source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISocket | iSocket is a smart device brand created by iSocket Systems in 2010. iSocket sends a text message to the user in case of a power outage or other events in a remote location, such as temperature changes, water or gas leaks, or break-ins.
iSocket (which stands for "intelligent socket") was created in the year 2010 by Denis Sokol, the CEO of iSocket Systems. It is a company from Varkaus, Finland. Sokol claims that iSocket was the first smart plug for power outage alerts in the world.
Considered a part of the Internet of things, iSocket was one of the two winners of the Thread Group Innovation Enabler Program for connected homes in the third quarter of 2015.
While most home automation devices depend on the home router's Wi-Fi, iSocket uses a cellular radio and an ordinary SIM card. It also contains a small battery backup so that it can stay powered long enough to alert the user of a power interruption. The socket may include a temperature sensor to monitor temperature during the cold season to avoid frozen pipes. It also sends a message when the power is restored. iSocket makes it possible to turn power on and off with an SMS or a phone call.
Motion, door, smoke, heat, and gas sensors can be connected to iSocket within Ceco Home, the company's home monitoring system. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris%20Stockton | Doris G. Skillman Stockton (1924–2018) was an American mathematician specializing in partial differential equations and Banach spaces, and known for her many mathematics textbooks. For many years she was a professor of mathematics at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Education and career
Stockton entered the New Jersey College for Women at Rutgers in 1941. Initially planning to study dramatic arts, she was persuaded to switch to mathematics and physics so that she could more directly contribute to the World War II efforts.
She completed her Ph.D. at Brown University in 1958, with the dissertation Singular Parabolic Partial Differential Equations with Time Dependent Coefficients, supervised by Joanne Elliott.
She joined the faculty at the University of Connecticut but, soon after, moved to the University of Massachusetts. After working for 52 years on the faculty of the University of Massachusetts, Stockton retired in 2006.
Personal life
Stockton was born on February 9, 1924, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
She was married to Frederick D. Stockton (1920–2015), an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Massachusetts.
She died on December 13, 2018, in Avon, Connecticut.
Books
Stockton was the author of 11 textbooks and workbooks, including:
Elements of Mathematics (2nd ed., with Helen Murray Roberts, 1956)
Essential Mathematics (Scott & Foresman, 1972)
Essential Algebra (1973)
Essential Algebra with Functions (1973)
Essential Algebra and Trigonometry (Houghton Mifflin, 1978)
Essential Precalculus (Houghton Mifflin, 1978)
Essential College Algebra (Houghton Mifflin, 1979) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OxygenOS | OxygenOS () is an Android-based operating system (OS) developed by Chinese smartphone manufacturer OnePlus exclusively for their smartphones. OxygenOS was developed for their overseas market. There used to also be another version of the OS designed specifically for the Chinese market called HydrogenOS ().
In an interview published on 3 September 2016, XDA Developers revealed OnePlus was "actively merging both platforms (OxygenOS and HydrogenOS) into a single cohesive operating system based on Android".
Features
Version 1.0 was based on Android 5.0.1 and was available only for the OnePlus One via a flashable ZIP provided through the OnePlus website.
Notable features of version 2.0 and 2.1.1 include app permissions, Waves MaxxAudio, Microsoft SwiftKey keyboard, off-screen gestures, custom icons, dark mode, manual camera mode, and RAW support for 3rd party apps, like Camera FV-5 2.75.
On 31 December 2016, OnePlus released OxygenOS 4.0.0 based on Android Nougat and includes its features and several other modifications to the public via OTA download.
On 31 January 2018, OnePlus released OxygenOS 5.0.3 based on Android Oreo to the public via OTA download. In May 2018, OnePlus launched OnePlus 6 with OxygenOS based on Android Oreo 8.1.
On 29 October 2018, OnePlus launched OnePlus 6T with OxygenOS 9.0 based on Android Pie.
On 25 December 2018, OnePlus released OxygenOS 9.0.0 based on Android Pie for OnePlus 5/5T to the public via OTA download.
On 21 September 2019, OnePlus announced the release of OxygenOS version 10.0 based on Android 10 for OnePlus 7 and 7 Pro. This initial release was followed by Android 10 based builds for older devices later.
On 06 August 2022, OnePlus announced OxygenOS 13 which is based on Android 13. OxygenOS 13 is eligible for OnePlus 10 series to OnePlus 8 series smartphones and some Nord smartphones.
On 25 September 2023, OnePlus recently announced that it will globally launch the Android 14-based OxygenOS 14.
Privacy
OnePl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalian-wide%20interspersed%20repeat | Mammalian-wide interspersed repeats (MIRs) are transposable elements in the genomes of some organisms and belong to the group of Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs).
Incidence
MIRs are found in all mammals (including marsupials).
In human
It is estimated that there are around 368,000 MIRs in the human genome.
Structure
The MIR consensus sequence is 260 basepairs long and has an A/T-rich 3' end.
Propagation
Like other Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), MIR elements used the machinery of LINE elements for their propagation in the genome, which took place around 130 million years ago. They cannot retrotranspose anymore since the loss of activity of the required reverse transcriptase.
History of discovery
MIR elements have been first described in human genome 1989-1991
and were first referred as MB1 family repeats (mirror to sequences of mouse B1 repeat). Then this family repeats were found in other mammalian genomes. Then this family was renamed as "Mammalian interspersed repeats" in 1992 Later this family was shown to be common for vertebrate genomes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber%20Assessment%20Framework | The Cyber Assessment Framework is a mechanism designed by NCSC for assuring the security of organisations. The CAF is tailored towards the needs of Critical National Infrastructure, to meet the NIS regulations, but the objectives can be used by other organisations.
In addition to national public-sector and infrastructure bodies, the CAF is also being used by local government.
Principles
The CAF has fourteen objectives, grouped into four categories: These set high-level objectives which fit the needs of organisations handling high-impact data or performing essential functions. These have some similarities, but are not identical, to the categories of controls used by ISO 27001:2013.
Objective A: Managing security risk
A.1 Governance
A.2 Risk management
A.3 Asset management
A.4 Supply chain
Objective B: Protecting against cyber attack
B.1 Service protection policies and procedures
B.2 Identity and access control
B.3 Data security
B.4 System security
B.5 Resilient networks and systems
B.6 Staff awareness and training
Objective C: Detecting cyber security events
C.1 Security monitoring
C.2 Anomaly detection
Objective D: Minimising the impact of cyber security incidents
D.1 Response and recovery planning
D.2 Improvements
Each of these are linked to "outcomes" and "contributing outcomes". There are a total of 14 outcomes and 39 contributing outcomes. NCSC has published Indicators of Good Practice; IGP tables can be used to assess whether each objective has been "Achieved", "Not achieved", or "Partially achieved". Organisations are expected to self-assess, and to draw up an improvement roadmap. Competent Authorities review the assessment and the roadmap.
Further reading
Introduction to the Cyber Assessment Framework
See also
ISO 27001
GovAssure
Cyber Essentials
Security Policy Framework |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20frequency%20hopping | One of the key challenges of the cognitive radio based wireless networks, such as IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area networks (WRAN), is to address two apparently conflicting requirements: assuring Quality of Services (QoS) satisfaction for services provided by the cognitive radio networks, while providing reliable spectrum sensing for guaranteeing licensed user protection. To perform reliable sensing, in the basic operation mode on a single frequency band (the so-called "listenbefore-talk" mode) one has to allocate Quiet Times, in which no data transmission is permitted. Such periodic interruption of data transmission could impair the QoS of cognitive radio systems.
This issue is addressed by an alternative operation mode proposed in IEEE 802.22 called Dynamic Frequency Hopping (DFH) where data transmission of the WRAN systems are performed in parallel with spectrum sensing without any interruption. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse%20mode | A transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide, and also in light waves in an optical fiber and in a laser's optical resonator.
Transverse modes occur because of boundary conditions imposed on the wave by the waveguide. For example, a radio wave in a hollow metal waveguide must have zero tangential electric field amplitude at the walls of the waveguide, so the transverse pattern of the electric field of waves is restricted to those that fit between the walls. For this reason, the modes supported by a waveguide are quantized. The allowed modes can be found by solving Maxwell's equations for the boundary conditions of a given waveguide.
Types of modes
Unguided electromagnetic waves in free space, or in a bulk isotropic dielectric, can be described as a superposition of plane waves; these can be described as TEM modes as defined below.
However in any sort of waveguide where boundary conditions are imposed by a physical structure, a wave of a particular frequency can be described in terms of a transverse mode (or superposition of such modes). These modes generally follow different propagation constants. When two or more modes have an identical propagation constant along the waveguide, then there is more than one modal decomposition possible in order to describe a wave with that propagation constant (for instance, a non-central Gaussian laser mode can be equivalently described as a superposition of Hermite-Gaussian modes or Laguerre-Gaussian modes which are described below).
Waveguides
Modes in waveguides can be classified as follows:
Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes Neither electric nor magnetic field in the direction of propagation.
Transverse electric (TE) modes No electric field in the direction of propagation. These are sometimes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIT%20Numerical%20Mathematics | BIT Numerical Mathematics is a quarterly peer-reviewed mathematics journal that covers research in numerical analysis. It was established in 1961 by Carl Erik Fröberg and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The name "BIT" is a reverse acronym of Tidskrift för Informationsbehandling (Swedish: Journal of Information Processing).
Previous editors-in-chief have been Carl Erik Fröberg (1961-1992), Åke Björck (1993-2002), Axel Ruhe (2003-2015), and Lars Eldén (2016). , the editor-in-chief is Gunilla Kreiss.
Peter Naur served as a member of the editorial board between the years 1960 and 1993, and Germund Dahlquist between 1962 and 1991.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.663. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Mamphono%20Khaketla | Mamphono Khaketla (born 5 March 1960) is a Lesotho mathematician and senator who served as Minister of Finance from March 2015 to June 2017.
Early life and education
Khaketla was born in Maseru on 5 March 1960 to Bennett Makalo and Caroline Ntseliseng ’Masechele Khaketla. Her father was a novelist, journalist, politician and former minister, as well as the major shareholder of Mohlabani Property Company, and left her a sizeable estate. Her mother was a teacher and author, one of the first women published in Lesotho.
Khaketla did her primary and secondary schooling Maseru, before receiving a Bachelor of Education from the National University of Lesotho in 1980. She has a master's degree in education and a PhD in mathematics education from the University of Wisconsin (1991). Her thesis was titled "An analysis of the Lesotho Junior Certificate Mathematics Examination and its impact on instructions".
Career
Khaketla was a lecturer in mathematics at the National Teacher Training College from 1981 until 1995 and became assistant director of the college. She worked at the Institute of Development Management in Lesotho and Botswana from 1996 until 2001 before becoming the director of the Centre for Accounting Studies.
Khaketla was appointed as a senator by Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili in 2002 and served as Minister of Communications, Science and Technology from 2002 until 2004. At the 2007 election, she lost her seat but was elected to the National Assembly as one of the Lesotho Congress for Democracy members on a party list for proportional representation submitted by the National Independence Party. She served as Minister of Education and Training from 2007 until 2012. In 2011, Khaketla was one of seven women ministers in the Cabinet, alongside: Mannete Ramali, Maphoka Motoboli, Mathabiso Lepono, Mphu Keneileo Ramatlapeng, Mpeo Mahase-Moiloa and Pontso Suzan Matumelo Sekatle. On 30 March 2015 she was appointed Minister of Finance.
In November 2015, she presided |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKM2 | Pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 (PKM1/M2), also known as pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme (PKM), pyruvate kinase type K, cytosolic thyroid hormone-binding protein (CTHBP), thyroid hormone-binding protein 1 (THBP1), or opa-interacting protein 3 (OIP3), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKM2 gene.
PKM2 is an isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. Depending upon the different metabolic functions of the tissues, different isoenzymes of pyruvate kinase are expressed. PKM2 is expressed in some differentiated tissues, such as lung, fat tissue, retina, and pancreatic islets, as well as in all cells with a high rate of nucleic acid synthesis, such as normal proliferating cells, embryonic cells, and especially tumor cells.
Structure
Two isozymes are encoded by the PKM gene: PKM1 and PKM2. The M-gene consists of 12 exons and 11 introns. PKM1 and PKM2 are different splicing products of the M-gene (exon 9 for PKM1 and exon 10 for PKM2) and solely differ in 23 amino acids within a 56-amino acid stretch (aa 378–434) at their carboxy terminus.
Function
Pyruvate kinase catalyzes the last step within glycolysis, the dephosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, and is responsible for net ATP production within the glycolytic sequence. In contrast to mitochondrial respiration, energy regeneration by pyruvate kinase is independent from oxygen supply and allows survival of the organs under hypoxic conditions often found in solid tumors.
The involvement of this enzyme in a variety of pathways, protein–protein interactions, and nuclear transport suggests its potential to perform multiple nonglycolytic functions with diverse implications, although multidimensional role of this protein is as yet not fully explored. However, a functional role in angiogenesis the so-called process of blood vessel formation by interaction and regulation of Jmjd8 has been shown.
Localization
Tissue
The PKM1 isozyme is expressed in organs that are strongly dependent upon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal | In geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. Informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. The word diagonal derives from the ancient Greek διαγώνιος diagonios, "from angle to angle" (from διά- dia-, "through", "across" and γωνία gonia, "angle", related to gony "knee"); it was used by both Strabo and Euclid to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid, and later adopted into Latin as diagonus ("slanting line").
In matrix algebra, the diagonal of a square matrix consists of the entries on the line from the top left corner to the bottom right corner.
There are also many other non-mathematical uses.
Non-mathematical uses
In engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations diagonal braces are often not connected to the corners of the rectangle.
Diagonal pliers are wire-cutting pliers defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or "on a diagonal", hence the name.
A diagonal lashing is a type of lashing used to bind spars or poles together applied so that the lashings cross over the poles at an angle.
In association football, the diagonal system of control is the method referees and assistant referees use to position themselves in one of the four quadrants of the pitch.
Polygons
As applied to a polygon, a diagonal is a line segment joining any two non-consecutive vertices. Therefore, a quadrilateral has two diagonals, joining opposite pairs of vertices. For any convex polygon, all the diagonals are inside the polygon, but for re-entrant polygons, some diagonals are outside of the polygon.
Any n-sided polygon (n ≥ 3), convex or concave, has total diagonals, as each vertex has diagonals to all other vertices except itself and the two adjacent vertices, or n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria%20virus%20A511 | Listeria virus A511 is a virus of the family Herelleviridae, genus Pecentumvirus.
As a member of group I of the Baltimore classification, Listeria virus A511 is a dsDNA virus. All the family Herelleviridae members share a nonenveloped morphology consisting of a head and a tail separated by a neck. Its genome is linear. The propagation of the virions includes attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Listeria virus A511 is a bacteriophage), and the injection of the double-stranded DNA; the host transcribes and translates it to manufacture new particles. Replicating the viruses genetic content requires host cell DNA polymerases, and hence, the process is highly dependent on the cell cycle.
Its genome contains 134,494 base pairs coding 190 putative open reading frames (ORFs) and 16 tRNA genes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy | LEAFY (abbreviated LFY) is a plant gene that causes groups of undifferentiated cells called meristems to develop into flowers instead of leaves with associated shoots.
LEAFY is involved in floral meristem identity.
LEAFY encodes a plant-specific transcription factor, is found in all land plants and in charophytes and one of its exons have been used extensively in phylogenetic work on spermatophytes. When the gene is overexpressed, the plant is less sensitive to environmental signals and flowers earlier.
The LEAFY protein has two conserved domains: the DNA binding domain, a Helix-Turn-Helix motif buried inside a unique 7-helix fold and a Sterile Alpha Motif. It binds DNA as a dimer and its binding site has been identified both in vivo and in vitro. The F-box protein Unusual Floral Organs (UFO) is able to redirect LFY to binding sites that LFY cannot access alone and, together, they regulate genes involved in petal and stamen development (such as APETALA3, PISTILLATA or RABBIT EARS). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20law%20for%20human%20mobility | The radiation law is way of modeling human mobility (geographic mobility, human migration) and it gives better empirical predictions than the gravity model of migration which is widely used in this subject.
Intercity mobility
Waves of migration due to displacement by war, or exploitation in the hope of geographical discoveries could be observed in the past, however with new technological advancements in transportation keep making it easier and cheaper to get to one place from another. With intercontinental flights we even can travel to another continent, on a business trip for instance, and come back within a few hours. Not only time but road networks and flight networks are being used more and more intensively also, and there is an increasing need to describe the patterns of human peoples' mobility and their effect on network usage, whether the network is a transportation, communication or some other type of network.
The radiation model
Radiation models appeared first in physics to study the process of energetic particles or waves travel through vacuum. The model in the social science describes the flows of people between different locations. Daily commuting is the major part of the flows, so modeling job seeking has to be an important part of the model and so it is in the radiation model. People look for jobs in every county starting with their own home county. The number of open jobs depends on the size of the resident population . The potential employment opportunity (e.g. conditions, income, working hour, etc.) is with the distribution of . Then, for each county job opportunities are assigned, which are random draws from the distribution.
Individuals then chooses the job which is closest to their home county and provides the highest . Thus, they take into account the proximity to their home county and the benefits it can provide. This optimization gives the migration flows (called commuting fluxes) between counties across the country. This is analogous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20Prize%20%28APS%29 | Since 2003, the Einstein Prize is a biennial prize awarded by the American Physical Society. The recipients are chosen for their outstanding accomplishments in the field of gravitational physics. The prize is named after Albert Einstein (1879-1955), who authored the theories of special and general relativity. The prize was established by the Topical Group on Gravitation at the beginning of 1999. As of 2013, the prize is valued at $10,000. The 2005 prize for Bryce DeWitt was announced shortly before his death, and awarded posthumously.
Recipients |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origami%20paper | Origami paper is used to fold origami, the art of paper folding. The only real requirement of the folding medium is that it must be able to hold a crease, but should ideally also be thinner than regular paper for convenience when multiple folds over the same small paper area are required (e.g. such as would be the case if creating an origami bird's "legs", "feet", and "beak").
Kami
Kami, or koiy paper, is the cheapest paper made specifically for origami, and the most widely available. It was developed for use in schools. The word kami is simply Japanese for paper, but it has acquired this specific meaning.
Kami is thin and easy to fold. It is usually printed only on one side, with a solid color or pattern. These patterns can be as simple as a gradation from red to blue, or as complex as a multi-colored kimono pattern of flowers and cranes with gold foil embellishments. Kami comes in several sizes, but standard sizes include 75 × 75 mm (about 3 × 3 inches), 6-inch squares and 10-inch squares.
Paper-backed foil
This medium is a slightly more expensive, flashier, paper that is good for retaining creases called paper-backed foil paper, Japanese foil, or simply foil. Foil paper is composed of a thin layer of foil adhered to an extremely thin sheet of paper. The most common colors are silver and gold, but any color is possible in foil paper including bright pink, blue and copper. In many multi-color packs, one sheet each of silver and gold paper is included. These are usually placed on the bottom end of the string if used in a thousand origami cranes.
Washi
Washi (wa = Japanese and shi = paper · washi = Japanese paper) is traditionally a fine handmade thin paper coveted by artists and craftspeople. Washi is made with renewable long-fibered crops and is very strong even when thin. Some washi does not hold a sharp fold due to the extremely long and thick fibers of the paper. Occasionally you will find strands of the long fibers (often kozo) in washi. Washi is also accep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC%206937 | T.51 / ISO/IEC 6937:2001, Information technology — Coded graphic character set for text communication — Latin alphabet, is a multibyte extension of ASCII, or more precisely ISO/IEC 646-IRV. It was developed in common with ITU-T (then CCITT) for telematic services under the name of T.51, and first became an ISO standard in 1983. Certain byte codes are used as lead bytes for letters with diacritics (accents). The value of the lead byte often indicates which diacritic that the letter has, and the follow byte then has the ASCII-value for the letter that the diacritic is on.
ISO/IEC 6937's architects were Hugh McGregor Ross, Peter Fenwick, Bernard Marti and Loek Zeckendorf.
ISO6937/2 defines 327 characters found in modern European languages using the Latin alphabet. Non-Latin European characters, such as Cyrillic and Greek, are not included in the standard. Also, some diacritics used with the Latin alphabet like the Romanian comma are not included, using cedilla instead as no distinction between cedilla and comma below was made at the time.
IANA has registered the charset names ISO_6937-2-25 and ISO_6937-2-add for two (older) versions of this standard (plus control codes). But in practice this character encoding is unused on the Internet.
Single byte characters
The primary set (first half) originally followed ISO 646-IRV before the ISO/IEC 646:1991 revision, that is, mostly following ASCII but with character 0x24 still denoted as an "international currency sign" (¤) instead of the dollar sign ($). The 1992 edition of ITU T.51 permits existing CCITT services to continue to interpret 0x24 as the international currency sign, but stipulates that new telecommunication applications should use it for the dollar sign (i.e. following the current ISO 646-IRV), and instead represent the international currency sign using the supplementary set.
The supplementary set (second half) contains a selection of spacing and non-spacing graphic characters, additional symbols and some loca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20security%20camera | Wireless security cameras are closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras that transmit a video and audio signal to a wireless receiver through a radio band. Many wireless security cameras require at least one cable or wire for power; "wireless" refers to the transmission of video/audio. However, some wireless security cameras are battery-powered, making the cameras truly wireless from top to bottom.
Wireless cameras are proving very popular among modern security consumers due to their low installation costs (there is no need to run expensive video extension cables) and flexible mounting options; wireless cameras can be mounted/installed in locations previously unavailable to standard wired cameras. In addition to the ease of use and convenience of access, wireless security camera allows users to leverage broadband wireless internet to provide seamless video streaming over-internet.
Types
Analog wireless
Analog wireless is the transmission of audio and video signals using radio frequencies. Typically, analog wireless has a transmission range of around in open space; walls, doors, and furniture will reduce this range.
Analog wireless is found in three frequencies: 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. Currently, the majority of wireless security cameras operate on the 2.4 GHz frequency. Most household routers, cordless phones, video game controllers, and microwaves operate on the 2.4 GHz frequency and may cause interference with a wireless security camera. The main difference between 2.4 and 5 GHz frequencies is range. 900 MHz is known for its ability to penetrate through barriers like walls and vegetation.
Advantages
Cost effective: the cost of individual cameras is low
Multiple receivers per camera: the signal from one camera can be picked up by any receiver; you can have multiple receivers in various locations to create your wireless surveillance network
Disadvantages
Susceptible to interference from other household devices, such as microwaves, cordless phones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Ouch | Mr. Ouch is a hazard symbol developed by the US’s National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) to represent electrical hazard within pad-mounted transformers. Unlike other high-voltage warning symbols, Mr. Ouch was specifically designed with young children in mind. It is part of NEMA Standard 260-1996, Safety Labels for Pad-Mounted Switchgear and Transformers Sited in Public Areas, which lays out design guidelines for a complete label design that incorporates the Mr. Ouch symbol.
Mr. Ouch is similar in name, purpose, and concept to the UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh's "Mr. Yuk" design used to label poisonous substances, although the two symbols were developed independently.
Appearance
Mr. Ouch is anthropomorphized electricity. The design shows a snarling, octopus like creature with jagged, lightning-bolt arms throwing a child backwards.
Background
In early 1981, several member companies of NEMA began studying how to prevent young children from being electrocuted by electrical transformers. This followed incidents where transformer cabinets were vandalized or left unlocked, allowing access to the high-voltage equipment inside and resulting in disfigurement and death. NEMA realized that existing signage did not adequately convey the danger, either because it required literacy (text-only warnings) or because existing symbols were too abstract to register on a child (typically bolts of electricity).
Concerned about "failure to warn" lawsuits, NEMA began exploring ways of warning young children about the dangers of exposed high-voltage equipment. Member companies within NEMA's Transformer Section formed a task force—the Task Force on Safety Labels for Pad-Mounted Switchgear and Transformers Sited in Public Areas—to design a safety label that very young children would understand, as well as standards on how that label was to be used.
Design process
At the beginning of the project, the task force reached out to transformer manufacturers in an effort |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westringia%20fruticosa | Westringia fruticosa, the coastal rosemary or coastal westringia, is a shrub that grows near the coast in eastern Australia.
Description
The flowers are white, hairy and have the upper petal divided into two lobes. They also have orange-to-purply spots on their bottom half. This shrub is very tough and grows on cliffs right next to the ocean.
Cultivation
The plant's tolerance to a variety of soils, the neatly whorled leaves and all-year flowering make it very popular in cultivation. It (or its cultivar(s)) is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DioneOS | DioneOS (pronounced /djoneos/) is a multitasking preemptive, real-time operating system (RTOS). The system is designed for microcontrollers, originally released on 2 February 2011 for the Texas Instruments TI MSP430x, and then on 29 March 2013 for the ARM Cortex-M3. Target microcontroller platforms have limited resources, i.e., system clock frequency of tens of MHz, and memory amounts of tens to a few hundred kilobytes (KB). The RTOS is adapted to such conditions by providing a compact and efficient image. The efficiency term here means minimizing further central processing unit (CPU) load caused by system use. According to this definition, the system is more effective when it consumes less CPU time to execute its internal parts, e.g., managing threads.
The DioneOS system is intended for autonomic devices where user interface has limited functions. The core functions provided by the system is an environment for building multitasking firmware by means of standard, well known concepts (e.g. semaphores, timers, etc.). Because of the target domain of application, the system uses a command-line interface and has no graphical user interface.
Memory model
Texas Instruments company manufactures a wide range of microcontrollers that use the MSP430 core. Depending on the version, the processor contains different amount of flash memory and random-access memory (RAM), e.g., MSP430f2201 has 1KB/128B correspondingly, but MSP430f5438 has 256KB/16KB. When the size of the memory exceeds 64 KB limit, as happens when the memory cannot fit in a range 0–64 KB, 16-bit addressing is insufficient. Due to this constraint, chips with larger memory are equipped with extended core (MSP430x). This version of the processor has wider registers (20-bit) and new instructions for processing them.
At compiling, the programmer selects the type of memory model (near or far) that is used for and memories. This choice determines accessible memory range, hence when the above 64 KB limit is programme |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Control%20Protocol%20%28ARPANET%29 | The Network Control Protocol (NCP) was a communication protocol for a computer network in the 1970s and early 1980s. It provided the transport layer of the protocol stack running on host computers of the ARPANET, the predecessor to the modern Internet.
NCP preceded the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as a transport layer protocol used during the early ARPANET. NCP was a simplex protocol that utilized two port numbers, establishing two connections, for two-way communications. An odd and an even port were reserved for each application layer application or protocol. The standardization of TCP and UDP reduced the need for the use of two simplex ports for each application down to one duplex port.
There is some confusion over the name, even among the engineers who worked with the ARPANET. Originally, there was no need for a name for the protocol stack as a whole, so none existed. When the development of TCP started, a name was required for its predecessor, and the pre-existing acronym 'NCP' (which originally referred to Network Control Program, the software which implemented this stack) was organically adopted for that use. Eventually, it was realized that the original expansion of that acronym was inappropriate for its new meaning, so a new quasi-backronym was created, 'Network Control Protocol' - again, organically, not via a formal decision.
History
NCP was first specified and described in the ARPANETs earliest RFC documents in 1969 after a series of meetings on the topic with engineers from UCLA, University of Utah, and SRI. It was finalized in in early 1970, and deployed to all nodes on the ARPANET in December 1970. It remained in use until the end of 1982; see Flag Day below.
NCP provided connections and flow control between processes running on different ARPANET host computers. Application services, such as remote login and the file transfer, would be built on top of NCP, using it to handle connections to other host computers.
On the ARPANET, the protocol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleoperation | Teleoperation (or remote operation) indicates operation of a system or machine at a distance. It is similar in meaning to the phrase "remote control" but is usually encountered in research, academia and technology. It is most commonly associated with robotics and mobile robots but can be applied to a whole range of circumstances in which a device or machine is operated by a person from a distance.
Teleoperation can be considered a human-machine system. For example, ArduPilot provides a spectrum of autonomy ranging from manual control to full autopilot for autonomous vehicles.
The term teleoperation is in use in research and technical communities as a standard term for referring to operation at a distance. This is as opposed to telepresence which is a less standard term and might refer to a whole range of existence or interaction that include a remote connotation.
History
The 19th century saw many inventors working on remotely operated weapons (torpedoes) including prototypes built by John Louis Lay (1872), John Ericsson (1873), Victor von Scheliha (1873), and the first practical wire guided torpedo, the Brennan torpedo, patented by Louis Brennan in 1877. In 1898, Nikola Tesla demonstrated a remotely controlled boat with a patented wireless radio guidance system that he tried to market to the United States military, but was turned down.
Teleoperation is now moving into the hobby industry with first-person view (FPV) equipment. FPV equipment mounted on hobby cars, planes and helicopters give a TV-style transmission back to the operator, extending the range of the vehicle to greater than line-of-sight range.
ALOHA (A Low-cost Open-source Hardware System for Bimanual Teleoperation) remote manipulator robot is used for data collection to train AI to perform learned skills.
Examples
There are several particular types of systems that are often controlled remotely:
Entertainment systems (i.e. televisions, VCRs, DVD players etc.) are often controlled remotely vi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20logic | Linear logic is a substructural logic proposed by Jean-Yves Girard as a refinement of classical and intuitionistic logic, joining the dualities of the former with many of the constructive properties of the latter. Although the logic has also been studied for its own sake, more broadly, ideas from linear logic have been influential in fields such as programming languages, game semantics, and quantum physics (because linear logic can be seen as the logic of quantum information theory), as well as linguistics, particularly because of its emphasis on resource-boundedness, duality, and interaction.
Linear logic lends itself to many different presentations, explanations, and intuitions.
Proof-theoretically, it derives from an analysis of classical sequent calculus in which uses of (the structural rules) contraction and weakening are carefully controlled. Operationally, this means that logical deduction is no longer merely about an ever-expanding collection of persistent "truths", but also a way of manipulating resources that cannot always be duplicated or thrown away at will. In terms of simple denotational models, linear logic may be seen as refining the interpretation of intuitionistic logic by replacing cartesian (closed) categories by symmetric monoidal (closed) categories, or the interpretation of classical logic by replacing Boolean algebras by C*-algebras.
Connectives, duality, and polarity
Syntax
The language of classical linear logic (CLL) is defined inductively by the BNF notation
Here and range over logical atoms. For reasons to be explained below, the connectives ⊗, ⅋, 1, and ⊥ are called multiplicatives, the connectives &, ⊕, ⊤, and 0 are called additives, and the connectives ! and ? are called exponentials.
We can further employ the following terminology:
Binary connectives ⊗, ⊕, & and ⅋ are associative and commutative; 1 is the unit for ⊗, 0 is the unit for ⊕, ⊥ is the unit for ⅋ and ⊤ is the unit for &.
Every proposition in CLL has a dual , |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteronarce | Heteronarce is a genus of sleeper rays in the family Narkidae. This genus is found only in the western Indian Ocean along the coasts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and India.
Species
There are currently four recognized species in this genus:
Heteronarce bentuviai Baranes & J. E. Randall, 1989 (Elat electric ray)
Heteronarce garmani Regan, 1921 (Natal electric ray)
Heteronarce mollis Lloyd, 1907 (Soft electric ray)
Heteronarce prabhui Talwar, 1981 (Quilon electric ray) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20tendinous%20ring | The common tendinous ring, also known as the annulus of Zinn, or annular tendon, is a ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the optic nerve at its entrance at the apex of the orbit. It is the common origin of the four recti muscles of the group of extraocular muscles.
It can be used to divide the regions of the superior orbital fissure.
The arteries surrounding the optic nerve form a vascular structure known as the circle of Zinn-Haller, or sometimes as the circle of Zinn.
The following structures pass through the tendinous ring (superior to inferior):
Superior division of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
Nasociliary nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve)
Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
Abducens nerve (CNVI)
Optic nerve
Parts
The common tendinous ring spans the superior orbital fissure and can be described as having two parts – an inferior tendon which gives origin to the inferior rectus muscle, and to part of the lateral rectus muscle; and a superior tendon which gives origin to the superior rectus muscle, and to part of the medial and lateral recti muscles.
Eponym
It is named for Johann Gottfried Zinn. It should not be confused with the zonule of Zinn, though it is named after the same person. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoxantha | Mesoxantha is a genus of nymphalid butterflies. It is monotypic, containing only Mesoxantha ethosea, the Drury's delight. It is found in Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania and Mozambique. The habitat consists of lowland forests, including secondary forests.
The larvae feed on Tragia brevipes and Malacantha alnifolia.
Description
Upperside: Antennae black. Thorax, abdomen, and wings deep brown, almost black; the disk of the anterior being white, and extending to the shoulders, all the middle part of the posterior being white likewise.
Underside: Palpi grey. Breast and abdomen brown. Anterior wings next the body yellowish brown, but towards the tips inclining to grey; nerves black; the disk white, with a round black spot near the body, and another of a smaller size below it. The middle of the posterior wings is white, surrounded with brown, that part along the lower edges being darkest; next the body are five distinct black round spots, and an irregular shaped one at the middle of the upper edge; along the lower edges are a number of small triangular white spots. Margins of the posterior wings slightly dentated. Wingspan inches (57 mm).
Subspecies
Mesoxantha ethosea ethosea (Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo)
Mesoxantha ethosea ethoseoides Rebel, 1914 (Nigeria: south and the Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, eastern and southern Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Mesoxantha ethosea reducta Rothschild, 1918 (southern Sudan, Uganda, western Tanzania, possibly Mozambique) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioguanine | Tioguanine, also known as thioguanine or 6-thioguanine (6-TG) is a medication used to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Long-term use is not recommended. It is given by mouth.
Common side effects include bone marrow suppression, liver problems and inflammation of the mouth. It is recommended that liver enzymes be checked weekly when on the medication. People with a genetic deficiency in thiopurine S-methyltransferase are at higher risk of side effects. Avoiding pregnancy when on the medication is recommended for both males and females. Tioguanine is in the antimetabolite family of medications. It is a purine analogue of guanine and works by disrupting DNA and RNA.
Tioguanine was developed between 1949 and 1951. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Medical uses
Acute leukemias in both adults and children
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis
Psoriasis
Colorectal cancer in mice resistant to immunotherapy
Side effects
Leukopenia and neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Anemia
Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting
Hepatotoxicity: this manifests as:
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
The major concern that has inhibited the use of thioguanine has been veno-occlusive disease (VOD) and its histological precursor nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH). The incidence of NRH with thioguanine was reported as between 33 and 76%. The risk of ensuing VOD is serious and frequently irreversible so this side effect has been a major concern.
However, recent evidence using an animal model for thioguanine-induced NRH/VOD has shown that, contrary to previous assumptions, NRH/VOD is dose dependent and the mechanism for this has been demonstrated. This has been confirmed in human trials, where thioguanine has proven to be safe but efficacious for coeliac disease when used at doses below those commonly prescribed. This has led to a revival of interest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20Broken%20Dreams | Glossary of Broken Dreams is a 2018 Austrian/American documentary film directed by Johannes Grenzfurthner. The essayistic feature film tries to present an overview of political concepts such as freedom, privacy, identity, resistance, etc.
Grenzfurthner calls his project an "ideotaining cinematic revue" about political ideas he considers important. Grenzfurthner cites frustration about the current level of political debate as a primary influence for making the film. He couldn't tolerate "ignorant and topically abusive comments on the 'Internet' anymore." So he teamed up with writer and activist Ishan Raval to "explain, re-evaluate, and sometimes sacrifice political golden calves of discourse."
The film features performances by Amber Benson, Max Grodenchik, Jason Scott Sadofsky and others.
The film was produced by art group monochrom.
Concept
Johannes Grenzfurthner, who defines himself as a 'lumpennerd' in the film's intro, functions as a storyteller and host who guides the viewer through the narrative. Glossary of Broken Dreams does not make use of classic documentary-style interviews and aesthetics. Instead, the film presents different political and philosophical concepts in the form of short films and essayistic chapters featuring fictional characters. These bizarre and exaggerated characters are performed by actors, voice performers and musicians (for example FM4's Hannes Duscher and Roland Gratzer). The film can be seen in the tradition of reflexive documentary films and performative documentary films.
In an interview with Film Threat, Grenzfurthner describes his project as follows:
It's a peculiar film for nerds of a peculiar set of interests, but at the same time it's talking about topics that are so goddamn important that more people should know about it. I guess that's why I made it. No idea if there is even a target audience for it, but one can try. There is a lot to process. And cat meme drunk masses will probably not even scratch the surface. But my |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventis | Eventis was a mobile network operator in Moldova, employing the GSM standard on 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands. The network was launched on 21 December 2007. In April 2010, following a decision of the country's Appeal Court (Curtea de Apel), Eventis Mobile went through an insolvency process.
The operator's coverage was available in Chişinău, Bălţi, Soroca and Orhei.
Phone numbers have +373650xxxxx format, where x - can be any number.
259 04 - are Mobile Country Code and Mobile Network Code of the operator.
Eventis' network stopped functioning on Friday February 5, 2011 around 18:30. Websites and helpline numbers stopped functioning at once.
Eventis may well be the first operator worldwide to have ceased existing with no warning or information.
External links
www.eventis.md - official site (not available anymore)
Mobile phone companies of Moldova
VoIP companies
Defunct mobile phone companies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Hubert | Lawrence J. Hubert (born 23 May 1944) is an American psychologist and statistician.
Hubert earned a doctorate from Stanford University under Lee Cronbach and Patrick Suppes, and held professorships in psychology (later as Lyle H. Lanier Professor) and statistics at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Hubert was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007. The Psychometric Society gave him the Career Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2015. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capuliato | The capuliato or capuliatu, is a traditional condiment of Sicilian cuisine based on dried tomatoes, linked, in particular to the territory of the Vittoria Plain, in Free municipal consortium of Ragusa. The original name is capuliato which means minced.
History
Initially in Europe the tomato was used as an ornamental plant and it was only in the 19th century that it spread on a gastronomic level.
It is agreed that the capuliato (when referring to the dish as "spaghettata" and not as a condiment, usually, it is also called "capuliata") was born and spread from Vittoria, where since its origins the territory was easily exploitable on an agricultural level.
Among the areas of diffusion of the product, Vittoria has always been by far the one with the greatest production and tradition of the tomato.
The city of Vittoria is home to the largest fruit and vegetable markets in Italy and the most important in Italy and Europe for tomatoes. Its only hamlet (frazione) is the seaside locality of Scoglitti. However the territory is very large and in addition to the urban area, it has 45 different contrade, mostly used for greenhouse cultivation.
The capuliato was born when the methods of preserving tomato sauce and greenhouse cultivation of the latter were not yet practiced. The recipe quickly spread to other areas of the province and nearby Gela. As the tomatoes were not available in the winter, they were dried and processed in the warm months, usually July and August, and then conserved to season the pasta and bread throughout the year.
Preparation and use
The tomatoes are first washed, then cut, salted and dried in the sun. Subsequently they are ground, usually with a meat grinder and generally placed in oil, in a marinade that provides basil or oregano, and other flavors in addition depending on the tastes that can be for example garlic, chili pepper.
The capuliato is mainly used to season pasta, bread or bruschetta, but also to flavor the stuffed focaccia typical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libipq | libipq is a development library for iptables userspace packet queuing. Libipq provides an API for communicating with ip_queue.
Libipq has been deprecated in favour of the newer libnetfilter_queue in Linux kernel-2.6.14 onwards.
Use in widely used software applications
libipq has been used by some widely deployed applications as their interface to the Linux kernel-space iptables packet filter.
Snort - Snort is an Intrusion Detection System which runs in user-space and uses libipq to interface with Linux's iptables packet filter.
External links
iptables at netfilter.org
libipq subversion repository
Linux Man Page
A quick intro to libipq
Libipq network simulator example
Linux kernel features
Linux security software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Queen%20hypothesis | The Red Queen hypothesis is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposed in 1973, that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing species. The hypothesis was intended to explain the constant (age-independent) extinction probability as observed in the paleontological record caused by co-evolution between competing species; however, it has also been suggested that the Red Queen hypothesis explains the advantage of sexual reproduction (as opposed to asexual reproduction) at the level of individuals, and the positive correlation between speciation and extinction rates in most higher taxa.
Origin
In 1973, Leigh Van Valen proposed the hypothesis as an "explanatory tangent" to explain the "law of extinction" known as "Van Valen's law", which states that the probability of extinction does not depend on the lifetime of the species or higher-rank taxon, instead being constant over millions of years for any given taxon. However, the probability of extinction is strongly related to adaptive zones, because different taxa have different probabilities of extinction. In other words, extinction of a species occurs randomly with respect to age, but nonrandomly with respect to ecology. Collectively, these two observations suggest that the effective environment of any homogeneous group of organisms deteriorates at a stochastically constant rate. Van Valen proposed that this is the result of an evolutionary zero-sum game driven by interspecific competition: the evolutionary progress (= increase in fitness) of one species deteriorates the fitness of coexisting species, but because coexisting species evolve as well, no one species gains a long-term increase in fitness, and the overall fitness of the system remains constant.
Van Valen coined the hypothesis "Red Queen" because under his hypothesis, species have to "run" or evolve in order to stay in the same place, or else go extinct as the Red Queen said to Al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrable%20models | This is a list of integrable models as well as classes of integrable models in physics.
Integrable models in 1+1 dimensions
In classical and quantum field theory:
free boson
free fermion
sine-Gordon model
Thirring model
sinh-Gordon model
Liouville field theory
Bullough–Dodd model
Dym equation
Calogero–Degasperis–Fokas equation
Camassa–Holm equation
Drinfeld–Sokolov–Wilson equation
Benjamin–Ono equation
SS model
sausage model
Toda field theories
O(N)-symmetric non-linear sigma models
Ernst equation
massless Schwinger model
supersymmetric sine-Gordon model
supersymmetric sinh-Gordon model
conformal minimal models
critical Ising model
tricritical Ising model
3-state Potts model
various perturbations of conformal minimal models
superconformal minimal models
Wess–Zumino–Witten model
Nonlinear Schroedinger equation
Korteweg–de Vries equation
modified Korteweg–de Vries equation
Gardner equation
Gibbons–Tsarev equation
Hunter–Saxton equation
Kaup–Kupershmidt equation
XXX spin chain
XXZ spin chain
XYZ spin chain
6-vertex model
8-vertex model
Kondo Model
Anderson impurity model
Chiral Gross–Neveu model
Integrable models in 2+1 dimensions
Ishimori equation
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation
Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation
Novikov–Veselov equation
Integrable models in 3+1 dimensions
Self-dual Yang–Mills equations
Systems with contact Lax pairs
In quantum mechanics
harmonic oscillator
hydrogen atom
Hooke's atom (Hookium)
Ruijsenaars–Schneider models
Calogero–Moser models
Inverse square root potential
Lambert-W step-potential
Multistate Landau–Zener Models
See also
List of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions
List of some well-known classical integrable systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%20of%20hierarchical%20complexity | The model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) is a framework for scoring how complex a behavior is, such as verbal reasoning or other cognitive tasks. It quantifies the order of hierarchical complexity of a task based on mathematical principles of how the information is organized, in terms of information science. This model was developed by Michael Commons and Francis Richards in the early 1980s.
Overview
The model of hierarchical complexity (MHC) is a formal theory and a mathematical psychology framework for scoring how complex a behavior is. Developed by Michael Lamport Commons and colleagues, it quantifies the order of hierarchical complexity of a task based on mathematical principles of how the information is organized, in terms of information science. Its forerunner was the general stage model.
Behaviors that may be scored include those of individual humans or their social groupings (e.g., organizations, governments, societies), animals, or machines. It enables scoring the hierarchical complexity of task accomplishment in any domain. It is based on the very simple notions that higher order task actions:
are defined in terms of the next lower ones (creating hierarchy);
organize the next lower actions;
organize lower actions in a non-arbitrary way (differentiating them from simple chains of behavior).
It is cross-culturally and cross-species valid. The reason it applies cross-culturally is that the scoring is based on the mathematical complexity of the hierarchical organization of information. Scoring does not depend upon the content of the information (e.g., what is done, said, written, or analyzed) but upon how the information is organized.
The MHC is a non-mentalistic model of developmental stages. It specifies 16 orders of hierarchical complexity and their corresponding stages. It is different from previous proposals about developmental stage applied to humans; instead of attributing behavioral changes across a person's age to the development of mental struc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep%20inertia | Sleep inertia is a physiological state of impaired cognitive and sensory-motor performance that is present immediately after awakening. It persists during the transition of sleep to wakefulness, where an individual will experience feelings of drowsiness, disorientation and a decline in motor dexterity. Impairment from sleep inertia may take several hours to dissipate. In the majority of cases, morning sleep inertia is experienced for 15 to 30 minutes after waking.
Sleep inertia is of concern with decision-making abilities, safety-critical tasks and the ability to operate efficiently soon after awakening. In these situations, it poses an occupational hazard due to the cognitive and motor deficits that may be present.
Symptoms
"Grogginess", as defined by a drowsy or disoriented state in which there is a dampening of sensory acuity and mental processing.
Impaired motor dexterity and decrease in cognitive ability. These gross impairments may be responsible for the associated increase in reaction time and drop in attentiveness.
Deficits in spatial memory
Reports of heightened subjective fatigue
These symptoms are expressed with the greatest intensity immediately after waking, and dissipate following a period of extended wakefulness. The duration of symptoms varies on a conditional basis, with primary expression during the first 15–60 minutes after waking and potentially extending for several hours. Tasks that require more complex cognitive operations will feature greater deficits as compared to a simple motor task; the accuracy of sensory and motor functioning is more impaired by sleep inertia as compared to sheer speed. In order to measure the cognitive and motor deficiencies associated with sleep inertia, a battery of tests may be utilized, including: the psychomotor vigilance task, descending subtraction task (DST), auditory reaction time task, and the finger tapping task.
Causes
Studies have shown that abrupt awakening during stage 3 sleep, slow-wave sleep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%E2%80%93Eckart%20theorem | The Wigner–Eckart theorem is a theorem of representation theory and quantum mechanics. It states that matrix elements of spherical tensor operators in the basis of angular momentum eigenstates can be expressed as the product of two factors, one of which is independent of angular momentum orientation, and the other a Clebsch–Gordan coefficient. The name derives from physicists Eugene Wigner and Carl Eckart, who developed the formalism as a link between the symmetry transformation groups of space (applied to the Schrödinger equations) and the laws of conservation of energy, momentum, and angular momentum.
Mathematically, the Wigner–Eckart theorem is generally stated in the following way. Given a tensor operator and two states of angular momenta and , there exists a constant such that for all , , and , the following equation is satisfied:
where
is the -th component of the spherical tensor operator of rank ,
denotes an eigenstate of total angular momentum and its z component ,
is the Clebsch–Gordan coefficient for coupling with to get ,
denotes some value that does not depend on , , nor and is referred to as the reduced matrix element.
The Wigner–Eckart theorem states indeed that operating with a spherical tensor operator of rank on an angular momentum eigenstate is like adding a state with angular momentum k to the state. The matrix element one finds for the spherical tensor operator is proportional to a Clebsch–Gordan coefficient, which arises when considering adding two angular momenta. When stated another way, one can say that the Wigner–Eckart theorem is a theorem that tells how vector operators behave in a subspace. Within a given subspace, a component of a vector operator will behave in a way proportional to the same component of the angular momentum operator. This definition is given in the book Quantum Mechanics by Cohen–Tannoudji, Diu and Laloe.
Background and overview
Motivating example: position operator matrix elements for 4d → 2p tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request%20Tracker | Request Tracker, commonly abbreviated to RT, is an open source tool for organizations of all sizes to track and manage workflows, customer requests, and internal project tasks of all sorts. With seamless email integration, custom ticket lifecycles, configurable automation, and detailed permissions and roles, Request Tracker began as ticket-tracking software written in Perl used to coordinate tasks and manage requests among an online community of users.
RT's first release in 1996 was written by Jesse Vincent, who later formed Best Practical Solutions LLC to distribute, develop, and support the package. RT is open source (FOSS) and distributed under the GNU General Public License.
Request Tracker for Incident Response (RTIR) is a special distribution of RT to fulfill the specific needs of CERT teams. At this point, RTIR is, at once, a tool specific to incident management, a general purpose tool teams can use for other tasks, and also a tool that can—and very often is—a fully customized system built on layers of user integrations and user customizations.
It was initially developed in cooperation with JANET-CERT, and in 2006 was upgraded and expanded with joint funding from nine Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRTs) in Europe.
Technology
RT is written in Perl and runs on the Apache and lighttpd web servers using mod_perl or FastCGI with data stored in either MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle or SQLite. It is possible to extend the RT interface using plug-ins written in Perl.
History
Jesse Vincent, while enrolled at Wesleyan University in 1994, worked for Wesleyan's computing help desk and was responsible for improving the help desk and residential networking software infrastructure. This task included setting up a ticketing system for the help desk. Initially he set up a Linux server to run "req", but later he identified that the command line interface was limiting usage. Over the next two years he created and maintained WebReq, a web based interface for re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR%20logic | A NOR gate or a NOT OR gate is a logic gate which gives a positive output only when both inputs are negative.
Like NAND gates, NOR gates are so-called "universal gates" that can be combined to form any other kind of logic gate. For example, the first embedded system, the Apollo Guidance Computer, was built exclusively from NOR gates, about 5,600 in total for the later versions. Today, integrated circuits are not constructed exclusively from a single type of gate. Instead, EDA tools are used to convert the description of a logical circuit to a netlist of complex gates (standard cells) or transistors (full custom approach).
NOR
A NOR gate is logically an inverted OR gate. It has the following truth table:
Making other gates by using NOR gates
A NOR gate is a universal gate, meaning that any other gate can be represented as a combination of NOR gates.
NOT
This is made by joining the inputs of a NOR gate. As a NOR gate is equivalent to an OR gate leading to NOT gate, joining the inputs makes the output of the "OR" part of the NOR gate the same as the input, eliminating it from consideration and leaving only the NOT part.
OR
An OR gate is made by inverting the output of a NOR gate. Note that we already know that a NOT gate is equivalent to a NOR gate with its inputs joined.
AND
An AND gate gives a 1 output when both inputs are 1. Therefore, an AND gate is made by inverting the inputs of a NOR gate. Again, note that a NOR gate is equivalent to a NOT with its inputs joined.
NAND
A NAND gate is made by inverting the output of an AND gate. The word NAND means that it is not AND. As the name suggests, it will give 0 when both the inputs are 1.
XNOR
An XNOR gate is made by connecting four NOR gates as shown below. This construction entails a propagation delay three times that of a single NOR gate.
Alternatively, an XNOR gate is made by considering the conjunctive normal form , noting from de Morgan's Law that a NOR gate is an inverted-input AND gate. This constr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20repeat | Direct repeats are a type of genetic sequence that consists of two or more repeats of a specific sequence. In other words, the direct repeats are nucleotide sequences present in multiple copies in the genome. Generally, a direct repeat occurs when a sequence is repeated with the same pattern downstream. There is and no reverse complement associated with a direct repeat. It may or may not have intervening nucleotides. The nucleotide sequence written in bold characters signifies the repeated sequence.
Linguistically, a typical direct repeat is comparable to saying "bye-bye".
Types
There are several types of repeated sequences :
Interspersed (or dispersed) DNA repeats (interspersed repetitive sequences) are copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome.
Flanking (or terminal) repeats (terminal repeat sequences) are sequences that are repeated on both ends of a sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on retroviruses. Direct terminal repeats are in the same direction and inverted terminal repeats are opposite to each other in direction.
Tandem repeats (tandem repeat sequences) are repeated copies which lie adjacent to each other. These can also be direct or inverted repeats. The ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA genes belong to the class of middle repetitive DNA.
Microsatellite DNA
A tract of repetitive DNA in which a motif of a few base pairs is tandemly repeated numerous times (e.g. 5 to 50 times) is referred to as microsatellite DNA. Thus direct repeat tandem sequences are a form of microsattelite DNA. The process of DNA mismatch repair plays a prominent role in the formation of direct trinucleotide repeat expansions. Such repeat expansions underlie several neurological and developmental disorders in humans.
Homologous recombination
In directly repeated sequences of the tobacco plant genome, DNA double-strand breaks can be efficiently repaired by homologous recombination between the repeated sequences.
See also
Inverted |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20phases | Quantum phases are quantum states of matter at zero temperature. Even at zero temperature a quantum-mechanical system has quantum fluctuations and therefore can still support phase transitions. As a physical parameter is varied, quantum fluctuations can drive a phase transition into a different phase of matter. An example of a canonical quantum phase transition is the well-studied Superconductor Insulator Transition in disordered thin films which separates two quantum phases having different symmetries. Quantum magnets provide another example of QPT. The discovery of new quantum phases is a pursuit of many scientists. These phases of matter exhibit properties and symmetries which can potentially be exploited for technological purposes and the benefit of mankind.
The difference between these states and classical states of matter is that classically, materials exhibit different phases which ultimately depends on the change in temperature and/or density or some other macroscopic property of the material whereas quantum phases can change in response to a change in a different type of order parameter (which is instead a parameter in the Hamiltonian of the system, unlike the classical case) of the system at zero temperature – temperature does not have to change. The order parameter plays a role in quantum phases analogous to its role in classical phases. Some quantum phases are the result of a superposition of many other quantum phases.
See also
Quantum phase transition
Classical phase transitions
Quantum critical point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20sequence%20%28set%20theory%29 | In set theory, a mathematical discipline, a fundamental sequence is a cofinal sequence of ordinals all below a given limit ordinal. Depending on author, fundamental sequences may be restricted to ω-sequences only or permit fundamental sequences of length . The nth element of the fundamental sequence of is commonly denoted , although it may be denoted or . Additionally, some authors may allow fundamental sequences to be defined on successor ordinals. The term dates back to (at the latest) Veblen's construction of normal functions , while the concept dates back to Hardy's 1904 attempt to construct a set of cardinality .
Definition
Given an ordinal , a fundamental sequence for is a sequence such that and . An additional restriction may be that the sequence of ordinals must be strictly increasing.
Examples
The following is a common assignment of fundamental sequences to all limit ordinals .
for limit ordinals
This is very similar to the system used in the Wainer hierarchy.
Usage
Fundamental sequences arise in some settings of definitions of large countable ordinals, definitions of hierarchies of fast-growing functions, and proof theory. Bachmann defined a hierarchy of functions in 1950, providing a system of names for ordinals up to what is now known as the Bachmann-Howard ordinal, by defining fundamental sequences for namable ordinals below . This system was subsequently simplified by Feferman and Aczel to reduce the reliance on fundamental sequences.
The fast-growing hierarchy, Hardy hierarchy, and slow-growing hierarchy of functions are all defined via a chosen system of fundamental sequences up to a given ordinal. The fast-growing hierarchy is closely related to the Hardy hierarchy, which is used in proof theory along with the slow-growing hierarchy to majorize the provably recursive functions of a given theory.
Additional conditions
A system of fundamental sequences up to is said to have the Bachmann property if for all ordinals in the domain of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/122%20iron%20arsenide | The 122 iron arsenide unconventional superconductors are part of a new class of iron-based superconductors. They form in the tetragonal I4/mmm, ThCr2Si2 type, crystal structure. The shorthand name "122" comes from their stoichiometry; the 122s have the chemical formula AEFe2Pn2, where AE stands for alkaline earth metal (Ca, Ba, Sr or Eu) and Pn is pnictide (As, P, etc.). These materials become superconducting under pressure and also upon doping. The maximum superconducting transition temperature found to date is 38 K in the Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2. The microscopic description of superconductivity in the 122s is yet unclear.
Overview
Ever since the discovery of high-temperature (High Tc) superconductivity in the cuprate materials, scientists have worked tirelessly to understand the microscopic mechanisms responsible for its emergence. To this day, no theory can fully explain the high-temperature superconductivity and unconventional (non-s-wave) pairing state found in these materials. However, the interest of the scientific community in understanding the pairing glue for unconventional superconductors—those in which the glue is electronic, i.e. cannot be attributed to the phonon-induced interactions between electrons responsible for conventional BCS theory s-wave superconductivity—has recently been expanded by the discovery of high temperature superconductivity (up to Tc = 55 K) in the doped oxypnictide (1111) superconductors with the chemical composition XOFeAs, where X = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, or Dy. The 122s contain the same iron-arsenide planes as the oxypnictides, but are much easier to synthesize in the form of large single crystals.
There are two different ways in which superconductivity was achieved in the 122s. One method is the application of pressure to the undoped parent compounds. The second is the introduction of other elements (dopants) into the crystal structure in very specific ratios. There are two doping schemes: The first type of doping involves th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulative%20necrosis | Coagulative necrosis is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. In coagulative necrosis, the architectures of dead tissue are preserved for at least a couple of days. It is believed that the injury denatures structural proteins as well as lysosomal enzymes, thus blocking the proteolysis of the damaged cells. The lack of lysosomal enzymes allows it to maintain a "coagulated" morphology for some time. Like most types of necrosis, if enough viable cells are present around the affected area, regeneration will usually occur. Coagulative necrosis occurs in most bodily organs, excluding the brain. Different diseases are associated with coagulative necrosis, including acute tubular necrosis and acute myocardial infarction.
Coagulative necrosis can also be induced by high local temperature; it is a desired effect of treatments such as high intensity focused ultrasound applied to cancerous cells.
Causes
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly caused by conditions that do not involve severe trauma, toxins or an acute or chronic immune response. The lack of oxygen (hypoxia) causes cell death in a localized area which is perfused by blood vessels failing to deliver primarily oxygen, but also other important nutrients. It is important to note that while ischemia in most tissues of the body will cause coagulative necrosis, in the central nervous system ischemia causes liquefactive necrosis, as there is very little structural framework in neural tissue.
Pathology
Macroscopic
The macroscopic appearance of an area of coagulative necrosis is a pale segment of tissue contrasting against surrounding well vascularized tissue and is dry on cut surface. The tissue may later turn red due to inflammatory response. The surrounding surviving cells can aid in regeneration of the affected tissue unless they are stable or permanent.
Microscopic
Microscopically, coagulative necrosis causes cells to appear to have the same outline, but no nuclei. The nucleu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNOS%20%28operating%20system%29 | UNOS is the first, now discontinued, 32-bit Unix-like real-time operating system (RTOS) with real-time extensions. It was developed by Jeffery Goldberg, MS. who left Bell Labs after using Unix and became VP of engineering for Charles River Data Systems (CRDS), now defunct. UNOS was written to capitalize on the first 32-bit microprocessor, the Motorola 68k central processing unit (CPU). CRDS sold a UNOS based 68K system, and sold porting services and licenses to other manufacturers who had embedded CPUs.
History
Jeff Goldberg created an experimental OS using only eventcounts for synchronization, that allowed a preemptive kernel, for a Charles River Data Systems (CRDS) PDP-11. CRDS hired Goldberg to create UNOS and began selling it in 1981.
UNOS was written for the Motorola 68000 series processors. While compatible with Version 7 Unix, it is also an RTOS. CRDS supported it on the company's Universe 68 computers, as did Motorola's Versabus systems. CRDS's primary market was OEMs embedding the CRDS unit within a larger pile of hardware, often requiring better real-time response than Unix could deliver.
UNOS has a cleaner kernel interface than UNIX in 1981. There was e.g., a system call to obtain ps information instead of reading /dev/kmem.
UNOS required memory protection, with the 68000 using an MMU developed by CRDS; and only used Motorola MMUs after UNOS 7 on the 68020 (CRDS System CP20) (using the MC68851 PMMU).
UNOS was written in the programming languages C and assembly language, and supported Fortran, COBOL, Pascal, and Business Basic.
Limits
UNOS from CRDS never supported paged virtual memory and multiprocessor support had not been built in from the start, so the kernel remained mostly single-threaded on the few multiprocessor systems built.
A UNOS variant enhanced by H. Berthold AG under the name vBertOS added demanded page loading and paged processes in 1984, but was given up in favor of SunOS because of the missing GUI and the missing networking code in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderocalin | Siderocalin (Scn), lipocalin-2, NGAL, 24p3 is a mammalian lipocalin-type protein that can prevent iron acquisition by pathogenic bacteria by binding siderophores, which are iron-binding chelators made by microorganisms.
Iron serves as a key nutrient in host-pathogen interactions, and pathogens can acquire iron from the host organism via synthesis and release siderophores such as enterobactin.
Siderocalin is a part of the mammalian defence mechanism and acts as an antibacterial agent.
Crystallographic studies of Scn demonstrated that it includes a calyx, a ligand-binding domain that is lined with polar cationic groups.
Central to the siderophore/siderocalin recognition mechanism are hybrid electrostatic/cation-pi interactions.
To evade the host defences, pathogens evolved to produce structurally varied siderophores that would not be recognized by siderocalin, allowing the bacteria to acquire iron.
Iron requirements of host organisms
Organisms require iron for a variety of chemical reactions. Although iron can be found throughout the biosphere, free ferric iron forms insoluble hydroxides at physiological pH, limiting its accessibility in aerobic conditions to living organisms.
In order to preserve homeostasis, organisms have evolved specific protein networks, with proteins and receptors translated in accordance with intracellular iron levels.
Export and import are supplemented by a cycling process between the ferrous Fe(II) available in the reducing environment of the cell, and ferric Fe(III) found primarily under aerobic conditions.
The iron acquisition mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria demonstrate the role of iron as a key component at the interface between pathogens and hosts.
Lipocalin family of iron binding proteins
The lipocalin family of binding proteins are produced by the immune system and sequester ferric siderophore complexes from the siderophore receptors of bacteria.
The lipocalin family of binding proteins typically have a conserved e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20bending | Pure bending ( Theory of simple bending) is a condition of stress where a bending moment is applied to a beam without the simultaneous presence of axial, shear, or torsional forces.
Pure bending occurs only under a constant bending moment (M) since the shear force (V), which is equal to , has to be equal to zero. In reality, a state of pure bending does not practically exist, because such a state needs an absolutely weightless member. The state of pure bending is an approximation made to derive formulas.
Kinematics of pure bending
In pure bending the axial lines bend to form circumferential lines and transverse lines remain straight and become radial lines.
Axial lines that do not extend or contract form a neutral surface.
Assumptions made in the theory of Pure Bending
The material of the beam is homogeneous1 and isotropic2.
The value of Young's Modulus of Elasticity is same in tension and compression.
The transverse sections which were plane before bending, remain plane after bending also.
The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
The radius of curvature is large as compared to the dimensions of the cross-section.
Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently of the layer, above or below it.
Notes: 1 Homogeneous means the material is of same kind throughout. 2 Isotropic means that the elastic properties in all directions are equal. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken%20feet | Chicken feet are cooked and eaten in many countries. After an outer layer of hard skin is removed, most of the edible tissue on the feet consists of skin and tendons, with no muscle. This gives the feet a distinct gelatinous texture different from the rest of the chicken meat.
Around the world
China
Chicken feet are used in several regional Chinese cuisines; they can be served as a beer snack, cold dish, soup or main dish. They are interchangeably called Fèng zhuǎ (鳯爪, phoenix claws), Jī zhuǎ (鷄爪, chicken claws), and Jī jiǎo (雞脚, chicken feet).
In Guangdong and Hong Kong, they are typically deep fried and steamed first to make them puffy before being stewed and simmered in a sauce flavoured with black fermented beans, bean paste, and sugar; or in abalone sauce.
In mainland China, popular snack bars specializing in marinated food such as yabozi (duck's necks) also sell lu ji zhua (鹵雞爪, marinated chicken feet), which are simmered with soy sauce, Sichuanese peppercorn, clove, garlic, star anise, cinnamon and chili flakes. Today, packaged chicken feet are sold in most grocery stores and supermarkets in China as a snack, often seasoned with rice vinegar and chili. Another popular recipe is bai yun feng zhao (), which is marinated in a sauce of rice vinegar, rice wine flavored with sugar, salt, and minced ginger for an extended period of time and served as a cold dish. In southern China, they also cook chicken feet with raw peanuts to make a thin soup.
The huge demand in China raises the price of chicken feet, which are often used as fodder in other countries. As of June 2011, 1 kg of raw chicken feet costs around 12 to 16 yuan in China, compared to 11–12 yuan for 1 kg of frozen chicken breast. In 2000, Hong Kong, once the largest entrepôt for shipping chicken feet from over 30 countries, traded a total of 420,000 tons of chicken feet at the value of US$230 million. Two years after joining the WTO in 2001, China approved the direct import of American chicken feet, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20%28computer%20science%29 | In computer science, data that has several parts, known as a record, can be divided into fields (data fields). Relational databases arrange data as sets of database records, so called rows. Each record consists of several fields; the fields of all records form the columns.
Examples of fields: name, gender, hair colour.
In object-oriented programming, a field (also called data member or member variable) is a particular piece of data encapsulated within a class or object. In the case of a regular field (also called instance variable), for each instance of the object there is an instance variable: for example, an Employee class has a Name field and there is one distinct name per employee. A static field (also called class variable) is one variable, which is shared by all instances. Fields are abstracted by properties, which allow them to be read and written as if they were fields, but these can be translated to getter and setter method calls.
Fixed length
Fields that contain a fixed number of bits are known as fixed length fields. A four byte field for example may contain a 31 bit binary integer plus a sign bit (32 bits in all). A 30 byte name field may contain a person's name typically padded with blanks at the end.
The disadvantage of using fixed length fields is that some part of the field may be wasted but space is still required for the maximum length case. Also, where fields are omitted, padding for the missing fields is still required to maintain fixed start positions within a record for instance.
Variable length
A variable length field is not always the same physical size.
Such fields are nearly always used for text fields that can be large, or fields that vary greatly
in length. For example, a bibliographical database like PubMed has many small fields such
as publication date and author name, but also has abstracts, which vary greatly in length.
Reserving a fixed-length field of some length would be inefficient because it would enforce a
maximum length o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloralose | Chloralose (also known as α-chloralose) is an avicide, and a rodenticide used to kill mice in temperatures below 15 °C. It is also widely used in neuroscience and veterinary medicine as an anesthetic and sedative. Either alone or in combination, such as with urethane, it is used for long-lasting, but light anesthesia.
Chemically, it is a chlorinated acetal derivative of glucose.
It is listed in Annex I of Directive 67/548/EEC with the classification Harmful (Xn)
Chloralose exerts barbiturate-like actions on synaptic transmission in the brain, including potent effects at inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAAR). A structural isomer of chloralose, β-chloralose (also called parachloralose in older literature), is inactive as a GABAAR modulator and also as a general anesthetic.
Chloralose is often abused for its avicide properties. In the United Kingdom, protected birds of prey have been killed using the chemical.
Legal use for bird control also often causes raptor mortalities from secondary poisoning, as well as primary poisoning of non-target species from eating bait, for example, kererū pigeon in New Zealand. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20migration | Planetary migration occurs when a planet or other body in orbit around a star interacts with a disk of gas or planetesimals, resulting in the alteration of its orbital parameters, especially its semi-major axis. Planetary migration is the most likely explanation for hot Jupiters (exoplanets with Jovian masses but orbits of only a few days). The generally accepted theory of planet formation from a protoplanetary disk predicts that such planets cannot form so close to their stars, as there is insufficient mass at such small radii and the temperature is too high to allow the formation of rocky or icy planetesimals.
It has also become clear that terrestrial-mass planets may be subject to rapid inward migration if they form while the gas disk is still present. This may affect the formation of the cores of the giant planets (which have masses of the order of 10 to 1000 Earth masses), if those planets form via the core-accretion mechanism.
Types of disk
Gas disk
Observations suggest that gas in protoplanetary disks orbiting young stars have lifetimes of a few to several million years. If planets with masses of around an Earth mass or greater form while the gas is still present, the planets can exchange angular momentum with the surrounding gas in the protoplanetary disk so that their orbits change gradually. Although the sense of migration is typically inwards in locally isothermal disks, outward migration may occur in disks that possess entropy gradients.
Planetesimal disk
During the late phase of planetary system formation, massive protoplanets and planetesimals gravitationally interact in a chaotic manner causing many planetesimals to be thrown into new orbits. This results in angular-momentum exchange between the planets and the planetesimals, and leads to migration (either inward or outward). Outward migration of Neptune is believed to be responsible for the resonant capture of Pluto and other Plutinos into the 3:2 resonance with Neptune.
Types of migrati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinodendron | Ricinodendron is a plant genus in the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1864. It includes only one known species, Ricinodendron heudelotii, native to tropical Africa from Senegal + Liberia east to Sudan and Tanzania and south to Mozambique and Angola. It produces an economically important oilseed. The tree is known as munguella (Angola), njangsa (Cameroon), bofeko (Zaire), wama (Ghana), okhuen (Nigeria), kishongo (Uganda), akpi (Ivory Coast), djansang, essang, ezezang and njasang. Two varieties of the tree species are recognized R. heudelotii var. heudelotii in Ghana and R. heudelotii var. africanum in Nigeria and westwards.
Taxonomy
The mongongo fruit (Schinziophyton rautanenii) was previously considered a member of this genus but has since been placed into a genus of its own.
Subspecies and varieties
Ricinodendron heudelotii subsp. africanum (Müll.Arg.) J.Léonard - tropical Africa from Nigeria east to Sudan and Tanzania and south to Mozambique and Angola
Ricinodendron heudelotii var. tomentellum (Hutch. & E.A.Bruce) Radcl.-Sm. - Kenya, Tanzania
Formerly included
moved to Schinziophyton
R. rautanenii - Schinziophyton rautanenii
R. viticoides - Schinziophyton rautanenii
Description
The tree is fast growing and reaches a height between 20 and 50 m with a straight trunk which can have a diameter up to 2.7 m. Its crown is broad and the roots are big running. The bark is smooth with a grey colour. Inside, the bark is red when cut.
Njangsa is a dioecious plant. The flowers are yellowish white, 5 mm long and form a long terminal panicle which measures between 15 and 40 cm. Flowering time is between April and May. Male panicles are larger and slender than female flowers.
Njangsa trees produce a fruit that are typically two or three lobed and contain two cells in which the seeds lie. These seeds are red brown to black, rounded and some 1 cm in diameter. The seeds are oily in texture and can be bought either raw or dried. They have an odour remin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron-longitudinal%20acoustic%20phonon%20interaction | The electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction is an interaction that can take place between an electron and a longitudinal acoustic (LA) phonon in a material such as a semiconductor.
Displacement operator of the LA phonon
The equations of motion of the atoms of mass M which locates in the periodic lattice is
,
where is the displacement of the nth atom from their equilibrium positions.
Defining the displacement of the th atom by , where is the coordinates of the th atom and is the lattice constant,
the displacement is given by
Then using Fourier transform:
and
.
Since is a Hermite operator,
From the definition of the creation and annihilation operator
is written as
Then expressed as
Hence, using the continuum model, the displacement operator for the 3-dimensional case is
,
where is the unit vector along the displacement direction.
Interaction Hamiltonian
The electron-longitudinal acoustic phonon interaction Hamiltonian is defined as
,
where is the deformation potential for electron scattering by acoustic phonons.
Inserting the displacement vector to the Hamiltonian results to
Scattering probability
The scattering probability for electrons from to states is
Replace the integral over the whole space with a summation of unit cell integrations
where , is the volume of a unit cell.
See also
Phonon scattering
Umklapp scattering
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20frequency | In mathematics, physics, and engineering, spatial frequency is a characteristic of any structure that is periodic across position in space. The spatial frequency is a measure of how often sinusoidal components (as determined by the Fourier transform) of the structure repeat per unit of distance.
The SI unit of spatial frequency is the reciprocal metre (m-1), although cycles per meter (c/m) is also common. In image-processing applications, spatial frequency is often expressed in units of cycles per millimeter (c/mm) or also line pairs per millimeter (LP/mm).
In wave propagation, the spatial frequency is also known as wavenumber. Ordinary wavenumber is defined as the reciprocal of wavelength and is commonly denoted by or sometimes :
Angular wavenumber , expressed in radian per metre (rad/m), is related to ordinary wavenumber and wavelength by
Visual perception
In the study of visual perception, sinusoidal gratings are frequently used to probe the capabilities of the visual system, such as contrast sensitivity. In these stimuli, spatial frequency is expressed as the number of cycles per degree of visual angle. Sine-wave gratings also differ from one another in amplitude (the magnitude of difference in intensity between light and dark stripes), orientation, and phase.
Spatial-frequency theory
The spatial-frequency theory refers to the theory that the visual cortex operates on a code of spatial frequency, not on the code of straight edges and lines hypothesised by Hubel and Wiesel on the basis of early experiments on V1 neurons in the cat. In support of this theory is the experimental observation that the visual cortex neurons respond even more robustly to sine-wave gratings that are placed at specific angles in their receptive fields than they do to edges or bars. Most neurons in the primary visual cortex respond best when a sine-wave grating of a particular frequency is presented at a particular angle in a particular location in the visual field. (However, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CatSper1 | CatSper1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CATSPER1 gene. CatSper1 is a member of the cation channels of sperm family of protein. The four proteins in this family together form a Ca2+-permeant ion channel specific essential for the correct function of sperm cells.
Function
Calcium ions play a primary role in the regulation of sperm motility. This gene belongs to a family of putative cation channels that are specific to spermatozoa and localize to the flagellum. The protein family features a single repeat with six membrane-spanning segments and a predicted calcium-selective pore region. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConEmu | ConEmu (short for Console emulator) is a free and open-source tabbed terminal emulator for Windows. ConEmu presents multiple consoles and simple GUI applications as one customizable GUI window with tabs and a status bar. It also provides emulation for ANSI escape codes for color, bypassing the capabilities of the standard Windows Console Host to provide 256 and 24-bit color in Windows.
The program has a large range of customization, including custom color palettes for the standard 16 colors, hotkeys, transparency, an auto-hideable mode (similar to the way Quake originally displayed its developer console).
Initially, the program was created as a companion to Far Manager, bringing some features common for graphical file managers to this console application (thumbnails and tiles, drag and drop with other windows, true color interface, and others). As of 2012, ConEmu could be used with any other Win32 console application or simple GUI tool (such as Notepad, PuTTY or DOSBox). ConEmu doesn't provide any shell itself, but rather allows using any other shell. It does provide a limited macro language, to control the hosted applications startup. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyornis | Ichthyornis (meaning "fish bird", after its fish-like vertebrae) is an extinct genus of toothy seabird-like ornithuran from the late Cretaceous period of North America. Its fossil remains are known from the chalks of Alberta, Alabama, Kansas (Greenhorn Limestone), New Mexico, Saskatchewan, and Texas, in strata that were laid down in the Western Interior Seaway during the Turonian through Campanian ages, about 95–83.5 million years ago. Ichthyornis is a common component of the Niobrara Formation fauna, and numerous specimens have been found.
Ichthyornis has been historically important in shedding light on bird evolution. It was the first known prehistoric bird relative preserved with teeth, and Charles Darwin noted its significance during the early years of the theory of evolution. Ichthyornis remains important today as it is one of the few Mesozoic era ornithurans known from more than a few specimens.
Description of the Ichthyornis
It is thought that Ichthyornis was the Cretaceous ecological equivalent of modern seabirds such as gulls, petrels, and skimmers. An average specimen was the size of a pigeon, long, with a skeletal wingspan (not taking feathers into account) of around , though there is considerable size variation among known specimens, with some smaller and some much larger than the type specimen of I. dispar.
Ichthyornis is notable primarily for its combination of vertebrae which are concave both in front and back (similar to some fish, which is where it gets its name) and several more subtle features of its skeleton which set it apart from its close relatives. Ichthyornis is perhaps most well known for its teeth. The teeth were present only in the middle portion of the upper and lower jaws. The jaw tips had no teeth and were covered in a beak. The beak of Ichthyornis, like the hesperornithids, was compound and made up of several distinct plates, similar to the beak of an albatross, rather than a single sheet of keratin as in most modern birds. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goursat%27s%20lemma | Goursat's lemma, named after the French mathematician Édouard Goursat, is an algebraic theorem about subgroups of the direct product of two groups.
It can be stated more generally in a Goursat variety (and consequently it also holds in any Maltsev variety), from which one recovers a more general version of Zassenhaus' butterfly lemma. In this form, Goursat's theorem also implies the snake lemma.
Groups
Goursat's lemma for groups can be stated as follows.
Let , be groups, and let be a subgroup of such that the two projections and are surjective (i.e., is a subdirect product of and ). Let be the kernel of and the kernel of . One can identify as a normal subgroup of , and as a normal subgroup of . Then the image of in is the graph of an isomorphism . One then obtains a bijection between :
Subgroups of which project onto both factors,
Triples with normal in , normal in and isomorphism of onto .
An immediate consequence of this is that the subdirect product of two groups can be described as a fiber product and vice versa.
Notice that if is any subgroup of (the projections and need not be surjective), then the projections from onto and are surjective. Then one can apply Goursat's lemma to .
To motivate the proof, consider the slice in , for any arbitrary . By the surjectivity of the projection map to , this has a non trivial intersection with . Then essentially, this intersection represents exactly one particular coset of . Indeed, if we have elements with and , then being a group, we get that , and hence, . It follows that and lie in the same coset of . Thus the intersection of with every "horizontal" slice isomorphic to is exactly one particular coset of in .
By an identical argument, the intersection of with every "vertical" slice isomorphic to is exactly one particular coset of in .
All the cosets of are present in the group , and by the above argument, there is an exact 1:1 correspondence between them. The proof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAM%20%28file%20format%29 | Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) is a text-based format originally for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence developed by Heng Li and Bob Handsaker et al. It was developed when the 1000 Genomes Project wanted to move away from the MAQ mapper format and decided to design a new format. The overall TAB-delimited flavour of the format came from an earlier format inspired by BLAT’s PSL. The name of SAM came from Gabor Marth from University of Utah, who originally had a format under the same name but with a different syntax more similar to a BLAST output. It is widely used for storing data, such as nucleotide sequences, generated by next generation sequencing technologies, and the standard has been broadened to include unmapped sequences. The format supports short and long reads (up to 128 Mbp) produced by different sequencing platforms and is used to hold mapped data within the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) and across the Broad Institute, the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and throughout the 1000 Genomes Project.
Format
The SAM format consists of a header and an alignment section. The binary equivalent of a SAM file is a Binary Alignment Map (BAM) file, which stores the same data in a compressed binary representation. SAM files can be analysed and edited with the software SAMtools. The header section must be prior to the alignment section if it is present. Headings begin with the '@' symbol, which distinguishes them from the alignment section. Alignment sections have 11 mandatory fields, as well as a variable number of optional fields.
Description
From the specification:
QNAME: Query template NAME. Reads/segments having identical QNAME are regarded to come from the same template. A QNAME ‘*’ indicates the information is unavailable. In a SAM file, a read may occupy multiple alignment lines, when its alignment is chimeric or when multiple mappings are given.
FLAG: Combination of bitwise FLAGs
RNAME: Reference sequence NAME of the alignment. If @SQ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting%20efficiency | In the measurement of ionising radiation the counting efficiency is the ratio between the number of particles or photons counted with a radiation counter and the number of particles or photons of the same type and energy emitted by the radiation source.
Factors
Several factors affect the counting efficiency:
The distance from the source of radiation
The absorption or scattering of particles by the medium (such as air) between the source and the surface of the detector
The detector efficiency in counting all radiation photons and particles that reach the surface of the detector
The accompanying diagram shows this graphically.
Scintillation counters
Radiation protection instruments
Large area scintillation counters used for surface radioactive contamination measurements use plate or planar radioactive sources as calibration standards. The Surface Emission Rate (SER), not the source activity, is used as a measure of the rate of particles emitted from the source of radiation. The SER is the true emission rate from the surface, which is usually different to the activity. This difference is due to self-shielding within the active layer of the source which will reduce the SER, or backscatter which will reflect particles off the backing plate of the active layer and will increase the SER. Beta particle plate sources usually have a significant backscatter, whereas alpha plate sources usually have no backscatter, but are easily self-attenuated if the active layer is made too thick.
Liquid scintillation counters
Counting efficiency varies for different isotopes, sample compositions and scintillation counters. Poor counting efficiency can be caused by an extremely low energy to light conversion rate, (scintillation efficiency) which, even optimally, will be a small value. It has been calculated that only some 4% of the energy from a β emission event is converted to light by even the most efficient scintillation cocktails.
Gaseous counters
Proportional counters and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seesaw%20mechanism | In the theory of grand unification of particle physics, and, in particular, in theories of neutrino masses and neutrino oscillation, the seesaw mechanism is a generic model used to understand the relative sizes of observed neutrino masses, of the order of eV, compared to those of quarks and charged leptons, which are millions of times heavier. The name of the seesaw mechanism was given by Tsutomu Yanagida in a Tokyo conference in 1981.
There are several types of models, each extending the Standard Model. The simplest version, "Type 1," extends the Standard Model by assuming two or more additional right-handed neutrino fields
inert under the electroweak interaction,
and the existence of a very large mass scale. This allows the mass scale to be identifiable with the postulated scale of grand unification.
Type 1 seesaw
This model produces a light neutrino, for each of the three known neutrino flavors, and a corresponding very heavy neutrino for each flavor, which has yet to be observed.
The simple mathematical principle behind the seesaw mechanism is the following property of any 2×2 matrix of the form
It has two eigenvalues:
and
The geometric mean of and equals , since the determinant .
Thus, if one of the eigenvalues goes up, the other goes down, and vice versa. This is the point of the name "seesaw" of the mechanism.
In applying this model to neutrinos, is taken to be much larger than
Then the larger eigenvalue, is approximately equal to while the smaller eigenvalue is approximately equal to
This mechanism serves to explain why the neutrino masses are so small.
The matrix is essentially the mass matrix for the neutrinos. The Majorana mass component is comparable to the GUT scale and violates lepton number conservation; while the Dirac mass components are of order of the much smaller electroweak scale, called the VEV or vacuum expectation value below. The smaller eigenvalue then leads to a very small neutrino mass, comparable to , which is in qu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun%20%28video%20game%29 | Verdun is a squad-based multiplayer first-person shooter video game set during World War I. It was released on 28 April 2015 on Steam, after more than a year in Steam Early Access. It was released for PlayStation 4 on 30 August 2016. An Xbox One version was released on 8 March 2017. A sequel to Verdun, Tannenberg, was released into Steam Early Access on 16 November 2017, and left Early Access for a full release on 13 February 2019. The game released for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S on 15 June 2021 with higher resolution and better texture quality.
Verdun is inspired by the 1916 Battle of Verdun in France. The game includes historically accurate World War I weapons, authentic uniforms and equipment, detailed injury and gore modeling, and maps based on the real battlefields of the Western Front.
The game runs on the Unity engine and was developed by independent studios M2H and Blackmill Games.
Gameplay
Verdun is a realistic, tactical squad based game set in the trenches of World War I that can be played with up to 64 players (with 32 on each side).
Squads typically consist of 4 players, each with a unique role that is also typically made up of a squad leader called an NCO, and three roles dependent on the nation and type of squad selected. Squads can level up by helping the team, i. e. killing enemies, capturing sectors etc. gaining bonus abilities and upgrades on their preexisting abilities like accuracy, suppression etc. The NCO may rename the squad and change its type.
NCOs can call in support abilities like artillery barrages, creeping barrages, white phosphorus attacks, smoke screens and mortar shells. They can also call in more passive abilities to enhance the abilities of their squadmates, like ones helping them resist enemy suppression or enemy recon more effectively. NCOs can typically carry a self-loading pistol or revolver and melee weapons such as sabres and trench clubs. Other members of the squad typically use plenty of bolt-action rifles, plen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall | Southall (; Punjabi: ਸਉਥਾਲ sauthāl, ) is a large suburban town in West London, England, part of the London Borough of Ealing and is one of its seven major towns.
It is situated west of Charing Cross and had a population of 69,857 as of 2011. It is generally divided in three parts: the mostly residential area around Lady Margaret Road (Dormers Wells); the main commercial centre at High Street and Southall Broadway (part of the greater Uxbridge Road); and Old Southall/Southall Green to the south consisting of Southall railway station, industries and Norwood Green bounded by the M4.
It was historically a municipal borough of Middlesex administered from Southall Town Hall until 1965. Southall is located on the Grand Union Canal (formerly the Grand Junction Canal) which first linked London with the rest of the growing canal system. It was one of the last canals to carry significant commercial traffic (through the 1950s) and is still open to traffic and is used by pleasure craft. The canal separates it from Hayes on the west, whereas to the east the River Brent separates the town from Hanwell.
From the 1950s the town's local factories and proximity to Heathrow Airport attracted large numbers of Asian immigrants; the town eventually became home to the largest Punjabi community outside the Indian subcontinent and is today a major centre of South Asian culture, having gained the nickname Little India.
Toponymy
The name Southall derives from the Anglo-Saxon dative æt súð healum, "At the south corner (of the land or wood)" and súð heal, "South corner" and separates it from Northolt which was originally norþ heal, "North corner" which through a later association with Anglo-Saxon holt, "wood, copse" developed into Northolt.
It appears as Suhaull in 1198, and Sudhale in 1204, and as Southold on the Oxfordshire Sheldon tapestry from the late 1580s.
The district of Southall has many other Anglo-Saxon place names such as Elthorne and Waxlow. Its earliest record, from ad 83 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sexually%20transmitted%20infections%20by%20prevalence | Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex. The most prevalent STIs may be carried by a significant fraction of the human population. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST%20Cybersecurity%20Framework | NIST Cybersecurity Framework is a set of guidelines for mitigating organizational cybersecurity risks, published by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) based on existing standards, guidelines, and practices. The framework "provides a high level taxonomy of cybersecurity outcomes and a methodology to assess and manage those outcomes", in addition to guidance on the protection of privacy and civil liberties in a cybersecurity context. It has been translated to many languages, and is used by several governments and a wide range of businesses and organizations.
A 2016 study found that 70% of organizations surveyed see the NIST Cybersecurity Framework as a popular best practice for computer security, but many note that it requires significant investment.
Overview
The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is designed for individual businesses and other organizations to assess risks they face.
Version 1.0 was published by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology in 2014, originally aimed at operators of critical infrastructure. In 2017, a draft version of the framework, version 1.1, was circulated for public comment. Version 1.1 was announced and made publicly available on April 16, 2018. Version 1.1 is still compatible with version 1.0.
The changes include guidance on how to perform self-assessments, additional detail on supply chain risk management, guidance on how to interact with supply chain stakeholders, and encourages a vulnerability disclosure process.
The framework is divided into three parts, "Core", "Profile" and "Tiers". The "Framework Core" contains an array of activities, outcomes and references about aspects and approaches to cybersecurity. The "Framework Implementation Tiers" are used by an organization to clarify for itself and its partners how it views cybersecurity risk and the degree of sophistication of its management approach. A "Framework Profile" is a list of outcomes that an organization has chosen from the cate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnterpriseDB | EnterpriseDB (EDB), a privately held company based in Massachusetts, provides software and services based on the open-source database PostgreSQL (also known as Postgres), and is one of the largest contributors to Postgres. EDB develops and integrates performance, security, and manageability enhancements into Postgres to support enterprise-class workloads. EDB has also developed database compatibility for Oracle to facilitate the migration of workloads from Oracle to EDB Postgres and to support the operation of many Oracle workloads on EDB Postgres.
EDB provides a portfolio of databases and tools that extend Postgres for enterprise workloads. This includes fully managed Postgres in the cloud, extreme high availability for Postgres, command line migration tools, Kubernetes Operator and container images, management, monitoring and optimizing of Postgres, enterprise ready Oracle migration tools and browser-based schema migration tools
EnterpriseDB was purchased by Great Hill Partners in 2019.
In June 2022, Bain Capital Private Equity announced a majority growth investment in the company, whereafter EDB continues to operate under the leadership of Ed Boyajian, President and CEO of EDB, an open source pioneer who has led the company since 2008.
Great Hill Partners, which acquired EDB in 2019, remains a significant shareholder.
History
EDB was founded in 2004. The growing acceptance of open source software created a market opportunity and the company wanted to challenge the database incumbents with a standards based product that was compatible with other vendor solutions. EnterpriseDB sought to develop an open source-based, enterprise-class relational database to compete with established vendors at an open source price point.
EDB introduced its database, EnterpriseDB 2005, in 2005. It was named Best Database Solution at LinuxWorld that year, beating solutions from Oracle, MySQL, and IBM. EDB renamed the database EnterpriseDB Advanced Server with its March 2006 rele |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking%20spray | Cooking spray is a spray form of an oil as a lubricant, lecithin as an emulsifier, and a propellant such as nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or propane. Cooking spray is applied to frying pans and other cookware to prevent food from sticking. Traditionally, cooks use butter, shortening, or oils poured or rubbed on cookware. Most cooking sprays have less food energy per serving than an application of vegetable oil, because they are applied in a much thinner layer: US regulations allow many to be labelled "zero-calorie"; in the UK sprays claim to supply "less than 1 calorie per serving". Popular US brands include Pam, Crisco, and Baker's Joy. Sprays are available with plain vegetable oil, butter and olive oil flavor.
Cooking spray has other culinary uses besides being applied to cookware. Sticky candies such as Mike and Ike that are often sold in bulk vending machines may be sprayed with cooking spray to keep them from sticking together in the machines. Coating the inside of a measuring cup with the spray allows sticky substances such as honey to pour out more easily. Vegetables may be sprayed before seasoning to make the seasonings stick better. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minialuxe | Minialuxe is a French manufacturing company that produces and commercialises plastic scale model cars and trucks. The original Établissements Minialuxe was based in Oyonnax, producing models usually made in 1:43 scale, but some larger 1:32 scale vehicles were also manufactured, for example, a Peugeot 403.
After its closure in 1978, in 2012 Minialuxe was revived as a limited liability company, producing its model cars and commercial vehicles.
History
Minialuxe started production of plastic cars about 1954 (some sources say 1959) and ceased production in the late 1970s. The company was based in the town of Oyonnax in eastern France about 20 miles from Geneva, Switzerland, and about 50 miles northeast of Lyon (where toy makers Norev and Majorette were headquartered). Oyonnax was known for its plastics industry, with experiments in celluloid long before WWII and a new burgeoning industry post-War. One landmark event that saw the area's explosion as a toy center was the local plastics industry's first trade fair which was located in Oyonnax in 1953.
Minialuxe claimed to be the first to produce models in a new plastic called Rhodalite, but apparently Norev beat them by about a year. Models featured were mostly, but not exclusively, French makes. There were two main series, a contemporary line and a classic line. Minialuxe appears to have started with the contemporary line, expanding into the classic line around 1970. Collectors traditionally seem to be more interested in the unique selections of the classic series, but all models, though somewhat simpler than the zamac metal diecast of other companies, were clever and included details that were quite endearing.
In 2010, Marc Faujanet, owner of Passion 43ème (a specialized magazine dedicated to scale 1:43 model cars) began negotiations with the daughter of Edouard Blanc after he had expressed his intentions to re-launch the Minialuxe brand. On 12 March 2012, a license agreement for a duration of 20 years was signed s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable%20logic%20array | A programmable logic array (PLA) is a kind of programmable logic device used to implement combinational logic circuits. The PLA has a set of programmable AND gate planes, which link to a set of programmable OR gate planes, which can then be conditionally complemented to produce an output. It has 2N AND gates for N input variables, and for M outputs from PLA, there should be M OR gates, each with programmable inputs from all of the AND gates. This layout allows for many logic functions to be synthesized in the sum of products canonical forms.
PLAs differ from programmable array logic devices (PALs and GALs) in that both the AND and OR gate planes are programmable.[PAL has programmable AND gates but fixed OR gates]
History
In 1970, Texas Instruments developed a mask-programmable IC based on the IBM read-only associative memory or ROAM. This device, the TMS2000, was programmed by altering the metal layer during the production of the IC. The TMS2000 had up to 17 inputs and 18 outputs with 8 JK flip-flops for memory. TI coined the term Programmable Logic Array for this device.
Implementation procedure
Preparation in SOP (sum of products) form.
Obtain the minimum SOP form to reduce the number of product terms to a minimum.
Decide the input connection of the AND matrix for generating the required product term.
Then decide the input connections of OR matrix to generate the sum terms.
Decide the connections of invert matrix.
Program the PLA.
PLA block diagram:
Advantages over read-only memory
The desired outputs for each combination of inputs could be programmed into a read-only memory, with the inputs being driven by the address bus and the outputs being read out as data. However, that would require a separate memory location for every possible combination of inputs, including combinations that are never supposed to occur, and also duplicating data for "don't care" conditions (for example, logic like "if input A is 1, then, as far as output X is concerned, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorption%20calorimetry | The method of sorption calorimetry is designed for studies of hydration of complex organic and biological materials. It has been applied for studies of surfactants, lipids, DNA, nanomaterials and other substances. A sorption calorimetric experiment is performed at isothermal regime, but different temperatures can be studied in separate experiments.
In a sorption calorimetric experiment, a two-chamber calorimetric cell is inserted into a double-twin microcalorimeter.
Water evaporates, diffuses through the tube connecting two chambers of the calorimetric cell and is absorbed by the studied substance.
The amount of evaporated water is calculated from the thermal power registered in the vaporisation chamber:
From the same data, the activity of water in the sample can also be calculated:
From the thermal powers registered in the two chambers one can calculate the partial molar enthalpy of mixing of water.
During the sorption experiment the water content in the sample increases until it reaches a value high enough to make the process of diffusion of water vapor between the chambers very slow. Then the sorption experiment can be stopped.
For studies of hydration at very high relative humidities, a special modification of the method of sorption calorimetry – the desorption calorimetric method – was developed. A desorption experiment starts with a fully hydrated sample which is placed in the sample chamber (the top chamber in the figure). In the bottom chamber a salt solution is injected. During the desorption experiment the sample is being slowly dehydrated and the salt solution takes up the water evaporated from the sample.
See also
Isothermal microcalorimetry
Isothermal titration calorimetry
Pressure perturbation calorimetry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal%20cyclic%20cosmology | Conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model in the framework of general relativity and proposed by theoretical physicist Roger Penrose. In CCC, the universe iterates through infinite cycles, with the future timelike infinity (i.e. the latest end of any possible timescale evaluated for any point in space) of each previous iteration being identified with the Big Bang singularity of the next. Penrose popularized this theory in his 2010 book Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe.
Basic construction
Penrose's basic construction is to connect a countable sequence of open Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric (FLRW) spacetimes, each representing a Big Bang followed by an infinite future expansion. Penrose noticed that the past conformal boundary of one copy of FLRW spacetime can be "attached" to the future conformal boundary of another, after an appropriate conformal rescaling. In particular, each individual FLRW metric is multiplied by the square of a conformal factor that approaches zero at timelike infinity, effectively "squashing down" the future conformal boundary to a conformally regular hypersurface (which is spacelike if there is a positive cosmological constant, as is currently believed). The result is a new solution to Einstein's equations, which Penrose takes to represent the entire universe, and which is composed of a sequence of sectors that Penrose calls "aeons".
The conformal cyclic cosmology hypothesis requires that all massive particles eventually vanish from existence, including those which become too widely separated from all other particles to annihilate with them. As Penrose points out, proton decay is a possibility contemplated in various speculative extensions of the Standard Model, but it has never been observed. Moreover, all electrons must also decay, or lose their charge and/or mass, and no conventional speculations allow for this.
In his Nobel Prize Lecture video, Roger Penrose moderated his previous r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Thiende | De Thiende, published in 1585 in the Dutch language by Simon Stevin, is remembered for extending positional notation to the use of decimals to represent fractions. A French version, La Disme, was issued the same year by Stevin.
Stevin introduced the decimal separator (0) between integer and fractional parts of a decimal number, calling it the "commencement". His notation included superfluous symbols (1) after or above the tenths place, (2) after or above the hundredths, and so on. Stevin also produced a French language version, and according to Sarton, "As the Flemish and French texts were both written by the author, edited by him, and published at almost the same time in the same printing shop, they have practically the same standing as original sources of STEVIN’s thought."
Decimal fractions
According to George Sarton, "The Thiende was the earliest treatise deliberately devoted to the study of decimal fractions, and STEVIN's account is the earliest account of them. Hence, even if decimal fractions were used previously by other men, it was STEVIN – and no other – who introduced them into the mathematical domain. That important extension of the idea of number – the creation of the decimal number – was undoubtedly a fruit of his genius, and its occurrence can be very exactly dated – 1585."
The Princeton Companion to Mathematics provides the following estimation of Stevin's contribution to positional notation:
"The Flemish mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin is remembered for his study of decimal fractions. Although he was not the first to use decimal fractions (they are found in the work of the tenth-century Islamic mathematician al-Uqlidisi), it was his tract De Thiende (“The tenth”), published in 1585 and translated into English as Disme: The Art of Tenths, or Decimall Arithmetike Teaching (1608), that led to their widespread adoption in Europe. Stevin, however, did not use the notation we use today. He drew circles around the exponents of the powers of o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticlatone | Ticlatone (trade name Landromil) is an antifungal. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%20stress%20tensor | The Maxwell stress tensor (named after James Clerk Maxwell) is a symmetric second-order tensor used in classical electromagnetism to represent the interaction between electromagnetic forces and mechanical momentum. In simple situations, such as a point charge moving freely in a homogeneous magnetic field, it is easy to calculate the forces on the charge from the Lorentz force law. When the situation becomes more complicated, this ordinary procedure can become impractically difficult, with equations spanning multiple lines. It is therefore convenient to collect many of these terms in the Maxwell stress tensor, and to use tensor arithmetic to find the answer to the problem at hand.
In the relativistic formulation of electromagnetism, the Maxwell's tensor appears as a part of the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor which is the electromagnetic component of the total stress–energy tensor. The latter describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime.
Motivation
As outlined below, the electromagnetic force is written in terms of and . Using vector calculus and Maxwell's equations, symmetry is sought for in the terms containing and , and introducing the Maxwell stress tensor simplifies the result.
in the above relation for conservation of momentum, is the momentum flux density and plays a role similar to in Poynting's theorem.
The above derivation assumes complete knowledge of both and (both free and bounded charges and currents). For the case of nonlinear materials (such as magnetic iron with a BH-curve), the nonlinear Maxwell stress tensor must be used.
Equation
In physics, the Maxwell stress tensor is the stress tensor of an electromagnetic field. As derived above in SI units, it is given by:
,
where is the electric constant and is the magnetic constant, is the electric field, is the magnetic field and is Kronecker's delta. In Gaussian cgs unit, it is given by:
,
where is the magnetizing field.
An alternative way of expressing this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20Spiegel-Profil | Der Spiegel-Profil (in Ukrainian, Der Spiegel-Профiль) was a Ukrainian weekly magazine, published in Kyiv, started in 2007 and shuttered in 2008 due to being financially unsustainable.
Overview
The first edition of the Der Spiegel-Profil was published in Kyiv. Its release was sponsored by the Russian company (Rodionov Publishing House). From the first edition Mikhail Leontyev held the position of editor-in-chief and from the very start the publication has been headquartered in Moscow because the Ukrainian government banned Leontyev from visiting the country for five years, referring to his "insulting statements" towards Ukraine.
Der Spiegel-Profil was similar in style and layout to both licensers, German Der Spiegel and Russian Профиль (spells like Profil).
Controversy
More notable has been a series of articles in 'Profil', a weekly news magazine published in partnership with leading German weekly 'Der Spiegel'. Editor Mikhail Leontev has taken to pushing the 'renewal of empire' line. In the latest issue, he gave space to Dugin; since the Georgian conflict, four prominent mainstream analysts have written articles promoting the notion of Russia as an empire.
In this particular regard, Germany, namely the influential Hamburg magazine DER SPIEGEL, does play a rather dubious role: DER SPIEGEL lends its name and reputation to one of Moscow’s major publication projects in Ukraine - the infamous weekly “Der Spiegel - Profil”. This coloured high-circulation journal is edited by Mikhail Leontev, a well-known Russian anti-Western propagandist, former “persona non grata” in Ukraine, founding member of neo-fascist Alexander Dugin’s “Eurasia” Movement, etc. One could argue though that the primitiveness of “Der Spiegel – Profil’s” anti-Ukrainianism has the unintended effect of supporting pro-NATO forces in Ukraine (reminding the ambivalent repercussions of transmissions in Ukraine of the dubious television reports from Kyiv by Russian TV “journalists”). And, DER SPIEGEL, it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%20capture | Neutron capture is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus. Since neutrons have no electric charge, they can enter a nucleus more easily than positively charged protons, which are repelled electrostatically.
Neutron capture plays a significant role in the cosmic nucleosynthesis of heavy elements. In stars it can proceed in two ways: as a rapid process (r-process) or a slow process (s-process). Nuclei of masses greater than 56 cannot be formed by thermonuclear reactions (i.e., by nuclear fusion) but can be formed by neutron capture.
Neutron capture on protons yields a line at 2.223 MeV predicted and commonly observed in solar flares.
Neutron capture at small neutron flux
At small neutron flux, as in a nuclear reactor, a single neutron is captured by a nucleus. For example, when natural gold (197Au) is irradiated by neutrons (n), the isotope 198Au is formed in a highly excited state, and quickly decays to the ground state of 198Au by the emission of gamma rays (). In this process, the mass number increases by one. This is written as a formula in the form , or in short form . If thermal neutrons are used, the process is called thermal capture.
The isotope 198Au is a beta emitter that decays into the mercury isotope 198Hg. In this process, the atomic number rises by one.
Neutron capture at high neutron flux
The r-process happens inside stars if the neutron flux density is so high that the atomic nucleus has no time to decay via beta emission between neutron captures. The mass number therefore rises by a large amount while the atomic number (i.e., the element) stays the same. When further neutron capture is no longer possible, the highly unstable nuclei decay via many β− decays to beta-stable isotopes of higher-numbered elements.
Capture cross section
The absorption neutron cross section of an isotope of a chemical element is the effective cross-sectional area that an atom of that isotope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference%20bound%20matrix | In model checking, a field of computer science, a difference bound matrix (DBM) is a data structure used to represent some convex polytopes called zones. This structure can be used to efficiently implement some geometrical operations over zones, such as testing emptyness, inclusion, equality, and computing the intersection and the sum of two zones. It is, for example, used in the Uppaal model checker; where it is also distributed as an independent library.
More precisely, there is a notion of canonical DBM; there is a one-to-one relation between canonical DBMs and zones and from each DBM a canonical equivalent DBM can be efficiently computed. Thus, equality of zone can be tested by checking for equality of canonical DBMs.
Zone
A difference bound matrix is used to represents some kind of convex polytopes. Those polytopes are called zone. They are now defined. Formally, a zone is defined by equations of the form , , and , with and some variables, and a constant.
Zones have originally be called region, but nowadays this name usually denote region, a special kind of zone. Intuitively, a region can be considered as a minimal non-empty zones, in which the constants used in constraint are bounded.
Given variables, there are exactly different non-redundant constraints possible, constraints which use a single variable and an upper bound, constraints which uses a single variable and a lower bound, and for each of the ordered pairs of variable , an upper bound on . However, an arbitrary convex polytope in may require an arbitrarily great number of constraints. Even when , there can be an arbitrary great number of non-redundant constraints , for some constants. This is the reason why DBMs can not be extended from zones to convex polytopes.
Example
As stated in the introduction, we consider a zone defined by a set of statements of the form , , and , with and some variables, and a constant. However some of those constraints are either contradictory or redu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin%E2%80%93Selberg%20method | In mathematics, the Rankin–Selberg method, introduced by and , also known as the theory of integral representations of L-functions, is a technique for directly constructing and analytically continuing several important examples of automorphic L-functions. Some authors reserve the term for a special type of integral representation, namely those that involve an Eisenstein series. It has been one of the most powerful techniques for studying the Langlands program.
History
The theory in some sense dates back to Bernhard Riemann, who constructed his zeta function as the Mellin transform of Jacobi's theta function. Riemann used asymptotics of the theta function to obtain the analytic continuation, and the automorphy of the theta function to prove the functional equation. Erich Hecke, and later Hans Maass, applied the same Mellin transform method to modular forms on the upper half-plane, after which Riemann's example can be seen as a special case.
Robert Alexander Rankin and Atle Selberg independently constructed their convolution L-functions, now thought of as the Langlands L-function associated to the tensor product of standard representation of GL(2) with itself. Like Riemann, they used an integral of modular forms, but one of a different type: they integrated the product of two weight k modular forms f, g with a real analytic Eisenstein series E(τ,s) over a fundamental domain D of the modular group SL2(Z) acting on the upper half plane
.
The integral converges absolutely if one of the two forms is cuspidal; otherwise the asymptotics must be used to get a meromorphic continuation like Riemann did. The analytic continuation and functional equation then boil down to those of the Eisenstein series. The integral was identified with the convolution L-function by a technique called "unfolding", in which the definition of the Eisenstein series and the range of integration are converted into a simpler expression that more readily exhibits the L-function as a Dirichle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20learning | Transfer learning (TL) is a technique in machine learning (ML) in which knowledge learned from a task is re-used in order to boost performance on a related task. For example, for image classification, knowledge gained while learning to recognize cars could be applied when trying to recognize trucks. This topic is related to the psychological literature on transfer of learning, although practical ties between the two fields are limited. Reusing/transferring information from previously learned tasks to new tasks has the potential to significantly improve learning efficiency.
History
In 1976, Bozinovski and Fulgosi published a paper addressing transfer learning in neural network training. The paper gives a mathematical and geometrical model of the topic. In 1981, a report considered the application of transfer learning to a dataset of images representing letters of computer terminals, experimentally demonstrating positive and negative transfer learning.
In 1993, Pratt formulated the discriminability-based transfer (DBT) algorithm.
In 1997, Pratt and Thrun guest-edited a special issue of Machine Learning devoted to transfer learning, and by 1998, the field had advanced to include multi-task learning, along with more formal theoretical foundations. Learning to Learn, edited by Thrun and Pratt, is a 1998 review of the subject.
Transfer learning has been applied in cognitive science. Pratt guest-edited an issue of Connection Science on reuse of neural networks through transfer in 1996.
Ng said in his NIPS 2016 tutorial that TL would become the next driver of machine learning commercial success after supervised learning.
In the 2020 paper, "Rethinking Pre-Training and self-training", Zoph et al. reported that pre-training can hurt accuracy, and advocate self-training instead.
Applications
Algorithms are available for transfer learning in Markov logic networks and Bayesian networks. Transfer learning has been applied to cancer subtype discovery, building utilization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRACE%20%28computer%20program%29 | TRACE is a high-precision orbit determination and orbit propagation program. It was developed by The Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California. An early version ran on the IBM 7090 computer in 1964. The Fortran source code can be compiled for any platform with a Fortran compiler.
When Satellite Tool Kit's high-precision orbit propagator and parameter and coordinate frame transformations underwent an Independent Verification and Validation effort in 2000, TRACE v2.4.9 was the standard against which STK was compared.
As of 2013, TRACE is still used by the U.S. Government and some of its technical contractors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic%20state%20transition | In photosynthesis, state transitions are rearrangements of the photosynthetic apparatus which occur on short time-scales (seconds to minutes). The effect is prominent in cyanobacteria, whereby the phycobilisome light-harvesting antenna complexes alter their preference for transfer of excitation energy between the two reaction centers, PS I and PS II. This shift helps to minimize photodamage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under stressful conditions such as high light, but may also be used to offset imbalances between the rates of generating reductant and ATP.
The phenomenon was first discovered in unicellular green algae, and may also occur in plants. However, in these organisms it occurs by a different mechanism, which is not as well understood. The plant/algal mechanism is considered functionally analogous to the cyanobacterial mechanism but involves completely different components. The foremost difference is the presence of fundamentally different types of light-harvesting antenna complexes: plants and green algae use an intrinsically-bound membrane complex of chlorophyll a/b binding proteins for their antenna, instead of the soluble phycobilisome complexes used by cyanobacteria (and certain algae). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Kundert | Kenneth S. Kundert is an engineer that is notable for his work in the area of Electronic Design Automation (EDA). He studied electrical engineering at the University of California, Berkeley under professors Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli and Robert G. Meyer and received his doctorate in 1989. During this time, he created the circuit simulator that eventually became the Advanced Design System from what is now PathWave Design and the Spectre circuit simulator from Cadence Design Systems.
Kundert co-founded Designer's Guide Consulting and created the Designer's Guide Community. From 1989 to 2005 he was a Fellow at Cadence Design Systems during which time he was the principal architect of the Spectre circuit simulation family. As such, he has led the development of Spectre, SpectreHDL, and SpectreRF. He was also the primary developer of Verilog-A and made substantial contributions to both the Verilog-AMS and VHDL-AMS languages. He has written three books on circuit simulation: The Designer's Guide to Verilog-AMS, The Designer's Guide to SPICE and Spectre, and Steady-State Methods for Simulating Analog and Microwave Circuits.
Since 2005, Kundert, along with Henry Chang, has worked to develop the field of analog verification.
More recently Kundert has developed a number of notable open source software packages, including NestedText.
Kundert was elevated to the status of IEEE Fellow in 2007 for contributions to simulation and modeling of analog, RF, and mixed-signal circuits. In 2022 he, along with Ricardo Telichevesky and Jacob K. White, was awarded the ACM/IEEE A. Richard Newton Technical Impact Award in Electronic Design Automation for their paper Efficient steady-state analysis based on matrix-free Krylov-subspace methods. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calbovista | Calbovista is a fungal genus containing the single species Calbovista subsculpta, commonly known as the sculptured puffball, sculptured giant puffball, and warted giant puffball. It is a common puffball of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific Coast ranges of western North America. The puffball is more or less round with a diameter of up to , white becoming brownish in age, and covered with shallow pyramid-shaped plates or scales. It fruits singly or in groups along roads and in open woods at high elevations, from summer to autumn.
Although the puffball was originally described as new to science by Elizabeth Eaton Morse in 1935, it was not published validly until 60 years later. The species is named for its resemblance to Calvatia sculpta, from which it can be usually distinguished in the field by its less prominent pyramidal warts, and microscopically by the antler-like branches of its capillitium (thread-like material among the spores). Calbovista subsculpta is a good edible species while its interior flesh (the gleba) is still firm and white. As the puffball matures, its insides become dark brown and powdery from mature spores.
Taxonomy
In her 1935 Mycologia article, American mycologist Elizabeth Eaton Morse noted the existence of an abundant and widely distributed puffball of the western United States that was commonly misidentified as Calvatia sculpta, although it differed from that species in having extensively branched capillitial threads. The puffball had characteristics that aligned it with several other taxa. The peridium was similar to those of Calvatia sculpta, Calvatia caelata (now known as Calvatia bovista), Scleroderma flavidum, and Scleroderma aurantium (now Scleroderma citrinum); the rooting base was similar to Bovistella; and the structure of the capillitial threads reminiscent of Bovista, Bovistella, and Mycenastrum. However, the new species had a unique combination of characteristics and did not fit neatly into any already-described genera. As a re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20multiplication | In mathematics, vector multiplication may refer to one of several operations between two (or more) vectors. It may concern any of the following articles:
Dot product – also known as the "scalar product", a binary operation that takes two vectors and returns a scalar quantity. The dot product of two vectors can be defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between the two vectors. Alternatively, it is defined as the product of the projection of the first vector onto the second vector and the magnitude of the second vector. Thus,
Cross product – also known as the "vector product", a binary operation on two vectors that results in another vector. The cross product of two vectors in 3-space is defined as the vector perpendicular to the plane determined by the two vectors whose magnitude is the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors and the sine of the angle between the two vectors. So, if is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by vectors and ,
Exterior product or wedge product – a binary operation on two vectors that results in a bivector. In Euclidean 3-space, the wedge product has the same magnitude as the cross product (the area of the parallelogram formed by sides and ) but generalizes to arbitrary affine spaces and products between more than two vectors.
Geometric product or Clifford product – for two vectors, the geometric product is a mixed quantity consisting of a scalar plus a bivector. The geometric product is well defined for any multivectors as arguments.
A bilinear product in an algebra over a field.
A Lie bracket for vectors in a Lie algebra.
Hadamard product – entrywise or elementwise product of tuples of scalar coordinates, where .
Outer product - where with results in a matrix.
Triple products – products involving three vectors.
Quadruple products – products involving four vectors.
Applications
Vector multiplication has multiple applications in regards to mathem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric%20polymorphism | In programming languages and type theory, parametric polymorphism allows a single piece of code to be given a "generic" type, using variables in place of actual types, and then instantiated with particular types as needed. Parametrically polymorphic functions and data types are sometimes called generic functions and generic datatypes, respectively, and they form the basis of generic programming.
Parametric polymorphism may be contrasted with ad hoc polymorphism. Parametrically polymorphic definitions are uniform: they behave identically regardless of the type they are instantiated at. In contrast, ad hoc polymorphic definitions are given a distinct definition for each type. Thus, ad hoc polymorphism can generally only support a limited number of such distinct types, since a separate implementation has to be provided for each type.
Basic definition
It is possible to write functions that do not depend on the types of their arguments. For example, the identity function simply returns its argument unmodified. This naturally gives rise to a family of potential types, such as , , , and so on. Parametric polymorphism allows to be given a single, most general type by introducing a universally quantified type variable:
The polymorphic definition can then be instantiated by substituting any concrete type for , yielding the full family of potential types.
The identity function is a particularly extreme example, but many other functions also benefit from parametric polymorphism. For example, an function that appends two lists does not inspect the elements of the list, only the list structure itself. Therefore, can be given a similar family of types, such as , , and so on, where denotes a list of elements of type . The most general type is therefore
which can be instantiated to any type in the family.
Parametrically polymorphic functions like and are said to be parameterized over an arbitrary type . Both and are parameterized over a single type, but functions ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed%20wetland | A constructed wetland is an artificial wetland to treat sewage, greywater, stormwater runoff or industrial wastewater. It may also be designed for land reclamation after mining, or as a mitigation step for natural areas lost to land development. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions of vegetation, soil, and organisms to provide secondary treatment to wastewater. The design of the constructed wetland has to be adjusted according to the type of wastewater to be treated. Constructed wetlands have been used in both centralized and decentralized wastewater systems. Primary treatment is recommended when there is a large amount of suspended solids or soluble organic matter (measured as biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand).
Similar to natural wetlands, constructed wetlands also act as a biofilter and/or can remove a range of pollutants (such as organic matter, nutrients, pathogens, heavy metals) from the water. Constructed wetlands are designed to remove water pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus). All types of pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, protozoans and helminths) are expected to be removed to some extent in a constructed wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands.
There are two main types of constructed wetlands: subsurface flow and surface flow. The planted vegetation plays an important role in contaminant removal. The filter bed, consisting usually of sand and gravel, has an equally important role to play. Some constructed wetlands may also serve as a habitat for native and migratory wildlife, although that is not their main purpose. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are designed to have either horizontal flow or vertical flow of water through the gravel and sand bed. Vertical flow systems have a smaller space requirement than horizontal flow systems.
Terminology
Many terms are used to denote constructed wetl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov%20dimension | In the mathematics of dynamical systems, the concept of Lyapunov dimension was suggested by Kaplan and Yorke for estimating the Hausdorff dimension of attractors.
Further the concept has been developed and rigorously justified in a number of papers, and nowadays various different approaches to the definition of Lyapunov dimension are used. Remark that the attractors with noninteger Hausdorff dimension are called strange attractors. Since the direct numerical computation of the Hausdorff dimension of attractors is often a problem of high numerical complexity, estimations via the Lyapunov dimension became widely spread.
The Lyapunov dimension was named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov because of the close connection with the Lyapunov exponents.
Definitions
Consider a dynamical system
, where is the shift operator along the solutions:
,
of ODE , ,
or difference equation , ,
with continuously differentiable vector-function .
Then is the fundamental matrix of solutions of linearized system
and denote by ,
singular values with respect to their algebraic multiplicity,
ordered by decreasing for any and .
Definition via finite-time Lyapunov dimension
The concept of finite-time Lyapunov dimension and related definition of the Lyapunov dimension, developed in the works by N. Kuznetsov, is convenient for the numerical experiments where only finite time can be observed.
Consider an analog of the Kaplan–Yorke formula for the finite-time Lyapunov exponents:
with respect to the ordered set of finite-time Lyapunov exponents
at the point .
The finite-time Lyapunov dimension of dynamical system with respect
to invariant set
is defined as follows
In this approach the use of the analog of Kaplan–Yorke formula
is rigorously justified by the Douady–Oesterlè theorem, which proves that for any fixed
the finite-time Lyapunov dimension for a closed bounded invariant set
is an upper estimate of the Hausdorff dimension:
Looking for best such estimation
, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Tebby | Tony Tebby is a computer programmer and the designer of Qdos, the computer operating system used in the Sinclair QL personal computer, while working as an engineer at Sinclair Research in the early 1980s.
He left Sinclair Research in 1984 in protest at the premature launch of the QL, and formed QJUMP Ltd., a software house specializing in system software and utilities for the QL, based in Rampton, Cambridgeshire, England.
Prior to this, he worked at the Philips Research Laboratories in Redhill, Surrey where he worked on realtime image processing, using electronic hardware rather than software. At that time, software would have been either a batch program on the PRL mainframe computer or, within the departmental laboratory, the Commodore PET.
Among the software developed by QJUMP was SuperToolkit II, a collection of extensions to Qdos and SuperBASIC; a Qdos floppy disk driver which became the de facto standard for the various third-party floppy disk interfaces sold for the QL; and the QJUMP Pointer Environment, which extended the primitive display windowing facility of Qdos into something approaching a full GUI. Tebby also received a commission to write a Qdos-like operating system for the Atari ST; this was called SMS2.
Tebby later moved to Le Grand-Pressigny, France, but continued his involvement in the QL user community. In the early 1990s, he developed SMSQ, a new Qdos-compatible OS, based on SMS2, for the Miracle Systems QXL, a QL emulator card for PCs. An enhanced version of SMSQ was ported to the Atari ST and various other QL emulators, being renamed SMSQ/E. He has also worked on Stella, an embedded operating system for 68000-series and ColdFire processors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipation%20model%20for%20extended%20environment | A unified model for Diffusion Localization and Dissipation (DLD), optionally termed Diffusion with Local Dissipation, has been introduced for the study of Quantal Brownian Motion (QBM) in dynamical disorder. It can be regarded as a generalization of the familiar Caldeira-Leggett model.
where denotes the dynamical coordinate of the scatterer or bath mode. is the interaction potential, and are coupling constants. The spectral characterization of the bath is analogous to that of the Caldeira-Leggett model:
i.e. the oscillators that appear in the Hamiltonian are distributed uniformly over space, and in each location have the same spectral distribution . Optionally the environment is characterized by the power spectrum of the fluctuations , which is determined by and by the assumed interaction . See examples.
The model can be used to describes the dynamics of a Brownian particle in an Ohmic environment whose fluctuations are uncorrelated in space. This should be contrasted with the Zwanzig-Caldeira-Leggett model, where the induced fluctuating force is assumed to be uniform in space (see figure).
At high temperatures the propagator possesses a Markovian property and one can write down an equivalent Master equation. Unlike the case of the Zwanzig-Caldeira-Leggett model, genuine quantum mechanical effects manifest themselves due to the disordered nature of the environment.
Using the Wigner picture of the dynamics one can distinguish between two different mechanisms for destruction of coherence: scattering and smearing. The analysis of dephasing can be extended to the low temperature regime by using a semiclassical strategy. In this context the dephasing rate SP formula can be derived. Various results can be derived for ballistic, chaotic, diffusive, and both ergodic and non-ergodic motion.
See also
Quantum dissipation
dephasing
The dephasing rate SP formula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergiu%20Klainerman | Sergiu Klainerman (born May 13, 1950) is a mathematician known for his contributions to the study of hyperbolic differential equations and general relativity. He is currently the Eugene Higgins Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University, where he has been teaching since 1987.
Biography
He was born in 1950 in Bucharest, Romania, into a Jewish family. After attending the Petru Groza High School, he studied mathematics at the University of Bucharest from 1969 to 1974. For graduate studies he went to New York University, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1978. His thesis, written under the direction of Fritz John and Louis Nirenberg, was titled Global Existence for Nonlinear Wave Equations. From 1978 to 1980 Klainerman was a Miller Research Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, while from 1980 to 1987 he was a faculty member at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, rising in rank to Professor in 1986.
Klainerman is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (elected 2005), a foreign member of the French Academy of Sciences (elected 2002) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected 1996).
He was elected to the 2018 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society.
He was named a MacArthur Fellow in 1991 and Guggenheim Fellow in 1997.
Klainerman was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize by the American Mathematical Society in 1999 "for his contributions to nonlinear hyperbolic equations". He is currently a co-Editor-in-Chief of Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS.
Major publications
Klainerman, Sergiu; Majda, Andrew. Compressible and incompressible fluids. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 35 (1982), no. 5, 629–651.
Klainerman, Sergiu. Global existence of small amplitude solutions to nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations in four space-time dimensions. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 38 (1985), no. 5, 631–641.
Klainerman, Sergiu. Uniform decay estimates and the Lorentz invariance of the classical wave equation. Comm. Pure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith%20Z-89 | The Z-89 is a personal computer introduced in 1979 by Heathkit, but produced primarily by Zenith Data Systems (ZDS) in the early 1980s. It combined an updated version of the Heathkit H8 microcomputer and H19 terminal in a new case that also provided room for a built-in floppy disk on the right side of the display. Based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor it is capable of running CP/M as well as Heathkit's own HDOS.
Description
The Zenith Z-89 is based on the Zilog Z80 microprocessor running at 2.048 MHz, and supports the HDOS and CP/M operating systems. The US$2295 Z-89 is integrated in a terminal-like enclosure with a non-detachable keyboard, 12-inch monochrome CRT with a 80x25 character screen, 48 KB RAM, and a 5.25" floppy disk drive.
The keyboard is of high build quality and has an unusual number of special purpose keys: , , , , , , , , , , , and three with white, red, and blue squares. There are five function keys and a numeric keypad. The video display has reverse video and character graphics are available.
The computer has two small card cages inside the cabinet on either side of the CRT, each of which accept up to three proprietary circuit cards. Upgrade cards available for this included disk controller cards (see below), a 16 KB RAM card that upgrades the standard 48 KB RAM to 64 KB, a RAM memory card accessible as a ramdrive using a special driver (above the Z80's 64 KB memory limit) and a multi-serial card providing extra RS-232 ports. The 2 MHz Z80 could be upgraded to 4 MHz.
In 1979, prior to Zenith's purchase of Heath Company, Heathkit designed and marketed this computer in kit form as the Heath H89, assembled as the WH89, and without the floppy but with a cassette interface card as the H88. (Prior to the Zenith purchase, the Heathkit model numbers did not include the dash).
Heath/Zenith also made a serial terminal, the H19/Z-19, based on the same enclosure (with a blank cover over the diskette drive cut-out) and terminal controller. The company of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine%20theory | Rankine's theory (maximum-normal stress theory), developed in 1857 by William John Macquorn Rankine, is a stress field solution that predicts active and passive earth pressure. It assumes that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is frictionless, the soil-wall interface is vertical, the failure surface on which the soil moves is planar, and the resultant force is angled parallel to the backfill surface. The equations for active and passive lateral earth pressure coefficients are given below. Note that φ' is the angle of shearing resistance of the soil and the backfill is inclined at angle β to the horizontal.
For the case where β is 0, the above equations simplify to
Rankine theory
Rankine's Theory assumes that failure will occur when the maximum principal stress at any point reaches a value equal to the tensile stress in a simple
tension specimen at failure. This theory does not take into account the effect of the other two principal stresses. Rankine's theory is satisfactory for brittle materials, and not applicable to ductile materials. This theory is also called the Maximum Stress Theory.
Active and passive soil pressures
This theory, which considers the soil to be in a state of plastic equilibrium, makes the assumptions that the soil is homogeneous, isotropic and has internal friction. The pressure exerted by soil against the wall is referred to as active pressure. The resistance offered by the soil to an object pushing against it is referred to as "passive pressure". Rankine's theory is applicable to incompressible soils. The equation for cohesionless active earth pressure is expressed as:
where:
and:
Ka = Coefficient of active pressure
w = weight density of soil
h = depth of the section (below top soil) where the pressure is being evaluated.
β = angle that the top surface of soil makes with the horizontal.
φ = angle of internal friction of soil.
The expression for passive pressure is:
where:
Or in the case of β=0, then |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre-tailed%20king%20bird-of-paradise | The lyre-tailed king bird-of-paradise, also known as the lyre-tailed king, lonely little king or crimson bird-of-paradise, is a bird in the family Paradisaeidae that is a hybrid between a king bird-of-paradise and magnificent bird-of-paradise.
History
At least three adult male specimens are known of this hybrid, coming from an altitude of 1000 m in the Cyclops Mountains, near Humboldt Bay on the northern coast of New Guinea, as well as unknown localities.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20management%20platform | A data management platform (DMP) is a software platform used for collecting and managing data. They allow businesses to identify audience segments, which can be used to target specific users and contexts in online advertising campaigns. DMPs may use big data and artificial intelligence algorithms to process and analyze large data sets about users from various sources. Some advantages of using DMPs include data organization, increased insight on audiences and markets, and effective advertisement budgeting. On the other hand, DMPs often have to deal with privacy concerns due to the integration of third-party software with private data. This technology is continuously being developed by global entities such as Nielsen and Oracle.
More generally, the term data platform can refer to any software platform used for collecting and managing data. It is an integrated solution which as of the 2010s can combine functionalities of for example a data lake, data warehouse or data hub for business intelligence purposes. However, this article discusses the use such technology platforms used for collecting and managing data for digital marketing purposes specifically.
Characteristics
Purpose
A DMP is any kind of software that manages the gathering, storage, and organization of data so that useful information can be leveraged from it by marketers, publishers, and other businesses. The data stored may include customer information, demographics, and mobile identifiers or cookie IDs, which the DMP will analyze to allow businesses to create targeting segments for advertisements. DMPs can help brands learn more about their customer segments to inform acquisitions strategies and increase their sales. They also allow businesses to gauge the effectiveness of their advertising campaigns.
History
First and second generation programming languages
During the 1950s, data management became a problem for companies as computers were not quick with computations and needed a great amount of labo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tairus | Tairus (, a portmanteau of Тайско (Thai) and Русский (Russian)) is a synthetic gemstone manufacturer. It was formed in 1989 as part of Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika initiative to establish a joint venture between the Russian Academy of Sciences and Tairus Created Gems Co Ltd. of Bangkok, Thailand. Today Tairus is a major supplier of hydrothermally grown gemstones to the jewellery industry. Later, Tairus became a privately held enterprise, operating out of its Bangkok distribution hub under the trade name Tairus, owned by Tairus Created Gems Co Ltd. of Bangkok, Thailand.
In the beginning, the team was led by the scientist and developer of the hydrothermal process, the late Alexander Lebedev, whose name was kept secret by the Soviet regime for many years, and Walter Barshai, who was appointed to be the Chairman of the Board of the Joint Venture Tairus. Their objective was to grow and to supply emeralds, rubies, sapphires, alexandrite and other gems to the jewelry industry. The driving force was late Academician Nikolai Dobretsov, former President of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tairus has achieved many scientific breakthroughs. For example, the development of the hydrothermally grown corundum, aquamarine and the development of a revolutionary process of horizontal crystallization for growing corundum (ruby), chrysoberyl and alexandrite.
After many years of development, scientists at Tairus had succeeded to commercially grow emeralds in a laboratory environment that resemble in color and have gemological properties that “overlap natural emeralds from various localities, especially those of low alkali-bearing stones from Colombia” (The Journal of Gemmology, 2006, Vol. 30, Nos 1/2, 59-74).
Products
The following are synthetic gemstones that were developed by Tairus scientists; they are alternately referred to as Tairus stones (e.g. "Tairus Ruby").
Floating zone ruby, synthesized in 1991 (no longer in production)
Hydrothermal ruby, synthe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optokinetic%20drum | An optokinetic drum—also called catford drum—is a rotating instrument to test vision in which individuals are seated facing the wall of the drum. The interior surface of the drum is normally striped; thus, as the drum rotates, the subject's eyes are subject to a moving visual field while the subject remains stationary, this phenomenon is called optokinetic nystagmus. The speed of the drum and the duration of the test may be varied. Control groups are placed in a drum without stripes or rotation. After exposure to the rotating drum, subjects are surveyed to determine their susceptibility to motion sickness. A study in which the optokinetic drum was used to test the symptoms of the sopite syndrome showed increased mood changes in response to the visual cues, though these effects were compounded by other environmental factors such as boredom and lack of activity.
See also
Electrooculography
International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision
Nystagmus
Orthoptist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20squared%20displacement | In statistical mechanics, the mean squared displacement (MSD, also mean square displacement, average squared displacement, or mean square fluctuation) is a measure of the deviation of the position of a particle with respect to a reference position over time. It is the most common measure of the spatial extent of random motion, and can be thought of as measuring the portion of the system "explored" by the random walker. In the realm of biophysics and environmental engineering, the Mean Squared Displacement is measured over time to determine if a particle is spreading slowly due to diffusion, or if an advective force is also contributing. Another relevant concept, the variance-related diameter (VRD, which is twice the square root of MSD), is also used in studying the transportation and mixing phenomena in the realm of environmental engineering. It prominently appears in the Debye–Waller factor (describing vibrations within the solid state) and in the Langevin equation (describing diffusion of a Brownian particle).
The MSD at time is defined as an ensemble average:
where N is the number of particles to be averaged, vector is the reference position of the -th particle, and vector is the position of the -th particle at time t.
Derivation of the MSD for a Brownian particle in 1D
The probability density function (PDF) for a particle in one dimension is found by solving the one-dimensional diffusion equation. (This equation states that the position probability density diffuses out over time - this is the method used by Einstein to describe a Brownian particle. Another method to describe the motion of a Brownian particle was described by Langevin, now known for its namesake as the Langevin equation.)
given the initial condition ; where is the position of the particle at some given time, is the tagged particle's initial position, and is the diffusion constant with the S.I. units (an indirect measure of the particle's speed). The bar in the argument of the instant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20fork | A tree fork is a bifurcation in the trunk of a tree giving rise to two roughly equal diameter branches. These forks are a common feature of tree crowns. The wood grain orientation at the top of a tree fork is such that the wood's grain pattern most often interlocks to provide sufficient mechanical support. A common "malformation" of a tree fork is where bark has formed within the join, often caused by natural bracing occurring higher up in the crown of the tree, and these bark-included junctions often have a heightened risk of failure, especially when bracing branches are pruned out or are shaded out from the tree's crown.
Definition
In arboriculture, junctions in the crown structure of trees are frequently categorised as either branch-to-stem attachments or co-dominant stems. Co-dominant stems are where the two or more arising branches emerging from the junction are of near equal diameter and this type of junction in a tree is often referred to in layman's terms as 'a tree fork'.
There is actually no hard botanical division between these two forms of branch junction: they are topologically equivalent, and from their external appearance it is only a matter of the diameter ratio between the branches that are conjoined that separates a tree fork from being a branch-to-stem junction.
However, when a small branch joins to a tree trunk there is a knot that can be found to be embedded into the trunk of the tree, which was the initial base of the smaller branch. This is not the case in tree forks, as each branch is roughly equal in size and no substantial tissues from either branch is embedded into the other, so there is no reinforcing knot to supply the mechanical strength to the junction that will be needed to hold the branches aloft.
Anatomy and morphology
Research has shown that a unique wood grain pattern at the apex of forks in hazel trees (Corylus avellana L.) acts to hold together the branches in this species, and this is probably the case in most other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20wine | Natural wine (; ) refers to a generalized movement among winemakers for production of wine using simple or traditional methods. Although there is no uniform definition of natural wine, it is usually produced without the use of pesticides or herbicides and with few or no additives. Typically, natural wine is produced on a small scale using traditional rather than industrial techniques and fermented with native yeast. In its purest form, natural wine is simply unadulterated fermented grape juice with no additives in the winemaking process. Other terms for the product include low-intervention wine, raw wine, and naked wine.
History
Some sources claim that the movement started with winemakers in the Beaujolais region of France in the 1960s. Several winemakers, namely Marcel Lapierre, Jean Foillard, Charly Thevenet, and Guy Breton, sought a return to the way their grandparents made wine, before the incursion of pesticides and synthetic chemicals that had become so prevalent in agriculture after the end of World War II. They became affectionately known as The Gang of Four. They were heavily influenced by the teachings and thoughts of Jules Chauvet and Jacques Neauport, two oenologists who studied ways to make wines with fewer additives. For quite some time the town of Villié-Morgon became a place for like minded winemakers to congregate and become influenced by the Gang of Four. Gradually this movement spread to other regions of France, and since has spread across the world, gradually gaining in popularity and attracting newer younger winemakers in more and more regions of the world.
Historically, natural wine has been connected to the German Lebensreform movement, where it gained popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the end of 19th century prominent Georgian poet and politician, Ilia Chavchavadze penned a series of articles responding to contemporary critics of “backward” natural winemaking practices, later collected and published under the title “ |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.