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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XE166%20family | The Infineon XE166 family is a 16-bit microcontroller family, first introduced in 2007. The XE166 can be found in applications like servo drivers, appliance motors, industrial pumps, transportation and power supplies.
Key features
The XE166 family uses the Infineon/STMicroelectronics proprietary C166 16-bit core in a version which also contains a 32-bit MAC unit. Core frequency ranges from 40 to 100 MHz, embedded flash from 32 KB to 1.6 MB, and RAM up to 138 KB. The microcontroller, containing an embedded voltage regulator, can run from a single power supply between 3 and 5 V.
Architecture
CPU
The central processing unit (CPU) of the XE166 microcontroller family is principally fetching and decoding instructions, to supply, perform operations and store calculated result on the operands for the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the MAC unit.
As the CPU is the main engine of the XE166 microcontroller, it is also affected by certain actions of the peripheral subsystem. Because a five-stage processing pipeline (plus two-stage fetch pipeline) is implemented in the XE166, up to five instructions can be processed in parallel. Most instructions of the XE166 are executed in a single clock cycle due to this parallelism.
Peripherals
One or two analog to digital converters with up to 30 channels, 600 ns conversion time, up to 10 or 12-bit resolution
up to four units for PWM generation (CCU6) with 16-bit resolution
up to 6 CAN nodes with up to 256 message objects
up to 10 Universal Serial Interface Controller channels for software-defined serial interfaces (SPI, UART, I2C, I2S...)
External bus unit
Development tools
Evaluation kits
There are "Easy Kits" for evaluation of the controller features and "Application Kits" as a quick start for specific applications available. The main applications are in the industrial field, like electric motor control, automation and solar inverters.
Free tools
DAVE ("Digital Application virtual Engineer") is a free tool to configure low- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presheaf%20with%20transfers | In algebraic geometry, a presheaf with transfers is, roughly, a presheaf that, like cohomology theory, comes with pushforwards, “transfer” maps. Precisely, it is, by definition, a contravariant additive functor from the category of finite correspondences (defined below) to the category of abelian groups (in category theory, “presheaf” is another term for a contravariant functor).
When a presheaf F with transfers is restricted to the subcategory of smooth separated schemes, it can be viewed as a presheaf on the category with extra maps , not coming from morphisms of schemes but also from finite correspondences from X to Y
A presheaf F with transfers is said to be -homotopy invariant if for every X.
For example, Chow groups as well as motivic cohomology groups form presheaves with transfers.
Finite correspondence
Let be algebraic schemes (i.e., separated and of finite type over a field) and suppose is smooth. Then an elementary correspondence is an irreducible closed subscheme , some connected component of X, such that the projection is finite and surjective. Let be the free abelian group generated by elementary correspondences from X to Y; elements of are then called finite correspondences.
The category of finite correspondences, denoted by , is the category where the objects are smooth algebraic schemes over a field; where a Hom set is given as:
and where the composition is defined as in intersection theory: given elementary correspondences from to and from to , their composition is:
where denotes the intersection product and , etc. Note that the category is an additive category since each Hom set is an abelian group.
This category contains the category of smooth algebraic schemes as a subcategory in the following sense: there is a faithful functor that sends an object to itself and a morphism to the graph of .
With the product of schemes taken as the monoid operation, the category is a symmetric monoidal category.
Sheaves with trans |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Cotabato%20provincial%20symbols | The following is a List of Cotabato provincial symbols. Most symbols were designated by the virtue of Provincial Ordinance No. 540 which took effect on September 1, 1914.
Provincial symbols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagata%E2%80%93Biran%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Nagata–Biran conjecture, named after Masayoshi Nagata and Paul Biran, is a generalisation of Nagata's conjecture on curves to arbitrary polarised surfaces.
Statement
Let X be a smooth algebraic surface and L be an ample line bundle on X of degree d. The Nagata–Biran conjecture states that for sufficiently large r the Seshadri constant satisfies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Internet | Post-Internet is a 21st-century art movement involving works that are derived from the Internet or its effects on aesthetics, culture and society.
Definition
Post-Internet is a loosely-defined term that was coined by artist/curator Marisa Olson in an attempt to describe her practice. It emerged from mid-2000s discussions about Internet art by Gene McHugh (author of a blog titled "Post-Internet"), and Artie Vierkant (artist, and creator of Image Object sculpture series). The movement itself grew out of Internet Art (or Net Art). According to the UCCA Center for Contemporary Art in Beijing, rather than referring "to a time “after” the internet", the term refers to "an internet state of mind". Eva Folks of AQNB wrote that it "references one so deeply embedded in and propelled by the internet that the notion of a world or culture without or outside it becomes increasingly unimaginable, impossible."
The term is controversial and the subject of much criticism in the art community. Art in Americas Brian Droitcour in 2014 opined that the term fails to describe the form of the works, instead "alluding only to a hazy contemporary condition and the idea of art being made in the context of digital technology." According to a 2015 article in The New Yorker, the term describes "the practices of artists [whose] artworks move fluidly between spaces, appearing sometimes on a screen, other times in a gallery." Fast Companys Carey Dunne summarizes they are "artists who are inspired by the visual cacophony of the web" and notes that "mediums from Second Life portraits to digital paintings on silk to 3-D-printed sculpture" are used.
There is theoretical overlap with writer and artist James Bridle's term New Aesthetic. Ian Wallace of Artspace writes that "the influential blog The New Aesthetic, run since May 2011 by Bridle, is a pioneering institution in the post-Internet movement" and concludes that "much of the energy around the New Aesthetic seems, now, to have filtered over into t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.1035 | ITU-T Recommendation X.1035 specifies a password-authenticated key agreement protocol that ensures mutual authentication of two parties by using a Diffie–Hellman key exchange to establish a symmetric cryptographic key. The use of Diffie-Hellman exchange ensures perfect forward secrecy—a property of a key establishment protocol that guarantees that compromise of a session key or long-term private key after a given session does not cause the compromise of any earlier session.
In X.1035, the exchange is protected from the man-in-the-middle attack. The authentication relies on a pre-shared secret (e.g., password), which is protected (i.e., remains unrevealed) to an eavesdropper preventing an off-line dictionary attack.
The protocol can be used in a wide variety of applications including those with pre-shared secrets based on possibly weak passwords.
X.1035 was approved on 13 February 2007 by ITU-T Study Group 17.
Applications
G.hn, an ITU-T standard that specifies high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wires (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables), uses X.1035 for authentication and key exchange. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-2 | The Sun-2 series of UNIX workstations and servers was launched by Sun Microsystems in November 1983. As the name suggests, the Sun-2 represented the second generation of Sun systems, superseding the original Sun-1 series. The Sun-2 series used a 10 MHz Motorola 68010 microprocessor with a proprietary Sun-2 Memory Management Unit (MMU), which enabled it to be the first Sun architecture to run a full virtual memory UNIX implementation, SunOS 1.0, based on 4.1BSD. Early Sun-2 models were based on the Intel Multibus architecture, with later models using VMEbus, which continued to be used in the successor Sun-3 and Sun-4 families.
Sun-2 systems were supported in SunOS until version 4.0.3.
A port to support Multibus Sun-2 systems in NetBSD was begun in January 2001 from the Sun-3 support in the NetBSD 1.5 release. Code supporting the Sun-2 began to be merged into the NetBSD tree in April 2001. sun2 is considered a tier 2 support platform as of NetBSD 7.0.1.
Sun-2 models
Models are listed in approximately chronological order.
A desktop disk and tape sub-system was introduced for the Sun-2/50 desktop workstation. It could hold a 5 ¼" disk drive and 5 ¼" tape drive. It used DD-50 (sometimes erroneously referred to as DB-50) connectors for its SCSI cables, a Sun specific design. It was often referred to as a "Sun Shoebox".
Sun-1 systems upgraded with Sun-2 Multibus CPU boards were sometimes referred to as the 2/100U (upgraded Sun-100) or 2/150U (upgraded Sun-150).
A typical configuration of a monochrome 2/120 with 4 MB of memory, 71 MB SCSI disk and 20 MB 1/4" SCSI tape cost $29,300 (1986 US price list).
A color 2/160 with 8 MB of memory, two 71 MB SCSI disks and 60 MB 1/4" SCSI tape cost $48,800 (1986 US price list).
A Sun 2/170 server with 4 MB of memory, no display, two Fujitu Eagle 380 MB disk drive, one Xylogics 450 SMD disk controller, a 6250 bpi 1/2 inch tape drive and a 72" rack cost $79,500 (1986 US price list).
Sun-2 hardware
Sun 2 Multibus systems
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAK%20%28magazine%29 | Bak is an online, bilingual (English and Turkish), visual arts magazine, first published on 1 January 2006. Published monthly, it features interviews with well-known graphic designers, illustrators, painters, film directors, photographers, 3D artists and sculptors and selected artworks from thousands of contributors all over the world. It is accessible on mobile platforms through its mobile edition.
Features
The magazine is published in its two official languages (English and Turkish). It has an editorial aim of distributing works by enthusiasts to encourage sharing of ideas, interviewing globally well-known artists for expanding knowledge, and to fill the gap in the number of free-to-read, online, arts magazines. It has offices in Los Angeles and Istanbul.
Issues
Each Bak issue has an individual theme. The contributors from all around the world submit their artworks related to that theme and the selected ones are picked for publication. Bak has 17 released issues so far, with the themes 'Wrong', 'White', 'Old', '2050', 'Game', 'Road', 'Dream', 'Me', 'Night', 'Why', 'Contrast', 'Red', 'Fear', 'Two', 'Love', 'City' and 'Face'.
Interviews
Bak published 150 special interviews in 17 issues. Among the hosted artists, there are several world famous names such as Brad Holland, Chaz Maviyane Davies, Eugenio Recuenco, Gerard Huerta, Gottfried Helnwein, Jack Unruh, Jill Greenberg, Joseph Kosinski, Kent Williams, Lukas Moodysson, Oleg Stavrowsky, Si Scott, Tom Muller and Vince Frost.
Awards
In 2007, Bak was awarded runner-up in the 6th Altin Orumcek Awards, in Online Magazine category. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20equestrian%20terms | This is a basic glossary of equestrian terms that includes both technical terminology and jargon developed over the centuries for horses and other equidae, as well as various horse-related concepts. Where noted, some terms are used only in American English (US), only in British English (UK), or are regional to a particular part of the world, such as Australia (AU).
Al
{{defn|1=[[File:Trottinggeldingbeta.jpg|thumb|alt=A horse with a reddish-brown body and black mane and tail, trotting in a lush green pasture|A bay-colored horse]]
One of the oldest breeds of horse, noted for small size, dished face, erect carriage, high intelligence and lively disposition, from the Arabian Peninsula. Many other breeds contain Arabian bloodlines.}}
B
balk, balking (US, UK) or baulking (UK)
When a horse refuses to move. Multiple causes, including disobedience, fright, and pain or injury. See also napping and "jib"
barefoot, unshod
When a horse does not wear horseshoes.
bearing rein, overcheck or checkrein
A strap running from a horse's back, over the head, to a bit, to prevent the horse from lowering its head beyond a fixed point. Used with harnessed horses.
A riding aid where the rein is applied to the horse's neck on the side towards the turn. Opposite of a neck rein.
bell boot
A type of protective boot worn by a horse.
billet (US), girth strap, girth point (UK)
A leather strap with punched holes, permanently attached in sets of two or three on each side of the tree of a saddle, used to hold and adjust the girth that holds on most types of saddle. See also latigo.
bit
An object, usually a metal bar, placed into the mouth of a horse, held on by a bridle and used with reins to direct and guide the animal. Occasionally made of other materials, including rubber. May be solid or jointed and may have rollers or other attachments added, usually in the center.
black type
Bold-face type used in advertisements and sales catalogues to distinguish horses that have won or placed in an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20Who%20Counted | The Man Who Counted (original Portuguese title: O Homem que Calculava) is a book on recreational mathematics and curious word problems by Brazilian writer Júlio César de Mello e Souza, published under the pen name Malba Tahan. Since its first publication in 1938, the book has been immensely popular in Brazil and abroad, not only among mathematics teachers but among the general public as well.
The book has been published in many other languages, including Catalan, English (in the UK and in the US), German, Italian, and Spanish, and is recommended as a paradidactic source in many countries. It earned its author a prize from the Brazilian Literary Academy.
Plot summary
First published in Brazil in 1949, O Homem que Calculava is a series of tales in the style of the Arabian Nights, but revolving around mathematical puzzles and curiosities. The book is ostensibly a translation by Brazilian scholar Breno de Alencar Bianco of an original manuscript by Malba Tahan, a thirteenth-century Persian scholar of the Islamic Empire – both equally fictitious.
The first two chapters tell how Hanak Tade Maia was traveling from Samarra to Baghdad when he met Beremiz Samir, a young lad from Khoy with amazing mathematical abilities. The traveler then invited Beremiz to come with him to Baghdad, where a man with his abilities will certainly find profitable employment. The rest of the book tells of various incidents that befell the two men along the road and in Baghdad. In all those events, Beremiz Samir uses his abilities with calculation like a magic wand to amaze and entertain people, settle disputes, and find wise and just solutions to seemingly unsolvable problems.
In the first incident along their trip (chapter III), Beremiz settles a heated inheritance dispute between three brothers. Their father had left them 35 camels, of which 1/2 (17.5 camels) should go to his eldest son, 1/3 (11.666... camels) to the middle one, and 1/9 (3.888... camels) to the youngest. To solve the bro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20programming | Parametric programming is a type of mathematical optimization, where the optimization problem is solved as a function of one or multiple parameters. Developed in parallel to sensitivity analysis, its earliest mention can be found in a thesis from 1952. Since then, there have been considerable developments for the cases of multiple parameters, presence of integer variables as well as nonlinearities.
Notation
In general, the following optimization problem is considered
where is the optimization variable, are the parameters, is the objective function and denote the constraints. denotes a function whose output is the optimal value of the objective function . The set is generally referred to as parameter space.
The optimal value (i.e. result of solving the optimization problem) is obtained by evaluating the function with an argument .
Classification
Depending on the nature of and and whether the optimization problem features integer variables, parametric programming problems are classified into different sub-classes:
If more than one parameter is present, i.e. , then it is often referred to as multiparametric programming problem
If integer variables are present, then the problem is referred to as (multi)parametric mixed-integer programming problem
If constraints are affine, then additional classifications depending to nature of the objective function in (multi)parametric (mixed-integer) linear, quadratic and nonlinear programming problems is performed. Note that this generally assumes the constraints to be affine.
Applications
In control theory generally and in process industries
The connection between parametric programming and model predictive control for process manufacturing, established in 2000, has contributed to an increased interest in the topic. Parametric programming supplies the idea that optimization problems can be parametrized as functions that can be evaluated (similar to a lookup table). This in turns allows the optimization algori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamic%E2%80%93Adar%20index | The Adamic–Adar index is a measure introduced in 2003 by Lada Adamic and Eytan Adar to predict links in a social network, according to the amount of shared links between two nodes. It is defined as the sum of the inverse logarithmic degree centrality of the neighbours shared by the two nodes
where is the set of nodes adjacent to . The definition is based on the concept that common elements with very large neighbourhoods are less significant when predicting a connection between two nodes compared with elements shared between a small number of nodes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelephora%20ganbajun | Thelephora ganbajun, or "ganba fungus," 干巴菌 / 乾巴菌, is a species of coral fungus in the family Thelephoraceae. It was described as new to science in 1987 by Chinese mycologist Mu Zang. It is found in Yunnan, where it grows on Pinus yunnanensis and Pinus kesiya var. langbianensis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomorphic%20Lefschetz%20fixed-point%20formula | In mathematics, the Holomorphic Lefschetz formula is an analogue for complex manifolds of the Lefschetz fixed-point formula that relates a sum over the fixed points of a holomorphic vector field of a compact complex manifold to a sum over its Dolbeault cohomology groups.
Statement
If f is an automorphism of a compact complex manifold M with isolated fixed points, then
where
The sum is over the fixed points p of f
The linear transformation Ap is the action induced by f on the holomorphic tangent space at p
See also
Bott residue formula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%20recombinase | Cre recombinase is a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from the P1 bacteriophage. The enzyme uses a topoisomerase I-like mechanism to carry out site specific recombination events. The enzyme (38kDa) is a member of the integrase family of site specific recombinase and it is known to catalyse the site specific recombination event between two DNA recognition sites (LoxP sites). This 34 base pair (bp) loxP recognition site consists of two 13 bp palindromic sequences which flank an 8bp spacer region. The products of Cre-mediated recombination at loxP sites are dependent upon the location and relative orientation of the loxP sites. Two separate DNA species both containing loxP sites can undergo fusion as the result of Cre mediated recombination. DNA sequences found between two loxP sites are said to be "floxed". In this case the products of Cre mediated recombination depends upon the orientation of the loxP sites. DNA found between two loxP sites oriented in the same direction will be excised as a circular loop of DNA whilst intervening DNA between two loxP sites that are opposingly orientated will be inverted. The enzyme requires no additional cofactors (such as ATP) or accessory proteins for its function.
The enzyme plays important roles in the life cycle of the P1 bacteriophage, such as cyclization of the linear genome and resolution of dimeric chromosomes that form after DNA replication.
Cre recombinase is a widely used tool in the field of molecular biology. The enzyme's unique and specific recombination system is exploited to manipulate genes and chromosomes in a huge range of research, such as gene knock out or knock in studies. The enzyme's ability to operate efficiently in a wide range of cellular environments (including mammals, plants, bacteria, and yeast) enables the Cre-Lox recombination system to be used in a vast number of organisms, making it a particularly useful tool in scientific research.
Discovery
Studies carried out in 1981 by Sternberg and Ham |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brus%20equation | The Brus equation or confinement energy equation can be used to describe the emission energy of quantum dot semiconductor nanocrystals (such as CdSe nanocrystals) in terms of the band gap energy Egap, Planck's constant h, the radius of the quantum dot r, as well as the effective mass of the excited electron me* and of the excited hole mh*. It was first identified by Alexey Ekimov and Alexander Efros while studying quantum dots for the first time in the 1980s. The equation was named after Louis E. Brus who independently discovered it a few years later.
The radius of the quantum dot affects the wavelength of the emitted light due to quantum confinement, and this equation describes the effect of changing the radius of the quantum dot on the wavelength λ of the emitted light (and thereby on the emission energy ΔE = hc/λ, where c is the speed of light). This is useful for calculating the radius of a quantum dot from experimentally determined parameters.
The overall equation is
Egap, me*, and mh* are unique for each nanocrystal composition.
For example, with CdSe nanocrystals:
Egap (CdSe) = 1.74 eV = 2.8·10−19 Joules,
me* (CdSe) = 0.13 me = 1.18·10−31 kg,
mh* (CdSe) = 0.45 me = 4.09·10−31 kg. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity%20arrays%20technology | Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) is a high-throughput genetic marker technique that can detect allelic variations to provides comprehensive genome coverage without any DNA sequence information for genotyping and other genetic analysis. The general steps involve reducing the complexity of the genomic DNA with specific restriction enzymes, choosing diverse fragments to serve as representations for the parent genomes, amplify via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), insert fragments into a vector to be placed as probes within a microarray, then fluorescent targets from a reference sequence will be allowed to hybridize with probes and put through an imaging system. The objective is to identify and quantify various forms of DNA polymorphism within genomic DNA of sampled species.
First reported in 2001 by Damian Jaccoud, Andrzej Kilian, David Feinstein, and Kaiman Peng, DArT prioritized significant advantages over other traditional primer-based methods like the ability to analyze large amounts of various samples from a low amount of initial DNA. It also afforded low costs and faster results compared to related solid state DNA arrays that detected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Since its inception, the technology has been a major instrument in the analysis of polyploid plants as well as in the construction of physical and genetic map to understand related on species based on similarities and allelic variances among their genomes.
History
The concept was first developed by Damian Jaccoud, Andrzej Kilian, David Feinstein, and Kaiman Peng in 2001. They aimed to establish a genomic DNA-polymorphism detection and quantification technique that would increase throughput when compared to more traditional methods like Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). They also aimed to minimize cost and reliance on sequenced genomes to identify polymorphisms which is a consequence of early immobi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieta%20jumping | In number theory, Vieta jumping, also known as root flipping, is a proof technique. It is most often used for problems in which a relation between two integers is given, along with a statement to prove about its solutions. In particular, it can be used to produce new solutions of a quadratic Diophantine equation from known ones. There exist multiple variations of Vieta jumping, all of which involve the common theme of infinite descent by finding new solutions to an equation using Vieta's formulas.
History
Vieta jumping is a classical method in the theory of quadratic Diophantine equations and binary quadratic forms. For example, it was used in the analysis of Markov equation back in 1879 and in the 1953 paper of Mills.
In 1988, the method came to the attention to mathematical olympiad problems in the light of the first olympiad problem to use it in a solution that was proposed for the International Mathematics Olympiad and assumed to be the most difficult problem on the contest:
Let and be positive integers such that divides . Show that is the square of an integer.
Arthur Engel wrote the following about the problem's difficulty:
Among the eleven students receiving the maximum score for solving this problem were Ngô Bảo Châu, Ravi Vakil, Zvezdelina Stankova, and Nicușor Dan. Emanouil Atanassov (from Bulgaria) solved the problem in a paragraph and received a special prize.
Standard Vieta jumping
The concept of standard Vieta jumping is a proof by contradiction, and consists of the following four steps:
Assume toward a contradiction that some solution () exists that violates the given requirements.
Take the minimal such solution according to some definition of minimality.
Replace some by a variable x in the formulas, and obtain an equation for which is a solution.
Using Vieta's formulas, show that this implies the existence of a smaller solution, hence a contradiction.
Example
Problem #6 at IMO 1988: Let and be positive integers such that divides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflection%20%28ballistics%29 | Deflection shooting is a technique of shooting ahead of a moving target, also known as leading the target, so that the projectile will "intercept" and collide with the target at a predicted point. This technique is only necessary when the target will have significantly displaced its position during the time the projectile would take to reach the target, which can become the case over very long distances (e.g. a long sniper shot), due to fast moving targets (e.g. aerial dogfight against an opposing aircraft, or anti-aircraft fire against passing aircraft), or while using relatively slow projectiles (e.g. a bolt shot from a crossbow, or a basketball thrown to a running teammate).
Gyro gunsights developed for aircraft of the Second World War displayed a reticle that compensated for target lead. Modern fighter aircraft have automated deflection sights, where a computer calculates lead and projects the solution onto a head-up display (HUD). The visual assistance with targeting the gun is offset by the speed and agility of modern aircraft, compared to the days when targeting was less advanced.
In artillery, deflection is also used against fixed targets to compensate for windage and range. Due to the Earth's rotation, surface points have different velocities and curved motion, leading to apparent Coriolis drift of a long-range target.
Computer games
Modern computer games of the first-person shooter genre typically feature a number of relatively low-velocity projectile weapons such as unguided shoulder-fired missiles, or fictional projectile weapons such as "plasma guns" or "nail guns", which necessitates an attacker to lead his aim ahead of moving targets. Computer games that accurately model the ballistic trajectories (including velocity) of firearms also require leading of fire, much as in real life. This applies equally to combat aircraft (or even combat spacecraft) simulators, where the velocity of the craft involved are significant enough to require leading with pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%20Mules | The Army Mules are a group of mules which serve as the mascots for the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York.
The tradition of mules as mascots for Army dates back to 1899, when an officer at the Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot decided that the team needed a mascot to counter the Navy goat. Mules were an obvious choice, as they were used as haulers for Army gear for generations. Not much is known about the "official" mules until 1936, when Mr. Jackson (named for Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson), a former Army pack mule, arrived from Front Royal, Virginia. He served for twelve years, presiding over two national championship teams. Starting with Mr. Jackson, there have been seventeen "official" Army mules, only one, Buckshot, being female. The current Mule Corps are:
Ranger III (formerly known as Jack): Ranger III, one of the Army Mules, has been on campus since 2011. He was trained by MAJ Anne Hessinger, an Army veterinarian who served at West Point in 2003–2006. Named, like his predecessor, for the 75th Ranger Regiment and all Rangers past and present, Ranger III came to the academy in 2011 as a gift of Steve Townes, class of 1975. He stands at and is the son of a Percheron mare.
Stryker (formerly known as Abe): Stryker is the half-brother of Ranger III. He was also trained by MAJ Anne Hessinger and gifted by Steve Townes. Stryker stands at a height slightly shorter than his brother.
Paladin (formerly known as Apache and Rocky): The newest member of the group, joined in February 2016, and is also a gift of Steve Townes. Paladin stands about two hands shorter than the half-brothers, and is half thoroughbred rather than Percheron.
The Army Mules are trained by cadet Mule Riders, a part of the Spirit Support Activity of the U.S. Corps of Cadets. The current Army Mule Riders are: Cadet Garrett Dolan, 2021, Cadet Sarah Traynor, 2022, Cadet Kyle Kass, 2023, and Cadet Benjamin Bennett, 2024. Together they are present at many of West Point's athletic eve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20Without%20Selection | Evolution without Selection: Form and Function by Autoevolution is a 1988 book on evolution by cytogeneticist A. Lima-de-Faria.
The book argues that only physical and chemical processes are real and the modern neo-Darwinian population genetics approach to evolution is misguided. Lima-de-Faria emphasizes that the laws of physics and chemistry generate the basic forms found in living organisms, and that physicochemical forces and organisms interact at many levels. The central premise of the book is that the current models of biological evolution such as the modern evolutionary synthesis ignore the active contribution of these forces.
Lima-de-Faria proposes an alternative to the modern evolutionary synthesis known as "autoevolutionism", a form of orthogenesis. He argues in the book that selection is not the mechanism of evolution because it cannot be weighed on a balance, poured into a vial, or measured in specific units. Only a material component can be the mechanism of evolution, and this must be found in the physico-chemical processes.
Lima-de-Faria holds that there are no random events in evolution, there is no natural selection and all living and non-living matter evolve from the same laws. Lima-de-Faria lists 56 principles of "autoevolutionism". He also gives 75 differences between autoevolution and neo-Darwinism. Lima-de-Faria wrote that "In the framework of autoevolutionism, orthogenesis appears as the direct result of the canalization inherent to the evolutions that preceded biological evolution, and as a result of the autonomous evolutions that occur within the cell and the organism."
The book also argues against sexual selection. Lima-de-Faria maintains that the bright colours in certain animals are caused by high temperatures.
Reception
The idea of autoevolutionism has been described as a "minority opinion at the fringes of official circles of thoughts and of the mainstream."
A review by multiple authors in the Origins of Life and Evolution of Biosp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Power%20Usage%20Effectiveness | Green Power Usage Effectiveness (GPUE) is a proposed measurement of both how much sustainable energy a computer data center uses, its carbon footprint per usable kilowatt hour (kWh) and it uses its power; specifically, how much of the power is actually used by the computing equipment (in contrast to cooling and other overhead). It is an addition to the power usage effectiveness (PUE) definition and was first proposed by Greenqloud.
The Green Grid has developed the Power Usage Effectiveness metric or PUE to measure a data centers' effectiveness of getting power to IT equipment. What the PUE tells in simple terms is how much extra energy is needed for each usable kWh for the IT equipment due to the power going into cooling, power loss etc. and it's a simple formula (in theory):
PUE = Total Facility Power/IT Equipment Power
The PUE can change depending on where measurements are made, when they are made and the timespan the measurements are made in.
Data centers are subtracting factors from their PUE to lower it e.g. district heating. Some of the issues with PUE are being addressed with the PUEx definition.
GPUE is a way to "weigh" the PUE to better see which data centers are truly green in the sense that they indirectly cause the least amount of CO2 to be emitted by their use of sustainable or unsustainable energy sources.
This new metric GPUE or Green Power Usage Effectiveness is defined as:
GPUE = G × PUEx (for inline comparison of data centers)
or = G @ PUEx (a better display and for CO2 emission calculations)
The "G" is the key factor here and it is a simple calculated value:
G = Weighed sum of energy sources and their lifecycle KG CO2/KWh
G =Σ( %EnergySource × ( 1 + weight) )
P
Example:
PUE 1.20, 50/50 Coal/Hydro
G = 0.5*(1+1.050) + 0.5*(1+0.013)
G = 1.531, GPUEx = 1.84 or 1.531@1.20
Kg CO2 per usable kWh = (G-1) × PUEx = 0.64 kg
See also
Power usage effectiveness (PUE)
Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of energy sources
Data center infrastruc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACROSS%20Project | ACROSS is a Singular Strategic R&D Project led by Treelogic funded by the Spanish Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade activities in the field of Robotics and Cognitive Computing over an execution time-frame from 2009 to 2011. ACROSS project involves a number higher than 100 researchers from 13 Spanish entities.
ACROSS project objectives
ACROSS modifies the design of social robotics, blocked in providing predefined services, going further by means of intelligent systems. These systems are able to self-reconfigure and modify their behavior autonomously through the capacity for understanding, learning and software remote access.
In order to provide an open framework for collaboration between universities, research centers and the Administration, ACROSS develops Open Source Services available to everybody.
Three application domains
ACROSS works in three application domains:
Autonomous living: robots are used as technological tools to help handicapped person into daily tasks.
Psycho-Affective Disorders (autism): robots are used to mitigate cognitive disorders.
Marketing: robots are used to interact with humans in a recreational approach.
Consortium
Treelogic
Alimerka
Bizintek
Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya
University of Deusto
European Centre for Soft Computing
Fatronik -
Fundació Hospital Comarcal Sant Antoni Abat
Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación en Salud de Sevilla, "Virgen del Rocío" University Hospitals
m-BOT
Omicron Electronic
Universidad de Extremadura - RoboLab
Verbio Technologies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20gradient%20Langevin%20dynamics | Stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics (SGLD) is an optimization and sampling technique composed of characteristics from Stochastic gradient descent, a Robbins–Monro optimization algorithm, and Langevin dynamics, a mathematical extension of molecular dynamics models. Like stochastic gradient descent, SGLD is an iterative optimization algorithm which uses minibatching to create a stochastic gradient estimator, as used in SGD to optimize a differentiable objective function. Unlike traditional SGD, SGLD can be used for Bayesian learning as a sampling method. SGLD may be viewed as Langevin dynamics applied to posterior distributions, but the key difference is that the likelihood gradient terms are minibatched, like in SGD. SGLD, like Langevin dynamics, produces samples from a posterior distribution of parameters based on available data. First described by Welling and Teh in 2011, the method has applications in many contexts which require optimization, and is most notably applied in machine learning problems.
Formal definition
Given some parameter vector , its prior distribution , and a set of data points , Langevin dynamics samples from the posterior distribution by updating the chain:
Stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics uses a modified update procedure with minibatched likelihood terms:
where is a positive integer, is Gaussian noise, is the likelihood of the data given the parameter vector , and our step sizes satisfy the following conditions:
For early iterations of the algorithm, each parameter update mimics Stochastic Gradient Descent; however, as the algorithm approaches a local minimum or maximum, the gradient shrinks to zero and the chain produces samples surrounding the maximum a posteriori mode allowing for posterior inference. This process generates approximate samples from the posterior as by balancing variance from the injected Gaussian noise and stochastic gradient computation.
Application
SGLD is applicable in any optimization context f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Number%20of%20Primes%20Less%20Than%20a%20Given%20Magnitude | " die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen " (usual English translation: "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude") is a seminal 9-page paper by Bernhard Riemann published in the November 1859 edition of the Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.
Overview
This paper studies the prime-counting function using analytic methods. Although it is the only paper Riemann ever published on number theory, it contains ideas which influenced thousands of researchers during the late 19th century and up to the present day. The paper consists primarily of definitions, heuristic arguments, sketches of proofs, and the application of powerful analytic methods; all of these have become essential concepts and tools of modern analytic number theory.
Among the new definitions, ideas, and notation introduced:
The use of the Greek letter zeta (ζ) for a function previously mentioned by Euler
The analytic continuation of this zeta function ζ(s) to all complex s ≠ 1
The entire function ξ(s), related to the zeta function through the gamma function (or the Π function, in Riemann's usage)
The discrete function J(x) defined for x ≥ 0, which is defined by J(0) = 0 and J(x) jumps by 1/n at each prime power pn. (Riemann calls this function f(x).)
Among the proofs and sketches of proofs:
Two proofs of the functional equation of ζ(s)
Proof sketch of the product representation of ξ(s)
Proof sketch of the approximation of the number of roots of ξ(s) whose imaginary parts lie between 0 and T.
Among the conjectures made:
The Riemann hypothesis, that all (nontrivial) zeros of ζ(s) have real part 1/2. Riemann states this in terms of the roots of the related ξ function, That is, (He was discussing a version of the zeta function, modified so that its roots are real rather than on the critical line.)
New methods and techniques used in number theory:
Functional equations arising from automorphic forms
Analytic continuation (although not in the sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontogenic%20tumor | An odontogenic tumor is a neoplasm of the cells or tissues that initiate odontogenic processes.
Examples include:
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor
Ameloblastic fibroma
Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma
Ameloblastoma, a type of odontogenic tumor involving ameloblasts
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma
Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
Cementoblastoma
Cementoma
Odontogenic keratocyst
Odontogenic carcinoma
Odontogenic myxoma
Odontoma
Squamous odontogenic tumour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20experimental%20design | A glossary of terms used in experimental research.
Concerned fields
Statistics
Experimental design
Estimation theory
Glossary
Alias: When the estimate of an effect also includes the influence of one or more other effects (usually high order interactions) the effects are said to be aliased (see confounding). For example, if the estimate of effect D in a four factor experiment actually estimates (D + ABC), then the main effect D is aliased with the 3-way interaction ABC. Note: This causes no difficulty when the higher order interaction is either non-existent or insignificant.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A mathematical process for separating the variability of a group of observations into assignable causes and setting up various significance tests.
Balanced design: An experimental design where all cells (i.e. treatment combinations) have the same number of observations.
Blocking: A schedule for conducting treatment combinations in an experimental study such that any effects on the experimental results due to a known change in raw materials, operators, machines, etc., become concentrated in the levels of the blocking variable. Note: the reason for blocking is to isolate a systematic effect and prevent it from obscuring the main effects. Blocking is achieved by restricting randomization.
Center Points: Points at the center value of all factor ranges.
Coding Factor Levels: Transforming the scale of measurement for a factor so that the high value becomes +1 and the low value becomes -1 (see scaling). After coding all factors in a 2-level full factorial experiment, the design matrix has all orthogonal columns. Coding is a simple linear transformation of the original measurement scale. If the "high" value is Xh and the "low" value is XL (in the original scale), then the scaling transformation takes any original X value and converts it to (X − a)/b, where a = (Xh + XL)/2 and b = (Xh−XL)/2. To go back to the original measurement scale, just take the coded value a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin%20binding%20protein%20C%2C%20cardiac | The myosin-binding protein C, cardiac-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYBPC3 gene. This isoform is expressed exclusively in heart muscle during human and mouse development, and is distinct from those expressed in slow skeletal muscle (MYBPC1) and fast skeletal muscle (MYBPC2).
Structure
cMyBP-C is a 140.5 kDa protein composed of 1273 amino acids. cMyBP-C is a myosin-associated protein that binds at 43 nm intervals along the myosin thick filament backbone, stretching for 200 nm on either side of the M-line within the crossbridge-bearing zone (C-region) of the A band in striated muscle. The approximate stoichiometry of cMyBP-C along the thick filament is 1 per 9-10 myosin molecules, or 37 cMyBP-C molecules per thick filament. In addition to myosin, cMyBP-C also binds titin and actin. The cMyBP-C isoform expressed in cardiac muscle differs from those expressed in slow and fast skeletal muscle (MYBPC1 and MYBPC2, respectively) by three features: (1) an additional immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain on the N-terminus, (2) a linker region between the second and third Ig domains, and (3) an additional loop in the sixth Ig domain. cMyBP-C appears necessary for normal order, filament length and lattice spacing within the structure of the sarcomere.
Function
cMyBP-C is not essential for sarcomere formation during embryogenesis, but is crucial for sarcomere organization and maintenance of normal cardiac function. Absence of cMyBP-C (Mybpc3-targeted knock-out mice) results in severe cardiac hypertrophy, increased heart-weight-to-body-weight-ratios, enlargement of ventricles, increased myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and depressed diastolic and systolic function. Histologically, Mybpc3-targeted knock-out hearts display structural rearrangements with cardiac myocyte disarray and increased interstitial fibrosis similar to patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, without obvious alterations in shape or size of single cardiac myocytes. Ultrastructural examination |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas%27s%20theorem | In number theory, Lucas's theorem expresses the remainder of division of the binomial coefficient by a prime number p in terms of the base p expansions of the integers m and n.
Lucas's theorem first appeared in 1878 in papers by Édouard Lucas.
Statement
For non-negative integers m and n and a prime p, the following congruence relation holds:
where
and
are the base p expansions of m and n respectively. This uses the convention that if m < n.
Proofs
There are several ways to prove Lucas's theorem.
Consequences
A binomial coefficient is divisible by a prime p if and only if at least one of the base p digits of n is greater than the corresponding digit of m.
In particular, is odd if and only if the binary digits (bits) in the binary expansion of n are a subset of the bits of m.
Variations and generalizations
Kummer's theorem asserts that the largest integer k such that pk divides the binomial coefficient (or in other words, the valuation of the binomial coefficient with respect to the prime p) is equal to the number of carries that occur when n and m − n are added in the base p.
Generalizations of Lucas's theorem to the case of p being a prime power are given by Davis and Webb (1990) and Granville (1997).
The q-Lucas theorem is a generalization for the q-binomial coefficients, first proved by J. Désarménien. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncore | "Uncore" is a term used by Intel to describe the functions of a microprocessor that are not in the core, but which must be closely connected to the core to achieve high performance. It has been called "system agent" since the release of the Sandy Bridge microarchitecture.
Details
Typical processor cores contains the components of the processor involved in executing instructions, including the ALU, FPU, L1 and L2 cache. In contrast, Uncore functions include QPI controllers, L3 cache, snoop agent pipeline, on-die memory controller, on-die PCI Express Root Complex, and Thunderbolt controller. Other bus controllers such as SPI and LPC are part of the chipset.
The Intel uncore design stems from its origin as the northbridge. The design of the Intel uncore reorganizes the functions critical to the core, making them physically closer to the core on-die, thereby reducing their access latency.
Specifically, the microarchitecture of the Intel uncore is broken down into a number of modular units. The main uncore interface to the core is the so-called cache box (CBox), which interfaces with the last level cache (LLC) and is responsible for managing cache coherency. Multiple internal and external QPI links are managed by physical-layer units, referred to as PBox. Connections between the PBox, CBox, and one or more iMCs (MBox) are managed by the system configuration controller (UBox) and a router (RBox).
Removal of serial bus controllers from the Intel uncore further enables increased performance by allowing the uncore clock (UCLK) to run at a base of 2.66 GHz, with overclocking limits in excess of 3.44 GHz. This increased clock rate allows the core to access critical functions (such as the iMC) with significantly less latency, typically reducing core access times to DRAM by 10 ns or more. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopin | Rhodopin (1,2-dihydro-ψ,ψ-caroten-1-ol) is a carotenoid. It is a major carotenoid of phototropic bacteria such as Rhodomicrobium vannielii and Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisella%20tularensis | Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram-negative coccobacillus, an aerobic bacterium. It is nonspore-forming, nonmotile, and the causative agent of tularemia, the pneumonic form of which is often lethal without treatment. It is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium, which requires cysteine for growth. Due to its low infectious dose, ease of spread by aerosol, and high virulence, F. tularensis is classified as a Tier 1 Select Agent by the U.S. government, along with other potential agents of bioterrorism such as Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, and Ebola virus. When found in nature, Francisella tularensis can survive for several weeks at low temperatures in animal carcasses, soil, and water. In the laboratory, F. tularensis appears as small rods (0.2 by 0.2 µm), and is grown best at 35–37 °C.
History
This species was discovered in ground squirrels in Tulare County, California in 1911. Bacterium tularense was soon isolated by George Walter McCoy (1876–1952) of the US Plague Lab in San Francisco and reported in 1912. In 1922, Edward Francis (1872–1957), a physician and medical researcher from Ohio, discovered that Bacterium tularense was the causative agent of tularemia, after studying several cases with symptoms of the disease. Later, it became known as Francisella tularensis, in honor of the discovery by Francis.
The disease was also described in the Fukushima region of Japan by Hachiro Ohara in the 1920s, where it was associated with hunting rabbits. In 1938, Soviet bacteriologist Vladimir Dorofeev (1911–1988) and his team recreated the infectious cycle of the pathogen in humans, and his team was the first to create protection measures. In 1947, Dorofeev independently isolated the pathogen that Francis discovered in 1922. Hence it is commonly known as Francisella dorofeev in former Soviet countries.
Classification
Three subspecies (biovars) of F. tularensis are recognised (as of 2020):
F. t. tularensis (or type A), found predominan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20electromagnetics | Computational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment using computers.
It typically involves using computer programs to compute approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations to calculate antenna performance, electromagnetic compatibility, radar cross section and electromagnetic wave propagation when not in free space. A large subfield is antenna modeling computer programs, which calculate the radiation pattern and electrical properties of radio antennas, and are widely used to design antennas for specific applications.
Background
Several real-world electromagnetic problems like electromagnetic scattering, electromagnetic radiation, modeling of waveguides etc., are not analytically calculable, for the multitude of irregular geometries found in actual devices. Computational numerical techniques can overcome the inability to derive closed form solutions of Maxwell's equations under various constitutive relations of media, and boundary conditions. This makes computational electromagnetics (CEM) important to the design, and modeling of antenna, radar, satellite and other communication systems, nanophotonic devices and high speed silicon electronics, medical imaging, cell-phone antenna design, among other applications.
CEM typically solves the problem of computing the E (electric) and H (magnetic) fields across the problem domain (e.g., to calculate antenna radiation pattern for an arbitrarily shaped antenna structure). Also calculating power flow direction (Poynting vector), a waveguide's normal modes, media-generated wave dispersion, and scattering can be computed from the E and H fields. CEM models may or may not assume symmetry, simplifying real world structures to idealized cylinders, spheres, and other regular geometrical objects. CEM models extensively make use of symmetry, and solve for reduced dimensionality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Temam | Roger Meyer Temam (born 19 May 1940) is a French applied mathematician working in numerical analysis, nonlinear partial differential equations and fluid mechanics. He graduated from the University of Paris – the Sorbonne in 1967, completing a doctorate () under the direction of Jacques-Louis Lions. He has published over 400 articles, as well as 12 (authored or co-authored) books.
Scientific work
The first work of Temam in his thesis dealt with the fractional steps method. Thereafter, "he has continually explored and developed new directions and techniques":
calculus of variations, and the notion of duality, developing the mathematical framework for discontinuous (in displacement) solutions; a concept later used for his works on the mathematical theory of plasticity;
mathematical formulation of the equilibrium of a plasma in a cavity, expressed as a nonlinear free boundary problem;
Korteweg–de Vries equation;
Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation;
Euler equations in a bounded domain;
infinite-dimensional dynamical systems theory. In particular, he studied the existence of the finite-dimensional global attractor for many dissipative equations of mathematical physics, including the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. He was also the co-founder of the notion of inertial manifolds together with Ciprian Foias and George R. Sell and of exponential attractors together with Alp Eden, Ciprian Foias and Basil Nicolaenko;
optimal control of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations as a tool for the control of turbulence;
boundary layer phenomena for incompressible flows.
Temam's main activities concern the study of geophysical flows, the atmosphere and oceans. This started in the 1990s by collaboration with Jacques-Louis Lions and Shouhong Wang.
Of all mathematics advisors recorded by the Mathematical Genealogy Project database, Temam has the second-largest number of doctoral students. More than 30 of his students are now full professors all over the world, and hav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layered%20double%20hydroxides | Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are a class of ionic solids characterized by a layered structure with the generic layer sequence [AcB Z AcB]n, where c represents layers of metal cations, A and B are layers of hydroxide () anions, and Z are layers of other anions and neutral molecules (such as water). Lateral offsets between the layers may result in longer repeating periods.
The intercalated anions (Z) are weakly bound, often exchangeable; their intercalation properties have scientific interest and industrial applications.
LDHs occur in nature as minerals, as byproducts of metabolism of certain bacteria, and also unintentionally in man-made contexts, such as the products of corrosion of metal objects.
Structure and formulas
LDHs can be seen as derived from hydroxides of divalent cations (d) with the brucite (Mg(OH)2) layer structure [AdB AdB]n, by cation (c) replacement (Mg2+ → Al3+), or by cation oxidation (Fe2+ → Fe3+ in the case of green rust, Fe(OH)2), in the metallic divalent (d) cation layers, so as to give them an excess positive electric charge; and intercalation of extra anion layers (Z) between the hydroxide layers (A,B) to neutralize that charge, resulting in the structure [AcB Z AcB]n. LDHs can be formed with a wide variety of anions in the intercalated layers (Z), such as Cl−, Br−, NO, CO, SO and SeO.
This structure is unusual in solid state chemistry, since many materials with similar structure (such as montmorillonite and other clay minerals) have negatively charged main metal layers (c) and positive ions in the intercalated layers (Z).
In the most studied class of LDHs, the positive layer (c) consists of divalent and trivalent cations, and can be represented by the formula
[()2]x+ [(Xn−)x/n · y]x-,
where Xn− is the intercalating anion (or anions).
Most commonly, = Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ or Zn2+, and is another trivalent cation, possibly of the same element. Fixed-composition phases have been shown to exist over the rang |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triacylglycerol%20lipase | The enzyme triacylglycerol lipase (also triglyceride lipase, EC 3.1.1.3;systematic name triacylglycerol acylhydrolase) catalyses the hydrolysis of ester linkages of triglycerides:
triacylglycerol + H2O diacylglycerol + a carboxylate
These lipases are widely distributed in animals, plants and prokaryotes. This family was also called class 3 lipases as they are only distantly related to other lipase families.
Human proteins containing this domain
DAGLA; DAGLB; LOC221955;
The pancreatic enzyme acts only on an ester-water interface.
Nomenclature
Other names include lipase, butyrinase, tributyrinase, Tween hydrolase, steapsin, triacetinase, tributyrin esterase, Tweenase, amno N-AP, Takedo 1969-4-9, Meito MY 30, Tweenesterase, GA 56, capalase L, triglyceride hydrolase, triolein hydrolase, tween-hydrolyzing esterase, amano CE, cacordase, triglyceridase, triacylglycerol ester hydrolase, amano P, amano AP, PPL, glycerol-ester hydrolase, GEH, meito Sangyo OF lipase, hepatic lipase, lipazin, post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase, salt-resistant post-heparin lipase, heparin releasable hepatic lipase, amano CES, amano B, tributyrase, triglyceride lipase, liver lipase, hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase).
See also
Pancreatic lipase
Gastric lipase
Lingual lipase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl%27s%20eye%20appearance | The term owl's eye appearance, also known as owl's eye sign, is used to describe a pattern resembling the shape of a real owl's eye that is found in the study of histology, radiology, and pathology cases. The pattern is used to analyze symptoms in patients within the medical field.
They may refer to:
Cells with perinuclear vacuolization around centrally located pyknotic nuclei, such as typically seen in flat warts.
Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies, which is highly specific for cytomegalovirus infection.
Owl's eye appearance of the entire nucleus – a finding in Reed–Sternberg cells in individuals with Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Owl's eye appearance of the Lentiform nucleus of the basal ganglia on head CT scan images in individuals with cerebral hypoxia.
Pathological cases
The owl's eye appearance has a relationship with Reed–Sternberg cells in regards to cytomegalovirus infection. Owl's eye appearance was used as an indication of the presence of the cytomegalovirus for the following case studies.
In 1982, a textbook wrote a chapter on cytomegalovirus and elaborated on its further relevance to owl's eye appearances. It was stated that the owl's eye had a characteristic of a clear halo that extended towards the cell membrane's nucleus. The cellular structure was found to be relevant to pneumonia which was caused by cytomegalovirus.
In a 1986 case study, a journal wrote that an owl's eye appearance was found in a total of 10 out of 10 patients. This was apparently due to the cytomegalovirus found in the patients that were also found to be diagnosed with aids. This case study involved CT scans that were used as a proposal as a way to detect the cytomegalovirus; however, the case study found that the cytomegalovirus had little relevance to the ability of CT scans.
In 1987, a 33-year-old man diagnosed with aids was discovered with the cytomegalovirus in his eyes. The presence of an owl's eye appearance indicated the hospital that this patient was infected with the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20graphics | Apple II graphics debuted on the 1977 Apple II and was used throughout the Apple II line. They consist of a 16 color low resolution mode and a high resolution mode where visuals are dependent on artifact color. The Apple IIe added "double" versions of each of these, most prominently "double high resolution" with twice the horizontal resolution in 16 colors. Internally, Apple II graphics modes are idiosyncratic and do not simply use a linear frame buffer.
The 1986 Apple IIgs split from previous Apple II architecture and the graphics have more in common with the Atari ST and Amiga.
Peculiarity of graphics modes
The graphic modes of the Apple II series were peculiar even by the standards of the late 1970s and early 1980s. One notable peculiarity of these modes is a direct result of Apple founder Steve Wozniak's chip-saving design. Many home computer systems of the time (as well as today's IBM PC compatibles) had an architecture which assigned consecutive blocks of memory to non-consecutive rows on the screen in graphic modes, i.e., interleaving. Apple's text and graphics modes are based on two different interleave factors of 8:1 and 64:1.
A second peculiarity of Apple II graphics—the so-called "color fringes"—is yet another by-product of Wozniak's design. While these occur in all graphics modes, they play a crucial role in Hi-Resolution or Hi-Res mode (see below).
Video output
Reading a value from, or writing any value to, certain memory addresses controlled so called "soft switches". The value read or written does not matter, what counts is the access itself. This allowed the user to do many different things including displaying the graphics screen (any type) without erasing it, displaying the text screen, clearing the last key pressed, or accessing different memory banks. For example, one could switch from mixed graphics and text to an all-graphics display by accessing location 0xC052 (49234). Then, to go back to mixed graphics and text, one would access |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM%20System-on-Chip%20Architecture | ARM System-on-Chip Architecture is a book detailing the system on a chip ARM architecture, as a specific implementation of reduced instruction set computing. It was written by Steve Furber, who co-designed the ARM processor with Sophie Wilson.
The book's content covers the architecture, assembly language programming, support mechanisms for high-level programming languages, the instruction set and the building of operating systems. The Thumb instruction set is also covered in detail.
It has been cited in numerous academic papers, and has been recommended to those working in the development of embedded systems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rami%20Grossberg | Rami Grossberg () is a full professor of mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University and works in model theory.
Work
Grossberg's work in the past few years has revolved around the classification theory of non-elementary classes. In particular, he has provided, in joint work with Monica VanDieren, a proof of an upward "Morley's Categoricity Theorem" (a version of Shelah's categoricity conjecture) for Abstract Elementary Classes with the amalgamation property, that are tame. In another work with VanDieren, they also initiated the study of tame Abstract Elementary Classes. Tameness is both a crucial technical property in categoricity transfer proofs and an independent notion of interest in the area – it has been studied by Baldwin, Hyttinen, Lessmann, Kesälä, Kolesnikov, Kueker among others.
Other results include a best approximation to the main gap conjecture for AECs (with Olivier Lessmann), identifying AECs with JEP, AP, no maximal models and tameness as the uncountable analog to Fraïssé's constructions (with VanDieren), a stability spectrum theorem and the existence of Morley sequences for those classes (also with VanDieren).
In addition to this work on the Categoricity Conjecture, more recently, with Boney and Vasey, new understanding of frames in AECs and forking (in the abstract elementary class setting) has been obtained.
Some of Grossberg's work may be understood as part of the big project on Saharon Shelah's outstanding categoricity conjectures:
Conjecture 1. (Categoricity for ). Let be a sentence. If is categorical in a cardinal then is categorical in all cardinals . See Infinitary logic and Beth number.
Conjecture 2. (Categoricity for AECs) See and . Let K be an AEC. There exists a cardinal μ(K) such that categoricity in a cardinal greater than μ(K) implies categoricity in all cardinals greater than μ(K). Furthermore, μ(K) is the Hanf number of K.
Other examples of his results in pure model theory include: generalizing the Keisler–Shelah omitting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic%20integration | Phenotypic Integration is a metric for measuring the correlation of multiple functionally-related traits to each other. Complex phenotypes often require multiple traits working together in order to function properly. Phenotypic integration is significant because it provides an explanation as to how phenotypes are sustained by relationships between traits. Every organism's phenotype is integrated, organized, and a functional whole. Integration is also associated with functional modules. Modules are complex character units that are tightly associated, such as a flower. It is hypothesized that organisms with high correlations between traits in a module have the most efficient functions. The fitness of a particular value for one phenotypic trait frequently depends on the value of the other phenotypic traits, making it important for those traits evolve together. One trait can have a direct effect on fitness, and it has been shown that the correlations among traits can also change fitness, causing these correlations to be adaptive, rather than solely genetic. Integration can be involved in multiple aspects of life, not just at the genetic level, but during development, or simply at a functional level.
Integration can be caused by genetic, developmental, environmental, or physiological relationships among characters. Environmental conditions can alter or cause integration, i.e. they may be plastic. Correlational selection, a form of natural selection can also produce integration. At the genetic level, integration can be caused by pleiotropy, close linkage, or linkage disequilibrium among unlinked genes. At the developmental level it can be due to cell-cell signaling such as in the development of the ectopic eyes in Drosophila. It is believed that the patterns of genetic covariance helped distinguish certain species. It can create variation among certain phenotypes, and can facilitate efficiency. This is significant because integration may play a huge role in phenoty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20sieve | In mathematics, the Legendre sieve, named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, is the simplest method in modern sieve theory. It applies the concept of the Sieve of Eratosthenes to find upper or lower bounds on the number of primes within a given set of integers. Because it is a simple extension of Eratosthenes' idea, it is sometimes called the Legendre–Eratosthenes sieve.
Legendre's identity
The central idea of the method is expressed by the following identity, sometimes called the Legendre identity:
where A is a set of integers, P is a product of distinct primes, is the Möbius function, and is the set of integers in A divisible by d, and S(A, P) is defined to be:
i.e. S(A, P) is the count of numbers in A with no factors common with P.
Note that in the most typical case, A is all integers less than or equal to some real number X, P is the product of all primes less than or equal to some integer z < X, and then the Legendre identity becomes:
(where denotes the floor function). In this example the fact that the Legendre identity is derived from the Sieve of Eratosthenes is clear: the first term is the number of integers below X, the second term removes the multiples of all primes, the third term adds back the multiples of two primes (which were miscounted by being "crossed out twice") but also adds back the multiples of three primes once too many, and so on until all (where denotes the number of primes below z) combinations of primes have been covered.
Once S(A, P) has been calculated for this special case, it can be used to bound using the expression
which follows immediately from the definition of S(A, P).
Limitations
The Legendre sieve has a problem with fractional parts of terms accumulating into a large error, which means the sieve only gives very weak bounds in most cases. For this reason it is almost never used in practice, having been superseded by other techniques such as the Brun sieve and Selberg sieve. However, since these more powerful siev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20lithography | Quantum lithography is a type of photolithography, which exploits non-classical properties of the photons, such as quantum entanglement, in order to achieve superior performance over ordinary classical lithography. Quantum lithography is closely related to the fields of quantum imaging, quantum metrology, and quantum sensing. The effect exploits the quantum mechanical state of light called the NOON state. Quantum lithography was invented at Jonathan P. Dowling's group at JPL, and has been studied by a number of groups.
Of particular importance, quantum lithography can beat the classical Rayleigh criterion for the diffraction limit. Classical photolithography has an optical imaging resolution that is limited by the wavelength of light used. For example, in the use of photolithography to mass-produce computer chips, it is desirable to produce smaller and smaller features on the chip, which classically requires moving to smaller and smaller wavelengths (ultraviolet and x-ray), which entails exponentially greater cost to produce the optical imaging systems at these extremely short optical wavelengths.
Quantum lithography exploits the quantum entanglement between specially prepared photons in the NOON state and special photoresists, that display multi-photon absorption processes to achieve the smaller resolution without the requirement of shorter wavelengths. For example, a beam of red photons, entangled 50 at a time in the NOON state, would have the same resolving power as a beam of x-ray photons.
The field of quantum lithography is in its infancy, and although experimental proofs of principle have been carried out using the Hong–Ou–Mandel effect, it is still a long way from practical uses. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternalism%20%28philosophy%20of%20time%29 | In the philosophy of space and time, eternalism is an approach to the ontological nature of time, which takes the view that all existence in time is equally real, as opposed to presentism or the growing block universe theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time. Some forms of eternalism give time a similar ontology to that of space, as a dimension, with different times being as real as different places, and future events are "already there" in the same sense other places are already there, and that there is no objective flow of time.
It is sometimes referred to as the "block time" or "block universe" theory due to its description of space-time as an unchanging four-dimensional "block", as opposed to the view of the world as a three-dimensional space modulated by the passage of time.
The present
In classical philosophy, time is divided into three distinct regions: the "past", the "present", and the "future". Using that representational model, the past is generally seen as being immutably fixed, and the future as at least partly undefined. As time passes, the moment that was once the present becomes part of the past, and part of the future, in turn, becomes the new present. In this way time is said to pass, with a distinct present moment moving forward into the future and leaving the past behind. One view of this type, presentism, argues that only the present exists. The present does not travel forward through an environment of time, moving from a real point in the past and toward a real point in the future. Instead, it merely changes. The past and future do not exist and are only concepts used to describe the real, isolated, and changing present. This conventional model presents a number of difficult philosophical problems and may be difficult to reconcile with currently accepted scientific theories such as the theory of relativity.
It can be argued that special relativity eliminates the concept of absolute simultaneity and a un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial%20animal%20cloning | Commercial animal cloning is the cloning of animals for commercial purposes, currently, including livestock, competition camels and horses, pets, medical uses, endangered and extinct animals, as first demonstrated in 1996 for Dolly the sheep.
Cloning methods
Moving or copying all (or nearly all) genes from one animal to form a second, genetically nearly identical, animal is usually done through one of three methods: the Roslin technique, the Honolulu technique, and Artificial Twinning. The first two of these involve a process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this process, an oocyte is taken from a surrogate mother and put through enucleation, a process that removes the nucleus from inside the oocyte. Somatic cells are then taken from the animal that is being cloned, transferred into the blank oocyte in order to provide genetic material, and fused with the oocyte using an electrical current. The oocyte is then activated and re-inserted into the surrogate mother. The end result is the formation of an animal that is almost genetically identical to the animal the somatic cells were taken from. While somatic cell nuclear transfer was previously believed to only work using genetic material from somatic cells that were unfrozen or were frozen with cryoprotectant (to avoid cell damage caused by freezing), successful dog cloning in various breeds has now been shown using somatic cells from unprotected specimens that had been frozen for up to four days. Another method of cloning includes embryo splitting, the process of taking the blastomeres from a very early animal embryo and separating them before they become differentiated in order to create two or more separate organisms. When using embryo splitting, cloning must occur before the birth of the animal, and clones grow up at the same time (in a similar fashion to monozygotic twins).
Livestock cloning
The US Food and Drug Administration has concluded that "Food from cattle, swine, and goat clones is as safe to e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HERG | hERG (the human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene) is a gene () that codes for a protein known as Kv11.1, the alpha subunit of a potassium ion channel. This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to the electrical activity of the heart: the hERG channel mediates the repolarizing IKr current in the cardiac action potential, which helps coordinate the heart's beating.
When this channel's ability to conduct electrical current across the cell membrane is inhibited or compromised, either by application of drugs or by rare mutations in some families, it can result in a potentially fatal disorder called long QT syndrome. Conversely, genetic mutations that increase the current through these channels can lead to the related inherited heart rhythm disorder Short QT syndrome. A number of clinically successful drugs in the market have had the tendency to inhibit hERG, lengthening the QT and potentially leading to a fatal irregularity of the heartbeat (a ventricular tachyarrhythmia called torsades de pointes). This has made hERG inhibition an important antitarget that must be avoided during drug development.
hERG has also been associated with modulating the functions of some cells of the nervous system and with establishing and maintaining cancer-like features in leukemic cells.
Function
hERG forms the major portion of one of the ion channel proteins (the 'rapid' delayed rectifier current (IKr)) that conducts potassium (K+) ions out of the muscle cells of the heart (cardiac myocytes), and this current is critical in correctly timing the return to the resting state (repolarization) of the cell membrane during the cardiac action potential. Sometimes, when referring to the pharmacological effects of drugs, the terms "hERG channels" and IKr are used interchangeably, but, in the technical sense, "hERG channels" can be made only by scientists in the laboratory; in formal terms, the naturally occurring channels in the body that include hERG a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficial%20epigastric%20artery | The superficial epigastric artery (not to be confused with the superior epigastric artery) arises from the front of the femoral artery about 1 cm below the inguinal ligament, and, passing through the femoral sheath and the fascia cribrosa, turns upward in front of the inguinal ligament, and ascends between the two layers of the superficial fascia of the abdominal wall nearly as far as the umbilicus.
It distributes branches to the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, the superficial fascia, and the integument; it anastomoses with branches of the inferior epigastric, and with its fellow of the opposite side.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundz%C3%BCge%20der%20Mengenlehre | (German for "Basics of Set Theory") is a book on set theory written by Felix Hausdorff.
First published in April 1914, was the first comprehensive introduction to set theory. Besides the systematic treatment of known results in set theory, the book also contains chapters on measure theory and topology, which were then still considered parts of set theory. Hausdorff presented and developed original material which was later to become the basis for those areas. In 1927 Hausdorff published an extensively revised second edition under the title Mengenlehre (German for "Set Theory"), with many of the topics of the first edition omitted. In 1935 there was a third German edition, which in 1957 was translated by John R. Aumann et al. into English under the title Set Theory.
Chelsea Publishing Company reprinted the German 1914 edition in New York City in German in 1944, 1949, 1965, 1978 and 1991 but never issued an English translation of this first edition (or the 1927 second edition) to date. When the American Mathematical Society took over and set up AMS Chelsea Publishing it published editions in 2005 and 2021. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolite%20activator%20protein | Catabolite activator protein (CAP; also known as cAMP receptor protein, CRP) is a trans-acting transcriptional activator that exists as a homodimer in solution. Each subunit of CAP is composed of a ligand-binding domain at the N-terminus (CAPN, residues 1–138) and a DNA-binding domain at the C-terminus (DBD, residues 139–209). Two cAMP (cyclic AMP) molecules bind dimeric CAP with negative cooperativity. Cyclic AMP functions as an allosteric effector by increasing CAP's affinity for DNA. CAP binds a DNA region upstream from the DNA binding site of RNA Polymerase. CAP activates transcription through protein-protein interactions with the α-subunit of RNA Polymerase. This protein-protein interaction is responsible for (i) catalyzing the formation of the RNAP-promoter closed complex; and (ii) isomerization of the RNAP-promoter complex to the open conformation. CAP's interaction with RNA polymerase causes bending of the DNA near the transcription start site, thus effectively catalyzing the transcription initiation process. CAP's name is derived from its ability to affect transcription of genes involved in many catabolic pathways. For example, when the amount of glucose transported into the cell is low, a cascade of events results in the increase of cytosolic cAMP levels. This increase in cAMP levels is sensed by CAP, which goes on to activate the transcription of many other catabolic genes.
CAP has a characteristic helix-turn-helix motif structure that allows it to bind to successive major grooves on DNA. The two helices are reinforcing, each causing a 43° turn in the structure, with an overall 94° degree turn in the DNA.
This interaction opens up the DNA molecule, allowing RNA polymerase to bind and transcribe the genes involved in lactose catabolism. cAMP-CAP is required for transcription activation of the lac operon.
This requirement reflects the greater simplicity with which glucose may be metabolized in comparison to lactose. The cell "prefers" glucose, and, if i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-resolved%20mass%20spectrometry | Time-resolved mass spectrometry (TRMS) is a strategy in analytical chemistry that uses mass spectrometry platform to collect data with temporal resolution. Implementation of TRMS builds on the ability of mass spectrometers to process ions within sub-second duty cycles. It often requires the use of customized experimental setups. However, they can normally incorporate commercial mass spectrometers. As a concept in analytical chemistry, TRMS encompasses instrumental developments (e.g. interfaces, ion sources, mass analyzers), methodological developments, and applications.
Applications
An early application of TRMS was in the observation of flash photolysis process. It took advantage of a time-of-flight mass analyzer.
TRMS currently finds applications in the monitoring of organic reactions, formation of reactive intermediates, enzyme-catalyzed reactions, convection, protein folding, extraction, and other chemical and physical processes.
Temporal resolution
TRMS is typically implemented to monitor processes that occur on second to millisecond time scale. However, there exist reports from studies in which sub-millisecond resolutions were achieved. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch%20%28resin%29 | Pitch is a viscoelastic polymer which can be natural or manufactured, derived from petroleum, coal tar, or plants. Pitch produced from petroleum may be called bitumen or asphalt, while plant-derived pitch, a resin, is known as rosin in its solid form. Tar is sometimes used interchangeably with pitch, but generally refers to a more liquid substance derived from coal production, including coal tar, or from plants, as in pine tar.
Uses
Pitch, a traditional naval store, was traditionally used to help caulk the seams of wooden sailing vessels (see shipbuilding). Other important historic uses included coating earthenware vessels for the preservation of wine, waterproofing wooden containers, and making torches. Petroleum-derived pitch is black in colour, hence the adjectival phrase, "pitch-black".
The viscoelastic properties of pitch make it well suited for the polishing of high-quality optical lenses and mirrors. In use, the pitch is formed into a lap or polishing surface, which is charged with iron oxide (Jewelers' rouge) or cerium oxide. The surface to be polished is pressed into the pitch, then rubbed against the surface so formed. The ability of pitch to flow, albeit slowly, keeps it in constant uniform contact with the optical surface.
Chasers pitch is a combination of pitch and other substances, used in jewelery making.
Viscoelastic properties
Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen, a type of pitch, is a viscoelastic polymer. This means that even though it seems to be solid at room temperature and can be shattered with a hard impact, it is actually fluid and will flow over time, but extremely slowly. The pitch drop experiment taking place at University of Queensland is a long-term experiment which demonstrates the flow of a piece of pitch over many years. For the experiment, pitch was put in a glass funnel and allowed to slowly drip out. Since the pitch was allowed to start dripping in 1930, only nine drops have fallen. It was calculated in the 1980s that the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical%20set | In information theory, the typical set is a set of sequences whose probability is close to two raised to the negative power of the entropy of their source distribution. That this set has total probability close to one is a consequence of the asymptotic equipartition property (AEP) which is a kind of law of large numbers. The notion of typicality is only concerned with the probability of a sequence and not the actual sequence itself.
This has great use in compression theory as it provides a theoretical means for compressing data, allowing us to represent any sequence Xn using nH(X) bits on average, and, hence, justifying the use of entropy as a measure of information from a source.
The AEP can also be proven for a large class of stationary ergodic processes, allowing typical set to be defined in more general cases.
(Weakly) typical sequences (weak typicality, entropy typicality)
If a sequence x1, ..., xn is drawn from an i.i.d. distribution X defined over a finite alphabet , then the typical set, Aε(n)(n) is defined as those sequences which satisfy:
where
is the information entropy of X. The probability above need only be within a factor of 2n ε. Taking the logarithm on all sides and dividing by -n, this definition can be equivalently stated as
For i.i.d sequence, since
we further have
By the law of large numbers, for sufficiently large n
Properties
An essential characteristic of the typical set is that, if one draws a large number n of independent random samples from the distribution X, the resulting sequence (x1, x2, ..., xn) is very likely to be a member of the typical set, even though the typical set comprises only a small fraction of all the possible sequences. Formally, given any , one can choose n such that:
The probability of a sequence from X(n) being drawn from Aε(n) is greater than 1 − ε, i.e.
If the distribution over is not uniform, then the fraction of sequences that are typical is
as n becomes very large, since where is the cardi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinoxacin | Cinoxacin is a quinolone antibiotic that has been discontinued in the U.K. as well the United States, both as a branded drug or a generic. The marketing authorization of cinoxacin has been suspended throughout the EU.
Cinoxacin was an older synthetic antimicrobial related to the quinolone class of antibiotics with activity similar to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. It was commonly used thirty years ago to treat urinary tract infections in adults. There are reports that cinoxacin had also been used to treat initial and recurrent urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis in dogs. however this veterinary use was never approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In complicated UTI, the older gyrase-inhibitors such as cinoxacin are no longer indicated.
History
Cinoxacin is one of the original quinolone drugs, which were introduced in the 1970s. Commonly referred to as the first generation quinolones. This first generation also included other quinolone drugs such as pipemidic acid, and oxolinic acid, but this first generation proved to be only marginal improvements over nalidixic acid. Cinoxacin is similar chemically (and in antimicrobial activity) to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. Relative to nalidixic acid, cinoxacin was found to have a slightly greater inhibitory and bactericidal activity. Cinoxacin was patented in 1972 and assigned to Eli Lilly. Eli Lilly obtained approval from the FDA to market cinoxacin in the United States as Cinobac on June 13, 1980. Prior to this cinobac was marketed in the U.K. and Switzerland in 1979.
Oclassen Pharmaceuticals (Oclassen Dermatologics) commenced sales of Cinobac in the United States and Canada back in September 1992, under an agreement with Eli Lilly which granted Oclassen exclusive United States and Canadian distribution rights. Oclassen promoted Cinobac primarily to urologists for the outpatient treatment of initial and recurrent urinary tract infections and prophylaxis. Oclassen Pharmaceu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Miley | George H. Miley (born 1933) is a professor emeritus of physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Miley is a Guggenheim Fellow and Fellow of the American Nuclear Society, the American Physical Society and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He was Senior NATO Fellow from 1994 to 1995, received the Edward Teller Medal in 1995, the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Science Award in Fusion Technology in 2003 and the Radiation Science and Technology Award in 2004. He holds several patents.
Academic career
In 1955, Miley received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering/Physics from Carnegie Mellon University. He obtained his M.Sc. (1956) and his Ph.D. (1959), both in Nuclear/Chemical Engineering, from the University of Michigan.
In 1961, he became assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, and advanced to associate professor in 1964, and to professor of nuclear and electrical engineering in 1967. He has directed the Fusion Studies Lab since 1975 and has chaired the Nuclear Engineering Program from 1983 to 1995. Since August 2010 he is professor emeritus.
He was editor-in-chief of the American Nuclear Society's journal Fusion Science and Technology until his retirement in 2000. He was also the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Plasma Physics and Laser and Particle Beams.
His work Direct Conversion of Nuclear Radiation Energy was written in 1970 and sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission.
Cold fusion and LENR
Miley has investigated nuclear transmutations in thin films of metals based on earlier work on the Patterson Power Cell, supported by Clean Energy Technologies, Incorporated (CETI). Miley is also active in research on low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) in thin metal films.
After his retirement he participated in the 2011 World Green Energy Symposium, which was held in October 2011 at the Pennsylvania Convention Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. During a Symposium session titled "Cold Fusion – A Discussion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20specific%20volume | The partial specific volume express the variation of the extensive volume of a mixture in respect to composition of the masses. It is the partial derivative of volume with respect to the mass of the component of interest.
where is the partial specific volume of a component defined as:
The PSV is usually measured in milliLiters (mL) per gram (g), proteins > 30 kDa can be assumed to have a partial specific volume of 0.708 mL/g. Experimental determination is possible by measuring the natural frequency of a U-shaped tube filled successively with air, buffer and protein solution.
Properties
The weighted sum of partial specific volumes of a mixture or solution is an inverse of density of the mixture namely the specific volume of the mixture.
See also
Partial molar property
Apparent molar property |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILRB2 | Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LILRB2 gene.
This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene cluster at chromosomal region 19q13.4. The encoded protein belongs to the subfamily B class of LIR receptors which contain two or four extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a transmembrane domain, and two to four cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs). The receptor is expressed on immune cells where it binds to MHC class I molecules on antigen-presenting cells and transduces a negative signal that inhibits stimulation of an immune response. It is thought to control inflammatory responses and cytotoxicity to help focus the immune response and limit autoreactivity. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
LILBR2 plays a critical role in the inhibition of axonal regeneration and functional recovery after brain injury. However, recent studies demonstrate that LILRB2 is a β-Amyloid receptor and may contribute to synaptic loss and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.
Interactions
LILRB2 has been shown to interact with PTPN6.
See also
Cluster of differentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWAR | SIMD within a register (SWAR), also known by the name "packed SIMD" is a technique for performing parallel operations on data contained in a processor register. SIMD stands for single instruction, multiple data. Flynn's 1972 taxonomy categorises SWAR as "pipelined processing".
Many modern general-purpose computer processors have some provisions for SIMD, in the form of a group of registers and instructions to make use of them. SWAR refers to the use of those registers and instructions, as opposed to using specialized processing engines designed to be better at SIMD operations. It also refers to the use of SIMD with general-purpose registers and instructions that were not meant to do it at the time, by way of various novel software tricks.
SWAR architectures
A SWAR architecture is one that includes instructions explicitly intended to perform parallel operations across data that is stored in the independent subwords or fields of a register. A SWAR-capable architecture is one that includes a set of instructions that is sufficient to allow data stored in these fields to be treated independently even though the architecture does not include instructions that are explicitly intended for that purpose.
An early example of a SWAR architecture was the Intel Pentium with MMX, which implemented the MMX extension set. The Intel Pentium, by contrast, did not include such instructions, but could still act as a SWAR architecture through careful hand-coding or compiler techniques.
Early SWAR architectures include DEC Alpha , Hewlett-Packard's PA-RISC MAX, Silicon Graphics Incorporated's MIPS MDMX, and Sun's SPARC V9 VIS. Like MMX, many of the SWAR instruction sets are intended for faster video coding.
History of the SWAR programming model
Wesley A. Clark introduced partitioned subword data operations in the 1950s. This can be seen as a very early predecessor to SWAR. Leslie Lamport presented SWAR techniques in his paper titled "Multiple byte processing with full-word instruct |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Hope%20National%20Medical%20Center | City of Hope is a private, non-profit clinical research center, hospital and graduate school located in Duarte, California, United States. The center's main campus resides on of land adjacent to the boundaries of Duarte and Irwindale, with a network of clinical practice locations throughout Southern California, satellite offices in Monrovia and Irwindale, and regional fundraising offices throughout the United States.
City of Hope is best known as a cancer treatment center. It has been designated a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute. City of Hope has also been ranked one of the nation's Best Cancer Hospitals by U.S. News & World Report for over ten years and is a founding member of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.
City of Hope played a role in the development of synthetic human insulin in 1978. The center has performed 13,000 hematopoietic stem cell transplants as of 2016 with patient outcomes that consistently exceed national averages.
History
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the spread of tuberculosis, also known as "consumption", was a growing concern in the United States and Europe. Owing to advancements in the scientific understanding of its contagious nature, a movement to house and quarantine sufferers became prevalent. Construction of tuberculosis sanatoria, including tent cities, became common in the United States, with many sanatoriums located in the Southwestern United States, where it was believed that the more arid climate would aid sufferers.
In 1913, the Jewish Consumptive Relief Association was chartered in Los Angeles, California, with the intent of raising money to establish a free, non-sectarian sanatorium for persons from throughout the United States diagnosed with tuberculosis. After raising sufficient funds, the association purchased of land in Duarte, California, a small town in the more arid San Gabriel Valley, approximately east of downtown Los Angeles, and dubbed the property the Los Ange |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20page%201107 | Code page 1107 (CCSID 1107), also known as CP1107, is an IBM code page number assigned to the alternate Denmark/Norway variant of DEC's National Replacement Character Set (NRCS). The 7-bit character set was introduced for DEC's computer terminal systems, starting with the VT200 series in 1983, but is also used by IBM for their DEC emulation. Similar but not identical to the series of ISO 646 character sets, the character set is a close derivation from ASCII with only six code points differing.
Code page layout
See also
Code page 1105 (default Denmark/Norway NRCS)
Code page 1016 (similar ISO-646-NO code page)
Code page 1017 (similar ISO-646-DK code page)
National Replacement Character Set (NRCS) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram%20Language | The Wolfram Language ( ) is a proprietary, general high-level multi-paradigm programming language developed by Wolfram Research. It emphasizes symbolic computation, functional programming, and rule-based programming and can employ arbitrary structures and data. It is the programming language of the mathematical symbolic computation program Mathematica.
History
The Wolfram Language was a part of the initial version of Mathematica in 1988.
Symbolic aspects of the engine make it a computer algebra system. The language can perform integration, differentiation, matrix manipulations, and solve differential equations using a set of rules. Also, the initial version introduced the notebook model and the ability to embed sound and images, according to Theodore Gray's patent.
Wolfram also added features for more complex tasks, such as 3D modeling.
A name was finally adopted for the language in 2013, as Wolfram Research decided to make a version of the language engine free for Raspberry Pi users, and they needed to come up with a name for it. It was included in the recommended software bundle that the Raspberry Pi Foundation provides for beginners, which caused some controversy due to the Wolfram language's proprietary nature. Plans to port the Wolfram language to the Intel Edison were announced after the board's introduction at CES 2014 but was never released. In 2019, a link was added to make Wolfram libraries compatible with the Unity game engine, giving game developers access to the language's high level functions.
Syntax
The Wolfram Language syntax is overall similar to the M-expression of 1960s LISP, with support for infix operators and "function-notation" function calls.
Basics
The Wolfram language writes basic arithmetic expressions using infix operators.
(* This is a comment. *)
4 + 3
(* = 7 *)
1 + 2 * (3 + 4)
(* = 15 *)
(* Note that Multiplication can be omitted: 1 + 2 (3 + 4) *)
(* Divisions return rational numbers: *)
6 / 4
(* = 3/2 *)
Function calls |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NexentaStor | NexentaStor is an OpenSolaris or more recently Illumos distribution optimized for virtualization, storage area networks, network-attached storage, and iSCSI or Fibre Channel applications employing the ZFS file system.
Like OpenSolaris, NexentaStor is a Unix-like operating system. Nexenta Systems started NexentaStor as a fork of another OpenSolaris distribution, Illumos.
NexentaStor supports iSCSI, unlimited incremental backups ('snapshots'), snapshot mirroring (replication), continuous data protection, integrated search within ZFS snapshots, and an API.
Nexenta distributes the operating system as a disk image. The Community Edition is available free of charge for users with up 10 TB of used disk space who deploy the operating system in a non-production environment.
NexentaStor Community Edition includes all the common storage area network features of the production version, but if the amount of disk data addressed by the system exceeds 18 TB, the operating system locks most administration functions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM178B | FAM178B is a protein coding that is located on the plus strand of chromosome 2. The locus for the gene is 2q11.2. It is also known by the aliases Family with Sequence Similarity 178, Member B, and HSPC234. In total there are 24 exons in the gene. FAM178B spans 110,720 base pairs, and contains 827 amino acids.
Forms
There are two isoforms of the gene transcript that exist by alternative splicing, and one gene precursor.
SLF2 (FAM178A) is an important paralog of FAM178B. SLF2 is predicted to play a role in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway by regulating post-replication repair of UV-damaged DNA, and genomic stability maintenance.
Protein structure
The molecular weight of the protein is 76.5 kilodaltons, and the isoelectric point is 5.47.The gene has 6 transcript splice variants. The protein has been phenotypically associated with bipolar disease due to its locus, as well as body mass index (BMI), and cell adhesion. A proposed structure for the protein can be found in the images for proposed structures. The secondary structure for the FAM178B protein is predicted to be primarily alpha helices. The tertiary structure of the protein may assume a coiled coil structure.
Expression
FAM178B is most highly expressed in the skeletal muscle and brain tissues.The structure in which it is highly concentrated is in the corpus callosum of the brain. Additionally, it is of high levels in the trigeminal nerve and spinal cord. Further, there is also high concentrations of the gene found near the heart, testes and olfactory regions.
According to the Allen Brain Atlas, the olfactory regions, and the hippocampus of the mouse brain showed the greatest expressions of the gene when tested experimentally.
DNA Level Regulation
The proposed promoter region of FAM178B protein is below. A table of relevant transcription factor binding sites that correspond to the sequence and colors highlighted in the promoter region is also included.
The promoter region of FAM178B is highly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid%20Beckmann | Astrid Beckmann ( Rautenberg, born 20 December 1957) is a German physicist, a professor of mathematics and mathematics education, and was a long-serving university president. Beckmann served as president of the Pädagogische Hochschule Schwäbisch Gmünd from 2010 to 2018. She also taught at the University of Ulm.
Life and career
Beckmann was born in Berlin. While at school, she recorded one first-place finish and one second-place finish in the national German math competition Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik. Upon finishing her school studies in 1976, she read mathematics and physics at the Free University of Berlin. Beckmann then wrote her physics thesis, which dealt with resistance measurements on metallic compounds, at the Helmholtz Center for Materials and Energy (HZB). Having successfully completed her teacher training in Darmstadt, she took up a position as a physicist in the Institute of Physics at Goethe University Frankfurt. During her time in Frankfurt’s "crystal lab". Beckmann tackled issues relating to materials research with a focus on rare earth compounds.
In 1989, Beckmann obtained a doctorate in mathematics at the University of Giessen with a thesis on teaching geometry proofs to 12- to 15-year-old students (supervised by Heinz Schwartze and Günter Pickert). She then continued her work in the field of mathematics education, initially with the help of a scholarship from the Hessen State Ministry for Higher Education, Research and the Arts. From 1994 to 2003, she taught mathematics and physics in Lemgo and at Leibniz University Hanover. She completed her postdoctorate at this latter institution in 2003 in mathematics education. Beckmann’s thesis addressed the development of a model concept for interdisciplinary teaching, with a focus on mathematics in connection to physics, language and computer science.
Following a brief period as an associate professor at Leibniz University Hannover, Beckmann was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Mathematics Educa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20cryptosystems | A cryptosystem is a set of cryptographic algorithms that map ciphertexts and plaintexts to each other.
Private-key cryptosystems
Private-key cryptosystems use the same key for encryption and decryption.
Caesar cipher
Substitution cipher
Enigma machine
Data Encryption Standard
Twofish
Serpent
Camellia
Salsa20
ChaCha20
Blowfish
CAST5
Kuznyechik
RC4
3DES
Skipjack
Safer
IDEA
Advanced Encryption Standard, also known as AES and Rijndael.
Public-key cryptosystems
Public-key cryptosystems use a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.
Diffie–Hellman key exchange
RSA encryption
Rabin cryptosystem
Schnorr signature
ElGamal encryption
Elliptic-curve cryptography
Lattice-based cryptography
McEliece cryptosystem
Multivariate cryptography
Isogeny-based cryptography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20deconvolution | In electrical engineering and applied mathematics, blind deconvolution is deconvolution without explicit knowledge of the impulse response function used in the convolution. This is usually achieved by making appropriate assumptions of the input to estimate the impulse response by analyzing the output. Blind deconvolution is not solvable without making assumptions on input and impulse response. Most of the algorithms to solve this problem are based on assumption that both input and impulse response live in respective known subspaces. However, blind deconvolution remains a very challenging non-convex optimization problem even with this assumption.
In image processing
In image processing, blind deconvolution is a deconvolution technique that permits recovery of the target scene from a single or set of "blurred" images in the presence of a poorly determined or unknown point spread function (PSF). Regular linear and non-linear deconvolution techniques utilize a known PSF. For blind deconvolution, the PSF is estimated from the image or image set, allowing the deconvolution to be performed. Researchers have been studying blind deconvolution methods for several decades, and have approached the problem from different directions.
Most of the work on blind deconvolution started in early 1970s. Blind deconvolution is used in astronomical imaging and medical imaging.
Blind deconvolution can be performed iteratively, whereby each iteration improves the estimation of the PSF and the scene, or non-iteratively, where one application of the algorithm, based on exterior information, extracts the PSF. Iterative methods include maximum a posteriori estimation and expectation-maximization algorithms. A good estimate of the PSF is helpful for quicker convergence but not necessary.
Examples of non-iterative techniques include SeDDaRA, the cepstrum transform and APEX. The cepstrum transform and APEX methods assume that the PSF has a specific shape, and one must estimate the width of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription%20monitoring%20program | In the United States, prescription monitoring programs (PMPs) or prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are state-run programs which collect and distribute data about the prescription and dispensation of federally controlled substances and, depending on state requirements, other potentially abusable prescription drugs. PMPs are meant to help prevent adverse drug-related events such as opioid overdoses, drug diversion, and substance abuse by decreasing the amount and/or frequency of opioid prescribing, and by identifying those patients who are obtaining prescriptions from multiple providers (i.e., "doctor shopping") or those physicians overprescribing opioids.
Most US health care workers support the idea of PMPs, which intend to assist physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, dentists and other prescribers, the pharmacists, chemists and support staff of dispensing establishments. The database, whose use is required by State law, typically requires prescribers and pharmacies dispensing controlled substances to register with their respective state PMPs and (for pharmacies and providers who dispense from their offices) to report the dispensation of such prescriptions to an electronic online database. The majority of PMPs are authorized to notify law enforcement agencies or licensing boards or physicians when a prescriber, or patients receiving prescriptions, exceed thresholds established by the state or prescription recipient exceeds thresholds established by the State. All states have implemented PDMPs, although evidence for the effectiveness of these programs is mixed. While prescription of opioids has decreased with PMP use, overdose deaths in many states have actually increased, with those states sharing data with neighboring jurisdictions or requiring reporting of more drugs experiencing highest increases in deaths. This may be because those declined opioid prescriptions turn to street drugs, whose potency and contaminants carry greater ov |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Prescott%20Joule | James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him.
He worked with Lord Kelvin to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, which came to be called the Kelvin scale. Joule also made observations of magnetostriction, and he found the relationship between the current through a resistor and the heat dissipated, which is also called Joule's first law. His experiments about energy transformations were first published in 1843.
Early years
James Joule was born in 1818, the son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), a wealthy brewer, and his wife, Alice Prescott, on New Bailey Street in Salford. Joule was tutored as a young man by the famous scientist John Dalton and was strongly influenced by chemist William Henry and Manchester engineers Peter Ewart and Eaton Hodgkinson. He was fascinated by electricity, and he and his brother experimented by giving electric shocks to each other and to the family's servants.
As an adult, Joule managed the brewery. Science was merely a serious hobby. Sometime around 1840, he started to investigate the feasibility of replacing the brewery's steam engines with the newly invented electric motor. His first scientific papers on the subject were contributed to William Sturgeon's Annals of Electricity. Joule was a member of the London Electrical Society, established by Sturgeon and others.
Motivated in part by a businessman's desire to quantify the economics of the choice, and in part by his scientific inquisitiveness, he set out to determine which prime mover was more efficient. He discovered Joule's first law in 1841, that "the heat which is evolved by the proper action of any voltaic cur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iotatorquevirus | Iotatorquevirus is a genus of viruses in the family Anelloviridae, in group II in the Baltimore classification. It includes one species: Iotatorquevirus suida1a.
Virology
The virons are small and non-enveloped.
The viruses are usually acquired soon after birth and may invade virtually any tissue in the body.
They are widespread in the pig population.
Genome
Iotatorqueviruses have a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. The genome is negative-sense.
Clinical
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome has been causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2. The Iotatorquevirus have also been linked with this syndrome but a causative role—if one exists—has yet to be established. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holin%20superfamily%20III | The Holin Superfamily III is a superfamily of integral membrane transport proteins. It is one of the seven different holin superfamilies in total. In general, these proteins are thought to play a role in regulated cell death, although functionality varies between families and individual members.
Members of the holin superfamily III are derived from Pseudomonadota, Synergistota, Actinomycetota, Deinococcota, and Archaea. This superfamily includes seven TC families:
1.E.2 - The λ Holin S (λ Holin) Family
1.E.3 - The P2 Holin (P2 Holin) Family
1.E.4 - The LydA Holin (LydA Holin) Family
1.E.5 - The PRD1 Phage P35 Holin (P35 Holin) Family
1.E.20 - The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Hol Holin (Hol Holin) Family
1.E.34 - The Putative Actinobacterial Holin-X (Hol-X) Family
1.E.41 - The Deinococcus/Thermus Holin (D/T-Hol) Family
Members of all families (with the exception of the Hol-X family; TC# 1.E.34) appear to have three transmembrane segments (TMSs). Members of the Hol-X family appear to have two putative TMSs. The missing TMS in family 34 proteins is the N-terminal TMS as revealed by multiple alignments. These seven families have average sizes of 110, 96, 105, 112, 143, 159 and 108 amino acyl residues (aas), respectively. Notice that the only family with members predicted to have just two TMSs is the one containing the largest homologues; this is due to hydrophilic extensions. The average size of proteins in the entire superfamily is 114 aas with a standard deviation o 23 aas.
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20Worlds%20Exploration%20Program | The Ocean Worlds Exploration Program (OWEP) is a NASA program to explore ocean worlds in the outer Solar System that could possess subsurface oceans to assess their habitability and to seek biosignatures of simple extraterrestrial life.
Prime targets include moons that harbor hidden oceans beneath a shell of ice: Europa, Enceladus, and Titan. A host of other bodies in the outer Solar System are inferred by a single type of observation or by theoretical modeling to have subsurface oceans.
The US House Appropriations Committee approved the bill on May 20, 2015, and directed NASA to create the Ocean Worlds Exploration Program. The "Roadmaps to Ocean Worlds" (ROW) was started in 2016, and was presented in January 2019. The formal program is being implemented within the agency by supporting the Europa Clipper orbiter mission to Europa, and the Dragonfly mission to Titan. The program is also supporting concept studies for a proposed Europa Lander, and concepts to explore the moon Triton. Amanda Hendrix and Terry A. Hurford are the co-leads of the NASA Roadmaps to Oceans World Group.
History
The chief author of NASA's budget proposal is John Culberson, who was at the time the head of the science subcommittee in the House of Representatives. In Spring 2015 he presented a budget request, creating the possibility of an all-new NASA mission program. The House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the FY2016 House Appropriations Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) bill on May 20, 2015. Therefore, the Committee directed NASA to create the Ocean Worlds Exploration Program whose primary goal is to discover extant life on another world using a mix of Discovery, New Frontiers and Flagship class missions consistent with the recommendations of current and future Planetary Science Decadal Surveys.
In the FY2017 Budget Request, the committee recommended $348 million for "Outer Planets" and "Ocean Worlds," of which not less than $260 million is for the Europa Clipper orbiter a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife%20endocrinology | Wildlife endocrinology is a branch of endocrinology which deals with the study of the endocrine system in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. It deals with hormone analysis which helps understand the basic physiological functions such as metabolic activity, reproduction, health and well-being of the organism. Hormones can be measured via multiple biological matrices such as blood, urine, faeces, hair and saliva, the choice of which depends upon the type of information required, ease of sample collection, assays available to analyse the sample and species difference in hormone metabolism and excretion. Non-invasive samples are preferred for wild ranging animals whereas, both invasive as well as non-invasive samples are used to study captive animals.
Background
Wildlife endocrinology can help understand the mechanisms by which organisms cope with changing environment and therefore plays an important role in wildlife conservation. Field endocrine strategies have progressed quickly as of late and can give considerable data on the growth, stress, and reproductive status of individual creatures, in this manner giving knowledge into current and future reactions of populations to changes in the earth. Ecological stressors and regenerative status can be recognized nonlethally by estimating various endocrine-related endpoints, like steroids for plasma, living and nonliving tissue, urine, and feces. Data on the natural or endocrine necessities of individual species for typical development, advancement, and multiplication will give basic data to species and environment preservation. For some taxa, essential data on endocrinology is missing, and progress in preservation endocrinology will require approaches that are both "fundamental" and "applied" and incorporate reconciliation of research center and field approaches.
Sampling methods in wildlife endocrinology
Sampling always depends upon the feasibility of the sampling protocol. If one is assessing the health of humans or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20Trinidad%20S%C3%A1nchez | María Trinidad Sánchez, Mother Founder (16 May 1794, Santo Domingo- 27 February 1845, Santo Domingo) was a Dominican freedom fighter and a heroine of the Dominican War of Independence. She participated on the rebel side as a courier. Together with Concepción Bona, Isabel Sosa and María de Jesús Pina, she took part in designing the Dominican flag. She was executed after having refused to betray her collaborators in exchange for her life. The María Trinidad Sánchez Province is named after her. Her remains rest in the National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic in Santo Domingo.
Biography
Family origins
She was born on June 16, 1794, in the city of Santo Domingo. She was the only daughter of Isidora Ramona and Fernando Raimundo Sánchez, both descendants of slaves. She was baptised at 14 days old. She had 4 brothers, Francisco, Narciso, Dionsio, and José.
Se lived in a humble hut, made of palm boards, located on La Luna Street (today Sánchez), in an area occupied by the poor. She was considered one of the best seamstresses in the city. She was like a second mother to her nieces and nephews and is recognized as having been a key figure in the initial education of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, her nephew and one of the fathers of the country.
In the opinion of historian Roberto Cassá, Sánchez, who had slave ancestors, "showed a personality consistent with the stereotypes of the time.” Regarding María T. Sánchez, the author Ramón Lugo Lovatón assured that she was a friend of sententious phrases and strange anecdotes. She was also characterized by her marked religiosity and she was considered a saint, who wore a virgin's habit and performed penances. She was part of a community in the Carmen parish.
See also
Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, nephew
Socorro Sánchez del Rosario, niece |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo%20%28The%20Matrix%29 | Neo (born as Thomas A. Anderson, also known as The One, an anagram for Neo) is a fictional character and the protagonist of The Matrix franchise, created by the Wachowskis. He was portrayed as a cybercriminal and computer programmer by Keanu Reeves in the films, as well as having a cameo in The Animatrix short film Kid's Story. Andrew Bowen provided Neo's voice in The Matrix: Path of Neo. In 2021, Reeves reprised his role in The Matrix Resurrections with what Vulture calls "his signature John Wick look".
In 2008, Neo was selected by Empire as the 68th Greatest Movie Character of All Time... Neo is also an anagram of "one", a reference to his destiny of being The One who would bring peace. There are claims that a nightclub in Chicago inspired the name of the character. Neo is considered to be a superhero.
Fictional character biography
Thomas A. Anderson was born in Lower Downtown, Capital City, USA on March 11, 1962, according to his criminal record, or September 13, 1971 according to his passport (both seen in the film). His mother was Michelle McGahey (the name of the first film's art director) and his father was John Anderson. He attended Central West Junior High and Owen Patterson High (named after the film's production designer). In high school, he excelled at science, math and computer courses, and displayed an aptitude for literature and history. Although he had disciplinary troubles when he was thirteen to fourteen years old, Anderson went on to become a respected member of the school community through his involvement in football and hockey.
At the start of the series, Neo is one of billions of humans neurally connected to the Matrix, unaware that the world he lives in is a simulated reality.
The Matrix
In his normal life, he is a quiet programmer for the "respectable software company" Meta Cortex, while in private, he is a computer hacker who penetrates computer systems illicitly and steals information under his hacker alias "Neo". He also sells illega |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20presentation%20programs | The following is a list of notable presentation software.
Free and open-source software
Apache OpenOffice Impress
Beamer
Calligra Stage
Collabora Online Impress for all Online, Mobile and Desktop apps. Enterprise-ready edition of LibreOffice
LibreOffice Impress
MagicPoint
NeoOffice Impress
OnlyOffice Desktop Editors
Powerdot
Proprietary software
Commercial
Apple Keynote, part of its iWork suite – Mac, iOS
Corel Presentations - Windows
Documents To Go – Android, iOS, Windows Mobile, Symbian
Gobe Productive presentation editor
Hancom Office Show
Microsoft PowerPoint – Windows and Mac
Polaris Office – Android and Windows Mobile
QuickOffice – Android, iOS, Symbian
SoftMaker Presentations
WPS Office Presentation – Windows and Linux
Freeware
Atlantis Nova – Windows
Baraha – free Indian language software
Bean
Jarte
SoftMaker Presentations
WPS Office Presentation Personal Edition
Online
Apple Keynote
Brainshark
Google Slides
Hancom Office Show
Mentimeter
Microsoft PowerPoint Online – free online service
Microsoft Sway
OnlyOffice
Prezi
SlideShare
Wooclap
Historical
Adobe Persuasion
AppleWorks (formerly ClarisWorks presentation editing) – Windows and Mac; also an older and unrelated application for Apple II
CA-Cricket Presents
Docstoc
Harvard Graphics
IBM Lotus Symphony
Lotus Freelance Graphics – Windows
Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer
SlideRocket
See also
List of office suites
Presentation program |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss-model | SWISS-MODEL is a structural bioinformatics web-server dedicated to homology modeling of 3D protein structures. Homology modeling is currently the most accurate method to generate reliable three-dimensional protein structure models and is routinely used in many practical applications. Homology (or comparative) modelling methods make use of experimental protein structures ("templates") to build models for evolutionary related proteins ("targets").
Today, SWISS-MODEL consists of three tightly integrated components: (1) The SWISS-MODEL pipeline – a suite of software tools and databases for automated protein structure modelling, (2) The SWISS-MODEL Workspace – a web-based graphical user workbench, (3) The SWISS-MODEL Repository – a continuously updated database of homology models for a set of model organism proteomes of high biomedical interest.
Pipeline
SWISS-MODEL pipeline comprises the four main steps that are involved in building a homology model of a given protein structure:
Identification of structural template(s). BLAST and HHblits are used to identify templates. The templates are stored in the SWISS-MODEL Template Library (SMTL), which is derived from PDB.
Alignment of target sequence and template structure(s).
Model building and energy minimization. SWISS-MODEL implements a rigid fragment assembly approach for modelling.
Assessment of the model's quality using QMEAN, a statistical potential of mean force.
Workspace
The SWISS-MODEL Workspace integrates programs and databases required for protein structure modelling in a web-based workspace. Depending on the complexity of the modelling task, different modes of usage can be applied, in which the user has different levels of control over individual modelling steps: automated mode, alignment mode, and project mode. A fully automated mode is used when a sufficiently high sequence identity between target and template (>50%) allows for no human intervention at all. In this case only the sequence or UniProt ac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opitutus%20terrae | Opitutus terrae is an obligately anaerobic (cannot grow in the presence of oxygen) bacterium first isolated from rice paddy soil, hence its epithet. It is coccus-shaped and is motile by means of a flagellum. Its type strain is PB90-1T (= DSM 11246T). Its genome has been sequenced. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community%20Earth%20System%20Model | The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a fully coupled numerical simulation of the Earth system consisting of atmospheric, ocean, ice, land surface, carbon cycle, and other components. CESM includes a climate model providing state-of-art simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future. It is the successor of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), specifically version 4 (CCSMv4), which provided the initial atmospheric component for CESM. Strong ensemble forecasting capabilities, CESM-LE (CESM-Large Ensemble), were developed at the onset to control for error and biases across different model runs (realizations). Simulations from the Earth's surface through the thermosphere are generated utilizing the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). CESM1 was released in 2010 with primary development by the Climate and Global Dynamics Division (CGD) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), and significant funding by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Department of Energy (DoE).
See also
Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller%27s%20method | Muller's method is a root-finding algorithm, a numerical method for solving equations of the form f(x) = 0. It was first presented by David E. Muller in 1956.
Muller's method is based on the secant method, which constructs at every iteration a line through two points on the graph of f. Instead, Muller's method uses three points, constructs the parabola through these three points, and takes the intersection of the x-axis with the parabola to be the next approximation.
Recurrence relation
Muller's method is a recursive method which generates an approximation of the root ξ of f at each iteration. Starting with the three initial values x0, x−1 and x−2, the first iteration calculates the first approximation x1, the second iteration calculates the second approximation x2, the third iteration calculates the third approximation x3, etc. Hence the kth iteration generates approximation xk. Each iteration takes as input the last three generated approximations and the value of f at these approximations. Hence the kth iteration takes as input the values xk-1, xk-2 and xk-3 and the function values f(xk-1), f(xk-2) and f(xk-3). The approximation xk is calculated as follows.
A parabola yk(x) is constructed which goes through the three points (xk-1, f(xk-1)), (xk-2, f(xk-2)) and (xk-3, f(xk-3)). When written in the Newton form, yk(x) is
where f[xk-1, xk-2] and f[xk-1, xk-2, xk-3] denote divided differences. This can be rewritten as
where
The next iterate xk is now given as the solution closest to xk-1 of the quadratic equation yk(x) = 0. This yields the recurrence relation
In this formula, the sign should be chosen such that the denominator is as large as possible in magnitude. We do not use the standard formula for solving quadratic equations because that may lead to loss of significance.
Note that xk can be complex, even if the previous iterates were all real. This is in contrast with other root-finding algorithms like the secant method, Sidi's generalized secant method |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Christian%20Martin%20Bartels | Johann Christian Martin Bartels (12 August 1769 – ) was a German mathematician. He was the tutor of Carl Friedrich Gauss in Brunswick and the educator of Lobachevsky at the University of Kazan.
Biography
Bartels was born in Brunswick, in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), the son of pewterer Heinrich Elias Friedrich Bartels and his wife Johanna Christine Margarethe Köhler. In his childhood he showed a great interest in mathematics. In 1783 he was employed as an assistant to the teacher Büttner in the Katherinenschule in Brunswick. He became acquainted with Carl Friedrich Gauss there and encouraged his talent and recommended him to the Duke of Brunswick who awarded Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum (now Technical University of Brunswick). A friendship developed between Gauss and Bartels and they corresponded between 1799 and 1823.
From 23 August 1788 he was a visitor at the Collegium Carolinum in Brunswick.
On 23 October 1791 Bartels studied mathematics under Johann Friedrich Pfaff in Helmstedt and Abraham Gotthelf Kästner in Göttingen. In the winter semester of 1793/1794 he studied Experimental Physics, Astronomy, Meteorology and Geology under Georg Christoph Lichtenberg.
In 1800 he worked in Switzerland as Professor of Mathematics in Reichenau (Canton Graubünden). In 1801 he was active in the cantonal school in Aarau. He married Anna Magdalena Saluz from Chur in 1802. The University of Jena promoted him to the Faculty of Philosophy in 1803.
In 1807 he was invited to join the University of Kazan by the founder Stepan Jakowlewitsch Rumowski (1734–1812), and went there in 1808 where he was appointed to the chair of Mathematics. During his twelve years tenure he lectured on the History of Mathematics, Higher Arithmetic, Differential and Integral Calculus, Analytical Geometry and Trigonometry, Spherical Trigonometry, Analytical Mechanics and Astronomy. During this time he taught Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky.
I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JMA%20Wireless | JMA Wireless is an American wireless networking hardware manufacturing company in Syracuse, New York. It was founded in 2012 by the current chief executive officer John Mezzalingua.
It offers Open-RAN compliant 5G Radio access network (RAN) products, 5G millimeter wave products, private wireless technology hardware products, focusing on design, code, and manufacture of 4G and 5G devices in the United States. JMA Wireless created the first fully virtualized RAN for carrier and private networks as well as the first indoor 5G millimeter wave radio in the United States.
On May 19, 2022, JMA Wireless and Syracuse University announced the signing of a 10-year naming rights deal of the on-campus stadium, renaming the Carrier Dome after 42 years. The stadium was renamed as the JMA Wireless Dome, referred to as the JMA Dome.
History
The company was founded in 2012 by John D. Mezzalingua as John Mezzalingua Associates LLC, initially employing about 150 people. He previously ran the Production Products Company (PPC), which was sold to Belden Incorporated for $515.7 million.
The headquarters, located in Clay, New York was expanded in 2017. In 2021, the company operated manufacturing facilities in Syracuse, with additional R&D, manufacturing, and sales staff Dallas, Austin, Chicago, Boulder, Richmond, VA, and Europe. In 2022, the company's $100 million 5G manufacturing campus was inaugurated by New York state Governor Kathy Hochul.
It is a member of the Wireless Infrastructure Association.
Software and other technology
JMA Wireless operates on a software-based XRAN architecture, which integrates processes into a single common server and removes the need for radios and jumpers in Distributed antenna system (DAS) deployments.
In 2018, JMA Wireless acquired 5G radio provider PHAZR for an undisclosed amount. The deal allowed JMA Wireless to offer 5G RAN technologies that supports spectrum from 600 MHz all the way up to 47 GHz.
Notable projects
JMA Wireless has deployed 5g in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperjacking | Hyperjacking is an attack in which a hacker takes malicious control over the hypervisor that creates the virtual environment within a virtual machine (VM) host. The point of the attack is to target the operating system that is below that of the virtual machines so that the attacker's program can run and the applications on the VMs above it will be completely oblivious to its presence.
Overview
Hyperjacking involves installing a malicious, fake hypervisor that can manage the entire server system. Regular security measures are ineffective because the operating system will not be aware that the machine has been compromised. In hyperjacking, the hypervisor specifically operates in stealth mode and runs beneath the machine, it makes it more difficult to detect and more likely to gain access to computer servers where it can affect the operation of the entire institution or company. If the hacker gains access to the hypervisor, everything that is connected to that server can be manipulated. The hypervisor represents a single point of failure when it comes to the security and protection of sensitive information.
For a hyperjacking attack to succeed, an attacker would have to take control of the hypervisor by the following methods:
Injecting a rogue hypervisor beneath the original hypervisor
Directly obtaining control of the original hypervisor
Running a rogue hypervisor on top of an existing hypervisor
Mitigation techniques
Some basic design features in a virtual environment can help mitigate the risks of hyperjacking:
Security management of the hypervisor must be kept separate from regular traffic. This is a more network related measure than hypervisor itself related.
Guest operating systems should never have access to the hypervisor. Management tools should not be installed or used from guest OS.
Regularly patching the hypervisor.
Known attacks
As of early 2015, there had not been any report of an actual demonstration of a successful hyperjacking besides "p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatergic | Glutamatergic means "related to glutamate". A glutamatergic agent (or drug) is a chemical that directly modulates the excitatory amino acid (glutamate/aspartate) system in the body or brain. Examples include excitatory amino acid receptor agonists, excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists, and excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors.
See also
Adenosinergic
Adrenergic
Cannabinoidergic
Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
GABAergic
GHBergic
Glycinergic
Histaminergic
Melatonergic
Monoaminergic
Opioidergic
Serotonergic
Sigmaergic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menuconfig | make menuconfig is one of five similar tools that can configure Linux source, a necessary early step needed to compile the source code. make menuconfig, with a menu-driven user interface, allows the user to choose the features of Linux (and other options) that will be compiled. It is normally invoked using the command make menuconfig; menuconfig is a target in Linux Makefile.
History
make menuconfig was not in the first version of Linux. The predecessor tool is a question-and-answer-based utility (make config, make oldconfig). A third tool for Linux configuration is make xconfig, which requires Qt. There is also make gconfig, which uses GTK+, and make nconfig, which is similar to make menuconfig.
All these tools use the Kconfig language internally. Kconfig is also used in other projects, such as Das U-Boot, a bootloader for embedded devices, Buildroot, a tool for generating embedded Linux systems, and BusyBox, a single-executable shell utility toolbox for embedded systems.
Advantages over earlier versions
Despite being a simple design, make menuconfig offers considerable advantages to the question-and-answer-based configuration tool make oldconfig, the most notable being a basic search system and the ability to load and save files with filenames different from ".config". make menuconfig gives the user an ability to navigate forwards or backwards directly between features, rather than using make config by pressing the key to navigate linearly to the configuration for a specific feature.
If the user is satisfied with a previous .config file, using make oldconfig uses this previous file to answer all questions that it can, only interactively presenting the new features. This is intended for a version upgrade, but may be appropriate at other times.
make menuconfig is a light load on system resources unlike make xconfig (uses Qt as of version 2.6.31.1, formerly Tk) or make gconfig, which utilizes GTK+. It's possible to ignore most of the features with make config, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchiMate | ArchiMate ( ) is an open and independent enterprise architecture modeling language to support the description, analysis and visualization of architecture within and across business domains in an unambiguous way.
ArchiMate is a technical standard from The Open Group and is based on concepts from the now superseded IEEE 1471 standard. It is supported by various tool vendors and consulting firms. ArchiMate is also a registered trademark of The Open Group.
The Open Group has a certification program for ArchiMate users, software tools and courses.
ArchiMate distinguishes itself from other languages such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Business Process Modeling and Notation (BPMN) by its enterprise modelling scope.
Also, UML and BPMN are meant for a specific use and they are quite heavy – containing about 150 (UML) and 250 (BPMN) modeling concepts whereas ArchiMate works with just about 50 (in version 2.0). The goal of ArchiMate is to be ”as small as possible”, not to cover every edge scenario imaginable. To be easy to learn and apply, ArchiMate was intentionally restricted “to the concepts that suffice for modeling the proverbial 80% of practical cases".
Overview
ArchiMate offers a common language for describing the construction and operation of business processes, organizational structures, information flows, IT systems, and technical infrastructure. This insight helps the different stakeholders to design, assess, and communicate the consequences of decisions and changes within and between these business domains.
The main concepts and relationships of the ArchiMate language can be seen as a framework, the so-called Archimate Framework: It divides the enterprise architecture into a business, application and technology layer. In each layer, three aspects are considered: active elements, an internal structure and elements that define use or communicate information.
One of the objectives of the ArchiMate language is to define the relationships between concept |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peridium | The peridium is the protective layer that encloses a mass of spores in fungi. This outer covering is a distinctive feature of gasteroid fungi.
Description
Depending on the species, the peridium may vary from being paper-thin to thick and rubbery or even hard. Typically, peridia consist of one to three layers. If there is only a single layer, it is called a peridium. If two layers are present, the outer layer is called the exoperidium and the inner layer the endoperidium. If three layers are present, they are the exoperidium, the mesoperidium and the endoperidium.
In the simplest subterranean forms, the peridium remains closed until the spores are mature, and even then shows no special arrangement for dehiscence or opening, but has to decay before the spores are liberated.
Puffballs
For most fungi, the peridium is ornamented with scales or spines. In species that become raised above ground during their development, generally known as the "puffballs", the peridium is usually differentiated into two or more layers, where the outer layer is usually resolved into warts or spines. In contrast, the inner layer remains continuous and smooth to preserve the spores. Sometimes, as in the case of Geaster, the number of layers is greater, and the exoperidium eventually splits from the apex into a variable number of pointed portions. However, the inner layer remains intact by a definite aperture at the apex.
Earthballs
In contrast, earthball fungi generally have only one peridium, which is 3–9 cm across. This lone peridium is generally rigid and rindlike; it is white when sectioned but pink if fresh. The surface varies from yellow brown to dingy yellow, and is arranged into scales.
Usage
The peridium is often given a specific name in particular species of fungi. For example, the peridium of mushrooms of the genus Amanita is called a volva. The peridium can also refer to the outer "nest" of a bird's-nest fungus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raine%20syndrome | Raine syndrome (RNS), also called osteosclerotic bone dysplasia, is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by craniofacial anomalies including microcephaly, noticeably low set ears, osteosclerosis, a cleft palate, gum hyperplasia, a hypoplastic nose, and eye proptosis. It is considered to be a lethal disease, and usually leads to death within a few hours of birth. However, a recent report describes two studies in which children with Raine syndrome have lived to 8 and 11 years old, so it is currently proposed that there is a milder expression that the phenotype can take (Simpson 2009).
Signs and symptoms
Genetics
Raine syndrome appears to be an autosomal recessive disease. There are reports of recurrence in children born of the same parents, and an increased occurrence in children of closely related, genetically similar parents. Individuals with Raine syndrome were either homozygous or compound heterozygous for the mutation of FAM20C. Also observed have been nonsynonomous mutation and splice-site changes (Simpson et al. 2007).
FAM20C, located on chromosome 7p22.3, is an important molecule in bone development. Studies in mice have demonstrated its importance in the mineralization of bones in teeth in early development (OMIM, Simpson et al. 2007, Wang et al. 2010). FAM20C stands for “family with sequence similarity 20, member C.” It is also commonly referred to as DMP-4. It is a Golgi-enriched fraction casein kinase and an extracellular serine/threonine protein kinase. It is 107,743 bases long, with 10 exons and 584 amino acids (Weizmann Institute of Science).
Research
Current research describes Raine syndrome as a neonatal osteosclerotic bone dysplasia, indicated by its osteosclerotic symptoms that are seen in those with the disease. It has been found that a mutation in the gene FAM20C is the cause of the Raine syndrome phenotype. This microdeletion mutation leads to an unusual chromosome 7 arrangement. The milder phenotypes of Rai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocrinis%20minervae | Thermocrinis minervae is a bacterium. Its cells are gram-negative and are approximately 2.4–3.9 micrometres long and 0.5–0.6 micrometres wide; they are motile rods with polar flagella. It grows in temperatures between and . Its type strain is CR11T (=5DSM 19557T =5ATCC BAA-1533T). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoxygenase | Epoxygenases are a set of membrane-bound, heme-containing cytochrome P450 (CYP P450 or just CYP) enzymes that metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids to epoxide products that have a range of biological activities. The most thoroughly studied substrate of the CYP epoxylgenases is arachidonic acid. This polyunsaturated fatty acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenases to various prostaglandin, thromboxane, and prostacyclin metabolites in what has been termed the first pathway of eicosanoid production; it is also metabolized by various lipoxygenases to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (e.g. 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid) and leukotrienes (e.g. leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4) in what has been termed the second pathway of eicosanoid production. The metabolism of arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids by the CYP epoxygenases has been termed the third pathway of eicosanoid metabolism. Like the first two pathways of eicosanoid production, this third pathway acts as a signaling pathway wherein a set of enzymes (the epoxygenases) metabolize arachidonic acid to a set of products (the eicosatrienoic acid epoxides, abbreviated as EETs, which are classified as nonclassic eicosanoids) that act as secondary signals to work in activating their parent or nearby cells and thereby orchestrate functional responses. However, none of these three pathways is limited to metabolizing arachidonic acid to eicosanoids. Rather, they also metabolize other polyunsaturated fatty acids to products that are structurally analogous to the eicosanoids but often have different bioactivity profiles. This is particularly true for the CYP epoxygenases which in general act on a broader range of polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a broader range of metabolites than the first and second pathways of eicosanoid production. Furthermore, the latter pathways form metabolites many of which act on cells by binding with and thereby activating specif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20fusion%20protein | Membrane fusion proteins (not to be confused with chimeric or fusion proteins) are proteins that cause fusion of biological membranes. Membrane fusion is critical for many biological processes, especially in eukaryotic development and viral entry. Fusion proteins can originate from genes encoded by infectious enveloped viruses, ancient retroviruses integrated into the host genome, or solely by the host genome. Post-transcriptional modifications made to the fusion proteins by the host, namely addition and modification of glycans and acetyl groups, can drastically affect fusogenicity (the ability to fuse).
Fusion in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic genomes contain several gene families, of host and viral origin, which encode products involved in driving membrane fusion. While adult somatic cells do not typically undergo membrane fusion under normal conditions, gametes and embryonic cells follow developmental pathways to non-spontaneously drive membrane fusion, such as in placental formation, syncytiotrophoblast formation, and neurodevelopment. Fusion pathways are also involved in the development of musculoskeletal and nervous system tissues. Vesicle fusion events involved in neurotransmitter trafficking also relies on the catalytic activity of fusion proteins.
SNARE family
The SNARE family include bona fide eukaryotic fusion proteins. They are only found in eukaryotes and their closest archaeal relatives like Heimdallarchaeota.
Retroviral
These proteins originate from the env gene of endogenous retroviruses. They are domesticated viral class I fusion proteins.
Syncytins are responsible for structures of the placenta.
Syncytin-1
Syncytin-2
ERV3 is not functional in humans
HAP2 family
HAP2 is a domesticated viral class II fusion protein found in diverse eukaryotes including Toxoplasma, vascular plants, and fruit flies. This protein is essential for gamete fusion in these organisms.
Pathogenic viral fusion
Enveloped viruses readily overcome the thermodynamic barrier |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaping%20%28animal%20behavior%29 | Gaping is a common form of behavior in the animal kingdom, in which an animal opens its mouth widely and displays the interior of its mouth, for any of various purposes. This may be a form of deimatic behaviour, colloquially known as a startle display or threat display, as it enlarges the appearance of the animal, and for those with teeth it shows the threat that these represent. Animals may also use gaping as part of a courtship display, or to otherwise communicate with each other. Some animals have evolved features which make gaping behavior more visually effective. For example, "[i]n many species of reptile, the oral mucosa may be a bright color that serves to distract the predator". Gaping is part of the shark agonistic display, and is also found in snakes such as the cottonmouth, and in birds ranging from seagulls to puffins to roosters.
A number of species of bird use a gaping, open beak in their fear and threat displays. Some augment the display by hissing or breathing heavily, while others clap their beaks. In birds, the muscles that depress the lower mandible are usually weak, but certain birds have well-developed digastric muscles that aid in gaping actions. In most birds, these muscles are relatively small as compared to the jaw muscles of similarly sized mammals. Both male and female puffins use gaping as a prominent part of their threat display, with "a range of intensities" based on the situation, and with puffins engaging in territorial gape contests, where they mirror each other until one gives up and leaves, or an actual fight occurs.
Some animals are named for their tendency to use gaping as a threat display, or for the features that become apparent when making such a display. For example, the cottonmouth is so named because the white lining of its mouth is visible when gaping. Other snakes, such as the Western Massasauga, have been observed to engage in gaping behavior which "appears to be unrelated to any threat".
Gallery of images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20access%20principle | The uniform access principle of computer programming was put forth by Bertrand Meyer (originally in his book Object-Oriented Software Construction). It states "All services offered by a module should be available through a uniform notation, which does not betray whether they are implemented through storage or through computation." This principle applies generally to the syntax of object-oriented programming languages. In simpler form, it states that there should be no syntactical difference between working with an attribute, pre-computed property, or method/query of an object.
While most examples focus on the "read" aspect of the principle (i.e., retrieving a value), Meyer shows that the "write" implications (i.e., modifying a value) of the principle are harder to deal with in his monthly column on the Eiffel programming language official website.
Explanation
The problem being addressed by Meyer involves the maintenance of large software projects or software libraries. Sometimes when developing or maintaining software it is necessary, after much code is in place, to change a class or object in a way that transforms what was simply an attribute access into a method call. Programming languages often use different syntax for attribute access and invoking a method, (e.g., versus ). The syntax change would require, in popular programming languages of the day, changing the source code in all the places where the attribute was used. This might require changing source code in many different locations throughout a very large volume of source code. Or worse, if the change is in an object library used by hundreds of customers, each of those customers would have to find and change all the places the attribute was used in their own code and recompile their programs.
Going the reverse way (from method to simple attribute) really was not a problem, as one can always just keep the function and have it simply return the attribute value.
Meyer recognized the need for software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vack%C3%A1%C5%99%20oscillator | A Vackář oscillator is a wide range variable frequency oscillator (VFO) which has a near constant output amplitude over its frequency range. It is similar to a Colpitts oscillator or a Clapp oscillator, but those designs do not have a constant output amplitude when tuned.
Invention
In 1949, the Czech engineer Jiří Vackář published a paper on the design of stable variable-frequency oscillators (VFO). The paper discussed many stability issues such as variations with temperature, atmospheric pressure, component aging, and microphonics. For example, Vackář describes making inductors by first heating the wire and then winding the wire on a stable ceramic coil form. The resulting inductor has a temperature coefficient of 6 to 8 parts per million per degree Celsius. Vackář points out that common air variable capacitors have a stability of 2 parts per thousand; to build a VFO with a stability of 50 parts per million requires that the variable capacitor is only 1/40 of the tuning capacity (.002/40 = 50ppm). The stability requirement also implies the variable capacitor may only tune a limited range of 1:1.025. Larger tuning ranges require switching stable fixed capacitors or inductors.
Vackář was interested in high stability designs, so he wanted the highest for his circuits. It is possible to make wide range VFOs with stable output amplitude by heavily damping (loading) the tuned circuit, but that tactic substantially reduces the and the frequency stability.
Vackář was also concerned with the amplitude variations of the variable-frequency oscillator as it is tuned through its range. Ideally, an oscillator's loop gain will be unity according to the Barkhausen stability criterion. In practice, the loop gain is adjusted to be a little more than one to get the oscillation started; as the amplitude increases, some gain compression then causes the loop gain to average out over a complete cycle to unity. If the VFO frequency is then adjusted, the gain may increase substanti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX-11 | The VAX-11 is a discontinued family of 32-bit superminicomputers, running the Virtual Address eXtension (VAX) instruction set architecture (ISA), developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). Development began in 1976. In addition to being powerful machines in their own right, they also offer the additional ability to run user mode PDP-11 code (thus the -11 in VAX-11), offering an upward compatible path for existing customers.
The first machine in the series, the VAX-11/780, was announced in October 1977. Its former competitors in the minicomputer space, like Data General and Hewlett-Packard, were unable to successfully respond to the introduction and rapid update of the VAX design. DEC followed the VAX-11/780 with the lower-cost 11/750, and the even lower cost 11/730 and 11/725 models in 1982. More powerful models, initially known as the VAX-11/790 and VAX-11/795, were instead rebranded as the VAX 8600 series.
The VAX-11 line was discontinued in 1988, having been supplanted by the MicroVAX family on the low end, and the VAX 8000 family on the high end. The VAX-11/780 is historically one of the most successful and studied computers in history.
VAX-11/780
The VAX-11/780, code-named "Star", was introduced on 25 October 1977 at DEC's Annual Meeting of Shareholders. It is the first computer to implement the VAX architecture. The KA780 central processing unit (CPU) is built from Schottky transistor-transistor logic (TTL) devices and has a 200 ns cycle time (5 MHz) and a 2 KB cache. Memory and I/O are accessed via the Synchronous Backplane Interconnect (SBI).
The CPU is microprogrammed. The microcode is loaded at boot time from a 8” floppy disk controlled by a front end processor, a PDP-11/03, which was is used to run local and remote diagnostics.
The VAX-11/780 originally supported up to 8MB of memory through one or two MS780-C memory controllers, with each controller supporting between 128KB-4MB of memory. The later MS780-E memory controller |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sycamore%20Alluvial%20Woodland | Sycamore Alluvial Woodland is a rare open woodland plant community, or vegetation type, dominated by California sycamore Platanus racemosa, existing only in small parts of California. It exists only in small areas of California in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada range and the California Coastal Range. It is rare as a plant community, even though California sycamore is a common component of other vegetation types where it is not dominant. It exists at the base of flat valleys having deep alluvial gravel, where water from the hills hit the flat valley floor having an intermittent stream and large seasonal fluctuations in the water table. It is a habitat type defined by broad-leafed woodland and stable levels of groundwater. Sycamore Alluvial Woodland is identifiable through open savanna riparian structures, with wide floodplains.
Geography
Loss of habitat over the past two centuries has greatly limited the ability of sycamore alluvial woodlands to distribute and regenerate. Changes in sediment and flow levels due to dams have likely caused its diminishing presence. Only 17 habitats have been mapped along streams in California with a total recorded area of 2000 acres. Due to its rarity and its susceptibility to influence by human modifications, Sycamore Alluvial Woodland is a priority for many conservationists.
Ecology
Fauna
Sycamore Alluvial Woodlands are home to a variety of vulnerable wildlife species, such as Actinemys marmorata (Western Pond Turtles) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow Trout). These habitats provide adequate nesting and roosting conditions for a plethora of bird species and additionally providing large quantities of insect and seed due to significant amounts of dead wood that make it a preferred habitat for bird diets. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20India%20One | Air India One (also referred to as AI1 AIC1 or INDIA 1) is the air traffic control call sign of any Special Extra Section Flight (SESF) operated by the Indian Air Force (IAF) for the President of India or Vice President of India. The IAF's Air Headquarters Communication Squadron, based at Palam Air Force Station, New Delhi is the unit responsible for coordinating the missions.
History
Initially, the Air India One was an Air India Boeing 747-400 which used to ferry the President, Vice President and the Prime Minister.
In 2016, the Boeing 777-300ER was selected as SESF (VVIP transport). The new aircraft, with specially-designed liveries, entered service in October 2020, replacing the Boeing 747-400s operated for the missions by Air India. Unlike the 747s which were commercial aircraft, the newly inducted aircraft are military vessels formally owned and operated by the Indian Air Force. They bear no Air India markings and have no commercial dual-use. However, under a special contract, they will be maintained by Air India Engineering Services Limited (AIESL), which has experience maintaining the Boeing 777 series aircraft for Air India's commercial fleet.
The aircraft are fitted with encrypted satellite communication facilities and advanced navigation aids, an advanced missile warning system, a missile deflecting shield and electronic countermeasures so as to provide protection from any ground-based or airborne threats and flares and glares for misleading the missile. They are capable of long-range travel removing the need for air-to-air refueling (which is a feature on the VC-25As though they have not been used at all in their service) . The 777-300ER's onboard electronics include about 238 miles of wiring (twice the amount found in a normal 777). The heavy shielding is crucial to protect the wiring and crucial electronics from the electromagnetic pulse associated with a nuclear blast.
At a Boeing facility in Fort Worth, Texas, two ex- Air India aircraft (VT-ALV an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SemanticGov | SemanticGov was a European Union-funded research and development project that lasted from 2006 to 2009, aimed at building the infrastructure (software, models, services, etc.) necessary for enabling the offering of Semantic Web Services by public administration (PA). SemanticGov aimed to address longstanding challenges faced by public administrations such as achieving interoperability amongst PA agencies both within a country as well as amongst countries, easing the discovery of PA services by its customers, facilitating the execution of complex services often involving multiple PA agencies in interworkflows.
The SemanticGov project aimed at capitalizing on the Service Oriented Architectures paradigm, implemented through state-of-the-art Semantic Web Services technology and supported by rigorous and reusable public administration domain analysis and modelling, while being in line with all major European programmes and initiatives in the field e.g. the European Interoperability Framework and the previous work conducted by the EU IDABC Programme, the i2010 group of Member States representatives and the Competitiveness & Innovation (CIP) Programme.
Objectives
The SemanticGov project objectives were:
I. To support the PA client to:
a. Identify the needed services by providing an infrastructure for mapping client needs to PA services;
b. Discover the service of interest through a Federal/National PA Service Directory;
c. Execute and monitor the service workflow by providing an infrastructure for on-the-fly, semi-automated composition, execution and monitoring of complex PA Services.
II. To support European citizens and businesses to access pan-European eGovernment services (PEGS) by providing a Communal Semantic Gateway to resolve semantic incompatibilities amongst different administration systems.
The SemanticGov project was meant not simply provide new electronic government solutions, but to:
a. enhance the administrative capacity of national public administr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPST%20instanton | In theoretical physics, the BPST instanton is the instanton with winding number 1 found by Alexander Belavin, Alexander Polyakov, Albert Schwarz and Yu. S. Tyupkin. It is a classical solution to the equations of motion of SU(2) Yang–Mills theory in Euclidean space-time (i.e. after Wick rotation), meaning it describes a transition between two different topological vacua of the theory. It was originally hoped to open the path to solving the problem of confinement, especially since Polyakov had proven in 1987 that instantons are the cause of confinement in three-dimensional compact-QED. This hope was not realized, however.
Description
The instanton
The BPST instanton is an essentially non-perturbative classical solution of the Yang–Mills field equations. It is found when minimizing the Yang–Mills SU(2) Lagrangian density:
with Fμνa = ∂μAνa – ∂νAμa + gεabcAμbAνc the field strength. The instanton is a solution with finite action, so that Fμν must go to zero at space-time infinity, meaning that Aμ goes to a pure gauge configuration. Space-time infinity of our four-dimensional world is S3. The gauge group SU(2) has exactly the same structure, so the solutions with Aμ pure gauge at infinity are mappings from S3 onto itself. These mappings can be labelled by an integer number q, the Pontryagin index (or winding number). Instantons have q = 1 and thus correspond (at infinity) to gauge transformations which cannot be continuously deformed to unity. The BPST solution is thus topologically stable.
It can be shown that self-dual configurations obeying the relation Fμνa = ± ½ εμναβ Fαβa minimize the action. Solutions with a plus sign are called instantons, those with the minus sign are anti-instantons.
Instantons and anti-instantons can be shown to minimise the action locally as follows:
, where .
The first term is minimised by self-dual or anti-self-dual configurations, whereas the last term is a total derivative and therefore depends only on the boundary (i.e. ) of the so |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization | Self-organization, also called spontaneous order in the social sciences, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent. It is often triggered by seemingly random fluctuations, amplified by positive feedback. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized, distributed over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically robust and able to survive or self-repair substantial perturbation. Chaos theory discusses self-organization in terms of islands of predictability in a sea of chaotic unpredictability.
Self-organization occurs in many physical, chemical, biological, robotic, and cognitive systems. Examples of self-organization include crystallization, thermal convection of fluids, chemical oscillation, animal swarming, neural circuits, and black markets.
Overview
Self-organization is realized in the physics of non-equilibrium processes, and in chemical reactions, where it is often characterized as self-assembly. The concept has proven useful in biology, from the molecular to the ecosystem level. Cited examples of self-organizing behaviour also appear in the literature of many other disciplines, both in the natural sciences and in the social sciences (such as economics or anthropology). Self-organization has also been observed in mathematical systems such as cellular automata. Self-organization is an example of the related concept of emergence.
Self-organization relies on four basic ingredients:
strong dynamical non-linearity, often (though not necessarily) involving positive and negative feedback
balance of exploitation and exploration
multiple interactions among components
availability of energy (to overcome the natural tendency toward entropy, or loss of free energy)
Principles
The cybernetician William Ross Ashby formulated the original p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20noise | Cellular noise is random variability in quantities arising in cellular biology. For example, cells which are genetically identical, even within the same tissue, are often observed to have different expression levels of proteins, different sizes and structures. These apparently random differences can have important biological and medical consequences.
Cellular noise was originally, and is still often, examined in the context of gene expression levels – either the concentration or copy number of the products of genes within and between cells. As gene expression levels are responsible for many fundamental properties in cellular biology, including cells' physical appearance, behaviour in response to stimuli, and ability to process information and control internal processes, the presence of noise in gene expression has profound implications for many processes in cellular biology.
Definitions
The most frequent quantitative definition of noise is the coefficient of variation:
where is the noise in a quantity , is the mean value of and is the standard deviation of . This measure is dimensionless, allowing a relative comparison of the importance of noise, without necessitating knowledge of the absolute mean.
Other quantities often used for mathematical convenience are the Fano factor:
and the normalized variance:
Experimental measurement
The first experimental account and analysis of gene expression noise in prokaryotes is from Becskei & Serrano and from Alexander van Oudenaarden's lab. The first experimental account and analysis of gene expression noise in eukaryotes is from James J. Collins's lab.
Intrinsic and extrinsic noise
Cellular noise is often investigated in the framework of intrinsic and extrinsic noise. Intrinsic noise refers to variation in identically regulated quantities within a single cell: for example, the intra-cell variation in expression levels of two identically controlled genes. Extrinsic noise refers to variation in identically r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment%20%28artificial%20intelligence%29 | Empowerment in the field of artificial intelligence formalises and quantifies (via information theory) the potential an agent perceives that it has to influence its environment. An agent which follows an empowerment maximising policy, acts to maximise future options (typically up to some limited horizon). Empowerment can be used as a (pseudo) utility function that depends only on information gathered from the local environment to guide action, rather than seeking an externally imposed goal, thus is a form of intrinsic motivation.
The empowerment formalism depends on a probabilistic model commonly used in artificial intelligence. An autonomous agent operates in the world by taking in sensory information and acting to change its state, or that of the environment, in a cycle of perceiving and acting known as the perception-action loop. Agent state and actions are modelled by random variables () and time (). The choice of action depends on the current state, and the future state depends on the choice of action, thus the perception-action loop unrolled in time forms a causal bayesian network.
Definition
Empowerment () is defined as the channel capacity () of the actuation channel of the agent, and is formalised as the maximal possible information flow between the actions of the agent and the effect of those actions some time later. Empowerment can be thought of as the future potential of the agent to affect its environment, as measured by its sensors.
In a discrete time model, Empowerment can be computed for a given number of cycles into the future, which is referred to in the literature as 'n-step' empowerment.
The unit of empowerment depends on the logarithm base. Base 2 is commonly used in which case the unit is bits.
Contextual Empowerment
In general the choice of action (action distribution) that maximises empowerment varies from state to state. Knowing the empowerment of an agent in a specific state is useful, for example to construct an empowerment maximi |
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