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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular%20tumor%20spheroids | Multicellular tumor spheroids are scaffold-free spherical self-assembled aggregates of cancer cells. It is a 3 dimensional culture model which closely models oxygen gradients in small avascular tumors. They are cellular model used in cancer research to assess drug response. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFootball | eFootball is a series of association football simulation video games developed and published by Konami. It has been completely rebranded from the original Pro Evolution Soccer (known as Winning Eleven in Japan) series. The game's first year, entitled eFootball 2022, was released on 30 September 2021. It was later changed to the game's second year, eFootball 2023, on August 25, 2022 and the game's third year, eFootball 2024 on September 7, 2023. This game is part of the International Esports Federation's World Championship and North and Eastern Europa League (NEEC).
Development
On 21 July 2021, Konami released a six-minute video revealing the new game. The announcement revealed that the Pro Evolution Soccer brand had been dropped.
The game was released on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on 30 September 2021. It was built using Unreal Engine 4 for the first time in the franchise.
On 8 October 2021, Konami announced that it would release a new update with fixes for the game's issues on 28 October 2021. The update was delayed and the release postponed to November 2021. Konami then launched the update 0.9.1 on 5 November, and announced that the 1.0 update release was delayed until Spring 2022. Version 1.0.0 of eFootball 2022 was finally announced on 6 April 2022, with release date on 14 April 2022.
On 31 May 2022, Konami announced their roadmap for the rest of 2022 up until 2023 for features such as Master League and the number of teams that can be used in offline mode which will all be released as paid content. However, as of October 2023, features such as Master League and Edit Mode have not been released on PC or consoles, and no further announcements have been made by Konami.
Reception
At launch, eFootball 2022 was panned by critics and players, who criticized the "atrocious" graphics, lack of content, laggy engine and finicky controls. With 92% negative reviews, it became the worst-rated game on Steam a day afte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicability%20domain | The applicability domain (AD) (for both chemistry and machine learning) of a QSAR model is the physico-chemical, structural or biological space, knowledge or information on which the training set of the model has been developed, and for which it is applicable to make predictions for new compounds.
The purpose of AD is to state whether the model's assumptions are met, and for which chemicals the model can be reliably applicable. In general, this is the case for interpolation rather than for extrapolation. Up to now there is no single generally accepted algorithm for determining the AD: a comprehensive survey can be found in a Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 52. There exists a rather systematic approach for defining interpolation regions. The process involves the removal of outliers and a probability density distribution method using kernel-weighted sampling.
Another widely used approach for the structural AD of the regression QSAR models is based on the leverage calculated from the diagonal values of the hat matrix of the modeling molecular descriptors.
A recent rigorous benchmarking study of several AD algorithms identified standard-deviation of model predictions as the most reliable approach.
To investigate the AD of a training set of chemicals one can directly analyse properties of the multivariate descriptor space of the training compounds or more indirectly via distance (or similarity) metrics. When using distance metrics care should be taken to use an orthogonal and significant vector space. This can be achieved by different means of feature selection and successive principal components analysis.
Notes
Cheminformatics
Medicinal chemistry
Drug discovery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Society%20for%20NeuroVirology | The International Society for NeuroVirology (ISNV) was founded to promote research into disease-causing viruses that infect the human brain and nervous system. The ISNV membership includes scientists and clinicians from around the world who work in the fields of basic, translational, and clinical neurovirology.
History
The ISNV was conceived during the 1st International Symposium on NeuroVirology, which was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, in 1997. The ISNV was officially established in 1998 as a non-profit organization by Kamel Khalili, Ph.D, with Brian Wigdahl, Ph.D., and Steven Jacobson, Ph.D., as its founding president and vice-president, respectively. The leadership of the Society has included:
Mission
The ISNV provides an international forum for researchers and clinical scientists working in the field of neurovirology. By promoting collaborative interactions among scientists with common interests, the ISNV supports advances in the field of neurovirology and related disciplines. The goal of the ISNV is to promote basic science as well as the clinical application of knowledge to the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammatory and viral diseases of the nervous system. The mission of the ISNV is accomplished primarily through the organization and sponsorship of regular international meetings, and through the Society's official publication, the Journal of NeuroVirology. Activities that support the mission of the ISNV include:
Organization and sponsorship of the International Symposium on NeuroVirology
Co-sponsorship of small research conferences in neurovirology and related areas
Publication of reviews and research articles in the bi-monthly Journal of NeuroVirology
Publication and electronic distribution of the Society newsletter, which features current topics in neurovirology and highlights significant scientific achievements of neurovirologists from around the world
Sponsorship of the Pioneer in NeuroVirology award, which recognizes research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMV423 | CMV423 (2-chloro-3-pyridin-3-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine-1-carboxamide) is an experimental antiviral drug that has been studied for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection. The drug was investigated by Sanofi-Aventis, but its development was discontinued by 2018 before entering clinical trials. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20analyst | In a software development team, a software analyst is the person who monitors the software development process, performs configuration management, identifies safety, performance, and compliance issues, and prepares software requirements and specification (Software Requirements Specification) documents. The software analyst is the seam between the software users and the software developers. They convey the demands of software users to the developers.
See also
Systems analyst
Application analyst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Mycielski | Jan Mycielski (born February 7, 1932 in Wiśniowa, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, Poland) is a Polish-American mathematician, a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Academic career
Mycielski received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Wrocław in 1957 under the supervision of . His dissertation was entitled "Applications of Free Groups to Geometrical Constructions". Following positions at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris, the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the University of California, Berkeley, and Case Western Reserve University, he took a permanent faculty position at Colorado in 1969.
Contributions
Among the mathematical concepts named after Mycielski are:
The Ehrenfeucht–Mycielski sequence, a sequence of binary digits with pseudorandom properties
The Mycielskian, a construction for embedding any undirected graph into a larger graph with strictly higher chromatic number without creating any additional triangles.
The Mycielski–Grötzsch graph, the Mycielskian of the 5-cycle, an 11-vertex triangle-free graph that is the smallest possible triangle-free graph requiring four colors.
Mycielski's theorem that there exist triangle-free graphs with arbitrarily large chromatic number.
Awards and honors
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected works
1991. A Note on S. M. Ulam's Mathematics.
A note in Adventures of a Mathematician. Stanislaw Ulam. University of California Press, 1991.
See also
List of Poles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite | The mineral pyrite ( ), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral.
Pyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's gold. The color has also led to the nicknames brass, brazzle, and brazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal.
The name pyrite is derived from the Greek (), 'stone or mineral which strikes fire', in turn from (), 'fire'. In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck against steel; Pliny the Elder described one of them as being brassy, almost certainly a reference to what is now called pyrite.
By Georgius Agricola's time, , the term had become a generic term for all of the sulfide minerals.
Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz veins, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock, as well as in coal beds and as a replacement mineral in fossils, but has also been identified in the sclerites of scaly-foot gastropods. Despite being nicknamed "fool's gold", pyrite is sometimes found in association with small quantities of gold. A substantial proportion of the gold is "invisible gold" incorporated into the pyrite (see Carlin-type gold deposit). It has been suggested that the presence of both gold and arsenic is a case of coupled substitution but as of 1997 the chemical state of the gold remained controversial.
Uses
Pyrite enjoyed brief popularity in the 16th and 17th centuries as a source of ignition in early firearms, most notably the wheellock, where a sample of pyrite was placed against a circular file to strike the sparks needed to fire the gun.
Pyrite is used with flintstone and a form of tinder made of stringybark by the Kaurna people, people of South Australia, as a traditional method of starting fires.
Pyrite has been used since classica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric%20neurology | Geriatric neurology is the branch of medicine that studies neurologic disorders in elderly.
Origin
In 1991 Advanced Fellowship Program in Geriatric Neurology was started by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Many veterans suffered from neurodegenerative changes such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body dementia, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, and other age related central nervous system changes. The implications for family caregivers and the healthcare system were enormous. So the Geriatric Neurology Fellowship Program developed a cadre of physicians for academic leadership in this complex, interdisciplinary field.
The subspecialty of Geriatric neurology is defined by its expertise in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of neurological conditions that affect elderly and by its unique body of knowledge regarding the aging nervous system, its vulnerability to specific neurological disorders, and its influence on the prevalence and expression of neurological disease. Neurologists are called with increasing frequency to provide care for older adults. As the number of elderly in the population increases, there will be a concomitant increase in the prevalence of acute and chronic neurological disorders associated with advancing age. Through training fellowships, the neurological community will endeavor to master, codify and transfer the knowledge and skills to effectively care for the elderly with neurological disorders. Behavioral Neurology Clinic at the Perlman Ambulatory Care Center.
The Geriatric Neurology Section of the American Academy of Neurology increases awareness of, and fosters interest and expertise in, issues of geriatric neurology in the areas of patient care, research, education, and public policy, and enhances the role of neurologists in geriatric training programs.
Training & education programs
Fellowships for training on geriatric neurology were established.
The Veterans Affair Geriatric Neurology Fellowship Program provides two years of po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectin | Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar groups that are part of other molecules, so cause agglutination of particular cells or precipitation of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Lectins have a role in recognition at the cellular and molecular level and play numerous roles in biological recognition phenomena involving cells, carbohydrates, and proteins. Lectins also mediate attachment and binding of bacteria, viruses, and fungi to their intended targets.
Lectins are found in many foods. Some foods, such as beans and grains, need to be cooked, fermented or sprouted to reduce lectin content. Some lectins are beneficial, such as CLEC11A, which promotes bone growth, while others may be powerful toxins such as ricin.
Lectins may be disabled by specific mono- and oligosaccharides, which bind to ingested lectins from grains, legumes, nightshade plants, and dairy; binding can prevent their attachment to the carbohydrates within the cell membrane. The selectivity of lectins means that they are useful for analyzing blood type, and they have been researched for potential use in genetically engineered crops to transfer pest resistance.
Etymology
William C. Boyd alone and then together with Elizabeth Shapleigh introduced the term "lectin" in 1954 from the Latin word lectus, "chosen" (from the verb legere, to choose or pick out).
Biological functions
Lectins may bind to a soluble carbohydrate or to a carbohydrate moiety that is a part of a glycoprotein or glycolipid. They typically agglutinate certain animal cells and/or precipitate glycoconjugates. Most lectins do not possess enzymatic activity.
Animals
Lectins have these functions in animals:
The regulation of cell adhesion
The regulation of glycoprotein synthesis
The regulation of blood protein levels
The binding of soluble extracellular and intercellular glycoproteins
As a receptor on the surface of mammalian liver cells for the recognition of galactose residues, which resul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbral%20moonshine | In mathematics, umbral moonshine is a mysterious connection between Niemeier lattices and Ramanujan's mock theta functions. It is a generalization of the Mathieu moonshine phenomenon connecting representations of the Mathieu group M24 with K3 surfaces.
Mathieu moonshine
The prehistory of Mathieu moonshine starts with a theorem of Mukai, asserting that any group of symplectic automorphisms of a K3 surface embeds in the Mathieu group M23. The moonshine observation arose from physical considerations: any K3 sigma-model conformal field theory has an action of the N=(4,4) superconformal algebra, arising from a hyperkähler structure. When computed the first few terms of the decomposition of the elliptic genus of a K3 CFT into characters of the N=(4,4) superconformal algebra, they found that the multiplicities matched well with simple combinations of representations of M24. However, by the Mukai–Kondo classification, there is no faithful action of this group on any K3 surface by symplectic automorphisms, and by work of Gaberdiel–Hohenegger–Volpato, there is no faithful action on any K3 CFT, so the appearance of an action on the underlying Hilbert space is still a mystery.
Eguchi and Hikami showed that the N=(4,4) multiplicities are mock modular forms, and Miranda Cheng suggested that characters of elements of M24 should also be mock modular forms. This suggestion became the Mathieu Moonshine conjecture, asserting that the virtual representation of N=(4,4) given by the K3 elliptic genus is an infinite dimensional graded representation of M24 with non-negative multiplicities in the massive sector, and that the characters are mock modular forms. In 2012, Terry Gannon proved that the representation of M24 exists.
Umbral moonshine
In 2012, amassed numerical evidence of an extension of Mathieu moonshine, where families of mock modular forms were attached to divisors of 24. After some group-theoretic discussion with Glauberman, found that this earlier extension w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet%20seat | A toilet seat is a hinged unit consisting of a round or oval open seat, and usually a lid, which is bolted onto the bowl of a toilet used in a sitting position (as opposed to a squat toilet). The seat can be either for a flush toilet or a dry toilet. A toilet seat consists of the seat itself, which may be contoured for the user to sit on, and the lid, which covers the toilet when it is not in use – the lid may be absent in some cases, particularly in public restrooms.
Usage
Toilet seats often have a lid. This lid is frequently left open. The combined toilet seat and lid may be kept in a closed position when a toilet is not in use, making it so—at a minimum—the lid must be raised prior to use. It can be closed to prevent small items from falling in, reduce odors, or provide a chair in the toilet room for aesthetic purposes. Some studies show that closing the lid prevents the spread of aerosols on flushing ("toilet plume") which might be a source of disease transmission.
Depending on the sex of the user and type of use (urination or defecation) the seat itself may be left either up or down. The issue of whether the seat and lid should be placed in the closed position after use is a perennial topic of discussion and light humor (usually across gender lines), with it often being argued that leaving the toilet seat up is more efficient for men, while putting it down is more considerate for women. The "right answer" seems to depend on factors ranging from the location of the toilet (public or private), the population of the users (e.g. a sorority house vs frat house) and/or personal or family values, opinions, preferences, agreements or toiletry habits.
Toilet seats often rest not directly on the porcelain or metal body of the toilet itself but upon the hinges and upon tabs/spacers affixed at a few spots. Similarly, lids do not rest directly in uniform contact with the seat but are elevated while above it by the hinges and tabs/spacers affixed at a few spots. This |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridoid%20escape%20reaction | The caridoid escape reaction, also known as lobstering or tail-flipping, refers to an innate escape mechanism in marine and freshwater crustaceans such as lobsters, krill, shrimp and crayfish.
The reaction, most extensively researched in crayfish, allows crustaceans to escape predators through rapid abdominal flexions that produce powerful swimming strokes—thrusting the crustacean backwards through the water and away from danger. The type of response depends on the part of the crustacean stimulated, but this behavior is complex and is regulated both spatially and temporally through the interactions of several neurons.
Discovery of the first command neuron-mediated behavior
In 1946, C. A. G. Wiersma first described the tail-flip escape in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii and noted that the giant interneurons present in the tail were responsible for the reaction. The aforementioned neuronal fibres consist of a pair of lateral giant interneurons and a pair of medial giant interneurons, and Wiersma found that stimulating just one lateral giant interneuron (LG or LGI) or one medial giant interneuron (MG or MGI) would result in the execution of a tail flip. Wiersma and K. Ikeda then proposed the term "command neuron" in their 1964 publication, and applied it to the giant interneuron's ability to command the expression of the escape response. This was the first description of a command neuron-mediated behavior and it indicated that the depolarization of a neuron could precipitate complex innate behaviors in some organisms.
This concept was further fleshed out with more specific and stringent conditions in 1972 when Kupfermann and Weiss published The Command Neuron Concept. The paper stated that command neurons were neurons (or small sets of neurons) carrying the entire command signal for a natural behavioral response. According to the authors, command neurons were both necessary and sufficient in the production of a behavioral response. The concept of command neuron-m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation%20potential | A variation potential (VP) (also called slow wave potential) is a hydraulically propagating electrical signal occurring exclusively in plant cells. It is one of three propagating signals in plants, the other two being action potential (AP) and wound potential (WP) (also unique to plants). Variation potentials are responsible for the induction of many physiological processes and are a mechanism for plant systematic responses to local wounding. They induce changes in gene expression; the production of abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene; temporary decreases in photosynthesis; and increases in respiration. Variation potentials have been widely shown in vascular plants.
A variation potential, like an action potential, is a temporary change in the membrane potential of the plant cell by depolarization and consequent repolarization. However, it is distinguished by its slower, delayed repolarization phase, variability in shape and amplitude, and the decrease in its velocity with increasing distance from the initial point. Variation potentials can only be produced if the pressure in the xylem is disturbed and followed by an increase in xylem pressure. Additionally, it uses vascular bundles to complete systemic potential throughout the plant.
Variation potentials are distinct from action potentials in their cause of stimulation. Depolarization arises from an increase in plant cell turgor pressure from a hydraulic pressure wave that moves through the xylem after events like rain, embolism, bending, local wounds, organ excision, and local burning. Unlike action potentials, variation potentials are not all or nothing.
Depolarization of a variation potential is determined by the difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the plant's intact interior. However, it has been shown that variation potentials can be suppressed by high humidity and continued darkness. The ionic mechanism is assumed to involve a brief shutdown of the P-type H+ -ATPase in the plasma memb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delvotest | Delvotest is a broad spectrum microbial inhibition test used in dairy for testing antibiotic residue in milk and milk products. It is used to ensure milk safety and is produced by the global company DSM.
The dairy sector has a responsibility to prevent the presence of antibiotic residues in milk for health reasons, processing and economic reasons and legal responsibility to adhere to the Maximum Residue Levels as defined by law.
Delvotest is a testing method that is used throughout the dairy value chain by laboratories, dairy companies and farmers.
The test is validated by:
France – CNIEL The French Dairy Industry Organization - Ministere de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroalimentaire et de la Forêt
NL – Qlip – Dutch Quality and Assurance Organization for the Dairy Industry
UK - CSL Central Laboratory and Executive Agency, UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA
Brazil – Agricultural Research Corporation, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food supply
Nestle Research Center - validation of 27 antibiotic residues in raw cow's milk and milk-based products, Lausanne, Switzerland
Nestlé Factory Laboratory, Shuangcheng, Italy; Centro Referenza Nazionale Qualità Latte Bovino IZSLER, Brescia, Italy (2015)
Italy – AGRIS Agency for Agriculture Development in Sardegna
Belgium - ILVO The Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research – government affiliated
Poland - PIWET- The National Veterinary Research Institute, part of ministry of Agriculture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enduring%20Quests%20and%20Daring%20Visions | Enduring Quests and Daring Visions is a vision for astrophysics programs chartered by then-Director of NASA's Astrophysics Division, Paul Hertz, and released in late 2013. It lays out plans over 30 years as long-term goals and missions. Goals include mapping the Cosmic Microwave Background and finding Earth like exoplanets, to go deeper into space-time studying the Large Scale Structure of the Universe, extreme physics, and looking back farther in time. The panel that produced the vision included many notable American astrophysicists, including: Chryssa Kouveliotou, Eric Agol, Natalie Batalha, Misty Bentz, Alan Dressler, Scott Gaudi, Olivier Guyon, Enectali Figueroa-Feliciano, Feryal Ozel, Aki Roberge, Amber Straughn, and Joan Centrella.
Examples of discussed missions include:
Astro-H (Hitomi)
Black Hole Mapper
CMB Polarization Surveyor
Cosmic Dawn
Euclid
ExoEarth Mapper
Gaia
Gravitational Wave Surveyor/Mapper
Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx)
Far-Infrared Surveyor (later renamed the Origins Space Telescope)
JEM-EUSO
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
Large UV Optical Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR)
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER)
Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)
X-Ray Surveyor (later renamed the Lynx X-ray Observatory) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath%20Project | The Polymath Project is a collaboration among mathematicians to solve important and difficult mathematical problems by coordinating many mathematicians to communicate with each other on finding the best route to the solution. The project began in January 2009 on Timothy Gowers's blog when he posted a problem and asked his readers to post partial ideas and partial progress toward a solution. This experiment resulted in a new answer to a difficult problem, and since then the Polymath Project has grown to describe a particular crowdsourcing process of using an online collaboration to solve any math problem.
Origin
In January 2009, Gowers chose to start a social experiment on his blog by choosing an important unsolved mathematical problem and issuing an invitation for other people to help solve it collaboratively in the comments section of his blog. Along with the math problem itself, Gowers asked a question which was included in the title of his blog post, "is massively collaborative mathematics possible?" This post led to his creation of the Polymath Project.
Projects for high school and college
Since its inception, it has now sponsored a "Crowdmath" project in collaboration with MIT PRIMES program and the Art of Problem Solving. This project is built upon the same idea of the Polymath project that massive collaboration in mathematics is possible and possibly quite fruitful. However, this is specifically aimed at only high school and college students with a goal of creating "a specific opportunity for the upcoming generation of math and science researchers." The problems are original research and unsolved problems in mathematics. All high school and college students from around the world with advanced background of mathematics are encouraged to participate. Older participants are welcomed to participate as mentors and encouraged not to post solutions to the problems. The first Crowdmath project began on March 1, 2016.
Problems solved
Polymath1
The initial propose |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-assisted%20proof | A computer-assisted proof is a mathematical proof that has been at least partially generated by computer.
Most computer-aided proofs to date have been implementations of large proofs-by-exhaustion of a mathematical theorem. The idea is to use a computer program to perform lengthy computations, and to provide a proof that the result of these computations implies the given theorem. In 1976, the four color theorem was the first major theorem to be verified using a computer program.
Attempts have also been made in the area of artificial intelligence research to create smaller, explicit, new proofs of mathematical theorems from the bottom up using automated reasoning techniques such as heuristic search. Such automated theorem provers have proved a number of new results and found new proofs for known theorems. Additionally, interactive proof assistants allow mathematicians to develop human-readable proofs which are nonetheless formally verified for correctness. Since these proofs are generally human-surveyable (albeit with difficulty, as with the proof of the Robbins conjecture) they do not share the controversial implications of computer-aided proofs-by-exhaustion.
Methods
One method for using computers in mathematical proofs is by means of so-called validated numerics or rigorous numerics. This means computing numerically yet with mathematical rigour. One uses set-valued arithmetic and in order to ensure that the set-valued output of a numerical program encloses the solution of the original mathematical problem. This is done by controlling, enclosing and propagating round-off and truncation errors using for example interval arithmetic. More precisely, one reduces the computation to a sequence of elementary operations, say . In a computer, the result of each elementary operation is rounded off by the computer precision. However, one can construct an interval provided by upper and lower bounds on the result of an elementary operation. Then one proceeds by replacin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatophora%20%28alga%29 | Grammatophora is a genus of Chromista belonging to the family Grammatophoraceae.
The genus was first described by C. G. Ehrenberg in 1840.
Species:
Grammatophora marina
Grammatophora oceanica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20entomology%20since%201900 | 1900
Walter Reed, a United States Army major, was appointed president of a board "to study infectious diseases in Cuba paying particular attention to yellow fever." He concurred with Carlos Finlay in identifying mosquitoes as the agent.
Ignacio Bolívar y Urrutia publishes Catálogo sinóptico de los ortópteros de la fauna ibérica.
Kálmán Kertész, Mario Bezzi, Paul Stein (entomologist) and Theodor Becker published the first part of a Palaearctic Catalogue of Diptera Katalog der Paläarktischen dipteren in Budapest.
1901
William Francis de Vismes Kane A catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Ireland-the third (and first comprehensive) catalogue of the Irish macrolepidoptera.
Augustus Daniel Imms General textbook of Entomology published. 10th revised edition (1977) still one of the most widely used of all insect texts.
Thomas Hunt Morgan is the first to conduct genetic research with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In the Fly Room at Columbia University.
1902
Ronald Ross gained Nobel Prize for Medicine for his discovery that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. The awarding committee made special mention of the work of Giovanni Battista Grassi on the life history of the Plasmodium parasite.
Charles W. Woodworth A List of the Insects of California published.
Philogene Auguste Galilee Wytsman started Genera Insectorum, a multi-authored series that consisted of 219 issues, the last occurring in 1970.
Otto SchmiedeknechtOpuscula Ichneumonologica. Blankenburg.
William Morton Wheeler appointed curator of invertebrate zoology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York
August Arthur Petry publishes Ueber die deutschen an Artemisia lebenden Arten der Gattung Bucculatrix Z. nebst Beschreibung einer neuen Art in Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift Iris
Peter Esben-Petersen publishes Bidrag til en Fortegnelse over Arktisk Norges Neuropterfauna
1905
Adolfo Lutz Beitraege zur Kenntniss der brasilianischen Tabaniden. Rev. Soc. Sci. São Paulo 1: 19–32, published
Rap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20developmental%20psychology | Evolutionary developmental psychology (EDP) is a research paradigm that applies the basic principles of evolution by natural selection, to understand the development of human behavior and cognition. It involves the study of both the genetic and environmental mechanisms that underlie the development of social and cognitive competencies, as well as the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions.
EDP considers both the reliably developing, species-typical features of ontogeny (developmental adaptations), as well as individual differences in behavior, from an evolutionary perspective. While evolutionary views tend to regard most individual differences as the result of either random genetic noise (evolutionary byproducts) and/or idiosyncrasies (for example, peer groups, education, neighborhoods, and chance encounters) rather than products of natural selection, EDP asserts that natural selection can favor the emergence of individual differences via "adaptive developmental plasticity." From this perspective, human development follows alternative life-history strategies in response to environmental variability, rather than following one species-typical pattern of development.
EDP is closely linked to the theoretical framework of evolutionary psychology (EP), but is also distinct from EP in several domains, including: research emphasis (EDP focuses on adaptations of ontogeny, as opposed to adaptations of adulthood); consideration of proximate ontogenetic; environmental factors (i.e., how development happens) in addition to more ultimate factors (i.e., why development happens). These things of which are the focus of mainstream evolutionary psychology.
History
Development and evolution
Like mainstream evolutionary psychology, EDP is rooted in Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin himself emphasized development, using the process of embryology as evidence to support his theory. From The Descent of M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20rat | The black rat (Rattus rattus), also known as the roof rat, ship rat, or house rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the stereotypical rat genus Rattus, in the subfamily Murinae. It likely originated in the Indian subcontinent, but is now found worldwide.
The black rat is black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside. It is a generalist omnivore and a serious pest to farmers because it feeds on a wide range of agricultural crops. It is sometimes kept as a pet. In parts of India, it is considered sacred and respected in the Karni Mata Temple in Deshnoke.
Taxonomy
Mus rattus was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the black rat.
Three subspecies were once recognized, but today are considered invalid and are now known to be actually color morphs:
Rattus rattus rattus – roof rat
Rattus rattus alexandrinus – Alexandrine rat
Rattus rattus frugivorus – fruit rat
Characteristics
A typical adult black rat is long, not including a tail, and weighs , depending on the subspecies. Despite its name, the black rat exhibits several colour forms. It is usually black to light brown in colour with a lighter underside. In England during the 1920s, several variations were bred and shown alongside domesticated brown rats. This included an unusual green-tinted variety. The black rat also has a scraggly coat of black fur, and is slightly smaller than the brown rat.
Origin
Black rat bone remains dating to the Norman period were discovered in Great Britain. The black rat occurred in prehistoric Europe and in the Levant during postglacial periods. The black rat in the Mediterranean region differs genetically from its South Asian ancestor by having 38 instead of 42 chromosomes. Its closest relative is the Asian house rat (R. tanezumi) from Southeast Asia. The two diverged about 120,000 years ago in southwest Asia. It is unclear how the rat made its way to Europe due to insufficient data, although a land route seems more likely based on the distribution o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling%20%28computer%20programming%29 | In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules; a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are; the strength of the relationships between modules.
Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion. Low coupling often correlates with high cohesion, and vice versa. Low coupling is often thought to be a sign of a well-structured computer system and a good design, and when combined with high cohesion, supports the general goals of high readability and maintainability.
History
The software quality metrics of coupling and cohesion were invented by Larry Constantine in the late 1960s as part of a structured design, based on characteristics of “good” programming practices that reduced maintenance and modification costs. Structured design, including cohesion and coupling, were published in the article Stevens, Myers & Constantine (1974) and the book Yourdon & Constantine (1979), and the latter subsequently became standard terms.
Types of coupling
Coupling can be "low" (also "loose" and "weak") or "high" (also "tight" and "strong"). Some types of coupling, in order of highest to lowest coupling, are as follows:
Procedural programming
A module here refers to a subroutine of any kind, i.e. a set of one or more statements having a name and preferably its own set of variable names.
Content coupling (high) Content coupling is said to occur when one module uses the code of another module, for instance a branch. This violates information hiding – a basic software design concept.
Common coupling Common coupling is said to occur when several modules have access to the same global data. But it can lead to uncontrolled error propagation and unforeseen side-effects when changes are made.
External coupling External coupling occurs when two modules share an externally imposed data format, communication protocol, or device interface. This is basically related to the communication to external tools and devices.
Control coupling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio%20distribution | A ratio distribution (also known as a quotient distribution) is a probability distribution constructed as the distribution of the ratio of random variables having two other known distributions.
Given two (usually independent) random variables X and Y, the distribution of the random variable Z that is formed as the ratio Z = X/Y is a ratio distribution.
An example is the Cauchy distribution (also called the normal ratio distribution), which comes about as the ratio of two normally distributed variables with zero mean.
Two other distributions often used in test-statistics are also ratio distributions:
the t-distribution arises from a Gaussian random variable divided by an independent chi-distributed random variable,
while the F-distribution originates from the ratio of two independent chi-squared distributed random variables.
More general ratio distributions have been considered in the literature.
Often the ratio distributions are heavy-tailed, and it may be difficult to work with such distributions and develop an associated statistical test.
A method based on the median has been suggested as a "work-around".
Algebra of random variables
The ratio is one type of algebra for random variables:
Related to the ratio distribution are the product distribution, sum distribution and difference distribution. More generally, one may talk of combinations of sums, differences, products and ratios.
Many of these distributions are described in Melvin D. Springer's book from 1979 The Algebra of Random Variables.
The algebraic rules known with ordinary numbers do not apply for the algebra of random variables.
For example, if a product is C = AB and a ratio is D=C/A it does not necessarily mean that the distributions of D and B are the same.
Indeed, a peculiar effect is seen for the Cauchy distribution: The product and the ratio of two independent Cauchy distributions (with the same scale parameter and the location parameter set to zero) will give the same distribution.
This be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow%20process | The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to physical walls. It is convenient to define the shape of the control volume so that all flow of matter, in or out, occurs perpendicular to its surface. One may consider a process in which the matter flowing into and out of the system is chemically homogeneous. Then the inflowing matter performs work as if it were driving a piston of fluid into the system. Also, the system performs work as if it were driving out a piston of fluid. Through the system walls that do not pass matter, heat () and work () transfers may be defined, including shaft work.
Classical thermodynamics considers processes for a system that is initially and finally in its own internal state of thermodynamic equilibrium, with no flow. This is feasible also under some restrictions, if the system is a mass of fluid flowing at a uniform rate. Then for many purposes a process, called a flow process, may be considered in accord with classical thermodynamics as if the classical rule of no flow were effective. For the present introductory account, it is supposed that the kinetic energy of flow, and the potential energy of elevation in the gravity field, do not change, and that the walls, other than the matter inlet and outlet, are rigid and motionless.
Under these conditions, the first law of thermodynamics for a flow process states: the increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy added to the system by matter flowing in and by heating, minus the amount lost by matter flowing out and in the form of work done by the system. Under these conditions, the first law for a flow process is written:
where and respectively denote the average internal energy entering and leaving the system with the flowing matter.
There are then two types of work performed: 'flow work' described above, which is performed on the fluid in the control volume (this is also often |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20limit | In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a fluid limit, fluid approximation or fluid analysis of a stochastic model is a deterministic real-valued process which approximates the evolution of a given stochastic process, usually subject to some scaling or limiting criteria.
Fluid limits were first introduced by Thomas G. Kurtz publishing a law of large numbers and central limit theorem for Markov chains. It is known that a queueing network can be stable, but have an unstable fluid limit. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliac%20tuberosity | Behind the iliac fossa is a rough surface, divided into two portions, an anterior and a posterior. The posterior portion, known as the iliac tuberosity, is elevated and rough, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and for the origins of the sacrospinalis and multifidus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin%20carboxyl%20carrier%20protein | Biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) refers to proteins containing a biotin attachment domain that carry biotin and carboxybiotin throughout the ATP-dependent carboxylation by biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biotin carboxyl carrier protein is an Acetyl CoA subunit that allows for Acetyl CoA to be catalyzed and converted to malonyl-CoA. More specifically, BCCP catalyzes the carboxylation of the carrier protein to form an intermediate. Then the carboxyl group is transferred by the transcacrboxylase to form the malonyl-CoA. This conversion is an essential step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. In the case of E. coli Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP is a separate protein known as accB (). On the other hand, in Haloferax mediterranei, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, the BCCP pccA () is fused with biotin carboxylase.
The biosynthesis of fatty acids in plants, such as triacylglycerol, is vital to the plant's overall health because it allows for accumulation of seed oil. The biosynthesis that is catalyzed by BCCP usually takes place in the chloroplast of plant cells. The biosynthesis performed by the BCCP protein allows for the transfer of CO2 within active sites of the cell.
The biotin carboxyl carrier protein carries approximately 1 mol of biotin per 22,000 g of protein.
There is not much research on BCCPs at the moment. However, a recent studyon plant genomics found that Brassica BCCPs might play a key role in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Meaning that these proteins may be relaying messages to the rest of the plant body after it has been exposed to extreme conditions that disrupt the plant's homeostasis.
Synthesis of Malonyl-CoA
The synthesis of Malonyl-CoA consists of two half reactions. The first being the carboxylation of biotin with bicarbonate and the second being the transfer of the CO2 group to acetyl-CoA from carboxybiotin to allow for the formation of malonyl-CoA. Two different protein subassemblies, along with BCCP, are required for this two ste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triniscope | The Triniscope was an early color television system developed by RCA. It used three separate video tubes with colored phosphors producing the primary colors, combining the images through dichroic mirrors onto a screen for viewing.
As a consumer system it was enormous, expensive, impractical, and dropped as soon as the shadow mask system was successful. However, the Triniscope idea was used commercially in several niche roles for years, notably as a color replacement for the kinescope, from which it took its name.
The term can also be applied to any projection television system using three tubes, but this use is rare in the literature.
History
Color television
Color television had been studied even before commercial broadcasting became common, but it was only in the late 1940s that the problem was seriously considered. At the time, a number of systems were being proposed that used separate red, green and blue signals (RGB), broadcast in succession. Most systems broadcast entire frames in sequence, with a colored filter (or "gel") that rotated in front of an otherwise conventional black and white television tube. Because they broadcast separate signals for the different colors, all of these systems were incompatible with existing black and white sets. Another problem was that the mechanical filter made them flicker unless very high refresh rates were used. In spite of these problems, the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) selected a sequential-frame 144 frame/s standard from CBS as their color broadcast in 1950.
RCA worked along different lines entirely, using the luminance-chrominance system. This system did not directly encode or transmit the RGB signals; instead it first combined the RGB signals from the camera into one overall brightness figure, the "luminance". The luminance signal closely matched the existing black and white broadcasts, and would display properly on existing sets. This was a major advantage over the mechanical systems being propose |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorders%20of%20sex%20development | Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in sex characteristics (VSC), are congenital conditions affecting the reproductive system, in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical.
DSDs are subdivided into groups in which the labels generally emphasize the karyotype's role in diagnosis: 46,XX; 46,XY; sex chromosome; XX, sex reversal; ovotesticular disorder; and XY, sex reversal.
Overview
DSDs are medical conditions encompassing any problem noted at birth where the genitalia are atypical in relation to the chromosomes or gonads. There are several types of DSDs and their effect on the external and internal reproductive organs varies greatly.
A frequently-used social and medical adjective for people with DSDs is "intersex". Urologists were concerned that terms like intersex, hermaphrodite, and pseudohermaphrodite were confusing and pejorative. This led to the Chicago Consensus, recommending a new terminology based on the umbrella term disorders of sex differentiation.
DSDs are divided into following categories, emphasizing the karyotype's role in diagnosis:
46,XX DSD: Genetic Female Sex Chromosomes. Mainly virilized females as a result of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and girls with aberrant ovarian development.
46,XY DSD: Genetic Male Sex Chromosomes. Individuals with abnormal testicular differentiation, defects in testosterone biosynthesis, and impaired testosterone action.
Sex chromosome DSD: patients with sex chromosome aneuploidy or mosaic sex karyotypes. This includes patients with Turner Syndrome (45,X or 45,X0) and Klinefelter Syndrome (47,XXY) even though they do not generally present with atypical genitals.
XX, Sex reversal: consist of two groups of patients with male phenotypes, the first with translocated SRY and the second with no SRY gene.
Ovotesticular disorder: patients having both ovarian and testicular tissue. In some cases the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate%20system | In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space. The order of the coordinates is significant, and they are sometimes identified by their position in an ordered tuple and sometimes by a letter, as in "the x-coordinate". The coordinates are taken to be real numbers in elementary mathematics, but may be complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring. The use of a coordinate system allows problems in geometry to be translated into problems about numbers and vice versa; this is the basis of analytic geometry.
Common coordinate systems
Number line
The simplest example of a coordinate system is the identification of points on a line with real numbers using the number line. In this system, an arbitrary point O (the origin) is chosen on a given line. The coordinate of a point P is defined as the signed distance from O to P, where the signed distance is the distance taken as positive or negative depending on which side of the line P lies. Each point is given a unique coordinate and each real number is the coordinate of a unique point.
Cartesian coordinate system
The prototypical example of a coordinate system is the Cartesian coordinate system. In the plane, two perpendicular lines are chosen and the coordinates of a point are taken to be the signed distances to the lines.
In three dimensions, three mutually orthogonal planes are chosen and the three coordinates of a point are the signed distances to each of the planes. This can be generalized to create n coordinates for any point in n-dimensional Euclidean space.
Depending on the direction and order of the coordinate axes, the three-dimensional system may be a right-handed or a left-handed system.
Polar coordinate system
Another common coordinate system for the plane is the polar coordinate system. A point is chosen as the p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMHOSTS | The LMHOSTS (LAN Manager Hosts) file is used to enable Domain Name Resolution under Windows when other methods, such as WINS, fail. It is used in conjunction with workgroups and domains. If you are looking for a simple, general mechanism for the local specification of IP addresses for specific hostnames (server names), use the HOSTS file, not the LMHOSTS file.
The file, if it exists, is read as the LMHOSTS setting file. A sample file () is provided. It contains documentation for manually configuring the file.
File locations
Windows 95, 98, Millennium Edition
The file is located in , and a sample file () is installed here. Note that is an environment variable pointing to the Windows installation directory, usually .
Windows NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2016+
The file is located in , and a sample file () is installed here. Note that is an environment variable pointing to the Windows installation directory, usually .
See also
HOSTS file
NetBIOS
External links
Domain Browsing with TCP/IP and LMHOSTS Files
LMHOSTS File Information and Predefined Keywords Microsoft knowledgebase article
Using LMHOSTS Files on Windows NT
Windows communication and services
Configuration files |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%20pressure%20osmometry | Vapor phase osmometry (VPO), also known as vapor-pressure osmometry, is an experimental technique for the determination of a polymer's number average molecular weight, Mn. It works by taking advantage of the decrease in vapor pressure that occurs when solutes are added to pure solvent. This technique can be used for polymers with a molecular weight of up to 20,000 though accuracy is best for those below 10,000. Although membrane osmometry is also based on the measurement of colligative properties, it has a lower bound of 25,000 for sample molecular weight that can be measured owing to problems with membrane permeation.
Experiment
A typical vapor phase osmometer consists of: (1) two thermistors, one with a polymer-solvent solution droplet adhered to it and another with a pure solvent droplet adhered to it; (2) a thermostatted chamber with an interior saturated with solvent vapor; (3) a liquid solvent vessel in the chamber; and (4) an electric circuit to measure the bridge output imbalance difference between the two thermistors. The voltage difference is an accurate way of measuring the temperature difference between the two thermistors, which is a consequence of solvent vapor condensing on the solution droplet (the solution droplet has a lower vapor pressure than the solvent).
Mn Calculation and Calibration
The number average molecular weight for a polymer sample is given by the following equation:
where:
is a calibration constant,
is the bridge imbalance output voltage,
is the polymer-solvent solution concentration
It is necessary to calibrate a vapor phase osmometer and it is important to note that K is found for a particular solvent, operational temperature, and type of commercial apparatus. A calibration can be carried out using a standard of known molecular weight. Some possible solvents for VPO include toluene, tetrahydrofuran, or chloroform. Once the experiment is performed, concentration and output voltage data can be graphed on a plot of (ΔV/c) vers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-to-TV | A Web-to-TV installation provides a way to show streaming television or other over-the-top content from the Internet, to a television set. Various technologies to do this include Home theater PCs (desktop computers running more user-friendly software for TV viewing), digital media receivers (also known as "media extenders", replaying content from a local area network), and Smart TVs (television sets and set-top boxes with Internet capabilities).
Media extenders
Several companies provide media extenders including Netgear and Dlink. Advanced game consoles - Xbox 360 from Microsoft, PS3 from Sony, and the Nintendo Wii - can be configured to stream or view content delivered from a PC on the user's home network.
LocalCasting
A new entry from HDMI to Coax connects to the VGA output of a home PC/server and LocalCasts (transmits) it throughout the users house over the existing coax wiring as a normal HD Dolby 5.1 channel that is directly tunable by all connected HDTV's. A unique benefit of this approach is that no additional boxes are required at each TV because only single LocalCast device is required to insert a private channel on the homes coax distribution system. In order to do this the monitor output of the PC is digitized, MPEG2 compressed, and QAM encoded all at HD resolution and in real-time. The LocalCasting PC is controlled with an RF remote or RF keyboard that includes a pointing device to provide normal interactivity with any PC application within a range suitable for the normal home. Another important benefit of this over-the-top approach is that it provides the broadest access to internet content because it supports any content or application that can be viewed on a PC.
Video on demand
HD Encodulators are a new class of device in Digital Video Broadcast (DVB). Encodulators are devices that bundle a digital encoder and an RF agile modulator into one package. Encodulators accept uncompressed video as either HD or SD and encode the source to an MPEG tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube%20sound | Tube sound (or valve sound) is the characteristic sound associated with a vacuum tube amplifier (valve amplifier in British English), a vacuum tube-based audio amplifier. At first, the concept of tube sound did not exist, because practically all electronic amplification of audio signals was done with vacuum tubes and other comparable methods were not known or used. After introduction of solid state amplifiers, tube sound appeared as the logical complement of transistor sound, which had some negative connotations due to crossover distortion in early transistor amplifiers. However, solid state amplifiers have been developed to be flawless and the sound is later regarded neutral compared to tube amplifiers. Thus the tube sound now means 'euphonic distortion.' The audible significance of tube amplification on audio signals is a subject of continuing debate among audio enthusiasts.
Many electric guitar, electric bass, and keyboard players in several genres also prefer the sound of tube instrument amplifiers or preamplifiers. Tube amplifiers are also preferred by some listeners for stereo systems.
History
Before the commercial introduction of transistors in the 1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes (known in the United Kingdom as "valves"). By the 1960s, solid state (transistorized) amplification had become more common because of its smaller size, lighter weight, lower heat production, and improved reliability. Tube amplifiers have retained a loyal following amongst some audiophiles and musicians. Some tube designs command very high prices, and tube amplifiers have been going through a revival since Chinese and Russian markets have opened to global trade—tube production never went out of vogue in these countries. Many transistor-based audio power amplifiers use MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) devices in their power sections, because their distortion curve is more tube-like.
Musical instrument amplification
Some musicians
prefer th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostriction | Magnetostriction is a property of magnetic materials that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization. The variation of materials' magnetization due to the applied magnetic field changes the magnetostrictive strain until reaching its saturation value, λ. The effect was first identified in 1842 by James Joule when observing a sample of iron.
Magnetostriction applies to magnetic fields, while electrostriction applies to electric fields.
Magnetostriction causes energy loss due to frictional heating in susceptible ferromagnetic cores, and is also responsible for the low-pitched humming sound that can be heard coming from transformers, where alternating currents produce a changing magnetic field.
Explanation
Internally, ferromagnetic materials have a structure that is divided into domains, each of which is a region of uniform magnetization. When a magnetic field is applied, the boundaries between the domains shift and the domains rotate; both of these effects cause a change in the material's dimensions. The reason that a change in the magnetic domains of a material results in a change in the material's dimensions is a consequence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy; it takes more energy to magnetize a crystalline material in one direction than in another. If a magnetic field is applied to the material at an angle to an easy axis of magnetization, the material will tend to rearrange its structure so that an easy axis is aligned with the field to minimize the free energy of the system. Since different crystal directions are associated with different lengths, this effect induces a strain in the material.
The reciprocal effect, the change of the magnetic susceptibility (response to an applied field) of a material when subjected to a mechanical stress, is called the Villari effect. Two other effects are related to magnetostriction: the Matteucci effect is the creation of a helical anisotropy of the susceptibility of a magnetostric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20differential%20analyzer | A digital differential analyzer (DDA), also sometimes called a digital integrating computer, is a digital implementation of a differential analyzer. The integrators in a DDA are implemented as accumulators, with the numeric result converted back to a pulse rate by the overflow of the accumulator.
The primary advantages of a DDA over the conventional analog differential analyzer are greater precision of the results and the lack of drift/noise/slip/lash in the calculations. The precision is only limited by register size and the resulting accumulated rounding/truncation errors of repeated addition. Digital electronics inherently lacks the temperature sensitive drift and noise level issues of analog electronics and the slippage and "lash" issues of mechanical analog systems.
For problems that can be expressed as differential equations, a hardware DDA can solve them much faster than a general purpose computer (using similar technology). However reprogramming a hardware DDA to solve a different problem (or fix a bug) is much harder than reprogramming a general purpose computer. Many DDAs were hardwired for one problem only and could not be reprogrammed without redesigning them.
History
One of the inspirations for ENIAC was the mechanical analog Bush differential analyzer. It influenced both the architecture and programming method chosen. However, although ENIAC as originally configured, could have been programmed as a DDA (the "numerical integrator" in Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), there is no evidence that it ever actually was. The theory of DDAs was not developed until 1949, one year after ENIAC had been reconfigured as a stored program computer.
The first DDA built was the Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer of 1950.
Theory
The basic DDA integrator, shown in the figure, implements numerical rectangular integration via the following equations:
Where Δx causes y to be added to (or subtracted from) S, Δy causes y to be incremented (or decr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Darmon | Henri Rene Darmon (born 22 October 1965) is a French-Canadian mathematician. He is a number theorist who works on Hilbert's 12th problem and its relation with the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. He is currently a James McGill Professor of Mathematics at McGill University.
Career
Darmon received his BSc from McGill University in 1987 and his PhD from Harvard University in 1991 under supervision of Benedict Gross. From 1991 to 1996, he held positions in Princeton University. Since 1994, he has been a professor at McGill University.
Awards
Darmon was elected to the Royal Society of Canada in 2003. In 2008, he was awarded the Royal Society of Canada's John L. Synge Award. He received the 2017 AMS Cole Prize in Number Theory "for his contributions to the arithmetic of elliptic curves and modular forms", and the 2017 CRM-Fields-PIMS Prize, which is awarded in recognition of exceptional research achievement in the mathematical sciences.
Personal life
Darmon is married to Galia Dafni, also a mathematician at Concordia University. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson%20Gay%20Museum | The Tucson Gay Museum maintains an extensive collection of archival materials, artifacts and graphic arts relating to the history of LGBT people in the United States, with a focus on the LGBT communities of Tucson, Arizona and Phoenix, Arizona.
It became a member of the Arizona LGBTQIA+ Archives in 2020.
History
Established on June 10, 1967, the Tucson Gay Museum began as a project to archive the history of the Gay and Lesbian community in Tucson, Arizona. The collection has since expanded to encompass photographs, posters, flyers, publications, and memorabilia that chronicle the lives, places, events, and memories of the LGBTQ+ community. While its primary focus is on Tucson and other Arizona cities such as Phoenix, the museum also features select items from major cities across the United States, including locations in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Texas, Washington State and Washington D.C.
The archives house a vast collection of original photographs and records spanning from the 1800s to the 2020s. These documents chronicle the evolution of Gay and Lesbian groups in Phoenix and Tucson, capturing their political initiatives, organizations, bar histories, and club scenes. They shine a spotlight on Gay bathhouses, notable Drag Queen performers, and the non-political 'Gay' Pride celebrations of the 1950s and beyond. The collection also delves into somber moments, detailing Anti-Gay Hate Crimes, murders, and protests. Additionally, the archives honor Community Centers, Youth Groups, AIDS Organizations, Business Leagues, and the individuals who shaped these communities
Tucson Gay Museum is currently one of the museums and historical archives collections within the Arizona LGBTQ+ Museum. Museum historical preservation projects include production of LGBTQ+ related historical video and movie documentaries.
Traveling Phoenix Tucson LGBTQ+ Memories Projects And Related Exhibits
The Tucson LGBTQ+ Memories Project, which encompasses the histories of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia%20magna | Chirurgia magna (Latin for "Great [work on] Surgery"), fully titled the Inventarium sive chirurgia magna (Latin for "The Inventory, or the Great [work on] Surgery"), is a guide to surgery and practical medicine completed in 1363. Guy de Chauliac, Pope Clement VI's attending physician, compiled the information from his own field experience and research of historical medical texts. The original text is in Latin and comprises 465 pages. It was translated into various European languages: the version in Middle English has been published. This work became one of the most important reference manuals of practical medicine for the next three centuries. It was translated into Irish by Cormac Mac Duinnshléibhe.
The physician and bibliophile Tibulle Desbarreaux-Bernard (1798–1880) believed that the Chirurgia magna was originally written in Catalan at the medical school in Montpellier and that the extant Latin text is an early translation.
A modern edition of the Latin text, with commentary on sources, has been printed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI%20StarterWare | StarterWare was initially developed by TI as a free software package catering to their arm A8 and A9 microprocessors. Its primary purpose was to offer drivers and libraries with a consistent API tailored for processors within these microprocessor families. The package encompassed utilities and illustrative use cases across various applications. Despite TI's diminished active backing, the software lingers in open-source repositories on GitHub, primarily upholding support for widely used beagle boards that make use of these processors.
This software collection closely aligns with what many chip manufacturers refer to as a HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer). In TI's context, it's termed DAL (Device Abstraction Layer). Its role revolves around furnishing fundamental functionalities and an API that an operating system can conveniently adapt to. For those inclined to create baremetal programs by directly engaging with the starterware API, the package also offered documentation and assistance.
Texas Instruments
Embedded systems
System software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undefined%20variable | An undefined variable in the source code of a computer program is a variable that is accessed in the code but has not been declared by that code.
In some programming languages, an implicit declaration is provided the first time such a variable is encountered at compile time. In other languages such a usage is considered to be sufficiently serious that a diagnostic being issued and the compilation fails.
Some language definitions initially used the implicit declaration behavior and as they matured provided an option to disable it (e.g. Perl's "use warnings" or Visual Basic's "Option Explicit").
Examples
The following provides some examples of how various programming language implementations respond to undefined variables. Each code snippet is followed by an error message (if any).
CLISP
(setf y x)
*** - EVAL: variable X has no value
C
int main() {
int y = x;
return 0;
}
foo.c: In function `main':
foo.c:2: error: `x' undeclared (first use in this function)
foo.c:2: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once
foo.c:2: error: for each function it appears in.)
JavaScript
A ReferenceError only happens if the same piece of executed code has a or a (but not ) declaration later on, or if the code is executed in strict mode. In all other cases, the variable will have the special value .
"use strict";
let y = x;
let y = x;
let x; // causes error on line 1
ReferenceError: x is not defined
Source File: file:///c:/temp/foo.js
Lua
y = x
(no error, continuing)
print(y)
nil
ML (Standard ML of New Jersey)
val y = x;
stdIn:1.9 Error: unbound variable or constructor: x
MUMPS
Set Y=X
<UNDEF>
OCaml
let y = x;;
Unbound value x
Perl
my $y = ($x // 0) + 1; # defined-or operator
(no error)
PHP 5
$y = $x;
(no error)
$y="";
$x="";
error_reporting(E_ALL);
$y = $x;
PHP Notice: Undefined variable: x in foo.php on line 3
Python 2.4
>>> x = y
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'y' is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20account | A Microsoft account or MSA (previously known as Microsoft Passport, .NET Passport, and Windows Live ID) is a single sign-on personal user account for Microsoft customers to log in to consumer Microsoft services (like Outlook.com), devices running on one of Microsoft's current operating systems (e.g. Microsoft Windows computers and tablets, Xbox consoles), and Microsoft application software (including Visual Studio).
Overview
Microsoft account allows users to sign into websites that support this service using a single set of credentials. Microsoft account offers a user two different methods for creating an account:
Use an existing e-mail address: Users are able to use their own valid e-mail address to sign up for a Microsoft account. The service turns the requesting user's e-mail address into a Microsoft account ID. Users may also choose a password of their own choice.
Sign up for a Microsoft e-mail address: Users can also sign up for a free e-mail account through Outlook.com or MSN, with Microsoft's webmail services designated domains (i.e. @hotmail.com, @outlook.com, @msn.com) that can be used as a Microsoft account to sign into other Microsoft account-enabled websites.
The e-mail domains @live.com and @passport.com are discontinued but maintained.
Microsoft websites, services, and apps such as Bing, MSN and Xbox Live use Microsoft account as a means of identifying users. There are also several other companies that use it, such as the Hoyts website which is hosted by NineMSN.
Windows XP and later has an option to link a local Windows user account with a Microsoft account, thus automatically logging users in to their Microsoft account whenever a service is accessed. Starting with Windows Server 2012, Windows allows users to directly authenticate into their PCs using their Microsoft account rather than a local or domain user.
Login methods
In addition to using an account password, users can login to their Microsoft account by accepting a mobile notification sent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther%20Ritz | Walther Heinrich Wilhelm Ritz (22 February 1878 – 7 July 1909) was a Swiss theoretical physicist. He is most famous for his work with Johannes Rydberg on the Rydberg–Ritz combination principle. Ritz is also known for the variational method named after him, the Ritz method.
Life
Walter Ritz's father Raphael Ritz was born in Valais and was a well-known painter. His mother, born Nördlinger, was the daughter of an engineer from Tübingen. Ritz was a particularly gifted student and attended the municipal lyceum in Sion. In 1897, he entered the polytechnic school in Zurich, where he studied engineering. Soon, he found out that he could not live with the approximations and compromises associated with engineering, and so he switched to the more mathematically accurate physical sciences.
In 1900, Ritz contracted tuberculosis, possibly also pleurisy, which he later died from. In 1901 he moved to Göttingen for health reasons. There he was influenced by Woldemar Voigt and David Hilbert. Ritz wrote a dissertation on spectral lines of atoms and received his doctorate with summa cum laude. The theme later led to the Ritz combination principle and in 1913 to the atomic model of Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr.
In the spring of 1903, he heard lectures by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz in Leiden on electrodynamic problems and his new electron theory. In June 1903 he was in Bonn at the Heinrich Kayser Institute, where he found in potash a spectral line that he had predicted in his dissertation. In November 1903, he was in Paris at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. There he worked on infrared photo plates.
In July 1904 his illness worsened and he moved back to Zurich. The disease prevented him from publishing further scientific publications until 1906. In September 1907 he moved to Tübingen, the place of origin of his mother, and in 1908 again to Göttingen, where he became a private lecturer at the university. There he published his work Recherches critiques sur l'Electrodynamique Générale, s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli%20equation | In quantum mechanics, the Pauli equation or Schrödinger–Pauli equation is the formulation of the Schrödinger equation for spin-½ particles, which takes into account the interaction of the particle's spin with an external electromagnetic field. It is the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation and can be used where particles are moving at speeds much less than the speed of light, so that relativistic effects can be neglected. It was formulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1927.
Equation
For a particle of mass and electric charge , in an electromagnetic field described by the magnetic vector potential and the electric scalar potential , the Pauli equation reads:
Here are the Pauli operators collected into a vector for convenience, and is the momentum operator in position representation. The state of the system, (written in Dirac notation), can be considered as a two-component spinor wavefunction, or a column vector (after choice of basis):
.
The Hamiltonian operator is a 2 × 2 matrix because of the Pauli operators.
Substitution into the Schrödinger equation gives the Pauli equation. This Hamiltonian is similar to the classical Hamiltonian for a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field. See Lorentz force for details of this classical case. The kinetic energy term for a free particle in the absence of an electromagnetic field is just where is the kinetic momentum, while in the presence of an electromagnetic field it involves the minimal coupling , where now is the kinetic momentum and is the canonical momentum.
The Pauli operators can be removed from the kinetic energy term using the Pauli vector identity:
Note that unlike a vector, the differential operator has non-zero cross product with itself. This can be seen by considering the cross product applied to a scalar function :
where is the magnetic field.
For the full Pauli equation, one then obtains
for which only a few analytic results are known, e.g., in the context of Landau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Security%20Group | The Naval Security Group (NAVSECGRU) was an organization within the United States Navy, tasked with intelligence gathering and denial of intelligence to adversaries. A large part of this is signals intelligence gathering, cryptology and information assurance. The NAVSECGRU organization was active from March 1935 to September 2005.
In addition to being part of the Navy, NAVSECGRU was also part of the National Security Agency's Central Security Service.
The NAVSECGRU organization was transferred to the Naval Network Warfare Command (NETWARCOM) where its former assets made up the Information Operations Directorate. The service cryptologic commander role was transferred to United States Tenth Fleet 29 January 2010. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durability%20%28database%20systems%29 | In database systems, durability is the ACID property that guarantees that the effects of transactions that have been committed will survive permanently, even in case of failures, including incidents and catastrophic events. For example, if a flight booking reports that a seat has successfully been booked, then the seat will remain booked even if the system crashes.
Formally, a database system ensures the durability property if it tolerates three types of failures: transaction, system, and media failures. In particular, a transaction fails if its execution is interrupted before all its operations have been processed by the system. These kinds of interruptions can be originated at the transaction level by data-entry errors, operator cancellation, timeout, or application-specific errors, like withdrawing money from a bank account with insufficient funds. At the system level, a failure occurs if the contents of the volatile storage are lost, due, for instance, to system crashes, like out-of-memory events. At the media level, where media means a stable storage that withstands system failures, failures happen when the stable storage, or part of it, is lost. These cases are typically represented by disk failures.
Thus, to be durable, the database system should implement strategies and operations that guarantee that the effects of transactions that have been committed before the failure will survive the event (even by reconstruction), while the changes of incomplete transactions, which have not been committed yet at the time of failure, will be reverted and will not affect the state of the database system. These behaviours are proven to be correct when the execution of transactions has respectively the resilience and recoverability properties.
Mechanisms
In transaction-based systems, the mechanisms that assure durability are historically associated with the concept of reliability of systems, as proposed by Jim Gray in 1981. This concept includes durability, but it also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brucellosis | Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected animals, or close contact with their secretions. It is also known as undulant fever, Malta fever, and Mediterranean fever.
The bacteria causing this disease, Brucella, are small, Gram-negative, nonmotile, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped (coccobacilli) bacteria. They function as facultative intracellular parasites, causing chronic disease, which usually persists for life. Four species infect humans: B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, and B. suis. B. abortus is less virulent than B. melitensis and is primarily a disease of cattle. B. canis affects dogs. B. melitensis is the most virulent and invasive species; it usually infects goats and occasionally sheep. B. suis is of intermediate virulence and chiefly infects pigs. Symptoms include profuse sweating and joint and muscle pain. Brucellosis has been recognized in animals and humans since the early 20th century.
Signs and symptoms
The symptoms are like those associated with many other febrile diseases, but with emphasis on muscular pain and night sweats. The duration of the disease can vary from a few weeks to many months or even years.
In the first stage of the disease, bacteremia occurs and leads to the classic triad of undulant fevers, sweating (often with a characteristic foul, moldy smell sometimes likened to wet hay), and migratory arthralgia and myalgia (joint and muscle pain). Blood tests characteristically reveal a low number of white blood cells and red blood cells, show some elevation of liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and demonstrate positive Bengal rose and Huddleston reactions. Gastrointestinal symptoms occur in 70% of cases and include nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, unintentional weight loss, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, an enlarged liver, liver inflammation, liver abscess, and an enlarged spleen.
This complex is, at least in Portugal, Israel, Syria, and J |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caduceus%20as%20a%20symbol%20of%20medicine | The caduceus is the traditional symbol of Hermes and features two snakes winding around an often winged staff. It is often used as a symbol of medicine, especially in the United States, despite its ancient and consistent associations with trade, liars, thieves, eloquence, negotiation, alchemy, and wisdom.
The modern use of the caduceus as a symbol of medicine became established in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th century as a result of well-documented mistakes and misunderstandings of symbology and classical culture. Critics say the correct symbol for medicine is the Rod of Asclepius, which has only one snake and no wings.
Early use in a possible medical context
Before the ancient Romans and Greeks (about 2612 BCE), older representations from Syria and India of sticks and animals looking like serpents or worms are interpreted by some as a direct representation of traditional treatment of dracunculiasis, the Guinea worm disease.
While there is ample historical evidence of the use of the Caduceus, or Herald's Staff, to represent Hermes or Mercury (and by extension commerce and negotiation), early evidence of any symbolic association between the Caduceus and medicine or medical practice is scarce and ambiguous. It is likely linked to the alchemical "universal solvent", Azoth, the symbol of which was the caduceus.
The Guildhall Museum in London holds a 3rd-century oculist's seal with Caduceus symbols both top and bottom. The seal was apparently used to mark preparations of eye medicine. It is believed likely that rather than being evidence of a medical association per se, this is rather an allusion to the words of the Greek poet Homer who described the Caduceus as "possessing the ability to charm the eyes of men", which relates to the business of an oculist.
Walter Friedlander proposed that early association of the Caduceus with medicine might have derived from the association of Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Great Hermes") with early chemistry and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant%20centre%20of%20rotation | The instant center of rotation (also known as instantaneous velocity center, instantaneous center, or pole of planar displacement) of a body undergoing planar movement is a point that has zero velocity at a particular instant of time. At this instant, the velocity vectors of the other points in the body generate a circular field around this center of rotation which is identical to what is generated by a pure rotation.
Planar movement of a body is often described using a plane figure moving in a two-dimensional plane. The instant center is the point in the moving plane around which all other points are rotating at a specific instant of time.
The continuous movement of a plane has an instant center for every value of the time parameter. This generates a curve called the moving centrode. The points in the fixed plane corresponding to these instant centers form the fixed centrode.
The generalization of this concept to 3-dimensional space is that of a twist around a screw. The screw has an axis which is a line in 3D space (not necessarily through the origin), the axis of rotation; the screw also has a finite pitch (a fixed translation along its axis corresponding to a rotation about the screw axis).
Pole of a planar displacement
The instant center can be considered the limiting case of the pole of a planar displacement.
The planar displacement of a body from position 1 to position 2 is defined by the combination of a planar rotation and planar translation. For any planar displacement there is a point in the moving body that is in the same place before and after the displacement. The displacement can be viewed as a rotation around this pole.
Construction for the pole of a planar displacement: First, select two points A and B in the moving body and locate the corresponding points in the two positions; see the illustration. Construct the perpendicular bisectors to the two segments A1A2 and B1B2. The intersection P of these two bisectors is the pole of the planar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20Sommelier%20Association | Italian Sommelier Association, 'AIS' (, sometimes also as known as ) is an Italian non-profit organization founded in Milan on July 7, 1965, officially recognised and legally acknowledged by the Italian government on April 6, 1973, with formal President of the Republic decree #539 in 1973. Its founding members were Prof. Gianfranco Botti, Jean Valenti, Leonardo Guerra (tax advisor) and Italian sommelier Ernesto Rossi.
Italian Sommelier Association is part and founding member of the Worldwide Sommelier Association (WSA), which is officially recognized across the world, wherever it is present with an affiliate. AIS is one of the oldest and actually the largest sommelier association in the world.
Mission
The aim of the Italian Sommelier Association, as stated in the third article of its charter, is to qualify sommelier’s role and profession, therefore adding value to wine, traditional specialties and gastronomy culture. Its aim is also to promote, even in the legislative branch, the introduction of its didactic approach in hospitality related schools, as well as to endorse the sommelier's professional role, international recognition and esteem.
Activities
AIS features a main central office in Milan and many branches in each region of Italy which supervise all the local delegations which operate in almost any province throughout the country. Each branch features its president and delegates who promote local initiatives. Other than educational activity, Italian Sommelier Association organizes many food & beverage activities such as guided wine tastings, seminars, dinners, visits to vineyards and wineries and even cruises. It is also host and main partner to many official professional wine evaluations, services, consultings and exhibitions like, for example, Vinitaly.
Education
Diplomas & certificates issued by Italian Sommelier Association are officially recognized throughout the world, wherever WSA is present with an affiliate (United States, Canada, Mexico, Chile, B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%27s%20theorem%20on%20special%20divisors | In mathematics, Clifford's theorem on special divisors is a result of on algebraic curves, showing the constraints on special linear systems on a curve C.
Statement
A divisor on a Riemann surface C is a formal sum of points P on C with integer coefficients. One considers a divisor as a set of constraints on meromorphic functions in the function field of C, defining as the vector space of functions having poles only at points of D with positive coefficient, at most as bad as the coefficient indicates, and having zeros at points of D with negative coefficient, with at least that multiplicity. The dimension of is finite, and denoted . The linear system of divisors attached to D is the corresponding projective space of dimension .
The other significant invariant of D is its degree d, which is the sum of all its coefficients.
A divisor is called special if ℓ(K − D) > 0, where K is the canonical divisor.
Clifford's theorem states that for an effective special divisor D, one has:
,
and that equality holds only if D is zero or a canonical divisor, or if C is a hyperelliptic curve and D linearly equivalent to an integral multiple of a hyperelliptic divisor.
The Clifford index of C is then defined as the minimum of taken over all special divisors (except canonical and trivial), and Clifford's theorem states this is non-negative. It can be shown that the Clifford index for a generic curve of genus g is equal to the floor function
The Clifford index measures how far the curve is from being hyperelliptic. It may be thought of as a refinement of the gonality: in many cases the Clifford index is equal to the gonality minus 2.
Green's conjecture
A conjecture of Mark Green states that the Clifford index for a curve over the complex numbers that is not hyperelliptic should be determined by the extent to which C as canonical curve has linear syzygies. In detail, one defines the invariant a(C) in terms of the minimal free resolution of the homogeneous coordinate rin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthill%27s%20eighth%20power%20law | In aeroacoustics, Lighthill's eighth power law states that power of the sound created by a turbulent motion, far from the turbulence, is proportional to eighth power of the characteristic turbulent velocity, derived by Sir James Lighthill in 1952. This is used to calculate the total acoustic power of the jet noise. The law reads as
where
is the acoustic power in the far-field,
is the proportionality constant (or Lighthill's constant),
is the uniform fluid density,
is the speed of sound,
is the characteristic length scale of the turbulent source and
is the characteristic velocity scale of the turbulent source.
The eighth power is experimentally verified and found to be accurate for low speed flows, i.e., Mach number is small, . And also, the source has to be compact to apply this law. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borlaug%20Global%20Rust%20Initiative | The Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI - originally named the Global Rust Initiative) was founded in response to recommendations of a committee of international experts who met to consider a response to the threat the global food supply posed by the Ug99 strain of wheat rust. The BGRI was renamed the Borlaug Global Rust initiative in honor of Green Revolution pioneer and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug who worked to establish and lead the Global Rust Initiative.
The BGRI has the overarching objective of systematically reducing the world’s vulnerability to stem, yellow, and leaf rusts of wheat and advocating/facilitating the evolution of a sustainable international system to contain the threat of wheat rusts and continue the enhancements in productivity required to withstand future global threats to wheat.
Executive committee
Chair: Jeanie Borlaug Laube
Permanent Members
Ronnie Coffman (Cornell University), Vice Chairman of BGRI
Martin Kropf, Director General, CIMMYT,
Trilochan Mohapatra, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research,
Mahmoud Solh Director General, ICARDA
Clayton Campanhola, Director of Agricultural Support Systems FAO
Rotating Members
John Manners, Director, CSIRO Agriculture
David Wall, Acting Director Research, Development and Technology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Huajin Tang, VP for International Collaboration, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Lene Lange, Director of Research, Aalborg University, Denmark
Fentahun Mengistu, Director General, Ethiopian Institute for Agricultural Research
Abd El Moneam El Banna, President, Egyptian Agricultural Research Center
Eskander Zand, Deputy Minister and Head, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Iran
Eliud Kireger, Director General, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization
Masum Burak, Director General of the General Directorate of Agricultural Research, Turkey
Iftikhar Ahmad, Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlog | A vlog (), also known as a video blog or video log, is a form of blog for which the medium is video. Vlog entries often combine embedded video (or a video link) with supporting text, images, and other metadata. Entries can be recorded in one take or cut into multiple parts. The vlog category is popular on the video-sharing platform YouTube.
In recent years, "vlogging" has spawned a large community on social media, becoming one of the most popular forms of digital entertainment. It is popularly believed that, alongside being entertaining, vlogs can deliver deep context through imagery as opposed to written blogs.
Video logs (vlogs) also often take advantage of web syndication to allow for the distribution of video over the Internet using either the RSS or Atom syndication formats, for automatic aggregation and playback on mobile devices and personal computers (see video podcast).
History
In the 1980s, New York artist Nelson Sullivan documented his experiences travelling around New York City and South Carolina by recording videos in a distinctive vlog-like style.
On January 2, 2000, Adam Kontras posted a video alongside a blog entry aimed at informing his friends and family of his cross-country move to Los Angeles in pursuit of show business, marking the first post on what would later become the longest-running video blog in history. In November of that year, Adrian Miles posted a video of changing text on a still image, coining the term vog to refer to his video blog. Filmmaker and musician Luuk Bouwman started in 2002 the now-defunct Tropisms.org site as a video diary of his post-college travels, one of the first sites to be called a vlog or videolog. In 2004, Steve Garfield launched his own video blog and declared that year "the year of the video blog".
YouTube
Vlogging saw a strong increase in popularity beginning in 2005. The most popular video sharing site, YouTube, was founded in February 2005. The site's co-founder Jawed Karim uploaded the first YouTube |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased-array%20optics | Phased-array optics is the technology of controlling the phase and amplitude of light waves transmitting, reflecting, or captured (received) by a two-dimensional surface using adjustable surface elements. An optical phased array (OPA) is the optical analog of a radio-wave phased array. By dynamically controlling the optical properties of a surface on a microscopic scale, it is possible to steer the direction of light beams (in an OPA transmitter), or the view direction of sensors (in an OPA receiver), without any moving parts. Phased-array beam steering is used for optical switching and multiplexing in optoelectronic devices and for aiming laser beams on a macroscopic scale.
Complicated patterns of phase variation can be used to produce diffractive optical elements, such as dynamic virtual lenses, for beam focusing or splitting in addition to aiming. Dynamic phase variation can also produce real-time holograms. Devices permitting detailed addressable phase control over two dimensions are a type of spatial light modulator (SLM).
Transmitter
An optical phased-array transmitter includes a light source (laser), power splitters, phase shifters, and an array of radiating elements. The output light of the laser source is split into several branches using a power splitter tree. Each branch is then fed to a tunable phase shifter. The phase-shifted light is input to a radiating element (a nanophotonic antenna) that couples the light into free space. Light radiated by the elements is combined in the far-field and forms the far-field pattern of the array. By adjusting the relative phase shift between the elements, a beam can be formed and steered.
Receiver
In an optical phased-array receiver, the incident light (usually coherent light) on a surface is captured by a collection of nanophotonic antennas that are placed on a 1D or 2D array. The light received by each element is phase-shifted and amplitude-weighted on a chip. These signals are then added together in the optic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plant%20communities%20in%20the%20British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification | The following is the list of the 286 plant communities which comprise the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC). These are grouped by major habitat category, as used in the five volumes of British Plant Communities, the standard work describing the NVC.
Woodland and scrub communities
The following 25 communities are described in Volume 1 of British Plant Communities. For an article summarising these communities see Woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
W1 Salix cinerea - Galium palustre woodland
W2 Salix cinerea - Betula pubescens - Phragmites australis woodland
W3 Salix pentandra - Carex rostrata woodland
W4 Betula pubescens - Molinia caerulea woodland
W5 Alnus glutinosa - Carex paniculata woodland
W6 Alnus glutinosa - Urtica dioica woodland
W7 Alnus glutinosa - Fraxinus excelsior - Lysimachia nemorum woodland
W8 Fraxinus excelsior - Acer campestre - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W9 Fraxinus excelsior - Sorbus aucuparia - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W10 Quercus robur - Pteridium aquilinum - Rubus fruticosus woodland
W11 Quercus petraea - Betula pubescens - Oxalis acetosella woodland
W12 Fagus sylvatica - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W13 Taxus baccata woodland
W14 Fagus sylvatica - Rubus fruticosus woodland
W15 Fagus sylvatica - Deschampsia flexuosa woodland
W16 Quercus spp. - Betula spp. - Deschampsia flexuosa woodland
W17 Quercus petraea - Betula pubescens - Dicranum majus woodland
W18 Pinus sylvestris - Hylocomium splendens woodland
W19 Juniperus communis ssp. communis - Oxalis acetosella woodland
W20 Salix lapponum - Luzula sylvatica scrub
W21 Crataegus monogyna - Hedera helix scrub
W22 Prunus spinosa - Rubus fruticosus scrub
W23 Ulex europaeus - Rubus fruticosus scrub
W24 Rubus fruticosus - Holcus lanatus underscrub
W25 Pteridium aquilinum - Rubus fruticosus underscrub
Mires
The following 38 communities are described in Volume 2 of British Plant Communities. For an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance%20poppy | A remembrance poppy is an artificial flower worn in some countries to commemorate their military personnel who died in war. Remembrance poppies are produced by veterans' associations, who exchange the poppies for charitable donations used to give financial, social and emotional support to members and veterans of the armed forces.
Inspired by the war poem "In Flanders Fields", and promoted by Moina Michael, they were first used near the end of World War I to commemorate British Empire and United States military casualties of the war. Madame Guérin established the first "Poppy Days" to raise funds for veterans, widows, orphans, liberty bonds, and charities such as the Red Cross.
Remembrance poppies are most commonly worn in Commonwealth countries, where it has been trademarked by veterans' associations for fundraising. Remembrance poppies in Commonwealth countries are often worn on clothing in the weeks leading up to Remembrance Day, with poppy wreaths also being laid at war memorials on that day. However, in New Zealand, remembrance poppies are most commonly worn on Anzac Day.
The red remembrance poppy has inspired the design of several other commemorative poppies that observe different aspects of war and peace.
Origins
References to war and poppies in Flanders can be found as early as the 19th century, in the book The Scottish Soldiers of Fortune by James Grant:
The opening lines of the World War I poem "In Flanders Fields" refer to Flanders poppies growing among the graves of war victims in a region of Belgium. The poem is written from the point of view of the fallen soldiers and in its last verse, the soldiers call on the living to continue the conflict. The poem was written by Canadian physician John McCrae on 3 May 1915 after witnessing the death of his friend and fellow soldier the day before. The poem was first published on 8 December 1915 in the London-based magazine Punch.
Moina Michael, who had taken leave from her professorship at the University of G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext%20indistinguishability | Ciphertext indistinguishability is a property of many encryption schemes. Intuitively, if a cryptosystem possesses the property of indistinguishability, then an adversary will be unable to distinguish pairs of ciphertexts based on the message they encrypt. The property of indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is considered a basic requirement for most provably secure public key cryptosystems, though some schemes also provide indistinguishability under chosen ciphertext attack and adaptive chosen ciphertext attack. Indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack is equivalent to the property of semantic security, and many cryptographic proofs use these definitions interchangeably.
A cryptosystem is considered secure in terms of indistinguishability if no adversary, given an encryption of a message randomly chosen from a two-element message space determined by the adversary, can identify the message choice with probability significantly better than that of random guessing (). If any adversary can succeed in distinguishing the chosen ciphertext with a probability significantly greater than , then this adversary is considered to have an "advantage" in distinguishing the ciphertext, and the scheme is not considered secure in terms of indistinguishability. This definition encompasses the notion that in a secure scheme, the adversary should learn no information from seeing a ciphertext. Therefore, the adversary should be able to do no better than if it guessed randomly.
Formal definitions
Security in terms of indistinguishability has many definitions, depending on assumptions made about the capabilities of the attacker. It is normally presented as a game, where the cryptosystem is considered secure if no adversary can win the game with significantly greater probability than an adversary who must guess randomly. The most common definitions used in cryptography are indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack (abbreviated IND-CPA), indistinguishabil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse%20reflectance%20spectroscopy | Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, or diffuse reflection spectroscopy, is a subset of absorption spectroscopy. It is sometimes called remission spectroscopy. Remission is the reflection or back-scattering of light by a material, while transmission is the passage of light through a material. The word remission implies a direction of scatter, independent of the scattering process. Remission includes both specular and diffusely back-scattered light. The word reflection often implies a particular physical process, such as specular reflection.
The use of the term remission spectroscopy is relatively recent, and found first use in applications related to medicine and biochemistry. While the term is becoming more common in certain areas of absorption spectroscopy, the term diffuse reflectance is firmly entrenched, as in diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and diffuse-reflectance ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy.
Mathematical treatments related to diffuse reflectance and transmittance
The mathematical treatments of absorption spectroscopy for scattering materials were originally largely borrowed from other fields. The most successful treatments use the concept of dividing a sample into layers, called plane parallel layers. They are generally those consistent with a two-flux or two-stream approximation. Some of the treatments require all the scattered light, both remitted and transmitted light, to be measured. Others apply only to remitted light, with the assumption that the sample is "infinitely thick" and transmits no light. These are special cases of the more general treatments.
There are several general treatments, all of which are compatible with each other, related to the mathematics of plane parallel layers. They are the Stokes formulas, equations of Benford, Hecht finite difference formula, and the Dahm equation. For the special case of infinitesimal layers, the Kubelka–Munk and Schuster–Kortüm treatments also give compat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquet%E2%80%93Langlands%20correspondence | In mathematics, the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence is a correspondence between automorphic forms on GL2 and its twisted forms, proved by in their book Automorphic Forms on GL(2) using the Selberg trace formula. It was one of the first examples of the Langlands philosophy that maps between L-groups should induce maps between automorphic representations. There are generalized versions of the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence relating automorphic representations of GLr(D) and GLdr(F), where D is a division algebra of degree d2 over the local or global field F.
Suppose that G is an inner twist of the algebraic group GL2, in other words the multiplicative group of a quaternion algebra. The Jacquet–Langlands correspondence is bijection between
Automorphic representations of G of dimension greater than 1
Cuspidal automorphic representations of GL2 that are square integrable (modulo the center) at each ramified place of G.
Corresponding representations have the same local components at all unramified places of G.
and extended the Jacquet–Langlands correspondence to division algebras of higher dimension. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrase | Polycrase or polycrase-(Y) is a black or brown metallic complex uranium yttrium oxide mineral with the chemical formula . It is amorphous. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 to 6 and a specific gravity of 5. It is radioactive due to its uranium content (around 6%). It occurs in granitic pegmatites.
Polycrase forms a continuous series with the niobium rich rare earth oxide euxenite.
It was first described in 1870 at Rasvag, Hidra (Hittero) Island, near Flekkefjord, Norway. It is found in Sweden, Norway, and the United States. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farabeuf%27s%20triangle | Farabeuf's triangle is the triangular space in the upper portion of the neck where the bifurcation of the carotid artery can be seen. It is limited: the rear: the jugular vein; internal below and beyond: the facial vein; above and beyond: the hypoglossal nerve. This triangle serves as a reference to locate surgery elements that are in the carotid triangle.
The triangle of Farabeuf is bounded by the internal jugular vein (posterior), common facial vein (anterior-inferior) and hypoglossal nerve (anterior-superior). The jugulodigastric lymph node is commonly found within these boundaries, and drains the pharyngeal tonsil. The triangle had surgical significance in the late 19th century but now serves only for historical interest. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger%20protein%20121 | Zinc finger protein 121 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF121 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trax%20Models | Trax Models is a range of diecast model cars and buses in the scales of 1:24, 1:43 and 1:76 produced by Trax Corporation Pty Ltd. The line consists of vehicles made in China for the Australian market. The company is controlled by the Australian firm Top Gear, but the Top Gear name does not appear on Trax vehicles nor boxes. The company was formed in 1980, by John Eassie, initially involved with Australian model trains. John branched off into 1:43 diecast cars in 1986, with car models being distributed via the model train retailers. John sold the company to Frank Tregellas, previously General Manager of Matchbox Toys Australia and Matchbox Collectibles and Robert Hill who managed Matchbox Collectibles.
Model series
Most Trax models are cast in 1:43 scale and are replicas of Australian vehicles. Details are accurately rendered. The standard Trax car range, normally labeled as "Trax Australian Motoring History" on the boxes, includes GM Holden (FJs, Monaros, Toranas, Commodores, etc.), Ford (early Fairlanes, but mostly Falcon variations), and Chryslers (mostly Valiants and Valiant Chargers). Early models were often more sporty vehicles but later the company became quite prolific, making saloons, utes, race cars, taxis, and all sorts of liveried vehicles. Top Gear also produces the 1:43 scale Opal Series which features vehicles with opening doors, opening bonnet and boot lid. Opal models come in premium packaging.
The Select Series are 1:43 scale limited production resin models made to order and specifically tailored to cover less-common or more exclusive models where multiple versions of each in diecast would be impractical. An example of this is the Leyland P76 Force 7 Coupe. Leyland Australia only made ten, which were used for journalists and display purposes for the 1974 Melbourne Motor Show. The resin models allow for a greater level of detail unattainable in diecast.
Superscale is Top Gear's venture into the 1:24 scale market where larger versions of Austra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoroideae | Microsoroideae is a subfamily in the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Microsoreae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae sensu lato. In either treatment, it includes the previously separated tribe Lepisoreae.
Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the subfamily Microsoroideae has been described as "highly problematic". The division into genera varies considerably. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognized the following genera, while accepting that some needed further evaluation:
Goniophlebium (Blume) C.Presl
Lecanopteris Reinw. ex Blume
Lemmaphyllum C.Presl
Lepidomicrosorium Ching & K.H.Shing
Lepisorus (J.Sm.) Ching
Leptochilus Kaulf. (including Kontumia)
Microsorum Link (including Dendroconche, Kaulinia)
Neocheiropteris Christ.
Neolepisorus Ching
Paragramma (Blume) T.Moore
Thylacopteris Kunze ex J.Sm.
Tricholepidium Ching
A molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 suggested the following relationship between the PPG I genera (Thylacopteris was not included in the study):
Species placed in the PPG I genera Lepidomicrosorium, Neocheiropteris, Neolepisorus and Tricholepidium were intermingled in a single clade. Although Lemmaphyllum and Lepisorus s.s. were monophyletic, the authors suggested a single broadly circumscribed Lepisorus s.l. for all of these genera. Three clades, mainly comprising species previously placed in Microsorum, were closely related to Lecanopteris s.s. and distinct from other clades in the subfamily. Rather than expanding the circumscription of Lecanopteris, the authors of the study preferred to use four genera, reviving Dendroconche and erecting two new genera Bosmania and Zealandia.
, Lepisorus s.l. and Lecanopteris s.l. are treated differently by PPG I, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World (CFLW) and Plants of the World Online (PoWO), as shown in the following tables. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%20scheme | In mathematics, the Johnson scheme, named after Selmer M. Johnson, is also known as the triangular association scheme. It consists of the set of all binary vectors X of length ℓ and weight n, such that . Two vectors x, y ∈ X are called ith associates if dist(x, y) = 2i for i = 0, 1, ..., n. The eigenvalues are given by
where
and Ek(x) is an Eberlein polynomial defined by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong%20Han%20Kim | Jeong Han Kim (; born July 20, 1962) is a South Korean mathematician.
He studied physics and mathematical physics at Yonsei University, and earned his Ph.D. in mathematics at Rutgers University. He was a researcher at AT&T Bell Labs and at Microsoft Research, and was Underwood Chair Professor of Mathematics at Yonsei University. He is currently a Professor of the School of Computational Sciences at the Korea Institute for Advanced Study.
His main research fields are combinatorics and computational mathematics. His best known contribution to the field is his proof that the Ramsey number R(3,t) has asymptotic order of magnitude t2/log t. He received the Fulkerson Prize in 1997 for his contributions to Ramsey theory.
In 2008, he became president of the National Institute for Mathematical Sciences of South Korea and was also awarded the Kyung-Ahm Prize. He was discharged of the position in 2011 after being accused of having allegedly misappropriated research funds. However, he was found not guilty by prosecution's investigation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20integral | In quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, loop integrals are the integrals which appear when evaluating the Feynman diagrams with one or more loops by integrating over the internal momenta. These integrals are used to determine counterterms, which in turn allow evaluation of the beta function, which encodes the dependence of coupling for an interaction on an energy scale .
One-loop integral
Generic formula
A generic one-loop integral, for example those appearing in one-loop renormalization of QED or QCD may be written as a linear combination of terms in the form
where the are 4-momenta which are linear combinations of the external momenta, and the are masses of interacting particles. This expression uses Euclidean signature. In Lorentzian signature the denominator would instead be a product of expressions of the form .
Using Feynman parametrization, this can be rewritten as a linear combination of integrals of the form
where the 4-vector and are functions of the and the Feynman parameters. This integral is also integrated over the domain of the Feynman parameters. The integral is an isotropic tensor and so can be written as an isotropic tensor without dependence (but possibly dependent on the dimension ), multiplied by the integral
Note that if were odd, then the integral vanishes, so we can define .
Regularizing the integral
Cutoff regularization
In Wilsonian renormalization, the integral is made finite by specifying a cutoff scale . The integral to be evaluated is then
where is shorthand for integration over the domain . The expression is finite, but in general as , the expression diverges.
Dimensional regularization
The integral without a momentum cutoff may be evaluated as
where is the Beta function. For calculations in the renormalization of QED or QCD, takes values and .
For loop integrals in QFT, actually has a pole for relevant values of and . For example in scalar theory in 4 dimensions, the loop integral in the calculat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20and%20Its%20Interface | Statistics and Its Interface is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering the interface between the field of statistics and other disciplines. The journal was established in 2008 and is published by International Press. The editor-in-chief is Heping Zhang (Yale University). The journal is abstracted and indexed in MathSciNet, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Zentralblatt MATH. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.933 - the second highest among all statistical journals that publish original articles. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon-like%20peptide-2 | Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33 amino acid peptide with the sequence HADGSFSDEMNTILDNLAARDFINWLIQTKITD (see Proteinogenic amino acid) in humans. GLP-2 is created by specific post-translational proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon in a process that also liberates the related glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-2 is produced by the intestinal endocrine L cell and by various neurons in the central nervous system. Intestinal GLP-2 is co-secreted along with GLP-1 upon nutrient ingestion.
When externally administered, GLP-2 produces a number of effects in humans and rodents, including intestinal growth, enhancement of intestinal function, reduction in bone breakdown and neuroprotection. GLP-2 may act in an endocrine fashion to link intestinal growth and metabolism with nutrient intake. GLP-2 and related analogs may be treatments for short bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, osteoporosis and as adjuvant therapy during cancer chemotherapy.
GLP-2 has an antidepressant effect in a mouse model of depression when delivered via intracerebroventricular injection. However, a GLP-2 derivative (PAS-CPP-GLP-2) was shown to be efficiently delivered to the brain intranasally, with similar efficacy.
See also
Glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmarklet | A bookmarklet is a bookmark stored in a web browser that contains JavaScript commands that add new features to the browser. They are stored as the URL of a bookmark in a web browser or as a hyperlink on a web page. Bookmarklets are usually small snippets of JavaScript executed when user clicks on them. When clicked, bookmarklets can perform a wide variety of operations, such as running a search query from selected text or extracting data from a table.
Another name for bookmarklet is favelet or favlet, derived from favorites (synonym of bookmark).
History
Steve Kangas of bookmarklets.com coined the word bookmarklet when he started to create short scripts based on a suggestion in Netscape's JavaScript guide. Before that, Tantek Çelik called these scripts favelets and used that word as early as on 6 September 2001 (personal email). Brendan Eich, who developed JavaScript at Netscape, gave this account of the origin of bookmarklets:
The increased implementation of Content Security Policy (CSP) in websites has caused problems with bookmarklet execution and usage (2013-2015), with some suggesting that this hails the end or death of bookmarklets. William Donnelly created a work-around solution for this problem (in the specific instance of loading, referencing and using JavaScript library code) in early 2015 using a Greasemonkey userscript (Firefox / Pale Moon browser add-on extension) and a simple bookmarklet-userscript communication protocol. It allows (library-based) bookmarklets to be executed on any and all websites, including those using CSP and having an https:// URI scheme. Note, however, that if/when browsers support disabling/disallowing inline script execution using CSP, and if/when websites begin to implement that feature, it will "break" this "fix".
Concept
Web browsers use URIs for the href attribute of the <a> tag and for bookmarks. The URI scheme, such as http or ftp, and which generally specifies the protocol, determines the format of the rest of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choix%20des%20plus%20belles%20fleurs | Choix des plus belles fleurs (The most beautiful flowers) is a book of watercolors by the Belgian artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté. It has 144 color pictures reproduced by copperplates.
Description
The full title in French is Choix des plus belles fleurs et de quelques branches des plus beaux fruits: Dédié à LL. AA. RR. les princesses Louise et Marie d'Orléans (1827). A folio edition was printed with color pages in Paris in 1827.
From May 1827 to June 1833 144 special pages were printed with pictures. The work consisted of 36 parts, each containing four pictures of flowers, flowering trees or fruits.
Redouté worked for half a century as an art teacher of French queens and princesses. He dedicated the book of beautiful flowers and fruits to his pupils Louise and Princess Marie of Orléans.
Flowers and Fruit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Enterprise%20Defense%20Infrastructure | The Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) contract was a large United States Department of Defense cloud computing contract which has been reported as being worth $10 billion over ten years. JEDI was meant to be a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) implementation of existing technology, while providing economies of scale to DoD.
Controversy
Companies interested in the contract included Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle. After protests from Google employees, Google decided to drop out of contention for the contract because of conflict with its corporate values. The deal was considered "gift-wrapped for Amazon" until Oracle (co-chaired by Safra Catz) contested the contract, citing the National Defense Authorization Act over IDIQ contracts and the conflicts of interest from Deap Ubhi, who worked for Amazon both before and after his time in the Department of Defense. This led Eric G. Bruggink, senior judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims, to place the contract award on hold.
In August 2019, weeks before the winner was expected to be announced, President Donald Trump ordered the contract placed on hold again for Defense Secretary Mark Esper to investigate complaints of favoritism towards Amazon. In October 2019, it was announced that the contract was awarded to Microsoft. Media has noted Trump's dislike towards Amazon's founder, Jeff Bezos, owner of the Washington Post, a newspaper critical of Trump. According to Bezos, Trump "used his power to 'screw Amazon' out of the JEDI Contract". The JEDI contract was awarded to Microsoft on October 25, 2019, the DoD announced, but AWS filed documents with the Court of Federal Claims on November 22, 2019 challenging the award; its legal strategy included calling Trump to testify.
A federal judge, Patricia Campbell-Smith, halted Microsoft's work on the project on February 13, 2020, a day before the system was scheduled to go live, awaiting a resolution in Amazon's suit. She said that Amazon's claims are reas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical%20dominance | In botany, apical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main, central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems; on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side twigs.
Plant physiology describes apical dominance as the control exerted by the terminal bud (and shoot apex) over the outgrowth of lateral buds.
Overview
Apical dominance occurs when the shoot apex inhibits the growth of lateral buds so that the plant may grow vertically. It is important for the plant to devote energy to growing upward so that it can get more light to undergo photosynthesis. If the plant utilizes available energy for growing upward, it may be able to outcompete other individuals in the vicinity. Plants that were capable of outcompeting neighboring plants likely had higher fitness. Apical dominance is therefore most likely adaptive.
Typically, the end of a shoot contains an apical bud, which is the location where shoot growth occurs. The apical bud produces a plant hormone, auxin, (IAA) that inhibits growth of the lateral buds further down on the stem towards the axillary bud. Auxin is predominantly produced in the growing shoot apex and is transported throughout the plant via the phloem and diffuses into lateral buds which prevents elongation. That auxin likely regulates apical dominance was first discovered in 1934.
When the apical bud is removed, the lowered IAA concentration allows the lateral buds to grow and produce new shoots, which compete to become the lead growth.
Apex removal
Plant physiologists have identified four different stages the plant goes through after the apex is removed (Stages I-IV). The four stages are referred to as
lateral bud formation,
"imposition of inhibition" (apical dominance),
initiation of lateral bud outgrowth following decapitation, and
elongation and development of the lateral bud into a branch.
These stages can also be defined by the hormones that are regulating t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jervine | Jervine is a steroidal alkaloid with molecular formula C27H39NO3 which is derived from the plant genus Veratrum. Similar to cyclopamine, which also occurs in the genus Veratrum, it is a teratogen implicated in birth defects when consumed by animals during a certain period of their gestation.
Physiological effects
Jervine is a potent teratogen causing birth defects in vertebrates. In severe cases it can cause cyclopia and holoprosencephaly.
Mechanism of action
Jervine's biological activity is mediated via its interaction with the 7 pass trans membrane protein smoothened. Jervine binds with and inhibits smoothened, which is an integral part of the hedgehog signaling pathways. With smoothened inhibited, the GLI1 transcription cannot be activated and hedgehog target genes cannot be transcribed. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal%20locomotion | Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In habitats in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may scale trees only occasionally, but others are exclusively arboreal. The habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving through them and lead to a variety of anatomical, behavioral and ecological consequences as well as variations throughout different species. Furthermore, many of these same principles may be applied to climbing without trees, such as on rock piles or mountains.
Some animals are exclusively arboreal in habitat, such as the tree snail.
Biomechanics
Arboreal habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals moving in them, which have been solved in diverse ways. These challenges include moving on narrow branches, moving up and down inclines, balancing, crossing gaps, and dealing with obstructions.
Diameter
Moving along narrow surfaces, such as a branch of a tree, can create special difficulties for animals who are not adapted to deal with balancing on small diameter substrates. During locomotion on the ground, the location of the center of mass may swing from side to side. But during arboreal locomotion, this would result in the center of mass moving beyond the edge of the branch, resulting in a tendency to topple over and fall. Not only do some arboreal animals have to be able to move on branches of varying diameter, but they also have to eat on these branches, resulting in the need for the ability to balance while using their hands to feed themselves. This resulted in various types of grasping such as pedal grasping in order to clamp themselves onto small branches for better balance.
Incline
Branches are frequently oriented at an angle to gravity in arboreal habitats, including being vertical, which poses special problems. As an animal moves up an inclined branch, it must fight the force of gravity to raise its body, making the movement more difficult. To get past thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstructure | Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. The microstructure of a material (such as metals, polymers, ceramics or composites) can strongly influence physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion resistance, high/low temperature behaviour or wear resistance. These properties in turn govern the application of these materials in industrial practice.
Microstructure at scales smaller than can be viewed with optical microscopes is often called nanostructure, while the structure in which individual atoms are arranged is known as crystal structure. The nanostructure of biological specimens is referred to as ultrastructure. A microstructure’s influence on the mechanical and physical properties of a material is primarily governed by the different defects present or absent of the structure. These defects can take many forms but the primary ones are the pores. Even if those pores play a very important role in the definition of the characteristics of a material, so does its composition. In fact, for many materials, different phases can exist at the same time. These phases have different properties and if managed correctly, can prevent the fracture of the material.
Methods
The concept of microstructure is observable in macrostructural features in commonplace objects. Galvanized steel, such as the casing of a lamp post or road divider, exhibits a non-uniformly colored patchwork of interlocking polygons of different shades of grey or silver. Each polygon is a single crystal of zinc adhering to the surface of the steel beneath. Zinc and lead are two common metals which form large crystals (grains) visible to the naked eye. The atoms in each grain are organized into one of seven 3d stacking arrangements or crystal lattices (cubic, tetrahedral, hexagonal, monoclinic, triclinic, rhombohedral and orthorhombic). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal%20transmittance | Thermal transmittance is the rate of transfer of heat through matter. The thermal transmittance of a material (such as insulation or concrete) or an assembly (such as a wall or window) is expressed as a U-value. The thermal insulance of a structure is the reciprocal of its thermal transmittance.
U-value
Although the concept of U-value (or U-factor) is universal, U-values can be expressed in different units. In most countries, U-value is expressed in SI units, as watts per square metre-kelvin:
W/(m2⋅K)
In the United States, U-value is expressed as British thermal units (Btu) per hour-square feet-degrees Fahrenheit:
Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)
Within this article, U-values are expressed in SI unless otherwise noted. To convert from SI to US customary values, divide by 5.678.
Well-insulated parts of a building have a low thermal transmittance whereas poorly insulated parts of a building have a high thermal transmittance. Losses due to thermal radiation, thermal convection and thermal conduction are taken into account in the U-value. Although it has the same units as heat transfer coefficient, thermal transmittance is different in that the heat transfer coefficient is used to solely describe heat transfer in fluids while thermal transmittance is used to simplify an equation that has several different forms of thermal resistances.
It is described by the equation:
Φ = A × U × (T1 - T2)
where Φ is the heat transfer in watts, U is the thermal transmittance, T1 is the temperature on one side of the structure, T2 is the temperature on the other side of the structure and A is the area in square metres.
Thermal transmittances of most walls and roofs can be calculated using ISO 6946, unless there is metal bridging the insulation in which case it can be calculated using ISO 10211. For most ground floors it can be calculated using ISO 13370. For most windows the thermal transmittance can be calculated using ISO 10077 or ISO 15099. ISO 9869 describes how to measure the thermal transmi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytic%20acid | Phytic acid is a six-fold dihydrogenphosphate ester of inositol (specifically, of the myo isomer), also called inositol hexaphosphate, inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) or inositol polyphosphate. At physiological pH, the phosphates are partially ionized, resulting in the phytate anion.
The (myo) phytate anion is a colorless species that has significant nutritional role as the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. It is also present in many legumes, cereals, and grains. Phytic acid and phytate have a strong binding affinity to the dietary minerals, calcium, iron, and zinc, inhibiting their absorption in the small intestine.
The lower inositol polyphosphates are inositol esters with less than six phosphates, such as inositol penta- (IP5), tetra- (IP4), and triphosphate (IP3). These occur in nature as catabolites of phytic acid.
Significance in agriculture
Phytic acid was discovered in 1903.
Generally, phosphorus and inositol in phytate form are not bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because these animals lack the enzyme phytase required to hydrolyze the inositol-phosphate linkages. Ruminants are able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by rumen microorganisms.
In most commercial agriculture, non-ruminant livestock, such as swine, fowl, and fish, are fed mainly grains, such as maize, legumes, and soybeans. Because phytate from these grains and beans is unavailable for absorption, the unabsorbed phytate passes through the gastrointestinal tract, elevating the amount of phosphorus in the manure. Excess phosphorus excretion can lead to environmental problems, such as eutrophication. The use of sprouted grains may reduce the quantity of phytic acids in feed, with no significant reduction of nutritional value.
Also, viable low-phytic acid mutant lines have been developed in several crop species in which the seeds have drastically reduced levels of phytic acid and concomitant increases in inorganic phosph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonholonomic%20system | A nonholonomic system in physics and mathematics is a physical system whose state depends on the path taken in order to achieve it. Such a system is described by a set of parameters subject to differential constraints and non-linear constraints, such that when the system evolves along a path in its parameter space (the parameters varying continuously in values) but finally returns to the original set of parameter values at the start of the path, the system itself may not have returned to its original state. Nonholonomic mechanics is autonomous division of Newtonian mechanics.
Details
More precisely, a nonholonomic system, also called an anholonomic system, is one in which there is a continuous closed circuit of the governing parameters, by which the system may be transformed from any given state to any other state. Because the final state of the system depends on the intermediate values of its trajectory through parameter space, the system cannot be represented by a conservative potential function as can, for example, the inverse square law of the gravitational force. This latter is an example of a holonomic system: path integrals in the system depend only upon the initial and final states of the system (positions in the potential), completely independent of the trajectory of transition between those states. The system is therefore said to be integrable, while the nonholonomic system is said to be nonintegrable. When a path integral is computed in a nonholonomic system, the value represents a deviation within some range of admissible values and this deviation is said to be an anholonomy produced by the specific path under consideration. This term was introduced by Heinrich Hertz in 1894.
The general character of anholonomic systems is that of implicitly dependent parameters. If the implicit dependency can be removed, for example by raising the dimension of the space, thereby adding at least one additional parameter, the system is not truly nonholonomic, but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20model | A scale model is a physical model which is geometrically similar to an object (known as the prototype). Scale models are generally smaller than large prototypes such as vehicles, buildings, or people; but may be larger than small prototypes such as anatomical structures or subatomic particles. Models built to the same scale as the prototype are called mockups.
Scale models are used as tools in engineering design and testing, promotion and sales, filmmaking special effects, military strategy, and hobbies such as rail transport modeling, wargaming and racing; and as toys. Model building is also pursued as a hobby for the sake of artisanship.
Scale models are constructed of plastic, wood, or metal. They are usually painted with enamel, lacquer, or acrylics.
Model prototypes include all types of vehicles (railroad trains, cars, trucks, military vehicles, aircraft, and spacecraft), buildings, people, and science fiction themes (spaceships and robots).
Methods
Models are built to scale, defined as the ratio of any linear dimension of the model to the equivalent dimension on the full-size subject (called the "prototype"), expressed either as a ratio with a colon (ex. 1:8 scale), or as a fraction with a slash (1/8 scale). This designates that 1 inch (or centimeter) on the model represents 8 such units on the prototype. In English-speaking countries, the scale is sometimes expressed as the number of feet on the prototype corresponding to one inch on the model, e.g. 1:48 scale = "1 inch to 4 feet", 1:96 = "1 inch to 8 feet", etc.
Models are obtained by three different means: kit assembly, scratch building, and collecting pre-assembled models. Scratch building is the only option available to structural engineers, and among hobbyists requires the highest level of skill, craftsmanship, and time; scratch builders tend to be the most concerned with accuracy and detail. Kit assembly is done either "out of the box", or with modifications (known as "kitbashing"). Many kit manufa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Json2Ldap | Json2Ldap is a JSON-to-LDAP gateway software, written in Java and developed by Nimbus Directory Services. It provides a JSON-RPC 2.0 interface for web clients to access one or more LDAP v3 - compatible directories. The Json2Ldap web API supports the standard LDAP directory requests as well as several extended operations and controls.
Background
Json2Ldap was initially conceived as a lightweight JSON alternative to existing XML-based gateways for providing directory service access to web browsers. Its first official release was in May 2010. In May 2011 development of the software was passed to Nimbus Directory Services.
Interface specification
Json2Ldap provides a JSON web interface for establishing LDAP client connections to one or more directory servers.
Client web interface:
Version 2.0 of the JSON-RPC protocol.
Requests are accepted over HTTP POST.
Optional support for Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) requests.
Supported standard LDAP directory operations (as per RFC 4510):
Bind (authenticate): simple, plain SASL, digest MD5 SASL, anonymous
Search
Compare
Add a new entry
Delete an entry
Modify an entry
Modify distinguished name (DN)
Unbind
Supported extended LDAP operations:
Password Modify (RFC 3062)
StartTLS (RFC 4511)
Who am I (RFC 4532)
Supported extended LDAP controls:
Authorisation identity bind control (RFC 3829).
Server-side sorting of search results (RFC 2891).
Simple paged results (RFC 2696).
Virtual-list-view search control (draft-ietf-ldapext-ldapv3-vlv-09)
Sub-tree delete (draft-armijo-ldap-treedelete-02).
Non-standard extensions:
Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP-6a) authentication.
Example messages
Example request message
Example directory search request:
{
"method" : "ldap.search",
"params" : { "CID" : "096032ca-ca91-47eb-a366-143832ff4a26",
"baseDN" : "ou=people,dc=my,dc=org",
"scope" : "SUB",
"filter" : "(givenName=Alice)" },
"id" : "0001",
"jsonrpc" : "2.0"
} |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenus | In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the tiger cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea (Cypraea) tigris Linnaeus, which belongs to the subgenus Cypraea of the genus Cypraea. However, it is not mandatory, or even customary, when giving the name of a species, to include the subgeneric name.
In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), the subgenus is one of the possible subdivisions of a genus. There is no limit to the number of divisions that are permitted within a genus by adding the prefix "sub-" or in other ways as long as no confusion can result. The secondary ranks of section and series are subordinate to subgenus. An example is Banksia subg. Isostylis, a subgenus of the large Australian genus Banksia. The ICNafp requires an explicit "connecting term" to indicate the rank of the division within the genus. Connecting terms are usually abbreviated, e.g. "subg." for "subgenus", and are not italicized.
In zoological nomenclature, when a genus is split into subgenera, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subgenus" or "nominate subgenus", which repeats the same name as the genus. For example, Panthera (Panthera) pardus, a leopard. In botanical nomenclature the same principle applies, although the terminology is different. Thus the subgenus that contains the original type of the genus Rhododendron is Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron. Such names are called "autonyms".
See also
Rank (botany)
Rank (zoology) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISFET | An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH scale) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the solution is used as the gate electrode. A voltage between substrate and oxide surfaces arises due to an ion sheath. It is a special type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), and shares the same basic structure, but with the metal gate replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference electrode. Invented in 1970, the ISFET was the first biosensor FET (BioFET).
The surface hydrolysis of Si–OH groups of the gate materials varies in aqueous solutions due to pH value. Typical gate materials are SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3 and Ta2O5.
The mechanism responsible for the oxide surface charge can be described by the site binding model, which describes the equilibrium between the Si–OH surface sites and the H+ ions in the solution. The hydroxyl groups coating an oxide surface such as that of SiO2 can donate or accept a proton and thus behave in an amphoteric way as illustrated by the following acid-base reactions occurring at the oxide-electrolyte interface:
—Si–OH + H2O ↔ —Si–O− + H3O+
—Si–OH + H3O+ ↔ —Si–OH2+ + H2O
An ISFET's source and drain are constructed as for a MOSFET. The gate electrode is separated from the channel by a barrier which is sensitive to hydrogen ions and a gap to allow the substance under test to come in contact with the sensitive barrier. An ISFET's threshold voltage depends on the pH of the substance in contact with its ion-sensitive barrier.
Practical limitations due to the reference electrode
An ISFET electrode sensitive to H+ concentration can be used as a conventional glass electrode to measure the pH of a solution. However, it also requires a reference electrode to operate. If the reference electrode used in contact with the soluti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator%20interlock%20kit | A generator interlock kit (or just interlock kit) is a device designed to allow safe powering of a home by a portable generator during a power outage. It is a less-expensive alternative to purchasing and installing a dedicated transfer switch. The kit achieves the same function by adding an external interlock onto an existing breaker panel that allows the main breaker to be turned on or one designated load breaker to be turned on, but not both at the same time. The interlocked load breaker is repurposed as the "backfeed" breaker, and a generator is connected to it (wired directly or through a power inlet).
Under normal conditions, the main breaker is on, accepting power from the external mains into the panel, and the backfeed breaker is off, isolating the generator. The external mains feeds the panel, but the panel cannot backfeed the generator. Backfeeding the generator should never be done, because it serves no purpose and risks damaging the generator.
In generator mode, the backfeed breaker is on, accepting power from the generator into the panel, and the main breaker is off, isolating the external mains. The generator feeds the home by backfeeding the panel, but the panel cannot backfeed the external mains. Backfeeding the external mains is unsafe and illegal, because it can potentially electrocute lineworkers, start fires, and overload or damage the generator.
Installation and Operation
Early generator interlock kits consisted of two sliding steel or plastic (depending on the brand) plates held together by three bolts and installed on the front cover of the home's breaker panel, however, some models made by Eaton (formerly Cutler-Hammer) and Siemens for panels manufactured by them install on the adjacent circuit breakers themselves and consist of a sliding arm for breakers installed back-to-back or a pivoting arm for breakers that are installed side-by-side or one above the other, these arrangements remain on the breakers even if the panel cover is removed a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum | Colostrum, or first milk, is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of humans and other mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn. It may be called beestings when referring to the first milk of a cow or similar animal. Most species will begin to generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum has an especially high amount of bioactive compounds compared to mature milk to give the newborn the best possible start to life. Specifically, colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease and infection, and immune and growth factors and other bioactives that help to activate a newborn's immune system, jumpstart gut function, and seed a healthy gut microbiome in the first few days of life. The bioactives found in colostrum are essential for a newborn's health, growth and vitality. Colostrum strengthens a baby's immune system and is filled with white blood cells to protect it from infection.
At birth, the surroundings of the newborn mammal change from the relatively sterile environment in the mother's uterus, with a constant nutrient supply via the placenta, to the microbe-rich environment outside, with irregular oral intake of complex milk nutrients through the gastrointestinal tract. This transition puts high demands on the gastrointestinal tract of the neonate, as the gut plays an important part in both the digestive system and the immune system. Colostrum has evolved to care for highly sensitive mammalian neonates and contributes significantly to initial immunological defense as well as to the growth, development, and maturation of the neonate's gastrointestinal tract by providing key nutrients and bioactive factors. Bovine colostrum powder is rich in protein and low in sugar and fat. Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of conditions in humans, and can boost a neonate's immunity.
Colostrum also has a mild laxative effect, encouraging the passing of a baby's first stool, which is called meconium. Thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbriation | In heraldry and vexillology, fimbriation is the placement of small stripes of contrasting colour around common charges or ordinaries, usually in order for them to stand out from the background, but often simply due to the designer's subjective aesthetic preferences, or for a more technical reason (in heraldry only) to avoid what would otherwise be a violation of the rule of tincture. While fimbriation almost invariably applies to both or all sides of a charge, there are very unusual examples of fimbriation on one side only. Another rather rare form is double fimbriation (blazoned "double fimbriated"), where the charge or ordinary is accompanied by two stripes of colour instead of only one. In cases of double fimbriation the outer colour is blazoned first. The municipal flag of Mozirje, in Slovenia, show an example of fimbriation that itself is fimbriated.
Fimbriation may also be used when a charge is the same colour as the field on which it is placed. A red charge placed on a red background may be necessary, for instance where the charge and field are both a specific colour for symbolic or historical reasons, and in these cases fimbriation becomes a necessity in order for the charge to be visible. In some cases, such as a fimbriated cross placed on a field of the same colour as the cross, the effect is identical to the use of cross voided, i.e. a cross shown in outline only.
According to the rule of tincture, one of the fundamental rules of heraldic design, colour may not be placed on colour nor metal on metal. (In heraldry, "metal" refers to gold and silver, frequently represented using yellow and white respectively. "Colour" refers to all other colours.) Sometimes, however, it is desired to do something like this, so fimbriation is used to comply with the rule.
In vexillology that is not specifically heraldic, the rules of heraldry do not apply, yet fimbriation is still frequently seen. The reason for this is largely the same as the reason for the heraldic rule |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiltonian%20vector%20field | In mathematics and physics, a Hamiltonian vector field on a symplectic manifold is a vector field defined for any energy function or Hamiltonian. Named after the physicist and mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton, a Hamiltonian vector field is a geometric manifestation of Hamilton's equations in classical mechanics. The integral curves of a Hamiltonian vector field represent solutions to the equations of motion in the Hamiltonian form. The diffeomorphisms of a symplectic manifold arising from the flow of a Hamiltonian vector field are known as canonical transformations in physics and (Hamiltonian) symplectomorphisms in mathematics.
Hamiltonian vector fields can be defined more generally on an arbitrary Poisson manifold. The Lie bracket of two Hamiltonian vector fields corresponding to functions f and g on the manifold is itself a Hamiltonian vector field, with the Hamiltonian given by the
Poisson bracket of f and g.
Definition
Suppose that is a symplectic manifold. Since the symplectic form is nondegenerate, it sets up a fiberwise-linear isomorphism
between the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle , with the inverse
Therefore, one-forms on a symplectic manifold may be identified with vector fields and every differentiable function determines a unique vector field , called the Hamiltonian vector field with the Hamiltonian , by defining for every vector field on ,
Note: Some authors define the Hamiltonian vector field with the opposite sign. One has to be mindful of varying conventions in physical and mathematical literature.
Examples
Suppose that is a -dimensional symplectic manifold. Then locally, one may choose canonical coordinates on , in which the symplectic form is expressed as:
where denotes the exterior derivative and denotes the exterior product. Then the Hamiltonian vector field with Hamiltonian takes the form:
where is a square matrix
and
The matrix is frequently denoted with .
Suppose that M = R2n is the 2n-dimens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen%20Daily | Gretchen C. Daily (born October 19, 1964) is an American environmental scientist and tropical ecologist. She has contributed to understanding humanity's dependence and impacts on nature, and to advancing a systematic approach for valuing nature in policy, finance, management, and practice around the world. Daily is co-founder and faculty director of the Natural Capital Project, a global partnership that aims to mainstream the values of nature into decision-making of people, governments, investors, corporations, NGOs, and other institutions. Together with more than 300 partners worldwide, the Project is pioneering science, technology, and scalable demonstrations of inclusive, sustainable development.
Based at Stanford University, Daily is the Bing Professor of Environmental Science in the Department of Biology at Stanford University, the director of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford, and a senior fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. Daily is an elected fellow of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. Daily is a former board member of the Beijer Institute for Ecological Economics at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and of The Nature Conservancy.
Early life and education
Born in Washington, D.C., Daily was raised mostly in California and West Germany, where she graduated from high school in 1982. She then returned to California and earned her B.S. (1986), M.S (1987), and Ph.D. (1992) in biological sciences from Stanford University.
Career
In 1992, Daily was awarded the Winslow/Heinz Postdoctoral Fellow at UC Berkeley's Energy and Resources Group. In 1995 Daily became the Bing Interdisciplinary Research Scientist in the Department of Biological Sciences at Stanford University. During her time as a research scientist, Daily served as the editor of Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, a foundational book that lays out |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20sublimation | In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP). It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid. For elemental metals, it is also equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of the gaseous metal atoms. The heat of sublimation is usually expressed in kJ/mol, although the less customary kJ/kg is also encountered.
Sublimation enthalpies
See also
Heat
Sublimation (chemistry)
Phase transition
Clausius-Clapeyron equation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation%20pattern | In combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science, a permutation pattern is a sub-permutation of a longer permutation. Any permutation may be written in one-line notation as a sequence of digits representing the result of applying the permutation to the digit sequence 123...; for instance the digit sequence 213 represents the permutation on three elements that swaps elements 1 and 2. If π and σ are two permutations represented in this way (these variable names are standard for permutations and are unrelated to the number pi), then π is said to contain σ as a pattern if some subsequence of the digits of π has the same relative order as all of the digits of σ.
For instance, permutation π contains the pattern 213 whenever π has three digits x, y, and z that appear within π in the order x...y...z but whose values are ordered as y < x < z, the same as the ordering of the values in the permutation 213. The permutation 32415 on five elements contains 213 as a pattern in several different ways: 3··15, ··415, 32··5, 324··, and ·2·15 all form triples of digits with the same ordering as 213. Each of the subsequences 315, 415, 325, 324, and 215 is called a copy, instance, or occurrence of the pattern. The fact that π contains σ is written more concisely as σ ≤ π. If a permutation π does not contain a pattern σ, then π is said to avoid σ. The permutation 51342 avoids 213; it has 10 subsequences of three digits, but none of these 10 subsequences has the same ordering as 213.
Early results
A case can be made that was the first to prove a result in the field with his study of "lattice permutations". In particular MacMahon shows that the permutations which can be divided into two decreasing subsequences (i.e., the 123-avoiding permutations) are counted by the Catalan numbers.
Another early landmark result in the field is the Erdős–Szekeres theorem; in permutation pattern language, the theorem states that for any positive integers a and b every permutation of lengt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Abb%27s%20Head%20virus | St. Abbs Head virus (SAHV) is a virus in the genus Phlebovirus, order Bunyavirales. It is named after St Abb's Head, Scotland, where it was isolated from its vector, the tick Ixodes uriae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceTV | IceTV is an Australian company providing an independently curated Electronic Program Guide (EPG) for digital free-to-air television. It also produces Smart Recording Software.
IceTV offers a TiVo-like service that provides series recording, keyword recording and advanced searching for compatible devices. It is a premium, subscription based service, although almost all devices that are IceTV-enabled come with free trial memberships.
History
Founded in 2005, IceTV has been an EPG provider for PVR/DVR manufacturers such as Topfield, Humax and Beyonwiz, and software such as EyeTV and Windows Media Center.
In April 2009, IceTV won a three-year-long Intellectual property case against the Australian Nine Network. Nine claimed IceTV was infringing copyright by displaying the station's shows in its electronic program guide (EPG). This case is said to be a landmark in Australian intellectual property law.
IceTV was placed into voluntary administration on 6 October 2015.
It was revived at the 11th hour, but customers who had prepaid for units lost their units, as they were left in a warehouse. Purchases made by credit card were refunded by the CC provider.
The business of IceTV Pty Ltd was purchased from the Administrator/Liquidator on 6 January 2016 and TV TV Australia Pty Limited, a company owned by IceTV founder Colin O'Brien, now trades using the name IceTV.
Products
EPG
IceTV delivers a curated, 7 day electronic program guide (EPG) for Australian free-to-air TV, which is provided as a feed to IceTV’s compatible recording devices or to EPG aggregators for on-sale to their customers. The guide auditing system passes through a two-stage verification process. The first check is done through IceTV’s content engine software, and their dedicated content management team conducts the second stage audit. As TV programming changes occur throughout the day, updates occur in real-time to IceTV’s servers, providing users with a reliable and accurate service.
Smart Recording
S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20plane%20flipping | Peptide plane flipping is a type of conformational change that can occur in proteins by which the dihedral angles of adjacent amino acids undergo large-scale rotations with little displacement of the side chains. The plane flip is defined as a rotation of the dihedral angles φ,ψ at amino acids i and i+1 such that the resulting angles remain in structurally stable regions of Ramachandran space. The key requirement is that the sum of the ψi angle of residue i and the φi+1 angle of residue i+1 remain roughly constant; in effect, the flip is a crankshaft move about the axis defined by the Cα-C¹ and N-Cα bond vectors of the peptide group, which are roughly parallel. As an example, the type I and type II beta turns differ by a simple flip of the central peptide group of the turn.
In protein dynamics
The significance of peptide plane flips in the dynamics of the native state has been inferred in some proteins by comparing crystal structures of the same protein in multiple conformations. For example, peptide flips have been described as significant in the catalytic cycle of flavodoxin and in the formation of amyloid structures, where their ability to provide a low-energy pathway between beta sheet and the so-called alpha sheet conformation is suggested to facilitate the early stages of amyloidogenesis. Peptide plane flipping may also be significant in the early stages of protein folding.
In crystallography
In protein structures determined by X-ray crystallography, poor peptide-plane geometry has been described as a common problem; many structures need correction by peptide-plane flips or peptide bond flips. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Haugen | Frances Haugen (born 1983 or 1984) is an American product manager, data engineer and scientist, and whistleblower. She disclosed tens of thousands of Facebook's internal documents to the Securities and Exchange Commission and The Wall Street Journal in 2021.
Haugen has also testified before the United States Senate Commerce Committee's Sub-Committee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Data Security, the Parliament of the United Kingdom, and the European Parliament. In 2023, her memoir, The Power of One: How I Found the Strength to Tell the Truth and Why I Blew the Whistle on Facebook, was published by Little, Brown & Company.
Early life and education
Haugen was raised in Iowa City, Iowa, where she attended Horn Elementary and Northwest Junior High School, and graduated from Iowa City West High School in 2002. Her father was a doctor, and her mother became an Episcopalian priest after an academic career.
Haugen studied electrical and computer engineering in the founding class at the Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering and graduated in 2006. She later earned a Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 2011.
Career
In 2006, after graduating from college, Haugen was hired by Google, and worked on Google Ads, Google Book Search, on a class action litigation settlement related to Google's publication of copyrighted book content, as well as on Google+. At Google, Haugen co-authored a patent for a method of adjusting the ranking of search results. During her career at Google, she completed her MBA; her tuition was paid by Google. While at Google, she was a technical co-founder of the desktop dating app Secret Agent Cupid, precursor to the mobile app Hinge.
In 2015, she began work as a data product manager at Yelp to improve search using image recognition, and after a year, moved to Pinterest.
In 2019, Haugen joined Facebook, after a person close to her became radicalized online; she "felt compelled to take an active role in creati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STRO-1 | STRO-1 (Stro-1 in mouse, rat, etc.) is a gene for a protein marker of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Molecular mass of Stro-1 is 75kD. The name STRO-1 is firstly proposed in the 1990s' as the name of an anti-CD34+-mesenchymal-stem-cell monoclonal antibody. The name "STRO-1" consists of STRO, which means mesenchyme, and "1", which means it's the first isolated monoclonal antibody to identify mesenchymal stem cells. The term "STRO-1" then was applied to the antigen for this antibody. In human body, STRO-1 exists in many organs, like lung and liver.
See also
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver | A screwdriver is a tool, manual or powered, used for turning screws.
Description
A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. This form of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more modern and versatile tool, a power drill, as they are quicker, easier, and can also drill holes. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for additional "grip".
Handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. Some manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically. These often have a hollow handle that contains various types and sizes of tips, and a reversible ratchet action that allows multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or the user's hand.
A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the driving surfaces (slots, grooves, recesses, etc.) on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a screw of the same size and type designation as the screwdriver tip. Screwdriver tips are available in a wide variety of types and sizes (List of screw drives). The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-point".
A wide variety of power screwdrivers ranges from a simple "stick"-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "pistol" type VSR (variable-speed reversible) cordless drills that also function as screwdrivers. This is particularly useful as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Dhuey | Michael Joseph Dhuey (born July 20, 1958, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States) is an electrical and computer engineer.
Information
He is chiefly known as the co-creator (with Ron Hochsprung) of the Macintosh II computer in 1987, the first Macintosh computer with expansion slots. He was also one of the two hardware engineers (with Tony Fadell) who developed the hardware for the original iPod in 2001, particularly the battery.
He began programming at age 14 at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and by age 15 was working professionally as a programmer at Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance. He received his computer engineering degree in 1980 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He worked at Apple Computer from 1980 to 2005. He is currently employed at Cisco Systems, where he has worked on the Cisco TelePresence remote conferencing system.
Design News nominated him for "Engineer of the Year" in 2006 and 2007. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20A.%20Wolf | Joseph Albert Wolf (October 18, 1936 – August 14, 2023) was an American mathematician at the University of California, Berkeley.
Life and career
Wolf graduated from at the University of Chicago with a bachelor's degree in 1956 and with his master's degree in 1957 and his Ph.D. under the supervision of Shiing-Shen Chern in 1959 (On the manifolds covered by a given compact, connected Riemannian homogeneous manifold). From 1960 to 1962, as a post-doctoral researcher, he was at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey (and again from 1965 to 1966). In 1962 he was assistant professor and since 1966 he has been professor at Berkeley.
Wolf considered applications of group theory to differential geometry and complex manifolds and applications of harmonic analysis to the theory of elementary particles and control theory. In 1994 he received the Humboldt Research Award and in 1977 the Medal of the University of Liège. In 1989 he received an honorary professorship at the National University of Cordoba in Argentina. From 1972 to 1973 and from 1983 to 1984, he was a Miller Research Professor in Berkeley.
Wolf was a fellow of the American Mathematical Society and member of the Swiss Mathematical Society. From 1965 to 1967 he was a Sloan Fellow. He held a Miller Research Professorship twice, in the 1972–73 and 1983–84 academic years.
Joseph A. Wolf died on August 14, 2023, at the age of 86.
Writings
Spaces of constant curvature, McGraw Hill 1967, 6. Edition AMS Chelsea Publ. 2011
Harmonic analysis on commutative spaces, American Mathematical Society, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, Vol. 142, 2007
Spherical functions on Euclidean space, J. Funct. Anal., volume 239, 2006, pp. 127–136
With Gregor Fels, Alan Huckleberry Cycle spaces of flag domains: a complex geometric viewpoint, Progress in Mathematics 245, Birkhäuser, 2006
Classification and fourier inversion for parabolic subgroups with square integrable nilradical, Memoirs AMS 225, 1979
Unitary rep |
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