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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyra%20Eibe | Thyra Eibe (3 November 1866 – 4 January 1955) was a Danish mathematician and translator, the first woman to earn a mathematics degree from the University of Copenhagen. She is known for her translation of Euclid's Elements into the Danish Language.
Education and career
Eibe was one of ten children of a Copenhagen bookseller. After completing a degree in historical linguistics in 1889 from N. Zahle's School (then a girls' school), Eibe studied mathematics at the University of Copenhagen, and earned a cand.mag. there in 1895. She returned to Zahle's School as a teacher, also teaching boys at Slomann's School and becoming the first woman to become an advanced mathematics teacher for boys in Denmark. In 1898 she moved to H. Adler Community College, later to become the , where she remained until 1934, serving as principal for a year in 1929–1930.
Contributions
In undertaking her translation of Euclid, Eibe was motivated by the earlier work of Danish historian Johan Ludvig Heiberg, who published an edition of Euclid's Elements in its original Greek, with translations into Latin.
As well as her translations, Eibe wrote several widely used Danish mathematics textbooks.
Recognition
In 1942, she was given the Tagea Brandt Rejselegat, an award for Danish woman who have made a significant contribution in science, literature or art. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Jouannaud | Jean-Pierre Jouannaud is a French computer scientist, known for his work in the area of term rewriting.
He was born on 21 May 1947 in Aix-les-Bains (France).
From 1967 to 1969 he visited the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris).
In 1970, 1972, and 1977, he wrote his Master thesis (DEA), PhD thesis (Thèse de 3ème cycle), and Habilitation thesis (Thèse d'état), respectively, at the Université de Paris VI.
In 1979, he became an associate professor at the Nancy University; 1985 he changed to the Université de Paris-Sud, where he became a full professor in 1986.
He was member of the steering committee of several international computer science conferences: International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications (RTA) 1989-1994, IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS) 1993-1997, Conference for Computer Science Logic (CSL) 1993-1997, International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP) since 1994, and Federated Logic Conference (FLoC) 1995-1999.
Since 1997, he is member of the EATCS council.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan%20recognition%20protein%204 | Peptidoglycan recognition protein 4 (PGLYRP4, formerly PGRP-Iβ) is an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory innate immunity protein that in humans is encoded by the PGLYRP4 gene.
Discovery
PGLYRP4 (formerly PGRP-Iβ), a member of a family of human Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs), was discovered in 2001 by Roman Dziarski and coworkers who cloned and identified the genes for three human PGRPs, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ (named for long and intermediate size transcripts), and established that human genome codes for a family of 4 PGRPs: PGRP-S (short PGRP or PGRP-S) and PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ. Subsequently, the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee changed the gene symbols of PGRP-S, PGRP-L, PGRP-Iα, and PGRP-Iβ to PGLYRP1 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 1), PGLYRP2 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 2), PGLYRP3 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 3), and PGLYRP4 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 4), respectively, and this nomenclature is currently also used for other mammalian PGRPs.
Tissue distribution and secretion
PGLYRP4 has similar expression to PGLYRP3 (peptidoglycan recognition protein 3) but not identical. PGLYRP4 is constitutively expressed in the skin, in the eye, in the mucous membranes in the tongue, throat, and esophagus, in the salivary glands and mucus-secreting cells in the throat, and at a much lower level in the remaining parts of the intestinal tract. Bacteria and their products increase the expression of PGLYRP4 in keratinocytes and oral epithelial cells. Mouse PGLYRP4 is also differentially expressed in the developing brain and this expression is influenced by the intestinal microbiome. PGLYRP4 is secreted and forms disulfide-linked dimers.
Structure
PGLYRP4, similar to PGLYRP3, has two peptidoglycan-binding type 2 amidase domains (also known as PGRP domains), which are not identical (have 34% amino acid identity in humans) and do not have amidase enzymatic activity. PGLYRP4 is secreted, it is glycosylated, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20patent | A biological patent is a patent on an invention in the field of biology that by law allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the protected invention for a limited period of time. The scope and reach of biological patents vary among jurisdictions, and may include biological technology and products, genetically modified organisms and genetic material. The applicability of patents to substances and processes wholly or partially natural in origin is a subject of debate.
Biological patents in different jurisdictions
Australia
In February 2013, Judge Justice John Nicholas ruled in the Federal Court of Australia in favour of a Myriad Genetics patent on the BRCA1 gene. This was a landmark ruling, affirming the validity of patents on naturally occurring DNA sequences. However, the U.S. Supreme Court came to the opposite conclusion only a few months later. The Australian ruling has been appealed to the Full Bench of the Federal Court; submissions in the case include consideration of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling. This decision was decided in 2014, affirming Nicholas J's decision in favor of Myriad, confirming that isolated genetic material (genes) are valid subjects of patents. In October 2015, the High Court of Australia ruled that naturally occurring genes cannot be patented.
Canada
Per Canada’s Patent Act, patents are granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO). Patents will only be granted for “any new and useful art, process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter”, and improvements thereon. Patents will not be granted for “mere scientific principle or abstract theorem.” In the case of pharmaceuticals, along with obtaining a patent, applicants must also seek approval from Health Canada. This process is governed by the Patented Medicines (Notice of Compliance) Regulations.
In Harvard College v Canada (Commissioner of Patents), also referred to as the oncomouse case, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20South%20America | The fauna of South America consists of a huge variety of unique animals some of which evolved in relative isolation. The isolation of South America had an abrupt end some few million years ago when the Isthmus of Panama was formed, allowing small scale migration of animals that would result in the Great American Interchange which caused many marsupials such as Thylacosmilus to go extinct. South America is the continent with the largest number of recorded bird species.
Images
Four examples of animals in South America appear below:
Sources |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIANNA%20Experiment | Antarctic Ross Ice-Shelf Antenna Neutrino Array (ARIANNA) is a proposed detector for ultra-high energy astrophysical neutrinos. It will detect coherent radio Cherenkov emissions from the particle showers produced by neutrinos with energies above about 10^17 eV. ARIANNA will be built on the Ross Ice Shelf just off the coast of Antarctica, where it will eventually cover about 900 km^2 in surface area. There, the ice-water interface below the shelf reflects radio waves, giving ARIANNA sensitivity to downward going neutrinos and improving its sensitivity to horizontally incident neutrinos. ARIANNA detector stations will each contain 4-8 antennas which search for brief pulses of 50 MHz to 1 GHz radio emission from neutrino interactions.
As of 2016, a prototype array consisting of 7 stations had been deployed, and was taking data. An initial search for neutrinos was made; none were found, and an upper limit was generated. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaerosol | Bioaerosols (short for biological aerosols) are a subcategory of particles released from terrestrial and marine ecosystems into the atmosphere. They consist of both living and non-living components, such as fungi, pollen, bacteria and viruses. Common sources of bioaerosols include soil, water, and sewage.
Bioaerosols are typically introduced into the air via wind turbulence over a surface. Once in the atmosphere, they can be transported locally or globally: common wind patterns/strengths are responsible for local dispersal, while tropical storms and dust plumes can move bioaerosols between continents. Over ocean surfaces, bioaerosols are generated via sea spray and bubbles
Bioaerosols can transmit microbial pathogens, endotoxins, and allergens to which humans are sensitive. A well-known case was the meningococcal meningitis outbreak in sub-Saharan Africa, which was linked to dust storms during dry seasons. Other outbreaks linked to dust events including Mycoplasma pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Another instance was an increase in human respiratory problems in the Caribbean that may have been caused by traces of heavy metals, microorganism bioaerosols, and pesticides transported via dust clouds passing over the Atlantic Ocean.
Background
Charles Darwin was the first to observe the transport of dust particles but Louis Pasteur was the first to research microbes and their activity within the air. Prior to Pasteur’s work, laboratory cultures were used to grow and isolate different bioaerosols.
Since not all microbes can be cultured, many were undetected before the development of DNA-based tools. Pasteur also developed experimental procedures for sampling bioaerosols and showed that more microbial activity occurred at lower altitudes and decreased at higher altitudes.
Types of bioaerosols
Bioaerosols include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and pollen. Their concentrations are greatest in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and decrease with altitude. Survival rate of bioae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20program%2C%20multiple%20data | In computing, single program, multiple data (SPMD) is a term that has been used to refer to computational models for exploiting parallelism where-by multiple processors cooperate in the execution of a program in order to obtain results faster.
The term SPMD was introduced in 1983 and was used to denote two different computational models:
by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra), as a “fork-and-join” and data-parallel approach where the parallel tasks (“single program”) are split-up and run simultaneously in lockstep on multiple SIMD processors with different inputs, and
by Frederica Darema (IBM), where “all (processors) processes begin executing the same program... but through synchronization directives ... self-schedule themselves to execute different instructions and act on different data” and enabling MIMD parallelization of a given program, and is a more general approach than data-parallel and more efficient than the fork-and-join for parallel execution on general purpose multiprocessors.
The (IBM) SPMD is the most common style of parallel programming and can be considered a subcategory of MIMD in that it refers to MIMD execution of a given (“single”) program. It is also a prerequisite for research concepts such as active messages and distributed shared memory.
SPMD vs SIMD
In SPMD parallel execution, multiple autonomous processors simultaneously execute the same program at independent points, rather than in the lockstep that SIMD or SIMT imposes on different data. With SPMD, tasks can be executed on general purpose CPUs. In SIMD the same operation (instruction) is applied on multiple data to manipulate data streams (a version of SIMD is vector processing where the data are organized as vectors). Another class of processors, GPUs encompass multiple SIMD streams processing. Note that SPMD and SIMD are not mutually exclusive; SPMD parallel execution can include SIMD, or vector, or GPU sub-processing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20transfer | Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species (mass transfer in the form of advection), either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system.
Heat conduction, also called diffusion, is the direct microscopic exchanges of kinetic energy of particles (such as molecules) or quasiparticles (such as lattice waves) through the boundary between two systems. When an object is at a different temperature from another body or its surroundings, heat flows so that the body and the surroundings reach the same temperature, at which point they are in thermal equilibrium. Such spontaneous heat transfer always occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower temperature, as described in the second law of thermodynamics.
Heat convection occurs when the bulk flow of a fluid (gas or liquid) carries its heat through the fluid. All convective processes also move heat partly by diffusion, as well. The flow of fluid may be forced by external processes, or sometimes (in gravitational fields) by buoyancy forces caused when thermal energy expands the fluid (for example in a fire plume), thus influencing its own transfer. The latter process is often called "natural convection". The former process is often called "forced convection." In this case, the fluid is forced to flow by use of a pump, fan, or other mechanical means.
Thermal radiation occurs through a vacuum or any transparent medium (solid or fluid or gas). It is the transfer of energy by means of photons or electromagnetic waves governed by the same laws.
Overview
Heat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20and%20Drug%20Administration%20%28Taiwan%29 | The Republic of China Food and Drug Administration (FDA; ) is a Republic of China government agency, which is responsible for the safety and quality of food, drug, medical service and cosmetics. It is part of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. FDA is a regulatory member of ICH association.
History
On 3 June 2009, the Republic of China Food and Drug Administration Organization Act was promulgated. On 1 January 2010, the consolation of Bureau of Food Safety, Bureau of Pharmaceutical Affairs, Bureau of Food and Drug Analysis and Bureau of Controlled Drugs to form the Republic of China Food and Drug Administration were completed. On 23 July 2013, it was placed under the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
Organizational structures
Operational divisions
Planning and research development
Food safety
Medicinal products
Medical devices and cosmetics
Controlled drugs
Research and analysis
Risk management
Administrative office
Secretariat
Personnel
Accounting
Service ethics
Information management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISWN | The International Standard Wine Number or ISWN, similar to the ISBN for books, was a coding scheme intended to give a unique identifier for each wine worldwide. The ISWN system had a consistent unique code for each wine producer (ISWN-P), each wine brand or product (ISWN-W), each vintage variant of a wine product (ISWN-V), and the bottle variants (ISWN-B). The ISWN was allocated by the ISWN Organization on the basis of a global reference database of wine producers and wines worldwide. The database was improved through wine producers updating their own data with the ISWN Manager module. The ISWN Organization was a Non-profit organization sponsored by the wine industry. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFTB | The Density Functional Based Tight Binding method is an approximation to density functional theory, which reduces the Kohn-Sham equations to a form of tight binding related to the Harris functional. The original approximation limits interactions to a non-self-consistent two center hamiltonian between confined atomic states. In the late 1990s a second-order expansion of the Kohn-Sham energy enabled a charge self-consistent treatment of systems where Mulliken charges of the atoms are solved self-consistently. This expansion has been continued to the 3rd order in charge fluctuations and with respect to spin fluctuations.
Unlike empirical tight binding the (single particle) wavefunction of the resulting system is available, since the integrals used to produce the matrix elem elements are calculated using a set of atomic basis functions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative%20behavioral%20finance | Quantitative behavioral finance is a new discipline that uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation.
The research can be grouped into the following areas:
Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories.
Modeling using the concepts of behavioral effects together with the non-classical assumption of the finiteness of assets.
Forecasting based on these methods.
Studies of experimental asset markets and use of models to forecast experiments.
History
The prevalent theory of financial markets during the second half of the 20th century has been the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) which states that all public information is incorporated into asset prices. Any deviation from this true price is quickly exploited by informed traders who attempt to optimize their returns and it restores the true equilibrium price. For all practical purposes, then, market prices behave as though all traders were pursuing their self-interest with complete information and rationality.
Toward the end of the 20th century, this theory was challenged in several ways. First, there were a number of large market events that cast doubt on the basic assumptions. On October 19, 1987 the Dow Jones average plunged over 20% in a single day, as many smaller stocks suffered deeper losses. The large oscillations on the ensuing days provided a graph that resembled the famous crash of 1929. The crash of 1987 provided a puzzle and challenge to most economists who had believed that such volatility should not exist in an age when information and capital flows are much more efficient than they were in the 1920s.
As the decade continued, the Japanese market soared to heights that were far from any realistic assessment of the valuations. Price-earnings ratios soared to triple digits, as Nippon Telephone and Telegraph achieved a market valuation (stock market price times the number of shares) that exceeded the en |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpana%2C%20Inc. | Kalpana, Inc., was a computer-networking equipment manufacturer located in Silicon Valley which operated during the 1980s and 1990s. Its co-founders, Vinod Bhardwaj, an entrepreneur of Indian origin, and Larry Blair named the company after Bhardwaj's wife, Kalpana, whose name means "imagination" in Sanskrit. Charles Giancarlo was Kalpana's vice president of products and corporate development, became its General Manager, and went on to roles at Cisco Systems and Silver Lake Partners.
In 1989 and 1990, Kalpana introduced the first multiport Ethernet switch, its seven-port EtherSwitch. The invention of Ethernet switching made Ethernet networks faster, cheaper, and easier to manage. Multi-port network switches became common, gradually replacing Ethernet hubs for almost all applications, and enabled an easy transition to 100-megabit Fast Ethernet and later Gigabit Ethernet. Kalpana also invented EtherChannel, which provides higher inter-switch bandwidth by running several links in parallel. This innovation, more generally called link aggregation, was also widely adopted throughout the industry. Kalpana also invented the Virtual LAN concept as closed broadcast domains, which was later replaced by 802.1Q.
Cisco Systems acquired Kalpana in 1994.
Product
Kalpana produced two models of Ethernet switch, the EPS-700 and the EPS-1500.
See also
List of acquisitions by Cisco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Masaru%20Ibuka%20Consumer%20Electronics%20Award | The IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE given for outstanding contributions to consumer electronics technology. It is named in honor of Masaru Ibuka, co-founder and honorary chairman of Sony Corporation. The award is currently given each year to an individual or a team of up to three people (although in 2002, it was given to five people). The award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1987, and is sponsored by Sony Corporation.
Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate and an honorarium.
Recipients
Source
See also
Prizes named after people
External links
Information about the award at IEEE
List of recipients of the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Award |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%20Services%20Distributed%20Management | Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM, pronounced wisdom) is a web service standard for managing and monitoring the status of other services.
The goal of WSDM is to allow a well-defined network protocol for controlling any other service that is WSDM-compliant. For example, a third-party digital dashboard or network management system could be used to monitor the status or performance of other services, and potentially take corrective actions to restart services if failures occur. Some aspects of WSDM overlap or displace functionality of SNMP.
Specifications
WSDM 1.0 was approved as an OASIS standard on March 9, 2005. The approval of the WSDM 1.1 specification occurred on September 7, 2006.
WSDM consists of two specifications:
Management Using Web Services (MUWS) — WSDM MUWS defines how to represent and access the manageability interfaces of resources as Web services. It defines a basic set of manageability capabilities, such as resource identity, metrics, configuration, and relationships, which can be composed to express the capability of the management instrumentation. WSDM MUWS also provides a standard management event format to improve interoperability and correlation.
Management Of Web Services (MOWS) — WSDM MOWS defines how to manage Web services as resources and how to describe and access that manageability using MUWS. MOWS provides mechanisms and methodologies that enable manageable Web services applications to interoperate across enterprise and organizational boundaries.
See also
OASIS (organization) (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper%20%28electronics%29 | In electronics, a clipper is a circuit designed to prevent a signal from exceeding a predetermined reference voltage level. A clipper does not distort the remaining part of the applied waveform. Clipping circuits are used to select, for purposes of transmission, that part of a signal waveform which lies above or below the predetermined reference voltage level.
Clipping may be achieved either at one level or two levels. A clipper circuit can remove certain portions of an arbitrary waveform near the positive or negative peaks or both. Clipping changes the shape of the waveform and alters its spectral components.
A clipping circuit consists of linear elements like resistors and non-linear elements like diodes or transistors, but it does not contain energy-storage elements like capacitors.
Clipping circuits are also called slicers or amplitude selectors.
Types
Diode clipper
A simple diode clipper can be made with a diode and a resistor. This will remove either the positive, or the negative half of the waveform depending on the direction the diode is connected. The simple circuit clips at zero voltage (or to be more precise, at the small forward voltage of the forward biased diode) but the clipping voltage can be set to any desired value with the addition of a reference voltage. The diagram illustrates a positive reference voltage but the reference can be positive or negative for both positive and negative clipping giving four possible configurations in all.
The simplest circuit for the voltage reference is a resistor potential divider connected between the voltage rails. This can be improved by replacing the lower resistor with a zener diode with a breakdown voltage equal to the required reference voltage. The zener acts as a voltage regulator stabilising the reference voltage against supply and load variations.
Zener diode
In the example circuit on the right, two zener diodes are used to clip the voltage VIN. The voltage in either direction is limited t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuora%20serrata | Cuora serrata, originally described as Cuora galbinifrons serrata and later considered a distinct species, are hybrid turtles as shown by genetic studies. These hybrids are bred in the wild (evolution in progress) and were documented for the first time in the wild in 2005, but not in captivity as "novelty" pets as suggested by James Parham and Bryan Stuart, between the keeled box turtle and taxa of the Indochinese box turtle complex. Unnamed hybrids of several other Cuora taxa are also known, as are intergeneric hybrids like Mauremys iversoni (the Fujian pond turtle), a hybrid between Cuora trifasciata and Mauremys mutica which are intentionally produced in Chinese turtle farms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauppauge%20Computer%20Works | Hauppauge Computer Works ( ) is a US manufacturer and marketer of electronic video hardware for personal computers. Although it is most widely known for its WinTV line of TV tuner cards for PCs, Hauppauge also produces personal video recorders, digital video editors, digital media players, hybrid video recorders and digital television products for both Windows and Mac. The company is named after the hamlet of Hauppauge, New York, in which it is based.
In addition to its headquarters in New York, Hauppauge also has sales and technical support offices in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy, Poland, Australia, Japan, Singapore, Indonesia, Taiwan, Spain and the UK.
Company history
Hauppauge was co-founded by Kenneth Plotkin and Kenneth Aupperle, and became incorporated in 1982.
Starting in 1983, the company followed Microway, the company that a year earlier provided the software needed by scientists and engineers to modify the IBM PC Fortran compiler so that it could transparently employ Intel 8087 coprocessors. The 80-bit Intel 8087 math coprocessor ran a factor of 50 faster than the 8/16-bit 8088 CPU that the IBM PC software came with. However, in 1982, the speed-up in floating-point-intensive applications was only a factor of 10 as the initial software developed by Microway and Hauppauge continued to call floating point libraries to do computations instead of placing inline x87 instructions inline with the 8088's instructions that allowed the 8088 to drive the 8087 directly. By 1984, inline compilers made their way into the market providing increased speed ups. Hauppauge provided similar software products in competition with Microway that they bundled with math coprocessors and remained in the Intel math coprocessor business until 1993 when the Intel Pentium came out with a built-in math coprocessor. However, like other companies that entered the math coprocessor business, Hauppauge produced other products that contributed to a field that is today call |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedral%20molecular%20geometry | In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry, also called square bipyramidal, describes the shape of compounds with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron. The octahedron has eight faces, hence the prefix octa. The octahedron is one of the Platonic solids, although octahedral molecules typically have an atom in their centre and no bonds between the ligand atoms. A perfect octahedron belongs to the point group Oh. Examples of octahedral compounds are sulfur hexafluoride SF6 and molybdenum hexacarbonyl Mo(CO)6. The term "octahedral" is used somewhat loosely by chemists, focusing on the geometry of the bonds to the central atom and not considering differences among the ligands themselves. For example, , which is not octahedral in the mathematical sense due to the orientation of the bonds, is referred to as octahedral.
The concept of octahedral coordination geometry was developed by Alfred Werner to explain the stoichiometries and isomerism in coordination compounds. His insight allowed chemists to rationalize the number of isomers of coordination compounds. Octahedral transition-metal complexes containing amines and simple anions are often referred to as Werner-type complexes.
Isomerism in octahedral complexes
When two or more types of ligands (La, Lb, ...) are coordinated to an octahedral metal centre (M), the complex can exist as isomers. The naming system for these isomers depends upon the number and arrangement of different ligands.
cis and trans
For MLL, two isomers exist. These isomers of MLL are cis, if the Lb ligands are mutually adjacent, and trans, if the Lb groups are situated 180° to each other. It was the analysis of such complexes that led Alfred Werner to the 1913 Nobel Prize–winning postulation of octahedral complexes.
Facial and meridional isomers
For MLL, two isomers are possible - a facial isomer (fac) in which each set of three identical ligands occupies on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubaline%20alphaherpesvirus%201 | Bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1) is a species of virus in the genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onshape | Onshape is a computer-aided design (CAD) software system, delivered over the Internet via a software as a service (SAAS) model. It makes extensive use of cloud computing, with compute-intensive processing and rendering performed on Internet-based servers, and users are able to interact with the system via a web browser or the iOS and Android apps. As a SAAS system, Onshape upgrades are released directly to the web interface, and the software does not require maintenance work from the user.
Onshape allows teams to collaborate on a single shared design, the same way multiple writers can work together editing a shared document via cloud services. It is primarily focused on mechanical CAD (MCAD) and is used for product and machinery design across many industries, including consumer electronics, mechanical machinery, medical devices, 3D printing, machine parts, and industrial equipment.
Company history
Onshape was developed by a company with the same name. Founded in 2012, Onshape was based in Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA), with offices in Singapore and Pune, India. Its leadership team includes several engineers and executives who originated from SolidWorks, a popular 3D CAD program that runs on Microsoft Windows. Onshape’s co-founders include two former SolidWorks CEOs, Jon Hirschtick and John McEleney.
In November 2012, former SolidWorks CEOs Jon Hirschtick and John McEleney led six co-founders launching Belmont Technology, a placeholder name that was later changed to Onshape. The company’s first round of funding was $9 million from North Bridge Venture Partners and Commonwealth Capital.
In March 2015, Onshape released the public beta version of its cloud CAD software, after pre-production testing with more than a thousand CAD professionals in 52 countries. Included in the beta launch was Onshape for iPhone.
In August 2015, the company released its Onshape for Android app.
In December 2015, Onshape launched its full commercial release. The company also launch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta-lang | Within computing, the Rosetta system-level specification language is a design language for complex, heterogeneous systems. Specific language design objectives include:
Constraint representation
Heterogeneous system representation and specification composability
Well-defined formal semantics and support for formal analysis
Scalability to large designs
Rosetta was undergoing standardization at various times.
History
The Rosetta effort emerged from a meeting in of the Semiconductor Industry Council's System-Level Design Language committee in 1996. The objective of the meeting was to define requirements for a next-generation design language that would address perceived shortcomings in existing languages such as VHDL and Verilog. Specific concerns included inability to represent constraints, lack of a formal semantics, inability to represent heterogeneous systems, and heavy reliance on computer simulation for analysis. In response to these requirements, three major approaches were pursued:
Extending hardware description languages including VHDL and Verilog
Extending programming languages including C and C++
Defining new languages
The first approach ultimately resulted in SystemVerilog and extensions to VHDL while the second resulted in SystemC, all of which became Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards for the semiconductor industry.
Rosetta's original application domain was system on a chip semiconductor systems.
Rosetta resulted from the third approach with development beginning under the auspices of the Semiconductor Industry Council and the Air Force Research Laboratory. Originally developed by Perry Alexander and others at the University of Kansas, it was known simply as System-Level Design Language.
Standardization was transferred to VHDL International by 2000 and renamed Rosetta (after the Rosetta Stone) to reflect the heterogeneous nature of its specifications. Eventually, VHDL International and the Open Verilog Initia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms%20Rumble | Worms Rumble is a 2020 action game developed and published by Team17. As a spin-off of the long-running Worms series, the game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 in December 2020 and for the Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S in June 2021.
Gameplay
Unlike its predecessors, Worms Rumble is a 2.5D real-time action game. In Rumble, players assume control of anthropomorphic worms and compete against each other in modes including Death Match, Last Worm Standing and Last Squad Standing. The game features a variety of exotic weapons, such as Sheep Launchers, Plasma Blasters, and Sentry Turrets, which can be used to defeat enemies. Players can also acquire jet packs and grappling hooks to navigate the environment easily. As players progress in the game, they can also gain experience points which can be used to unlock cosmetic items and customise the appearance of their playable avatars.
Development
Team17 announced Worms Rumble on July 3, 2020 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Worms series. It is the first game in the series since Worms W.M.D (2016). The game is envisioned to be a spin-off rather than a mainline installment in the franchise, as it replaces the series' traditional turn-based artillery gameplay with real-time combat. An open beta for the game was released on November 6, 2020. The game was released for Windows, PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 on December 1, 2020 with cross-platform play enabled. Team17 has announced that the ports of Worms Rumble for Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S are planned for a 2021 release. The new versions were released on June 23, 2021 and include platform-exclusive costumes. The game was added to the Xbox Game Pass service on the same date, with physical editions for all platforms to follow on July 13, 2021.
Reception
According to review aggregator Metacritic, the game received mixed or average reviews. Christian Donlan from Eurogamer called the game "a hectic real-ti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulis | A coulis ( ) is a form of thin sauce made from puréed and strained vegetables or fruits. A vegetable coulis is commonly used on meat and vegetable dishes, and it can also be used as a base for soups or other sauces. Fruit coulis are most often used on desserts. Raspberry coulis, for example, is especially popular with poached apples or Key lime pie.
The term comes from French, meaning flowing or running.
Older uses
The term originally referred to the released juices of cooked meats, then usually to puréed meat-based soups, and today can sometimes refer to a puréed soup of shellfish.
See also
Dessert sauce
List of dessert sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20physics%20articles%20%28S%29 | The index of physics articles is split into multiple pages due to its size.
To navigate by individual letter use the table of contents below.
S
S-1 Uranium Committee
S-LINK
S-PRISM
S-brane
S-duality
S-knot
S-matrix
S-matrix theory
S-process
S-wave
S. Brooks McLane
S. Pancharatnam
SAFARI-1
SAGE (Soviet–American Gallium Experiment)
SAM1
SAM 935
SAT Subject Test in Physics
SDSSJ0946+1006
SDSS J0927+2943
SED Systems
SELFOC Microlens
SETAR (model)
SHEEP (symbolic computation system)
SIESTA (computer program)
SIMP
SIMPLE (dark matter)
SIMPLE algorithm
SINDO
SI electromagnetism units
SLAC
SLAC (disambiguation)
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
SLOWPOKE reactor
SMART-1
SNO+
SNOLAB
SNUPPS
SN 1006
SN 1987A
SN 2002cx
SN 2003fg
SN 2005gj
SN 2007bi
SO(10) (physics)
SOFAR channel
SOLEIL
SPEAR
SPEED2000
SPIE
SPIN bibliographic database
SPring-8
SQUID
SS Charles H. Cugle
STACEE
STAR detector
STAR model
STATCOM
STEP (satellite)
SU(5)
SUNIST
SUVAT equations
SWEEPNIK
SYZ conjecture
S band
Sabba S. Ştefănescu
Sabin (unit)
Sacharias Jansen
Sachs–Wolfe effect
Sackur–Tetrode equation
Safety of particle collisions at the Large Hadron Collider
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
Sagitta (optics)
Sagnac effect
Saha ionization equation
Sailing faster than the wind
Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux
Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory
Sajeev John
Sakurai Prize
Sally Ride
Salomon Kalischer
Salter's duck
Sam Edwards (physicist)
Sam Treiman
Samar Mubarakmand
Samarium–cobalt magnet
Sameera Moussa
Samson Kutateladze
Samuel C. C. Ting
Samuel Collins (physicist)
Samuel Curran
Samuel Devons
Samuel E. Blum
Samuel Goudsmit
Samuel Jackson Barnett
Samuel King Allison
Samuel L. Braunstein
Samuel Milner
Samuel T. Cohen
Samuel T. Durrance
Samuel Tolansky
Samuel Tolver Preston
Sandip Chakrabarti
Sandip Trivedi
Sankar Das Sarma
Sarah Frances Whiting
Sarfus
Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory
Saskatoon experiment
Satellite flare
Satellite laser ranging
Satish Dhawan
Satoshi Kawata
Satosi Watanabe
Saturable absorption
Saturatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOPO%20cloning | Topoisomerase-based cloning (TOPO cloning) is a molecular biology technique in which DNA fragments are cloned into specific vectors without the requirement for DNA ligases. Taq polymerase has a nontemplate-dependent terminal transferase activity that adds a single deoxyadenosine (A) to the 3'-end of the PCR products. This characteristic is exploited in "sticky end" TOPO TA cloning. For "blunt end" TOPO cloning, the recipient vector does not have overhangs and blunt-ended DNA fragments can be cloned.
Principle
The technique utilizes the inherent biological activity of DNA topoisomerase I. The biological role of topoisomerase is to cleave and rejoin supercoiled DNA ends to facilitate replication. Vaccinia virus topoisomerase I specifically recognize DNA sequence 5´-(C/T)CCTT-3'. During replication, the enzyme digests DNA specifically at this sequence, unwinds the DNA and, re-ligates it again at the 3' phosphate group of the thymidine base.
The vectors in commercially available TOPO kits have been added to the topoisomerase site embedded in a beta-galactosidase cassette allowing blue-white scanning. The vector ends thus self-assemble, resulting in the production of blue colonies that do not need to be selected and sequenced for potential positive clones.
"Sticky end" TOPO TA cloning
TOPO vectors are designed in such a way that they carry this specific sequence 5´-(C/T)CCTT-3' at the two linear ends. The linear vector DNA already has the topoisomerase enzyme covalently attached to both of its strands' free 3' ends. This is then mixed with PCR products. When the free 5' ends of the PCR product strands attach to the topoisomerase 3' end of each vector strand, the strands are covalently linked by the already bound topoisomerase. This reaction proceeds efficiently when this solution is incubated at room temperature with the required salt. Different types of vectors are used for cloning fragments amplified by either Taq or Pfu polymerase as Taq polymerase (unlike Pfu) l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Proceedings%20of%20the%20Cambridge%20Philosophical%20Society | Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society is a mathematical journal published by Cambridge University Press for the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It aims to publish original research papers from a wide range of pure and applied mathematics. The journal, formerly titled Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, has been published since 1843.
See also
Cambridge Philosophical Society
External links
official website
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
Cambridge University Press academic journals
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
Mathematics journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%E2%80%93Rosenberg%20reconstruction%20theorem | In algebraic geometry, the Gabriel–Rosenberg reconstruction theorem, introduced in , states that a quasi-separated scheme can be recovered from the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on it. The theorem is taken as a starting point for noncommutative algebraic geometry as the theorem says (in a sense) working with stuff on a space is equivalent to working with the space itself. It is named after Pierre Gabriel and Alexander L. Rosenberg.
See also
Tannakian duality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicity%20basis | In the Standard Model, using quantum field theory it is conventional to use the helicity basis to simplify calculations (of cross sections, for example). In this basis, the spin is quantized along the axis in the direction of motion of the particle.
Spinors
The two-component helicity eigenstates satisfy
where
are the Pauli matrices,
is the direction of the fermion momentum,
depending on whether spin is pointing in the same direction as or opposite.
To say more about the state, we will use the generic form of fermion four-momentum:
Then one can say the two helicity eigenstates are
and
These can be simplified by defining the z-axis such that the momentum direction is either parallel or anti-parallel, or rather:
.
In this situation the helicity eigenstates are for when the particle momentum is
and
then for when momentum is
and
Fermion (spin 1/2) wavefunction
A fermion 4-component wave function, may be decomposed into states with definite four-momentum:
where
and are the creation and annihilation operators, and
and are the momentum-space Dirac spinors for a fermion and anti-fermion respectively.
Put it more explicitly, the Dirac spinors in the helicity basis for a fermion is
and for an anti-fermion,
Dirac matrices
To use these helicity states, one can use the Weyl (chiral) representation for the Dirac matrices.
Spin-1 wavefunctions
The plane wave expansion is
.
For a vector boson with mass m and a four-momentum , the polarization vectors quantized with respect to its momentum direction can be defined as
where
is transverse momentum, and
is the energy of the boson.
Standard Model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrg%20Fr%C3%B6hlich | Jürg Martin Fröhlich (born 4 July 1946 in Schaffhausen) is a Swiss mathematician and theoretical physicist. He is best known for introducing rigorous techniques for the analysis of statistical mechanics models, in particular continuous symmetry breaking (infrared bounds), and for pioneering the study of topological phases of matter using low-energy effective field theories.
Biography
In 1965 Fröhlich began to study mathematics and physics at Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich. In 1969, under Klaus Hepp and Robert Schrader, he attained the Diplom (“Dressing Transformations in Quantum Field Theory”), and in 1972 he earned a PhD from the same institution under Klaus Hepp. After postdoctoral visits to the University of Geneva and Harvard University (with Arthur Jaffe), he took an assistant professorship in 1974 in the mathematics department of Princeton University. From 1978 until 1982 he was a professor at Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette in Paris, and since 1982 he has been a professor for theoretical physics at ETH, where he founded the Center for Theoretical Studies.
Over the course of his career, Fröhlich has worked on quantum field theory (including axiomatic quantum field theory, conformal field theory, and topological quantum field theory), on the precise mathematical treatment of models of statistical mechanics, on theories of phase transition, on the fractional quantum Hall effect, and on non-commutative geometry.
Honors and awards
In 1991 he received with Thomas Spencer the Dannie Heineman prize, in 1997 he received the Marcel Benoist Prize, in 2001 he won the Max Planck Medal of the Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, and in 2009 he was awarded the Henri Poincaré Prize. He is a member of the Academia Europaea and the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 1978, Fröhlich gave an invited address to the International Congress of M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late-acting%20self-incompatibility | Late-acting self-incompatibility (LSI) is the occurrence of self-incompatibility (SI) in flowering plants where pollen tubes from self-pollen successfully reach the ovary, but ovules fail to develop. Mechanisms that might cause late-acting self-incompatibility have yet to be elucidated. One hypothesis is that the occurrence of LSI is caused by early-acting inbreeding depression where the expression of genetic load causes self-fertilized embryos to abort.
Advantages and disadvantages of LSI
The proposed advantages of LSI compared to normal SI mechanisms is that LSI would allow the maternal parent to evaluate the paternal genetic material and allow ovule development depending on the vigor of developing embryos or amount of resources available.
On the other hand, plants with LSI may face a disadvantage from seed discounting, which results in a reduction in fecundity. When pollen tubes reach the ovule, they are no longer available to be fertilized by outcrossed pollen, meaning LSI still uses up ovules for potential outcrossing while other SI methods do not.
Evidence supporting LSI
Since LSI reactions are said to occur in the ovary and ovules, it is more difficult to researchers to determine where LSI reactions may occur to assess possible LSI mechanisms. Conventional SI reactions are much easier to observe, because they occur in the style or on the stigma. However, research has provided some evidence for the existence of late-acting self-incompatibility. Species noted to possibly have LSI form phylogenetic groupings in a similar fashion to how conventional SI is shared in other phylogenetic groups, suggesting that LSI may be derived from a common ancestor. A study by Lippow and Wyatt reported that species that have LSI create offspring that can be split into different groupings of compatibility and incompatibility based on Mendelian inheritance, which is something that can be demonstrated with plants that have typical SI mechanisms. It is also reported that some pl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin-linked%20kinase | Integrin-linked kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ILK gene involved with integrin-mediated signal transduction. Mutations in ILK are associated with cardiomyopathies. It is a 59kDa protein originally identified in a yeast-two hybrid screen with integrin β1 as the bait protein. Since its discovery, ILK has been associated with multiple cellular functions including cell migration, proliferation, and adhesion.
Integrin-linked kinases (ILKs) are a subfamily of Raf-like kinases (RAF). The structure of ILK consists of three features: 5 ankyrin repeats in the N-terminus, Phosphoinositide binding motif and extreme N-terminus of kinase catalytic domain. Integrins lack enzymatic activity and depend on adapters to signal proteins. ILK is linked to beta-1 and beta-3 integrin cytoplasmic domains and is one of the best described integrins. Although first described as a serine/threonine kinase by Hannigan, important motifs of ILK kinases are still uncharacterized. ILK is thought to have a role in development regulation and tissue homeostasis, however it was found that in flies, worms and mice ILK activity isn't required to regulate these processes.
Animal ILKs have been linked to the pinch- parvin complex which control muscle development. Mice lacking ILK were embryonic lethal due to lack of organized muscle cell development. In mammals ILK lacks catalytic activity but supports scaffolding protein functions for focal adhesions. In plants, ILKs signal complexes to focal adhesion sites. ILKs of plants contain multiple ILK genes. Unlike animals that contain few ILK genes ILKs have been found to possess oncogenic properties. ILKs control the activity of serine/threonine phosphatases.
Principle Features
Transduction of extracellular matrix signals through integrins influences intracellular and extracellular functions, and appears to require interaction of integrin cytoplasmic domains with cellular proteins. Integrin-linked kinase (ILK), interacts with the cyto |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museomics | Museomics is the study of genomic data obtained from ancient DNA (aDNA) and historic DNA (hDNA) specimens in museum collections.
Early research in this area focused on short sequences of DNA from mitochondrial genes, but sequencing of whole genomes has become possible.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) methods can be applied to the analysis of genetic datasets extracted from collections materials. Such techniques have been described as a "third revolution in sequencing technology". Like radiocarbon dating, the techniques of museomics are a transformative technology. Results are revising and sometimes overturning previously accepted theories about a wide variety of topics such as the domestication of the horse.
Museum collections contain unique resources such as natural history specimens, which can be used for genome-scale examinations of species, their evolution, and their responses to environmental change. Ancient DNA provides a unique window into genetic change over time. It enables scientists to directly study evolutionary and ecological processes, comparing ancient and modern populations, identifying distinct populations, and revealing patterns of change such as extinctions and migrations. Research may be used to identify isolated populations and inform conservation priorities.
However, museum specimens can be poorly preserved and are subject to degradation and contamination. Genomic analyses face considerable challenges as a result of the highly degraded DNA typical of museum specimens. DNA from such samples is often subject to post-mortem nucleotide damage such as the hydrolytic deamination of cytosine (C) to uracil (U) residues. PCR amplification of damaged templates can further substitute uracils with thymine (T), completing a C to T substitution path. Such errors tend to occur towards the ends of molecules, accumulate with time, and can be significant in specimens a century-old or later. Robust genomic and statistical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotroph | A chemotroph is an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. These molecules can be organic (chemoorganotrophs) or inorganic (chemolithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs, which use photons. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic. Chemotrophs can be found in areas where electron donors are present in high concentration, for instance around hydrothermal vents.
Chemoautotroph
Chemoautotrophs, in addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoautotrophs can use inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia or organic sources to produce energy. Most chemoautotrophs are extremophiles, bacteria or archaea that live in hostile environments (such as deep sea vents) and are the primary producers in such ecosystems. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, sulfur oxidizers and reducers, nitrifiers, anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophiles. An example of one of these prokaryotes would be Sulfolobus. Chemolithotrophic growth can be dramatically fast, such as Hydrogenovibrio crunogenus with a doubling time around one hour.
The term "chemosynthesis", coined in 1897 by Wilhelm Pfeffer, originally was defined as the energy production by oxidation of inorganic substances in association with autotrophy—what would be named today as chemolithoautotrophy. Later, the term would include also the chemoorganoautotrophy, that is, it can be seen as a synonym of chemoautotrophy.
Chemoheterotroph
Chemoheterotrophs (or chemotrophic heterotrophs) are unable to fix carbon to form their own organic compounds. Chemoheterotrophs can be chemolithoheterotrophs, utilizing inorganic electron sources such as sulfur, or, much more commonly, chemoorganoheterotrophs, utilizing organic electron sources such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMachines%20eOne | The eOne is an all-in-one desktop computer that was produced by eMachines in 1999. It resembles Apple's "Bondi Blue" iMac.
Apple sued eMachines for allegedly infringing upon the distinctive trade dress of the iMac with the eOne. Apple and eMachines settled the case in 2000, which required the model to be discontinued.
History and legal issues
Upon its release in 1999, the eOne came with a translucent "cool blue" case, while the original iMac had a two-toned case with "Bondi Blue" accents. At US$799, the eOne was also cheaper than the US$1,199 iMac. eMachines hoped to avoid legal trouble because the shape of the computer was different from the iMac. However, Apple sued eMachines, alleging that the computer's design infringed upon the protected trade dress of the iMac. In March 2000, eMachines reached a settlement with Apple, under which it agreed to discontinue the infringing model.
The eOne was available at Circuit City and Micro Center, but it did not sell well in the few months when it was available due to a lawsuit from Apple which eventually caused the eOne to be widely considered a failure for eMachines. The eOne was discontinued in 2002, and due to its lackluster sales, is rare in the secondary market.
Technical specifications
The eOne had a 433 MHz Intel Celeron microprocessor, 64 megabytes of PC-100 SDRAM RAM, a 15-inch CRT monitor, a 10BASE-T Ethernet port, a floppy drive, an 8 MB ATI video card, a 56k modem, and a CD-ROM drive, along with the ability to use two PC cards, which were commonly used to expand the capabilities of laptops.
As a Wintel-based computer, the eOne ran Windows 98 or Windows Me depending on the time of manufacture, as opposed to the iMac running Mac OS 8 or Mac OS 9.
Legacy
In 2007, three years after acquiring eMachines, Gateway released the One, an all-in-one desktop computer similar to the eOne but in black and utilizing a flat-screen monitor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100K%20Pathogen%20Genome%20Project | The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership. It aims to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms to create a database of bacterial genome sequences for use in public health, outbreak detection, and bacterial pathogen detection. This will speed up the diagnosis of foodborne illnesses and shorten infectious disease outbreaks.
The 100K Pathogen Genome Project is a public-private collaborative project to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms. The 100K Genome Project will provide a roadmap for developing tests to identify pathogens and trace their origins more quickly.
Partners announced in the launch of the project were UC Davis, Agilent Technologies, and the US Food and Drug Administration, with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Department of Agriculture noted as collaborators. As the project has proceeded, the partnership has evolved to include or replace these founding partners. The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was selected by the IBM/Mars Food Safety Consortium for metagenomic sequences.
The 100K Pathogen Genome Project is conducting high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the genomes of targeted microorganisms, with whole genome sequencing to be carried out on a small number of microorganisms for use as a reference genome. Most bacterial strains will be sequenced and assembled as draft genomes; however, the project has also produced closed genomes for a variety of enteric pathogens in the 100K bioproject.
This strategy enables worldwide collaboration to identify sets of genetic biomarkers associated with important pathogen traits. This five-year microbial pathogen project will result in a free, public database containing the sequence information for each pathogen's genome. The completed gene sequences will be stored in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)'s National Center for Biotech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20Parity%20Index | Released by UNESCO, the Gender Parity Index (GPI) is a socioeconomic index usually designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females. It is used by international organizations, particularly in measuring the progress of developing countries. For example, some UNESCO documents consider gender parity in literacy.
UNESCO describes attempts to eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education and emphasizes the plight of girls in unequal access in third world countries.
GPI is often used in order to identify nations and regions that are in need of economic development and equality.
The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2022 allows users to look at and compare country GPI data, calculate their own country's gender parity, and explore global patterns.
World GPI has consistently increased toward parity since 1980.
Definition and calculation
The Institute for Statistics of UNESCO also uses a more general definition of GPI: for any development indicator one can define the GPI relative to this indicator by dividing its value for females by its value for males.
In its simplest form, GPI is calculated as the quotient of the number of females by the number of males enrolled in a given stage of education (primary, secondary, etc.).
A GPI value less than one is an indication that gender parity favors males while a GPI value greater than one designates that gender parity is in favor of females. The closer a GPI is to one, the closer a country is to achieving equality of access between males and females. A nation is said to have achieved gender parity when its GPI value falls within the range of 0.97 and 1.03.
Application
Economics
The utilization of Gender Parity Index (GPI) by economists enables comprehensive monitoring and assessment of a nation's economic progress from a gender equality perspective. It is believed by many economists that gender inequality results in economic consequences such as increased unemploymen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes%20AT%20command%20set | The Hayes command set (also known as the AT command set) is a specific command language originally developed by Dale Heatherington and Dennis Hayes for the Hayes Smartmodem 300 baud modem in 1981.
The command set consists of a series of short text strings which can be combined to produce commands for operations such as dialing, hanging up, and changing the parameters of the connection. The vast majority of dial-up modems use the Hayes command set in numerous variations.
The command set covered only those operations supported by the earliest 300 bit/s modems. When new commands were required to control additional functionality in higher speed modems, a variety of one-off standards emerged from each of the major vendors. These continued to share the basic command structure and syntax, but added any number of new commands using some sort of prefix character – & for Hayes and USR, and \ for Microcom, for instance. Many of these were re-standardized on the Hayes extensions after the introduction of the SupraFAXModem 14400 and the market consolidation that followed.
The term "Hayes compatible" was and as of 2018 still is important within the industry.
History
Background
Prior to the introduction of the Bulletin Board System (BBS), modems typically operated on direct-dial telephone lines that always began and ended with a known modem at each end. The modems operated in either "originate" or "answer" modes, manually switching between two sets of frequencies for data transfer. Generally, the user placing the call would switch their modem to "originate" and then dial the number by hand. When the remote modem answered, already set to "answer" mode, the telephone handset was switched off and communications continued until the caller manually disconnected.
When automation was required, it was commonly only needed on the answer side — for instance, a bank might need to take calls from a number of branch offices for end-of-day processing. To fill this role, some modems inclu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Fuchsian%20group | In the mathematical theory of Kleinian groups, a quasi-Fuchsian group is a Kleinian group whose limit set is contained in an invariant Jordan curve. If the limit set is equal to the Jordan curve the quasi-Fuchsian group is said to be of type one, and otherwise it is said to be of type two. Some authors use "quasi-Fuchsian group" to mean "quasi-Fuchsian group of type 1", in other words the limit set is the whole Jordan curve. This terminology is incompatible with the use of the terms "type 1" and "type 2" for Kleinian groups: all quasi-Fuchsian groups are Kleinian groups of type 2 (even if they are quasi-Fuchsian groups of type 1), as their limit sets are proper subsets of the Riemann sphere. The special case when the Jordan curve is a circle or line is called a Fuchsian group, named after Lazarus Fuchs by Henri Poincaré.
Finitely generated quasi-Fuchsian groups are conjugate to Fuchsian groups under quasi-conformal transformations.
The space of quasi-Fuchsian groups of the first kind is described by the simultaneous uniformization theorem of Bers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20%28OS/2%29 | In the graphical Workplace Shell (WPS) of the OS/2 operating system, a shadow is an object that represents another object.
A shadow is a stand-in for any other object on the desktop, such as a document, an application, a folder, a hard disk, a network share or removable medium, or a printer. A target object can have an arbitrary number of shadows. When double-clicked, the desktop acts the same way as if the original object had been double-clicked. The shadow's context menu is the same as the target object's context menu, with the addition of an "Original" sub-menu, that allows the location of, and explicit operation upon, the original object.
A shadow is a dynamic reference to an object. The original may be moved to another place in the file system, without breaking the link. The WPS updates shadows of objects whenever the original target objects are renamed or moved. To do this, it requests notification from the operating system of all file rename operations. (Thus if a target filesystem object is renamed when the WPS is not running, the link between the shadow and the target object is broken.)
Similarities to and differences from other mechanisms
Shadows are similar in operation to aliases in Mac OS, although there are some differences:
Shadows in the WPS are not filesystem objects, as aliases are. They are derived from the WPAbstract class, and thus their backing storage is the user INI file, not a file in the file system. Thus shadows are invisible to applications that do not use the WPS API.
The WPS has no mechanism for re-connecting shadows when the link between them and the target object has been broken. (Although where the link has been broken because target objects are temporarily inaccessible, restarting the WPS after the target becomes accessible once more often restores the link.)
Shadows are different from symbolic links and shortcuts because they are not filesystem objects, and because shadows are dynamically updated as target objects ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tfaya | Tfaya () is a sweet sauce in Moroccan cuisine made with caramelized onions, raisins, cinnamon, and honey. It is often served on couscous. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20elephant | Temple elephants are a type of captive elephant. Many major temples own elephants; others hire or are donated elephants during the festive seasons. Temple elephants are usually wild animals, poached from the forests of North East India from wild herds at a young age and then sold into captivity to temples. Their treatment in captivity has been the subject of controversy and condemnation by some, while others claim that elephants form a vital part of the socio-economic framework of many temple ceremonies and festivals in India, particularly in the South.
The largest elephant stable in India is Punnathurkotta of the temple of Guruvayur; it has about 59 captive elephants; it currently houses 58 captive elephants, of which 53 are adult males and 5 are females.
Gallery on elephants
See also
Animal worship
Guruvayur Keshavan
Thrissur Pooram |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plant%20genus%20names%20with%20etymologies%20%28L%E2%80%93P%29 | Since the first printing of Carl Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753, plants have been assigned one epithet or name for their species and one name for their genus, a grouping of related species. Many of these plants are listed in Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. William Stearn (1911–2001) was one of the pre-eminent British botanists of the 20th century: a Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society, a president of the Linnean Society and the original drafter of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
The first column below contains seed-bearing genera from Stearn and other sources as listed, excluding those names that no longer appear in more modern works, such as Plants of the World by Maarten J. M. Christenhusz (lead author), Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase. Plants of the World is also used for the family and order classification for each genus. The second column gives a meaning or derivation of the word, such as a language of origin. The last two columns indicate additional citations.
Key
Latin: = derived from Latin (otherwise Greek, except as noted)
Ba = listed in Ross Bayton's The Gardener's Botanical
Bu = listed in Lotte Burkhardt's Index of Eponymic Plant Names
CS = listed in both Allen Coombes's The A to Z of Plant Names and Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners
G = listed in David Gledhill's The Names of Plants
St = listed in Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners
Genera
See also
Glossary of botanical terms
List of Greek and Latin roots in English
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List of plant genera named for people: A–C, D–J, K–P, Q–Z
List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius | The degree Celsius is the unit of temperature on the Celsius scale (originally known as the centigrade scale outside Sweden), one of two temperature scales used in the International System of Units (SI), the other being the Kelvin scale. The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale or a unit to indicate a difference or range between two temperatures. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a variant of it in 1742. The unit was called centigrade in several languages (from the Latin centum, which means 100, and gradus, which means steps) for many years. In 1948, the International Committee for Weights and Measures renamed it to honor Celsius and also to remove confusion with the term for one hundredth of a gradian in some languages. Most countries use this scale; the other major scale, Fahrenheit, is still used in the United States, some island territories, and Liberia. The Kelvin scale is of use in the sciences, with representing absolute zero.
Since 1743, the Celsius scale has been based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure. Prior to 1743 the values were reversed (i.e. the boiling point was 0 degrees and the freezing point was 100 degrees). The 1743 scale reversal was proposed by Jean-Pierre Christin.
By international agreement, between 1954 and 2019 the unit and the Celsius scale were defined by absolute zero and the triple point of water. After 2007, it was clarified that this definition referred to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), a precisely defined water standard. This definition also precisely related the Celsius scale to the scale of the kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature with symbol K. Absolute zero, the lowest temperature possible, is defined as being exactly 0 K and −273.15 °C. Until 19 May 2019, the temperature of the triple point of water was defined as exactly .
On 20 May |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garudiya | Garudhiya or Garudiya () is a clear fish broth. It is one of the basic and traditional food items of Maldivian cuisine. The broth is based on tuna species found in the nation's ocean waters such as skipjack (kanḍumas or goḍa), yellowfin tuna (kanneli), little tunny (lațți), or frigate tuna (raagonḍi).
Despite the introduction of new items in the Maldivian cuisine, garudhiya is still a Maldivian favourite as it has been for generations.
Preparation
In order to cook garudhiya, tuna fish are cut up following a traditional pattern. After having had the gills and some of the innards thrown away, the fish pieces, the heads and the bones are carefully washed. The fish is then boiled in water with salt, until it is well cooked. The foam or scum (filleyo) is carefully removed while boiling and is later discarded.
Garudhiya is usually eaten with steamed rice, but it can also be eaten with roshi, the Maldivian chapati. When eaten with steamed taro (Alocasia and Colocasia), or with steamed breadfruit, grated coconut is added.
Variants and derivatives
Sometimes Maldivians use chilies, curry leaves and onions to flavor the garudhiya according to their taste, however, mostly this broth is cooked simply using fish, salt and water.
Kekki garudhiya is a variant of garudhiya with spices.
Garudhiya could be also obtained using other fishes like wahoo (kurumas), mahi-mahi (fiyala) or bluefin jack (handi), among others, but the favored fish for garudhiya is tuna and related species.
When the tuna-based garudhiya is cooked until all the water evaporates, it forms a thick brown paste known as rihaakuru that is highly valued in the Maldivian diet.
See also
Maldives fish
List of tuna dishes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILLIAC%20III | The ILLIAC III was a fine-grained SIMD pattern recognition computer built by the University of Illinois in 1966.
This ILLIAC's initial task was image processing of bubble chamber experiments used to detect nuclear particles. Later it was used on biological images.
The machine was destroyed in a fire, caused by a Variac shorting on one of the wooden-top benches, in 1968. It was rebuilt in the early 1970s, and the core parallel-processing element of the machine, the Pattern Articulation Unit, was successfully implemented. In spite of this and the productive exploration of other advanced concepts, such as multiple-radix arithmetic, the project was eventually abandoned.
Bruce H. McCormick was the leader of the project throughout its history. John P. Hayes was responsible for the logic design of the input-output channel control units.
See also
ORDVAC
ILLIAC I
ILLIAC II
ILLIAC IV |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers%20against%20decapentaplegic%20homolog%207 | Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 or SMAD7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMAD7 gene.
SMAD7 is a protein that, as its name describes, is a homolog of the Drosophila gene: "Mothers against decapentaplegic". It belongs to the SMAD family of proteins, which belong to the TGFβ superfamily of ligands. Like many other TGFβ family members, SMAD7 is involved in cell signalling. It is a TGFβ type 1 receptor antagonist. It blocks TGFβ1 and activin associating with the receptor, blocking access to SMAD2. It is an inhibitory SMAD (I-SMAD) and is enhanced by SMURF2.
Smad7 enhances muscle differentiation.
Structure
Smad proteins contain two conserved domains. The Mad Homology domain 1 (MH1 domain) is at the N-terminal and the Mad Homology domain 2 (MH2 domain) is at the C-terminal. Between them there is a linker region which is full of regulatory sites. The MH1 domain has DNA binding activity while the MH2 domain has transcriptional activity. The linker region contains important regulatory peptide motifs including potential phosphorylation sites for mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs), Erk-family MAP kinases, the Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) and protein kinase C (PKC). Smad7 does not have the MH1 domain. A proline-tyrosine (PY) motif presents at its linker region enables its interaction with the WW domains of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, the Smad ubiquitination-related factors (Smurf2). It resides predominantly in the nucleus at basal state and translocates to the cytoplasm upon TGF-β stimulation.
Function
SMAD7 inhibits TGF-β signaling by preventing formation of Smad2/Smad4 complexes which initiate the TGF-β signaling. It interacts with activated TGF-β type I receptor therefore block the association, phosphorylation and activation of Smad2. By occupying type I receptors for Activin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), it also plays a role in negative feedback of these pathways.
Upon TGF- β treatment, Smad7 binds to di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamorphism | In category theory, the concept of catamorphism (from the Ancient Greek: "downwards" and "form, shape") denotes the unique homomorphism from an initial algebra into some other algebra.
In functional programming, catamorphisms provide generalizations of folds of lists to arbitrary algebraic data types, which can be described as initial algebras.
The dual concept is that of anamorphism that generalize unfolds. A hylomorphism is the composition of an anamorphism followed by a catamorphism.
Definition
Consider an initial -algebra for some endofunctor of some category into itself. Here is a morphism from to . Since it is initial, we know that whenever is another -algebra, i.e. a morphism from to , there is a unique homomorphism from to . By the definition of the category of -algebra, this corresponds to a morphism from to , conventionally also denoted , such that . In the context of -algebra, the uniquely specified morphism from the initial object is denoted by and hence characterized by the following relationship:
Terminology and history
Another notation found in the literature is . The open brackets used are known as banana brackets, after which catamorphisms are sometimes referred to as bananas, as mentioned in Erik Meijer et al. One of the first publications to introduce the notion of a catamorphism in the context of programming was the paper “Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire”, by Erik Meijer et al., which was in the context of the Squiggol formalism.
The general categorical definition was given by Grant Malcolm.
Examples
We give a series of examples, and then a more global approach to catamorphisms, in the Haskell programming language.
Iteration
Iteration-step prescriptions lead to natural numbers as initial object.
Consider the functor fmaybe mapping a data type b to a data type fmaybe b, which contains a copy of each term from b as well as one additional term Nothing (in Haskell, this is what Maybe doe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split%20sound%20system | Split sound is an old system in analog television transmitters. It has long been superseded, but transmitters working on this principle are still in use. In this system there are two almost independent transmitters, one for sound (aural) and one for picture (visual). The system requires more energy input relative to broadcast energy than the alternative system known as intercarrier system.
Main stages of a transmitter
All superheterodyne transmitters have the following stages:
Oscillators
Input stages :Buffer amplifiers, correction circuits etc.
IF modulator and IF amplifiers
Frequency mixer
RF power amplifiers
Antenna system
Split sound TV transmitter
In split sound TV broadcasting, two of each of the above stages (except the antenna system) are required, one for sound and one for video. At the output of the RF amplifiers both signals are combined by a high-power diplexer; the combined signal is transmitted.
Split sound vs intercarrier system
In split sound system a high power diplexer is used at the output of the RF amplifiers. Such diplexers are expensive and bulky. In intercarrier system where the combining is achieved at a low level stage no diplexer is used.
Whereas in intercarrier system RF amplifiers are common for both the visual and aural signals, in split sound system visual and aural transmitters have separate RF amplifiers (tetrodes or klystrons). Thus, all else being equal, the power consumption of the split sound system is more than that of the intercarrier system.
In intercarrier system the two IF signals may interfere with each other to produce interference products out of the operating channel. In order to protect the neighbouring channels a notch filter is used. In split sound no interference products appear at the output, so no filter is needed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian%20drilling | Ovarian drilling, also known as multiperforation or laparoscopic ovarian diathermy, is a surgical technique of puncturing the membranes surrounding the ovary with a laser beam or a surgical needle using minimally invasive laparoscopic procedures. It differs from ovarian wedge resection, which involves the cutting of tissue. Minimally invasive ovarian drilling procedures have replaced wedge resections. Ovarian drilling is preferred to wedge resection because cutting into the ovary can cause adhesions which may complicate postoperative outcomes. Ovarian drilling and ovarian wedge resection are treatment options to reduce the amount of androgen producing tissue in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is the primary cause of anovulation, which results in female infertility. The induction of mono-ovulatory cycles can restore fertility.
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD) may improve the effectiveness of other ovulation induction treatments and results in lower multiple pregnancy rates than other treatment options like gonadotropins. The oral drug clomiphene citrate (CC) is the first-line treatment for PCOS-related infertility, yet one-fifth of women are resistant to the drug and fail to ovulate. Patients are considered resistant if the treatment fails for six months at the appropriate dosage. Ovarian drilling is a surgical alternative to CC treatment or recommended for women with WHO Group II ovulation disorders. Other non-surgical medical options in the treatment of PCOS include the oestrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, aromatase inhibitors, insulin sensitising drugs, and hormonal ovarian stimulation. The effectiveness of the surgical procedure is similar to CC or gonadotropin treatment for induced ovulation for PCOS patients, but results in fewer multiple pregnancies per ongoing pregnancy regardless if the technique is unilaterally or bilaterally performed.
If patients do not become pregnant six months after ovulation has been reestablished from ovar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal%20consistency | Causal consistency is one of the major memory consistency models. In concurrent programming, where concurrent processes are accessing a shared memory, a consistency model restricts which accesses are legal. This is useful for defining correct data structures in distributed shared memory or distributed transactions.
Causal Consistency is “Available under Partition”, meaning that a process can read and write the memory (memory is Available) even while there is no functioning network connection (network is Partitioned) between processes; it is an asynchronous model. Contrast to strong consistency models, such as sequential consistency or linearizability, which cannot be both safe and live under partition, and are slow to respond because they require synchronisation.
Causal consistency was proposed in 1990s as a weaker consistency model for shared memory models. Causal consistency is closely related to the concept of Causal Broadcast in communication protocols. In these models, a distributed execution is represented as a partial order, based on Lamport's happened-before concept of potential causality.
Causal consistency is a useful consistency model because it matches programmers' intuitions about time, is more available than strong consistency models, yet provides more useful guarantees than eventual consistency. For instance, in distributed databases, causal consistency supports the ordering of operations, in contrast to eventual consistency. Also, causal consistency helps with the development of abstract data types such as queues or counters.
Since time and ordering are so fundamental to our intuition, it is hard
to reason about a system that does not enforce causal consistency.
However, many distributed databases lack this guarantee, even ones that
provide serialisability.
Spanner does guarantee causal consistency, but it also forces strong consistency, thus eschewing availability under partition.
More available databases that ensure causal consistenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20hydride%20bomb | The uranium hydride bomb was a variant design of the atomic bomb first suggested by Robert Oppenheimer in 1939 and advocated and tested by Edward Teller. It used deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, as a neutron moderator in a uranium-deuterium ceramic compact. Unlike all other fission-based weapon types, the concept relies on a chain reaction of slow nuclear fission (see neutron temperature). Bomb efficiency was adversely affected by the cooling of neutrons since the latter delays the reaction, as delineated by Rob Serber in his 1992 extension of the original Los Alamos Primer.
The term hydride for this type of weapons has been subject to misunderstandings in the open literature. While the "hydride" might erroneously imply that the isotope used is hydrogen, only deuterium has been used for the bomb pits. The nomenclature is used in a manner similar to the term "hydrogen bomb", where the latter employs deuterium and occasionally tritium.
Two uranium deuteride fueled bombs are known to have been tested, the Ruth and Ray test shots during Operation Upshot–Knothole. Both tests produced a yield comparable to 200 tons of TNT each, and were considered to be fizzles. All other nuclear weapons programs have relied on fast neutrons in their weapons designs.
Theory
During early phases of Manhattan Project, in 1943, uranium deuteride was investigated as a promising bomb material; it was abandoned by early 1944 as it turned out such design would be inefficient. The "autocatalytic" design that emerged from this early research was "Elmer", the discontinued radial-implosion Mark 2 weapon. It made use of uranium deuteride particles coated with paraffin (to reduce the pyrophoricity of UD3) and boron-10 carbide (B4C) wax distributed uniformly throughout the solid core. A composite lead and B4C tamper was envisioned, with about 10.5 kg of active material (i.e. UD3) in one version, and a BeO tamper with 8.45 kg of active material in another.
The heavy hydrogen (deuterium) in uranium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure%20shear | In mechanics and geology, pure shear is a three-dimensional homogeneous flattening of a body. It is an example of irrotational strain in which body is elongated in one direction while being shortened perpendicularly. For soft materials, such as rubber, a strain state of pure shear is often used for characterizing hyperelastic and fracture mechanical behaviour. Pure shear is differentiated from simple shear in that pure shear involves no rigid body rotation.
The deformation gradient for pure shear is given by:
Note that this gives a Green-Lagrange strain of:
Here there is no rotation occurring, which can be seen from the equal off-diagonal components of the strain tensor. The linear approximation to the Green-Lagrange strain shows that the small strain tensor is:
which has only shearing components.
See also
Simple shear
Squeeze mapping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20interacting%20orbital | Principal interacting orbital (PIO), based on quantum chemical calculations, provides chemists with visualization of a set of semi-localized dominant interacting orbitals. The method offers additional perspective to molecular orbitals (MO) obtained from quantum chemical calculations (DFT for instance), which often provide extensively delocalized orbitals that are hard to interpret and relate with chemists' intuition on electronic structures and orbital interactions. Several other efforts have been made to help visualize semi-localized dominant interacting orbitals that represents well chemists' intuition, while maintaining the mathematical rigorosity. Notable examples include the natural atomic orbitals (NAO), natural bond orbitals (NBO), charge decomposition analysis (CDA), and adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP). PIO analysis uniquely provides semi-localized MOs that are chemically accurate (i.e., not always produces 2-center-2-electron localized orbitals, continuous evolution of PIOs along potential energy surface, etc.) and easy to interpret.
General workflow
A typical workflow is summarized here. For details, please refer to the reference or consult the website.
Optimize structure and calculate electronic structure.
Run NBO analysis to obtain the NAO basis and corresponding density matrix.
Run PIO analysis.
Mathematical details
The PIO analysis is based on the statistical method principal component analysis (PCA).
Chemical examples
Diels-Alder reaction
Ethylene and hexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaene
The Diels-Alder reaction of hexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaene and ethylene can be thought of as a [4+2] reaction between a substituted diene and a dienophile. The frontier molecular orbitals produced by a typical structural optimization are as follows: the HOMO and LUMO of the dienophile "ethylene" are two-centered, while the HOMO and the LUMO of the substituted diene "hexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15-octaene" are delocalized over the entire mole |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliphyta | Biliphyta is a subkingdom of algae.
It includes Glaucophyta and Rhodophyta.
Members of this group should not be confused with Picobiliphytes, which are also known as "biliphytes". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhardt%20cardinal | In set theory, a branch of mathematics, a Reinhardt cardinal is a kind of large cardinal. Reinhardt cardinals are considered under ZF (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory without the Axiom of Choice), because they are inconsistent with ZFC (ZF with the Axiom of Choice). They were suggested by American mathematician William Nelson Reinhardt (1939–1998).
Definition
A Reinhardt cardinal is the critical point of a non-trivial elementary embedding of into itself.
This definition refers explicitly to the proper class . In standard ZF, classes are of the form for some set and formula . But it was shown in
that no such class is an elementary embedding . So Reinhardt cardinals are inconsistent with this notion of class.
There are other formulations of Reinhardt cardinals which are not known to be inconsistent. One is to add a new function symbol to the language of ZF, together with axioms stating that is an elementary embedding of , and Separation and Collection axioms for all formulas involving . Another is to use a class theory such as NBG or KM, which admit classes which need not be definable in the sense above.
Kunen's inconsistency theorem
proved his inconsistency theorem, showing that the existence of an elementary embedding contradicts NBG with the axiom of choice (and ZFC extended by ). His proof uses the axiom of choice, and it is still an open question as to whether such an embedding is consistent with NBG without the axiom of choice (or with ZF plus the extra symbol and its attendant axioms).
Kunen's theorem is not simply a consequence of ,
as it is a consequence of NBG, and hence does not require the assumption that is a definable class.
Also, assuming exists, then there is an elementary embedding of a transitive model of ZFC (in fact Goedel's constructible universe ) into itself. But such embeddings are not classes of .
Stronger axioms
There are some variations of Reinhardt cardinals, forming a hierarchy of hypotheses asserting the existence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endian%20Firewall | Endian Firewall is an open-source router, firewall and gateway security Linux distribution developed by the South Tyrolean company Endian. The product is available as either free software, commercial software with guaranteed support services, or as a hardware appliance (including support services).
Description
Endian Firewall is a Linux security distribution, which is an independent, security management operating system. The system is installed on a PC using a boot CD, and can be operated without a monitor through its online interface or via a keyboard in a command-line interface. The server can be configured via a web interface or the serial interface.
The main task of Endian Firewall is as a gateway, router and firewall, and can act as a proxy for web, email, FTP, SIP and DNS. Up to four different networks (dependent on the number of network cards installed in the host PC) can be managed. Networks are configured through the web interface. With Endian these are differentiated by their color coding:
Red Network: connection to the insecure Internet.
Green Network: Secure intranet, e.g. file server.
Orange Network: Part Safe Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). This includes devices that operate their own server and must be accessible over the Internet, such as Web or FTP servers.
Blue Network: Secure wireless part, here on wireless devices can be connected. Thus, they are separated from the green network, which increases its security.
Endian Firewall includes support for load balancing, which means you can add another connection to the Internet from the red network. Endian Firewall then distributes the network load on both network interface controllers.
License
The software is developed by the Italian Endian Spa from Appiano, South Tyrol and a community of volunteer developers. The license model of Endian provides a commercial version and a free version:
The commercial version can be purchased either as a standalone software (the product is called Endian or simply E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%204%20deficiency | Complement 4 deficiency is a genetic condition affecting complement component 4.
It can present with lupus-like symptoms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine%20N-oxide%20reductase | Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase (TOR or TMAO reductase, EC 1.7.2.3) is a microbial enzyme that can reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) into trimethylamine (TMA), as part of the electron transport chain. The enzyme has been purified from E. coli and the photosynthetic bacteria Roseobacter denitrificans.
Trimethylamine oxide is found at high concentrations in the tissues of fish, and the bacterial reduction of this compound to foul-smelling trimethylamine is a major process in the spoilage of fish.
Classification
TMAO reductase has an enzyme commission (EC) number of 1.7.2.3. EC numbers are a system of enzyme nomenclature, and each part of this nomenclature refers to a progressive classification of the enzyme with regards to its reaction. The first number defines the reaction type, the second number provides information on involved compounds, the third number specifies the type of reaction, and the fourth number completes the unique serial number for each enzyme.
Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase has the EC number 1.7.2.3, and these components refer to the following enzyme classifications:
EC 1 enzymes are oxidoreductase enzymes, where an oxidation reduction reaction occurs, and the substrate being oxidized is either an oxygen or hydrogen donor
EC 1.7 enzymes act on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
EC 1.7.2 enzymes have a cytochrome as an acceptor
EC 1.7.2.3 is the enzyme TMAO reductase, which reduces the cytochrome TorC
Species distribution
TMAO is an organic osmolyte that has the useful biological function of protecting proteins against denaturing stresses such as high concentration of urea. Various bacteria grow anaerobically using TMAO as an alternative electron transport chain, allowing for growth on non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol. Bacteria capable of reducing TMAO to TMA are found throughout three different ecological niches. TMAO-reducing, to date, has been observed in marine bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria living in shallow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Series%20in%20Theoretical%20Biology | The Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology is a book series published by MIT Press and devoted to advances in theoretical biology at large. By promoting the formulation and discussion of new theoretical concepts, the series intends to help fill the gaps in our understanding of some of the major open questions of biology, such as the origin and organization of organismal form, the relationship between development and evolution, and the biological bases of cognition and mind.
The Vienna Series grew out of the Altenberg Workshops in Theoretical Biology organized by the Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research (KLI), an international center for advanced study in Altenberg, near Vienna, Austria. The KLI fosters research projects, workshops, archives, book projects, and the journal Biological Theory, all devoted to aspects of theoretical biology, with an emphasis on integrating the developmental, evolutionary, and cognitive sciences.
Series Editors
Gerd B. Müller, Katrin Schäfer, and Thomas Pradeu
Previously: Gerd B. Müller, Günter Wagner, Werner Callebaut
Volumes
Cognitive Biology. Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior. Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson and Lynn Nadel (Eds.), July 2009.
Functions in Biological and Artificial Worlds. Comparative Philosophical Perspectives. Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes (Eds.), 2009.
Evolution of Communicative Flexibility. Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication. D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel (Eds.), 2008.
Modeling Biology. Structures, Behaviors, Evolution. Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. Müller (Eds.), 2007.
Biological Emergences. Evolution by Natural Experiment. Robert G. B. Reid, 2007.
Compositional Evolution. The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution. Richard A. Watson, 2006.
Modularity. Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems. Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray%20burst | In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies, described by NASA as "the most powerful class of explosions in the universe". They are the most energetic and luminous electromagnetic events since the Big Bang. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After an initial flash of gamma rays, a longer-lived "afterglow" is usually emitted at longer wavelengths (X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, microwave and radio).
The intense radiation of most observed GRBs is thought to be released during a supernova or superluminous supernova as a high-mass star implodes to form a neutron star or a black hole. A subclass of GRBs appears to originate from the merger of binary neutron stars.
The sources of most GRBs are billions of light years away from Earth, implying that the explosions are both extremely energetic (a typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds as the Sun will in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime) and extremely rare (a few per galaxy per million years). All observed GRBs have originated from outside the Milky Way galaxy, although a related class of phenomena, soft gamma repeaters, are associated with magnetars within the Milky Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma-ray burst in the Milky Way, pointing directly towards the Earth, could cause a mass extinction event. The Late Ordovician mass extinction has been hypothesised by some researchers to have occurred as a result of such a gamma-ray burst.
GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites, which had been designed to detect covert nuclear weapons tests; after thorough analysis, this was published in 1973. Following their discovery, hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts, such as collisions between comets and neutron stars. Little information was available to verify these models until the 1997 detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows and direct meas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20form | In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics.
For instance, the expression is an example of a -form, and can be integrated over an interval contained in the domain of :
Similarly, the expression is a -form that can be integrated over a surface :
The symbol denotes the exterior product, sometimes called the wedge product, of two differential forms. Likewise, a -form represents a volume element that can be integrated over a region of space. In general, a -form is an object that may be integrated over a -dimensional manifold, and is homogeneous of degree in the coordinate differentials
On an -dimensional manifold, the top-dimensional form (-form) is called a volume form.
The differential forms form an alternating algebra. This implies that and This alternating property reflects the orientation of the domain of integration.
The exterior derivative is an operation on differential forms that, given a -form , produces a -form This operation extends the differential of a function (a function can be considered as a -form, and its differential is ) This allows expressing the fundamental theorem of calculus, the divergence theorem, Green's theorem, and Stokes' theorem as special cases of a single general result, the generalized Stokes theorem.
Differential -forms are naturally dual to vector fields on a differentiable manifold, and the pairing between vector fields and -forms is extended to arbitrary differential forms by the interior product. The algebra of differential forms along with the exterior derivative defined on it is preserved by the pullback under smooth functions between two manifolds. This feature allows geometrically invariant information to be moved from one space to another via the pullback, provid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%20tone | A wolf tone, or simply a "wolf", is an undesirable phenomenon that occurs in some bowed-string instruments, most famously in the cello. It happens when the pitch of the played note is close to a particularly strong natural resonant frequency of the body of the musical instrument. A wolf tone is hard for the player to control: instead of a solid tone it tends to produce a thin “surface” sound, sometimes jumping to the octave of the intended note. In extreme cases, a “stuttering” or “warbling” sound is produced, as in the sound example. This sound may be likened to the howling of a wolf. A somewhat similar sound is the beating produced by a wolf interval, which is usually the interval between E and G of the various non-circulating temperaments.
Stringed instruments
The physics behind the warbling wolf was first explained by C. V. Raman. He used simultaneous measurements of the vibrating string and the vibrating body of the cello, to show that the warbling sound is caused by an alternation of two different types of string vibration. All bowed string vibration is “stick-slip oscillation”. One of the vibration types involves a single slip in every cycle of the note, but the other type involves two slips per cycle.
Frequently, the wolf is present on or in between the pitches E and F on the cello, and around G on the double bass.
A wolf can be reduced or eliminated with a piece of equipment called a wolf tone eliminator. There are several types. The one illustrated is a metal tube and mounting screw with an interior rubber sleeve, that fits around one of the lengths of string below the bridge. The position of the tube must be adjusted so that the short section of string resonates exactly at the frequency at which the wolf occurs. It works in the same way as a tuned-mass damper, often used to reduce vibration of bridges or tall buildings.
An older device on cellos was a fifth string that could be tuned to the wolf frequency; fingering an octave above or below also atte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Swiss%20flags | This is a comprehensive list of flags used in Switzerland.
National flags
Ethnic group flags
Military flags
Rank flags
Political flags
Canton flags
Historical flags
Switzerland Under The Holy Roman Empire
Historical National Flags
Swiss Territories Under Prussian Rule
Swiss Territories Under Austrian Rule
Swiss Territories Under French Rule
Swiss Territories Under Italian States
Yacht club flags
See also
Flag of Switzerland
Coat of arms of Switzerland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20research%20center | The term "Clinical research center" (CRC) or "General clinical research center" (GCRC) refers to any designated medical facility used to conduct clinical research, such as at a hospital or medical clinic. They have been used to perform clinical trials of various medical procedures. The medical profession has had specific uses for CRC facilities, including awarding grants to support various types of research.
For example, the U.S. National Institutes of Health had, for years, issued GCRC grants, but later changed to awarding a Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA). Many hospitals or clinics have included a wing, ward, or other area titled as "Clinical Research Center" (with capitalized words).
Example facilities
Some examples of CRC facilities are:
Harvard-Thorndike General Clinical Research Center in Massachusetts.
Mallinckrodt General Clinical Research Center in Massachusetts.
Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center in Maryland.
UCLA General Clinical Research Center in California. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentiform%20nucleus | The lentiform nucleus (or lentiform complex, lenticular nucleus, or lenticular complex) are the putamen (laterally) and the globus pallidus (medially), collectively. Due to their proximity, these two structures were formerly considered one, however, the two are separated by a thin layer of white matter - the external medullary lamina - and are functionally and connectionally distinct.
The lentiform nucleus is a large, lens-shaped mass of gray matter just lateral to the internal capsule. It forms part of the basal ganglia. With the caudate nucleus, it forms the dorsal striatum.
Structure
When divided horizontally, it exhibits, to some extent, the appearance of a biconvex lens, while a coronal section of its central part presents a somewhat triangular outline.
It is shorter than the caudate nucleus and does not extend as far forward.
Relations
It is deep/medial to the insular cortex, with which it is coextensive; the two are separated by intervening structures.
It is lateral to the caudate nucleus and thalamus, and is seen only in sections of the hemisphere.
It is bounded laterally by a lamina of a white substance called the external capsule, and lateral to this is a thin layer of gray substance termed the claustrum.
Its anterior end is continuous with the lower part of the head of the caudate nucleus and with the anterior perforated substance.
Inferiorly, there is a groove upon the surface of the lenticular nucleus that accommodates the anterior commissure.
Components
In a coronal section through the middle of the lentiform nucleus, two medullary laminae are seen dividing it into three parts.
The lateral and largest part is of a reddish color, and is known as the putamen, while the medial and intermediate are of a yellowish tint, and together constitute the globus pallidus; all three are marked by fine radiating white fibers, which are most distinct in the putamen.
Pathology
Increased volume of the lentiform nuclei has been observed in obsessive–compulsi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage%20regulator%20module | A voltage regulator module (VRM), sometimes called processor power module (PPM), is a buck converter that provides microprocessor and chipset the appropriate supply voltage, converting , or to lower voltages required by the devices, allowing devices with different supply voltages be mounted on the same motherboard. On personal computer (PC) systems, the VRM is typically made up of power MOSFET devices.
Overview
Most voltage regulator module implementations are soldered onto the motherboard. Some processors, such as Intel Haswell and Ice Lake CPUs, feature some voltage regulation components on the same CPU package, reduce the VRM design of the motherboard; such a design brings certain levels of simplification to complex voltage regulation involving numerous CPU supply voltages and dynamic powering up and down of various areas of a CPU. A voltage regulator integrated on-package or on-die is usually referred to as fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR) or simply an integrated voltage regulator (IVR).
Most modern CPUs require less than , as CPU designers tend to use lower CPU core voltages; lower voltages help in reducing CPU power dissipation, which is often specified through thermal design power (TDP) that serves as the nominal value for designing CPU cooling systems.
Some voltage regulators provide a fixed supply voltage to the processor, but most of them sense the required supply voltage from the processor, essentially acting as a continuously-variable adjustable regulator. In particular, VRMs that are soldered to the motherboard are supposed to do the sensing, according to the Intel specification.
Modern video cards also use a VRM due to higher power and current requirements. These VRMs may generate a significant amount of heat and require heat sinks separate from the GPU.
Voltage identification
The correct supply voltage is communicated by the microprocessor to the VRM at startup via a number of bits called VID (voltage identification definition). In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung%20equations | In theoretical physics, the Madelung equations, or the equations of quantum hydrodynamics, are Erwin Madelung's equivalent alternative formulation of the Schrödinger equation, written in terms of hydrodynamical variables, similar to the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. The derivation of the Madelung equations is similar to the de Broglie–Bohm formulation, which represents the Schrödinger equation as a quantum Hamilton–Jacobi equation.
Equations
The Madelung equations are quantum Euler equations:
where
is the flow velocity,
is the mass density,
is the Bohm quantum potential,
is the potential from the Schrödinger equation.
The circulation of the flow velocity field along any closed path obeys the auxiliary condition for all integers .
Derivation
The Madelung equations are derived by writing the wavefunction in polar form:
and substituting this form into the Schrödinger equation
The flow velocity is defined by
from which we also find that
where is the probability current of standard quantum mechanics.
The quantum force, which is the negative of the gradient of the quantum potential, can also be written in terms of the quantum pressure tensor:
where
The integral energy stored in the quantum pressure tensor is proportional to the Fisher information, which accounts for the quality of measurements. Thus, according to the Cramér–Rao bound, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is equivalent to a standard inequality for the efficiency of measurements. The thermodynamic definition of the quantum chemical potential
follows from the hydrostatic force balance above:
According to thermodynamics, at equilibrium the chemical potential is constant everywhere, which corresponds straightforwardly to the stationary Schrödinger equation. Therefore, the eigenvalues of the Schrödinger equation are free energies, which differ from the internal energies of the system. The particle internal energy is calculated as
and is related to the local Carl Friedrich |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartrolon | Tartrolons are a group of boron-containing macrolide antibiotics discovered in 1994 from the culture broth of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Two variants of tartrolons, A and B, were identified. Tartrolon B contains a boron atom, while tartrolon A does not.
Discovery
In a study publishied in 1994, the producing organism, Sorangium cellulosum strain So ce 678, was isolated by a group of German scientists (Dietmar Schummer, Herbert Irschik, Hans Reichenbach, Gerhard Höfle) from a soil sample collected near Braunschweig in 1990, as antibiotics of the macrolide group. Synthesis was achieved by fermentation in the presence of the adsorber resin XAD-16.
These findings were confirmed by a subsequent study, in 1995, where the strain was grown on a medium containing potato starch, yeast extract, defatted soja meal, glucose-H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2-2H2O and Na-Fe(III)-EDTA at pH 7.2.
To isolate greater quantities of tartrolons for research purposes or potential applications in medicine, the strain was cultivated in a bioreactor under specific conditions. Cultivation was started with an inoculum grown in Erlenmeyer flasks under shaking at 30°C with an aeration rate of 0.15 m3 air per hour and a stirrer speed of 150 RPM.
Laboratory synthesis
The synthesis and regulation of tartrolons are influenced by the presence or absence of glass flasks during cultivation or by adding sodium tetraborate to the culture medium. When not exposed to glass or sodium tetraborate supplementation is absent, tartrolon A is predominantly produced; otherwise, tartrolon B becomes the main product.
Biological properties
Tartrolons have been found to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria similar to other related boron-containing antibiotics like boromycin and aplasmomycin, as their boron binding regions are identical. Tartrolons also show toxicity towards mammalian cell cultures.
Potential applications
The antimicrobial properties of tartrolons indicate they could be investigated as antibiotics to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20with%20Special%20Healthcare%20Needs%20in%20the%20United%20States | Children with Special Healthcare Needs (CSHCN) are defined by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau as:
"Those who have one or more chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions and who
also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children generally"
Types of special healthcare needs
There are a wide variety of physical, mental, and psychological health conditions considered to be special healthcare needs in the United States. They range from relatively mild to chronic and severe. The functional impairments of CSHCN include problems with one or more of the following criteria: breathing, swallowing/digestion/metabolism, blood circulation, chronic pain, hearing even with corrective devices, seeing even with corrective devices, taking care of self, coordination/moving around, learning/understanding/paying attention, speaking/communicating, making/keeping friends, and behavior. The list below states health conditions considered to be special healthcare needs.
Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Depression
Anxiety problems
Behavioral problems
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Diabetes
Developmental delay
Intellectual Disability (ID)
Epilepsy
Migraines
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Heart problems
Blood problems
Cystic fibrosis
Cerebral palsy
Muscular dystrophy
Down syndrome
Arthritis
Joint problems
Allergies
Population
As of 2009, 15.1% of all children in the US are considered to have special healthcare needs,
Epidemiology
The prevalence of children with special healthcare needs in the population depends on several factors, including gender, age, socioeconomic level and family household education. In the National Survey of Children's Health Data in 2007, gender is the strongest predictor of special health care needs—about 60% of children with special health care needs are boys and 30% are girls. A study by Newacheck et al. found that age is also a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoimmunology | Osteoimmunology (όστέον, osteon from Greek, "bone"; from Latin, "immunity"; and λόγος, logos, from Greek "study") is a field that emerged about 40 years ago that studies the interface between the skeletal system and the immune system, comprising the "osteo-immune system". Osteoimmunology also studies the shared components and mechanisms between the two systems in vertebrates, including ligands, receptors, signaling molecules and transcription factors. Over the past decade, osteoimmunology has been investigated clinically for the treatment of bone metastases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and periodontitis. Studies in osteoimmunology reveal relationships between molecular communication among blood cells and structural pathologies in the body.
System similarities
The RANKL-RANK-OPG axis (OPG stands for osteoprotegerin) is an example of an important signaling system functioning both in bone and immune cell communication. RANKL is expressed on osteoblasts and activated T cells, whereas RANK is expressed on osteoclasts, and dendritic cells (DCs), both of which can be derived from myeloid progenitor cells. Surface RANKL on osteoblasts as well as secreted RANKL provide necessary signals for osteoclast precursors to differentiate into osteoclasts. RANKL expression on activated T cells leads to DC activation through binding to RANK expressed on DCs. OPG, produced by DCs, is a soluble decoy receptor for RANKL that competitively inhibits RANKL binding to RANK.
Crosstalk
The bone marrow cavity is important for the proper development of the immune system, and houses important stem cells for maintenance of the immune system. Within this space, as well as outside of it, cytokines produced by immune cells also have important effects on regulating bone homeostasis. Some important cytokines that are produced by the immune system, including RANKL, M-CSF, TNFa, ILs, and IFNs, affect the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts and bone resorption. Such |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost%20cell | A ghost cell is an enlarged eosinophilic epithelial cell with eosinophilic cytoplasm but without a nucleus.
The ghost cells indicate coagulative necrosis where there is cell death but retainment of cellular architecture. In histologic sections ghost cells are those which appear as shadow cells. They are dead cells. For example, in peripheral blood smear preparations, the RBCs are lysed and appear as ghost cells.
They are found in:
Craniopharyngioma (Rathke pouch)
Odontoma
Ameloblastic fibroma
Calcifying odontogenic cyst (Gorlin cyst)
Pilomatricoma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation%20Safety%20Information%20Computational%20Center | The Radiation Safety Information Computational Center (RSICC) is a U.S. Department of Energy Specialized Information Analysis Center (SIAC) authorized to collect, analyze, maintain, and distribute computer software and data sets in the areas of radiation transport and safety. The RSICC is operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The primary sponsors of the RSICC are the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
The center began as the Radiation Shielding Information Center (RSIC) in 1962, but was renamed to RSICC in August 1996 to better reflect the scope of computer code technology at the center (i.e., radiation transport and safety).
The RSICC staff maintain an online software catalog at their website, which site visitors may browse (though no search functionality is provided). The software in the catalog cover a broad range of nuclear computational tools, providing in-depth coverage of radiation transport and safety topics for nuclear science and engineering, in support of modeling and simulation. Registered users may request software from the repository. With a few specific exceptions, a "cost recovery fee" is required to recoup the cost associated with RSICC operations before software requests are fulfilled.
The European counterpart to the RSICC is the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) Data Bank.
See also
Safety code (nuclear reactor)
External links
Radiation Safety Information Computational Center
OECD NEA Data Bank
Nuclear technology
Nuclear safety and security
Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASK%20Group | ASK Group, Inc., formerly ASK Computer Systems, Inc., was a producer of business and manufacturing software. It is best remembered for its Manman enterprise resource planning (ERP) software and for Sandra Kurtzig, the company's founder and one of the early female pioneers in the computer industry. At its peak, ASK had 91 offices in 15 countries before Computer Associates acquired the company in 1994.
Beginning and growth (1972–1982)
ASK was started in 1972 by Sandra Kurtzig in California. She left her job as a marketing specialist at General Electric and invested $2,000 of her savings to start the company in the apartment she shared with her HP salesman husband.
At first, the firm built software for a variety of business applications. ASK was incorporated in 1974.
In 1978, Kurtzig came up with ASK's most significant product, named Manman (originally "MaMa"), a contraction of manufacturing management. Manman was an ERP program that ran on Hewlett-Packard HP-3000 minicomputers. Manman helped manufacturing companies plan materials purchases, production schedules, and other administrative functions on a scale that was previously possible only on large, costly mainframe computers. Manman initially had a five-figure software price and was aimed at small and medium-sized manufacturers. Small companies desiring the least expensive implementation could use the software on a time-sharing contract.
During the era when Manman was only running on HP-3000 systems, ASK would buy systems at a discount and resell them "with its programs for $125,000 to $300,000" as turnkey systems.
Although ASK was initially named "standing for Arie and Sandra Kurtzig, although he is not an employee." Somewhat later, with her husband working for Hewlett Packard (HP); with the software being subsequently marketed both for HP's computers and those sold by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Kurtzig said that "A" was for Associates.
Manman was an enormous success and quickly came to dominate the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20wing%20of%20sphenoid%20bone | The greater wing of the sphenoid bone, or alisphenoid, is a bony process of the sphenoid bone; there is one on each side, extending from the side of the body of the sphenoid and curving upward, laterally, and backward.
Structure
The greater wings of the sphenoid are two strong processes of bone, which arise from the sides of the body, and are curved upward, laterally, and backward; the posterior part of each projects as a triangular process that fits into the angle between the squamous and the petrous part of the temporal bone and presents at its apex a downward-directed process, the spine of sphenoid bone.
Cerebral surface
The superior or cerebral surface of each greater wing [Fig. 1] forms part of the middle cranial fossa; it is deeply concave, and presents depressions for the convolutions of the temporal lobe of the brain. It has a number of foramina (holes) in it:
The foramen rotundum is a circular aperture at its anterior and medial part; it transmits the maxillary nerve.
The foramen ovale is behind and lateral to this; it transmits the mandibular nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, and sometimes the lesser petrosal nerve.
The sphenoidal emissary foramen is occasionally present; it is a small aperture medial to the foramen ovale, opposite the root of the pterygoid process; it opens below near the scaphoid fossa, and transmits a small vein from the cavernous sinus.
The foramen spinosum, in the posterior angle near to and in front of the spine; it is a short canal that transmits the middle meningeal vessels and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve.
The foramen petrosum, a small occasional opening, between the foramen spinosum and foramen ovale, for transmission of the lesser petrosal nerve.
Lateral surface
The lateral surface [Fig. 2] is convex, and divided by a transverse ridge, the infratemporal crest, into two portions.
The superior temporal surface, convex from above downward, concave from before backward, forms a part of the tempor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%20Orc | Knight Orc is a text adventure game, with limited graphics on some platforms, by Level 9 released in 1987. It comes with a short novella by Peter McBride ("The Sign of the Orc") explaining the background to the story.
Plot
After a night of heavy drinking with friends, Grindleguts the orc awakes to find himself strapped to a horse and about to joust with a human knight. His "friends" are nowhere to be seen, and he must somehow escape from his predicament and get even with them. Grindleguts must survive in a world of hostile humans while seeking revenge against his tormentors.
After the first chapter, the game switches to a science fiction setting, where Grindleguts is revealed to be a malfunctioning non-player character in a futuristic massively multiplayer online role-playing game. Using his power of transitioning between fantasy and reality, he convinces several other bots to join him, and escapes from the simulated reality facility.
Gameplay
The game is a text adventure with limited graphics on some systems. Gameplay is similar to the later Level 9 adventure Gnome Ranger, which uses the same game engine (KAOS). The game flows in real time; each person and creature goes on about their daily lives and follows their schedule. The player must explore the settings while collecting useful items and interacting with various non-player characters to solve puzzles and problems.
Reception
Sinclair User had this to say:"Knight Orc is no ordinary adventure. Oh no, this is a multi-user adventure ... only the other players are simulated. One nice touch is the little bits that are added on to the end of descriptions which tell you what the other players are doing, such as 'Somewhere, a male voice cries out "Has anyone got any spare treasure?"' ... The location descriptions are exquisite and more than make up for the absence of graphics ... The humour worked into the text is like something out of a Douglas Adams novel, quick-fire and very enjoyable. Never droll... But the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igusa%20zeta%20function | In mathematics, an Igusa zeta function is a type of generating function, counting the number of solutions of an equation, modulo p, p2, p3, and so on.
Definition
For a prime number p let K be a p-adic field, i.e. , R the valuation ring and P the maximal ideal. For we denote by the valuation of z, , and for a uniformizing parameter π of R.
Furthermore let be a Schwartz–Bruhat function, i.e. a locally constant function with compact support and let be a character of .
In this situation one associates to a non-constant polynomial the Igusa zeta function
where and dx is Haar measure so normalized that has measure 1.
Igusa's theorem
showed that is a rational function in . The proof uses Heisuke Hironaka's theorem about the resolution of singularities. Later, an entirely different proof was given by Jan Denef using p-adic cell decomposition. Little is known, however, about explicit formulas. (There are some results about Igusa zeta functions of Fermat varieties.)
Congruences modulo powers of
Henceforth we take to be the characteristic function of and to be the trivial character. Let denote the number of solutions of the congruence
.
Then the Igusa zeta function
is closely related to the Poincaré series
by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnett%20effect | The Barnett effect is the magnetization of an uncharged body when spun on its axis. It was discovered by American physicist Samuel Barnett in 1915.
An uncharged object rotating with angular velocity tends to spontaneously magnetize, with a magnetization given by
where is the gyromagnetic ratio for the material, is the magnetic susceptibility.
The magnetization occurs parallel to the axis of spin. Barnett was motivated by a prediction by Owen Richardson in 1908, later named the Einstein–de Haas effect, that magnetizing a ferromagnet can induce a mechanical rotation. He instead looked for the opposite effect, that is, that spinning a ferromagnet could change its magnetization. He established the effect with a long series of experiments between 1908 and 1915.
See also
London moment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant-based%20programming | Invariant-based programming is a programming methodology where specifications and invariants are written before the actual program statements. Writing down the invariants during the programming process has a number of advantages: it requires the programmer to make their intentions about the program behavior explicit before actually implementing it, and invariants can be evaluated dynamically during execution to catch common programming errors. Furthermore, if strong enough, invariants can be used to prove the correctness of the program based on the formal semantics of program statements. A combined programming and specification language, connected to a powerful formal proof system, will generally be required for full verification of non-trivial programs. In this case a high degree of automation of proofs is also possible.
In most existing programming languages the main organizing structures are control flow blocks such as for loops, while loops and if statements. Such languages may not be ideal for invariants-first programming, since they force the programmer to make decisions about control flow before writing the invariants. Furthermore, most programming languages do not have good support for writing specifications and invariants, since they lack quantifier operators and one can typically not express higher order properties.
The idea of developing the program together with its proof originated from E.W. Dijkstra. Actually writing invariants before program statements has been considered in a number of different forms by M.H. van Emden, J.C. Reynolds and R-J Back.
See also
Eiffel (programming language)
Notes
Formal methods
Programming paradigms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparassis%20crispa | Sparassis crispa is a species of fungus in the family Sparassidaceae. It is sometimes called cauliflower fungus.
Description
S. crispa grows in an entangled globe that is up to in diameter. The lobes, which carry the spore-bearing surface, are flat and wavy, resembling lasagna noodles, coloured white to creamy yellow. When young they are tough and rubbery but later they become soft (they are monomitic). The odour is pleasant and the taste of the flesh mild.
The spore print is cream, the smooth oval spores measuring about 5–7 µm by 3.5–5 µm. The flesh contains clamp connections.
Ecology, distribution and related species
This species is a brown rot fungus, found growing at the base of conifer trunks, often pines, but also spruce, cedar, larch and others. It is fairly common in Great Britain and temperate Europe (but not in the boreal zone).
In Europe there is also a less well-known species of the same genus, Sparassis brevipes, which can be distinguished by its less crinkled, zoned folds and lack of clamp connections.
Culinary use
It is considered a good edible fungus when young and fresh, though it is difficult to clean (a toothbrush and running water are recommended for that process). One French cookbook, which gives four recipes for this species, says that grubs and pine needles can get caught up in holes in the jumbled mass of flesh. The Sparassis should be blanched in boiling water for 2–3 minutes before being added to the rest of the dish. It should be cooked slowly.
See also
Sparassis spathulata |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf%20planet | A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit of the Sun, smaller than any of the eight classical planets. The prototypical dwarf planet is Pluto. The interest of dwarf planets to planetary geologists is that they may be geologically active bodies, an expectation that was borne out in 2015 by the Dawn mission to and the New Horizons mission to Pluto.
Astronomers are in general agreement that at least the nine largest candidates are dwarf planets – in rough order of size, , , , , , , , , and – although there is some doubt for Orcus. Of these nine plus the tenth-largest candidate , two have been visited by spacecraft (Pluto and Ceres) and seven others have at least one known moon (Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, and Salacia), which allows their masses and thus an estimate of their densities to be determined. Mass and density in turn can be fit into geophysical models in an attempt to determine the nature of these worlds. Only one, Sedna, has neither been visited nor has any known moons, making an accurate estimate of mass difficult. Some astronomers include many smaller bodies as well, but there is no consensus that these are likely to be dwarf planets.
The term dwarf planet was coined by planetary scientist Alan Stern as part of a three-way categorization of planetary-mass objects in the Solar System: classical planets, dwarf planets, and satellite planets. Dwarf planets were thus conceived of as a category of planet. In 2006, however, the concept was adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as a category of sub-planetary objects, part of a three-way recategorization of bodies orbiting the Sun: planets, dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Thus Stern and other planetary geologists consider dwarf planets and large satellites to be planets, but since 2006, the IAU and perhaps the majority of astronomers have excluded them from the roster of planets.
History of the concept
Starting in 1801, astronom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var1%20protein%20domain | In molecular biology, VAR1 protein domain, otherwise known as variant protein 1, is a ribosomal protein that forms part of the small ribosomal subunit in yeast mitochondria. Mitochondria possess their own ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of a small number of proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome. VAR1 is the only protein in the yeast mitochondrial ribosome to be encoded in the mitochondria - the remaining approximately 80 ribosomal proteins are encoded in the nucleus. VAR1 along with 15S rRNA are necessary for the formation of mature 37S subunits.
Function
It is thought that Var1 plays a role in the early steps of small subunit assembly and is required for the incorporation of at least one ribosomal protein. It is important for mitochondrial translational initiation, since it requires the interaction between the small ribosomal subunit and the message-specific translation factors.
Ribosomal proteins in translation
Ribosomes are the organelles that catalyse mRNA-directed protein synthesis in all organisms. The codons of the mRNA are exposed on the ribosome to allow tRNA binding. This leads to the incorporation of amino acids into the growing polypeptide chain in accordance with the genetic information. Incoming amino acid monomers enter the ribosomal A site in the form of aminoacyl-tRNAs complexed with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP. The growing polypeptide chain, situated in the P site as peptidyl-tRNA, is then transferred to aminoacyl-tRNA and the new peptidyl-tRNA, extended by one residue, is translocated to the P site with the aid the elongation factor G (EF-G) and GTP as the deacylated tRNA is released from the ribosome through one or more exit sites. Since Var1 helps form the small subunit of the ribosome, its significance become apparent in translation and cell survival. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish%20Stem%20Cell%20Foundation | The Irish Stem Cell Foundation is Ireland's National Stem Cell Research Organisation. A Member of the International Consortium of Stem Cell Networks, the foundation is committed to the pursuit of international cooperation, collaboration and excellence in the stem cell field.
Background
The Irish Stem Cell Foundation is a non-profit organization. It was established in Dublin in October 2009, and is composed of doctors, researchers, patient advocates, science communicators, solicitors, teachers and students.
The foundation's objectives are described as:
Accelerate Stem Cell Research to cure major illnesses and injury.
Provide a focus on education in all areas of stem cell research and therapy.
Establish a forum to promote, foster and exchange accurate information on the progress of stem cell research to all interested parties.
It also seeks to have appropriate legislation and improve current governance to make Irish Medical Research more competitive internationally and to educate and thus reduce risk to the Irish patient.
The Chief Scientific Officer of the Foundation is Dr Stephen Sullivan
The Chief Medical Officer of the Foundation is Professor Orla Hardiman.
The foundation has engaged the international and domestic media on the topic of stem cell tourism, where patients are scammed by unregulated clinics making medically and scientifically unsubstantiated claims to patients over the internet. Such experimental protocols endanger patients' lives and harm the reputation of legitimate stem cell research and clinical trials (which are tightly regulated).
The foundation agrees with the Irish Council Of Bioethics and the Irish Committee for Assisted Human Reproduction that Irish stem cell research needs a strong, transparent ethical and legislative structure. In 2010, the Foundation issued a public policy document on embryonic stem cell research.
In 2012 the Irish Stem Cell Foundation hosted its second conference, the Irish Stem Cell Summit, in Dublin. The Su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintuple%20product%20identity | In mathematics the Watson quintuple product identity is an infinite product identity introduced by and rediscovered by and . It is analogous to the Jacobi triple product identity, and is the Macdonald identity for a certain non-reduced affine root system. It is related to Euler's pentagonal number theorem.
Statement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsphenamine | Arsphenamine, also known as Salvarsan or compound 606, is an antibiotic drug that was introduced at the beginning of the 1910s as the first effective treatment for syphilis, relapsing fever, and African trypanosomiasis.
This organoarsenic compound was the first modern antimicrobial agent.
History
Arsphenamine was first synthesized in 1907 in Paul Ehrlich's lab by Alfred Bertheim. The antisyphilitic activity of this compound was discovered by Sahachiro Hata in 1909, during a survey of hundreds of newly synthesized organic arsenical compounds. Ehrlich had theorized that by screening many compounds, a drug could be discovered that would have anti-microbial activity but not kill the human patient. Ehrlich's team began their search for such a "magic bullet" among chemical derivatives of the dangerously toxic drug atoxyl.
Arsphenamine was used to treat the disease syphilis because it is toxic to the bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete that causes syphilis.
Arsphenamine was originally called "606" because it was the sixth in the sixth group of compounds synthesized for testing; it was marketed by Hoechst AG under the trade name "Salvarsan" in 1910. Salvarsan was the first organic antisyphilitic, and a great improvement over the inorganic mercury compounds that had been used previously. It was distributed as a yellow, crystalline, hygroscopic powder that was highly unstable in air. This significantly complicated administration, as the drug had to be dissolved in several hundred milliliters of distilled, sterile water with minimal exposure to air to produce a solution suitable for injection. Some of the side effects attributed to Salvarsan, including rashes, liver damage, and risks of life and limb, were thought to be caused by improper handling and administration. This caused Ehrlich, who worked assiduously to standardize practices, to observe, "the step from the laboratory to the patient's bedside ... is extraordinarily arduous and fraught with danger."
Ehrlic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacre%20knot | The Dacre knot, a type of decorative unknot, is a heraldic knot used primarily in English heraldry. It is most notable for its appearance on the Dacre family heraldic badge, where its two lower dexter loops entwine a scallop, and its two lower sinister loops entwine a log. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-3-3%20protein | 14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells. 14-3-3 proteins have the ability to bind a multitude of functionally diverse signaling proteins, including kinases, phosphatases, and transmembrane receptors. More than 200 signaling proteins have been reported as 14-3-3 ligands.
Elevated amounts of 14-3-3 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid may be a sign of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
Properties
Seven genes encode seven distinct 14-3-3 proteins in most mammals (See Human genes below) and 13-15 genes in many higher plants, though typically in fungi they are present only in pairs. Protists have at least one. Eukaryotes can tolerate the loss of a single 14-3-3 gene if multiple genes are expressed, but deletion of all 14-3-3s (as experimentally determined in yeast) results in death.
14-3-3 proteins are structurally similar to the Tetratrico Peptide Repeat (TPR) superfamily, which generally have 9 or 10 alpha helices, and usually form homo- and/or hetero-dimer interactions along their amino-termini helices. These proteins contain a number of known common modification domains, including regions for divalent cation interaction, phosphorylation & acetylation, and proteolytic cleavage, among others established and predicted.
14-3-3 binds to peptides. There are common recognition motifs for 14-3-3 proteins that contain a phosphorylated serine or threonine residue, although binding to non-phosphorylated ligands has also been reported. This interaction occurs along a so-called binding groove or cleft that is amphipathic in nature. To date, the crystal structures of six classes of these proteins have been resolved and deposited in the public domain.
Discovery and naming
14-3-3 proteins were initially found in brain tissue in 1967 and purified using chromatography and gel electrophoresis. In bovine brain samples, 14-3-3 proteins were located in the 14th fraction eluting from a DEAE-cellulose column and in position 3.3 on a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20norm | In mathematics, an asymmetric norm on a vector space is a generalization of the concept of a norm.
Definition
An asymmetric norm on a real vector space is a function that has the following properties:
Subadditivity, or the triangle inequality:
Nonnegative homogeneity: and every non-negative real number
Positive definiteness:
Asymmetric norms differ from norms in that they need not satisfy the equality
If the condition of positive definiteness is omitted, then is an asymmetric seminorm. A weaker condition than positive definiteness is non-degeneracy: that for at least one of the two numbers and is not zero.
Examples
On the real line the function given by
is an asymmetric norm but not a norm.
In a real vector space the of a convex subset that contains the origin is defined by the formula
for
This functional is an asymmetric seminorm if is an absorbing set, which means that and ensures that is finite for each
Corresponce between asymmetric seminorms and convex subsets of the dual space
If is a convex set that contains the origin, then an asymmetric seminorm can be defined on by the formula
For instance, if is the square with vertices then is the taxicab norm Different convex sets yield different seminorms, and every asymmetric seminorm on can be obtained from some convex set, called its dual unit ball. Therefore, asymmetric seminorms are in one-to-one correspondence with convex sets that contain the origin. The seminorm is
positive definite if and only if contains the origin in its topological interior,
degenerate if and only if is contained in a linear subspace of dimension less than and
symmetric if and only if
More generally, if is a finite-dimensional real vector space and is a compact convex subset of the dual space that contains the origin, then is an asymmetric seminorm on
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumann%20series | A Neumann series is a mathematical series of the form
where is an operator and its times repeated application.
This generalizes the geometric series.
The series is named after the mathematician Carl Neumann, who used it in 1877 in the context of potential theory. The Neumann series is used in functional analysis. It forms the basis of the Liouville-Neumann series, which is used to solve Fredholm integral equations. It is also important when studying the spectrum of bounded operators.
Properties
Suppose that is a bounded linear operator on the normed vector space . If the Neumann series converges in the operator norm, then is invertible and its inverse is the series:
,
where is the identity operator in . To see why, consider the partial sums
.
Then we have
This result on operators is analogous to geometric series in , in which we find that:
One case in which convergence is guaranteed is when is a Banach space and in the operator norm or is convergent. However, there are also results which give weaker conditions under which the series converges.
Example
Let be given by:
We need to show that C is smaller than unity in some norm. Therefore, we calculate:
Thus, we know from the statement above that exists.
Approximate matrix inversion
A truncated Neumann series can be used for approximate matrix inversion. To approximate the inverse of an invertible matrix , we can assign the linear operator as:
where is the identity matrix. If the norm condition on is satisfied, then truncating the series at , we get:
The set of invertible operators is open
A corollary is that the set of invertible operators between two Banach spaces and is open in the topology induced by the operator norm. Indeed, let be an invertible operator and let be another operator.
If , then is also invertible.
Since , the Neumann series is convergent. Therefore, we have
Taking the norms, we get
The norm of can be bounded by
Applications
The Neumann series has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keutel%20syndrome | Keutel syndrome (KS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by abnormal diffuse cartilage calcification, hypoplasia of the mid-face, peripheral pulmonary stenosis, hearing loss, short distal phalanges (tips) of the fingers and mild mental retardation. Individuals with KS often present with peripheral pulmonary stenosis, brachytelephalangism, sloping forehead, midface hypoplasia, and receding chin. It is associated with abnormalities in the gene coding for matrix gla protein, MGP. Being an autosomal recessive disorder, it may be inherited from two unaffected, abnormal MGP-carrying parents. Thus, people who inherit two affected MGP alleles will likely inherit KS.
It was first identified in 1972 as a novel rare genetic disorder sharing similar symptoms with chondrodysplasia punctata. Multiple forms of chondrodysplasia punctata share symptoms consistent with KS including abnormal cartilage calcification, forceful respiration, brachytelephalangism, hypotonia, psychomotor delay, and conductive deafness, yet peripheral pulmonary stenosis remains unique to KS.
No chromosomal abnormalities are reported in affected individuals, suggesting that familial consanguinity relates to the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Also, despite largely abnormal calcification of regions including the larynx, tracheobronchial tree, nose, pinna (anatomy), and epiglottis, patients exhibit normal serum calcium and phosphate levels.
Signs and symptoms
Being an extremely rare autosomal genetic disorder, differential diagnosis has only led to several cases since 1972. Initial diagnosis lends itself to facial abnormalities including sloping forehead, maxillary hypoplasia, nasal bridge depression, wide mouth, dental malocclusion, and receding chin. Electroencephalography (EEG), computed tomography (CT) scanning, and skeletal survey are further required for confident diagnosis. Commonly, diffuse cartilage calcification and brachytelephalangism are identified by X-radiatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrator | A gyrator is a passive, linear, lossless, two-port electrical network element proposed in 1948 by Bernard D. H. Tellegen as a hypothetical fifth linear element after the resistor, capacitor, inductor and ideal transformer. Unlike the four conventional elements, the gyrator is non-reciprocal. Gyrators permit network realizations of two-(or-more)-port devices which cannot be realized with just the conventional four elements. In particular, gyrators make possible network realizations of isolators and circulators. Gyrators do not however change the range of one-port devices that can be realized. Although the gyrator was conceived as a fifth linear element, its adoption makes both the ideal transformer and either the capacitor or inductor redundant. Thus the number of necessary linear elements is in fact reduced to three. Circuits that function as gyrators can be built with transistors and op-amps using feedback.
Tellegen invented a circuit symbol for the gyrator and suggested a number of ways in which a practical gyrator might be built.
An important property of a gyrator is that it inverts the current–voltage characteristic of an electrical component or network. In the case of linear elements, the impedance is also inverted. In other words, a gyrator can make a capacitive circuit behave inductively, a series LC circuit behave like a parallel LC circuit, and so on. It is primarily used in active filter design and miniaturization.
Behaviour
An ideal gyrator is a linear two port device which couples the current on one port to the voltage on the other and vice versa. The instantaneous currents and instantaneous voltages are related by
where is the gyration resistance of the gyrator.
The gyration resistance (or equivalently its reciprocal the gyration conductance) has an associated direction indicated by an arrow on the schematic diagram. By convention, the given gyration resistance or conductance relates the voltage on the port at the head of the arrow to the c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-2%20fuzzy%20sets%20and%20systems | Type-2 fuzzy sets and systems generalize standard Type-1 fuzzy sets and systems so that more uncertainty can be handled. From the beginning of fuzzy sets, criticism was made about the fact that the membership function of a type-1 fuzzy set has no uncertainty associated with it, something that seems to contradict the word fuzzy, since that word has the connotation of much uncertainty. So, what does one do when there is uncertainty about the value of the membership function? The answer to this question was provided in 1975 by the inventor of fuzzy sets, Lotfi A. Zadeh, when he proposed more sophisticated kinds of fuzzy sets, the first of which he called a "type-2 fuzzy set". A type-2 fuzzy set lets us incorporate uncertainty about the membership function into fuzzy set theory, and is a way to address the above criticism of type-1 fuzzy sets head-on. And, if there is no uncertainty, then a type-2 fuzzy set reduces to a type-1 fuzzy set, which is analogous to probability reducing to determinism when unpredictability vanishes.
Type1 fuzzy systems are working with a fixed membership function, while in type-2 fuzzy systems the membership function is fluctuating. A fuzzy set determines how input values are converted into fuzzy variables.
Overview
In order to symbolically distinguish between a type-1 fuzzy set and a type-2 fuzzy set, a tilde symbol is put over the symbol for the fuzzy set; so, A denotes a type-1 fuzzy set, whereas à denotes the comparable type-2 fuzzy set. When the latter is done, the resulting type-2 fuzzy set is called a "general type-2 fuzzy set" (to distinguish it from the special interval type-2 fuzzy set).
Zadeh didn't stop with type-2 fuzzy sets, because in that 1976 paper he also generalized all of this to type-n fuzzy sets. The present article focuses only on type-2 fuzzy sets because they are the next step in the logical progression from type-1 to type-n fuzzy sets, where n = 1, 2, ... . Although some researchers are beginning to explore higher |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20effect | The Early effect, named after its discoverer James M. Early, is the variation in the effective width of the base in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) due to a variation in the applied base-to-collector voltage. A greater reverse bias across the collector–base junction, for example, increases the collector–base depletion width, thereby decreasing the width of the charge carrier portion of the base.
Explanation
In Figure 1, the neutral (i.e. active) base is green, and the depleted base regions are hashed light green. The neutral emitter and collector regions are dark blue and the depleted regions hashed light blue. Under increased collector–base reverse bias, the lower panel of Figure 1 shows a widening of the depletion region in the base and the associated narrowing of the neutral base region.
The collector depletion region also increases under reverse bias, more than does that of the base, because the collector is less heavily doped than the base. The principle governing these two widths is charge neutrality. The narrowing of the collector does not have a significant effect as the collector is much longer than the base. The emitter–base junction is unchanged because the emitter–base voltage is the same.
Base-narrowing has two consequences that affect the current:
There is a lesser chance for recombination within the "smaller" base region.
The charge gradient is increased across the base, and consequently, the current of minority carriers injected across the collector-base junction increases, which net current is called .
Both these factors increase the collector or "output" current of the transistor with an increase in the collector voltage, but only the second is called Early effect. This increased current is shown in Figure 2. Tangents to the characteristics at large voltages extrapolate backward to intercept the voltage axis at a voltage called the Early voltage, often denoted by the symbol VA.
Large-signal model
In the forward active region the Early e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramp%20function | The ramp function is a unary real function, whose graph is shaped like a ramp. It can be expressed by numerous definitions, for example "0 for negative inputs, output equals input for non-negative inputs". The term "ramp" can also be used for other functions obtained by scaling and shifting, and the function in this article is the unit ramp function (slope 1, starting at 0).
In mathematics, the ramp function is also known as the positive part.
In machine learning, it is commonly known as a ReLU activation function or a rectifier in analogy to half-wave rectification in electrical engineering. In statistics (when used as a likelihood function) it is known as a tobit model.
This function has numerous applications in mathematics and engineering, and goes by various names, depending on the context. There are differentiable variants of the ramp function.
Definitions
The ramp function () may be defined analytically in several ways. Possible definitions are:
A piecewise function:
The max function:
The mean of an independent variable and its absolute value (a straight line with unity gradient and its modulus): this can be derived by noting the following definition of , for which and
The Heaviside step function multiplied by a straight line with unity gradient:
The convolution of the Heaviside step function with itself:
The integral of the Heaviside step function:
Macaulay brackets:
The positive part of the identity function:
Applications
The ramp function has numerous applications in engineering, such as in the theory of digital signal processing.
In finance, the payoff of a call option is a ramp (shifted by strike price). Horizontally flipping a ramp yields a put option, while vertically flipping (taking the negative) corresponds to selling or being "short" an option. In finance, the shape is widely called a "hockey stick", due to the shape being similar to an ice hockey stick.
In statistics, hinge functions of multivariate adaptive regression |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina%20Bazgan | Cristina Bazgan is a French computer scientist who studies combinatorial optimization and graph theory problems from the points of view of parameterized complexity, fine-grained complexity, approximation algorithms, and regret.
Bazgan earned her Ph.D. in 1998 from the University of Paris-Sud. Her dissertation, Approximation de problèmes d'optimisation et de fonctions totales de NP, was supervised by Miklos Santha.
She is a professor at Paris Dauphine University, associated with Lamsade, the Laboratory for Analysis and Modeling Systems for Decision Support.
Bazgan became a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France in 2011. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary%20union | A rotary union is a union that allows for rotation of the united parts. It is thus a device that provides a seal between a stationary supply passage (such as pipe or tubing) and a rotating part (such as a drum, cylinder, or spindle) to permit the flow of a fluid into and/or out of the rotating part. Fluids typically used with rotary joints and rotating unions include various heat transfer media and fluid power media such as steam, water, thermal oil, hydraulic fluid, and coolants.
A rotary union is sometimes referred to as a rotating union, rotary valve, swivel union, rotorseal, rotary couplings, rotary joint, rotating joints, hydraulic coupling, pneumatic rotary union, through bore rotary union, air rotary union, electrical rotary union, or vacuum rotary union
Function
A rotary union will lock onto an input valve while rotating to meet an outlet. During this time the liquid and/or gas will flow into the rotary union from its source and will be held within the device during its movement. This liquid and/or gas will leave the union when the valve openings meet during rotation, and more liquid and/or gas will flow into the union again for the next rotation.
Often functioning under high pressure and constant movement, a rotary union is designed to rotate around an axis. A rotary union's design can be altered to change this or to increase the psi or rpm it needs to withstand as well as the number of valves required.
Composition
While rotary unions come in many shapes, sizes, and configurations, they always have the same four basic components: a housing unit, a shaft, a bearing (mechanical) (or bearings), and a seal. Rotary unions typically are constructed from stainless steel to resist rust and corrosion, but many other metals can be involved, like aluminum.
Housing
The housing is the component that holds all of the other elements of the rotary union together. The housing has an inlet port, which is a threaded port to which the hose supplying the medium will b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignment%20problem | The assignment problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem. In its most general form, the problem is as follows:
The problem instance has a number of agents and a number of tasks. Any agent can be assigned to perform any task, incurring some cost that may vary depending on the agent-task assignment. It is required to perform as many tasks as possible by assigning at most one agent to each task and at most one task to each agent, in such a way that the total cost of the assignment is minimized.
Alternatively, describing the problem using graph theory:
The assignment problem consists of finding, in a weighted bipartite graph, a matching of a given size, in which the sum of weights of the edges is minimum.
If the numbers of agents and tasks are equal, then the problem is called balanced assignment. Otherwise, it is called unbalanced assignment. If the total cost of the assignment for all tasks is equal to the sum of the costs for each agent (or the sum of the costs for each task, which is the same thing in this case), then the problem is called linear assignment. Commonly, when speaking of the assignment problem without any additional qualification, then the linear balanced assignment problem is meant.
Examples
Suppose that a taxi firm has three taxis (the agents) available, and three customers (the tasks) wishing to be picked up as soon as possible. The firm prides itself on speedy pickups, so for each taxi the "cost" of picking up a particular customer will depend on the time taken for the taxi to reach the pickup point. This is a balanced assignment problem. Its solution is whichever combination of taxis and customers results in the least total cost.
Now, suppose that there are four taxis available, but still only three customers. This is an unbalanced assignment problem. One way to solve it is to invent a fourth dummy task, perhaps called "sitting still doing nothing", with a cost of 0 for the taxi assigned to it. This reduces the problem to a b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnodrilus%20sulphurensis | Limnodrilus sulphurensis is a species of extremophile cave-dwelling worm. Discovered in 2007, this species lives in only two known locations in Sulpher Cave Spring at Steamboat Springs' Howelsen Hill in Colorado, United States.
The worms are about an inch long and are approximately 1 to 1.5mm in diameter. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20and%20Night%20%28M.%20C.%20Escher%29 | Day and Night is a woodcut made by the Dutch artist M. C. Escher in 1938.
Artwork
The woodcut depicts a landscape mirrored horizontally with respect to the center of the image. It has two cities, each with an associated river and an interlocking pattern of birds gradually appearing towards the top of the image making a tessellation. These birds appear from the tiles of the landscape and become more detailed towards the extremes of the woodcut. Along the center, the image is divided into complementary black (right) and white (left), or, as the title suggests, day and night. The birds of the image contradict the overall partition of black and white through the image, as the black birds are in the white part of the image, while the white birds are in the black part, each of them appearing to move away from their color partition.
Significance
Day and Night was one of the most popular of Escher's prints during his lifetime. He printed more than 600 copies of it. A blue variant of the print sold for $94,062.50 in Los Angeles in 2022.
Escher became interested in how forms could fit together to create what Sarah Lawson calls "paradoxical patterns", as when the black geese in Day and Night emerge from the darkened spaces between the white geese that are flying in the opposite direction. |
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