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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20mesenteric%20ganglion | The superior mesenteric ganglion is a ganglion in the upper part of the superior mesenteric plexus. It lies close to the origin of the superior mesenteric artery.
Structure
The superior mesenteric ganglion is the synapsing point for one of the pre- and post-synaptic nerves of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. Specifically, contributions to the superior mesenteric ganglion arise from the lesser splanchnic nerve, which typically arises from the spinal nerve roots of T10 and T11. This nerve goes on to innervate the jejunum, the ileum, the ascending colon and the transverse colon. While the sympathetic input of the midgut is innervated by the sympathetic nerves of the thorax, parasympathetic innervation is done by the vagus nerve, which travels along the plexuses that arise from the anterior and posterior vagal trunks of the stomach. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection%20bias | Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. It is sometimes referred to as the selection effect. The phrase "selection bias" most often refers to the distortion of a statistical analysis, resulting from the method of collecting samples. If the selection bias is not taken into account, then some conclusions of the study may be false.
Types
Sampling bias
Sampling bias is systematic error due to a non-random sample of a population, causing some members of the population to be less likely to be included than others, resulting in a biased sample, defined as a statistical sample of a population (or non-human factors) in which all participants are not equally balanced or objectively represented. It is mostly classified as a subtype of selection bias, sometimes specifically termed sample selection bias, but some classify it as a separate type of bias.
A distinction of sampling bias (albeit not a universally accepted one) is that it undermines the external validity of a test (the ability of its results to be generalized to the rest of the population), while selection bias mainly addresses internal validity for differences or similarities found in the sample at hand. In this sense, errors occurring in the process of gathering the sample or cohort cause sampling bias, while errors in any process thereafter cause selection bias.
Examples of sampling bias include self-selection, pre-screening of trial participants, discounting trial subjects/tests that did not run to completion and migration bias by excluding subjects who have recently moved into or out of the study area, length-time bias, where slowly developing disease with better prognosis is detected, and lead time bias, where disease is diagnosed earlier participants than in comparison populations, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol | Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term THC usually refers to the Delta-9-THC isomer with chemical name (−)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. THC is a terpenoid found in cannabis and, like many pharmacologically active phytochemicals, it is assumed to be involved in the plant's evolutionary adaptation against insect predation, ultraviolet light, and environmental stress. THC was first discovered and isolated by Israeli chemist Raphael Mechoulam in Israel in 1964. It was found that, when smoked, THC is absorbed into the bloodstream and travels to the brain, attaching itself to endocannabinoid receptors located in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. These are the parts of the brain responsible for thinking, memory, pleasure, coordination and movement.
THC, along with its double bond isomers and their stereoisomers, is one of only three cannabinoids scheduled by the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances (the other two are dimethylheptylpyran and parahexyl). It was listed under Schedule I in 1971, but reclassified to Schedule II in 1991 following a recommendation from the WHO. Based on subsequent studies, the WHO has recommended the reclassification to the less-stringent Schedule III. Cannabis as a plant is scheduled by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (Schedule I and IV). It is specifically still listed under Schedule I by US federal law under the Controlled Substances Act for having "no accepted medical use" and "lack of accepted safety". However, dronabinol, a pharmaceutical form of THC, has been approved by the FDA as an appetite stimulant for people with AIDS and an antiemetic for people receiving chemotherapy under the trade names Marinol and Syndros.
Medical uses
Medical uses of cannabis has a long history.
THC is an active ingredient in Nabixim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid%20parity%20problem | In combinatorial optimization, the matroid parity problem is a problem of finding the largest independent set of paired elements in a matroid. The problem was formulated by as a common generalization of graph matching and matroid intersection. It is also known as polymatroid matching, or the matchoid problem.
Matroid parity can be solved in polynomial time for linear matroids. However, it is NP-hard for certain compactly-represented matroids, and requires more than a polynomial number of steps in the matroid oracle model.
Applications of matroid parity algorithms include finding large planar subgraphs and finding graph embeddings of maximum genus. These algorithms can also be used to find connected dominating sets and feedback vertex sets in graphs of maximum degree three.
Formulation
A matroid can be defined from a finite set of elements and from a notion of what it means for subsets of elements to be independent, subject to the following constraints:
Every subset of an independent set should be independent.
If and are independent sets, with , then there exists an element such that is independent.
Examples of matroids include the linear matroids (in which the elements are vectors in a vector space, with linear independence), the graphic matroids (in which the elements are edges in an undirected graph, independent when they contain no cycle), and the partition matroids (in which the elements belong to a family of disjoint sets, and are independent when they contain at most one element in each set). Graphic matroids and partition matroids are special cases of linear matroids.
In the matroid parity problem, the input consists of a matroid together with a pairing on its elements, so that each element belongs to one pair. The goal is to find a subset of the pairs, as large as possible, so that the union of the pairs in the chosen subset is independent. Another seemingly more general variation, in which the allowable pairs form a graph rather than having only o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerized%20neuropsychological%20assessment | Computerized neuropsychological assessment helps neuropsychologists and psychologists to assess functions relative to possible brain damage using a software.
For more information about the tests, see Neuropsychological tests.
Available packages
Currently there are some commercial packages available for buying. Once bought, they can be installed at a clinic and be used to assess patients.
Computerized versus traditional tests
There are some discussions on the effectiveness of computerized tests.
The detriments in using computerized versions are discussed in an article.
Computerized tests have the following main benefits:
Speed
Results are obtained as soon as the tests are finished – no need to consult tables or other informations.
Security
Every rule is programmed in the software, so there will be no errors during the execution or getting the results.
Hemispheric Asymmetry
To assess different hemispheric functions, some packages offer verbal and non verbal tests. These tests are applied according to Neuropsychological tests.
Development at Universities
By having clinical applications, some universities develop their own packages, like University of Cambridge (CANTAB - Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery ) and Universidade Federal de São Paulo (NAFW - Neuropsychological Assessment Framework , LAACS - Lateralized Attention Assessment Computerized System and ThoughtFlow-Sys ).
List of software
ThoughtFlow-Sys
NAFW - Neuropsychological Assessment Framework
LAACS - Lateralized Attention Assessment Computerized System |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochanski%20multiplication | Kochanski multiplication is an algorithm that allows modular arithmetic (multiplication or operations based on it, such as exponentiation) to be performed efficiently when the modulus is large (typically several hundred bits). This has particular application in number theory and in cryptography: for example, in the RSA cryptosystem and Diffie–Hellman key exchange.
The most common way of implementing large-integer multiplication in hardware is to express the multiplier in binary and enumerate its bits, one bit at a time, starting with the most significant bit, perform the following operations on an accumulator:
Double the contents of the accumulator (if the accumulator stores numbers in binary, as is usually the case, this is a simple "shift left" that requires no actual computation).
If the current bit of the multiplier is 1, add the multiplicand into the accumulator; if it is 0, do nothing.
For an n-bit multiplier, this will take n clock cycles (where each cycle does either a shift or a shift-and-add).
To convert this into an algorithm for modular multiplication, with a modulus r, it is necessary to subtract r conditionally at each stage:
Double the contents of the accumulator.
If the result is greater than or equal to r, subtract r. (Equivalently, subtract r from the accumulator and store the result back into the accumulator if and only if it is non-negative).
If the current bit of the multiplier is 1, add the multiplicand into the accumulator; if it is 0, do nothing.
If the result of the addition is greater than or equal to r, subtract r. If no addition took place, do nothing.
This algorithm works. However, it is critically dependent on the speed of addition.
Addition of long integers suffers from the problem that carries have to be propagated from right to left and the final result is not known until this process has been completed. Carry propagation can be speeded up with carry look-ahead logic, but this still makes addition very much slower than it need |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Meridional%20Mode | Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) is a climate mode in the North Pacific. In its positive state, it is characterized by the coupling of weaker trade winds in the northeast Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Baja California with decreased evaporation over the ocean, thus increasing sea surface temperatures (SST); and the reverse during its negative state. This coupling develops during the winter months and spreads southwestward towards the equator and the central and western Pacific during spring, until it reaches the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which tends to shift north in response to a positive PMM.
The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) and the "North American Dipole"—two climate oscillations over the North Pacific and North America—trigger PMM modes during winter. Temperature fluctuations in the North Atlantic and the West Pacific oceans and changes in Arctic sea ice have also been proposed as triggers for PMM events.
The PMM is not the same thing as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but there is evidence that PPM events can trigger ENSO events, especially Central Pacific El Niño events. The PMM state can also modulate hurricane activity in the East Pacific and typhoon activity in the West Pacific oceans and alter precipitation on the continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean. The South Pacific Ocean has a PMM-like mode known as the "South Pacific Meridional Mode" (SPMM) that also influences the ENSO cycle.
In the early 21st century, the intensity of the 2014–16 El Niño event and the highly active 2018 Pacific hurricane and typhoon seasons have been attributed to positive PMM events. With anthropogenic global warming, PMM activity is likely to increase, and some scientists have proposed that a loss of Antarctic and especially Arctic sea ice will induce future positive PMM events.
Concept
The Pacific Meridional Mode is a form of coupled variability between the latitude of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and north–south sea surface temperat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelink | In computing, prebinding, also called prelinking, is a method for optimizing application load times by resolving library symbols prior to launch.
Background
Most computer programs consist of code that requires external shared libraries to execute. These libraries are normally integrated with the program at run time by a loader, in a process called dynamic linking.
While dynamic linking has advantages in code size and management, there are drawbacks as well. Every time a program is run, the loader needs to resolve (find) the relevant libraries. Since libraries move around in memory, there is a performance penalty for resolution. This penalty increases for each additional library needing resolution.
Prelinking reduces this penalty by resolving libraries in advance. Afterward, resolution only occurs if the libraries have changed since being prelinked, such as following perhaps an upgrade.
Mac OS
Mac OS stores executables in the Mach-O file format.
Mac OS X
Mac OS X performs prebinding in the "Optimizing" stage of installing system software or certain applications.
Prebinding has changed a few times within the Mac OS X series. Before 10.2, prebinding only happened during the installation procedure (the aforementioned "Optimizing" stage). From 10.2 through 10.3 the OS checked for prebinding at launch time for applications, and the first time an application ran it would be prebound, making subsequent launches faster. This could also be manually run, which some OS-level installs did. In 10.4, only OS libraries were prebound. In 10.5 and later, Apple replaced prebinding with a dyld shared cache mechanism, which provided better OS performance.
Linux
On Linux, prelinking is accomplished via the prelink program, a free program written by Jakub Jelínek of Red Hat for ELF binaries.
Performance results have been mixed, but it seems to aid systems with a large number of libraries, such as KDE.
prelink randomization
When run with the "-R" option, prelink will randomly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/196%20%28number%29 | 196 (one hundred [and] ninety-six) is the natural number following 195 and preceding 197.
In mathematics
196 is a square number, the square of 14. As the square of a Catalan number, it counts the number of walks of length 8 in the positive quadrant of the integer grid that start and end at the origin, moving diagonally at each step. It is part of a sequence of square numbers beginning 0, 1, 4, 25, 196, ... in which each number is the smallest square that differs from the previous number by a triangular number.
There are 196 one-sided heptominoes, the polyominoes made from 7 squares. Here, one-sided means that asymmetric polyominoes are considered to be distinct from their mirror images.
A Lychrel number is a natural number which cannot form a palindromic number through the iterative process of repeatedly reversing its digits and adding the resulting numbers. 196 is the smallest number conjectured to be a Lychrel number in base 10; the process has been carried out for over a billion iterations without finding a palindrome, but no one has ever proven that it will never produce one.
See also
196 (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPC4 | The short transient receptor potential channel 4 (TrpC4), also known as Trp-related protein 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4 gene.
Function
TrpC4 is a member of the transient receptor potential cation channels. This protein forms a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel that is activated by Gαi-coupled receptors, Gαq-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinases, and plays a role in multiple processes including endothelial permeability, vasodilation, neurotransmitter release and cell proliferation.
Tissue distribution
The nonselective cation channel TrpC4 has been shown to be present in high abundance in the cortico-limbic regions of the brain. In addition, TRPC4 mRNA is present in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra.
Roles
Deletion of the trpc4 gene decreases levels of sociability in a social exploration task. These results suggest that TRPC4 may play a role in regulating social anxiety in a number of different disorders. However deletion of the trpc4 gene had no impact on basic or complex strategic learning. Given that the trpc4 gene is expressed in a select population of midbrain dopamine neurons, it has been proposed that it may have an important role in dopamine related processes including addiction and attention.
Clinical significance
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene may be associated with generalized epilepsy with photosensitivity.
Interactions
TRPC4 has been shown to interact with ITPR1, TRPC1, and TRPC5.
See also
TRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-exhaustion%20hypothesis | The anti-exhaustion hypothesis is a possible explanation for the existence of large repertoires and the song switching behaviour exhibited in birds. This hypothesis states that muscle exhaustion occurring due to repeating song bouts can be avoided by switching to a different song in the bird's repertoire. The anti-exhaustion hypothesis therefore predicts that birds with larger repertoires are less susceptible to exhaustion because they can readily change the song that they are producing.
The anti-exhaustion hypothesis was first proposed by Marcel Lambrechts and André Dhondt in 1988 after they carried out a study using recordings from great tits, Parus major, during the dawn chorus. There have been several studies carried out in which results have contradicted the anti-exhaustion hypothesis. Recent studies have shown that there is no evidence that the anti-exhaustion hypothesis is the cause of large repertoires in birds. Since the proposal of the anti-exhaustion hypothesis, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of repertoires and song switching behaviour in birds, including the motivation hypothesis and the warm-up hypothesis.
Anti-exhaustion hypothesis in great tits
The great tit, Parus major, is a passerine bird belonging to the family Paridae. Passerines are commonly referred to as songbirds, with most passerines singing multiple species-specific songs making a repertoire. Birds can be ranked depending on how they perform the songs in their repertoire. On one side, there are birds that sing with eventual variety and have small repertoires, meaning that each song type in their repertoire is repeated before they switch to a different song type.
On the other side, there are birds that sing with immediate variety and have larger repertoires, meaning that they switch song types continuously. The great tit, in particular, sings with eventual variety and has a small repertoire, usually consisting of two to seven different song types. Song |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-passing%20style | Store-passing style is a programming technique that is used to model mutable state without using mutable state. It generally arises in the conversion of imperative programs into purely functional ones.
So, for instance, consider this JavaScript program, written in a non-store-passing-style:
var lastWasA = false
// a treebin represents a binary tree of strings.
// a treebin is either
// - a string, or
// - {l : <treebin>, r: <treebin>}
// does an in-order traversal of this tree's
// leaves contain an 'a' followed by a 'b'?
function aThenB(treebin) {
if (typeof(treebin) === "string") {
if (treebin === "a") {
lastWasA = true;
return false;
} else if (treebin === "b") {
if (lastWasA) {
return true;
} else {
lastWasA = false;
return false;
}
} else {
lastWasA = false;
return false;
}
} else { // not a string, must be an internal node:
return ((aThenB(treebin.l))||(aThenB(treebin.r)));
}
}
This contains a reference to a global variable. In store-passing style, the value of the global variable (or variables) is passed along to each call, and also returned from each call and threaded through the next call. The code might look like this:
function aThenB(treebin, lastWasA) {
if (typeof(treebin) === "string") {
if (treebin === "a") {
return {result: false, lastWasA: true};
} else if (treebin === "b") {
if (lastWasA) {
return {result: true, lastWasA: false};
}
} else {
return {result: false, lastWasA: false};
}
} else { // not a string, must be an internal node:
var leftCall = aThenB(treebin.l, lastWasA);
if (leftCall.result) {
return {result: true, lastWasA: false}
} else {
return aThenB(treebin.r, leftCall.lastWasA);
}
}
}
Not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing%20denominators | In mathematics, the method of clearing denominators, also called clearing fractions, is a technique for simplifying an equation equating two expressions that each are a sum of rational expressions – which includes simple fractions.
Example
Consider the equation
The smallest common multiple of the two denominators 6 and 15z is 30z, so one multiplies both sides by 30z:
The result is an equation with no fractions.
The simplified equation is not entirely equivalent to the original. For when we substitute and in the last equation, both sides simplify to 0, so we get , a mathematical truth. But the same substitution applied to the original equation results in , which is mathematically meaningless.
Description
Without loss of generality, we may assume that the right-hand side of the equation is 0, since an equation may equivalently be rewritten in the form .
So let the equation have the form
The first step is to determine a common denominator of these fractions – preferably the least common denominator, which is the least common multiple of the .
This means that each is a factor of , so for some expression that is not a fraction. Then
provided that does not assume the value 0 – in which case also equals 0.
So we have now
Provided that does not assume the value 0, the latter equation is equivalent with
in which the denominators have vanished.
As shown by the provisos, care has to be taken not to introduce zeros of – viewed as a function of the unknowns of the equation – as spurious solutions.
Example 2
Consider the equation
The least common denominator is .
Following the method as described above results in
Simplifying this further gives us the solution .
It is easily checked that none of the zeros of – namely , , and – is a solution of the final equation, so no spurious solutions were introduced. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%E2%80%93Zippel%20lemma | In mathematics, the Schwartz–Zippel lemma (also called the DeMillo–Lipton–Schwartz–Zippel lemma) is a tool commonly used in probabilistic polynomial identity testing, i.e. in the problem of determining whether a given multivariate polynomial is the
0-polynomial (or identically equal to 0). It was discovered independently by Jack Schwartz, Richard Zippel, and Richard DeMillo and Richard J. Lipton, although DeMillo and Lipton's version was shown a year prior to Schwartz and Zippel's result. The finite field version of this bound was proved by Øystein Ore in 1922.
Statement and proof of the lemma
Theorem 1 (Schwartz, Zippel). Let
be a non-zero polynomial of total degree over an integral domain R. Let S be a finite subset of R and let be selected at random independently and uniformly from S. Then
Equivalently, the Lemma states that for any finite subset S of R, if Z(P) is the zero set of P, then
Proof. The proof is by mathematical induction on n. For , as was mentioned before, P can have at most d roots. This gives us the base case.
Now, assume that the theorem holds for all polynomials in variables. We can then consider P to be a polynomial in x1 by writing it as
Since is not identically 0, there is some such that is not identically 0. Take the largest such . Then , since the degree of is at most d.
Now we randomly pick from . By the induction hypothesis,
If , then is of degree (and thus not identically zero) so
If we denote the event by , the event by , and the complement of by , we have
Applications
The importance of the Schwartz–Zippel Theorem and Testing Polynomial Identities follows
from algorithms which are obtained to problems that can be reduced to the problem
of polynomial identity testing.
Zero testing
For example, is
To solve this, we can multiply it out and check that all the coefficients are 0. However, this takes exponential time. In general, a polynomial can be algebraically represented by an arithmetic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20Kohonen%20self-organizing%20map | In artificial neural networks, a hybrid Kohonen self-organizing map is a type of self-organizing map (SOM) named for the Finnish professor Teuvo Kohonen, where the network architecture consists of an input layer fully connected to a 2–D SOM or Kohonen layer.
The output from the Kohonen layer, which is the winning neuron, feeds into a hidden layer and finally into an output layer. In other words, the Kohonen SOM is the front–end, while the hidden and output layer of a multilayer perceptron is the back–end of the
hybrid Kohonen SOM. The hybrid Kohonen SOM was first applied to machine vision systems for image classification and recognition.
Hybrid Kohonen SOM has been used in weather prediction and especially in forecasting stock prices, which has made a challenging task considerably easier. It is fast and efficient with less classification error, hence is a better predictor, when compared to Kohonen SOM and backpropagation networks. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremal%20Ensemble%20Learning | Extremal Ensemble Learning (EEL) is a machine learning algorithmic paradigm for graph partitioning. EEL creates an ensemble of partitions and then uses information contained in the ensemble to find new and improved partitions. The ensemble evolves and learns how to form improved partitions through extremal updating procedure. The final solution is found by achieving consensus among its member partitions about what the optimal partition is.
Reduced Network Extremal Ensemble Learning (RenEEL)
A particular implementation of the EEL paradigm is the Reduced Network Extremal Ensemble Learning (RenEEL) scheme for partitioning a graph. RenEEL uses consensus across many partitions in an ensemble to create a reduced network that can be efficiently analyzed to find more accurate partitions. These better quality partitions are subsequently used to update the ensemble. An algorithm that utilizes the RenEEL scheme is currently the best algorithm for finding the graph partition with maximum modularity, which is an NP-hard problem. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linearized%20gravity | In the theory of general relativity, linearized gravity is the application of perturbation theory to the metric tensor that describes the geometry of spacetime. As a consequence, linearized gravity is an effective method for modeling the effects of gravity when the gravitational field is weak. The usage of linearized gravity is integral to the study of gravitational waves and weak-field gravitational lensing.
Weak-field approximation
The Einstein field equation (EFE) describing the geometry of spacetime is given as (using natural units)
where is the Ricci tensor, is the Ricci scalar, is the energy–momentum tensor, and is the spacetime metric tensor that represent the solutions of the equation.
Although succinct when written out using Einstein notation, hidden within the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar are exceptionally nonlinear dependencies on the metric which render the prospect of finding exact solutions impractical in most systems. However, when describing particular systems for which the curvature of spacetime is small (meaning that terms in the EFE that are quadratic in do not significantly contribute to the equations of motion), one can model the solution of the field equations as being the Minkowski metric plus a small perturbation term . In other words:
In this regime, substituting the general metric for this perturbative approximation results in a simplified expression for the Ricci tensor:
where is the trace of the perturbation, denotes the partial derivative with respect to the coordinate of spacetime, and is the d'Alembert operator.
Together with the Ricci scalar,
the left side of the field equation reduces to
and thus the EFE is reduced to a linear, second order partial differential equation in terms of .
Gauge invariance
The process of decomposing the general spacetime into the Minkowski metric plus a perturbation term is not unique. This is due to the fact that different choices for coordinates may give different forms for . In ord |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20calculus | Quantum calculus, sometimes called calculus without limits, is equivalent to traditional infinitesimal calculus without the notion of limits. It defines "q-calculus" and "h-calculus", where h ostensibly stands for Planck's constant while q stands for quantum. The two parameters are related by the formula
where is the reduced Planck constant.
Differentiation
In the q-calculus and h-calculus, differentials of functions are defined as
and
respectively. Derivatives of functions are then defined as fractions by the q-derivative
and by
In the limit, as h goes to 0, or equivalently as q goes to 1, these expressions take on the form of the derivative of classical calculus.
Integration
q-integral
A function F(x) is a q-antiderivative of f(x) if DqF(x) = f(x). The q-antiderivative (or q-integral) is denoted by and an expression for F(x) can be found from the formula
which is called the Jackson integral of f(x). For , the series converges to a function F(x) on an interval (0,A] if |f(x)xα| is bounded on the interval for some .
The q-integral is a Riemann–Stieltjes integral with respect to a step function having infinitely many points of increase at the points qj, with the jump at the point qj being qj. If we call this step function gq(t) then dgq(t) = dqt.
h-integral
A function F(x) is an h-antiderivative of f(x) if DhF(x) = f(x). The h-antiderivative (or h-integral) is denoted by . If a and b differ by an integer multiple of h then the definite integral is given by a Riemann sum of f(x) on the interval partitioned into subintervals of width h.
Example
The derivative of the function (for some positive integer ) in the classical calculus is . The corresponding expressions in q-calculus and h-calculus are
with the q-bracket
and
respectively. The expression is then the q-calculus analogue of the simple power rule for
positive integral powers. In this sense, the function is still nice in the q-calculus, but rather ugly in the h-calculus – the h-calculus a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Callister | Cyril Percy Callister (16 February 1893 – 5 October 1949) was an Australian chemist and food technologist who developed the Vegemite yeast spread. As well as Vegemite, he is known for his contributions towards processed cheese.
Early life
Callister was born on 16 February 1893, in Chute, Victoria near Ballarat, son of Rosetta Anne (née Dixon) and William Hugh Callister, a teacher and postmaster. The second son of seven children, he attended the Ballarat School of Mines and Grenville College, and later won a scholarship to the University of Melbourne. He gained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1914 and a Master of Science degree in 1917.
In early 1915, Callister was employed by food manufacturer Lewis & Whitty, but later that year he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force. After 53 days, however, he was withdrawn from active service on the order of the Minister for Defence and assigned to the Munitions Branch, making explosives in Britain due to his knowledge of chemistry. He worked on munitions in England, Wales, and then in Scotland, at HM Factory Gretna where he worked as a shift chemist. Whilst at Gretna he was elected as an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry in 1918.
Following the end of World War I, he met and married Scottish girl Katherine Hope Mundell and returned to Australia and resumed employment with Lewis & Whitty in 1919.
The invention of Vegemite
In the early 1920s, Callister was employed by Fred Walker and given the task of developing a yeast extract, as imports from the United Kingdom of Marmite had been disrupted in the aftermath of World War I. He experimented on spent brewer's yeast and independently developed what came to be called Vegemite, first sold by Fred Walker & Co in 1923.
Working from the details of a James L. Kraft patent, Callister was successful in producing processed cheese. The Walker Company negotiated a deal for the rights to manufacture the product, and in 1926, the Kraft Walker Cheese Co. was established. Calliste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20on%20Fox%20Sports%20Networks | Major League Baseball on Fox Sports Networks refers to Major League Baseball television coverage on the former chain of Fox Sports regional networks.
Background
Beginning in 1997, as part of the contract with Major League Baseball it had signed the year before. Fox entered a four-year joint venture with Liberty Media Cable worth $172 million. Its recently launched the cable sports network, Fox Sports Net and was given rights to two Thursday night games per week, one for the Eastern and Central time zones and one for the Mountain and Pacific time zones with no exclusivity.
For the 2000 and 2001 seasons, the Fox network's then-sister cable channel, Fox Family (later ABC Family, now Freeform) carried a weekly Major League Baseball game on Thursday nights (a game that had previously aired nationwide on Fox Sports Net from 1997 to 1999), as well as select postseason games from the Division Series.
After The Walt Disney Company's $2.9 billion acquisition of Fox Family in October 2001, the Thursday night cable television rights went to ESPN. Fox Sports Net's affiliates would however, continue to broadcast Major League Baseball games on a local basis until 2020. Come the start of the 2021 season, Fox Sports Networks were rebranded to Bally Sports following the Sinclair Broadcast Group's purchase of the Fox Corporation's regional sports channels.
From 2006 to 2006, Fox Sports Net also aired The FSN Baseball Report, which was a daily baseball analysis program aired during the Major League Baseball season.
League Championship Series coverage
For the first year of its exclusive six-year contract (2001), Fox did a split telecast (which had not been attempted since the ill-fated "Baseball Network" arrangement existed) for the League Championship Series. This meant that two games were played simultaneously on the same night, with one game airing on the Fox network and the other on the regional Fox Sports Net cable channel (depending on market, as some markets did not have a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine%20scaling | In mathematical optimization, affine scaling is an algorithm for solving linear programming problems. Specifically, it is an interior point method, discovered by Soviet mathematician I. I. Dikin in 1967 and reinvented in the U.S. in the mid-1980s.
History
Affine scaling has a history of multiple discovery. It was first published by I. I. Dikin at Energy Systems Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Siberian Energy Institute, USSR Academy of Sc. at that time) in the 1967 Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR, followed by a proof of its convergence in 1974. Dikin's work went largely unnoticed until the 1984 discovery of Karmarkar's algorithm, the first practical polynomial time algorithm for linear programming. The importance and complexity of Karmarkar's method prompted mathematicians to search for a simpler version.
Several groups then independently came up with a variant of Karmarkar's algorithm. E. R. Barnes at IBM, a team led by R. J. Vanderbei at AT&T, and several others replaced the projective transformations that Karmarkar used by affine ones. After a few years, it was realized that the "new" affine scaling algorithms were in fact reinventions of the decades-old results of Dikin. Of the re-discoverers, only Barnes and Vanderbei et al. managed to produce an analysis of affine scaling's convergence properties. Karmarkar, who had also came with affine scaling in this timeframe, mistakenly believed that it converged as quickly as his own algorithm.
Algorithm
Affine scaling works in two phases, the first of which finds a feasible point from which to start optimizing, while the second does the actual optimization while staying strictly inside the feasible region.
Both phases solve linear programs in equality form, viz.
minimize
subject to , .
These problems are solved using an iterative method, which conceptually proceeds by plotting a trajectory of points strictly inside the feasible region of a problem, computing projected gradient descent steps in a re-scaled ver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Milne%20%28mathematician%29 | Stephen Carl Milne is an American mathematician who works in the fields of analysis, analytic number theory, and combinatorics.
Milne received a bachelor's degree from San Diego State University in 1972 and a Ph.D. from the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) in 1976. His thesis, Peano curves and smoothness of functions, was written under Adriano M. Garsia. From 1976 to 1978 he was a Gibbs Instructor at Yale University. Milne taught at Texas A&M University, UCSD, the University of Kentucky, and Ohio State University, where he became in 1982 an associate professor and in 1985 a full professor.
Milne works on algebraic combinatorics, classical analysis, special functions, analytic number theory, and Lie algebras (generalizations of the Macdonald identities).
From 1981 to 1983 he was a Sloan Fellow. In 2007 he was the joint recipient with Heiko Harborth of the Euler Medal. In 2012 Milne was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
with Glenn Lilly: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exacerbation | An exacerbation, in medicine, is the worsening of a disease or an increase in its symptoms. Examples includes an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute exacerbation of congestive heart failure.
See also
Flare-up |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20proteins | Proteins are a class of macromolecular organic compounds that are essential to life. They consist of a long polypeptide chain that usually adopts a single stable three-dimensional structure. They fulfill a wide variety of functions including providing structural stability to cells, catalyze chemical reactions that produce or store energy or synthesize other biomolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, transport essential nutrients, or serve other roles such as signal transduction. They are selectively transported to various compartments of the cell or in some cases, secreted from the cell.
This list aims to organize information on how proteins are most often classified: by structure, by function, or by location.
Structure
Proteins may be classified as to their three-dimensional structure (also known a protein fold). The two most widely used classification schemes are:
CATH database
Structural Classification of Proteins database (SCOP)
Both classification schemes are based on a hierarchy of fold types. At the top level are all alpha proteins (domains consisting of alpha helices), all beta proteins (domains consisting of beta sheets), and mixed alpha helix/beta sheet proteins.
While most proteins adopt a single stable fold, a few proteins can rapidly interconvert between one or more folds. These are referred to as metamorphic proteins. Finally other proteins appear not to adopt any stable conformation and are referred to as intrinsically disordered.
Proteins frequently contain two or more domains, each have a different fold separated by intrinsically disordered regions. These are referred to as multi-domain proteins.
Function
Proteins may also be classified based on their celluar function. A widely used classification is PANTHER (protein analysis through evolutionary relationships) classification system.
Structural
Protein#Structural proteins
Catalytic
Enzymes classified according to their Enzyme Commission number (EC). Note that strictly speaki |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive%20gathering | Intensive gathering entails the tending-to of wild plants. Intensive gathering or "tending" methods include weeding, discouraging predators, pot-irrigation, and limited harvesting to ensure reproduction. The same system of methods is involved in cultivation, a process which additionally requires systematic soil preparation and planting to tending and harvesting. This human manipulation results in the domestication of involved plant life. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mating%20in%20fungi | Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that employ a huge variety of reproductive strategies, ranging from fully asexual to almost exclusively sexual species. Most species can reproduce both sexually and asexually, alternating between haploid and diploid forms. This contrasts with many eukaryotes such as mammals, where the adults are always diploid and produce haploid gametes which combine to form the next generation. In fungi, both haploid and diploid forms can reproduce – haploid individuals can undergo asexual reproduction while diploid forms can produce gametes that combine to give rise to the next generation.
Mating in fungi is a complex process governed by mating types. Research on fungal mating has focused on several model species with different behaviour. Not all fungi reproduce sexually and many that do are isogamous; thus, for many members of the fungal kingdom, the terms "male" and "female" do not apply. Homothallic species are able to mate with themselves, while in heterothallic species only isolates of opposite mating types can mate.
Mating between isogamous fungi may consist only of a transfer of a nucleus from one cell to another. Vegetative incompatibility within species often prevents a fungal isolate from mating with another isolate. Isolates of the same incompatibility group do not mate or mating does not lead to successful offspring. High variation has been reported including same-chemotype mating, sporophyte to gametophyte mating and biparental transfer of mitochondria.
Mating in Zygomycota
A zygomycete hypha grows towards a compatible mate and they both form a bridge, called a progametangia, by joining at the hyphal tips via plasmogamy. A pair of septa forms around the merged tips, enclosing nuclei from both isolates. A second pair of septa forms two adjacent cells, one on each side. These adjacent cells, called suspensors provide structural support. The central cell, called the zygosporangium, is destined to become a spore. The zygosporang |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20c%20oxidase%20subunit%202 | Cytochrome c oxidase II is a protein in eukaryotes that is encoded by the MT-CO2 gene. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, abbreviated COXII, COX2, COII, or MT-CO2, is the second subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. It is also one of the three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encoded subunits (MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3) of respiratory complex IV.
Structure
In humans, the MT-CO2 gene is located on the p arm of mitochondrial DNA at position 12 and it spans 683 base pairs. The MT-CO2 gene produces a 25.6 kDa protein composed of 227 amino acids. MT-CO2 is a subunit of the enzyme Cytochrome c oxidase () (Complex IV), an oligomeric enzymatic complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain involved in the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen. In eukaryotes this enzyme complex is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane; in aerobic prokaryotes it is found in the plasma membrane. The enzyme complex consists of 3-4 subunits (prokaryotes) to up to 13 polypeptides (mammals). The N-terminal domain of cytochrome C oxidase contains two transmembrane alpha-helices. The structure of MT-CO2 is known to contain one redox center and a binuclear copper A center (CuA). The CuA is located in a conserved cysteine loop at 196 and 200 amino acid positions and conserved histidine at 204. Several bacterial MT-CO2 have a C-terminal extension that contains a covalently bound haem c.
Function
The MT-CO2 gene encodes for the second subunit of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), a component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water. MT-CO2 is one of the three subunits which are responsible for the formation of the functional core of the cytochrome c oxidase. MT-CO2 plays an essential role in the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to the bimetallic center of the catalytic subunit 1 by utilizing its binuclear copper A center. It contains two adjacent transmembrane regions in its N-terminus and the major part of the protein is exposed to the periplasm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinobacter | Marinobacter is a genus of bacteria found in sea water. They are also found in a variety of salt lakes.
A number of strains and species can degrade hydrocarbons. The species involved in hydrocarbon degradation include M. alkaliphilus, M. arcticus, M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, M. maritimus, and M. squalenivorans.
There are currently 46 species of Marinobacter that are characterized by Gram-negative rods and salt-tolerance. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic%20garden | A therapeutic garden or wellness garden is an outdoor garden space that has been specifically designed to meet the physical, psychological, social and spiritual needs of the people using the garden as well as their caregivers, family members and friends.
Therapeutic gardens can be found in a variety of settings, including hospitals, skilled nursing homes, assisted living residences, continuing care retirement communities, out-patient cancer centers, hospice residences, and other related healthcare and residential environments. The focus of the gardens is primarily on incorporating plants and friendly wildlife into the space. The settings can be designed to include active uses such as raised planters for horticultural therapy activities or programmed for passive uses such as quiet private sitting areas next to a small pond with a trickling waterfall.
Design
Nature is referred to as a ‘positive distraction’ by Roger Ulrich, Ph.D. at Texas A&M University.
History
The American Horticultural Therapy Association (AHTA) Definitions and Positions Paper draws a distinction between a therapeutic garden and a healing garden. The AHTA defines a healing garden as "plant dominated environments including green plants, flowers, water, and other aspects of nature. They are generally associated with hospitals and other healthcare settings, designated as healing gardens by the facility, accessible to all, and designed to have beneficial effects on most users." On the other hand, a therapeutic garden is "designed for use as a component of a treatment program such as occupational therapy, physical therapy, or horticultural therapy programs and can be considered as a subcategory of a healing garden." A therapeutic garden can be described as being therapeutic in nature when it has been designed to meet the needs of an individual or group. Individuals or groups strive to improve their well-being through active engagement by using plants and engaging in activities ranging from planting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Castillejo | Adam Castillejo, also known as "The London Patient", is the second person known to have been cured of HIV infection. Castillejo, who is British-Venezuelan. and has mixed European ancestry, lives in London. He has previously worked as a chef and is now a motivational speaker.
His body became resistant to HIV infection after receiving a bone marrow transplant in 2016 to treat Hodgkin's lymphoma. The German donor carried the CCR5-Δ32 mutation which gives resistance from HIV infection. It is likely because of his half-Dutch father that Adam’s donor was compatible with him. He was treated by Professor Ravindra Gupta.
See also
Timothy Ray Brown
Stephen Crohn
Innate resistance to HIV
Long term nonprogressor
HIV/AIDS research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery%20balancing | Battery balancing and battery redistribution refer to techniques that improve the available capacity of a battery pack with multiple cells (usually in series) and increase each cell's longevity. A battery balancer or battery regulator is an electrical device in a battery pack that performs battery balancing. Balancers are often found in lithium-ion battery packs for laptop computers, electrical vehicles. etc.
Rationale
The individual cells in a battery pack naturally have somewhat different capacities, and so, over the course of charge and discharge cycles, may be at a different state of charge (SOC). Variations in capacity are due to manufacturing variances, assembly variances (e.g., cells from one production run mixed with others), cell aging, impurities, or environmental exposure (e.g., some cells may be subject to additional heat from nearby sources like motors, electronics, etc.), and can be exacerbated by the cumulative effect of parasitic loads, such as the cell monitoring circuitry often found in a battery management system (BMS).
Balancing a multi-cell pack helps to maximize capacity and service life of the pack by working to maintain equivalent state-of-charge of every cell, to the degree possible given their different capacities, over the widest possible range. Balancing is only necessary for packs that contain more than one cell in series. Parallel cells will naturally balance since they are directly connected to each other, but groups of parallel wired cells, wired in series (parallel-series wiring) must be balanced between cell groups.
Implications for safety
To prevent undesirable, and often unsafe conditions, the battery management system must monitor the condition of individual cells for operational characteristics such as temperature, voltage, and sometimes current drawn—although the latter is often only measured per-pack rather than per-cell, perhaps with one-shot protection at the cell level against abnormally high current (such as in a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%20space | In mathematics, Schwartz space is the function space of all functions whose derivatives are rapidly decreasing. This space has the important property that the Fourier transform is an automorphism on this space. This property enables one, by duality, to define the Fourier transform for elements in the dual space of , particulary, for tempered distributions. A function in the Schwartz space is sometimes called a Schwartz function.
Schwartz space is named after French mathematician Laurent Schwartz.
Definition
Let be the set of non-negative integers, and for any , let be the n-fold Cartesian product. The Schwartz space or space of rapidly decreasing functions on is the function spacewhere is the function space of smooth functions from into , and Here, denotes the supremum, and we used multi-index notation, i.e. and .
To put common language to this definition, one could consider a rapidly decreasing function as essentially a function such that , , , ... all exist everywhere on and go to zero as faster than any reciprocal power of . In particular, (, ) is a subspace of the function space (, ) of smooth functions from into .
Examples of functions in the Schwartz space
If α is a multi-index, and a is a positive real number, then
Any smooth function f with compact support is in S(Rn). This is clear since any derivative of f is continuous and supported in the support of f, so (xαDβ) f has a maximum in Rn by the extreme value theorem.
Because the Schwartz space is a vector space, any polynomial can by multiplied by a factor for a real constant, to give an element of the Schwartz space. In particular, there is an embedding of polynomials inside a Schwartz space.
Properties
Analytic properties
From Leibniz's rule, it follows that is also closed under pointwise multiplication:
If then the product .
The Fourier transform is a linear isomorphism .
If then is uniformly continuous on .
is a distinguished locally convex Fréchet Schwartz TVS ove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hericium%20abietis | Hericium abietis, commonly known as the bear's head or the western coral hedgehog, is an edible mushroom in the tooth fungus group. It grows on conifer stumps or logs in North America, producing a cream white fruit body up to tall and wide. It fruits from after the start of the fall rains to mid-season.
Taxonomy
The species was first described as Hydnum abietis by American botanist James Robert Weir in 1931. Weir collected the type specimens in 1916, near the Priest River in Idaho. Kenneth Archibald Harrison transferred it to the genus Hericium in 1964. The mushroom is commonly known as the "bear's head" or the "western coral hedgehog".
Description
The fruit body forms a compact, branched mass with long spines hanging down. The branches originate from a single, thick, tough base. The color of the fruit body ranges from white to creamy, light yellowish, to salmon-buff. The hanging spines are usually long, although some may be as long as ; they are soft and brittle, and typically grow as clusters at the tips of the branches. Typically, fruit bodies have dimensions in the range of tall and wide, but they have been known to attain massive sizes; one noted specimen was about .
Hericium abietis produces a white spore print. The spores are spherical or nearly so, smooth to slightly roughened, amyloid, and measure 4.5–5.5 by 4–5 μm. The hyphae are monomitic (consisting of only generative hyphae), and they have clamp connections.
Similar species
Hericium erinaceus is a lookalike spine fungus. It can be distinguished by its more compact fruit body structure that lacks multiple branches, in which the hanging spines all originate from a single thick tubercle. In Hericium coralloides, the spines line the undersides of the branches, unlike H. abietis, whose spines are arranged in clusters at the tip of branches.
Edibility
Hericium abietis is edible and choice. David Arora suggests that cooking the mushroom produces a flavor similar to fish, and that it is suitable for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune%20thrombocytopenic%20purpura | Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia, is a type of thrombocytopenic purpura characterized by a low platelet count in the absence of other causes, and accompanied by a red-purple rash called purpura. It leads to an increased risk of bleeding. ITP manifests in two distinct clinical syndromes: an acute form observed in children, and chronic conditions observed in adults. The acute form often follows an infection and typically resolves within two months, while chronic immune thrombocytopenia persists for longer than six months and its specific cause is unknown.
ITP is considered an autoimmune disease, as antibodies against several platelet surface structures (antigens) can be detected.
Diagnosis of ITP involves identifying a low platelet count through a complete blood count, a common blood test. However, since the diagnosis relies on excluding other potential causes of a low platelet count, additional investigations, such as a bone marrow biopsy, may be necessary in certain cases.
For mild cases, careful observation may be sufficient. However, in instances of very low platelet counts or significant bleeding, treatment options may include corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, anti-D immunoglobulin, or immunosuppressive medications. Refractory ITP, which does not respond to conventional treatment or shows constant relapse after splenectomy, requires treatment to reduce the risk of significant bleeding. Platelet transfusions may be used in severe cases with extremely low platelet counts in individuals experiencing bleeding. In some cases, the body may compensate by producing abnormally large platelets.
Signs and symptoms
Signs of ITP include the spontaneous formation of bruises (purpura) and petechiae (tiny bruises), especially on the extremities. Additionally, bleeding from the nostrils and/or gums, as well as menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding), may occur if the platelet cou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance%20cross | A remembrance cross is a small wooden cross used to remember the sacrifice of the armed forces in the United Kingdom, particularly during Remembrancetide, the period of the annual Poppy Appeal. Remembrance crosses are produced by the Poppy Factory in Richmond and Lady Haig's Poppy Factory in Edinburgh, which also produce remembrance poppies and wreaths. A remembrance cross is usually decorated with a remembrance poppy and the phrase "Remembrance" or "In Remembrance",
The remembrance cross employs an explicitly Christian symbol, linking the loss of a deceased soldier with the sacrificial death of Jesus on the cross. Other tokens of remembrance are now also made in a variety of shapes for other religions, including a Star of David for the Jewish faith, a crescent for the Muslim faith, an Indian Khanda used for Hindus, Sikhs and Jains, and a plain shape for "no faith".
Remembrance crosses and other tokens of remembrance are often left at war memorials or war graves. Each year, in the eight days from the morning of the Thursday before Remembrance Sunday until the evening of following Thursday, plots in the Field of Remembrance in Westminster are planted with hundreds of remembrance crosses and other tokens of remembrance. After the Field of Remembrance closes, the tokens are collected and burnt, and the ashes are scattered at the First World War battlefields in northern France and Belgium. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita%20regalis | Amanita regalis, commonly known as the royal fly agaric or the king of Sweden Amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. Common in Scandinavian countries, it is also found in eastern and northern Europe. In North America, its distribution is restricted to Alaska. The fruit bodies of the fungus somewhat resemble the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), and it was formerly regarded as a variety of this species. A. regalis differs from it in being larger, with a liver-brown cap bearing numerous scabs, and in having a stem which is yellow-ochre at the base, with patches or rings of patches. Chemical analysis has shown that this species contains muscimol, the same psychoactive compound found in A. muscaria.
Taxonomy and naming
Amanita regalis was first described as Agaricus muscarius β regalis by Elias Magnus Fries in his Systema Mycologicum, published in 1821. In 1887, Pier Andrea Saccardo treated it as a variety of Amanita muscaria. Edmund Michael, in 1903, became the first to consider it a distinct species. In 1941, Jean-Edouard Gilbert suggested a complete reorganization of the genus Amanita in his world monograph of the genus, and moved it to Amanitaria as A. muscaria var. regalis. In his original (1949) version of Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy, Rolf Singer considered it a subspecies of A. muscaria, but noted that it may be regarded as a separate species; in the fourth edition (1986), he listed it as a distinct species. A. regalis is classified in a section of Amanita within the genus, a grouping of related Amanitas that have a ring on the stem (or remnants thereof), and a bulb at the base of it. More recently, a Japanese group studied the biogeography of A. muscaria and related species, and, using molecular phylogenetic analysis, concluded that the taxon should be considered a grouping of A. muscaria, rather than a distinct species. However, as of 2012, both Index Fungorum and MycoBank list the taxon as Amanita regalis.
The species has been called by se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftEther%20Corporation | SoftEther Corporation is a Japanese software company. It was founded as an industry-academia-government venture in April 2004 by University of Tsukuba students, with the goal to develop the software of the same name, SoftEther VPN. The name indicated that a software emulates an Ethernet.
Related software
SoftEther
The VPN software called SoftEther (SoftEther 1.0) was written by Daiyu Nobori, who became the Representative Director and Chairman of the new company. In 2003, the software's development was adopted as one of the projects of the Exploratory Youth program, sponsored by Information Technology Promotion Agency, Japan. "In addition to being highly evaluated by the project manager, there were 1 million downloads in three months after making it available at the website."
The first SoftEther sales version was released in August 2004 called SoftEther CA, by Mitsubishi Materials Corporation, Japan.
PacketiX VPN
The second version of the software, released in December 2005, the name of the software was changed to PacketiX VPN 2.0 from SoftEther 2.0. In 2006, PacketiX VPN 2.0 won the "Software of the Year" award from the Information-Technology Promotion Agency.
In 2010 March, PacketiX VPN 3.0 was released by Softether Corporation. Some functions were added to new version (as examples: support IPv6, 802.1Q VLAN, TLS 1.0). This version is compatible with PacketiX VPN 2.0.
In 2013 July, PacketiX VPN 4.0 was released by SoftEther Corporation. In this version, some existent protocols support was added.
UT-VPN
In 2010 June, UT-VPN was released by SoftEther Corporation and University of Tsukuba. UT-VPN is an open source VPN software. UT-VPN has compatible as PacketiX VPN products of SoftEther Corporation.
UT-VPN developed based on PacketiX VPN 3.0, but some functions was deleted. For example, the RADIUS client is supported by PacketiX VPN Server, but it is not supported by UT-VPN Server.
SoftEther VPN
In 2013 July, SoftEther VPN was released by SoftEther VPN Proje |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20International%20de%20Recherche%20en%20Infectiologie | The Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie is an academic and research institute based in Lyon, France.
Synopsis
The CIRI is composed of 22 teams gathered behind one goal: the fight against infectious diseases (which is the second cause of death worldwide) by "promoting in-depth conceptual and technological advances through approaches that span from fundamental to clinical/applied research." The key areas of expertise of the CIRI teams are bacteriology, immunology and virology.
The CIRI contains a Biosafety Level 4 laboratory.
History
The CIRI was created in 2013 by the Inserm, the CNRS, the ENS de Lyon and the Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 in partnership with the Pasteur Institute, the Mérieux Foundation, the VetAgroSup and the Hospices Civils de Lyon.
A BSL-4 laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology received significant and substantial support of the conceptual, engineering and logistical varieties from the CIRI. The WIV BSL-4 facility was commissioned in February 2015. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20stress%E2%80%93energy%20tensor | In relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress–energy tensor describes the flow of energy and momentum in spacetime. The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor contains the negative of the classical Maxwell stress tensor that governs the electromagnetic interactions.
Definition
SI units
In free space and flat space–time, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor in SI units is
where is the electromagnetic tensor and where is the Minkowski metric tensor of metric signature . When using the metric with signature , the expression on the right of the equals sign will have opposite sign.
Explicitly in matrix form:
where
is the Poynting vector,
is the Maxwell stress tensor, and c is the speed of light. Thus, is expressed and measured in SI pressure units (pascals).
CGS unit conventions
The permittivity of free space and permeability of free space in cgs-Gaussian units are
then:
and in explicit matrix form:
where Poynting vector becomes:
The stress–energy tensor for an electromagnetic field in a dielectric medium is less well understood and is the subject of the unresolved Abraham–Minkowski controversy.
The element of the stress–energy tensor represents the flux of the μth-component of the four-momentum of the electromagnetic field, , going through a hyperplane ( is constant). It represents the contribution of electromagnetism to the source of the gravitational field (curvature of space–time) in general relativity.
Algebraic properties
The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor has several algebraic properties:
The symmetry of the tensor is as for a general stress–energy tensor in general relativity. The trace of the energy–momentum tensor is a Lorentz scalar; the electromagnetic field (and in particular electromagnetic waves) has no Lorentz-invariant energy scale, so its energy–momentum tensor must have a vanishing trace. This tracelessness |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterobranchia%20mitochondrial%20code | The pterobranchia mitochondrial code (translation table 24) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together with the Echinodermata and Chordata form the three major lineages of deuterostomes. AUA translates to isoleucine in Rhabdopleura as it does in the Echinodermata and Enteropneusta while AUA encodes methionine in the Chordata. The assignment of AGG to lysine is not found elsewhere in deuterostome mitochondria but it occurs in some taxa of Arthropoda. This code shares with many other mitochondrial codes the reassignment of the UGA STOP to tryptophan, and AGG and AGA to an amino acid other than arginine. The initiation codons in Rhabdopleura compacta are ATG and GTG.
Code 24 is very similar to the mitochondrial code 33 for the Pterobranchia.
The code
AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSSKVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M---------------M------------
Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
See also
List of genetic codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%20M.%20Ziegler | Günter Matthias Ziegler (born 19 May 1963) is a German mathematician who has been serving as president of the Free University of Berlin since 2018. Ziegler is known for his research in discrete mathematics and geometry, and particularly on the combinatorics of polytopes.
Biography
Ziegler studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich from 1981 to 1984, and went on to receive his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1987, under the supervision of Anders Björner. After postdoctoral positions at the University of Augsburg and the Mittag-Leffler Institute, he received his habilitation in 1992 from the Technical University of Berlin, which he joined as a professor in 1995. Ziegler has since joined the faculty of the Free University of Berlin.
Awards and honors
Ziegler was awarded the one million Deutschmark by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in 1994 and the 1.5 million Deutschmark Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, Germany's highest research honor, by the DFG in 2001. He was awarded the 2005 Gauss Lectureship by the German Mathematical Society. In 2006 the Mathematical Association of America awarded Ziegler and Florian Pfender its highest honor for mathematical exposition, the Chauvenet Prize, for their paper on kissing numbers.
In 2006 Ziegler became president of the German Mathematical Society for a two-year term. In 2009, the European Research Council (ERC) awarded Ziegler one of the ERC Advanced Grants in the amount of 1.85 million Euros. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2013 Ziegler was granted the Hector Science Award and became a member of the Hector Fellow Academy. Since 2016 Ziegler has been chair of the Berlin Mathematical School. In 2018 he received the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (jointly with Martin Aigner) for Proofs from THE BOOK.
Other activities
Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)
Ger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Haboush | William Joseph Haboush (born 1942) is an American mathematician at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who is best known for his 1975 proof of one of David Mumford's conjectures, known as Haboush's theorem. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk%20antipredator%20behavior | Antipredatory behaviors are actions an animal performs to reduce or rid themselves of the risk of being prey. Many studies have been done on elk to see what their antipredator behaviors consist of.
One of the most commonly known consequences of the large elk population throughout Yellowstone National Park is the significant decline in the recruitment of aspen (Populus tremuloides). Wolves were reintroduced to the park seventeen years ago. The decrease in elk that the wolves brought should allow the aspen to recuperate and be able to mature once again. The anti-predatory responses moved elk further into the trees and away from young aspen groves. If these responses can have such a profound effect on the community structure itself, there are likely to be important consequences for the herbivore that adopts these new responses. One of these major costs of anti-predatory behavior of elk is a compromised diet that results in poor health. Elk must do what is necessary to survive, even when there are negative effects associated with their new behaviors. When an animal feels the cost of anti-predatory behaviors, those costs are called risk-effects. Some risk-effects felt by the elk include decreased health due to compromised diet and decreased reproductive rate. This decrease in reproduction rate results in a smaller population size.
Behaviors
Change in diet
Elk (Cervus elaphus) are special herbivores in that they require both grazing and browsing. Grazing consists of eating grasses usually in open areas with the head in a downwards position. Browsing normally means eating more woody plants and more shrub leaves and stems. Consuming browse does not involve the animal putting itself in a compromising situation of being in such an open area with its head down, where it cannot watch what is going on in the surrounding area. Because of this, one of the elks’ anti-predatory behaviors is shifting from a large majority of grazing to browsing more. This change in diet is closely |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%202100 | The HP 2100 is a series of 16-bit minicomputers that were produced by Hewlett-Packard (HP) from the mid-1960s to early 1990s. Tens of thousands of machines in the series were sold over its twenty-five year lifetime, making HP the fourth largest minicomputer vendor during the 1970s.
The design started at Data Systems Inc (DSI), and was originally known as the DSI-1000. HP purchased the company in 1964 and merged it into their Dymec division. The original model, the 2116A built using integrated circuits and magnetic-core memory, was released in 1966. Over the next four years, models A through C were released with different types of memory and expansion, as well as the cost-reduced 2115 and 2114 models. All of these models were replaced by the HP 2100 series in 1971, and then again as the 21MX series in 1974 when the magnetic-core memory was replaced with semiconductor memory.
All of these models were also packaged as the HP 2000 series, combining a 2100-series machine with optional components in order to run the BASIC programming language in a multi-user time sharing fashion. HP Time-Shared BASIC was popular in the 1970s, and many early BASIC programs were written on or for the platform, most notably the seminal Star Trek that was popular during the early home computer era. The People's Computer Company published their programs in HP 2000 format.
The introduction of the HP 3000 in 1974 provided high-end competition to the 2100 series; the entire line was renamed as the HP 1000 in 1977 and positioned as real-time computers. A greatly redesigned version was introduced in 1979 as the 1000 L-Series, using CMOS large scale integration chips and introducing a desk-side tower case model. This was the first version to break backward compatibility with previous 2100-series expansion cards. The final upgrade was the A-series, with new processors capable of more than 1 MIPS performance, with the final A990 released in 1990.
History
Origins
HP formed Dynac in 1956 to act a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejuvenation | Rejuvenation is a medical discipline focused on the practical reversal of the aging process.
Rejuvenation is distinct from life extension. Life extension strategies often study the causes of aging and try to oppose those causes in order to slow aging. Rejuvenation is the reversal of aging and thus requires a different strategy, namely repair of the damage that is associated with aging or replacement of damaged tissue with new tissue. Rejuvenation can be a means of life extension, but most life extension strategies do not involve rejuvenation.
Historical and cultural background
Various myths tell the stories about the quest for rejuvenation. It was believed that magic or intervention of a supernatural power can bring back youth and many mythical adventurers set out on a journey to do that, for themselves, their relatives or some authority that sent them anonymously.
An ancient Chinese emperor actually sent out ships of young men and women to find a pearl that would rejuvenate him. This led to a myth among modern Chinese that Japan was founded by these people.
In some religions, people were to be rejuvenated after death prior to placing them in heaven.
The stories continued well into the 16th century. The Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León led an expedition around the Caribbean islands and into Florida to find the Fountain of Youth. Led by the rumors, the expedition continued the search and many perished. The Fountain was nowhere to be found as locals were unaware of its exact location.
Since the emergence of philosophy, sages and self-proclaimed wizards always made enormous efforts to find the secret of youth, both for themselves and for their noble patrons and sponsors. It was widely believed that some potions may restore the youth.
Another commonly cited approach was attempting to transfer the essence of youth from young people to old. Some examples of this approach were sleeping with virgins or children (sometimes literally sleeping, not necessarily having |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-denial | Self-denial (related but different from self-abnegation or self-sacrifice) is an act of letting go of the self as with altruistic abstinence – the willingness to forgo personal pleasures or undergo personal trials in the pursuit of the increased good of another. Various religions and cultures take differing views of self-denial, some considering it a positive trait and others considering it a negative one. According to some Protestants, self-denial is considered a superhuman virtue only obtainable through Jesus. Some critics of self-denial suggest that self-denial can lead to self-hatred.
Positive effects
There is evidence brief periods of fasting, a denial of food, can be beneficial to health in certain situations. Self-denial is sometimes related to inhibitory control and emotional self-regulation, the positives of which are dealt with in those articles. As people grow accustomed to material goods they often experience hedonic adaptation, whereby they get used to the finer things and are less inclined to savor daily pleasures. Scarcity can lead people to focus on enjoying an experience more deeply, which increases joy.
Negative effects
Others argue self-denial involves avoidance and holding back of happiness and pleasurable experiences from oneself that is only damaging to other people. Some argue it is a form of micro-suicide because it is threatening to an individual's physical health, emotional well-being, or personal goals.
Religion and self-denial
Self-denial can constitute an important element of religious practice in various belief systems. An exemplification is the self-denial advocated by several Christian confessions where it is believed to be a means of reaching happiness and a deeper religious understanding, sometimes described as 'becoming a true follower of Christ'. The foundation of self-denial in the Christian context is based on the recognition of a higher God-given will, which the Christian practitioner chooses to adhere to, and prioritize ove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20toast | Texas toast is a toasted bread that is typically made from sliced bread that has been sliced at double the usual thickness of packaged bread. Texas toast is prepared by spreading butter on both sides of the bread and broiling or grilling it until it is a light golden brown. Commonly, garlic is added to the butter, yielding a form of garlic bread. The toast may include cheese on one or both sides, similar to an open-faced grilled cheese sandwich.
Popular in Texas and its bordering states, Texas toast is often served as a side with southern-style dishes such as chicken fried steak, fried catfish, or barbecue.
Thick-sliced bread sold for making Texas toast can be used in the same manner as ordinary bread slices, such as in sandwiches, and it is especially useful for dishes involving liquids or where extra thickness could improve the product, such as French toast. While most varieties sold for Texas toast are white bread, whole wheat varieties also exist.
Frozen Texas toast brands are also popular, with best sellers including the New York Brand of the T. Marzetti Company, Pepperidge Farm, and Coles.
History
One claimant to the invention of Texas toast is Kirby's Pig Stand. The once-thriving chain, whose heyday in the 1940s saw over 100 locations across the United States, also claims to be the originator of the onion ring. Texas toast may have been first created in 1946 at the Pig Stand in Denton, Texas, after a bakery order for thicker slices of bread resulted in slices too thick for the toaster and a cook, Wiley W. W. Cross, suggested buttering and grilling them as a solution. Another Pig Stand cook in Beaumont, Texas claimed he created the idea of grilling the bread. W.W.W. Cross is also credited for combining the Texas toast with chicken fried steak to create Kirby's Pig Stand's famous Chicken Fried Steak Sandwich.
See also
Texas Tommy (hot dog)
Texas wiener |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20talker | A late talker is a toddler experiencing late language emergence (LLE), which can also be an early or secondary sign of an autism spectrum disorder, or other developmental disorders, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, learning disability, social communication disorder, or specific language impairment. Lack of language development, comprehension skills, and challenges with literacy skills are potential risks as late talkers age. Outlook for late talkers with or without intervention is generally favorable. Toddlers have a high probability of catching up to typical toddlers if early language interventions are put in place. Language interventions include general language stimulation, focused language stimulation and milieu teaching.
Speech pathologists are specialists who work with late talkers and provide individualised support for each child's unique needs.
Language development
Expected language emergence
Toddlers aged 1–2 years begin to use and comprehend different types of words. Initially, the most prominent types are nouns, and eventually they move on to other word types such as verbs and adjectives. Once toddlers have said their first word, they begin to acquire new words at a rate of roughly one per week. Words are related to things in the toddler's environment, such as body parts, toys, clothes, etc. They often use one word to mean many different things; for example, they may call all types of transport "car".
Around the 15-month mark, toddlers know six words on average, and begin to notice and wonder about things that are a little outside of their environments. Once they reach 18 months, they refer to themselves by their name and eventually start using the pronoun I. During this stage, they also repeat parts of sentences they hear. As they get close to 2 years, toddlers start putting two words together. They begin to learn the use of "no" and ask adults to tell them the name of people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylint | The Nylint Corporation is an American company that produces model toys. It was founded in 1937 by brothers Bernard and Ragnar Klint, and David Nyberg of Rockford, Illinois. Their uncle, David Nyberg, supplied much of the initial capital to start the company. The company name of Nylint is a combination of both the Nyberg and Klint names. It was incorporated under the name “Nylint Tool and Manufacturing” and its initial operation was located at 5th Avenue and 13th Street in Rockford. Bernard (known as Barney) Klint and his wife Grace remained actively involved for nearly 60 years in this privately held company until their deaths in the mid-1990s.
History
Looking back on Nylint's 60-plus year history, they survived by constantly evolving – changing their direction to meet the demands of the diverse toy market. One can see at least eight phases of their history. These phases, or “eras,” often overlap.
Early years
The company began (1st Phase pre-World War II) producing kitchen utensils. Nylint also did special-order tooling work for other companies. For example, they produced refrigerator door handles and cast aluminum parts for the automobile industry. In 1940, the company moved to a larger factory 16th Avenue where it remained for 60 years.
As with most manufacturers, World War II caused a shift to making war-related products. During the war years, Nylint prospered while employing 50 employees who made anti-aircraft magazines and torpedo-related components for the Federal government. Nylint produced, almost exclusively, war-related products during 1941–1945.
After the war, Nylint worked to establish its post-war direction. After an extensive study in late 1945, the company decided upon toy production. This decision was made primarily because of Nylint's modern metal-stamping facilities. Nylint hired Carl Swenson, the inventor of a wind-up toy car with steering and directional actions, based on the Chrysler Airflow design. Nylint called this the “Amazing Car.” When |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochorionic%20twins | Monochorionic twins are monozygotic (identical) twins that share the same placenta. If the placenta is shared by more than two twins (see multiple birth), these are monochorionic multiples. Monochorionic twins occur in 0.3% of all pregnancies. Seventy-five percent of monozygotic twin pregnancies are monochorionic; the remaining 25% are dichorionic diamniotic. If the placenta divides, this takes place before the third day after fertilization.
Amniocity and zygosity
Monochorionic twins generally have two amniotic sacs (called Monochorionic-Diamniotic "MoDi"), but sometimes, in the case of monoamniotic twins (Monochorionic-Monoamniotic "MoMo"), they also share the same amniotic sac. Monoamniotic twins occur when the split takes place after the ninth day after fertilization. Monoamniotic twins are always monozygotic (identical twins). Monochorionic-Diamniotic twins are almost always monozygotic, with a few exceptions where the blastocysts have fused.
Diagnosis
By performing an obstetric ultrasound at a gestational age of 10–14 weeks, monochorionic-diamniotic twins are discerned from dichorionic twins. The presence of a "T-sign" at the inter-twin membrane-placental junction is indicative of monochorionic-diamniotic twins (that is, the junction between the inter-twin membrane and the external rim forms a right angle), whereas dichorionic twins present with a "lambda (λ) sign" (that is, the chorion forms a wedge-shaped protrusion into the inter-twin space, creating a rather curved junction). The "lambda sign" is also called the "twin peak sign". At ultrasound at a gestational age of 16–20 weeks, the "lambda sign" is indicative of dichorionicity but its absence does not exclude it.
In contrast, the placentas may be overlapping for dichorionic twins, making it hard to distinguish them, making it difficult to discern mono- or dichorionic twins on solely the appearance of the placentas on ultrasound.
Complications
In addition to a shared placenta, monochorionic twins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gershayim | Gershayim (Hebrew: , without niqqud ), also occasionally grashayim (), is two distinct typographical marks in the Hebrew language. The name literally means "double geresh".
Punctuation mark
Gershayim most commonly refers to the punctuation mark . It is always written before the last letter of the non-inflected form of a word or numeral. It is used in the following ways:
To indicate an acronym. For example: (singular), (plural), "report" represents ; and (masculine), (feminine), "squad commander" represents .
To indicate a multi-digit Hebrew numeral. For example: represents 18.
To indicate the names of Hebrew letters, differentiating them from any homographs. Compare "he sketched an eye" with "he sketched an ayin".
To indicate Hebrew word roots. For example: the root of "crossword puzzles" is (š—b—ṣ); the root of "to tilt, to conjugate" is (n—ṭ—h); and the root of "being synchronized" is (s–n–k–r–n).
In older texts, to indicate the transliteration of a foreign word. This use corresponds to English's use of italics. For example, in printed works of Rashi, the town of Rashi's birth, Troyes, is spelled .
Cantillation mark
Gershayim is a disjunctive cantillation accent in the Tanakh - ◌֞. It is placed above the stressed syllable, as in וַיִּקַּ֞ח (Genesis 22:3).
Computer encoding
Most keyboards do not have a key for the gershayim. As a result, a quotation mark is often substituted for it.
See also
Hebrew acronyms
Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew diacritics
Hebrew punctuation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20flag | A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on nongovernmental installations or craft. The use of civil flags was more common in the past to denote buildings or ships not crewed by the military.
In some countries, the civil flag is the same as the state flag but without the coat of arms, such as in the case of flags from Peru, Serbia and Spain. In others, it is an alteration of the war flag.
In Scandinavia, state and war flags can be double and triple-tailed variants of the Nordic Cross flag. Many countries, particularly those with a British heritage, still have distinctive civil flags (technically civil ensigns) for use at sea, many based on the Red Ensign. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thicket | A thicket is a very dense stand of trees or tall shrubs, often dominated by only one or a few species, to the exclusion of all others. They may be formed by species that shed large numbers of highly viable seeds that are able to germinate in the shelter of the maternal plants.
In some conditions, the formation or spread of thickets may be assisted by human disturbance of an area.
Where a thicket is formed of briar (also spelled brier), which is a common name for any of a number of unrelated thorny plants, it may be called a briar patch. Plants termed briar include species in the genera Rosa (Rose), Rubus, and Smilax. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM3%20%28hash%20function%29 | ShangMi 3 (SM3) is a cryptographic hash function used in the Chinese National Standard. It was published by the National Cryptography Administration () on 2010-12-17 as "GM/T 0004-2012: SM3 cryptographic hash algorithm".
SM3 is used for implementing digital signatures, message authentication codes, and pseudorandom number generators. The algorithm is public and is considered similar to SHA-256 in security and efficiency. SM3 is used with Transport Layer Security.
Definitive standards
SM3 is defined in each of:
GM/T 0004-2012: SM3 cryptographic hash algorithm
GB/T 32905-2016: Information security techniques—SM3 cryptographic hash algorithm
ISO/IEC 10118-3:2018—IT Security techniques—Hash-functions—Part 3: Dedicated hash-functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%20the%20Mainframe%20Contest | Master the Mainframe contest is a mainframe programming challenge that is organized annually by IBM Academic Initiative System z.
History
Originally catered to students attending North American institutions of higher learning (US and Canada, excluding Quebec), the contest is currently running in separate countries across the globe (30 to date). The goal of the contest is to provide students with the opportunity to experience working with mainframes. The contest was created in part to increase the number of mainframe skilled individuals in the computing workforce. The North American contest has successfully completed 7 contests to date.
Contest
The contest that runs for North America typically starts during the Fall semester and runs until the end of December. It is separated into 3 parts in which each part increases in complexity. Part 1 introduces the contestants to the basic aspects necessary to get started with mainframe technologies and requires minimal time to complete. Part 2 on the other hand involves more steps for each tasks and usually takes a day or so to accomplish. The first 60 winners of Part 2 will receive monetary prize in recognition of their achievement. Lastly, part 3 is more in depth and may involve multiple programming challenges such as COBOL, REXX, JCL, etc. (depending on the questions set for the year's challenge).
Prizes
Past winners of Part 3 have receive gifts such as iPad, iPod, laptops or netbooks. Winners also receives an all-expense-paid trip to the IBM mainframe facility in Poughkeepsie, New York. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strengthening%20mechanisms%20of%20materials | Methods have been devised to modify the yield strength, ductility, and toughness of both crystalline and amorphous materials. These strengthening mechanisms give engineers the ability to tailor the mechanical properties of materials to suit a variety of different applications. For example, the favorable properties of steel result from interstitial incorporation of carbon into the iron lattice. Brass, a binary alloy of copper and zinc, has superior mechanical properties compared to its constituent metals due to solution strengthening. Work hardening (such as beating a red-hot piece of metal on anvil) has also been used for centuries by blacksmiths to introduce dislocations into materials, increasing their yield strengths.
Basic description
Plastic deformation occurs when large numbers of dislocations move and multiply so as to result in macroscopic deformation. In other words, it is the movement of dislocations in the material which allows for deformation. If we want to enhance a material's mechanical properties (i.e. increase the yield and tensile strength), we simply need to introduce a mechanism which prohibits the mobility of these dislocations. Whatever the mechanism may be, (work hardening, grain size reduction, etc.) they all hinder dislocation motion and render the material stronger than previously.
The stress required to cause dislocation motion is orders of magnitude lower than the theoretical stress required to shift an entire plane of atoms, so this mode of stress relief is energetically favorable. Hence, the hardness and strength (both yield and tensile) critically depend on the ease with which dislocations move. Pinning points, or locations in the crystal that oppose the motion of dislocations, can be introduced into the lattice to reduce dislocation mobility, thereby increasing mechanical strength. Dislocations may be pinned due to stress field interactions with other dislocations and solute particles, creating physical barriers from second phase p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated%20Graphics%20Port | Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) is a parallel expansion card standard, designed for attaching a video card to a computer system to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. It was originally designed as a successor to PCI-type connections for video cards. Since 2004, AGP was progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe), which is serial, as opposed to parallel; by mid-2008, PCI Express cards dominated the market and only a few AGP models were available, with GPU manufacturers and add-in board partners eventually dropping support for the interface in favor of PCI Express.
Advantages over PCI
AGP is a superset of the PCI standard, designed to overcome PCI's limitations in serving the requirements of the era's high-performance graphics cards.
The primary advantage of AGP is that it doesn't share the PCI bus, providing a dedicated, point-to-point pathway between the expansion slot(s) and the motherboard chipset. The direct connection also allows for higher clock speeds.
The second major change is the use of split transactions, wherein the address and data phases are separated. The card may send many address phases so the host can process them in order, avoiding any long delays caused by the bus being idle during read operations.
Third, PCI bus handshaking is simplified. Unlike PCI bus transactions whose length is negotiated on a cycle-by-cycle basis using the FRAME# and STOP# signals, AGP transfers are always a multiple of 8 bytes long, with the total length included in the request. Further, rather than using the IRDY# and TRDY# signals for each word, data is transferred in blocks of four clock cycles (32 words at AGP 8× speed), and pauses are allowed only between blocks.
Finally, AGP allows (mandatory only in AGP 3.0) sideband addressing, meaning that the address and data buses are separated so the address phase does not use the main address/data (AD) lines at all. This is done by adding an extra 8-bit "SideBand Address" bus over which the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoplanarity | In particle physics, the acoplanarity of a scattering experiment is the degree to which the paths of the scattered particles deviate from being coplanar. Measurements of acoplanarity provide a test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, because QCD predicts that the emission of gluons can lead to acoplanar scattering events.
Measures of acoplanarity
For a two-jet final state, a useful measure of acoplanarity is
where are the azimuthal angles of the final state jets with respect to the beam line.
An alternative measure of acoplanarity which is infrared safe and which works for broad jets of many particles is given by
where are the momenta of the final state particles and are the components of these momenta perpendicular to a plane chosen such that A is minimized.
In the case of two coplanar final state particles, the plane which minimizes A would contain the paths of both particles and the beamline, and A would equal 0.
See also
Color confinement
Asymptotic freedom
Dijet event |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saglin | Saglin is a protein produced by the salivary glands of mosquitoes. It is thought that this protein allows the malarial sporozoite to bind to the salivary glands, allowing invasion. It is currently under investigation as a potential drug target to help control transmission of the disease by controlling transmission in the vector. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxin-7 | Peroxin-7 is a receptor associated with Refsum's disease and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1.
See also
Peroxin
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Refsum Disease
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata Type 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20triage | Ecological triage refers to the decision making of environmental conservation using the concepts of medical triage. In medicine, the allocation of resources in an urgent situation is prioritized for those with the greatest need and those who would receive the greatest benefit. Similarly, the two parameters of ecological triage are the level of threat and the probability of ecological recovery. Because there are limitations to resources such as time, money, and manpower, it is important to prioritize specific efforts and distribute resources efficiently. Ecological triage differentiates between areas with an attainable emergent need, those who would benefit from preventive measures, and those that are beyond repair.
Methods
Ecological triage is not simple, dichotomous decision making. It involves a complex array of factors including assumptions, mathematical calculations, and planning for uncertainties. When assessing an ecosystem, there are a myriad of factors conservationists consider, but there are also variables which they are unable to account for. Conservationists and scientists often have incomplete understanding of population dynamics, impacts of external threats, and efficacy of different conservation tactics. It is important to incorporate these unknowns when assessing a population or ecosystem. By following the principles of triage, we are able to allow for the efficient allocation of resources as conservationists continue to develop the best options for ecological preservation and restoration.
Info-Gap Decision Model
Due to the multitude of variables within a population or ecosystem, it is important to address the unknown factors which may not initially be accounted for. Many ecologists utilize the Info-gap decision theory, which focuses on strategies that are most likely to succeed despite uncertainties. This process is composed of three main elements:
Mathematical calculations which assess performance as a result of management. This step determine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Lyons | Russell David Lyons (6 September 1957) is an American mathematician, specializing in probability theory on graphs, combinatorics, statistical mechanics, ergodic theory and harmonic analysis.
Lyons graduated with B.A. mathematics in 1979 from Case Western Reserve University, where he became a Putnam Fellow in 1977 and 1978. He received his Ph.D. in 1983 from the University of Michigan with the thesis A Characterization of Measures Whose Fourier-Stieltjes Transforms Vanish at Infinity, which was supervised by Hugh L. Montgomery and Allen Shields. Lyons was a postdoc for the academic year 1984–1985 at the University of Paris-Sud. He was an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1985 to 1990 and an associate professor at Indiana University from 1990 to 1994. At Georgia Tech he was a full professor from 2000 to 2003. At Indiana University he was a professor of mathematics from 1994 to 2014 and is since 2014 the James H. Rudy Professor of Mathematics; there he has also been an adjunct professor of statistics since 2006.
Lyons has held visiting positions in the United States, France, and Israel. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2014 he was an invited speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Seoul. In 2017 a conference was held in Tel Aviv in honor of his 60th birthday.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointman%20%28user%20interface%29 | Pointman is a seated user interface for controlling one's avatar in a 3D virtual environment. It combines head tracking, a gamepad, and sliding foot pedals to provide positional control over many aspects of the avatar's posture. Pointman was developed by the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to support the use of dismounted infantry simulation for USMC training and mission rehearsal. NRL's goal in developing Pointman was to extend the range and precision of actions supported by virtual simulators, to better represent what infantrymen can do.
How Pointman Works
Pointman seeks to enhance the level of control provided by conventional desktop and console game controllers by engaging the user's whole body to control corresponding segments of the avatar's body. The user employs his head and upper body to control looking and aiming, as well as leaning to duck and peek around cover. He uses his hands to operate virtual weapons and direct tactical movement, and he uses his feet for stepping and controlling his avatar's postural height.
Pointman uses a set of three consumer grade input devices: a Natural Point TrackIR 5 head tracker, a Sony DualShock 3 gamepad, and a pair of flight simulator foot pedals from CH Products. The additional input from the head and feet offloads the hands from having to control the entire avatar and allows for a more natural assignment of control. Together, the three input devices offer twelve independent channels of control over the avatar's posture.
The head tracker registers the translation and rotation of the user's head. Pointman uses these inputs to map the movements of the user's head and torso one-for-one to those of his avatar. The virtual view changes as the user turns his head to look around or leans his torso in any direction. When the weapon is raised into an aim position its sights remain centered in the field of view, so that turning the head also adjusts the aim. The user can aim as precisely as he can hold his head on ta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius%20oreades | Marasmius oreades, also known as the fairy ring mushroom, fairy ring champignon or Scotch bonnet, is a mushroom native to North America and Europe. Its common names can cause some confusion, as many other mushrooms grow in fairy rings, such as the edible Agaricus campestris and the poisonous Chlorophyllum molybdites.
Distribution and habitat
Marasmius oreades grows extensively throughout North America, especially the east where they are also more diverse, and Europe in the summer and autumn (fall) (June–November in the UK), or year-round in warmer climates. It appears in grassy areas such as lawns, meadows, and even dunes in coastal areas.
May to October in Pennsylvania or Mid Atlantic (pg 38).
Description
Marasmius oreades grows gregariously in troops, arcs, or rings (type II, which causes the grass to grow and become greener). The cap is across; bell-shaped with a somewhat inrolled margin at first, becoming broadly convex with an even or uplifted margin, but usually retaining a slight central bump- an "umbo"; dry; smooth; pale tan or buff, occasionally white, or reddish tan; usually changing color markedly as it dries out; the margin sometimes faintly lined.
The bare, pallid, and tough stem grows up to about tall and in diameter.
The gills are attached to the stem or free from it, fairly thick and spaced apart, and white or pale tan, with a cyanide-like odor and dropping a white spore print. The spores measure 7–10 μm × 4–6 μm; they are smooth, elliptical, and inamyloid. Cystidia absent. Pileipellis without broom cells.
Edibility
Marasmius oreades is a choice edible mushroom. Its sweet taste lends it to baked goods such as cookies. It is also used in foods such as soups, stews, etc. Traditionally, the stems (which tend to be fibrous and unappetizing) are cut off and the caps are threaded and dried in strings. A possible reason why this mushroom is so sweet-tasting is due to the presence of trehalose, a type of sugar that allows M. oreades to resist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datacasting | Datacasting (data broadcasting) is the broadcasting of data over a wide area via radio waves. It most often refers to supplemental information sent by television stations along with digital terrestrial television (DTT), but may also be applied to digital signals on analog TV or radio. It generally does not apply to data inherent to the medium, such as PSIP data that defines virtual channels for DTT or direct broadcast satellite system, or to things like cable modems or satellite modems, which use a completely separate channel for data.
Overview
Datacasting often provides news, weather forecasting, traffic reporting, stock market, and other information which may or may not relate to the carried programs. It may also be interactive, such as gaming, shopping, or education. An electronic program guide is usually included, although it somewhat stretches the definition, as this is often considered inherent to the digital broadcast standard.
The ATSC, DVB and ISDB standards allow for broadband datacasting via DTT, though they do not necessarily define how. The overscan and VBI are used for analog TV, for moderate and low bandwidths (including closed captioning in the VBI) respectively. DirectBand and RDS/RBDS are medium and narrow subcarriers used for analog FM radio. The EUREKA 147 and HD Radio standards both allow for datacasting on digital radio, defining a few basics but also allowing for later expansion.
The term IP Datacasting (IPDC) is used in DVB-H for the technical elements required to send IP packets over DVB-H broadband downstream channel combined with a return channel over a mobile communications network such as GPRS or UMTS. The set of specifications for IP Datacast (phase1) was approved by the DVB project in October 2005.
Datacasting services around the world
North America
Ambient Information Network
Ambient Information Network, a datacasting network owned by Ambient Devices presently hosted by U.S.A. Mobility, a U.S. paging service which focuses on i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina-X%20Studios | Retina-X Studios is a software manufacturer company that develops computer and cell phone monitoring applications, focused on computers, smartphones, tablets and networks. The company is founded in 1997 and it is based in Jacksonville, Florida, United States.
History
The company was founded in July 1997 primarily as a web consulting and design company. In 2003, after a period of developing monitoring products for outside companies, the company began creating monitoring software products using its own brand name. The first software product, named AceSpy, was released on April 28, 2003.
In May 2007, the company developed and released the first monitoring software for mobile phones, named Mobile-Spy, particularly for Windows Mobile.
Products
Mobile-Spy – monitoring software for mobile internet and cell phone activity.
PhoneSheriff – parental monitoring software that allows multiple time restrictions and filtering.
SniperSpy and SniperSpy Mac – monitoring software for Windows & Mac.
AceSpy and AceSpy Mac – similar to SniperSpy, but doesn't have a live control panel.
PeekTab – tablet monitoring software for iPad and Android tablets.
Net Orbit - computer monitoring software for network.
Usage
Target audiences for Retina-X Studios are parents and employers.
Legal
Parents and employers use legal monitoring software to check their teens' and staff's internet use. This is legal since juveniles are the responsibility of their parents. Company markets its products as spy applications as parents can review child's messages and call details without the child's knowledge. In some cases ethical issues can arise if employees are not made aware of monitoring tools, if personal emails are intentionally accessed and if managers are involved directly in evaluating the contents of logging activities as they can be/become biased towards the person whose email is being reviewed.
Illegal
Using cell phones for spying has also increased due to multiplication of smart pho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20mesenteric%20ganglion | The inferior mesenteric ganglion is a ganglion located near where the inferior mesenteric artery branches from the abdominal aorta.
Additional images
See also
Superior mesenteric ganglion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entericidin | In molecular biology, entericidins are bacterial antidote/toxin peptides. The entericidin locus is activated in the stationary phase of growth under high osmolarity conditions by rho-S and simultaneously repressed by the osmoregulatory EnvZ/OmpR signal transduction pathway. The entericidin locus encodes tandem paralogous genes (ecnAB) and directs the synthesis of two small cell-envelope lipoproteins (entericidin A and entericidin B) which can maintain plasmids in bacterial population by means of post-segregational killing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma%20ovipneumoniae | Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is a species of Mycoplasma bacteria that most commonly inhabits and affects ovine animals, first described in 1972. M. ovipneumoniae contributes to harmful pneumonia in sheep and goats. The duration and severity of M. ovipneumoniae varies from region to region.
Affected populations
M. ovipneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen of domestic sheep, domestic goats, Bighorn sheep, mountain goats, and other Caprinae and can cause both primary atypical pneumonia and also predispose infected animals to secondary pneumonia with other agents, including Mannheimia haemolytica. Recent studies have identified the bacterium in others animals outside of the caprinae family. M. ovipneumoniae has been detected in bighorn sheep, caribou, mountain goats, Beira antelope, Dall sheep, muskoxen, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and domestic cattle, sheep and goats.
Characteristics
Several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenicity of M. ovipneumoniae, including altering macrophage activity, adhering to the ruminants' ciliated epithelium via its polysaccharide capsule, inducing the production of autoantibodies to ciliary antigens, and suppressive activity on lymphocytes, all of which are important factors that contribute to the disease in sheep and other small ruminants. The bacterium also has the ability to act as a predisposing factor for other bacterial and viral infections. Populations of M. ovipneumoniae of infected sheep are often found to have varying strains of the bacterium within one animal, but the different strains vary in virulence. The bacterium can be found within the lungs, trachea, and nasal cavity of small ruminants. M. ovipneumoniae paralyzes cilia in the airways of the infected animal which doesn't allow them to push out the pneumonia-causing bacteria that has entered the lungs. A combination of this with other environmental factors can cause respiratory disease and increased mortality rates in infected individuals.
Transmission and impacts on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20shift | In computer science, a logical shift is a bitwise operation that shifts all the bits of its operand. The two base variants are the logical left shift and the logical right shift. This is further modulated by the number of bit positions a given value shall be shifted, such as shift left by 1 or shift right by n. Unlike an arithmetic shift, a logical shift does not preserve a number's sign bit or distinguish a number's exponent from its significand (mantissa); every bit in the operand is simply moved a given number of bit positions, and the vacant bit-positions are filled, usually with zeros, and possibly ones (contrast with a circular shift).
A logical shift is often used when its operand is being treated as a sequence of bits instead of as a number.
Logical shifts can be useful as efficient ways to perform multiplication or division of unsigned integers by powers of two. Shifting left by n bits on a signed or unsigned binary number has the effect of multiplying it by 2n. Shifting right by n bits on an unsigned binary number has the effect of dividing it by 2n (rounding towards 0).
Logical right shift differs from arithmetic right shift. Thus, many languages have different operators for them. For example, in Java and JavaScript, the logical right shift operator is , but the arithmetic right shift operator is . (Java has only one left shift operator (), because left shift via logic and arithmetic have the same effect.)
The programming languages C, C++, and Go, however, have only one right shift operator, . Most C and C++ implementations, and Go, choose which right shift to perform depending on the type of integer being shifted: signed integers are shifted using the arithmetic shift, and unsigned integers are shifted using the logical shift.
All currently relevant C standards (ISO/IEC 9899:1999 to 2011) leave a definition gap for cases where the number of shifts is equal to or bigger than the number of bits in the operands in a way that the result is undefined. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware%20scout | Hardware scout is a technique that uses otherwise idle processor execution resources to perform prefetching during cache misses. When a thread is stalled by a cache miss, the processor pipeline checkpoints the register file, switches to runahead mode, and continues to issue instructions from the thread that is waiting for memory. The thread of execution in run-ahead mode is known as a scout thread. When the data returns from memory, the processor restores the register file contents from the checkpoint, and switches back to normal execution mode.
The computation during run-ahead mode is discarded by the processor; nevertheless, scouting provides speedup because memory level parallelism (MLP) is increased. The cache lines brought into the cache hierarchy are often used by the processor again when it switches back to normal mode.
Rock processor scout
Sun's Rock processor (later canceled) used a form of hardware scout. However, any computations in run-ahead mode that do not depend on the cache miss may be retired immediately. This allows both prefetching and traditional instruction-level parallelism.
Scouting vs. SMT
Scouting and simultaneous multithreading (SMT) both use hardware threads to fight the memory wall. With scouting, the scout thread runs the instructions from the same instruction stream as the instruction that causes the pipeline stall. In the case of SMT, the SMT thread executes instruction in another context.
Thus, SMT increases the throughput of the processor while scouting increases the performance by lowering the number of cache misses.
See also
Rock processor
Runahead |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulvi-Brunet%E2%80%93Sokolov%20algorithm | Xulvi-Brunet and Sokolov's algorithm generates networks with chosen degree correlations. This method is based on link rewiring, in which the desired degree is governed by parameter ρ. By varying this single parameter it is possible to generate networks from random (when ρ = 0) to perfectly assortative or disassortative (when ρ = 1). This algorithm allows to keep network's degree distribution unchanged when changing the value of ρ.
Assortative model
In assortative networks, well-connected nodes are likely to be connected to other highly connected nodes. Social networks are examples of assortative networks. This means that an assortative network has the property that almost all nodes with the same degree are linked only between themselves.
The Xulvi-Brunet–Sokolov algorithm for this type of networks is the following.
In a given network, two links connecting four different nodes are chosen randomly. These nodes are ordered by their degrees. Then, with probability ρ, the links are randomly rewired in such a way that one link connects the two nodes with the smaller degrees and the other connects the two nodes with the larger degrees. If one or both of these links already existed in the network, the step is discarded and is repeated again. Thus, there will be no self-connected nodes or multiple links connecting the same two nodes. Different degrees of assortativity of a network can be achieved by changing the parameter ρ.
Assortative networks are characterized by highly connected groups of nodes with similar degree. As assortativity grows, the average path length and clustering coefficient increase.
Disassortative model
In disassortative networks, highly connected nodes tend to connect to less-well-connected nodes with larger probability than in uncorrelated networks. Examples of such networks include biological networks.
The Xulvi-Brunet and Sokolov's algorithm for this type of networks is similar to the one for assortative networks with one minor change. As bef |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20performance%20index | In process improvement efforts, the process performance index is an estimate of the process capability of a process during its initial set-up, before it has been brought into a state of statistical control.
Formally, if the upper and lower specifications of the process are USL and LSL, the estimated mean of the process is , and the estimated variability of the process (expressed as a standard deviation) is , then the process performance index is defined as:
is estimated using the sample standard deviation. Ppk may be negative if the process mean falls outside the specification limits (because the process is producing a large proportion of defective output).
Some specifications may only be one sided (for example, strength). For specifications that only have a lower limit, ; for those that only have an upper limit, .
Practitioners may also encounter , a metric that does not account for process performance not exactly centered between the specification limits, and therefore is interpreted as what the process would be capable of achieving if it could be centered and stabilized.
Interpretation
Larger values of Ppk may be interpreted to indicate that a process is more capable of producing output within the specification limits, though this interpretation is controversial. Strictly speaking, from a statistical standpoint, Ppk is meaningless if the process under study is not in control because one cannot reliably estimate the process underlying probability distribution, let alone parameters like and . Furthermore, using this metric of past process performance to predict future performance is highly suspect.
From a management standpoint, when an organization is under pressure to set up a new process quickly and economically, Ppk is a convenient metric to gauge how set-up is progressing (increasing Ppk being interpreted as "the process capability is improving"). The risk is that Ppk is taken to mean a process is ready for production before all the kinks have been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20E.%20M.%20Pearce | Charles Edward Miller Pearce (29 March 1940 – 8 June 2012) was a New Zealand/Australian mathematician.
At the time of his death on 8 June 2012 he was the (Sir Thomas) Elder Professor of Mathematics at the University of Adelaide.
Early life
Pearce was born in Wellington. His early schooling was in Wellington and he was dux of Hutt Valley High School in 1957. He earned his Bachelor of Science (a double major in Applied and Pure Mathematics and a further double major in Physics and Mathematical Physics) and in 1962 he earned a Masters of Science with first class honours in Mathematics, all from Victoria University of Wellington. The bachelor's degree was from the University of New Zealand, as the constituent colleges of UNZ, of which Victoria University College was one of four, had proliferated into four autonomous Universities by the time Pearce completed his master's degree.
New Zealand origins
Pearce always remained proud of his New Zealand origins. Being descended from Maori people, he claimed his New Zealand ancestry was longer than almost all his peers from New Zealand.
Pearce is descended from Alexander Gray, one of just five Scots who settled in New Zealand as part of the original and largely strong interest in Maoritanga and claimed ancestral connection to three waka (canoes) in the heke (migration): Aotea, Kurahaupo and Takatimu. His principal tribal connection was with the Ngati Ruanui, based in the southern Taranaki.
Life and career
In 1963 Pearce left New Zealand for doctoral study at the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, under the supervision of Pat Moran. Thereafter followed short stints (1 to 3 years) as lecturer at: ANU; University of Queensland (visiting Professor); Université de Rennes 1, France; and University of Sheffield (1966–68). He was appointed to the University of Adelaide in 1968 and remained there for the ensuing years, having been promoted to senior lecturer in 1971, Reader in 1982 and professor in 2003. He was a lead |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilia | Nautilia is a genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroecology | Aeroecology is the discipline for studying how airborne life forms utilize and interact with other biotic and abiotic components of the atmosphere. The aerosphere is viewed as habitat and the way that organisms respond to and take advantage of the dynamic aeroscape has relevance to the ecology, evolution, and conservation of many of the world's bird, bat, insect, and plant species.
The interactions and properties in the aerosphere, the zone that is closest to the Earth's surface, provide selective pressures that influence the size and shape of organisms, their behavioral, sensory, metabolic, and respiratory functions. In contrast to organisms that spend their entire lives on land or in water, organisms that use the aerosphere are almost immediately affected by changing conditions such as winds, air density, oxygen concentrations, precipitation, air temperature, sunlight, polarized light, moonlight, and geomagnetic and gravitational forces.
Aeroecology has relied upon traditional ecological field studies such as direct observation or detection of organisms flying overhead (e.g., moon watching, thermal cameras, or bioacoustics). However, the field has been greatly advanced by the inclusion of remotely sensed data, in particular Doppler weather radar or NEXRAD. In March 2012, an international and interdisciplinary Radar Aeroecology Workshop was held at the National Weather Center on the University of Oklahoma campus in Norman, OK, USA. Experts in the fields of ecology and meteorology discussed how various radar technologies could be applied to aeroecological questions. Aeroecology research groups at both the University of Oklahoma and the University of Delaware continue to advance the development and integration of remotely sensed data to quantify, qualify, and track biological utilization of the lower aerosphere.
History
Aeroecology is a relatively new field of study. It was first introduced as a concept by Boston University researcher Thomas Kunz et al. in a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross%E2%80%93Neveu%20model | The Gross–Neveu (GN) model is a quantum field theory model of Dirac fermions interacting via four-fermion interactions in 1 spatial and 1 time dimension. It was introduced in 1974 by David Gross and André Neveu as a toy model for quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. It shares several features of the QCD: GN theory is asymptotically free thus at strong coupling the strength of the interaction gets weaker and the corresponding function of the interaction coupling is negative, the theory has a dynamical mass generation mechanism with chiral symmetry breaking, and in the large number of flavor () limit, GN theory behaves as t'Hooft's large limit in QCD.
It consists of N Dirac fermions . The Lagrangian density is
.
Einstein summation notation is used, is a two component spinor object and is the coupling constant. If the mass is nonzero, the model is massive classically, otherwise it enjoys a chiral symmetry.
This model has a U(N) global internal symmetry. If one takes N=1 (which permits only one quartic interaction) and makes no attempt to analytically continue the dimension, the model reduces to the massive Thirring model (which is completely integrable).
It is a 2-dimensional version of the 4-dimensional Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model (NJL), which was introduced 14 years earlier as a model of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking (but no quark confinement) modeled upon the BCS theory of superconductivity. The 2-dimensional version has the advantage that the 4-fermi interaction is renormalizable, which it is not in any higher number of dimensions.
Features of the theory
Gross and Neveu studied this model in the large limit, expanding the relevant parameters in a 1/N expansion. After demonstrating that this and related models are asymptotically free, they found that, in the subleading order, for small fermion masses the bifermion condensate acquires a vacuum expectation value (VEV) and as a result the fundamental fermions become mas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpartaDOS%20X | SpartaDOS X (or SpartaDOS 4.0) is a disk operating system for the Atari 8-bit family of computers that closely resembles MS-DOS. It was developed and sold by ICD, Inc. in 1987-1993, and many years later picked up by the third-party community SpartaDOS X Upgrade Project, which still maintains the software.
History
SpartaDOS X is a successor to SpartaDOS 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 (also ICD products) and while it enjoys good level of backward compatibility with older versions, it is a completely new system, written from scratch.
SpartaDOS X 4.0 was originally developed by Michael Gustafson in
1987-89, and shipped on 64k ROM cartridges by
ICD, Inc.
up to version 4.21. The cartridge contained an additional cartridge slot on itself, so that it was possible to plug-in another cartridge, such as ICD's R-Time 8 battery-backed clock, a language cartridge (Action!, MAC/65 etc.) or a game cartridge, and use it in conjunction with the DOS.
In 1992 Atari Corp. dropped all the official support for their 8-bit computers, and so did ICD shortly after that. The rights for the 8-bit ICD inventory were purchased in November 1993 by Michael Hohman, officially as Fine Tooned Engineering. FTE released a slightly updated version 4.22 on 5 November 1995, and, after two or three years, disappeared together with all the items and rights it owned.
Ten years later development of SpartaDOS X was picked up by its enthusiasts, as SpartaDOS X Upgrade Project. It resulted in several unofficial revisions of the software, incorporating many of the utilities written since 1992, cleaning many identified problems and including numerous improvements. the published versions are:
4.31 (2005)
4.39RC (2006)
4.40 (a leaked-out beta, 2006)
4.41 (Feb. 2008)
4.42 (Dec. 2008)
4.43 (Apr. 2011)
4.44 (Jun. 2011)
4.45 (Nov. 2011)
4.46 (Jan. 2013)
4.47 (Feb. 2015)
4.48 (Jul. 2016)
4.49 (Apr. 2020)
Characteristics
General
SpartaDOS X is a non-multitasking operating system intentionally modeled after and clo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-gap%20decision%20theory | Info-gap decision theory seeks to optimize robustness to failure under severe uncertainty, in particular applying sensitivity analysis of the stability radius type to perturbations in the value of a given estimate of the parameter of interest. It has some connections with Wald's maximin model; some authors distinguish them, others consider them instances of the same principle.
It has been developed by Yakov Ben-Haim, and has found many applications and described as a theory for decision-making under "severe uncertainty". It has been criticized as unsuited for this purpose, and alternatives proposed, including such classical approaches as robust optimization.
Summary
Info-gap is a theory: it assists in decisions under uncertainty. It does this by using models, each built on the last. One begins with a model for the situation, where some parameter or parameters are unknown.
Then takes an estimate for the parameter, and one analyzes how sensitive the outcomes under the model are to the error in this estimate.
Uncertainty model Starting from the estimate, an uncertainty model measures how far away other values of the parameter are: as uncertainty increases, the set of values increase.
Robustness/opportuneness model Given an uncertainty model, then for each decision, how uncertain can you be and be confident succeeding? (robustness) Also, given a windfall, how uncertain must you be for this result to be plausible? (opportuneness)
Decision-making model One optimizes the robustness on the basis of the model. Given an outcome, which decision can stand the most uncertainty and give the outcome? Also, given a windfall, which decision requires the least uncertainty for the outcome?
Models
Info-gap theory models uncertainty as subsets around a point estimate : the estimate is accurate, and uncertainty increases, in general without bound. The uncertainty measures the "distance" between an estimate and a plausibility – providing an intermediate measure between a point (the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-liquid%20interface%20cell%20culture | Air liquid interface cell culture (ALI) is a method of cell culture by which basal stem cells are grown with their basal surfaces in contact with media, and the top of the cellular layer is exposed to the air. The cells are then lifted and media is changed until the development of a mucociliary phenotype of a pseudostratified epithelium, similar to the tracheal epithelium.
This method of cell culture aims to be used to study fundamental aspects of the respiratory epithelium, such as cell-to-cell signaling, disease modeling, and respiratory regeneration.
Air-liquid interface cell culture compares to standard cell culture practices by specifically aiming to restore the pseudostratified striation of the respiratory airway in vitro, and aiming to maintain the respiratory airway-niche of (from top to bottom) 1) air, 2) pseudostratified epithelium, and 3) liquid media. Standard cell culture processes are either non-airway specific or revolve around an organ system that requires other means of cellular maintenance in vitro.
Protocol
The protocol for air-liquid interface culture relies on two key steps: isolation of the epithelial cells from an organism, and culture of those cells.
Isolation
Organs with epithelial cells are isolated (dissected) and placed in PBS to clean any impurities and these isolated organs are digested using trypsin. After the digest, ROCK inhibitor (Rho-associated kinase inhibitor) is added to prevent cellular apoptosis of isolated cells. What is left is digested cellular content mixed with tissue; pronase/DNAse is added to clean up dead cellular material as well as any remaining protein material. The resulting material is chopped finely in media and individual isolated cell samples are placed in respectively marked microcentrifuge tubes, and shaken at 37 °C for 30 – 40 minutes. Once the cells have been incubated, they are plated onto transwell membranes for growth.
Culture
Plate cells with SABM (Small Airway Basal Media) to enrich the cells w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthomorphism | In abstract algebra, an orthomorphism is a certain kind of mapping from a group into itself. Let G be a group, and let θ be a permutation of G. Then θ is an orthomorphism of G if the mapping f defined by f(x) = x−1 θ(x) is also a permutation of G. A permutation φ of G is a complete mapping if the mapping g defined by g(x) = xφ(x) is also a permutation of G. Orthomorphisms and complete mappings are closely related. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang%20Police%20Files | The Xinjiang Police Files are leaked documents from the Xinjiang internment camps, forwarded to anthropologist Adrian Zenz from an anonymous source. On May 24, 2022, an international consortium of 14 media groups published information about the files, which consist of over 10 gigabytes of speeches, images, spreadsheets and protocols dating back to 2018.
The Xinjiang Police Files were published at the same time as the UN Human Rights Commissioner Michelle Bachelet started her visit to China on May 23. Her briefing included exploring the situation of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang as part of the visit.
Background
According to estimates by U.N. and U.S. officials, one million Uyghurs and other Turkic groups were held in Chinese government camps in 2018. The existence of China's "re-education" and an extrajudicial program for mass detention were first detected in satellite photos, and testimonies from Uyghur refugees. The documents of the leak were collected during the mass detention program's highest level of intensity.
Initially, China denied the existence of Xinjiang camps; in 2018, the Chinese government started referring to the camps as "vocational training schools", and that attendance was voluntarily. China has also referred to the system as a "de-radicalization" program.
A previous investigation into Xinjiang by a large group of media organisations occurred in 2019, and was released under the name China Cables. This leak, based on classified Chinese government documents, exposed the operations manual for Xinjiang detention camps and the region's system of mass surveillance. The Xinjiang Police Files leak is the second major data leak related to Xinjiang, after more than 400 pages of internal documents were leaked in 2019.
The Xinjiang Police Files documents were obtained by Adrian Zenz, a senior fellow at the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, who subsequently shared the documents with a group of 14 news organizations. According to Zenz, the files were made |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Mania | is a cavalier perspective maze game that was developed and released by Namco for arcades in 1987. In the game, the player controls Pac-Man as he must eat all of the dots while avoiding the colored ghosts that chase him in the maze. Eating large flashing "Power Pellets" will allow Pac-Man to eat the ghosts for bonus points, which lasts for a short period of time. A new feature to this game allows Pac-Man to jump over the ghosts to evade capture. It is the ninth title in the Pac-Man video game series and was the last one developed for arcades up until the release of Pac-Man Arrangement in 1996. Development was directed by Pac-Man creator Toru Iwatani. It was licensed to Atari Games for release in North America.
Pac-Mania gained a highly-positive critical reception for its uniqueness and gameplay. It was nominated for "Best Coin-Op Conversion of the Year" at the Golden Joystick Awards in 1987, although it lost to Taito's Operation Wolf. Pac-Mania was ported to several home consoles and computers, including the Atari ST, MSX2, Sega Genesis and Nintendo Entertainment System, the last of which being published by Tengen. Several Pac-Man and Namco video game collections also included the game. Ports for the Wii Virtual Console, iOS and mobile phones were also produced.
Gameplay
Pac-Mania is a maze game viewed from an oblique perspective and with a gameplay similar to the franchise's original installment. The player controls Pac-Man, a yellow circular creature that must eat all of the pellets in each stage while avoiding five colored ghosts - Blinky (red), Pinky (pink), Inky (cyan), Clyde (orange) and Sue (purple). Eating large Power Pellets will cause the ghosts to turn blue and flee, allowing Pac-Man to eat them for bonus points and send them to the house in the middle of the stage. Clearing the stage of dots and pellets will allow Pac-Man to move to the next. Mazes scroll both horizontally and vertically, and the left and right edges of some layouts wrap around to each |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOYB | NOYB – European Center for Digital Rights (styled as "noyb", from "none of your business") is a non-profit organization based in Vienna, Austria established in 2017 with a pan-European focus. Co-founded by Austrian lawyer and privacy activist Max Schrems, NOYB aims to launch strategic court cases and media initiatives in support of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the proposed ePrivacy Regulation, and information privacy in general. The organisation was established after a funding period during which it has raised annual donations of €250,000 by supporting members. Currently, NOYB is financed by more than 4,400 supporting members.
While many privacy organisations focus attention on governments, NOYB puts its focus on privacy issues and privacy violations in the private sector. Under Article 80, the GDPR foresees that non-profit organizations can take action or represent users. NOYB is also recognized as a "qualified entity" to bring consumer class actions in Belgium.
Notable actions
EU–US data transfers/"Schrems I" (2016)
The Irish Data Protection Commission (DPC) filed a lawsuit against Schrems and Facebook in 2016, based on a complaint from 2013, which had led to the so-called "Safe Harbor Decision". Back then, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) had invalidated the Safe Harbor data transfer system with its decision. When the case was referred back to the DPC the Irish regulator found that Facebook had in fact relied on Standard Contact Clauses, not on the invalidated Safe Harbor. The DPC then found that there were "well-founded" concerns by Schrems under these instruments too, but instead of taking action against Facebook, initiated proceedings against Facebook and Schrems before the Irish High Court. The case was ultimately referred to the CJEU in C-311/18 (called "Schrems II"; see Max Schrems#Schrems II). NOYB supported this private case of Schrems.
"Forced consent" complaints (2018)
Within hours after General Data Protection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire%20rope | Wire rope is composed of as few as two solid, metal wires twisted into a helix that forms a composite rope, in a pattern known as laid rope. Larger diameter wire rope consists of multiple strands of such laid rope in a pattern known as cable laid. Manufactured using an industrial machine known as a strander, the wires are fed through a series of barrels and spun into their final composite orientation.
In stricter senses, the term wire rope refers to a diameter larger than , with smaller gauges designated cable or cords. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.
Historically, wire rope evolved from wrought iron chains, which had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to catastrophic failure, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are less critical as the other wires easily take up the load. While friction between the individual wires and strands causes wear over the life of the rope, it also helps to compensate for minor failures in the short run.
Wire ropes were developed starting with mining hoist applications in the 1830s. Wire ropes are used dynamically for lifting and hoisting in cranes and elevators, and for transmission of mechanical power. Wire rope is also used to transmit force in mechanisms, such as a Bowden cable or the control surfaces of an airplane connected to levers and pedals in the cockpit. Only aircraft cables have WSC (wire strand core). Also, aircraft cables are available in smaller diameters than wire rope. For example, aircraft cables are available in diameter while most wire ropes begin at a diameter. Static wire ropes are used to support structures such as suspension bridges or as guy wires to support towers. An aerial tramway relies on wire rope to support and move cargo overhead.
History
Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20computer | An analog computer or analogue computer is a type of computer that uses the continuous variation aspect of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities (analog signals) to model the problem being solved. In contrast, digital computers represent varying quantities symbolically and by discrete values of both time and amplitude (digital signals).
Analog computers can have a very wide range of complexity. Slide rules and nomograms are the simplest, while naval gunfire control computers and large hybrid digital/analog computers were among the most complicated. Complex mechanisms for process control and protective relays used analog computation to perform control and protective functions.
Analog computers were widely used in scientific and industrial applications even after the advent of digital computers, because at the time they were typically much faster, but they started to become obsolete as early as the 1950s and 1960s, although they remained in use in some specific applications, such as aircraft flight simulators, the flight computer in aircraft, and for teaching control systems in universities. Perhaps the most relatable example of analog computers are mechanical watches where the continuous and periodic rotation of interlinked gears drives the second, minute and hour needles in the clock. More complex applications, such as aircraft flight simulators and synthetic-aperture radar, remained the domain of analog computing (and hybrid computing) well into the 1980s, since digital computers were insufficient for the task.
Timeline of analog computers
Precursors
This is a list of examples of early computation devices considered precursors of the modern computers. Some of them may even have been dubbed 'computers' by the press, though they may fail to fit modern definitions.
The Antikythera mechanism, a type of device used to determine the positions of heavenly bodies known as an orrery, was described as an early mechanical analog c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Firmware | Open Firmware is a standard defining the interfaces of a computer firmware system, formerly endorsed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It originated at Sun Microsystems where it was known as OpenBoot, and has been used by multiple vendors including Sun, Apple, IBM and ARM.
Open Firmware allows a system to load platform-independent drivers directly from a PCI device, improving compatibility.
Open Firmware may be accessed through its command line interface, which uses the Forth programming language.
History
Open Firmware was described by IEEE standard as IEEE 1275-1994. This standard was not reaffirmed by the Open Firmware Working Group (OFWG) since 1998, and was therefore officially withdrawn by IEEE in May 2005.
Features
Open Firmware defines a standard way to describe the hardware configuration of a system, called the device tree. This helps the operating system to better understand the configuration of the host computer, relying less on user configuration and hardware polling. For example, Open Firmware is essential for reliably identifying slave I2C devices like temperature sensors for hardware monitoring, whereas the alternative solution of performing a blind probe of the I2C bus, as has to be done by software like lm_sensors on generic hardware, is known to result in serious hardware issues under certain circumstances.
Open Firmware Forth Code may be compiled into FCode, a bytecode which is independent of instruction set architecture. A PCI card may include a program, compiled to FCode, which runs on any Open Firmware system. In this way, it can provide boot-time diagnostics, configuration code, and device drivers. FCode is also very compact, so that a disk driver may require only one or two kilobytes. Therefore, many of the same I/O cards can be used on Sun systems and Macintoshes that used Open Firmware. FCode implements ANS Forth and a subset of the Open Firmware library.
Being based upon an interactive programming la |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterogyrinus | Proterogyrinus is an extinct genus of early tetrapods from the order Embolomeri. Fossil remains of Proterogyrinus have been found in Scotland, UK, and West Virginia, United States, and date back to the Serpukhovian (mid-Carboniferous period), which is from about 331 to 323 million years ago. The genus was originally named by renowned vertebrate paleontologist Alfred Sherwood Romer in 1970. A comprehensive redescription was later published by Canadian paleontologist Robert Holmes in 1984. The generic name "Proterogyrinus" is Greek for "earlier wanderer" or "earlier tadpole". This name was chosen by Romer in keeping with a trend of naming long-bodied early tetrapods (such as Eogyrinus and Crassigyrinus) with the suffix "-gyrinus".
Romer hesitated from designating Proterogyrinus as a true embolomere, because its intercentra (the forward portion of each vertebra) were smaller than its pleurocentra (the rear portion). He used the group Anthracosauria to encompass embolomeres and their close relatives such as Proterogyrinus. However, other sources prefer a wider definition of Embolomeri similar in usage to Romer's Anthracosauria, thus counting Proterogyrinus as an embolomere.
Description
In most respects Proterogyrinus resembled other embolomeres such as Archeria, with a moderately elongated skull that was taller than that of other early tetrapods such as colosteids and temnospondyls. Members of the genus had strong limbs with several fully-ossified ankle and wrist bones. This would have given Proterogyrinus the ability to walk and hunt on land. However, the presence of lateral line grooves and otic notches which likely held spiracles show that they were probably more well-adapted for the water. The tail was long and tall, and was likely a powerful method of locomotion. The eyes were positioned high on the skull, supporting the idea that Proterogyrinus had an active lifestyle near the surface of the water. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N26 | N26 (known as Number 26 until July 2016) is a German neobank headquartered in Berlin, Germany. N26 was founded in 2013 in a Rocket Internet Incubator and currently operates in various member states of the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). It provides a free basic current account and a debit card, with overdraft and investment products and premium accounts available for a monthly fee.
History
The company was founded as a financial technology startup in 2013 by Valentin Stalf and Maximilian Tayenthal. According to Stalf, the name is derived from number of smaller cubes in a complete Rubik's Cube, since a 3x3x3 cube has 26 individual visible cubes (27 less, 1 hidden). In April 2015, N26 received €10 million in a series A round by Valar Ventures.
Initially, Number 26 started operations without holding a banking license; instead, it was provided an interface to a back end provided by Wirecard. In July 2016, it re-branded as N26 Bank, having received its own banking license from BaFin.
In June 2016 N26 notified several customers that their accounts were going to be terminated. The company cited as main reasons that some customers were making too many ATM withdrawals, while others were suspected of money laundering.
In November 2016, customers were asked to transfer their accounts to N26 Bank's infrastructure. As a result, they would have to get a new account IBAN number and accounts held by Wirecard would be terminated. During the transfer of its customer base to its own banking infrastructure, N26 customers reported various problems.
In December 2016, N26 announced that its basic current account would be available to 17 Eurozone countries.
In March 2018, N26 raised $160 million in a series C round by Chinese internet giant Tencent Holdings and Allianz X (Allianz). On the same date, N26 claimed to have a customer base of 850,000, aiming to have 5,000,000 customers by 2020.
In January 2019, N26 raised an additional $300 million in a series D round led by Insight V |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium%20virus%20Patience | Mycobacterium virus Patience, also called Patience, is a bacteriophage that infects Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria. The large difference between the GC content of this virus's genome (50.3%) and that of its host (67.4%) indicate Patience likely evolved among bacteria of lower GC content but was able to infect M. smegmatis as well. It is the only species of the genus Patiencevirus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%20of%20Many | Man of Many is an Australian independent digital lifestyle publication and website founded by Scott Purcell and Frank Arthur in 2012 that focuses on men's lifestyle, technology and consumer product news.
History
Man of Many was founded in December 2012 by Scott Purcell and Frank Arthur as a publication covering consumer product news, technology and pop-culture content. The original concept behind the website was to report product news and announcements but the platform has since expanded to feature long-form editorials, interviews and local news and lifestyle content, on community issues such as men's mental health and sustainability.
In 2018, the publication announced a rebrand and launched a new website design in partnership with Sydney-based creative agency Canvas Group.
In January 2021, Man of Many publicly expressed concern about the impact of the proposed News Media Bargaining Code on independent publishers in Australia as well as in its formal submission to the Senate Economics Legislation Committee. The publication was also strongly opposed to Facebook blocking news content on its platform in Australia in February 2021 as a response to the proposed code.
In April 2021, Man of Many launched an e-commerce store called the Man of Many Shop. In July 2021, the publication partnered with other large digital publishers in the Australian market to pledge to publish clear and concise messaging to help drive COVID-19 vaccinations.
In September 2021, Man of Many won Media Brand of the Year in the 2021 Mumbrella Publish Awards and was announced as a founding member of the Digital Publishers’ Alliance (DPA) which collectively advocates for leading independent publications in Australia around key industry issues.
In January 2022, Man of Many became the first Australian publisher to sign on with Ipsos, the new exclusive and preferred source of digital audience measurement data to the national Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB).
In its submission to the federal tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSocial | OpenSocial is a public specification that defines a component hosting environment (container) and a set of common application programming interfaces (APIs) for web applications. Initially, it was designed for social network applications. It was developed by Google along with MySpace and several other social networks. Recently, it has been adopted as a general use runtime environment for allowing untrusted and partially trusted components from third parties to run in an existing web application. The OpenSocial Foundation moved to integrate or support numerous other Open Web technologies. This includes OAuth and OAuth 2.0, Activity Streams, and Portable Contacts, among others.
It was released on November 1, 2007.
Applications implementing the OpenSocial APIs are interoperable with any social network system that supports them. At launch, OpenSocial took a one-size-fits-all approach to development. As it became more robust and the user-base expanded, OpenSocial modularized the platform to allow developers to only include the parts of the platform it needed.
On December 16, 2014, the W3C issued a press release, "OpenSocial Foundation Moving Standards Work to W3C Social Web Activity", stating that OpenSocial would no longer exist as a separate entity, and encouraging the OpenSocial community to continue development work through the W3C Social Web Activity in the Social Web Working Group and Social Interest Group. The OpenSocial Foundation stated that "the community will have a better chance of realizing an open social web through discussions at a single organization, and the OpenSocial Foundation board believes that working as an integrated part of W3C will help reach more communities that will benefit from open social standards."
Structure
Based on HTML and JavaScript, as well as the Google Gadgets framework, OpenSocial includes multiple APIs for social software applications to access data and core functions on participating social networks. Each API addresses a dif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scigress | Scigress, stylized SCiGRESS, is a software suite for molecular modelling, computational chemistry, drug design, and materials science, a successor to Computer Aided Chemistry (CAChe) software.
About
Scigress is a molecular modeling suite for both experimental and computational chemists and biochemists. It enables researchers to study and design wide range of molecular systems:
organic
inorganic
polymers
proteins
metals, oxides, and ceramics
Functions
Intuitive, easy to learn, property driven user interface including molecule editor and batch processing.
Theory levels: DFT, semi-empirical, molecular mechanics and dynamics.
Determination of low energy conformations and thermodynamic properties.
Calculare and 3D-visualize electronic properties: partial charges, orbitals, electron densities, and electrostatic surfaces and more.
Analysis of chemical reactions: transition states and intrinsic reaction coordinates.
Spectroscopic properties analysis: IR, UV-VIS, NMR.
Study of phase transitions, expansion, crystal defects, compressibility, tensile strength, adsorption, absorption, thermal conductivity.
Protein handling and protein-ligand docking on quantum level.
Multiple presentation-quality visualizing options and movie creation.
Ability summary
Molecular mechanics
MM2, MM3
Semi-empirical methods
DFT
Study of reactivity
Fukui function, partial charge
Protein-ligand docking, molecular dynamics
User-friendly interface
Presentation quality graphics
Quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR)
Automated model builders
Polymers (homopolymers, block polymers, dendrimers), proteins, crystals
Needleman–Wunsch alignment
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Astrophysics | The Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (MPA) is a research institute located in Garching, just north of Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It is one of many scientific research institutes belonging to the Max Planck Society.
The MPA is widely considered to be one of the leading institutions in the world for theoretical astrophysics research. According to Thomson Reuters, from 1999-2009 the Max Planck Society as a whole published more papers and accumulated more citations in the fields of physics and space science than any other research organization in the world.
History
The Max Planck Society was founded on 26 February 1948. It effectively replaced the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science, which was dissolved after World War II. The society is named after Max Planck, one of the founders of quantum theory.
The MPA was founded as the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics in 1958 and split into the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and the Max Planck Institute for Physics in 1991. In 1995, the numerical relativity group moved to the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics.
Organization
The MPA is one of several Max Planck Institutes that specialize in astronomy and astrophysics. Others are the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching (located next-door to the MPA), the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Göttingen, and the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (a.k.a. Albert Einstein Institute) in Golm.
The institute is located next-door to the MPI for Extraterrestrial Physics, as well as the headquarters of the European Southern Observatory. It also enjoys close working relationships with the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Technical University Munich.
At any given time, the institute employs approximately 50 scientists, instructs over 30 PhD students, and hosts about |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic | is a Japanese multinational electronics company, headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka. It was founded in 1918 as in Fukushima, Osaka by Kōnosuke Matsushita. In 1935, it was incorporated and renamed In 2008, it changed its name to . In 2022, it became a holding company and was renamed.
In addition to consumer electronics, of which it was the world's largest maker in the late 20th century, Panasonic offers a wide range of products and services, including rechargeable batteries, automotive and avionic systems, industrial systems, as well as home renovation and construction. Panasonic has a primary listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX 100 indices. It has a secondary listing on the Nagoya Stock Exchange.
Corporate name
From 1935 to October 1, 2008, the company's corporate name was "Matsushita Electric Industrial Co." (MEI). On January 10, 2008, the company announced that it would change its name to "Panasonic Corporation", in effect on October 1, 2008, to conform with its global brand name "Panasonic". The name change was approved at the shareholders' meeting on June 26, 2008, after consultation with the Matsushita family.
In 2022, Panasonic announced a reorganization plan which split the company into Panasonic Holdings Corporation (the former Panasonic Corporation) and conversion of its divisions into subsidiaries; the Lifestyle Updates Business Division being the division that took the Panasonic Corporation name after the reorganization. The reorganization took effect on April 1, 2022.
Brand names
Panasonic Corporation sells virtually all of its products and services worldwide under the Panasonic, having phased out the Sanyo brand in the first quarter of 2012. The Panasonic brand uses the marketing slogan "A Better Life, A Better World". The company has sold products under a number of other brand names during its history.
In 1927, Matsushita adopted the brand name for a new lamp product. In 1955, the company began bra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced%20gravity | Induced gravity (or emergent gravity) is an idea in quantum gravity that spacetime curvature and its dynamics emerge as a mean field approximation of underlying microscopic degrees of freedom, similar to the fluid mechanics approximation of Bose–Einstein condensates. The concept was originally proposed by Andrei Sakharov in 1967.
Overview
Sakharov observed that many condensed matter systems give rise to emergent phenomena that are analogous to general relativity. For example, crystal defects can look like curvature and torsion in an Einstein–Cartan spacetime. This allows one to create a theory of gravity with torsion from a world crystal model of spacetime in which the lattice spacing is of the order of a Planck length. Sakharov's idea was to start with an arbitrary background pseudo-Riemannian manifold (in modern treatments, possibly with torsion) and introduce quantum fields (matter) on it but not introduce any gravitational dynamics explicitly. This gives rise to an effective action which to one-loop order contains the Einstein–Hilbert action with a cosmological constant. In other words, general relativity arises as an emergent property of matter fields and is not put in by hand. On the other hand, such models typically predict huge cosmological constants.
Some argue that the particular models proposed by Sakharov and others have been proven impossible by the Weinberg–Witten theorem. However, models with emergent gravity are possible as long as other things, such as spacetime dimensions, emerge together with gravity. Developments in AdS/CFT correspondence after 1997 suggest that the microphysical degrees of freedom in induced gravity might be radically different. The bulk spacetime arises as an emergent phenomenon of the quantum degrees of freedom that are entangled and live in the boundary of the spacetime. According to some prominent researchers in emergent gravity (such as Mark Van Raamsdonk) spacetime is built up of quantum entanglement. This implies that q |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20mesh | Particle Mesh (PM) is a computational method for determining the forces in a system of particles. These particles could be atoms, stars, or fluid components and so the method is applicable to many fields, including molecular dynamics and astrophysics. The basic principle is that a system of particles is converted into a grid (or "mesh") of density values. The potential is then solved for this density grid, and forces are applied to each particle based on what cell it is in, and where in the cell it lies.
Various methods for converting a system of particles into a grid of densities exist. One method is that each particle simply gives its mass to the closest point in the mesh. Another method is the Cloud-in-Cell (CIC) method, where the particles are modelled as constant density cubes, and one particle can contribute mass to several cells.
Once the density distribution is found, the potential energy of each point in the mesh can be determined from the differential form of Gauss's law, which—after identifying the electric field as the negative gradient of the electric potential —gives rise to a Poisson equation that is easily solved after applying the Fourier transform. Thus it is faster to do a PM calculation than to simply add up all the interactions on a particle due to all other particles for two reasons: firstly, there are usually fewer grid points than particles, so the number of interactions to calculate is smaller, and secondly the grid technique permits the use of Fourier transform techniques to evaluate the potential, and these can be very fast.
PM is considered an obsolete method as it does not model close interaction between particles well. It has been supplanted by the Particle-Particle Particle-Mesh method, which uses a straight particle-particle sum between nearby particles in addition to the PM calculation.
See also
P3M
Particle mesh method
Particle mesh Ewald method
Madelung constant
Poisson summation formula
Paul Peter Ewald
Computational |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruits%20de%20mer%20%28chocolate%29 | Fruits de mer is a type of Belgian chocolate pralines made of dark and milk chocolate with a nougat filling, in the form of various seafood: seahorses, venus clams, mussels, starfish and various sea snails. The pralines are sold in chocolate shops, in supermarkets, and as handmade products in Konditorei shops.
The Belgian confectionery company Guylian from Antwerp is said to be the first company to produce pralines in the form of seafood. The company has been producing the pralines since the 1960s, first by hand, later by automatic machinery. The main product contains Belgian dark chocolate with 34 percent cocoa, while the Fruits de mer extra dark product has a cocoa content of 74 percent.
Copycat products are sold at German discount stores. Sugar-free pralines have been on the market since 1996 and fair trade pralines from Oxfam since 2001.
Literature
Dominique Auzias: Le Petit Futé Guide du chocolat et des confiseries. Petit Futé, 2006, , p. 65 (Google Books)
L. Mantovano: Maestri del Cioccolato. Verlag G.R.H. S.p.A., 2004, , p. 192 (Google Books)
Jacques Mercier: The Temptation of Chocolate. Lannoo Uitgeverij, 2008, , p. 206. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheevaPlug | The SheevaPlug is a "plug computer" designed to allow standard computing features in as small a space as possible. It was a small embedded Linux ARM computer without a display which can be considered an early predecessor to the subsequent Raspberry Pi.
As one of the first such computers on the market, the device has a 1.2 GHz Marvell Kirkwood 6281 ARM-compatible CPU, a.k.a. Feroceon. It is sold with Ubuntu Linux version 9.04 pre-installed. A software development kit for the platform is also available.
Commercial products
The following commercial products are known to be based on the SheevaPlug platform:
BarracudaDrive is a free Cloud Server for the SheevaPlug.
CTERA CloudPlug by CTERA Networks, a plug computer providing remote backup service at local disk speeds and overlays a file sharing service.
TonidoPlug from CodeLathe, a SheevaPlug-based device that runs Tonido home server and NAS software, and allows users to access, share and sync files and media.
Pogoplug by Cloud Engines, a device that lets users access their files at home over the Internet without leaving a PC on.
Seagate FreeAgent DockStar and Black Armor 110/220 NAS, both a variant of the Pogoplug.
GuruPlug, a SheevaPlug with additional connectivity options.
DreamPlug, similar to a GuruPlug+
The PylonPlug by Equelex. A one interface OpenWrt device that when used in conjunction with a VLAN (IEEE 802.1Q) capable network switch, can be used as a Multi-WAN network router. Its operating system is OpenWrt Linux
The sipJack from pbxnsip is a Sheeva kit-based plug computer and provides Voice over IP services and PBX features.
The WeatherHub2 by Ambient Weather, a server that collects data from a weather station and uploads data to Web pages or other Internet services.
The GeNiJack by NETCOR. An endpoint for end-to-end network performance assessment.
BACnet Gateway by Kara Systems, a M-Bus, Modbus and OneWire gateway which represents a BACNet Device
Pwnie Express is a Computer Security tool.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20connectivity | In computing and graph theory, a dynamic connectivity structure is a data structure that dynamically maintains information about the connected components of a graph.
The set V of vertices of the graph is fixed, but the set E of edges can change. The three cases, in order of difficulty, are:
Edges are only added to the graph (this can be called incremental connectivity);
Edges are only deleted from the graph (this can be called decremental connectivity);
Edges can be either added or deleted (this can be called fully dynamic connectivity).
After each addition/deletion of an edge, the dynamic connectivity structure should adapt itself such that it can give quick answers to queries of the form "is there a path between x and y?" (equivalently: "do vertices x and y belong to the same connected component?").
Incremental connectivity
If edges can only be added, then the dynamic connectivity problem can be solved by a Disjoint-set data structure. Each set represents a connected component; there is a path between x and y if and only if they belong to the same set. The amortized time per operation is , where n is the number of vertices and α is the inverse Ackermann function.
Decremental connectivity
The case in which edges can only be deleted was solved by Shimon Even and Yossi Shiloach.
The structure uses a table that specifies, for each vertex, the name of the component to which it belongs. Thus a connectivity query takes constant time. The challenge is to update the table when an edge is deleted.
Acyclic graphs (forests)
When edge u-v is deleted in a forest, the tree containing that edge is broken to two trees: one of them contains u and the other contains v. The table is updated in the following way.
Scan the tree starting from u (using any tree scan algorithm, such as DFS).
Scan the tree starting from v.
Do the above two procedures in parallel, i.e., either using two parallel processes, or by interleaving their steps (make a step of first scan, then a s |
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