially vast energy resource and several countries have dedicated national programs to develop this energy resource. Clathrate hydrate has also been of great interest as technology enabler for many applications like seawater desalina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misorientation | In materials science, misorientation is the difference in crystallographic orientation between two crystallites in a polycrystalline material.
In crystalline materials, the orientation of a crystallite is defined by a transformation from a sample reference frame (i.e. defined by the direction of a rolling or extrusion process and two orthogonal directions) to the local reference frame of the crystalline lattice, as defined by the basis of the unit cell. In the same way, misorientation is the transformation necessary to move from one local crystal frame to some other crystal frame. That is, it is the distance in orientation space between two distinct orientations. If the orientations are specified in terms of matrices of direction cosines and , then the misorientation operator going from to can be defined as follows:
where the term is the reverse operation of , that is, transformation from crystal frame back to the sample frame. This provides an alternate description of misorientation as the successive operation of transforming from the first crystal frame () back to the sample frame and subsequently to the new crystal frame ().
Various methods can be used to represent this transformation operation, such as: Euler angles, Rodrigues vectors, axis/angle (where the axis is specified as a crystallographic direction), or unit quaternions.
Symmetry and misorientation
The effect of crystal symmetry on misorientations is to reduce the fraction of the full orientation space necessary to uniquely represent all possible misorientation relationships. For example, cubic crystals (i.e. FCC) have 24 symmetrically related orientations. Each of these orientations is physically indistinguishable, though mathematically distinct. Therefore, the size of orientation space is reduced by a factor of 24. This defines the fundamental zone (FZ) for cubic symmetries. For the misorientation between two cubic crystallites, each possesses its 24 inherent symmetries. In additio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuromasu | , abbreviated or , is a binary-determination logic puzzle published by Nikoli. , one book consisting entirely of puzzles has been published by Nikoli.
Rules
is played on a rectangular grid. Some of these cells have numbers in them. Each cell may be either black or white. The object is to determine what type each cell is.
The following rules determine which cells are which:
Each number on the board represents the number of white cells that can be seen from that cell, including itself. A cell can be seen from another cell if both cells are within the same row or column, and there are no black cells between them in that row or column.
Numbered cells must not be black.
No two black cells must be horizontally or vertically adjacent.
All the white cells must be connected horizontally or vertically.
Solution methods
A number of methods of solving puzzles exist.
Any cell with a number in it must be white; this is very important. For example, a 2 cell with another numbered cell next to it would be visible from the 2 cell, and no other cells can be visible from the 2 cell. Therefore, all neighbouring cells to the 2 cell must be black. The cell beyond the other numbered cell must also be black. This is one method of starting some puzzles.
Another method of beginning some puzzles starts from a 2 cell and another numbered cell or white cell in the same row or column, with just one space between them. The cell in the middle must be black, as if it were white, the 2 cell would be able to see at least 3 cells.
If the number inside a cell is equal to the maximum number of cells it could possibly see, then all those cells must be white in order for that maximum to be possible. For example, in a 7×7 puzzle, the maximum number that can be had in any cell is 13 (the cell itself, plus six others in the row, plus six other in the column). If a 13 appears in a cell of a 7×7 puzzle, all cells in the same row or column as the 13 must be white. This is often represented by p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual%20behavior%20in%20sheep | Homosexual behavior in sheep has been well documented and studied. The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) is the only species of mammal except for humans which exhibits exclusive homosexual behavior. "About 10% of rams (males), refuse to mate with ewes (females) but do readily mate with other rams." One report on sheep found that 8% of rams exhibited homosexual preferences—that is, even when given a choice, they chose male over female partners.
This documented homosexual preference has garnered much discussion. Such rams prefer to court and mount other rams only, even in the presence of estrous ewes. Moreover, around 18–22% of rams are bisexual.
Several observations indicate that male–male sexual preference in rams is sexually motivated. Rams routinely perform the same courtship behaviors (including foreleg kicks, nudges, vocalizations, anogenital sniffs and flehmen) prior to mounting other males as observed when other rams court and mount estrous females. Furthermore, pelvic thrusting and ejaculation often accompany same-sex mounts by rams. The Merck Manual of Veterinary Medicine appears to consider homosexuality among sheep as a routine occurrence and an issue to be dealt with as a problem of animal husbandry.
Biological causes
A number of studies have reported differences in brain structure and function between male-oriented and female-oriented rams, suggesting that sexual partner preferences are neurologically hard-wired. Long-term studies of homosexual behavior in domesticated sheep led by Charles Roselli have found that 6-8% of rams have a homosexual preference through their life. Dissection of ram brains also found a similar smaller (feminized) structure in homosexually oriented rams compared to heterosexually oriented rams in the equivalent brain region to the human SDN, the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus (oSDN). The size of the sheep oSDN has also been demonstrated to be formed in utero, rather than postnatally, underscoring the role of prenatal hormones in m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector-radix%20FFT%20algorithm | The vector-radix FFT algorithm, is a multidimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, which is a generalization of the ordinary Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm that divides the transform dimensions by arbitrary radices. It breaks a multidimensional (MD) discrete Fourier transform (DFT) down into successively smaller MD DFTs until, ultimately, only trivial MD DFTs need to be evaluated.
The most common multidimensional FFT algorithm is the row-column algorithm, which means transforming the array first in one index and then in the other, see more in FFT. Then a radix-2 direct 2-D FFT has been developed, and it can eliminate 25% of the multiplies as compared to the conventional row-column approach. And this algorithm has been extended to rectangular arrays and arbitrary radices, which is the general vector-radix algorithm.
Vector-radix FFT algorithm can reduce the number of complex multiplications significantly, compared to row-vector algorithm. For example, for a element matrix (M dimensions, and size N on each dimension), the number of complex multiples of vector-radix FFT algorithm for radix-2 is , meanwhile, for row-column algorithm, it is . And generally, even larger savings in multiplies are obtained when this algorithm is operated on larger radices and on higher dimensional arrays.
Overall, the vector-radix algorithm significantly reduces the structural complexity of the traditional DFT having a better indexing scheme, at the expense of a slight increase in arithmetic operations. So this algorithm is widely used for many applications in engineering, science, and mathematics, for example, implementations in image processing, and high speed FFT processor designing.
2-D DIT case
As with the Cooley–Tukey FFT algorithm, the two dimensional vector-radix FFT is derived by decomposing the regular 2-D DFT into sums of smaller DFT's multiplied by "twiddle" factors.
A decimation-in-time (DIT) algorithm means the decomposition is based on time domain , see more in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga%20Walker | The Amiga Walker, sometimes incorrectly known as the Mind Walker, is a prototype of an Amiga computer developed and shown by Amiga Technologies in late 1995/early 1996. Walker was planned as a replacement for the A1200 with a faster CPU, better expansion capabilities, and a built-in CD-ROM. The Walker was never released; Escom and Amiga Technologies went bankrupt, and only two (three) prototypes were made.
The case is unique and radically different from computers before it. The intention was also to make the motherboard available without the case so users could put it into a standard PC case. There were a number of other potential case designs of different sizes, the Walker motherboard could fit all of them; this allowed for expandability tailored to the user's requirements.
When the Walker was announced, it was the subject of much discussion (and ridicule) within the Amiga user community, centering on the unconventional case design.
Technical information
Specifications
CPU:
Motorola 68030/33 MHz (in the prototype version)
Motorola 68030/40 MHz (compared to 68020/14 MHz in A1200)
Chipset: AGA
Memory:
1 MB Kickstart ROM (compared to 512 kB in the original Amiga 1200)
2 MB Chip RAM
4 MB Fast RAM (only in the production version)
Drives:
internal CD-ROM
1.44 MB internal floppy drive
Realtime clock onboard
Additional:
Amiga keyboard
See also
Power A5000
Amiga models and variants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Compute%20Project | The Open Compute Project (OCP) is an organization that shares designs of data center products and best practices among companies, including Arm, Meta, IBM, Wiwynn, Intel, Nokia, Google, Microsoft, Seagate Technology, Dell, Rackspace, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, NVIDIA, Cisco, Goldman Sachs, Fidelity, Lenovo and Alibaba Group.
Project structure
The Open Compute Project Foundation is a 501(c)(6) non-profit incorporated in the state of Delaware. Rocky Bullock serves as the Foundation's CEO and has a seat on the board of directors. As of July 2020, there are 7 members who serve on the board of directors which is made up of one individual member and six organizational members. Mark Roenigk (Facebook) is the Foundation's president and chairman. Andy Bechtolsheim is the individual member. In addition to Mark Roenigk who represents Facebook, other organizations on the Open Compute board of directors include Intel (Rebecca Weekly), Microsoft (Kushagra Vaid), Google (Partha Ranganathan), and Rackspace (Jim Hawkins).
A current list of members can be found on the opencompute.org website.
History
The Open Compute Project began in Facebook as an internal project in 2009 called "Project Freedom". The hardware designs and engineering team were led by Amir Michael (Manager, Hardware Design) and sponsored by Jonathan Heiliger (VP, Technical Operations) and Frank Frankovsky (Director, Hardware Design and Infrastructure). The three would later open source the designs of Project Freedom and co-found the Open Compute Project. The project was announced at a press event at Facebook's headquarters in Palo Alto on April 7, 2011.
OCP projects
The Open Compute Project Foundation maintains a number of OCP projects, such as:
Server designs
Two years after Open Compute Project had started, with regards to a more modular server design, it was admitted that "the new design is still a long way from live data centers". However, some aspects published were used in Facebook's Prineville dat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified%20atmosphere/modified%20humidity%20packaging | Modified atmosphere/modified humidity (MA/MH) packaging is a technology used to preserve the quality of fresh produce so that it can be sold to markets far away from where it is grown, extend the marketing period, and to help suppliers reduce food waste within the cold chain. Commercial examples of MA/MH include sea freight of Galia and cantaloupe melons from Central and South America to Europe (a 21-day journey) and North America (a 7-day journey); transport of white asparagus from fields in Peru to markets in Western Europe (a 20-day journey by land and sea); and trucking of cherries from orchards in Turkey to supermarkets in the UK (a 7-day journey).
Scientific terms
EMAPEquilibrium modified atmosphere packaging
MA/MHModified atmosphere/modified humidity
MAPModified atmosphere packaging
RHRelative humidity
MVTRMoisture vapor transmission rate
History
Modified atmosphere/modified humidity (MA/MH) packaging is a type of equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging (EMAP), which evolved due to the need for more control of humidity in the packaging.
Most of the polymers that are commercially used in EMAP are polyolefin-based, characterized by low moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR). Temperature fluctuations during the various links in the cold logistics chain are unavoidable and will result in condensation forming on the inner surface of the package. The accumulation of condensed water in packages with low MVTR is conducive for pathological and physiological disorders. Not only does excess moisture enhance fungal and bacterial decay and the formation of off odors, it also encourages leaf sprouting in topped root vegetables, regrowth of leaves and physiological disorders such as tissue discoloration and peel blemishes. Certain produce items are more sensitive to excess moisture than others.
In 1995, StePac LA. Ltd., with the assistance of the Agricultural Research Organization – The Volcani Center, began developing plastic films with higher MVTR than most c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20Power%20School | Nuclear Power School (NPS) is a technical school operated by the U.S. Navy in Goose Creek, South Carolina as a central part of a program that trains enlisted sailors, officers, KAPL civilians and Bettis civilians for shipboard nuclear power plant operation and maintenance of surface ships and submarines in the U.S. nuclear navy.
As of 2020 the United States Navy operates 98 nuclear power plants, including 71 submarines (each with one reactor), 11 aircraft carriers (each with two reactors), and three Moored Training Ships (MTS) and two land-based training plants.
NPS is the centerpiece of the training pipeline for U.S. Navy nuclear operators. It follows initial training at Nuclear Field "A" School (for enlisted operators) or a college degree (for officer operators and a small number of civilian contractors), and culminates with certification as a nuclear operator at one of the Navy's two Nuclear Power Training Units (NPTU).
Overview
Prospective enlisted enrollees in the Nuclear Power Program must have qualifying line scores on the ASVAB exam, may need to pass the NFQT (Nuclear Field Qualification Test), and must undergo a NACLC investigation for attaining a "Secret" security clearance. Additionally, each applicant must pass an interview with the Advanced Programs Coordinator in the associated recruiting district.
All officer students have had college-level courses in calculus and calculus-based physics. Acceptance to the officer program requires successful completion of interviews at Naval Reactors in Washington, D.C., and a final approval via a direct interview with the Director, Naval Nuclear Propulsion, a unique eight-year, four-star admiral position which was originally held by the program's founder, Admiral Hyman G. Rickover.
Women were allowed into the Naval Nuclear Field from 1978 until 1980, when the Navy began only allowing men again. With the repeal of the Combat Exclusion Law in the 1994 Defense Authorization Act, and the decision to open combatant sh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonia | Kryptonia is a bacterial phylum with candidate status. It is a member of the FCB group.
The phylum was first proposed in 2016 following the recovery of genomes from a large-scale effort to mine metagenomic and single-cell genomic datasets for novel bacterial diversity. Extensive analysis of 5.2 Tb of metagenomic data from around the world suggests members of Kryptonia are found exclusively in high-temperature pH-netural geothermal springs, such as the Jinze pool (Yunnan Province, China), Dewar Creek Spring (British Columbia, Canada), and Great Boiling Spring (Nevada, USA). Due to primer mismatches, members of this phylum have been widely under-detected in 16S rRNA sequencing-based surveys of community composition.
Analysis of the first genomes recovered from this group (from four different genera) suggests that members of Kryptonia are heterotrophs with a putative capacity for iron respiration. They are inferred to be incapable of some producing key metabolic compounds on their own (e.g.: biotin, certain amino acids), and thus may be metabolically dependent on other microbes in their environment, although the nature of such a relationship is unknown.
The name "Kryptonia" is derived from the Greek work "krupton", which means "hidden" or "secret". This is a nod to the phylum having hitherto eluded detection due to SSU rRNA primer biases.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Class "Kryptonia"
Order "Kryptoniales"
Family "Kryptoniaceae"
Genus "Ca. Chrysopegocella" Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 2016 corrig. Oren et al. 2020 ["Ca. Chrysopegis" (sic)]
"Ca. Chrysopegocella kryptomonas" Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 2016 corrig. Oren et al. 2020
Genus "Ca. Kryptobacter" Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 2016
"Ca. Kryptobacter tengchongensis" Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 2016
Genus "Ca. Kryptonium" Eloe-Fadrosh et al. 2016
"Ca. Kryptonium thompsoni" Eloe-Fadrosh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe%20%28graphics%29 | In 3D computer graphics, a lathed object is a 3D model whose vertex geometry is produced by rotating the points of a spline or other point set around a fixed axis. The lathing may be partial; the amount of rotation is not necessarily a full 360 degrees. The point set providing the initial source data can be thought of as a cross section through the object along a plane containing its axis of radial symmetry.
The reason the lathe has this name is because it creates symmetrical objects around a rotational axis, just like a real lathe would.
Lathes are very similar to surfaces of revolution. However, lathes are constructed by rotating a curve defined by a set of points instead of a function. Note that this means that lathes can be constructed by rotating closed curves or curves that double back on themselves (such as the aforementioned torus), whereas a surface of revolution could not because such curves cannot be described by functions.
See also
Surface of revolution
Solid of revolution
Loft (3D)
Computer-aided design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique%20percolation%20method | The clique percolation method is a popular approach for analyzing the overlapping community structure of networks. The term network community (also called a module, cluster or cohesive group)
has no widely accepted unique definition and it is usually defined as a group of nodes that are more densely connected to each other than to other nodes in the network. There are numerous alternative methods for detecting communities in networks, for example, the Girvan–Newman algorithm, hierarchical clustering and modularity maximization.
Definitions
Clique Percolation Method (CPM)
The clique percolation method builds up the communities from k-cliques, which correspond to complete (fully connected) sub-graphs of k nodes. (E.g., a k-clique at k = 3 is equivalent to a triangle). Two k-cliques are considered adjacent if they share k − 1 nodes. A community is defined as the maximal union of k-cliques that can be reached from each other through a series of adjacent k-cliques. Such communities can be best interpreted with the help of a k-clique template (an object isomorphic to a complete graph of k nodes). Such a template can be placed onto any k-clique in the graph, and rolled to an adjacent k-clique by relocating one of its nodes and keeping its other k − 1 nodes fixed. Thus, the k-clique communities of a network are all those sub-graphs that can be fully explored by rolling a k-clique template in them, but cannot be left by this template.
This definition allows overlaps between the communities in a natural way, as illustrated in Fig.1, showing four k-clique communities at k = 4. The communities are color-coded and the overlap between them is emphasized in red. The definition above is also local: if a certain sub-graph fulfills the criteria to be considered as a community, then it will remain a community independent of what happens to another part of the network far away. In contrast, when searching for the communities by optimizing with respect to a global quantity, a chang |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Biophysics%20Societies%20Association | The European Biophysical Societies' Association is an association existing to promote Biophysics in Europe and to disseminate "knowledge of the principles, recent developments and applications of biophysics, and to foster the exchange of scientific information among European biophysicists and biophysicists in general".
Origins
At the end of the 1970s, there appeared to be an interest in creating a formal association of various existing European Biophysical Societies. In November 1981, a meeting organized by the German Biophysical Society set the stage for developing concrete “aims of the Association…namely to promote scientific contacts and cooperation with the organization of joint meetings.”
EBSA was established in 1984, at the 8th IUPAB Congress of Biophysics, held in Bristol, after representatives from 8 European Biophysical Societies (Belgian, British, Danish, German, Italian, Netherlands, Swedish and Swiss) met to develop and sign a founding constitution and rules of association.
It was also in 1984 that the journal Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism became the European Biophysics Journal, published by Springer-Verlag. Since 2000, EBJ has been owned entirely by EBSA and it is currently available free of charge to its members. Ownership of the journal has provided a financial base from which EBSA undertakes many of its activities.
Activities
Because biophysics is a unique combination of diverse scientific subjects, particularly fertile with the advancement of biotechnology and quantitative and analytical methods in biology, EBSA's has a prolific range of activities geared towards bringing innovative people and ideas together. Every two years EBSA organizes the European Biophysics Congress. The 9th Congress was held in Lisbon, Portugal, in 2013. The 2015 Congress was held in Dresden, Germany, in 2017 it was held in Edinburgh, Scotland while in 2019 in Madrid, Spain. The next congress will be held in Vienna, in July 2021.
In addition, EBSA offers a vari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb%20filter | In signal processing, a comb filter is a filter implemented by adding a delayed version of a signal to itself, causing constructive and destructive interference. The frequency response of a comb filter consists of a series of regularly spaced notches in between regularly spaced peaks (sometimes called teeth) giving the appearance of a comb.
Comb filters exist in two forms, feedforward and feedback; which refer to the direction in which signals are delayed before they are added to the input.
Comb filters may be implemented in discrete time or continuous time forms which are very similar.
Applications
Comb filters are employed in a variety of signal processing applications, including:
Cascaded integrator–comb (CIC) filters, commonly used for anti-aliasing during interpolation and decimation operations that change the sample rate of a discrete-time system.
2D and 3D comb filters implemented in hardware (and occasionally software) in PAL and NTSC analog television decoders, reduce artifacts such as dot crawl.
Audio signal processing, including delay, flanging, physical modelling synthesis and digital waveguide synthesis. If the delay is set to a few milliseconds, a comb filter can model the effect of acoustic standing waves in a cylindrical cavity or in a vibrating string.
In astronomy the astro-comb promises to increase the precision of existing spectrographs by nearly a hundredfold.
In acoustics, comb filtering can arise as an unwanted artifact. For instance, two loudspeakers playing the same signal at different distances from the listener, create a comb filtering effect on the audio. In any enclosed space, listeners hear a mixture of direct sound and reflected sound. The reflected sound takes a longer, delayed path compared to the direct sound, and a comb filter is created where the two mix at the listener. Similarly, comb filtering may result from mono mixing of multiple mics, hence the 3:1 rule of thumb that neighboring mics should be separated at least t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZX8301 | The ZX8301 is an Uncommitted Logic Array (ULA) integrated circuit designed for the Sinclair QL microcomputer. Also known as the "Master Chip", it provides a Video Display Generator, the division of a 15 MHz crystal to provide the 7.5 MHz system clock, ZX8302 register address decoder, DRAM refresh and bus controller. The ZX8301 is IC22 on the QL motherboard.
The Sinclair Research business model had always been to work toward a maximum performance to price ratio (as was evidenced by the keyboard mechanisms in the QL and earlier Sinclair models). Unfortunately, this focus on price and performance often resulted in cost cutting in the design and build of Sinclair's machines. One such cost driven decision (failing to use a hardware buffer integrated circuit (IC) between the IC pins and the external RGB monitor connection) caused the ZX8301 to quickly develop a reputation for being fragile and easy to damage, particularly if the monitor plug was inserted or removed while the QL was powered up. Such action resulted in damage to the video circuitry and almost always required replacement of the ZX8301.
The ZX8301, when subsequently used in the International Computers Limited (ICL) One Per Desk featured hardware buffering, and the chip proved to be much more reliable in this configuration.
See also
Sinclair QL
One Per Desk
List of Sinclair QL clones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Hilbert%20problem | In mathematics, Riemann–Hilbert problems, named after Bernhard Riemann and David Hilbert, are a class of problems that arise in the study of differential equations in the complex plane. Several existence theorems for Riemann–Hilbert problems have been produced by Mark Krein, Israel Gohberg and others (see the book by Clancey and Gohberg (1981)).
The Riemann problem
Suppose that is a closed simple contour in the complex plane dividing the plane into two parts denoted by (the inside) and (the outside), determined by the index of the contour with respect to a point. The classical problem, considered in Riemann's PhD dissertation (see ), was that of finding a function
analytic inside such that the boundary values of M+ along satisfy the equation
for all , where a, b, and c are given real-valued functions .
By the Riemann mapping theorem, it suffices to consider the case when is the unit circle . In this case, one may seek M+(z) along with its Schwarz reflection:
On the unit circle Σ, one has , and so
Hence the problem reduces to finding a pair of functions M+(z) and M−(z) analytic, respectively, on the inside and the outside of the unit disc, so that on the unit circle
and, moreover, so that the condition at infinity holds:
The Hilbert problem
Hilbert's generalization was to consider the problem of attempting to find M+ and M− analytic, respectively, on the inside and outside of the curve Σ, such that on one has
where α, β, and c are arbitrary given complex-valued functions (no longer just complex conjugates).
Riemann–Hilbert problems
In the Riemann problem as well as Hilbert's generalization, the contour was simple. A full Riemann–Hilbert problem allows that the contour may be composed of a union of several oriented smooth curves, with no intersections. The + and − sides of the "contour" may then be determined according to the index of a point with respect to . The Riemann–Hilbert problem is to find a pair of functions, M+ and M− analytic, respectivel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Szpiro | George Geza Szpiro (born 18 February 1950 in Vienna) is an Israeli–Swiss author, journalist, and mathematician. He has written articles and books on popular mathematics and related topics.
Life and career
Szpiro was born in Vienna in 1950, and moved to Zug, Switzerland, in 1961. He obtained a master's degree in mathematics and physics from ETH Zurich. He also obtained an MBA from Stanford University, in 1975. Afterward, he worked as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company. In 1984, he obtained a Ph.D. in mathematical economics from Hebrew University.
Szpiro was an assistant professor at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, during 1984–1986. He was a lecturer in mathematical economics at Hebrew University, during 1986–1992. He also taught at the University of Zurich. He has published research papers related to mathematics, finance, and statistics.
Since 1986, Szpiro has worked as a journalist at Neue Zürcher Zeitung. At NZZ, he has been the Israel correspondent and mathematics columnist. For his mathematics columns, Szpiro was awarded the Prix Média by the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences, in 2003. He was also awarded the Media Prize by the German Mathematical Society, in 2006. Beside writing for NZZ, he has also written non-research mathematics columns for journals such as Nature and Notices of the American Mathematical Society.
Szpiro married in 1979. He and his wife, Fortuna, have three children.
Books
Kepler's Conjecture: How Some of the Greatest Minds in History Helped Solve One of the Oldest Math Problems in the World (John Wiley & Sons, 2003)
The Secret Life of Numbers: 50 Easy Pieces on How Mathematicians Work and Think (Joseph Henry Press, 2006)
Poincaré's Prize: The Hundred-Year Quest to Solve One of Math's Greatest Puzzles (Dutton, 2007)
Numbers Rule: The Vexing Mathematics of Democracy, from Plato to the Present (Princeton University Press, 2010)
A Mathematical Medley: Fifty Easy Pieces on Mathematics (American Mathe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleversafe%20Inc. | Cleversafe Inc. was an object storage software and systems developer company. It was founded in 2004 by Chris Gladwin, an American technology entrepreneur. The company was acquired by IBM in 2015, and became an integral part of IBM Cloud Object Storage.
History
Cleversafe Inc was launched as a startup company in 2004 by Chris Gladwin, an American inventor, computer engineer and technology entrepreneur. Gladwin created Cleversafe because his prior company, MusicNow, Inc., deployed systems to store all digitized music and he felt that approach used by the enterprise data storage products could be vastly improved.
Cleversafe had its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, and was originally based in Illinois Institute of Technology incubator, where the company matured for the first years of its existence. From the beginning, Cleversafe's initial focus as a startup was on developing new dispersed storage technology for unstructured data in the petabyte-plus range, which the company called " Dispersed Storage Network" or dsNet. According to New York Times and other sources, Cleversafe's approach was to break the data into pieces and then disperses it in multiple locations around the world in order to additionally enhance data security. The initial funding was provided by OCA Ventures. Chairman and investor Christopher Galvin recruited John Morris as its new president and CEO in 2013 to build a more aggressive sales and marketing culture. Within two years, Morris rapidly expanded sales and successfully increased the value of Cleversafe to the $1.4 billion paid by IBM when it purchased the company three years later in 2015.
Awards
In 2008, Cleversafe was a winner of the Chicago Innovation Awards in the category "Data Backup and Security". In 2011, it was also supported by In-Q-Tel, a venture capital firm related to the US intelligence community. Forbes notes: "In 2013, the company was the 2nd largest cloud storage vendor by volume and received over $100 million in venture fu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20operad | In mathematics, the Lie operad is an operad whose algebras are Lie algebras. The notion (at least one version) was introduced by in their formulation of Koszul duality.
Definition à la Ginzburg–Kapranov
Fix a base field k and let denote the free Lie algebra over k with generators and the subspace spanned by all the bracket monomials containing each exactly once. The symmetric group acts on by permutations of the generators and, under that action, is invariant. The operadic composition is given by substituting expressions (with renumbered variables) for variables. Then, is an operad.
Koszul-Dual
The Koszul-dual of is the commutative-ring operad, an operad whose algebras are the commutative rings over k.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocitrate/isopropylmalate%20dehydrogenase%20family | In molecular biology, the isocitrate/isopropylmalate dehydrogenase family is a protein family consisting of the evolutionary related enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase, 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase and tartrate dehydrogenase.
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), is an important enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate. IDH is either dependent on NAD+ or on NADP+ . In eukaryotes there are at least three isozymes of IDH: two are located in the mitochondrial matrix (one NAD+-dependent, the other NADP+-dependent), while the third one (also NADP+-dependent) is cytoplasmic. In Escherichia coli the activity of a NADP+-dependent form of the enzyme is controlled by the phosphorylation of a serine residue; the phosphorylated form of IDH is completely inactivated.
3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (IMDH) catalyses the third step in the biosynthesis of leucine in bacteria and fungi, the oxidative decarboxylation of 3-isopropylmalate into 2-oxo-4-methylvalerate.
Tartrate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of tartrate to oxaloglycolate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPSG%20Geodetic%20Parameter%20Dataset | EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset (also EPSG registry) is a public registry of geodetic datums, spatial reference systems, Earth ellipsoids, coordinate transformations and related units of measurement, originated by a member of the European Petroleum Survey Group (EPSG) in 1985. Each entity is assigned an EPSG code between 1024 and 32767, along with a standard machine-readable well-known text (WKT) representation. The dataset is maintained by the IOGP Geomatics Committee.
Most geographic information systems (GIS) and GIS libraries use EPSG codes as Spatial Reference System Identifiers (SRIDs) and EPSG definition data for identifying coordinate reference systems, projections, and performing transformations between these systems, while some also support SRIDs issued by other organizations (such as Esri).
Common EPSG codes
EPSG:4326 - WGS 84, latitude/longitude coordinate system based on the Earth's center of mass, used by the Global Positioning System among others.
EPSG:3857 - Web Mercator projection used for display by many web-based mapping tools, including Google Maps and OpenStreetMap.
EPSG:7789 - International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2014 (ITRF2014), an Earth-fixed system that is independent of continental drift.
History
The dataset was created in 1985 by Jean-Patrick Girbig of Elf, to "standardize, improve and share spatial data between members of the European Petroleum Survey Group". It was made public in 1993.
In 2005, the EPSG organisation was merged into International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP), and became the Geomatics Committee. However, the name of the EPSG registry was kept to avoid confusion. Since then, the acronym "EPSG" became increasingly synonymous with the dataset or registry itself.
See also
List of map projections |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%20Cry%206 | Far Cry 6 is a 2021 first-person shooter game developed by Ubisoft Toronto and published by Ubisoft. It is the sixth main installment in the Far Cry series and the successor to 2018's Far Cry 5. The game is set on the fictional Caribbean island of Yara, ruled as a dictatorship by "El Presidente" Antón Castillo (portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito) who is raising his son Diego (Anthony Gonzalez) to follow in his rule. Players take on the role of guerilla fighter Dani Rojas (voiced by either Nisa Gunduz or Sean Rey), attempting to topple Castillo and his regime. Gameplay focuses on combat and exploration; players fight enemy soldiers and dangerous wildlife using a wide array of weapons and gadgets. The game features many elements found in role-playing games, such as a leveling up system and side quests. It also features a cooperative multiplayer mode.
Development of Far Cry 6 began around 2016 and was extensive. The team studied several revolutions of recent history for the game's narrative, primarily the Cuban Revolution of 1953–1959. The game was designed to be 'political', covering themes such as the rise of fascism in a nation, the costs of imperialism, and the need for free-and-fair elections, in response to the controversy generated by Far Cry 5. The development team also sought to bring back several elements from earlier Far Cry titles such as a tropical setting and a fully voiced protagonist. The game was first teased by Esposito in July 2020, and officially announced later that month, at the Ubisoft Forward online event.
Far Cry 6 was released worldwide for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Stadia, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Amazon Luna on October 7, 2021. It received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who praised the small improvements brought to the series' gameplay formula, but criticized its story and lack of innovation. Several releases of downloadable content were subsequently published, including three expansion packs centered around antago |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macacine%20betaherpesvirus%203 | Macacine betaherpesvirus 3 (McHV-3) is a species of virus in the genus Cytomegalovirus, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry%20On%2C%20Mr.%20Bowditch | Carry On, Mr. Bowditch is a novel by Jean Lee Latham that was awarded the Newbery Medal in 1956.
The book is a children's biography of Nathaniel Bowditch, a sailor and mathematician who published the mammoth and comprehensive reference work for seamen: The American Practical Navigator. It is an epic tale of adventure and learning.
Plot summary
In Revolutionary War–era Salem, Massachusetts, a young Nat Bowditch, the smallest member of a sea-faring family, astounds his schoolteacher with his talent for mathematics. He dreams of someday attending Harvard University but is forced by his family's financial hardships to quit school and work in his father's cooperage. Even that sacrifice is not enough, and his family contracts him into indentured servitude at a chandlery. Determined to continue his education, he uses his nine years as a clerk to teach himself subjects such as trigonometry, calculus, Latin, and French.
Upon the fulfillment of his servitude, he takes a job as a surveyor, which quickly evolves into a career as an officer and supercargo on various merchant ships. Numerous voyages take him to ports around the world and sometime into brushes with the wars being fought by the newly founded United States. In his duties as a navigator, he discovers that many of the references available contain dangerous errors, and he is compelled to compile a new book of navigational data. His experiences educating crew members serving under him allow Nat to supplement his numeric tables with information that allow sailors with limited educations to learn the trade of navigation. Eventually Nat becomes a captain and faces his greatest navigational challenge of all.
Reception
Kirkus Reviews called the book "A readable biography of the man who was scarcely out of his teens before he had written the authoritative book on navigation still used at Annapolis". In a retrospective essay about the Newbery Medal-winning books from 1956 to 1965, librarian Carolyn Horovitz wrote of Carr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium-vacancy%20center%20in%20diamond | The germanium-vacancy center (Ge-V) is an optically active defect in diamond, which can be created by doping germanium into diamond during its growth or by implanting germanium ions into diamond after its growth. Its properties are similar to those of the silicon-vacancy center in diamond (SiV). Ge-V can behave as a single-photon source and shows potential for quantum and nanoscience applications due to its narrow zero-phonon line (ZPL) and minimal phononic-sideband (compared to that of the nitrogen-vacancy center (NV)).
Properties
Ge-V is predicted to consist of one germanium atom situated between two adjacent lattice vacancies and have the same D3d point group symmetry as SiV. It has a single ZPL at 602 nm (2.059 eV) at room-temperature, which splits into two components separated by 0.67 meV at low-temperatures (10 K). The Ge-V has an excited state lifetime of 1.4–5.5 ns.
Formation
Ge-V can be created during the diamond growth, or by ion implantation and subsequent annealing at 800 °C. The former way results in lower lattice strain, as revealed by the spread in the position and width of the Ge-V ZPL. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk%20score | Risk score (or risk scoring) is the name given to a general practice in applied statistics, bio-statistics, econometrics and other related disciplines, of creating an easily calculated number (the score) that reflects the level of risk in the presence of some risk factors (e.g. risk of mortality or disease in the presence of symptoms or genetic profile, risk financial loss considering credit and financial history, etc.).
Risk scores are designed to be:
Simple to calculate: In many cases all you need to calculate a score is a pen and a piece of paper (although some scores use rely on more sophisticated or less transparent calculations that require a computer program).
Easily interpreted: The result of the calculation is a single number, and higher score usually means higher risk. Furthermore, many scoring methods enforce some form of monotonicity along the measured risk factors to allow a straight forward interpretation of the score (e.g. risk of mortality only increases with age, risk of payment default only increase with the amount of total debt the customer has, etc.).
Actionable: Scores are designed around a set of possible actions that should be taken as a result of the calculated score. Effective score-based policies can be designed and executed by setting thresholds on the value of the score and associating them with escalating actions.
Formal definition
A typical scoring method is composed of 3 components:
A set of consistent rules (or weights) that assign a numerical value ("points") to each risk factor that reflect our estimation of underlying risk.
A formula (typically a simple sum of all accumulated points) that calculates the score.
A set of thresholds that helps to translate the calculated score into a level of risk, or an equivalent formula or set of rules to translate the calculated score back into probabilities (leaving the nominal evaluation of severity to the practitioner).
Items 1 & 2 can be achieved by using some form of regression, th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus%20tomentosus | Suillus tomentosus is a species of mushroom. The common names of the species are blue-staining slippery Jack, poor man's slippery Jack, and woolly-capped suillus.
Description
The cap is wide, pale to orange-yellow with grayish brownish or reddish tomentum, and viscid while fresh. The fibrillose-scaly surface of the cap helps distinguish it from other species in the genus. The tubes are yellow and become blue when bruised. The stipe is tall and 1–3 cm wide, grandular dotted and the color is similar to the cap. The cap is scaly and has fibrillose. The spores are brownish when they are young. The spore print is dark olive brown to brown. The species stains fingers blue. It has no veil.
The yellow interior of the mushroom should slowly turn green-blue when cut with a knife.
Edibility
The mushroom may be edible to some while others may find its taste acidic even after cooking. The species has been known to cause gastric upset in some people. The author David Arora said the species tastes the same as Suillus fuscotomentosus. Arora also said that on a blandness scale, this mushroom ranks at the bottom. Arora reports that one collector stated the mushroom smells and tastes like Tootsie Rolls when dried. The species have also been said to smell like almonds. When they look for this species, consumers are advised to be careful to distinguish it from other species that stain blue but are poisonous.
Similar species
Similar species include S. fuscotomentosus, S. reticulatus, S. variegatus, and Boletus subtomentosus.
Habitat
The species is commonly found in the Rocky Mountains of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. It is less common in the lake states. The species fruits in the summer in the Rocky Mountains. Also, the species fruits in autumn along the Pacific coast and in the lake states. The species is by itself or scattered in mixed forests. The species can commonly be found under lodgepole pines or other two-needle pines. It is rarely found under jack pines.
Suillus to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin%20Ahmad | Sir Ziauddin Ahmad (born Ziauddin Ahmed Zuberi; 13 February 1873 – 23 December 1947) was an Indian mathematician, parliamentarian, logician, natural philosopher, politician, political theorist, educationist and a scholar. He was a member of the Aligarh Movement and was a professor, principal of MAO College, first pro vice-chancellor, vice chancellor and rector of Aligarh Muslim University, India.
He served as vice chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University for three terms.
In 1917, he was appointed a member of the Calcutta University Commission also known as the Sadler Commission. He was also a member of Skeen Committee also known as Indian Sandhurst Committee and Shea Commission for the Indianisation of the British Indian Army.
Early life
He was born on 13 February 1873, in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, British India. His primary education was at a madrasa and later joined Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh.
Ahmad's association with Aligarh began in 1889, when at the age of 16 years, he joined the 'first year' at the M.A.O. College School. He passed high school in first division and was awarded the Lang Medal and a government scholarship.He had to join the Government College, Allahabad, as science courses were not available at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College. He returned to Aligarh and passed his B.A in 1895 in first division, standing first among science students, and was awarded Starchy Gold Medal. Soon after passing B.A., he was appointed assistant lecturer in mathematics at Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.
On the basis of merit, he was nominated for the post of deputy collector, but Ahmad declined the offer and elected to continue in the service of the college. Sir Syed offered him a permanent appointment in the grade of Rs , provided he signed a bond to serve for a period of five years. He responded by undertaking to serve for his entire life. A highly impressed Sir Syed tore up the bond.
Education
Ahmad completed his BA in mathematics (with distin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20continuity-related%20mathematical%20topics | In mathematics, the terms continuity, continuous, and continuum are used in a variety of related ways.
Continuity of functions and measures
Continuous function
Absolutely continuous function
Absolute continuity of a measure with respect to another measure
Continuous probability distribution: Sometimes this term is used to mean a probability distribution whose cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) is (simply) continuous. Sometimes it has a less inclusive meaning: a distribution whose c.d.f. is absolutely continuous with respect to Lebesgue measure. This less inclusive sense is equivalent to the condition that every set whose Lebesgue measure is 0 has probability 0.
Geometric continuity
Parametric continuity
Continuum
Continuum (set theory), the real line or the corresponding cardinal number
Linear continuum, any ordered set that shares certain properties of the real line
Continuum (topology), a nonempty compact connected metric space (sometimes a Hausdorff space)
Continuum hypothesis, a conjecture of Georg Cantor that there is no cardinal number between that of countably infinite sets and the cardinality of the set of all real numbers. The latter cardinality is equal to the cardinality of the set of all subsets of a countably infinite set.
Cardinality of the continuum, a cardinal number that represents the size of the set of real numbers
See also
Continuous variable
Mathematical analysis
Mathematics-related lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystine%20tryptic%20agar | Cystine tryptic agar (CTA), also known as cystine trypticase agar, is a growth medium used for the identification of microorganisms.
It can be used to determine if organisms can ferment various carbohydrates, including maltose, lactose, and sucrose. This approach can be used to type organisms because although strains quickly gain antibiotic resistance, they rarely gain the ability to metabolize new nutrients (though exceptions are known.) For example, the following fermentation patterns have been observed:
Typical composition
Cystine tryptic agar typically contains (w/v):
2.0 % casein
0.05 % L-cystine
0.5 % sodium chloride
0.05% sodium sulfite
0.25% agar
0.00017% phenol red
0.5% one of the sugars mentioned above
See also
TSI slant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel%20management | Bowel management is the process which a person with a bowel disability uses to manage fecal incontinence or constipation. People who have a medical condition which impairs control of their defecation use bowel management techniques to choose a predictable time and place to evacuate. A simple bowel management technique might include diet control and establishing a toilet routine. As a more involved practice a person might use an enema to relieve themselves. Without bowel management, the person might either suffer from the feeling of not getting relief, or they might soil themselves.
Bowel control is often a challenge for children who are born with anomalies in their anus or rectum, Hirschsprung's disease, and/or spina bifida. Medical providers can help anyone with long term bowel problems to develop a routine in such cases to assist children in managing their bowels so that they can otherwise live normally.
Overview
Bowel management is achieved mainly through a daily enema which empties the colon to prevent unwanted and uncontrolled bowel movements that day. Some patients also use laxatives and a controlled diet as part of their bowel management regimen. Another alternative is transanal irrigation.
Transanal irrigation of the rectum and colon is designed to assist the evacuation of faeces from the bowel by introducing water into rectum via the anus. By regularly emptying the bowel using transanal irrigation, controlled bowel function is often re-established to a high degree in patients with bowel incontinence and/or constipation. This enables the users to develop a consistent bowel routine by choosing the time and place of evacuation. An international consensus on when and how to use transanal irrigation for people with bowel problems was published 2013. The article offers practitioners a clear, comprehensive and simple guide to practice for the emerging therapeutic area of transanal irrigation.
Determining the appropriate regimen to achieve successful bowel ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathway%20Commons | Pathway Commons is a database of biological pathways and interactions.
See also
Biological pathway
Reactome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Cluster%20Framework | Open Cluster Framework (OCF) is a set of standards for computer clustering.
The project started as a working group of the Free Standards Group, now part of the Linux Foundation. Original supporters included several computing companies and groups, including Compaq, Conectiva, IBM, Linux-HA, MSC Software, the Open Source Development Lab, OSCAR, Red Hat, SGI and SUSE.
OCF Resource agents are currently supported by Linux-HA Heartbeat, the high-availability cluster software. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Login%20manager | A login manager is a login system for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It comprises a login daemon, a login user interface, and a system for tracking login sessions. When a user tries to log in, the login manager passes the user's credentials to an authentication system.
Since an X display manager is a graphical user interface for login, some people use the terms display manager and login manager synonymously.
systemd, an init daemon for Linux, has an integrated login manager; its login daemon is called logind. systemd's login manager is an alternative to ConsoleKit.
See also
BSD Authentication
Name Service Switch
passwd
Pluggable authentication module |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics%20and%20the%20Origin%20of%20Species | Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by the Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky. It is regarded as one of the most important works of modern synthesis and was one of the earliest. The book popularized the work of population genetics to other biologists and influenced their appreciation for the genetic basis of evolution. In his book, Dobzhansky applied the theoretical work of Sewall Wright (1889–1988) to the study of natural populations, allowing him to address evolutionary problems in a novel way during his time. Dobzhansky implements theories of mutation, natural selection, and speciation throughout his book to explain the habits of populations and the resulting effects on their genetic behavior. The book explains evolution in depth as a process over time that accounts for the diversity of all life on Earth. The study of evolution was present, but greatly neglected at the time. Dobzhansky illustrates that evolution regarding the origin and nature of species during this time in history was deemed mysterious, but had expanding potential for progress to be made in its field.
Background
In Darwin's theory of natural selection, more organisms are produced than can survive. Some have variations that give them a competitive advantage, and they have the best chance of surviving and procreating. The main element lacking in the theory was any mechanism that would allow organisms to pass on these favorable variations. Lacking such a mechanism, the theory of evolution faced competition from theories such as neo-Lamarckism, in which the environment acted directly on organisms, changing their structures. Darwin did not know that the monk Gregor Mendel was already working on experiments that would explain inheritance in terms of units of heredity that we now call genes.
When Mendelian genetics was rediscovered by several scientists, it initially increased the confusion. The Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries developed a theory called mutation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20global%20grid | A discrete global grid (DGG) is a mosaic that covers the entire Earth's surface.
Mathematically it is a space partitioning: it consists of a set of non-empty regions that form a partition of the Earth's surface. In a usual grid-modeling strategy, to simplify position calculations, each region is represented by a point, abstracting the grid as a set of region-points. Each region or region-point in the grid is called a cell.
When each cell of a grid is subject to a recursive partition, resulting in a "series of discrete global grids with progressively finer resolution", forming a hierarchical grid, it is called a hierarchical DGG (sometimes "global hierarchical tessellation"
or "DGG system").
Discrete global grids are used as the geometric basis for the building of geospatial data structures. Each cell is related with data objects or values, or (in the hierarchical case) may be associated with other cells. DGGs have been proposed for use in a wide range of geospatial applications, including vector and raster location representation, data fusion, and spatial databases.
The most usual grids are for horizontal position representation, using a standard datum, like WGS84. In this context, it is common also to use a specific DGG as foundation for geocoding standardization.
In the context of a spatial index, a DGG can assign unique identifiers to each grid cell, using it for spatial indexing purposes, in geodatabases or for geocoding.
Reference model of the globe
The "globe", in the DGG concept, has no strict semantics, but in geodesy a so-called "grid reference system" is a grid that divides space with precise positions relative to a datum, that is an approximated a "standard model of the Geoid". So, in the role of Geoid, the "globe" covered by a DGG can be any of the following objects:
The topographical surface of the Earth, when each cell of the grid has its surface-position coordinates and the elevation in relation to the standard Geoid. Example: grid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac%20statistics | Fermi–Dirac statistics is a type of quantum statistics that applies to the physics of a system consisting of many non-interacting, identical particles that obey the Pauli exclusion principle. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over energy states. It is named after Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac, each of whom derived the distribution independently in 1926. Fermi–Dirac statistics is a part of the field of statistical mechanics and uses the principles of quantum mechanics.
Fermi–Dirac statistics applies to identical and indistinguishable particles with half-integer spin (1/2, 3/2, etc.), called fermions, in thermodynamic equilibrium. For the case of negligible interaction between particles, the system can be described in terms of single-particle energy states. A result is the Fermi–Dirac distribution of particles over these states where no two particles can occupy the same state, which has a considerable effect on the properties of the system. Fermi–Dirac statistics is most commonly applied to electrons, a type of fermion with spin 1/2.
A counterpart to Fermi–Dirac statistics is Bose–Einstein statistics, which applies to identical and indistinguishable particles with integer spin (0, 1, 2, etc.) called bosons. In classical physics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics is used to describe particles that are identical and treated as distinguishable. For both Bose–Einstein and Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics, more than one particle can occupy the same state, unlike Fermi–Dirac statistics.
History
Before the introduction of Fermi–Dirac statistics in 1926, understanding some aspects of electron behavior was difficult due to seemingly contradictory phenomena. For example, the electronic heat capacity of a metal at room temperature seemed to come from 100 times fewer electrons than were in the electric current. It was also difficult to understand why the emission currents generated by applying high electric fields to metals at room temperature were almost independent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Group%20Management%20Protocol | The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used by hosts and adjacent routers on IPv4 networks to establish multicast group memberships. IGMP is an integral part of IP multicast and allows the network to direct multicast transmissions only to hosts that have requested them.
IGMP can be used for one-to-many networking applications such as online streaming video and gaming, and allows more efficient use of resources when supporting these types of applications.
IGMP is used on IPv4 networks. Multicast management on IPv6 networks is handled by Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) which is a part of ICMPv6 in contrast to IGMP's bare IP encapsulation.
Architecture
A network designed to deliver a multicast service using IGMP might use this basic architecture:
IGMP operates between a host and a local multicast router. Switches featuring IGMP snooping also derive useful information by observing these IGMP transactions. Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is then used between the local and remote multicast routers to direct multicast traffic from hosts sending multicasts to hosts that have registered through IGMP to receive them.
IGMP operates on the network layer (layer 3), just the same as other network management protocols like ICMP.
The IGMP protocol is implemented on hosts and within routers. A host requests membership to a group through its local router while a router listens for these requests and periodically sends out subscription queries. A single router per subnet is elected to perform this querying function. Some multilayer switches include an IGMP querier capability to allow their IGMP snooping features to work in the absence of an IGMP-capable router in the layer 2 network.
IGMP is vulnerable to some attacks, and firewalls commonly allow the user to disable it if not needed.
Versions
There are three versions of IGMP.
IGMPv1 was defined in 1989. IGMPv2, defined in 1997, improves IGMPv1 by adding the ability for a host to sig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual%20reasoning | Visual reasoning is the process of manipulating one's mental image of an object in order to reach a certain conclusion – for example, mentally constructing a piece of machinery to experiment with different mechanisms. In a frequently cited paper in the journal Science and a later book, Eugene S. Ferguson, a mechanical engineer and historian of technology, claims that visual reasoning is a widely used tool used in creating technological artefacts. There is ample evidence that visual methods, particularly drawing, play a central role in creating artefacts. Ferguson's visual reasoning also has parallels in philosopher David Gooding's argument that experimental scientists work with a combination of action, instruments, objects and procedures as well as words. That is, with a significant non-verbal component.
Ferguson argues that non-verbal reasoning does not get much attention in areas like history of technology and philosophy of science because the people involved are verbal rather than visual thinkers.
Those who use visual reasoning, notably architects, designers, engineers, and certain mathematicians conceive and manipulate objects in "the mind's eye" before putting them on paper. Having done this the paper or computer versions (in CAD) can be manipulated by metaphorically "building" the object on paper (or computer) before building it physically.
Nicola Tesla claimed that the first alternating current motor he built ran perfectly because he had visualized and "run" models of it in his mind before building the prototype.
See also
Diagrammatic reasoning
Scientific visualization
Visual analytics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP6%20family | Cytochrome P450, family 6, also known as CYP6, is a cytochrome P450 family found in Insect genome. CYP6 and CYP9, another insect CYP family, belong to the same clan as mammalian CYP3 and CYP5 families.
The first two CYP6 subfamilies represented by CYP6A1 and CYP6B1 shared only 32.7% identity, less than the typical CYP subfamilies, which share at least 40% amino acid identity.
Many of the enzymes in this family like CYP6G1 (DDT-R) in Drosophila melanogaster and CYP6B in Helicoverpa armigera are related to insecticide resistance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational%20Character%20Set | The Multinational Character Set (DMCS or MCS) is a character encoding created in 1983 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) for use in the popular VT220 terminal. It was an 8-bit extension of ASCII that added accented characters, currency symbols, and other character glyphs missing from 7-bit ASCII. It is only one of the code pages implemented for the VT220 National Replacement Character Set (NRCS). MCS is registered as IBM code page/CCSID 1100 (Multinational Emulation) since 1992. Depending on associated sorting Oracle calls it WE8DEC, N8DEC, DK8DEC, S8DEC, or SF8DEC.
Such "extended ASCII" sets were common (the National Replacement Character Set provided sets for more than a dozen European languages), but MCS has the distinction of being the ancestor of ECMA-94 in 1985 and ISO 8859-1 in 1987.
The code chart of MCS with ECMA-94, ISO 8859-1 and the first 256 code points of Unicode have many more similarities than differences. In addition to unused code points, differences from ISO 8859-1 are:
Character set
See also
Lotus International Character Set (LICS), a very similar character set
BraSCII, a very similar character set
8-bit DEC Greek (Code page 1287)
8-bit DEC Turkish (Code page 1288)
8-bit DEC Hebrew
8-bit DEC Cyrillic (KOI-8 Cyrillic)
8-bit DEC Special Graphics (VT100 Line Drawing) (DEC-SPECIAL)
8-bit DEC Technical Character Set (DEC-TECHNICAL)
DEC Kanji (JIS X 0208) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical%20switches%20in%20the%20cell%20cycle | A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.
The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.
Feedback loops
Many biological circuits produce complex outputs by exploiting one or more feedback loops. In a sequence of biochemical events, feedback would refer to a downstream element in the sequence (B in the adjacent image) affecting some upstream component (A in the adjacent image) to affect its own production or activation (output) in the future. If this element acts to enhance its own output, then it engages in positive feedback (blue arrow). A positive feedback loop is also known as a self-reinforcing loop, and it is possible that these loops can be part of a larger loop, as this is characteristic of regulatory circuits.
Conversely, if this element leads to its own inhibition through upstream elements, this is canonically negative feedback (red blunt arrow). A negative feedback loop is also known |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen%2C%20type%20XXI%2C%20alpha%201 | Collagen alpha-1(XXI) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL21A1 gene. The protein is an extracellular matrix component of blood vessel walls, secreted by smooth-muscle cells. The protein may contribute to the extracellular matrix assembly of the vascular network during blood vessel formation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Code%20Room | The Code Room is a half-hour-long reality game show produced by Microsoft. The show was conceptualized and executive produced by Paul Murphy and hosted by Jessi Knapp, accompanied by a varying project expert. Each episode consists of a number of MSDN Developer Event attendees who team up to complete a project, with given specifications, in a limited amount of time. It should not be confused with The Code Room from DMD and the group that introduced the world to the "Hybrid Hostel".
The Code Room was filmed at an MSDN Developer Event and shown on several cable television stations, as well as other streaming television stations like MSDN TV. The show could also be watched for free through the Channel 9 community, and was additionally included in several MSDN CDs and DVDs.
The "Code Room" was typically an enclosed room with one or more desks, whiteboards and computers. All required programming tools were installed, along with other stationery. However, no internet connection was available and contestants could not bring their own notes. Contestants had to use preselected development environments which were typically new to them, having only been given a quick crash course about the environment in a presentation before the contest began.
Teams that were able to complete the project within the required time were eligible for prizes and to be part of "Team Code FF". At the end of the series, the two top "Team Code FF" teams (determined by their performance, as well as community ranking) competed in the Final Code Room challenge for the ultimate "Code Room Champion" title.
The program won a Telly Award in 2004.
Episodes
The Code Room: Episode 1, published December 9, 2004
The Code Room: Episode 2, Building Mobile Apps and Bluetooth Enabled Kiosks, published May 19, 2005
The Code Room: Episode 3, Breaking Into Vegas, published February 23, 2006
See also
Microsoft Developer Network
The .NET Show
External links
(official website)
MSDN Events
MSDN TV
MSDN
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write%20%28system%20call%29 | The write is one of the most basic routines provided by a Unix-like operating system kernel. It writes data from a buffer declared by the user to a given device, such as a file. This is the primary way to output data from a program by directly using a system call. The destination is identified by a numeric code. The data to be written, for instance a piece of text, is defined by a pointer and a size, given in number of bytes.
write thus takes three arguments:
The file code (file descriptor or fd).
The pointer to a buffer where the data is stored (buf).
The number of bytes to write from the buffer (nbytes).
POSIX usage
The write call interface is standardized by the POSIX specification. Data is written to a file by calling the write function. The function prototype is:
ssize_t write(int fildes, const void *buf, size_t nbyte);
In above syntax, ssize_t is a typedef. It is a signed data type defined in stddef.h. Note that write() does not return an unsigned value; it returns -1 if an error occurs so it must return a signed value.
The write function returns the number of bytes successfully written into the file, which may at times be less than the specified nbytes. It returns -1 if an exceptional condition is encountered, see section on errors below.
See also
fwrite
getchar
fprintf
read (system call)
sync (Unix) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR%20315 | The NCR 315 Data Processing System, released in January 1962 by NCR, is a second-generation computer. All printed circuit boards use resistor–transistor logic (RTL) to create the various logic elements. It uses 12-bit slab memory structure using magnetic-core memory. The instructions can use a memory slab as either two 6-bit alphanumeric characters or as three 4-bit BCD digits. Basic memory is 5000 "slabs" (10,000 characters or 15,000 decimal digits) of handmade core memory, which is expandable to a maximum of 40,000 slabs (80,000 characters or 120,000 decimal digits) in four refrigerator-size cabinets. The main processor includes three cabinets and a console section that houses the power supply, keyboard, output writer (an IBM electric typewriter), and a panel with lights that indicate the current status of the program counter, registers, arithmetic accumulator, and system errors. Input/Output is by direct parallel connections to each type of peripheral through a two-cable bundle with 1-inch-thick cables. Some devices like magnetic tape and the CRAM are daisy-chained to allow multiple drives to be connected.
The central processor (315 Data Processor) weighed about .
Later models in this series include the 315-100 and the 315-RMC (Rod Memory Computer).
Memory organization
The addressable unit of memory on the NCR 315 series is a "slab", short for "syllable", consisting of 12 data bits and a parity bit. Its size falls between a byte and a typical word (hence the name, 'syllable'). A slab may contain three digits (with at sign, comma, space, ampersand, point, and minus treated as digits) or two alphabetic characters of six bits each. A slab may contain a decimal value from -99 to +999.
A numeric value contains up to eight slabs. If the value is negative then the minus sign is the leftmost digit of this row. There are instructions to transform digits to or from alphanumeric characters. These commands use the accumulator, which has a maximum length of eight slabs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent%20%28chemistry%29 | An equivalent (symbol: officially equiv; unofficially but often Eq) is the amount of a substance that reacts with (or is equivalent to) an arbitrary amount (typically one mole) of another substance in a given chemical reaction. It is an archaic unit of measurement that was used in chemistry and the biological sciences (see ). The mass of an equivalent is called its equivalent weight.
Formula
The formula from milligrams (mg) to milli-equivalent (mEq) and back is as follows:
where is the valence and is the molecular weight.
For elemental compounds:
Common examples
mEq to milligram
Milligram to mEq
Formal definition
In a more formal definition, the equivalent is the amount of a substance needed to do one of the following:
react with or supply one mole of hydrogen ions () in an acid–base reaction
react with or supply one mole of electrons in a redox reaction.
The "hydrogen ion" and the "electron" in these examples are respectively called the "reaction units."
By this definition, the number of equivalents of a given ion in a solution is equal to the number of moles of that ion multiplied by its valence. For example, consider a solution of 1 mole of and 1 mole of . The solution has 1 mole or 1 equiv , 1 mole or 2 equiv , and 3 mole or 3 equiv .
An earlier definition, used especially for chemical elements, holds that an equivalent is the amount of a substance that will react with of hydrogen, of oxygen, or of chlorine—or that will displace any of the three.
In medicine and biochemistry
In biological systems, reactions often happen on small scales, involving small amounts of substances, so those substances are routinely described in terms of milliequivalents (symbol: officially mequiv; unofficially but often mEq or meq), the prefix milli- denoting a factor of one thousandth (10−3). Very often, the measure is used in terms of milliequivalents of solute per litre of solution (or milliNormal, where ). This is especially common for measurement of compounds i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSynth | NSynth (a portmanteau of "Neural Synthesis") is a WaveNet-based autoencoder for synthesizing audio, outlined in a paper in April 2017.
Overview
The model generates sounds through a neural network based synthesis, employing a WaveNet-style autoencoder to learn its own temporal embeddings from four different sounds. Google then released an open source hardware interface for the algorithm called NSynth Super, used by notable musicians such as Grimes and YACHT to generate experimental music using artificial intelligence. The research and development of the algorithm was part of a collaboration between Google Brain, Magenta and DeepMind.
Technology
Dataset
The NSynth dataset is composed of 305,979 one-shot instrumental notes featuring a unique pitch, timbre, and envelope, sampled from 1,006 instruments from commercial sample libraries. For each instrument the dataset contains four-second 16 kHz audio snippets by ranging over every pitch of a standard MIDI piano, as well as five different velocities. The dataset is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Machine learning model
A spectral autoencoder model and a WaveNet autoencoder model are publicly available on GitHub. The baseline model uses a spectrogram with fft_size 1024 and hop_size 256, MSE loss on the magnitudes, and the Griffin-Lim algorithm for reconstruction. The WaveNet model trains on mu-law encoded waveform chunks of size 6144. It learns embeddings with 16 dimensions that are downsampled by 512 in time.
NSynth Super
In 2018 Google released a hardware interface for the NSynth algorithm, called NSynth Super, designed to provide an accessible physical interface to the algorithm for musicians to use in their artistic production.
Design files, source code and internal components are released under an open source Apache License 2.0, enabling hobbyists and musicians to freely build and use the instrument. At the core of the NSynth Super there is a Ras |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degasperis%E2%80%93Procesi%20equation | In mathematical physics, the Degasperis–Procesi equation
is one of only two exactly solvable equations in the following family of third-order, non-linear, dispersive PDEs:
where and b are real parameters (b=3 for the Degasperis–Procesi equation). It was discovered by Degasperis and Procesi in a search for integrable equations similar in form to the Camassa–Holm equation, which is the other integrable equation in this family (corresponding to b=2); that those two equations are the only integrable cases has been verified using a variety of different integrability tests. Although discovered solely because of its mathematical properties, the Degasperis–Procesi equation (with ) has later been found to play a similar role in water wave theory as the Camassa–Holm equation.
Soliton solutions
Among the solutions of the Degasperis–Procesi equation (in the special case ) are the so-called multipeakon solutions, which are functions of the form
where the functions and satisfy
These ODEs can be solved explicitly in terms of elementary functions, using inverse spectral methods.
When the soliton solutions of the Degasperis–Procesi equation are smooth; they converge to peakons in the limit as tends to zero.
Discontinuous solutions
The Degasperis–Procesi equation (with ) is formally equivalent to the (nonlocal) hyperbolic conservation law
where , and where the star denotes convolution with respect to x.
In this formulation, it admits weak solutions with a very low degree of regularity, even discontinuous ones (shock waves). In contrast, the corresponding formulation of the Camassa–Holm equation contains a convolution involving both and , which only makes sense if u lies in the Sobolev space with respect to x. By the Sobolev embedding theorem, this means in particular that the weak solutions of the Camassa–Holm equation must be continuous with respect to x.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductor%E2%80%93insulator%20transition | The superconductor–insulator transition is an example of a quantum phase transition, whereupon tuning some parameter in the Hamiltonian, a dramatic change in the behavior of the electrons occurs. The nature of how this transition occurs is disputed, and many studies seek to understand how the order parameter, , changes. Here is the amplitude of the order parameter, and is the phase. Most theories involve either the destruction of the amplitude of the order parameter - by a reduction in the density of states at the Fermi surface, or by destruction of the phase coherence; which results from the proliferation of vortices.
Destruction of superconductivity
In two dimensions, the subject of superconductivity becomes very interesting because the existence of true long-range order is not possible. In the 1970's, J. Michael Kosterlitz and David J. Thouless (along with Vadim Berezinski) showed that a different kind of long-range order could exist - topological order - which showed power law correlations (meaning that by measuring the two-point correlation function it decays algebraically).
This picture changes if disorder is included. Kosterlitz-Thouless behavior can be obtained, but the fluctuations of the order parameter are greatly enhanced, and the transition temperature is suppressed.
The model to keep in mind in the understanding of how superconductivity occurs in a two-dimensional disordered superconductor is the following. At high temperatures, the system is in the normal state. As the system is cooled towards its transition temperature, superconducting grains begin to fluctuate in and out of existence. When one of these grains "pops" into existence, it is accelerated without dissipation for a time before decaying back into the normal state. This has the effect of increasing the conductivity even before the system has condensed into the superconducting state. This increased conductivity above is referred to as paraconductivity, or fluctuation conductivity, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TopFIND | TopFIND is the Termini oriented protein Function Inferred Database (TopFIND) is an integrated knowledgebase focused on protein termini, their formation by proteases and functional implications. It contains information about the processing and the processing state of proteins and functional implications thereof derived from research literature, contributions by the scientific community and biological databases.
Background
Among the most fundamental characteristics of a protein are the N- and C-termini defining the start and end of the polypeptide chain. While genetically encoded, protein termini isoforms are also often generated during translation, following which, termini are highly dynamic, being frequently trimmed at their ends by a large array of exopeptidases. Neo-termini can also be generated by endopeptidases after precise and limited proteolysis, termed processing. Necessary for the maturation of many proteins, processing can also occur afterwards, often resulting in dramatic functional consequences. Aberrant proteolysis can cause wide range of diseases like arthritis or cancer. Hence, proteolytic generation of pleiotrophic stable forms of proteins, the universal susceptibility of proteins to proteolysis, and its irreversibility, distinguishes proteolysis from many highly studied posttranslational modifications. Proteases are tightly interconnected in the protease web and their aberrant activity in disease can lead to diagnostic fragment profiles with characteristic protein termini. Following proteolysis, the newly formed protein termini can be further modified, a process that affects protein function and stability.
Knowledgebase content
TopFIND is a resource for comprehensive coverage of protein N- and C-termini discovered by all available in silico, in vitro as well as in vivo methodologies. It makes use of existing knowledge by seamless integration of data from UniProt and MEROPS and provides access to new data from community submission and manual litera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20regulator | A pressure regulator is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value, using negative feedback from the controlled pressure. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor, controller and flow valve.
Two types are found: The pressure reduction regulator and the back-pressure regulator.
A pressure reducing regulator is a control valve that reduces the input pressure of a fluid to a desired value at its output. It is a normally-open valve and is installed upstream of pressure sensitive equipment.
A back-pressure regulator, back-pressure valve, pressure sustaining valve or pressure sustaining regulator is a control valve that maintains the set pressure at its inlet side by opening to allow flow when the inlet pressure exceeds the set value. It differs from an over-pressure relief valve in that the over-pressure valve is only intended to open when the contained pressure is excessive, and it is not required to keep upstream pressure constant. They differ from pressure reducing regulators in that the pressure reducing regulator controls downstream pressure and is insensitive to upstream pressure. It is a normally-closed valve which may be installed in parallel with sensitive equipment or after the sensitive equipment to provide an obstruction to flow and thereby maintain upstream pressure.
Both types of regulator use feedback of the regulated pressure as input to the control mechanism, and are commonly actuated by a spring loaded diaphragm or piston reacting to changes in the feedback pressure to control the valve opening, and in both cases the valve should be opened only enough to maintain the set regulated pressure. The actual mechanism may be very similar in all respects except the placing of the feedback pressure tap. As in other feedback control mechanisms, the level of damping is important to achieve a bal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-powered%20waste%20compacting%20bin | A solar-powered waste compactor is a smart device that reads a waste bin's fill-level in real-time and triggers an automatic compaction of the waste, effectively increasing the bin's capacity by up to 5-8 times. The compaction mechanism runs on a battery, which is charged by the solar panel. Fully charged, the battery reserve lasts for approximately 3–4 weeks, depending on the compaction frequency and usage patterns.
Solar-powered waste compactors are typically connected to a remote software platform through wireless 2G/3G networks. The platform enables waste collection managers to access real-time data analytics and route optimization.
Solar-powered compactors are primarily used in high foot traffic areas such as town centers, shopping malls, amusement parks, beaches, transit stations and sports stadiums.
Advantages
Some of the benefits of using solar-powered waste compactors include:
Reduced frequency of waste collections
Cleaner and more hygienic public spaces
Historical waste collection data analytics
Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
Savings in operational waste collection costs
See also
BigBelly
Clever Bins
Ecube Labs
CitySolar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discriminator | In computing, a discriminator is a field of characters designed to separate a certain element from others of the same identifier. As an example, suppose that a program must save two unique objects to memory, both of whose identifiers happen to be . To ensure the two objects are not conflated, the program may assign discriminators to the objects in the form of numbers; thus, and distinguish both objects named .
This has been adopted by programming languages as well as digital platforms for instant messaging and massively multiplayer online games.
In instant messaging
A discriminator is used to disambiguate a user from other users who wish to identify under the same username.
Discord
On Discord, a discriminator is a four-digit suffix added to the end of a username. This allowed for up to 10000 user accounts to take the same name.
Transition away from discriminators
In 2023, co-founder Stanislav Vishnevskiy wrote on a company blog post about the technical debt caused by the discriminator system, stating that the system resulted in nearly half of the company's friend requests failing to connect. The platform implemented discriminators in the early days of the service, he wrote. When the platform was initially introduced, the software developers' priority was to let its users take any username they want without receiving a “your desired username is taken” error. Discord had no friend system at first, thus letting people take names in different letter cases, making usernames case-sensitive.
Discord also introduced a global display name system, wherein a user may input a default nickname to be shown on top of the messages they sent in lieu of their platformwide username, Vishnevskiy touted on Reddit.
The platform created a transition process to a system of pseudonyms wherein all new usernames would be case-insensitive lowercase and limited to the ASCII characters of A–Z, 0–9, the full stop and the underscore. The transition would happen over the course of months |
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