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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thallus | Thallus (: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. Many of these organisms were previously known as the thallophytes, a polyphyletic group of distantly related organisms. An organism or structure resembling a thallus is called thalloid, thallodal, thalliform, thalline, or thallose.
A thallus usually names the entire body of a multicellular non-moving organism in which there is no organization of the tissues into organs. Even though thalli do not have organized and distinct parts (leaves, roots, and stems) as do the vascular plants, they may have analogous structures that resemble their vascular "equivalents". The analogous structures have similar function or macroscopic structure, but different microscopic structure; for example, no thallus has vascular tissue. In exceptional cases such as the Lemnoideae, where the structure of a vascular plant is in fact thallus-like, it is referred to as having a thalloid structure, or sometimes as a thalloid.
Although a thallus is largely undifferentiated in terms of its anatomy, there can be visible differences and functional differences. A kelp, for example, may have its thallus divided into three regions. The parts of a kelp thallus include the holdfast (anchor), stipe (supports the blades) and the blades (for photosynthesis).
The thallus of a fungus is usually called a mycelium. The term thallus is also commonly used to refer to the vegetative body of a lichen. In seaweed, thallus is sometimes also called 'frond'.
The gametophyte of some non-thallophyte plants – clubmosses, horsetails, and ferns is termed "prothallus".
See also
Homothallism
Heterothallism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%2C%20Kansas%2C%20%26%20Texas%20Railway%20Co.%20of%20Texas%20v.%20May | Missouri, Kansas, & Texas Railway Company of Texas v. Clay May, 194 U.S. 267 (1904), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that a Texas law did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution by penalizing only railroad companies for allowing certain weeds to mature and go to seed on their land.
Overview
Clay May, a Texas farmer who was not represented by counsel, obtained a penalty payment of US$25 from the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway of Texas (the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway's Texas subsidiary), also known as the "MKT", for having allowed Johnson grass to grow on its land. Under a 1901 Texas law, any railroad allowing Johnson grass or Russian thistle to mature and go to seed on their land would have to pay this penalty to owners of adjacent land, as long as those owners had not done the same thing. The MKT appealed and lost, and then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the law violated the equal-treatment provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment, as it penalized only railroad companies and not other individuals or companies that allowed these weeds to grow.
Decision
Justice Holmes, less than two years into his service on the Supreme Court, wrote for the Court's majority that a state law "should not be disturbed by the courts under the 14th Amendment, unless they can see clearly that there is no fair reason for the law that would not require ... its extension to others whom it leaves untouched." He wrote the Court felt "unable to say" whether the law was too arbitrary; that "it would have been more obviously fair" to also penalize highways; but offered several possible explanations for the Texas legislature's singling out of the railroads, and wrote that "legislatures are ultimate guardians of the liberties and welfare of the people in quite as great a degree as the courts." This latter line has been quoted numerous times in subsequent U.S. Supreme Court opinions, when the author of an opin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning%20poker | Planning poker, also called Scrum poker, is a consensus-based, gamified technique for estimating, mostly used for timeboxing in Agile principles. In planning poker, members of the group make estimates by playing numbered cards face-down to the table, instead of speaking them aloud. The cards are revealed, and the estimates are then discussed. By hiding the figures in this way, the group can avoid the cognitive bias of anchoring, where the first number spoken aloud sets a precedent for subsequent estimates.
Planning poker is a variation of the Wideband delphi method. It is most commonly used in agile software development, in particular in Scrum and Extreme Programming.
The method was first defined and named by James Grenning in 2002 and later popularized by Mike Cohn in the book Agile Estimating and Planning, whose company trade marked the term and a digital online tool.
Process
Rationale
The reason to use planning poker is to avoid the influence of the other participants. If a number is spoken, it can sound like a suggestion and influence the other participants' sizing. Planning poker should force people to think independently and propose their numbers simultaneously. This is accomplished by requiring that all participants show their cards at the same time.
Equipment
Planning poker is based on a list of features to be delivered, several copies of a deck of cards, and optionally, an egg timer that can be used to limit time spent in discussion of each item.
The feature list, often a list of user stories, describes some software that needs to be developed.
The cards in the deck have numbers on them. A typical deck has cards showing the Fibonacci sequence including a zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89; other decks use similar progressions with a fixed ratio between each value such as 1, 2, 4, 8, etc.
The reason for using the Fibonacci sequence instead of simply doubling each subsequent value is because estimating a task as exactly double the effort as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental%20variables%20estimation | In statistics, econometrics, epidemiology and related disciplines, the method of instrumental variables (IV) is used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible or when a treatment is not successfully delivered to every unit in a randomized experiment. Intuitively, IVs are used when an explanatory variable of interest is correlated with the error term, in which case ordinary least squares and ANOVA give biased results. A valid instrument induces changes in the explanatory variable but has no independent effect on the dependent variable, allowing a researcher to uncover the causal effect of the explanatory variable on the dependent variable.
Instrumental variable methods allow for consistent estimation when the explanatory variables (covariates) are correlated with the error terms in a regression model. Such correlation may occur when:
changes in the dependent variable change the value of at least one of the covariates ("reverse" causation),
there are omitted variables that affect both the dependent and explanatory variables, or
the covariates are subject to non-random measurement error.
Explanatory variables that suffer from one or more of these issues in the context of a regression are sometimes referred to as endogenous. In this situation, ordinary least squares produces biased and inconsistent estimates. However, if an instrument is available, consistent estimates may still be obtained. An instrument is a variable that does not itself belong in the explanatory equation but is correlated with the endogenous explanatory variables, conditionally on the value of other covariates.
In linear models, there are two main requirements for using IVs:
The instrument must be correlated with the endogenous explanatory variables, conditionally on the other covariates. If this correlation is strong, then the instrument is said to have a strong first stage. A weak correlation may provide misleading inferences about parameter estimates and s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Campbell%20%28biologist%29 | Keith Henry Stockman Campbell (23 May 1954 – 5 October 2012) was a British biologist who was a member of the team at Roslin Institute that in 1996 first cloned a mammal, a Finnish Dorset lamb named Dolly, from fully differentiated adult mammary cells. He was Professor of Animal Development at the University of Nottingham. In 2008, he received the Shaw Prize for Medicine and Life Sciences jointly with Ian Wilmut and Shinya Yamanaka for "their works on the cell differentiation in mammals".
Education
Campbell was born in Birmingham, England, to an English mother and Scottish father. He started his education in Perth, Scotland, but, when he was eight years old, his family returned to Birmingham, where he attended King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys. He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in microbiology from the Queen Elizabeth College, University of London (now part of King's College London). In 1983 Campbell was awarded the Marie Curie Research Scholarship, which led to postgraduate studies and later his PhD from the University of Sussex (Brighton, England, UK).
Research and career
Campbell's interest in cloning mammals was inspired by work done by Karl Illmensee and John Gurdon. Working at the Roslin Institute since 1991, Campbell became involved with the cloning efforts led by Ian Wilmut. In July 1995 Keith Campbell and Bill Ritchie succeeded in producing a pair of lambs, Megan and Morag from embryonic cells, which had differentiated in culture. Then, in 1996, a team led by Ian Wilmut with Keith Campbell as the main (66% of the credit) contributor used the same technique and shocked the world by successfully cloning a sheep from adult mammary cells. Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, named after the singer Dolly Parton, was born in 1996 and lived to be six years old (dying from a viral infection and not old age, as has been suggested).
Campbell had a key role in the creation of Dolly, as he had the crucial idea of co-ordinating the stages of the "cell cycle" of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20application%20servers | This list compares the features and functionality of application servers, grouped by the hosting environment that is offered by that particular application server.
BASIC
Run BASIC An all-in-one BASIC scriptable application server, can automatically manage session and state.
C
Enduro/X A middleware platform for distributed transaction processing, based on XATMI and XA standards, open source, C API
C++
Tuxedo Based on the ATMI standard, is one of the original application servers.
Wt A web toolkit similar to Qt permitting GUI-application-like web development with built-in Ajax abilities.
POCO C++ Libraries A set of open source class libraries including Poco.Net.HTTPServer.html
CppCMS
Enduro/X A middleware platform for distributed transaction processing, based on XATMI and XA standards, open source
Go
Enduro/X ASG Application server for Go. This provides XATMI and XA facilities for Golang. Go application can be built by normal Go executable files which in turn provides stateless services, which can be load balanced, clustered and reloaded on the fly without service interruption by means of administrative work only. Framework provides distributed transaction processing facility for Go.
Java
Apache MINA an abstract event-driven asynchronous API over various transports such as TCP/IP and UDP/IP via Java NIO
Netty a non-blocking I/O client-server framework for the development of Java network applications similar in spirit to Node.js
JavaScript
Broadvision Server-side JavaScript AS. One of the early entrants in the market during the eCommerce dot-com bubble, they have vertical solution packages catering to the eCommerce industry.
Wakanda Server Server-side JavaScript application server integrating a NoSQL database engine (WakandaDB), a dedicated HTTP server, user, and group management and an optional client-side JavaScript framework.
Node.js implements Google's V8 engine as a standalone (outside the browser) asynchronous Javascript inter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientpet | Orientpets or Orienpets are a breed of lilies, the result of crosses between orientals and trumpets. They are commonly found under the OT hybrids in stores or nurseries.
The main characteristics of OT lilies are: plant vigor, diversity of colors, fragrance and thick texture of the petals. Many are hardy to USDA zone 4 and 3, whereas orientals and trumpets are usually not.
Liliaceae
Hybrid plants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudaconitine | Pseudaconitine, also known as nepaline (C36H51NO12), is an extremely toxic alkaloid found in high quantities in the roots of Aconitum ferox, also known as Indian Monkshood, which belongs to the family Ranunculaceae. The plant is found in East Asia, including the Himalayas.
History
Pseudaconitine was discovered in 1878 by Wright and Luff. They isolated a highly toxic alkaloid from the roots of the plant Aconitum ferox and called it pseudaconitine. The poison is also called bikh, bish, or nabee.
Toxicity and mechanism
Pseudaconitine is a moderate inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine through hydrolysis. Inhibition of this enzyme causes a constant stimulation of the postsynaptic membrane by the neurotransmitter which it cannot cancel. This accumulation of acetylcholine may thus lead to the constant stimulation of the muscles, glands and central nervous system. Furthermore, it appears the substance in small quantities also causes a tingling effect on the tongue, lips and skin.
Structure and reactivity
Pseudaconitine is a diterpene alkaloid, with the chemical formula C36H51NO12. The crystal melts at 202 °C and is moderately soluble in water, but more so in alcohol. This shows that it is a lipophilic substance. When heated in the dry state, it undergoes pyrolysis and pyropseudaconitine (C34H47O10N) is formed. This does not have the same tingling effect as pseudaconitine.
See also
Aconitine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haggis%20%28programming%20language%29 | Haggis is a high-level reference programming language used primarily to examine computing science for Scottish pupils taking SQA courses on the subject. Haggis is used as a tool to bridge the gap between pseudocode and typical computer programming.
Haggis is not based on any one language but a mixture that is intended to allow a pupil familiar with any of the many languages used in classrooms to easily understand the syntactic construct being used in an example. It has multiple programming paradigms of functional, imperative and object-oriented to suit this purpose.
There are three separate language definitions, one for each level at which computing is assessed by the SQA; these are proper subsets of each other, so for example any program contained by the National 5 level language is also well-defined at Higher and Advanced Higher levels. Higher includes the definition of procedures and functions and the use of record types and files, while Advanced Higher includes object-orientation.
Online Haggis interpreters have been developed to provide a way for examiners and teachers to check their programs are correctly defined and behave as expected.
Overview
In Scotland, school-level computing qualifications are awarded by the Scottish Qualifications Authority. A decision was made for computing courses that a single choice of programming language for examination should not be mandated: this allows teachers to choose languages as appropriate to context. This however leaves the issue of how to examine programming, especially in the light of recent educational research which encourages the teaching of reading and understanding code as a core discipline, which should therefore be examined.
Initially, a form of pseudocode language emerged among examiners, to avoid any such language dependency. However this led to the very undesirable situation that, while students are being taught about the importance of rigour of terms in a programming language, they can look back over p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolakamba | The Koolakamba or Kooloo-Kamba is a purported hybrid species of chimpanzees and gorillas. This alleged hybrid ape species has been reported in Africa as early as the mid 19th century. No empirical evidence has been found to substantiate the existence of the creature. The Koolakamba was referenced in the mid-19th century in French work by Franquet (1852, as cited by Shea, 1984) and in some descriptive work of Paul Du Chaillu from 1860, 1861, 1867, and 1899, some of which was republished in 1969 (Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa).
Origins of the name
Du Chaillu refers to the ape as Koolakamba based upon his description of words used by the indigenous peoples (Nkomi and Bakalai) in the region of the Ovenga River of West Central Africa, modernly Gabon. The people of Goumbi allegedly referred to the ape as "Kooloo" because that is what its unique vocalization, quite unlike the vocalizations of other apes in the region, sounded like to them. "Kamba", according to DuChaillu, is a Commi (Nkomi) word meaning "to speak".
Description and distinguishing features
The Koolakamba is believed to be larger, flatter-faced, larger-skulled and more bipedal than a chimp; though, it may also be a mutation.
According to DuChaillu (1861 and 1869), the physical characteristics described for Koolakamba include a short and broad pelvic structure, large supraorbital ridge, high zygomatic ridges, less prominent "muzzle", dentition in which the upper and lower incisors meet squarely forming a grinding surface, and a larger cranial capacity than that of the common chimpanzee. Much of what DuChaillu records is essentially ethnographic. He includes the indigenous names and lore relevant to the ape, descriptive text, and presumably accurate illustrations, but limited quantitative (mostly anthropometric) data.
Discussion
Although there has not been a documented sighting of the Koolakamba or proof of its existence in modern times, in 1881 Koppenfelds claimed that it did indeed ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leccinum%20holopus | Leccinum holopus, commonly known as the white birch bolete, white bog bolete, or ghost bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in northern Asia, Europe, and northeastern North America. It associates with birch trees and is typically found in boggy or swampy areas, often growing among sphagnum moss.
Fruitbodies (mushrooms) of L. holopus have convex caps measuring up to in diameter. Often pure white—especially in young fruitbodies—the caps sometimes become flushed with buff or brownish tints. The whitish surface of the stipe is covered with small, stiff, projecting scales (scabers) that become tan or darker in age. Some varieties of Leccinum holopus have been described that vary in cap color or staining reaction, but DNA evidence suggests that most are the same taxon. Although the fruitbodies are edible, opinions vary as to their culinary desirability.
Taxonomy
Initially named as a species of Boletus by German mycologist Friedrich Rostkovius in 1844, the fungus was later transferred to Leccinum by Roy Watling in 1960. Synonyms resulting from transfer to different genera include: Krombholzia holopoda and K. holopus (both published by Albert Pilát in 1951); Krombholziella holopus (Josef Šutara, 1989); Trachypus holopus (Paul Konrad and André Maublanc, 1952), and Trachypus scaber f. holopus (Henri Romagnesi, 1939). Other synonyms, according to Index Fungorum, include Leccinum olivaceosum, described from France in 1994, and Leccinum aerugineum (1991). Leccinum holopus is classified in section Scabra of genus Leccinum, a grouping that includes Northern Hemisphere species associating exclusively with birch.
The specific epithet holopus is Greek for "with perfect stalk". Common names given to the fungus include white birch bolete, white bog bolete, and ghost bolete.
Several subtaxa of Leccinum holopus have been described. In form aerugineum, described by Josef Šutara in 2009, the flesh discolors green after injury. The variety americanum, d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20hour%20%28photography%29 | In photography, the golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the sun is higher in the sky.
The golden hour is also sometimes called the "magic hour," especially by cinematographers and photographers. During these times, the brightness of the sky matches the brightness of streetlights, signs, car headlights and lit windows.
The period of time shortly before the magic hour at sunrise, or after it at sunset, is called the "blue hour". This is when the sun is at a significant depth below the horizon, when residual, indirect sunlight takes on a predominantly blue shade, and there are no sharp shadows because the sun either has not risen, or has already set.
Details
When the sun is low above the horizon, sunlight rays must penetrate the atmosphere for a greater distance, reducing the intensity of the direct light, so that more of the illumination comes from indirect light from the sky, reducing the lighting ratio. This is technically a type of lighting diffusion. More blue light is scattered, so if the sun is present, its light appears more reddish. In addition, the sun's low angle above the horizon produces longer shadows.
The term hour is used figuratively; the effect has no clearly defined duration and varies according to season and latitude. The character of the lighting is determined by the sun's altitude, and the time for the sun to move from the horizon to a specified altitude depends on a location's latitude and the time of year. In Los Angeles, California, at an hour after sunrise or an hour before sunset, the sun has an altitude of about 10–12°. For a location closer to the Equator, the same altitude is reached in less than an hour, and for a location farther from the equator, the altitude is reached in more than one hour. For a location sufficiently far from the equator, the sun may not reach an altitude of 10°, and the golden hour lasts for the entire day in certain s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte | An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that is electrically conducting through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly throughout the solvent. Solid-state electrolytes also exist. In medicine and sometimes in chemistry, the term electrolyte refers to the substance that is dissolved.
Electrically, such a solution is neutral. If an electric potential is applied to such a solution, the cations of the solution are drawn to the electrode that has an abundance of electrons, while the anions are drawn to the electrode that has a deficit of electrons. The movement of anions and cations in opposite directions within the solution amounts to a current. Some gases, such as hydrogen chloride (HCl), under conditions of high temperature or low pressure can also function as electrolytes. Electrolyte solutions can also result from the dissolution of some biological (e.g., DNA, polypeptides) or synthetic polymers (e.g., polystyrene sulfonate), termed "polyelectrolytes", which contain charged functional groups. A substance that dissociates into ions in solution or in the melt acquires the capacity to conduct electricity. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in a liquid phase are examples of electrolytes.
In medicine, electrolyte replacement is needed when a person has prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, and as a response to sweating due to strenuous athletic activity. Commercial electrolyte solutions are available, particularly for sick children (such as oral rehydration solution, Suero Oral, or Pedialyte) and athletes (sports drinks). Electrolyte monitoring is important in the treatment of anorexia and bulimia.
In science, electrolytes are one of the main components of electrochemical cells.
In clinical medicine, mentions of electrolytes usually refer m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax%E2%80%93Wendroff%20theorem | In computational mathematics, the Lax–Wendroff theorem, named after Peter Lax and Burton Wendroff, states that if a conservative numerical scheme for a hyperbolic system of conservation laws converges, then it converges towards a weak solution.
See also
Lax–Wendroff method
Godunov's scheme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression%20cassette | An expression cassette is a distinct component of vector DNA consisting of a gene and regulatory sequence to be expressed by a transfected cell. In each successful transformation, the expression cassette directs the cell's machinery to make RNA and protein(s). Some expression cassettes are designed for modular cloning of protein-encoding sequences so that the same cassette can easily be altered to make different proteins.
An expression cassette is composed of one or more genes and the sequences controlling their expression. An expression cassette comprises three components: a promoter sequence, an open reading frame, and a 3' untranslated region that, in eukaryotes, usually contains a polyadenylation site.
Different expression cassettes can be transfected into different organisms including bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammalian cells as long as the correct regulatory sequences are used.
See also
Expression vector
Gene cassette |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Hilsum | Cyril Hilsum (born 17 May 1925) is a British physicist and academic.
Hilsum was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1983 for the inventiveness and leadership in introducing III-V semiconductors into electronic technology.
Life
Hilsum entered Raine's Foundation School in 1936 as the middle of three brothers, leaving in 1943 after being accepted into University College London, where he did his BSc. In 1945, he joined the Royal Naval Scientific Service, moving in 1947 to the Admiralty Research Laboratory. In 1950, he transferred again to the Services Electronics Research Laboratory (SERL) where he remained until 1964 before again moving, this time to the Royal Radar Establishment. He won the Welker Award in 1978, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979 and an honorary member of the American National Academy of Engineering. In 1983, he was appointed Chief Scientist at GEC Hirst Research Centre. He was awarded the Max Born Prize in 1987, the 1988 Faraday Medal, and from then until 1990 served as President of the Institute of Physics. In the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for "services to the Electrical and Electronics Industry". He was the subject of a photograph by Nick Sinclair in 1993 that is currently held by the National Portrait Gallery. In 1997, he was awarded the Glazebrook Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics, and is notable as the only scientist to hold both this and the Faraday Medal together. He has served as a corporate research advisor for various entities, including Cambridge Display Technology, the European Commission and Unilever. In 2007, he was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal 'for his many outstanding contributions and for continuing to use his prodigious talents on behalf of industry, government and academe to this day'.
Hilsum serves as chairman of the scientific board for Peratech a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20Gene%20Database | The Synthetic Gene Database (SGDB) is a database of artificially engineered genes.
See also
Gene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20sagittal%20sinus | The inferior sagittal sinus (also known as inferior longitudinal sinus), within the human head, is an area beneath the brain which allows blood to drain outwards posteriorly from the center of the head. It drains (from the center of the brain) to the straight sinus (at the back of the head), which connects to the transverse sinuses. See diagram (at right): labeled in the brain as "" (for Latin: sinus sagittalis inferior).
The inferior sagittal sinus courses along the inferior border of the falx cerebri, superior to the corpus callosum.
It receives blood from the deep and medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and drains into the straight sinus.
Additional images
See also
Dural venous sinuses
Occipital sinus
Superficial veins of the brain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over%20Thirty%20Months%20Scheme | The Over Thirty Months Scheme is a scheme to keep older cattle out of the human foodchain. It is based on the "Over Thirty Months Rule" introduced in the UK on 3 April 1996, as one of several measures to manage the risk associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
By November 1997, about 1,772,000 cows had been slaughtered under the scheme, with compensation of 1 ecu per kg, reduced to .9 ecu in October 1996, and later to .8 ecu, and later still a 560 kg cap per animal.
The Royal Society of Edinburgh reviewed the scheme in 2003, in view of the steps taken to date, and the introduction of EU testing and inspection regime in 2001.
In November 2004 Farmer's Weekly announced that DEFRA intended to scrap the scheme "as early as July 2005". The scheme was finally abolished in November 2005. At the same time it became illegal to send cattle born before August 1996 to an abattoir for human consumption.
See also
Feed Ban
Specified Risk Material Control
Mechanically recovered meat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20island | Sky islands are isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments. The term originally referred to those found on the Mexican Plateau, and has extended to similarly isolated high-elevation forests. The isolation has significant implications for these natural habitats. The American Southwest region began warming up between and 10,000 years BP and atmospheric temperatures increased substantially, resulting in the formation of vast deserts that isolated the sky islands. Endemism, altitudinal migration, and relict populations are some of the natural phenomena to be found on sky islands.
The complex dynamics of species richness on sky islands draws attention from the discipline of biogeography, and likewise the biodiversity is of concern to conservation biology. One of the key elements of a sky island is separation by physical distance from the other mountain ranges, resulting in a habitat island, such as a forest surrounded by desert.
Some sky islands serve as refugia for boreal species stranded by warming climates since the last glacial period. In other cases, localized populations of plants and animals tend towards speciation, similar to oceanic islands such as the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador.
Etymology
Herpetologist Edward H. Taylor presented the concept of "Islands" on the Mexican Plateau in 1940 at the 8th American Scientific Congress in Washington, D. C. His abstract on the topic was published in 1942.
The sky island concept was later applied in 1943 when Natt N. Dodge, in an article in Arizona Highways magazine, referred to the Chiricahua Mountains in southeastern Arizona as a "mountain island in a desert sea".
In about the same era, the term was used to refer to high alpine, unglaciated, ancient topographic landform surfaces on the crest of the Sierra Nevada, California.
The term was popularized by nature writer Weldon Heald, a resident of southeastern Arizona. In his 1967 book, Sky Island, he demonstrated the concept by describin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%E2%80%93Zucker%20machine | In arithmetic geometry, the Cox–Zucker machine is an algorithm created by David A. Cox and Steven Zucker. This algorithm determines whether a given set of sections provides a basis (up to torsion) for the Mordell–Weil group of an elliptic surface E → S, where S is isomorphic to the projective line.
The algorithm was first published in the 1979 article "Intersection numbers of sections of elliptic surfaces" by Cox and Zucker and was later named the "Cox–Zucker machine" by Charles Schwartz in 1984.
Name origin
The name sounds similar to the obscenity "". This was a deliberate choice by Cox and Zucker, who conceived of the idea of coauthoring a paper in 1970, while first-year graduate students at Princeton University, for the express purpose of enabling this joke. They followed through on it five years later, as members of the faculty at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
As Cox explained in a memorial tribute to Zucker in Notices of the American Mathematical Society in 2021: "A few weeks after we met, we realized that we had to write a joint paper because the combination of our last names, in the usual alphabetical order, is remarkably obscene."
See also
Cox ring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting%20electric%20machine | Superconducting electric machines are electromechanical systems that rely on the use of one or more superconducting elements. Since superconductors have no DC resistance, they typically have greater efficiency. The most important parameter that is of utmost interest in superconducting machine is the generation of a very high magnetic field that is not possible in a conventional machine. This leads to a substantial decrease in the motor volume; which means a great increase in the power density. However, since superconductors only have zero resistance under a certain superconducting transition temperature, Tc that is hundreds of degrees lower than room temperature, cryogenics are required.
History
DC homopolar machines are among the oldest electric machines. Michael Faraday made a Homopolar motor in 1831. Superconducting DC homopolar machines use superconductors in their stationary field windings and normal conductors in their rotating pickup winding. In 2005 the General Atomics company received a contract for the creation of a large low speed superconducting homopolar motor for ship propulsion. Superconducting homopolar generators have been considered as pulsed power sources for laser weapon systems. However, homopolar machines have not been practical for most applications.
In the past, experimental AC synchronous superconducting machines were made with rotors using low-temperature metal superconductors that exhibit superconductivity when cooled with liquid helium. These worked, however the high cost of liquid helium cooling made them too expensive for most applications.
More recently AC synchronous superconducting machines have been made with ceramic rotor conductors that exhibit high-temperature superconductivity. These have liquid nitrogen cooled ceramic superconductors in their rotors. The ceramic superconductors are also called high-temperature or liquid-nitrogen-temperature superconductors. Because liquid nitrogen is relatively inexpensive and easier to hand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20encoding | In mathematics, Church encoding is a means of representing data and operators in the lambda calculus. The Church numerals are a representation of the natural numbers using lambda notation. The method is named for Alonzo Church, who first encoded data in the lambda calculus this way.
Terms that are usually considered primitive in other notations (such as integers, booleans, pairs, lists, and tagged unions) are mapped to higher-order functions under Church encoding. The Church–Turing thesis asserts that any computable operator (and its operands) can be represented under Church encoding. In the untyped lambda calculus the only primitive data type is the function.
Use
A straightforward implementation of Church encoding slows some access operations from to , where is the size of the data structure, making Church encoding impractical. Research has shown that this can be addressed by targeted optimizations, but most functional programming languages instead expand their intermediate representations to contain algebraic data types. Nonetheless Church encoding is often used in theoretical arguments, as it is a natural representation for partial evaluation and theorem proving. Operations can be typed using higher-ranked types, and primitive recursion is easily accessible. The assumption that functions are the only primitive data types streamlines many proofs.
Church encoding is complete but only representationally. Additional functions are needed to translate the representation into common data types, for display to people. It is not possible in general to decide if two functions are extensionally equal due to the undecidability of equivalence from Church's theorem. The translation may apply the function in some way to retrieve the value it represents, or look up its value as a literal lambda term. Lambda calculus is usually interpreted as using intensional equality. There are potential problems with the interpretation of results because of the difference between t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-house%20software | In-house software is computer software for business use within an organization. In-house software can be developed by the organization itself or by someone else, or it could be acquired. In-house software however may later become available for commercial use upon sole discretion of the developing organization. The need to develop such software may arise depending on many circumstances which may be non-availability of the software in the market, potentiality or ability of the corporation to develop such software or to customize a software based on the corporate organization's need. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal%20length | Reciprocal length or inverse length is a quantity or measurement used in several branches of science and mathematics, defined as the reciprocal of length.
Common units used for this measurement include the reciprocal metre or inverse metre (symbol: m−1), the reciprocal centimetre or inverse centimetre (symbol: cm−1).
In optics, the dioptre is a unit equivalent to reciprocal metre.
List of quantities
Quantities measured in reciprocal length include:
absorption coefficient or attenuation coefficient, in materials science
curvature of a line, in mathematics
gain, in laser physics
magnitude of vectors in reciprocal space, in crystallography
more generally any spatial frequency e.g. in cycles per unit length
optical power of a lens, in optics
rotational constant of a rigid rotor, in quantum mechanics
wavenumber, or magnitude of a wavevector, in spectroscopy
density of a linear feature in hydrology and other fields; see kilometre per square kilometre
surface area to volume ratio
Measure of energy
In some branches of physics, the universal constants c, the speed of light, and ħ, the reduced Planck constant, are treated as being unity (i.e. that c = ħ = 1), which leads to mass, energy, momentum, frequency and reciprocal length all having the same unit. As a result, reciprocal length is used as a measure of energy. The frequency of a photon yields a certain photon energy, according to the Planck–Einstein relation, and the frequency of a photon is related to its spatial frequency via the speed of light. Spatial frequency is a reciprocal length, which can thus be used as a measure of energy, usually of a particle. For example, the reciprocal centimetre, , is an energy unit equal to the energy of a photon with a wavelength of 1 cm. That energy amounts to approximately or .
The energy is inversely proportional to the size of the unit of which the reciprocal is used, and is proportional to the number of reciprocal length units. For example, in terms of energy, one reciprocal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological%20functional%20capacity | Physiological functional capacity (PFC) is the ability to perform the physical tasks of daily life and the ease with which these tasks can be performed. PFC declines at some point with advancing age even in healthy adults, resulting in a reduced capacity to perform certain physical tasks. This can eventually result in increased incidence of functional disability, increased use of health care services, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life.
See also
Human body
Frailty syndrome
Frailty index
Functional residual capacity, where it pertains to the lungs
Physiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase%20%28algorithm%29 | The chase is a simple fixed-point algorithm testing and enforcing implication of data dependencies in database systems. It plays important roles in database theory as well as in practice.
It is used, directly or indirectly, on an everyday basis by people who design databases, and it is used in commercial systems to reason about the consistency and correctness of a data design. New applications of the chase in meta-data management and data exchange are still being discovered.
The chase has its origins in two seminal papers of 1979, one by Alfred V. Aho, Catriel Beeri, and Jeffrey D. Ullman and the other by David Maier, Alberto O. Mendelzon, and Yehoshua Sagiv.
In its simplest application the chase is used for testing whether the projection of a relation schema constrained by some functional dependencies onto a given decomposition can be recovered by rejoining the projections. Let t be a tuple in where R is a relation and F is a set of functional dependencies (FD). If tuples in R are represented as t1, ..., tk, the join of the projections of each ti should agree with t on where i = 1, 2, ..., k. If ti is not on , the value is unknown.
The chase can be done by drawing a tableau (which is the same formalism used in tableau query). Suppose R has attributes A, B, ... and components of t are a, b, .... For ti use the same letter as t in the components that are in Si but subscript the letter with i if the component is not in Si. Then, ti will agree with t if it is in Si and will have a unique value otherwise.
The chase process is confluent. There exist implementations of the chase algorithm, some of them are also open-source.
Example
Let R(A, B, C, D) be a relation schema known to obey the set of functional dependencies F = {A→B, B→C, CD→A}. Suppose R is decomposed into three relation schemas S1 = {A, D}, S2 = {A, C} and S3 = {B, C, D}. Determining whether this decomposition is lossless can be done by performing a chase as shown below.
The initial tableau for this d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20graphs%20and%20derivatives | In mechanics, the derivative of the position vs. time graph of an object is equal to the velocity of the object. In the International System of Units, the position of the moving object is measured in meters relative to the origin, while the time is measured in seconds. Placing position on the y-axis and time on the x-axis, the slope of the curve is given by:
Here is the position of the object, and is the time. Therefore, the slope of the curve gives the change in position divided by the change in time, which is the definition of the average velocity for that interval of time on the graph. If this interval is made to be infinitesimally small, such that becomes and becomes , the result is the instantaneous velocity at time , or the derivative of the position with respect to time.
A similar fact also holds true for the velocity vs. time graph. The slope of a velocity vs. time graph is acceleration, this time, placing velocity on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Again the slope of a line is change in over change in :
where is the velocity, and is the time. This slope therefore defines the average acceleration over the interval, and reducing the interval infinitesimally gives , the instantaneous acceleration at time , or the derivative of the velocity with respect to time (or the second derivative of the position with respect to time). In SI, this slope or derivative is expressed in the units of meters per second per second (, usually termed "meters per second-squared").
Since the velocity of the object is the derivative of the position graph, the area under the line in the velocity vs. time graph is the displacement of the object. (Velocity is on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Multiplying the velocity by the time, the time cancels out, and only displacement remains.)
The same multiplication rule holds true for acceleration vs. time graphs. When acceleration is multiplied
Variable rates of change
The expressions given above apply only when the rate o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLAST%20%28protocol%29 | BLAST (an acronym for "Blocked Asynchronous Transmission"), like XMODEM and Kermit, is a communications protocol designed for file transfer over asynchronous communication ports and dial-up modems that achieved a significant degree of popularity during the 1980s. Reflecting its status as a de facto standard for such transfers, BLAST, along with XMODEM, was briefly under official consideration by ANSI in the mid-80s as part of that organization's ultimately futile attempt to establish a single de jure standard.
Overview
BLAST grew out of the mission-critical experience of providing air pollution telemetry within the dial-up communications environment of the petroleum belt of southern Louisiana and Texas, with not only noisy telephone lines but also unexpected satellite hops to remote locations. As such, BLAST was the only asynchronous protocol to have entered the 1980s computing arena with all of the following features:
bit-oriented data encoding
CRC (cyclic redundancy check) error detection
a sliding window block transmission scheme
selective retransmission of corrupted blocks
simultaneous bi-directional data transfer
BLAST thus gained a reputation as the protocol having the best combination of speed and reliability in its class.
History
The idea for the BLAST product belongs to Paul Charbonnet, Jr., a former Data General salesman. Its original version was designed and implemented for the Data General line of Nova minicomputers by G. W. Smith, a former BorgWarner Research Center systems engineer who, having developed a basic "ack-nak" protocol for the aforesaid telemetry application, now created an entirely new protocol with all of the above-mentioned features, and for which he devised the "BLAST" acronym.
This work was performed under contract to AMP Incorporated, of Baton Rouge, LA. However, it was another Baton Rouge company, Communications Research Group (CRG), which was to successfully commercialize the BLAST protocol, and which was also to employ Ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born-digital | The term born-digital refers to materials that originate in a digital form. This is in contrast to digital reformatting, through which analog materials become digital, as in the case of files created by scanning physical paper records. It is most often used in relation to digital libraries and the issues that go along with said organizations, such as digital preservation and intellectual property. However, as technologies have advanced and spread, the concept of being born-digital has also been discussed in relation to personal consumer-based sectors, with the rise of e-books and evolving digital music. Other terms that might be encountered as synonymous include "natively digital", "digital-first", and "digital-exclusive".
Discrepancies in definition
There exists some inconsistency in defining born-digital materials. Some believe such materials must exist in digital form exclusively; in other words, if they can be transferred into a physical, analog form, they are not truly born-digital. However, others maintain that while these materials will often not have a subsequent physical counterpart, having one does not bar them from being classified as 'born-digital'. For instance, Mahesh and Mittal identify two types of born-digital content, "exclusive digital" and "digital for print", allowing for a broader base of classification than the former definition provides.
Furthermore, it has been pointed out that certain works may incorporate components that are both born-digital and digitized, further blurring the lines between what should and should not be considered 'born-digital.' For example, a digital video created may utilize historical film footage that has been converted. It is important to be aware of these discrepancies when thinking about born-digital materials and the effects they have. However, some universals do exist across these definitions. All make clear the fact that born-digital media must originate digitally. Also, they agree that this media m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon%20diagram | Ribbon diagrams, also known as Richardson diagrams, are 3D schematic representations of protein structure and are one of the most common methods of protein depiction used today. The ribbon depicts the general course and organisation of the protein backbone in 3D and serves as a visual framework for hanging details of the entire atomic structure, such as the balls for the oxygen atoms attached to myoglobin's active site in the adjacent figure. Ribbon diagrams are generated by interpolating a smooth curve through the polypeptide backbone. α-helices are shown as coiled ribbons or thick tubes, β-strands as arrows, and non-repetitive coils or loops as lines or thin tubes. The direction of the polypeptide chain is shown locally by the arrows, and may be indicated overall by a colour ramp along the length of the ribbon.
Ribbon diagrams are simple yet powerful, expressing the visual basics of a molecular structure (twist, fold and unfold). This method has successfully portrayed the overall organization of protein structures, reflecting their three-dimensional nature and allowing better understanding of these complex objects both by expert structural biologists and by other scientists, students, and the general public.
History
The first ribbon diagrams, hand-drawn by Jane S. Richardson in 1980 (influenced by earlier individual illustrations), were the first schematics of 3D protein structure to be produced systematically. They were created to illustrate a classification of protein structures for an article in Advances in Protein Chemistry (now available in annotated form on-line at Anatax). These drawings were outlined in pen on tracing paper over a printout of a Cα trace of the atomic coordinates, and shaded with colored pencil or pastels; they preserved positions, smoothed the backbone path, and incorporated small local shifts to disambiguate the visual appearance. As well as the triose isomerase ribbon drawing at the right, other hand-drawn examples depicted prealbum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20Investigations | The Discovery Investigations were a series of scientific cruises and shore-based investigations into the biology of whales in the Southern Ocean. They were funded by the British Colonial Office and organised by the Discovery Committee in London, which was formed in 1918. They were intended to provide the scientific background to stock management of the commercial Antarctic whale fishery.
The work of the Investigations contributed hugely to our knowledge of the whales, the krill they fed on, and the oceanography of their habitat, while charting the local topography, including Atherton Peak. The investigations continued until 1951, with the final report being published in 1980.
Specimens collected during the cruises are collectively known as the Discovery Collections.
Laboratory
Shore-based work on South Georgia took place in the marine laboratory, Discovery House, built in 1925 at King Edward Point and occupied until 1931. The scientists lived and worked in the building, travelling half a mile or so across King Edward Cove to the whaling station at Grytviken to work on whales as they were brought ashore by commercial whaling ships.
Ships
Vessels used were:
RRS Discovery from 1924 to 1931
RRS William Scoresby from 1927 to 1945 or later
RRS Discovery II from 1929 to 1951
Reports
Results of the investigations were printed in the Discovery Reports. This was a series of many small reports, published in 38 volumes by the Cambridge University Press, and latterly the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences. Many were printed as individual reports rather than in large volumes.
List of the Discovery Reports
Books
The Discovery Investigations are described in the following books, all of which were out of print in 2008: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Statistical%20Computation%20and%20Simulation | The Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers computational statistics. It is published by Taylor & Francis and was established in 1972. The editors-in-chief are Richard Krutchkoff (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg) and Andrei Volodin (University of Regina).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Current Index to Statistics
Science Citation Index Expanded
Zentralblatt MATH
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.767. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20value%20theorem | In calculus, the extreme value theorem states that if a real-valued function is continuous on the closed interval , then must attain a maximum and a minimum, each at least once. That is, there exist numbers and in such that:
The extreme value theorem is more specific than the related boundedness theorem, which states merely that a continuous function on the closed interval is bounded on that interval; that is, there exist real numbers and such that:
This does not say that and are necessarily the maximum and minimum values of on the interval which is what the extreme value theorem stipulates must also be the case.
The extreme value theorem is used to prove Rolle's theorem. In a formulation due to Karl Weierstrass, this theorem states that a continuous function from a non-empty compact space to a subset of the real numbers attains a maximum and a minimum.
History
The extreme value theorem was originally proven by Bernard Bolzano in the 1830s in a work Function Theory but the work remained unpublished until 1930. Bolzano's proof consisted of showing that a continuous function on a closed interval was bounded, and then showing that the function attained a maximum and a minimum value. Both proofs involved what is known today as the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem.
Functions to which the theorem does not apply
The following examples show why the function domain must be closed and bounded in order for the theorem to apply. Each fails to attain a maximum on the given interval.
defined over is not bounded from above.
defined over is bounded but does not attain its least upper bound .
defined over is not bounded from above.
defined over is bounded but never attains its least upper bound .
Defining in the last two examples shows that both theorems require continuity on .
Generalization to metric and topological spaces
When moving from the real line to metric spaces and general topological spaces, the appropriate generalization of a close |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rima%20glottidis | The rima glottidis is the opening between the two true vocal cords anteriorly, and the two arytenoid cartilages posteriorly. It is part of the larynx.
Anatomy
The rima glottidis is the narrowest part of larynx. It is longer (~23 mm) in males than in females (17-18 mm).
The rima glottidis is an aperture between the two true vocal cords anteriorly, and the bases and vocal process of the two arytenoid cartilages posteriorly. It is therefore described as subdivided into two parts: the larger anterior part between the vocal folds (intermembranous part, or glottis vocalis), and the smaller posterior part between arytenoid cartilages (intercartilaginous part, glottis respiratoria, intercartilaginous glottis, respiratory glottis, or interarytenoid space). It is limited posteriorly by an interarytenoid fold of mucous membrane.
Function
The rima glottidis is closed by the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles and the arytenoid muscle, and opened by the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. All of these muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X).
The shape of rima glottidis is changed by movements of vocal cords and arytenoid cartilages during respiration and phonation.
Clinical significance
Any damage to the rima glottidis may result in a hoarse voice, aphonia or difficulty breathing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging%20Cell | Aging Cell is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal and an official journal of the Anatomical Society. It is published on their behalf by John Wiley & Sons. It was established in 2002. Its editor-in-chief is Monty Montano (Boston OAIC). The journal covers research on all aspects of aging, publishing research articles, reviews, minireviews, and commentaries.
In August 2022, its four editors-in-chief resigned, alleging excessive workload and insufficient compensation. At the time, Retraction Watch said the journal was "regarded as the leader in its field".
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 7.8. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20bisulfite | Potassium bisulfite (or potassium hydrogen sulfite) is a chemical mixture with the approximate chemical formula KHSO3. Potassium bisulfite in fact is not a real compound, but a mixture of salts that dissolve in water to give solutions composed of potassium ions and bisulfite ions. It is a white solid with an odor of sulfur dioxide. Attempts to crystallize potassium bisulfite yield potassium metabisulfite, K2S2O5.
Potassium bisulfite is used as a sterilising agent in the production of alcoholic beverages. This additive is classified as E number E228 under the current EU-approved food additive legislation.
Production
It is made by the reaction of sulfur dioxide and potassium carbonate. The sulfur dioxide is passed through a solution of the potassium carbonate until no more carbon dioxide is evolved. The solution is concentrated.
See also
Calcium bisulfite
Sodium bisulfite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber%20Prize%20in%20Neuroscience | The Gruber Prize in Neuroscience, established in 2004, is one of three international awards worth US$500,000 made by the Gruber Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
The Gruber Prize in Neuroscience winners are nominated by the Society for Neuroscience.
Recipients
2004 Seymour Benzer
2005 Eric Knudsen and Masakazu Konishi
2006 Masao Ito and Roger Nicoll, cellular neurobiologists
2007 Shigetada Nakanishi a molecular neurobiologist, Director of the Osaka Bioscience Institute
2008 John O’Keefe, PhD, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London
2009 Jeffrey C. Hall, professor of neurogenetics at the University of Maine; Michael Rosbash, professor and director of the National Center for Behavioral Genomics at Brandeis University; and Michael Young, professor and head of the Laboratory of Genetics at Rockefeller University
2010 Robert H. Wurtz, NIH Distinguished Investigator at the National Eye Institute Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research
2011 Huda Zoghbi
2012 Lily Jan and Yuh Nung Jan, University of California, San Francisco
2013 Eve Marder
2014 Thomas Jessell
2015 Carla Shatz and Michael Greenberg
2016 Mu-ming Poo, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences and UC Berkeley
2017 Joshua R. Sanes, Center for Brain Neuroscience, Harvard University
2018 Ann Graybiel (McGovern Institute for Brain Research/MIT), Okihide Hikosaka (National Eye Institute/NIH) and (University of Cambridge)
2019 Joseph S. Takahashi
2020 Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Corey Goodman and Marc Tessier-Lavigne
2021 Christine Petit and Christopher A. Walsh
2022 Larry Abbott, Emery Neal Brown, Terrence Sejnowski and Haim Sompolinsky
2023 Huda Akil
See also
The Brain Prize
Golden Brain Award
The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience
W. Alden Spencer Award
Karl Spencer Lashley Award
The Mind & Brain Prize
List of medicine awards
List of neuroscience awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plithotaxis | Plithotaxis, from the Greek word "πλήΘος", denotes a crowd, swarm, or throng. In collective cellular migration, plithotaxis is the tendency for each individual cell within a monolayer to migrate along the local orientation of the maximal principal stress, or equivalently, minimal intercellular shear stress. Plithotaxis requires force transmission across many cell-cell junctions and therefore is an emergent property of the cell group.
Plithotaxis is found to hold at the level of both a subcellular grid point and an individual cell of a confluent monolayer, and the stresses must be tensile.
See also
Chemotaxis
Durotaxis
Haptotaxis
Mechanotaxis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedment | Embedment is a phenomenon in mechanical engineering in which the surfaces between mechanical members of a loaded joint embed. It can lead to failure by fatigue as described below, and is of particular concern when considering the design of critical fastener joints.
Mechanism
The mechanism behind embedment is different from creep. When the loading of the joint varies (e.g. due to vibration or thermal expansion) the protruding points of the imperfect surfaces will see local stress concentrations and yield until the stress concentration is relieved. Over time, surfaces can flatten an appreciable amount in the order of thousandths of an inch.
Consequences
In critical fastener joints, embedment can mean loss of preload. Flattening of a surface allows the strain of a screw to relax, which in turn correlates with a loss in tension and thus preload. In bolted joints with particularly short grip lengths, the loss of preload due to embedment can be especially significant, causing complete loss of preload. Therefore, embedment can lead directly to loosening of a fastener joint and subsequent fatigue failure.
In bolted joints, most of the embedment occurs during torquing. Only embedment that occurs after installation can cause a loss of preload, and values of up to 0.0005 inches can be seen at each surface mate, as reported by SAE.
Prevention and solutions
Embedment can be prevented by designing mating surfaces of a joint to have high surface hardness and very smooth surface finish. Exceptionally hard and smooth surfaces will have less susceptibility to the mechanism that causes embedment.
In most cases, some degree of embedment is inevitable. That said, short grip lengths should be avoided. For two bolted joints of identical design and installation, except the second having a longer grip length, the first joint will be more likely to loosen and fail. Since both joints have the same loading, the surfaces will experience the same amount of embedment. However, th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20inequality | A correlation inequality is any of a number of inequalities satisfied by the correlation functions of a model. Such inequalities are of particular use in statistical mechanics and in percolation theory.
Examples include:
Bell's inequality
FKG inequality
Griffiths inequality, and its generalisation, the Ginibre inequality
Gaussian correlation inequality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoreceptor | A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a specialized sensory receptor which transduces a chemical substance (endogenous or induced) to generate a biological signal. This signal may be in the form of an action potential, if the chemoreceptor is a neuron, or in the form of a neurotransmitter that can activate a nerve fiber if the chemoreceptor is a specialized cell, such as taste receptors, or an internal peripheral chemoreceptor, such as the carotid bodies. In physiology, a chemoreceptor detects changes in the normal environment, such as an increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) or a decrease in blood levels of oxygen (hypoxia), and transmits that information to the central nervous system which engages body responses to restore homeostasis.
In bacteria, chemoreceptors are essential in the mediation of chemotaxis.
Cellular chemoreceptors
In prokaryotes
Bacteria utilize complex long helical proteins as chemoreceptors, permitting signals to travel long distances across the cell's membrane. Chemoreceptors allow bacteria to react to chemical stimuli in their environment and regulate their movement accordingly. In archaea, transmembrane receptors comprise only 57% of chemoreceptors, while in bacteria the percentage rises to 87%. This is an indicator that chemoreceptors play a heightened role in the sensing of cytosolic signals in archaea.
In eukaryotes
Primary cilia, present in many types of mammalian cells, serve as cellular antennae. The motile function of these cilia is lost in favour of their sensory specialization.
Plant chemoreceptors
Plants have various mechanisms to perceive danger in their environment. Plants are able to detect pathogens and microbes through surface level receptor kinases (PRK). Additionally, receptor-like proteins (RLPs) containing ligand binding receptor domains capture pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) which consequently initiates the plant's innate i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allogeneic%20cultured%20keratinocytes%20and%20fibroblasts%20in%20bovine%20collagen | Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen, sold under the brand name Gintuit, is a cellular therapy used for the treatment of mucogingival (the oral mucosa and gingival (gum) tissues of the mouth) conditions.
Common adverse reactions observed during clinical trials include sinusitis (sinus inflammation), nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the upper throat, upper respiratory tract infection, aphthous stomatitis (canker sores), and local surgery site reactions such as pain and redness.
Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen is a cellular sheet that consists of two layers, an upper layer composed of living human keratinocytes (the primary cell type in the skin's outer layer) and a lower layer constructed of bovine-derived collagen, human extracellular matrix proteins (molecules that support and give structure to cells), and living human dermal fibroblasts (skin cells that generate connective tissues). It is the first cell-based product made from allogeneic (cells derived from a donor source that is unrelated to the intended recipient) human cells and bovine collagen approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It was approved for medical use in the United States in March 2012.
Medical uses
Allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen is indicated for topical (non-submerged) application to a surgically created vascular wound bed in the treatment of mucogingival conditions in adults.
History
The efficacy of allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen (Gintuit) was evaluated in two clinical studies in adults with insufficient gingival tissue. In each of the two studies, Gintuit was associated with an increase of at least 2 mm of gingival tissue in at least 50% of the study subjects. The overall clinical trial safety data for Gintuit included 121 subjects from both studies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucella%20suis | Brucella suis is a bacterium that causes swine brucellosis, a zoonosis that affects pigs. The disease typically causes chronic inflammatory lesions in the reproductive organs of susceptible animals or orchitis, and may even affect joints and other organs. The most common symptom is abortion in pregnant susceptible sows at any stage of gestation. Other manifestations are temporary or permanent sterility, lameness, posterior paralysis, spondylitis, and abscess formation. It is transmitted mainly by ingestion of infected tissues or fluids, semen during breeding, and suckling infected animals.
Since brucellosis threatens the food supply and causes undulant fever, Brucella suis and other Brucella species (B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. ovis, B. canis) are recognized as potential agricultural, civilian, and military bioterrorism agents.
Symptoms and signs
The most frequent clinical sign following B. suis infection is abortion in pregnant females, reduced milk production, and infertility. Cattle can also be transiently infected when they share pasture or facilities with infected pigs, and B. suis can be transmitted by cow's milk.
Swine also develop orchitis (swelling of the testicles), lameness (movement disability), hind limb paralysis, or spondylitis (inflammation in joints).
Cause
Brucella suis is a Gram-negative, facultative, intracellular coccobacillus, capable of growing and reproducing inside of host cells, specifically phagocytic cells. They are also not spore-forming, capsulated, or motile. Flagellar genes, however, are present in the B. suis genome, but are thought to be cryptic remnants because some were truncated and others were missing crucial components of the flagellar apparatus. In mouse models, the flagellum is essential for a normal infectious cycle, where the inability to assemble a complete flagellum leads to severe attenuation of the bacteria.
Brucella suis is differentiated into five biovars (strains), where biovars 1–3 infect wild boar and dome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GcMAF | GcMAF (or Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor) is a protein produced by modification of vitamin D-binding protein.
Biochemically, GcMAF results from sequential deglycosylation of the vitamin D-binding protein (the Gc protein), which is naturally promoted by lymphocytes (B and T cells). The resulting protein may be a macrophage activating factor (MAF). MAFs are lymphokines that control the expression of antigens on the surface of macrophages, and one of their functions is to make macrophages become cytotoxic to tumors.
False claims
Since around 2008, GcMAF has been promoted as a cure for cancer, HIV, autism and other conditions.
Three out of four of the original studies authored by Yamamoto (published between 2007 and 2009) were retracted by the scientific journals in which they were published in 2014, officially due to irregularities in the way ethical approval was granted. Retraction reasons also included methodological errors in the studies. The integrity of the research, conducted by Nobuto Yamamoto and colleagues, that originally prompted claims regarding cancer and HIV has been questioned.
The UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency and Cancer Research UK has warned the public about spurious claims of clinical benefits, misleadingly based on reduced levels of the alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase enzyme (also known as nagalase), whose production might be increased in many cancers.
In 2014 the Belgian Anticancer Fund communicated serious concerns about published studies on GcMAF by Yamamoto and colleagues.
In 2015 the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) closed a factory in Milton, Cambridgeshire owned by David Noakes' company Immuno Biotech that manufactured GcMAF for cancer treatment.
In September 2018 Noakes pleaded guilty in UK to manufacturing a medicinal product without a manufacturer's licence, selling or supplying medicinal products without market authorisation, and money laundering, and sent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Think%20It%27s%20Going%20to%20Rain%20Today | "I Think It's Going to Rain Today" (or "I Think It's Gonna Rain Today") is a song by American singer-songwriter Randy Newman. It appears on Julius La Rosa's 1966 album You're Gonna Hear from Me, Eric Burdon's 1967 album Eric Is Here, on Newman's 1968 debut album Randy Newman, in The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 (2003), and in Newman's official and bootleg live albums. It is one of his most covered songs.
Background
Newman told Rolling Stone that he wrote the song around 1963 or 1964. He went on to say that the "music is emotional – even beautiful – and the lyrics are not." Newman also said that the song bothered him due to the darkness and that the song felt "sophomoric" and "too maudlin".
Newman stated in 2017 that he had signed away the publishing rights on his first album and as a result, does not see any money from people doing covers of those songs.
Tom Northcott version
The song was covered by Canadian folk-rock artist Tom Northcott in 1970. It was released in 1971 as the second single from his debut album, Upside Downside. The song reached number 46 in Canada and number 17 on the Canadian Adult Contemporary chart.
Charts
UB40 version
The song was covered by British reggae band UB40 in 1980. It was released in June 1980 as the second and final single from their debut album, Signing Off. The song reached number 6 in the UK. The UB40 single was a double A-side with "My Way of Thinking", which was the first-named track and received most of the radio airplay. However, the German single (which appeared later) had "I Think It's Going to Rain Today" as the A-side. The group covered the song for bandmembers Robin and Ali Campbell's father, folksinger Ian Campbell, who was a fan of Newman and who had recorded his own version of the song in the 1960s.
Charts
Other cover versions
The song was covered numerous times by a variety of artists, especially during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
In popular culture
Bette Midler included the song in her film Beaches (1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Bowditch | Brian Hayward Bowditch (born 1961) is a British mathematician known for his contributions to geometry and topology, particularly in the areas of geometric group theory and low-dimensional topology. He is also known for solving the angel problem. Bowditch holds a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics at the University of Warwick.
Biography
Brian Bowditch was born in 1961 in Neath, Wales. He obtained a B.A. degree from Cambridge University in 1983. He subsequently pursued doctoral studies in Mathematics at the University of Warwick under the supervision of David Epstein where he received a PhD in 1988. Bowditch then had postdoctoral and visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Warwick, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette, the University of Melbourne, and the University of Aberdeen. In 1992 he received an appointment at the University of Southampton where he stayed until 2007. In 2007 Bowditch moved to the University of Warwick, where he received a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics.
Bowditch was awarded a Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society in 1997 for his work in geometric group theory and geometric topology. He gave an Invited address at the 2004 European Congress of Mathematics in Stockholm.
Bowditch is a former member of the Editorial Board for the journal Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse and a former Editorial Adviser for the London Mathematical Society.
Mathematical contributions
Early notable results of Bowditch include clarifying the classic notion of geometric finiteness for higher-dimensional Kleinian groups in constant and variable negative curvature. In a 1993 paper Bowditch proved that five standard characterisations of geometric finiteness for discrete groups of isometries of hyperbolic 3-space and hyperbolic plane, (including the definition in terms of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron) remain equivalent for g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase-activated%20DNase | Caspase-activated DNase (CAD) or DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DFFB gene. It breaks up the DNA during apoptosis and promotes cell differentiation. It is usually an inactive monomer inhibited by ICAD. This is cleaved before dimerization.
Function
Apoptosis is a cell self-destruct process that removes toxic and/or useless cells during mammalian development and other life processes. The apoptotic process is accompanied by shrinkage and fragmentation of the cells and nuclei and degradation of the chromosomal DNA into nucleosomal units. DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) is a heterodimeric protein of 40-kD (DFFB) and 45-kD (DFFA) subunits. DFFA is the substrate for caspase-3 and triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. DFF becomes activated when DFFA is cleaved by caspase-3. The cleaved fragments of DFFA dissociate from DFFB, the active component of DFF. DFFB has been found to trigger both DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation during apoptosis. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene, but the biological validity of some variants has not been determined.
Despite this gene being present in every cell, this protein is only expressed in different tissues and cell variety such as pancreas, heart, colon, leukocytes, prostate, ovary, placenta, kidney, spleen and thymus.
It is also known as caspase activated nuclease (CPAN), dna fragmentation factor 40 (DFF-40), DFF2 and DFFB. Besides, there are other nomenclatures as a result of combining the previous ones.
Structure
This heterodimer is an endonuclease with a high content of cysteine residues. It remains inactive in growing cells while it is associated with its inhibitor (ICAD, DNA fragmentation factor 45 kDa subunit, DFFA or DFF45) resulting into a complex ICAD-CAD. Their dissociation allows DFF40 to oligomerize to form a large functional complex which is by itself an active DNase.
DFF40 subu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL%20%28complexity%29 | In computational complexity theory, the complexity class FL is the set of function problems which can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in a logarithmic amount of memory space. As in the definition of L, the machine reads its input from a read-only tape and writes its output to a write-only tape; the logarithmic space restriction applies only to the read/write working tape.
Loosely speaking, a function problem takes a complicated input and produces a (perhaps equally) complicated output. Function problems are distinguished from decision problems, which produce only Yes or No answers and corresponds to the set L of decision problems which can be solved in deterministic logspace. FL is a subset of FP, the set of function problems which can be solved in deterministic polynomial time.
FL is known to contain several natural problems, including arithmetic on numbers. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of two numbers are fairly simple, but achieving division is a far deeper problem which was open for decades.
Similarly one may define FNL, which has the same relation with NL as FNP has with NP. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20algorithm%20general%20topics | This is a list of algorithm general topics.
Analysis of algorithms
Ant colony algorithm
Approximation algorithm
Best and worst cases
Big O notation
Combinatorial search
Competitive analysis
Computability theory
Computational complexity theory
Embarrassingly parallel problem
Emergent algorithm
Evolutionary algorithm
Fast Fourier transform
Genetic algorithm
Graph exploration algorithm
Heuristic
Hill climbing
Implementation
Las Vegas algorithm
Lock-free and wait-free algorithms
Monte Carlo algorithm
Numerical analysis
Online algorithm
Polynomial time approximation scheme
Problem size
Pseudorandom number generator
Quantum algorithm
Random-restart hill climbing
Randomized algorithm
Running time
Sorting algorithm
Search algorithm
Stable algorithm (disambiguation)
Super-recursive algorithm
Tree search algorithm
See also
List of algorithms for specific algorithms
List of computability and complexity topics for more abstract theory
List of complexity classes, complexity class
List of data structures.
Mathematics-related lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%20phosphide | Niobium phosphide is an inorganic compound of niobium and phosphorus with the chemical formula NbP.
Synthesis
Sintering powdered niobium and phosphorus:
4Nb + P4 -> 4NbP
Physical properties
The compound is a unique material combining topological and conventional electronic phases. Its superfast electrons demonstrate extremely large magnetoresistance, so NbP may be suitable for use in new electronic components.
Niobium phosphide forms dark gray crystals of the tetragonal system, space group , cell parameters , , .
It does not dissolve in water.
Niobium phosphide, like tantalum arsenide TaAs, is a topological Weyl semimetal.
Uses
The compound is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame%20fields%20in%20general%20relativity | A frame field in general relativity (also called a tetrad or vierbein) is a set of four pointwise-orthonormal vector fields, one timelike and three spacelike, defined on a Lorentzian manifold that is physically interpreted as a model of spacetime. The timelike unit vector field is often denoted by and the three spacelike unit vector fields by . All tensorial quantities defined on the manifold can be expressed using the frame field and its dual coframe field.
Frame fields were introduced into general relativity by Albert Einstein in 1928 and by Hermann Weyl in 1929.
The index notation for tetrads is explained in tetrad (index notation).
Physical interpretation
Frame fields of a Lorentzian manifold always correspond to a family of ideal observers immersed in the given spacetime; the integral curves of the timelike unit vector field are the worldlines of these observers, and at each event along a given worldline, the three spacelike unit vector fields specify the spatial triad carried by the observer. The triad may be thought of as defining the spatial coordinate axes of a local laboratory frame, which is valid very near the observer's worldline.
In general, the worldlines of these observers need not be timelike geodesics. If any of the worldlines bends away from a geodesic path in some region, we can think of the observers as test particles that accelerate by using ideal rocket engines with a thrust equal to the magnitude of their acceleration vector. Alternatively, if our observer is attached to a bit of matter in a ball of fluid in hydrostatic equilibrium, this bit of matter will in general be accelerated outward by the net effect of pressure holding up the fluid ball against the attraction of its own gravity. Other possibilities include an observer attached to a free charged test particle in an electrovacuum solution, which will of course be accelerated by the Lorentz force, or an observer attached to a spinning test particle, which may be accelerated by a sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine%20triphosphate | Thymidine triphosphate (TTP), also called deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP),
is one of the four nucleoside triphosphates that are used in the in vivo synthesis of DNA. Unlike the other deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, thymidine triphosphate does not always contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name. The corresponding ribonucleoside triphosphate is called uridine triphosphate.
It can be used by DNA ligase to create overlapping "sticky ends" so that protruding ends of opened microbial plasmids may be closed up. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiregular%20polytope | In geometry, by Thorold Gosset's definition a semiregular polytope is usually taken to be a polytope that is vertex-transitive and has all its facets being regular polytopes. E.L. Elte compiled a longer list in 1912 as The Semiregular Polytopes of the Hyperspaces which included a wider definition.
Gosset's list
In three-dimensional space and below, the terms semiregular polytope and uniform polytope have identical meanings, because all uniform polygons must be regular. However, since not all uniform polyhedra are regular, the number of semiregular polytopes in dimensions higher than three is much smaller than the number of uniform polytopes in the same number of dimensions.
The three convex semiregular 4-polytopes are the rectified 5-cell, snub 24-cell and rectified 600-cell. The only semiregular polytopes in higher dimensions are the k21 polytopes, where the rectified 5-cell is the special case of k = 0. These were all listed by Gosset, but a proof of the completeness of this list was not published until the work of for four dimensions, and for higher dimensions.
Gosset's 4-polytopes (with his names in parentheses)
Rectified 5-cell (Tetroctahedric),
Rectified 600-cell (Octicosahedric),
Snub 24-cell (Tetricosahedric), , or
Semiregular E-polytopes in higher dimensions
5-demicube (5-ic semi-regular), a 5-polytope, ↔
221 polytope (6-ic semi-regular), a 6-polytope, or
321 polytope (7-ic semi-regular), a 7-polytope,
421 polytope (8-ic semi-regular), an 8-polytope,
Euclidean honeycombs
Semiregular polytopes can be extended to semiregular honeycombs. The semiregular Euclidean honeycombs are the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb (3D), gyrated alternated cubic honeycomb (3D) and the 521 honeycomb (8D).
Gosset honeycombs:
Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb or alternated cubic honeycomb (Simple tetroctahedric check), ↔ (Also quasiregular polytope)
Gyrated alternated cubic honeycomb (Complex tetroctahedric check),
Semiregular E-honeycomb:
521 honeycomb (9-ic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioGeM | The BioGeM Institute (Biologia e Genetica Molecolare, "Biology and Molecular Genetics") is a nonprofit consortium formed by the National Research Council (CNR), the University of Naples "Federico II", the LUMSA of Rome, the Trieste AREA Science Park, the University of Udine, the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn of Naples, the University of Sannio in Benevento, the University of Foggia, the University of Milan Bicocca, the
Second University and the Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples, the Chamber of Commerce of Avellino and the local mountain community of Ufita Valley.
BioGeM was inaugurated in 2006 by Nobel laureate Rita Levi Montalcini and comprises research laboratories, services and teaching facilities. Scientific research, led by “Gaetano Salvatore” Genetics Research Institute (IRGS), takes place within Genetics and Translational Medicine (GTM) department and is aimed at understanding biological mechanisms and identifying the genes involved in the development and proliferation of various human diseases; the research is based on the use of animal models raised in a high level laboratory after the approval of the ethics committee for animal experimentation. Research primarily aims at fighting cancer and degenerative diseases, often in collaboration with international groups.
Furthermore, the pharmacological research is carried out by a proper department named Medicinal Investigational Research (MIR), whose task covers the experimental verification of new drugs and the release of the related certifications. Furthermore, the training activities take place in a specific functional area named Life and Mind Science School (LIMSS).
Since 2010 Biogem has yearly hosted a meeting named Le due culture ("The two cultures") which over the years has been attended by a number of Nobel laureates and also (in 2018) the president of Italy Sergio Mattarella. The objective of the meeting is to find a common ground between humanistic and scientific knowledge.
The institute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyers%E2%80%93Serrin%20theorem | In functional analysis the Meyers–Serrin theorem, named after James Serrin and Norman George Meyers, states that smooth functions are dense in the Sobolev space
for arbitrary domains .
Historical relevance
Originally there were two spaces: defined as the set of all functions which have weak derivatives of order up to k all of which are in and defined as the closure of the smooth functions with respect to the corresponding Sobolev norm (obtained by summing over the norms of the functions and all derivatives). The theorem establishes the equivalence of both definitions. It is quite surprising that, in contradistinction to many other density theorems, this result does not require any smoothness of the domain . According to the standard reference on Sobolev spaces by Adams and Fournier (p 60): "This result, published in 1964 by Meyers and Serrin ended much confusion about the relationship of these spaces that existed in the literature before that time. It is surprising that this elementary result remained undiscovered for so long." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh%20128K | The Apple Macintosh—later rebranded as the Macintosh 128K—is the original Apple Macintosh personal computer. It played a pivotal role in establishing desktop publishing as a general office function. The motherboard, a CRT monitor, and a floppy drive were housed in a beige case with integrated carrying handle; it came with a keyboard and single-button mouse. It sold for . The Macintosh was introduced by a television commercial entitled "1984" shown during Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984 and directed by Ridley Scott. Sales of the Macintosh were strong at its initial release on January 24, 1984, and reached 70,000 units on May 3, 1984. Upon the release of its successor, the Macintosh 512K, it was rebranded as the Macintosh 128K. The computer's model number was M0001.
Development
1978–1984: Development
In 1978, Apple began to organize the Apple Lisa project, aiming to build a next-generation machine similar to an advanced Apple II or the yet-to-be-introduced IBM PC. In 1979, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs learned of the advanced work on graphical user interfaces (GUI) taking place at Xerox PARC. He arranged for Apple engineers to be allowed to visit PARC to see the systems in action. The Apple Lisa project was immediately redirected to use a GUI, which at that time was well beyond the state of the art for microprocessor abilities; the Xerox Alto required a custom processor that spanned several circuit boards in a case which was the size of a small refrigerator. Things had changed dramatically with the introduction of the 16/32-bit Motorola 68k in 1979, which offered at least an order of magnitude better performance than existing designs and made a software GUI machine a practical possibility. The basic layout of the Lisa was largely complete by 1982, at which point Jobs's continual suggestions for improvements led to him being kicked off the project.
At the same time that the Lisa was becoming a GUI machine in 1979, Jef Raskin began the Macintosh project. The de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Vitali | Giuseppe Vitali (26 August 1875 – 29 February 1932) was an Italian mathematician who worked in several branches of mathematical analysis. He gives his name to several entities in mathematics, most notably the Vitali set with which he was the first to give an example of a non-measurable subset of real numbers.
Biography
Giuseppe Vitali was the eldest of five children. His father, Domenico Vitali, worked for a railway company in Ravenna while his mother, Zenobia Casadio, was able to stay at home and look after her children.
He completed his elementary education in Ravenna in 1886, and then spent three years at the Ginnasio Comunale in Ravenna where his performance in the final examinations of 1889 was average.
He continued his secondary education in Ravenna at the Dante Alighieri High School. There his mathematics teacher was Giuseppe Nonni who quickly realised the young Giuseppe had great potential. He wrote to Giuseppe's father, in a letter dated 28 June 1895, asking that he allow his son to pursue further studies in mathematics.
He became a student of the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa and graduated to the University of Pisa in 1899. He spent two years as assistant before leaving the academic world. From 1901 to 1922 he taught in secondary schools, first in Sassari, then Voghera and then from 1904 at the Classical High School Christopher Columbus in Genoa. In those years he was involved in politics as a member of the Italian Socialist Party until it was forcibly disbanded by the fascists in 1922. His pursuit of mathematical analysis then led him to almost total social isolation. In 1923 he won a position as professor of calculus at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia . He also taught at the Universities of Padua (1924 to 1925) and Bologna (from 1930). He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians held in Bologna in September 1928, giving the lecture Rapporti inattesi su alcuni rami della matematica (Unexpected relati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content%20centric%20networking | In contrast to IP-based, host-oriented, Internet architecture, Content-Centric Networking (CCN) emphasizes content by making it directly addressable and routable. Endpoints communicate based on named data instead of IP addresses. CCN is characterized by the basic exchange of content request messages (called "Interests") and content return messages (called "Content Objects"). It is considered an information-centric networking (ICN) architecture.
The goals of CCN are to provide a more secure, flexible, and scalable network, thereby addressing the Internet's modern-day requirements for protected content distribution on a massive scale to a diverse set of end devices. CCN embodies a security model that explicitly secures individual pieces of content rather than securing the connection or "pipe." It provides additional flexibility using data names instead of host names (IP addresses). Additionally, named and secured content resides in distributed caches automatically populated on demand or selectively pre-populated. When requested by name, CCN delivers named content to the user from the nearest cache, traversing fewer network hops, eliminating redundant requests, and consuming fewer resources overall. CCN began as a research project at the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in 2007. The first software release (CCNx 0.1) was made available in 2009. CCN is the ancestor of related approaches, including named data networking. CCN technology and its open-source code base were acquired by Cisco in February 2017.
History
The principles behind information-centric networks were first described in the original 17 rules of Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu in 1979. In 2002, Brent Baccala submitted an Internet-Draft differentiating between connection-oriented and data-oriented networking and suggested that the Internet web architecture was rapidly becoming more data-oriented. In 2006, the DONA project at UC Berkeley and ICSI proposed an information-centric network architecture, which i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM10 | A Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10, also known as ADAM10 or CDw156 or CD156c is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADAM10 gene.
Function
Members of the ADAM family are cell surface proteins with a unique structure, possessing both potential adhesion and protease domains. Sheddase, a generic name for the ADAM metallopeptidase, functions primarily to cleave membrane proteins at the cellular surface. Once cleaved, the sheddases release soluble ectodomains with an altered location and function.
Although a single sheddase may “shed” a variety of substances, multiple sheddases can cleave the same substrate resulting in different consequences. This gene encodes an ADAM family member that cleaves many proteins including TNF-alpha and E-cadherin.
ADAM10 (EC#: 3.4.24.81) is a sheddase, and has a broad specificity for peptide hydrolysis reactions.
ADAM10 cleaves ephrin, within the ephrin/eph complex, formed between two cell surfaces. When ephrin is freed from the opposing cell, the entire ephrin/eph complex is endocytosed. This shedding in trans had not been previously shown, but may well be involved in other shedding events.
In neurons, ADAM10 is the most important enzyme, with α-secretase activity for proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein. ADAM10, along with ADAM17, cleaves the ectodomain of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), to produce soluble TREM2 (sTREM2), which has been proposed as a CSF and sera biomarker of neurodegeneration.
ADAM10 belongs to subfamily A, the most ancestral subfamily of ADAM proteins, which is shared by all major groups of animals, choanoflagellates, fungi, and green algae from the class Mamiellophyceae.
Structure
Although no crystallographic x-ray diffraction analyses have been published that depict the entire structure of ADAM10, one domain has been studied using this technique. The disintegrin and cysteine-rich domain (shown to the right) plays an essent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator%20logo | An operator logo is a logo which appears on the status screen of a mobile phone. Originally intended as a way for phone companies to brand phones attached to their networks, the operator logo has since become a method by which owners may customise their phones to reflect their own interests. It helped kick off mobile phone content advertising which became particularly prominent with ring tone adverts.
History
The older mobile phones of 90's (Black & white LCD Screen) had options to show telecom operator logo instead of the showing the name in plain text. Later various companies provided custom logo and designs to set as Operator logo. These logos can be shared by SMS with other people.
Later on when color mobiles came to market, Colorful logo option came to mobile devices. An industry has sprung up around the use of these Custom logo designs, and around ring tones, tailored towards phones, such as those made by Nokia, which can receive new logos in a text message.
Several mobile phone companies provide services on their websites where users can design their own logos, and there is also software available which can be used to create them.
See also
OTA bitmap
Smart Messaging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any-source%20multicast | Any-source multicast (ASM) is the older and more usual form of multicast where multiple senders can be on the same group/channel, as opposed to source-specific multicast where a single particular source is specified.
Any-source multicast allows a host computer to map IPs and then sends IPs to a number of groups via IP address. This method of multicasting allows hosts to transmit to/from groups without any restriction on the location of end-user computers by allowing any receiving host group computer to become a transmission source. Bandwidth usage is nominal allowing Video Conferencing to be used extensively. However, this type of multicast is vulnerable in that it allows for unauthorized traffic and denial-of-service attacks.
Commonly, any-source multicast is used in IGMP version 2; however, it can also be used in PIM-SM, MSDP, and MBGP. ASM utilizes IPv4 in association with the previously stated protocols; in addition, MLDv1 protocol is used for IPv6 addresses.
Benefits
Scalability for large tasks
The reduction of group management
Ability to use existing technologies
See also
IP multicast
Internet Group Management Protocol
RTCP
Xcast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CopperheadOS | CopperheadOS is a mobile operating system for smartphones, based on the Android mobile platform. It adds privacy and security features to the official releases of the Android Open Source Project by Google. CopperheadOS is developed by Copperhead, a Canadian information security company. It is licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0, although its source code is not available for public download.
CopperheadOS supports smartphones in the Google Pixel product line; other devices are not targeted in order to preserve the resources of the development team. It has several security features not found in stock Android, such as a hardened version of the Linux kernel, and the ability to use separate passwords for unlocking the device and for encryption. Rather than use the Google Play Store found on most Android devices, CopperheadOS ships with the F-Droid store in order to reduce the risk of users installing malicious apps.
Development of CopperheadOS began in 2014, and the operating system had an initial alpha release in August 2015. This was followed by a beta release in February 2016, followed by several other releases targeting the Google Nexus and Pixel phones. The project was initially released under the GNU General Public License, with the project's source code publicly available on GitHub. In October 2016 the license was changed to Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike (BY-NC-SA), and as of June 2020 access to the source code was restricted to members of Copperhead's partner network.
History
Project inception and initial releases
The CopperheadOS project was started in 2014 by Copperhead, an information security company based in Toronto, Canada. The company was founded in the same year by James Donaldson, the CEO, and Daniel Micay, the CTO and lead developer, and initially served clients in the Canadian legal and intelligence industries. During this work, the founders noticed an absence of secure, open-source operating systems for mobile dev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopine%20dehydrogenase%20family | In molecular biology, the octopine dehydrogenase family of enzymes act on the CH-NH substrate bond using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as an acceptor. The family includes octopine dehydrogenase , nopaline dehydrogenase , lysopine dehydrogenase and opine dehydrogenase . NADPH is the preferred cofactor, but NADH is also used. Octopine dehydrogenase is involved in the reductive condensation of arginine and pyruvic acid to D-octopine.
Opine dehydrogenases can be found in both bacteria and marine cephalopods. In bacteria, some of these opine dehydrogenases are involved in crown gall tumours that are produced by Agrobacterium spp., and which encode for the opine dehydrogenases on a Ti-plasmid. These bacteria can transfer a portion of this plasmid (T-DNA) to a susceptible plant cell; the T-DNA then integrates into the plant nuclear genome, where its genes can be expressed. Some of these genes direct the synthesis and secretion of unusual amino acid and sugar derivatives called opines - these opines are used as a carbon and sometimes a nitrogen source by the infecting bacteria.
Opine dehydrogenases are also found in the marine invertebrate cephalopods (octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish). For example, in marine cephalopods, octopine dehydrogenase activity in mantle muscle is significantly correlated with a species' ability to buffer the acidic end products of anaerobic metabolism, with activity declining strongly with a species' habitat depth. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20%26%20History | Food & History is a multilingual (French, English) scientific journal that is published since 2003. It is the biannual scientific review of the (IEHCA) based in Tours. It publishes papers about the history and culture of food.
The review
Food & History is the biannual scientific review of the Institut Européen d'Histoire et des Cultures de l'Alimentation / European Institute for the History and Culture of Food (IEHCA) in Tours, France. Founded by Francis Chevrier, director of IEHCA, in 2003, it is the first journal in Europe, both in its vocation and concept, specialised in the specific field of food history. It aims at presenting, promoting and diffusing research that focuses on food from an historical and/or cultural perspective. The journal studies food history, food archaeology, foodways and food culture from different points of view. It embraces social, economic, religious, political, agronomical and cultural aspects of food and nutrition. It deals at the same time with questions of food consumption, production and distribution, with alimentation theories and practices (medical aspects included), with food-related paraphernalia and infrastructures, as well as with culinary practices, gastronomy and restaurants. Being positioned at the crossroads of the humanities and social sciences, the review deliberately promotes interdisciplinary research approaches. Although most contributions are concerned with European food history, the journal principally also welcomes articles on other food cultures.
Food & History is a fully-fledged academic journal which applies the usual methodical instruments for assessing incoming articles, i.e. a double-blind reviewing process by external referees, recruited from a large and ever-growing intercontinental pool of experts in the field of social and cultural food studies. It belongs to a decreasing spectrum of journals which openly expresses its European and international character by accepting manuscripts in two European langua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogonal%20conjugate | __notoc__
In geometry, the isogonal conjugate of a point with respect to a triangle is constructed by reflecting the lines about the angle bisectors of respectively. These three reflected lines concur at the isogonal conjugate of . (This definition applies only to points not on a sideline of triangle .) This is a direct result of the trigonometric form of Ceva's theorem.
The isogonal conjugate of a point is sometimes denoted by . The isogonal conjugate of is .
The isogonal conjugate of the incentre is itself. The isogonal conjugate of the orthocentre is the circumcentre . The isogonal conjugate of the centroid is (by definition) the symmedian point . The isogonal conjugates of the Fermat points are the isodynamic points and vice versa. The Brocard points are isogonal conjugates of each other.
In trilinear coordinates, if is a point not on a sideline of triangle , then its isogonal conjugate is For this reason, the isogonal conjugate of is sometimes denoted by . The set of triangle centers under the trilinear product, defined by
is a commutative group, and the inverse of each in is .
As isogonal conjugation is a function, it makes sense to speak of the isogonal conjugate of sets of points, such as lines and circles. For example, the isogonal conjugate of a line is a circumconic; specifically, an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola according as the line intersects the circumcircle in 0, 1, or 2 points. The isogonal conjugate of the circumcircle is the line at infinity. Several well-known cubics (e.g., Thompson cubic, Darboux cubic, Neuberg cubic) are self-isogonal-conjugate, in the sense that if is on the cubic, then is also on the cubic.
Another construction for the isogonal conjugate of a point
For a given point in the plane of triangle , let the reflections of in the sidelines be . Then the center of the circle is the isogonal conjugate of .
See also
Isotomic conjugate
Central line (geometry)
Triangle center |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG7795 | RG7795 (previously ANA773) is an antiviral drug candidate that as of 2015 had been in Phase II trials in hepatitis B. It is an orally-available prodrug of isatoribine, that was under development by Anadys Pharmaceuticals when it was acquired by Roche in 2011. Its active metabolite is an agonist of TLR7; activation of TLR7 causes secretion of endogenous type 1 interferons, which have antiviral activity.
As of 2021, development of RG7795 appears to be discontinued. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilicus | A sicilicus was an old Latin diacritical mark, , like a reversed C (Ɔ) placed above a letter and evidently deriving its name from its shape like a little sickle (which is sicilis in Latin). The ancient sources say that during the time of the Republic it was placed above a geminate consonant to indicate that the consonant counted twice, although there is hardly any epigraphic or paleographic evidence available from such an early time. When such geminate consonants began to be represented during classical times by writing the letter twice, the sicilicus naturally fell into disuse in this function, but continued to be used to indicate the doubling of vowels as an indication of length, in the developed form of the apex. Fontaine suggests that Plautus alludes to the sicilicus in the prologue to Menaechmi.
See also
Open O, although this is a full letter, and not a diacritic placed above a letter
Antisigma, although this is a full letter, and not a diacritic placed above a letter
Apex (diacritic), used for long vowels instead of long consonants
Apostrophe, whose shape is derived from it
Comma (punctuation), whose shape is similar
Latin spelling and pronunciation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf%20expansion | Leaf expansion is a process by which plants make efficient use of the space around them by causing their leaves to enlarge, or wither. This process enables a plant to maximize its own biomass, whether it be due to increased surface area; which enables more sunlight to be absorbed by chloroplasts, driving the rate of photosynthesis upward, or it enables more stomata to be created on the leaf surface, allowing the plant to increase its carbon dioxide intake.
Mechanism
Initially, sensory organs, such as chloroplasts, the cambium, and roots, detect an external stimuli, such as light. The stimulus triggers biochemical events downstream that result in the expansion of tissue in the leaf. There are two processes found by which this occurs: osmotic regulation, which has a temporary effect that causes leaves to increase size, or wall extensibility, which gradually changes the leaf over time and permanently enlarges it.
Osmotic regulation
Red light hits leaves and depolarizes the plasma membrane of plant cells via photosensitive calcium and chloride ion channels. Chloride leaves the cells, while calcium enters. This depolarization causes an osmotic shift in ionic concentrations in the apoplast, which concurrently causes an increase in turgor pressure based on apoplastic solute potentials, forming an electrical gradient across the plasma membrane. The increase in turgor pressure causes the cells to expand, enabling the chloroplasts to shift to a different area, and the collective expansion of all the cells at once causes the leaf itself to become larger and more rigid. The movement of the chloroplasts enables light that was previously unobtainable to be reached and utilized.
Wall extensibility
Blue light hits a plant's leaves and causes the downstream activation of proton pumps. In turn, this results in a decrease of the cell wall's pH. The decrease, in conjunction with membrane-bound proteins called expansins, increases the plasticity of the apoplastic membrane. This plast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20for%20Mathematical%20Sciences | The National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (NIMS; ) is a Korean government-funded mathematics research institute. Their work focuses both basic research and applied mathematics with industrial and medical applications. Founded in 2005, NIMS became an affiliated research institute of the Institute for Basic Science in 2012. After delays for multiple years, relocation is planned for late 2023. The vision of NIMS is to "attain a global top 10 competitiveness in industrial mathematics research by 2028".
Presidents
Cho Yong Seung (October 1, 2005–September 30, 2008)
Kim Jeong Han (October 17, 2008–August 15, 2011)
Kim Dong Su (September 11, 2012–September 10, 2015)
Park Hyung Ju (September 18, 2015–July 6, 2017)
Chung Soon-yeong (January 30, 2018–January 29, 2021)
Kim Hyun-Min (March 15, 2021–present)
See also
Korea Institute for Advanced Study
List of Institutes of Mathematics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P16 | p16 (also known as p16INK4a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1 and numerous other synonyms), is a protein that slows cell division by slowing the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 phase to the S phase, thereby acting as a tumor suppressor. It is encoded by the CDKN2A gene. A deletion (the omission of a part of the DNA sequence during replication) in this gene can result in insufficient or non-functional p16, accelerating the cell cycle and resulting in many types of cancer.
p16 can be used as a biomarker to improve the histological diagnostic accuracy of grade 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). p16 is also implicated in the prevention of melanoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, vulvar cancer and esophageal cancer.
p16 was discovered in 1993. It is a protein with 148 amino acids and a molecular weight of 16 kDa that comprises four ankyrin repeats. The name of p16 is derived from its molecular weight, and the alternative name p16INK4a refers to its role in inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase CDK4.
Nomenclature
p16 is also known as:
p16INK4A
p16Ink4
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A)
CDKN2
CDK 4 Inhibitor
Multiple Tumor Suppressor 1 (MTS1)
TP16
ARF
MLM
P14
Gene
In humans, p16 is encoded by the CDKN2A gene, located on chromosome 9 (9p21.3). This gene generates several transcript variants that differ in their first exons. At least three alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct proteins have been reported, two of which encode structurally related isoforms known to function as inhibitors of CDK4. The remaining transcript includes an alternate exon 1 located 20 kb upstream of the remainder of the gene; this transcript contains an alternate open reading frame (ARF) that specifies a protein that is structurally unrelated to the products of the other variants. The ARF product functions as a stabilizer of the tumor suppressor protein p53, as it can interact with a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apportionment%20paradox | An apportionment paradox exists when the rules for apportionment in a political system produce results which are unexpected or seem to violate common sense.
To apportion is to divide into parts according to some rule, the rule typically being one of proportion. Certain quantities, like milk, can be divided in any proportion whatsoever; others, such as horses, cannot—only whole numbers will do. In the latter case, there is an inherent tension between the desire to obey the rule of proportion as closely as possible and the constraint restricting the size of each portion to discrete values. This results, at times, in unintuitive observations, or paradoxes.
Several paradoxes related to apportionment, also called fair division, have been identified. In some cases, simple post facto adjustments, if allowed, to an apportionment methodology can resolve observed paradoxes. However, as shown by examples relating to the United States House of Representatives, and subsequently proven by the Balinski–Young theorem, mathematics alone cannot always provide a single, fair resolution to the apportionment of remaining fractions into discrete equal whole-number parts, while complying fully with all the competing fairness elements.
History
An example of the apportionment paradox known as "the Alabama paradox" was discovered in the context of United States congressional apportionment in 1880, when census calculations found that if the total number of seats in the House of Representatives were hypothetically increased, this would decrease Alabama's seats from 8 to 7. An actual impact was observed in 1900, when Virginia lost a seat to Maine, even though Virginia's population was growing more rapidly: this is an example of the population paradox. In 1907, when Oklahoma became a state, New York lost a seat to Maine, thus the name "the new state paradox".
The method for apportionment used during this period, originally put forth by Alexander Hamilton, but vetoed by George Washington and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20%28learning%20theory%29 | Stability, also known as algorithmic stability, is a notion in computational learning theory of how a machine learning algorithm output is changed with small perturbations to its inputs. A stable learning algorithm is one for which the prediction does not change much when the training data is modified slightly. For instance, consider a machine learning algorithm that is being trained to recognize handwritten letters of the alphabet, using 1000 examples of handwritten letters and their labels ("A" to "Z") as a training set. One way to modify this training set is to leave out an example, so that only 999 examples of handwritten letters and their labels are available. A stable learning algorithm would produce a similar classifier with both the 1000-element and 999-element training sets.
Stability can be studied for many types of learning problems, from language learning to inverse problems in physics and engineering, as it is a property of the learning process rather than the type of information being learned. The study of stability gained importance in computational learning theory in the 2000s when it was shown to have a connection with generalization. It was shown that for large classes of learning algorithms, notably empirical risk minimization algorithms, certain types of stability ensure good generalization.
History
A central goal in designing a machine learning system is to guarantee that the learning algorithm will generalize, or perform accurately on new examples after being trained on a finite number of them. In the 1990s, milestones were reached in obtaining generalization bounds for supervised learning algorithms. The technique historically used to prove generalization was to show that an algorithm was consistent, using the uniform convergence properties of empirical quantities to their means. This technique was used to obtain generalization bounds for the large class of empirical risk minimization (ERM) algorithms. An ERM algorithm is one that selec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20local%20loop | Wireless local loop (WLL) is the use of a wireless communications link as the "last mile / first mile" connection for delivering plain old telephone service (POTS) or Internet access (marketed under the term "broadband") to telecommunications customers.
Various types of WLL systems and technologies exist.
Other terms for this type of access include broadband wireless access (BWA), radio in the loop (RITL), fixed-radio access (FRA), fixed wireless access (FWA) and metro wireless (MW).
Definition of fixed wireless service
Fixed wireless terminal (FWT) units differ from conventional mobile terminal units operating within cellular networks such as GSM in that a fixed wireless terminal or desk phone will be limited to an almost permanent location with almost no roaming abilities.
WLL and FWT are generic terms for radio-based telecommunications technologies and the respective devices, which can be implemented using a number of different wireless and radio technologies.
Wireless local-loop services are segmented into a number of broad market and deployment groups. Services are split between licensed commonly used by carriers and telcos and unlicensed services more commonly deployed by home users and wireless ISPs (WISPs).
Licensed Point-to-Point Microwave
Licensed point-to-point microwave was first deployed by AT&T Long Lines in the 1960s for high-bandwidth, interstate transmission of voice, data and television. AT&T's network covered the entire U.S., carried across hundreds of microwave towers, largely transmitting at 3700–4200 MHz and 5000–6200 MHz. The network was slowly obsoleted, starting in the late 1980's, as fiber optics became the solution of choice for communications backhaul.
Following the Breakup of the Bell System on January 8, 1982, licensed point-to-point microwave solutions could be sold to enterprise and government accounts for their own private use. Frequently, the argument was to bypass wired local loops in order to save money or backup weak cop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegra | Tegra is a system on a chip (SoC) series developed by Nvidia for mobile devices such as smartphones, personal digital assistants, and mobile Internet devices. The Tegra integrates an ARM architecture central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU), northbridge, southbridge, and memory controller onto one package. Early Tegra SoCs are designed as efficient multimedia processors. The Tegra-line evolved to emphasize performance for gaming and machine learning applications without sacrificing power efficiency, before taking a drastic shift in direction towards platforms that provide vehicular automation with the applied "Nvidia Drive" brand name on reference boards and its semiconductors; and with the "Nvidia Jetson" brand name for boards adequate for AI applications within e.g. robots or drones, and for various smart high level automation purposes.
History
The Tegra APX 2500 was announced on February 12, 2008. The Tegra 6xx product line was revealed on June 2, 2008, and the APX 2600 was announced in February 2009. The APX chips were designed for smartphones, while the Tegra 600 and 650 chips were intended for smartbooks and mobile Internet devices (MID).
The first product to use the Tegra was Microsoft's Zune HD media player in September 2009, followed by the Samsung M1. Microsoft's Kin was the first cellular phone to use the Tegra; however, the phone did not have an app store, so the Tegra's power did not provide much advantage. In September 2008, Nvidia and Opera Software announced that they would produce a version of the Opera 9.5 browser optimized for the Tegra on Windows Mobile and Windows CE. At Mobile World Congress 2009, Nvidia introduced its port of Google's Android to the Tegra.
On January 7, 2010, Nvidia officially announced and demonstrated its next generation Tegra system-on-a-chip, the Nvidia Tegra 250, at Consumer Electronics Show 2010. Nvidia primarily supports Android on Tegra 2, but booting other ARM-supporting operating systems is p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauljensenia%20hongkongensis | Pauljensenia hongkongensis is a Gram-positive, strictly anaerobic and non-spore-forming species of bacteria from the family Actinomycetaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-scaling | Twin-scaling is a method of propagating plant bulbs that have a basal plate, such as:
Hippeastrum, Narcissus, Galanthus and other members of the Amaryllidaceae;
some members of the lily family Liliaceae;
Lachenalia, Veltheimia and other members of the Hyacinthaceae.
Purpose
Twin-scaling is practiced by professional growers and skilled amateurs to increase bulbs that would naturally propagate very slowly, or to speed up the production of desirable cultivars. Using twin-scaling, it is possible to multiply one bulb into 16 to 32 (or more) viable bulbs in a couple of years, whereas natural propagation might only lead to a doubling every two years or so. It is one of a number of propagation techniques (such as "scooping", "scoring" and "chipping") based on the fact that an accidentally damaged bulb will often regenerate by forming small bulblets or bulbils on the damaged surface. Commercial growers have obtained as many as 100 twin-scales from a single bulb.
Method
The dormant bulb which is to be twin-scaled has its surface sterilized by removing its dry tunic and carefully trimming off its roots and any dead tissue, while leaving a layer of sound basal plate intact, then dipping the clean bulb in dilute bleach (or another suitable disinfectant). The bulb is then sliced cleanly from top to bottom several times, creating 8 or 16 segments, depending on the size of the bulb. At this stage, the segments are called "chips" (many growers are content with simply chipping a bulb into 4 or 8 and do not divide the bulb further).
True twin-scaling involves further subdivision of the chips to create pairs of scales, joined by a small part of the basal plate. The twin-scales are then treated with fungicide before being mixed with moist, sterile Vermiculite, sealed in plastic bags and left in a fairly warm, dark location until new bulblets form. Some species may require alternate periods of warm and cool storage to initiate bulblet growth.
The tiny bulbs are planted into pots o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20%28company%29 | Power (formerly Expert) is a Nordic company that sells consumer electronics through subsidiaries. The company headquarters are located in Lørenskog, Norway and operates approx. 269 stores in total across Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. The company belongs to the Power International AS group, which is registered in Norway. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156%20%28number%29 | 156 (one hundred [and] fifty-six) is the natural number, following 155 and preceding 157.
In mathematics
156 is an abundant number, a pronic number, a dodecagonal number, and a refactorable number.
156 is the number of graphs on 6 unlabeled nodes.
156 is a repdigit in base 5 (1111), and also in bases 25, 38, 51, 77, and 155.
156 degrees is the internal angle of a pentadecagon.
In the military
Convoy HX-156 was the 156th of the numbered series of World War II HX convoys of merchant ships from Halifax, Nova Scotia to Liverpool during World War II
The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch was a small German liaison aircraft during World War II
The
was a United States Navy T2 tanker during World War II
was a United States Navy cargo ship during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy ship during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy during World War II
was a United States Navy fast civilian yacht during World War I
In music
156, a song by the Danish rock band Mew appearing in both their 2000 album Half the World Is Watching Me and their 2003 album Frengers.
NM 156, a 1984 song by the heavy metal band Queensrÿche from the album The Warning
156, a song by the Polish Black Metal band Blaze of Perdition from the 2010 album Towards the Blaze of Perdition
In transportation
The Alfa Romeo 156 car produced from 1997 to 2006.
The Ferrari 156 was a racecar made by Ferrari from 1961 to 1963.
The Ferrari 156/85 was a Formula One car in the 1985 Formula One season.
The Class 156 "Super Sprinter" DMU train.
The Midland Railway 156 Class, a 2-4-0 tender engine built in the United Kingdom between 1866 and 1874.
London Buses route 156.
Martin 156, known as the Russian clipper, was a large flying boat aircraft intended for transoceanic service |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiresolution%20analysis | A multiresolution analysis (MRA) or multiscale approximation (MSA) is the design method of most of the practically relevant discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) and the justification for the algorithm of the fast wavelet transform (FWT). It was introduced in this context in 1988/89 by Stephane Mallat and Yves Meyer and has predecessors in the microlocal analysis in the theory of differential equations (the ironing method) and the pyramid methods of image processing as introduced in 1981/83 by Peter J. Burt, Edward H. Adelson and James L. Crowley.
Definition
A multiresolution analysis of the Lebesgue space consists of a sequence of nested subspaces
that satisfies certain self-similarity relations in time-space and scale-frequency, as well as completeness and regularity relations.
Self-similarity in time demands that each subspace Vk is invariant under shifts by integer multiples of 2k. That is, for each the function g defined as also contained in .
Self-similarity in scale demands that all subspaces are time-scaled versions of each other, with scaling respectively dilation factor 2k-l. I.e., for each there is a with .
In the sequence of subspaces, for k>l the space resolution 2l of the l-th subspace is higher than the resolution 2k of the k-th subspace.
Regularity demands that the model subspace V0 be generated as the linear hull (algebraically or even topologically closed) of the integer shifts of one or a finite number of generating functions or . Those integer shifts should at least form a frame for the subspace , which imposes certain conditions on the decay at infinity. The generating functions are also known as scaling functions or father wavelets. In most cases one demands of those functions to be piecewise continuous with compact support.
Completeness demands that those nested subspaces fill the whole space, i.e., their union should be dense in , and that they are not too redundant, i.e., their intersection should only contain the zero element.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel%20wreath | A laurel wreath is a round wreath made of connected branches and leaves of the bay laurel (), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen, or later from spineless butcher's broom (Ruscus hypoglossum) or cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). It is a symbol of triumph and is worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck.
Wreaths and crowns in antiquity, including the laurel wreath, trace back to Ancient Greece. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo, who is patron of lyrical poetry, musical performance
and skill-based athletics, is conventionally depicted wearing a laurel wreath on his head in all three roles. Wreaths were awarded to victors in athletic competitions, including the ancient Olympics; for victors in athletics they were made of wild olive tree known as "kotinos" (), (sc. at Olympia) – and the same for winners of musical and poetic competitions. In Rome they were symbols of martial victory, crowning a successful commander during his triumph. Whereas ancient laurel wreaths are most often depicted as a horseshoe shape, modern versions are usually complete rings.
In common modern idiomatic usage, a laurel wreath or "crown" refers to a victory. The expression "resting on one's laurels" refers to someone relying entirely on long-past successes for continued fame or recognition, where to "look to one's laurels" means to be careful of losing rank to competition.
Background
Apollo, the patron of sport, is associated with the wearing of a laurel wreath. This association arose from the ancient Greek mythology story of Apollo and Daphne. Apollo mocked the god of love, Eros (Cupid), for his use of bow and arrow, since Apollo is also patron of archery. The insulted Eros then prepared two arrows—one of gold and one of lead. He shot Apollo with the gold arrow, instilling in the god a passionate love for the river nymph Daphne. He shot Daphne with the lead arrow, instilling in her a hatred of Apollo. Apollo pursued Daphne until she begged to be free of him and w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20supracondylar%20ridge | The inferior third of the medial border of the humerus is raised into a slight ridge, the medial supracondylar ridge (or medial supracondylar line), which becomes very prominent below; it presents an anterior lip for the origins of the Brachialis and Pronator teres, a posterior lip for the medial head of the Triceps brachii, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the medial intermuscular septum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditioner%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry and materials science, a conditioner is a substance or process that improves the quality of a given material. Conditioning agents used in skincare products are also known as moisturizers, and usually are composed of various oils and lubricants. One method of their use is as a coating of the substrate to alter the feel and appearance. For cosmetic products, this effect is a temporary one but can help to protect skin and hair from further damage.
In cosmetic products the types of conditioning agents used are as follows:
Emollients, usually oils, fats, waxes or silicones, which are hydrophobic molecules of natural or synthetic origin that coat the skin or hair and provide an occlusive surface that helps prevent further loss of moisture as well as providing slip and lubricity
Humectants, typically polyols or glycols, that can hydrogen bond with water in the skin and hair and reduce water loss
Cationic surfactants or polymers that are substantive to the slightly negatively-charged skin and hair and provide a film on the hair that limits further damage
Fatty alcohols which are amphiphilic and provide a hydrophobic coating to skin and hair as well as building a lamellar structure in the cosmetic product that builds viscosity as well as improving product stability
See also
Chemical conditioning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA10 | The ETA10 is a vector supercomputer designed, manufactured, and marketed by ETA Systems, a spin-off division of Control Data Corporation (CDC). The ETA10 was an evolution of the CDC Cyber 205, which can trace its origins back to the CDC STAR-100, one of the first vector supercomputers to be developed.
CDC announced it was creating ETA Systems, and a successor to the Cyber 205, on 18 April 1983 at the Frontiers of Supercomputing conference, held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was then referred to tentatively as the Cyber 2XX, and later as the GF-10, before it was named the ETA10. Prototypes were operational in mid-1986, and the first delivery was made in December 1986. The supercomputer was formally announced in April 1987 at an event held at its first customer installation, the Florida State University, Tallahassee's Scientific Computational Research Institute. On 17 April 1989, CDC abruptly closed ETA Systems due to ongoing financial losses, and discontinued production of the ETA10. Many of its users, such as Florida State University, negotiated Cray hardware in exchange.
Historical development
CDC had a strong history of creating powerful supercomputers, starting with the CDC 6600. One of the most famous computer architects to emerge from CDC was Seymour Cray. After a disagreement with CDC management regarding the development of the CDC 8600, he went on to form his own supercomputer company, Cray Research. Meanwhile, work continued at CDC in developing a high-end supercomputer, the CDC STAR-100—led by another famous architect, Neil Lincoln. Cray Research's Cray-1 vector supercomputer was successful, beating CDC's STAR-100. CDC responded with derivatives of the STAR, the Cyber 203 and 205. The Cyber 205 was moderately successful against the Cray-1's successor, the Cray X-MP. It became apparent to CDC's top management that it needed to decrease the development time for the next generation computer—thus a new approach was considered for the follow-on to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20recoil%20detection | Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), also referred to as forward recoil scattering (or, contextually, spectrometry), is an ion beam analysis technique in materials science to obtain elemental concentration depth profiles in thin films. This technique is known by several different names. These names are listed below. In the technique of ERDA, an energetic ion beam is directed at a sample to be characterized and (as in Rutherford backscattering) there is an elastic nuclear interaction between the ions of beam and the atoms of the target sample. Such interactions are commonly of Coulomb nature. Depending on the kinetics of the ions, cross section area, and the loss of energy of the ions in the matter, ERDA helps determine the quantification of the elemental analysis. It also provides information about the depth profile of the sample.
The energy of incident energetic ions can vary from 2 MeV to 200 MeV, depending on the studied sample. The energy of the beam should be enough to kick out (“recoil”) the atoms of the sample. Thus, ERD usually employs appropriate source and detectors to detect recoiled atoms.
ERDA setup is large, expensive and difficult to operate. Therefore, although it is commercially available, it is relatively uncommon in materials characterization. The angle of incidence that an ion beam makes with the sample must also be taken into account for correct analysis of the sample. This is because, depending on this angle, the recoiled atoms will be collected.
ERDA has been used since the mid-1970s. It has similar theory to Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), but there are minor differences in the set-up of the experiment. In case of RBS, the detector is placed in the back of the sample whereas in ERDA, the detector is placed in the front.
Characteristics of ERDA
The main characteristics of ERDA are listed below.
A variety of elements can be analyzed simultaneously as long as the atomic number of recoiled ion is smaller than the atomic n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20Ellis-Monaghan | Joanna Anthony Ellis-Monaghan is an American mathematician and mathematics educator whose research interests include graph polynomials and topological graph theory. She is a professor of mathematics at the Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics of the University of Amsterdam.
Education and career
Ellis-Monaghan grew up in Alaska. She graduated from Bennington College in 1984 with a double major in mathematics and studio art, and earned a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Vermont in 1986. After beginning a doctoral program at Dartmouth College, she transferred to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she completed her Ph.D. in 1995. Her dissertation, supervised by Jim Stasheff, was A unique, universal graph polynomial and its Hopf algebraic properties, with applications to the Martin polynomial.
She joined the Saint Michael's College faculty in 1992, chaired the department there, and has also held positions at the University of Vermont. In 2020 she became professor of Discrete Mathematics at the University of Amsterdam.
Contributions
With Iain Moffat, Ellis-Monaghan is the author of the book Graphs on Surfaces: Dualities, Polynomials, and Knots (Springer, 2013).
From 2010-2020, she served as Editor-in-Chief of PRIMUS, a journal on the teaching of undergraduate mathematics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Franklin graph is a 3-regular graph with 12 vertices and 18 edges.
The Franklin graph is named after Philip Franklin, who disproved the Heawood conjecture on the number of colors needed when a two-dimensional surface is partitioned into cells by a graph embedding. The Heawood conjecture implied that the maximum chromatic number of a map on the Klein bottle should be seven, but Franklin proved that in this case six colors always suffice. (The Klein bottle is the only surface for which the Heawood conjecture fails.) The Franklin graph can be embedded in the Klein bottle so that it forms a map requiring six colors, showing that six colors are sometimes necessary in this case. This embedding is the Petrie dual of its embedding in the projective plane shown below.
It is Hamiltonian and has chromatic number 2, chromatic index 3, radius 3, diameter 3 and girth 4. It is also a 3-vertex-connected and 3-edge-connected perfect graph.
Algebraic properties
The automorphism group of the Franklin graph is of order 48 and is isomorphic to Z/2Z×S4, the direct product of the cyclic group Z/2Z and the symmetric group S4. It acts transitively on the vertices of the graph, making it vertex-transitive.
The characteristic polynomial of the Franklin graph is
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy%20protein | Soy protein is a protein that is isolated from soybean. It is made from soybean meal that has been dehulled and defatted. Dehulled and defatted soybeans are processed into three kinds of high protein commercial products: soy flour, concentrates, and isolates. Soy protein isolate has been used since 1959 in foods for its functional properties.
Soy protein is generally regarded as being concentrated in protein bodies, which are estimated to contain at least 60–70% of the total soybean protein. Upon germination of the soybean, the protein will be digested, and the released amino acids will be transported to locations of seedling growth. Soybeans contain a small but newly very significant 2S Albumin storage protein. Legume proteins, such as soy and pulses, belong to the globulin family of seed storage proteins called legumin and vicilins, or in the case of soybeans, glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Soybeans also contain biologically active or metabolic proteins, such as enzymes, trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins, and cysteine proteases very similar to papain. The soy cotyledon storage proteins, important for human nutrition, can be extracted most efficiently by water, water plus dilute alkali (pH 7–9), or aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (0.5–2 M ≈ 30-120 g/L) from dehulled and defatted soybeans that have undergone only a minimal heat treatment so the protein is close to being native or undenatured.
History
Soy protein has been available since 1936 for its functional properties. In that year, organic chemist Percy Lavon Julian designed the world's first plant for the isolation of industrial-grade soy protein called alpha protein. The largest use of industrial-grade protein was, and still is, for paper coatings, in which it serves as a pigment binder. However, Julian's plant must have also been the source of the "soy protein isolate" which Ford's Robert Boyer and Frank Calvert spun into an artificial silk that was then tailored into that now famous "silk is soy" su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vectorette%20PCR | Vectorette PCR is a variation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed in 1988. The original PCR was created and also patented during the 1980s. Vectorette PCR was first noted and described in an article in 1990 by John H. Riley and his team. Since then, multiple variants of PCR have been created. Vectorette PCR focuses on amplifying a specific sequence obtained from an internal sequence that is originally known until the fragment end. Multiple researches have taken this method as an opportunity to conduct experiments in order to uncover the potential uses that can be derived from Vectorette PCR.
Introduction
Vectorette PCR is similar to PCR with the difference being that it is capable of obtaining the sequence desired for amplification from an already known primer site. While PCR needs information of already known sequences at both ends, Vectorette PCR only requires previous knowledge of one. This means that is able to apply the method of PCR which needs sequence information from both ends to fragments of DNA that contain the information of the sequence at only one end and not the other. In order to achieve this, there are specific steps that this method must first go through. These steps have been researched for the purpose of discovering the scientific uses of Vectorette PCR and how they can be applied.
Steps
Vectorette PCR can develop a strategy to bring about PCR amplification that is unidirectional. Vectorette PCR comprises three main steps. The first step includes utilizing a restriction enzyme in order to accomplish digestion of the sample DNA. The DNA that is to be utilized for the purpose of investigation has to be capable of being digested by restriction enzymes that are appropriate for that gene otherwise the DNA fragments that form the general population cannot be created. After that is completed, a Vectorette library is brought together by ligating the Vectorette units to the appropriate DNA fragments which were previously digested. Ligation is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20mountain%20drawing | A drawing of twin mountains (Indonesian: pemandangan gunung kembar, "twin mountain view", or pemandangan gunung legendaris, "legendary mountain view") is a drawing pattern commonly made by Indonesian kindergarten and primary school students. The drawing is often produced by students who are asked by their teacher to draw natural features.
The drawing is typically characterized by a road stretching between vast fields of rice that leads toward two mountains on the horizon, with the sun nestled in the space between the two peaks. Other objects commonly added by students include clouds, trees, grass (or paddy fields), people (or paddy farmers), a house (the farmer's), and birds seen from afar. The significance of the drawing is to demonstrate the tendency of children to compose symmetrical scenes that consist of asymmetrical features, as well as a tendency to imitate their peers.
History
The template for the drawing originates from Yogyakartan artist Tino Sidin, the host of the children's drawing program Gemar Menggambar, which aired on TVRI in the 1980s.
One of the drawings produced by Sidin contained the now iconic twin mountains and rice fields. Sidin's artwork proved to be so popular that Indonesian schoolchildren began to imitate the drawing, with teachers using his work as a reference for their students in the classroom. Mount Sindoro and Mount Sumbing, located in Central Java, are sometimes cited as the real-life basis for the drawing.
Criticism
Several critics have argued that the twin mountain drawing highlights issues in the educational system in Indonesia.
Indonesian teachers and schools are perceived as monotonous, as students almost unanimously decide to draw twin mountains, and critics argue this shows that schools do not promote diversity and creativity. Many believe that more action should be taken by teachers to promote creativity among their students. The monotonous nature of schools also causes students to fear being different, forcing them t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20South%20Korean%20flags | This is a list of flags used in South Korea, from 1945 to the present.
National flags
National government flags
Military flags
Political flags
Flags of subdivisions
Provincial-level division flags
Flags of other cities
Historical flags
Historical flags of other cities
North Korean provincial flags
As the South Korean government claims the territory of North Korea as its own, provincial flags also exist for the North Korean provinces that are claimed by South Korea. The following are flags of the five Korean provinces located entirely north of the Military Demarcation Line as according to the South Korean government, as it formally claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire Korean Peninsula.
See also
Flag of South Korea
List of Korean flags
Emblem of South Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20silicate | Aluminium silicate (or aluminum silicate) is a name commonly applied to chemical compounds which are derived from aluminium oxide, Al2O3 and silicon dioxide, SiO2 which may be anhydrous or hydrated, naturally occurring as minerals or synthetic. Their chemical formulae are often expressed as xAl2O3·ySiO2·zH2O. It is known as E number E559.
Main representatives
Andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite are the principal aluminium silicate minerals. The triple point of the three polymorphs is located at a temperature of and a pressure of . These three minerals are commonly used as index minerals in metamorphic rocks.
Al2SiO5, (Al2O3·SiO2), which occurs naturally as the minerals andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite which have distinct crystal structures.
Al2Si2O7, (Al2O3·2SiO2), called metakaolinite, formed from kaolin by heating at .
Al6Si2O13, (3Al2O3·2SiO2), the mineral mullite, the only thermodynamically stable intermediate phase in the Al2O3-SiO2 system at atmospheric pressure. This also called '3:2 mullite' to distinguish it from 2Al2O3·SiO2, Al4SiO8 '2:1 mullite'.
2Al2O3·SiO2, Al4SiO8 '2:1 mullite'.
The above list mentions ternary materials (Si-Al-O). Kaolinite is a quaternary material (Si-Al-O-H). Also called aluminium silicate dihydrate, kaolinite occurs naturally as a mineral. Its formula is Al2Si2O5(OH)4, (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O).
Aluminium silicate composite materials, fibres
Aluminium silicate is a type of fibrous material made of aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide, (such materials are also called aluminosilicate fibres). These are glassy solid solutions rather than chemical compounds. The compositions are often described in terms of % weight of alumina, Al2O3 and silica, SiO2. Temperature resistance increases as the % alumina increases. These fibrous materials can be encountered as loose wool, blanket, felt, paper or boards. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koilocyte | A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus (HPV). Identification of these cells by pathologists can be useful in diagnosing various HPV-associated lesions.
Koilocytosis
Koilocytosis or koilocytic atypia or koilocytotic atypia are terms used in histology and cytology to describe the presence of koilocytes in a specimen.
Koilocytes may have the following cellular changes:
Nuclear enlargement (two to three times normal size).
Irregularity of the nuclear membrane contour, creating a wrinkled or raisinoid appearance.
A darker than normal staining pattern in the nucleus, known as hyperchromasia.
A clear area around the nucleus, known as a perinuclear halo or perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization.
Collectively, these types of changes are called a cytopathic effect; various types of cytopathic effect can be seen in many different cell types infected by many different viruses. Infection of cells with HPV causes the specific cytopathic effects seen in koilocytes.
Pathogenesis
The atypical features seen in cells displaying koilocytosis result from the action of the E5 and E6 oncoproteins produced by HPV. These proteins break down keratin in HPV-infected cells, resulting in the perinuclear halo and nuclear enlargement typical of koilocytes. The E6 oncoprotein, along with E7, is also responsible for the dysregulation of the cell cycle that results in squamous cell dysplasia. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins do this by binding and inhibiting the tumor suppressor genes p53 and RB, respectively. This promotes progression of cells through the cell cycle without appropriate repair of DNA damage, resulting in dysplasia. Due to the ability of HPV to cause cellular dysplasia, koilocytes are found in a number of potentially precancerous lesions.
Visualization of koilocytes
Koilocytes can be visualized microscopically when tissue is collected, fixed, and stained. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20physics%20journals | This is a list of physics journals with existing articles on Wikipedia. The list is organized by subfields of physics.
By subject
General
Astrophysics
Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
European Physical Journal D
Journal of Physics B
Laser Physics
Molecular Physics
Physical Review A
Plasmas
Measurement
Measurement Science and Technology
Metrologia
Review of Scientific Instruments
Nuclear and particle physics
Optics
Computational physics
Computational Materials Science
Computer Physics Communications
International Journal of Modern Physics C (computational physics, physical computations)
Journal of Computational Physics
Physical Review E, section E13
Communications in Computational Physics
Condensed matter and materials science
Low temperature physics
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Low Temperature Physics
Chemical physics
Chemical Physics Letters
Journal of Chemical Physics
Journal of Physical Chemistry A
Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Journal of Physical Chemistry C
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
Soft matter physics
European Physical Journal E
Journal of Polymer Science Part B
Soft Matter
Medical physics
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine
BMC Medical Physics
Bioelectromagnetics
Health Physics
Journal of Medical Physics
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Medical Physics
Physics in Medicine and Biology
Biological physics
Annual Review of Biophysics
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Biophysical Journal
Biophysical Reviews and Letters
Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics
European Biophysics Journal
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
Physical Biology
Radiation and Environmental Biophysics
Statistical and nonlinear physics
Theoretical and mathematical physics
Quantum information
Quantum
Journal of Quantum Information Science
International Journal of Quantum Information
npj Quantum Information
Geophysic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakow%20Trachtenberg | Jakow Trachtenberg (17 June 1888 – 26 October 1951) was a mathematician who developed the mental calculation techniques called the Trachtenberg system.
He was born in Odessa, in the Russian Empire (today Ukraine). He graduated with highest honors from the Mining Engineering Institute in St. Petersburg and later worked as an engineer in the Obukhov arms factory. While still in his early twenties, he became Chief Engineer with 11,000 men under his supervision. The Tsarist government gave him the responsibility of supervising the formation of a well-developed navy.
Trachtenberg was a dedicated pacifist. When war broke out in 1914, he was instrumental in organising a society known as the Society of Good Samaritans. The idea was to train Russian students to take care of the wounded. It also had a special recognition from Tsar Nicholas II. He was against violence of any sort despite having a leading position in tsarist arms production.
After the Russian Revolutions of 1917, Trachtenberg fled to the Weimar Republic where he became critical of Nazi policies. He was imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. He developed his system of mental arithmetic during his imprisonment. He later fled to Switzerland. He died in 1953
See also
List of peace activists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%20effect | In evolutionary biology, the Baldwin effect, a phenotype-first theory of evolution, describes the effect of learned behaviour on evolution. James Mark Baldwin and others suggested during the eclipse of Darwinism in the late 19th century that an organism's ability to learn new behaviours (e.g. to acclimatise to a new stressor) will affect its reproductive success and will therefore have an effect on the genetic makeup of its species through natural selection. Though this process appears similar to Lamarckism, that view proposes that living things inherited their parents' acquired characteristics. The Baldwin effect has been independently proposed several times, and today it is generally recognized as part of the modern synthesis.
"A New Factor in Evolution"
The effect, then unnamed, was put forward in 1896 in a paper "A New Factor in Evolution" by the American psychologist James Mark Baldwin, with a second paper in 1897. The paper proposed a mechanism for specific selection for general learning ability. As the historian of science Robert Richards explains:
Selected offspring would tend to have an increased capacity for learning new skills rather than being confined to genetically coded, relatively fixed abilities. In effect, it places emphasis on the fact that the sustained behaviour of a species or group can shape the evolution of that species. The "Baldwin effect" is better understood in evolutionary developmental biology literature as a scenario in which a character or trait change occurring in an organism as a result of its interaction with its environment becomes gradually assimilated into its developmental genetic or epigenetic repertoire. In the words of the philosopher of science Daniel Dennett:
An update to the Baldwin effect was developed by Jean Piaget, Paul Weiss, and Conrad Waddington in the 1960s–1970s. This new version included an explicit role for the social in shaping subsequent natural change in humans (both evolutionary and developmental), with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novikov%E2%80%93Shubin%20invariant | In mathematics, a Novikov–Shubin invariant, introduced by , is an invariant of a compact Riemannian manifold related to the spectrum of the Laplace operator acting on square-integrable differential forms on its universal cover.
The Novikov–Shubin invariant gives a measure of the density of eigenvalues around zero. It can be computed from a triangulation of the manifold, and it is a homotopy invariant. In particular, it does not depend on the chosen Riemannian metric on the manifold.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS%20rebinding | DNS rebinding is a method of manipulating resolution of domain names that is commonly used as a form of computer attack. In this attack, a malicious web page causes visitors to run a client-side script that attacks machines elsewhere on the network. In theory, the same-origin policy prevents this from happening: client-side scripts are only allowed to access content on the same host that served the script. Comparing domain names is an essential part of enforcing this policy, so DNS rebinding circumvents this protection by abusing the Domain Name System (DNS).
This attack can be used to breach a private network by causing the victim's web browser to access computers at private IP addresses and return the results to the attacker. It can also be employed to use the victim machine for spamming, distributed denial-of-service attacks, or other malicious activities.
How DNS rebinding works
The attacker registers a domain (such as attacker.com) and delegates it to a DNS server that is under the attacker's control. The server is configured to respond with a very short time to live (TTL) record, preventing the DNS response from being cached. When the victim browses to the malicious domain, the attacker's DNS server first responds with the IP address of a server hosting the malicious client-side code. For instance, they could point the victim's browser to a website that contains malicious JavaScript or Flash scripts that are intended to execute on the victim's computer.
The malicious client-side code makes additional accesses to the original domain name (such as attacker.com). These are permitted by the same-origin policy. However, when the victim's browser runs the script it makes a new DNS request for the domain, and the attacker replies with a new IP address. For instance, they could reply with an internal IP address or the IP address of a target somewhere else on the Internet.
Protection
The following techniques attempt to prevent DNS rebinding attacks:
DNS servers i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngameon | Syngameon refers to groups of taxa that frequently engage in natural hybridization and lack strong reproductive barriers that prevent interbreeding. Syngameons are more common in plants than animals, with approximately 25% of plant species and 10% of animal species producing natural hybrids. The most well known syngameons include irises of the California Pacific Coast and white oaks of the Eastern United States. Hybridization within a syngameon is typically not equally distributed among species and few species often dominate patterns of hybridization.
The term syngameon comes from the root word syngamy coined by Edward Bagnall Poulton to define groups that freely interbreed. He also coined the word asyngamy referring to groups that do not freely interbreed (with the substantive noun forms Syngamy and Asyngamy). The term syngameon was first used by Johannes Paulus Lotsy, who used it to describe a habitually interbreeding community that was reproductively isolated from other habitually interbreeding communities. Syngameon was used interchangeably with the term species to describe groups of closely related individuals that interbreed to varying degrees. A more specific definition of syngameon has been given to groups of taxa that frequently engage in natural hybridization and lack strong morphological differences that could be used to define them. Taxa in syngameons may have separate species names, but evolutionary biologists often suggest they should be treated as a single species. Variation among species within a syngameon can be due to a number of factors related to their biogeography, ecology, phylogeny, reproductive biology, and genetics.
Coenospecies
The terms coenospecies and syngameons are both used to describe clusters of lineages that are morphologically distinct and lack strong isolation mechanisms. Coenospecies, first coined by Göte Turesson in 1922, refers to the total sum of possible combinations in a genotype compound, which includes hybridization tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt%20friction | Belt friction is a term describing the friction forces between a belt and a surface, such as a belt wrapped around a bollard. When a force applies a tension to one end of a belt or rope wrapped around a curved surface, the frictional force between the two surfaces increases with the amount of wrap about the curved surface, and only part of that force (or resultant belt tension) is transmitted to the other end of the belt or rope. Belt friction can be modeled by the Belt friction equation.
In practice, the theoretical tension acting on the belt or rope calculated by the belt friction equation can be compared to the maximum tension the belt can support. This helps a designer of such a system determine how many times the belt or rope must be wrapped around a curved surface to prevent it from slipping. Mountain climbers and sailing crews demonstrate a working knowledge of belt friction when accomplishing tasks with ropes, pulleys, bollards and capstans.
Equation
The equation used to model belt friction is, assuming the belt has no mass and its material is a fixed composition:
where is the tension of the pulling side, is the tension of the resisting side, is the static friction coefficient, which has no units, and is the angle, in radians, formed by the first and last spots the belt touches the pulley, with the vertex at the center of the pulley.
The tension on the pulling side of the belt and pulley has the ability to increase exponentially if the magnitude of the belt angle increases (e.g. it is wrapped around the pulley segment numerous times).
Generalization for a rope lying on an arbitrary orthotropic surface
If a rope is laying in equilibrium under tangential forces on a rough orthotropic surface then three following conditions (all of them) are satisfied:
1. No separation – normal reaction is positive for all points of the rope curve:
, where is a normal curvature of the rope curve.
2. Dragging coefficient of friction and angle are satisfying |
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