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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEK2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NEK2 gene.
Interactions
NEK2 has been shown to interact with MAPK1 and NDC80.
Protein kinase which is involved in the control of centrosome separation and bipolar spindle formation in mitotic cells and chromatin condensation in meiotic cells. Regulates centrosome separation (essential for the formation of bipolar spindles and high-fidelity chromosome separation) by phosphorylating centrosomal proteins such as CROCC, CEP250 and NINL, resulting in their displacement from the centrosomes. Regulates kinetochore microtubule attachment stability in mitosis via phosphorylation of NDC80. Involved in regulation of mitotic checkpoint protein complex via phosphorylation of CDC20 and MAD2L1. Plays an active role in chromatin condensation during the first meiotic division through phosphorylation of HMGA2. Phosphorylates: PPP1CC; SGOL1; NECAB3 and NPM1. Essential for localization of MAD2L1 to kinetochore and MAPK1 and NPM1 to the centrosome. Isoform 1 phosphorylates and activates NEK11 in G1/S-arrested cells. Isoform 2, which is not present in the nucleolus, does not [Uniprot]. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Dan%20Patrick%20Show | The Dan Patrick Show is a syndicated radio and television sports talk show, hosted by former ESPN personality Dan Patrick. It is currently produced by Patrick and is syndicated to radio stations by Premiere Radio Networks, within and independently of their Fox Sports Radio package. The three-hour program debuted on October 1, 2007. It is broadcast weekdays live beginning at 9:00 a.m. Eastern. The current show is a successor to the original Dan Patrick Show, which aired from 1999 to 2007 on ESPN Radio weekdays at 1:00 p.m. Eastern/10:00 a.m. Pacific.
The show was televised on three networks: on DirecTV's Audience Network (formerly the 101 Network) since August 3, 2009; on three AT&T SportsNet affiliates since October 25, 2010; and on B/R Live as of March 1, 2019. It can also be heard on Sirius XM Radio channel 211, and is distributed as a podcast by PodcastOne.
On January 10, 2020, Patrick announced on his show that the relationship with AT&T Sports for the live video broadcast would end in its current form, shortly after Super Bowl LIV. AT&T's Audience Network, which had simulcast the program since 2009, was ceasing operations, and the show would also end streaming via B/R Live, following a short-run that began in 2019. The final show under AT&T aired on February 28. On March 2, the live show began airing on The Dan Patrick Show YouTube channel with the radio show still being nationally syndicated via multiple platforms.
On August 10, 2020, it was announced that the show would move to Peacock on August 24, 2020. Highlights of the show continue to appear on the YouTube channel.
On July 19, 2023, Patrick announced that the show's run will end on December 24, 2027.
Guests
The show mainly features guests involved with American football and sometimes other sports, whether current or former athletes, coaches, commissioners or agents. Less often, guests who are not affiliated with sports will come on the show, although it is common for Patrick to ask at least one spor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20system | A sexual system is a pattern of sex allocation or a distribution of male and female function across organisms in a species. Terms like reproductive system and mating system have also been used as synonyms.
The distinction between sexual systems is not always clear due to phenotypic plasticity. Sexual systems are viewed as a key factor for genetic variation and reproductive success, and may have also led to the origin or extinction of certain species.
Interests in sexual systems go back to Darwin, who found that barnacles contain species that are androdioecious and some that are dioecious.
Types of sexual systems
In angiosperms there are monomorphic sexual systems where a species has combination of hermaphrodite, male, and/or female flowers on the same plant. Monomorphic sexual systems include monoecy, gynomonoecy, andromonoecy, and trimonoecy. There are also dimorphic sexual systems where individual plants within a species only produce one sort of flower — hermaphrodite, male, or female. Dimorphic sexual systems include dioecy, gynodioecy, androdioecy, and trioecy. Mixed sexual systems are where hermaphrodites coexist with single sexed individuals. This includes androdioecy, gynodioecy, and trioecy.
What determines whether a flower is male, female, or hermaphroditic is the presence of a stamen — which contains male gametes — and/or pistil — which contains female gametes. Male ( staminate) flowers only have a stamen. Female (a.k.a. pistillate) flowers only have a pistil. Hermaphrodite (a.k.a. perfect, or bisexual) flowers have both a stamen and pistil. The sex of a single flower may differ from the sex of the whole organism: for example, a plant may have both staminate and pistillate flowers, making the plant as a whole a hermaphrodite. Hence although all monomorphic plants are hermaphrodites, different combinations of flower types (staminate, pistillate, or perfect) produces distinct monomorphic sexual systems.
(See Plant reproductive morphology for further d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean | A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food. They can be cooked in many different ways, including boiling, frying, and baking, and are used in many traditional dishes throughout the world.
Terminology
The word "bean" and its Germanic cognates (e.g. German Bohne) have existed in common use in West Germanic languages since before the 12th century, referring to broad beans, chickpeas, and other pod-borne seeds. This was long before the New World genus Phaseolus was known in Europe. With the Columbian exchange of domestic plants between Europe and the Americas, use of the word was extended to pod-borne seeds of Phaseolus, such as the common bean and the runner bean, and the related genus Vigna. The term has long been applied generally to many other seeds of similar form, such as Old World soybeans, peas, other vetches, and lupins, and even to those with slighter resemblances, such as coffee beans, vanilla beans, castor beans, and cocoa beans. Thus the term "bean" in general usage can refer to a host of different species.
Seeds called "beans" are often included among the crops called "pulses" (legumes), although the words are not always interchangeable (usage varies by plant variety and by region). Both terms, beans and pulses, are usually reserved for grain crops and thus exclude those legumes that have tiny seeds and are used exclusively for non-grain purposes (forage, hay, and silage), such as clover and alfalfa. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization defines "BEANS, DRY" (item code 176) as applicable only to species of Phaseolus. This is one of various examples of how narrower word senses enforced in trade regulations or botany often coexist in natural language with broader senses in culinary use and general use; other common examples are the narrow sense of the word nut and the broader sense of the word nut, and the fact that tomatoes are fruit, botanically speaking, but are oft |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmopoisk | Kosmopoisk (, full name: Общеросси́йская нау́чно-иссле́довательская обще́ственная организа́ция, ОНИОО, translated "All-Russian Research Public Organization"), also known as Spacesearch, is a group with interests in ufology, cryptozoology, and other mystery investigations. It started in 1980, and expanded in 2001, to an international movement. In 2004, it registered under the name All-Russian Scientific Organization. Many of the activities are in the form of expeditions to sites that are reputed to have extraterrestrial activity or unusual creatures.
Formation
The organization was founded by Russian science-fiction writer Alexander Kazantsev, aerospace engineer Vadim Chernobrov, astronaut Georgy Beregovoy, and other enthusiasts, in order to explore the mysteries of the universe and nature, research new ways of space technology development, and work on breakthrough branches of science. In 1945, Kanzanstev started to research the Tunguska event of 1908 and link it to a UFO crash and explosion. Two years later, there were UFO sightings in the United States.
In 1980, Chernobrov and his colleagues from the Moscow Aviation Institute created the group whose objectives were to collect information about UFOs and anomalous events in the Soviet Union, to develop a Lovondatr device (also known as "time car"), and to send expeditions to explore the most promising anomalous zones. In 2004, the group registered themselves as Kosmopoisk (All-Russian Scientific Organization). They consider themselves the largest non-commercial public research organization in the world
Membership
The organization has more than 2,500 active members, in more than 100 groups in 25 countries. It has organized more than 250 expeditions.
Expeditions
In the 1990s, the group made expeditions an annual event. To save costs, they would hitchhike as a main way of traveling. For instance, in 1999, the group made an expedition to the remote Labynkyr Lake in Yakutia, Sakha Republic, where an underwater monster |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Widom | Harold Widom (September 23, 1932 – January 20, 2021) was an American mathematician best known for his contributions to operator theory and random matrices. He was appointed to the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1968 and became professor emeritus in 1994.
Education and research
Widom was born in Newark, New Jersey. He studied at Stuyvesant High School, graduating in 1949, and was a member of the school's math team along with his brother Benjamin Widom (1944, 1948). Widom attended City College of New York until 1951, during which he was one of the winners of the
William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition (1951). At the University of Chicago he obtained an M.S. (1952) and Ph.D., the latter on a thesis Embedding of AW*-algebras advised by Irving Kaplansky (1955).
He taught mathematics at Cornell University (1955–68) where he started his work on Toeplitz and Wiener-Hopf operators, partly inspired by Mark Kac.
Widom was appointed in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and became professor emeritus in 1994. His research areas were in integral equations and operator theory, in particular the determination of the spectra of a semi-infinite Toeplitz matrix and Wiener-Hopf operators, and the asymptotic behavior of the spectra of various classes of operators. The latter was looked at from the point of view of pseudodifferential operators (which generalize both integral and partial differential operators) on manifolds.
More recently, his mathematical contributions with his long-term collaborator Craig Tracy have been recognized through the award of several prizes for their joint work on Tracy–Widom distribution functions for random matrices. They used integral operators to obtain explicit representations, in terms of Painlevé transcendents, of the limiting distributions of the largest and smallest eigenvalues in many models of random matrices (see Fredholm determinants). These same distrib |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytocentrifuge | A cytocentrifuge, sometimes referred to as a cytospin, is a specialized centrifuge used to concentrate cells in fluid specimens onto a microscope slide so that they can be stained and examined. Cytocentrifuges are used in various areas of the clinical laboratory, such as cytopathology, hematology and microbiology, as well as in biological research. The method can be used on many different types of specimens, including fine needle aspirates, cerebrospinal fluid, serous and synovial fluid, and urine.
Procedure
To prepare cytocentrifuge smears, a funnel assembly is attached to the front of a microscope slide. The surface of the funnel assembly that is in contact with the slide is lined with filter paper to absorb excess fluid. A few drops of fluid are placed in the funnel. The assembly is placed in the cytocentrifuge, which operates at a low force (600–800 x g) to preserve cellular structure. Centrifugal force pushes the fluid through the funnel's opening and concentrates the cells in a small area of the slide. The centrifugation process concentrates cells by about twenty-fold and creates a one-cell-thick monolayer, allowing for assessment of cellular morphology. The slide can then be fixed and stained.
Applications
Some applications of cytocentrifuges include:
Performing differential cell counts on body fluids, such as serous, synovial and cerebrospinal fluid
Cytopathology examination of liquid specimens such as body fluids and fine needle aspirates
Gram staining of fluid specimens for identification of microorganisms
Limitations
The cytocentrifugation process can cause cells to appear distorted. Cells located at the centre of the smear may look compressed compared to cells at the periphery. Cell nuclei may develop artifactual clefts, lobes, or holes, and the cytoplasm may appear vacuolated or develop irregular projections. Cytoplasmic granules may be pushed to the periphery of the cell. If the cell count is high, cells may be distorted due to crowding; therefo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20YMF278 | The Yamaha YMF278, also known as the OPL4 (OPL is an acronym for FM Operator Type-L), is a sound chip that incorporates both FM synthesis and sample-based synthesis (often incorrectly called "wavetable synthesis") by Yamaha.
Sample-based synthesis component
The sample synthesis part is based on pulse-code modulation (PCM). It features:
Up to 24 simultaneous sounds (voices)
Output sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz (it can also accept 22.05-kHz samples – they are up-sampled to 44.1 kHz before output)
Waveform data lengths of 8, 12, or 16 bits
Stereo output (with a 4-bit/16-level pan for each voice)
The PCM synthesizer part accepts:
Up to 4 MB of external memory for wave data
Up to 512 samples
External ROM or SRAM memory. If SRAM is connected, then wave data can be downloaded from the OPL4.
Chip select signals for 128 KB, 512 KB, 1 MB, or 2 MB memory can be output.
Frequency modulation synthesis component
The FM part is essentially a YMF262 (OPL3) block; thus, it is also backwards-compatible with the YM3526 (OPL) and the YM3812 (OPL2). Like the OPL3, it can operate in one of four ways:
18 two-operator FM channels
6 four-operator FM channels + 6 two-operator FM channels
15 two-operator FM channels + 5 FM drums
6 four-operator FM channels + 3 two-operator FM channels + 5 FM drums
Four-operator FM allows more complex sounds but reduces polyphony.
Eight waveforms are available for the FM synthesis:
simple sine
half sine
absolute sine
quarter sine (pseudo-sawtooth)
alternating sine
"camel" sine
square
logarithmic sawtooth
Unlike the OPL3, which has four channels for sound output, the OPL4 features six channels.
Connectivity
For ROM wave data access, the Yamaha YRW801 2MB ROM chip can be connected to the OPL4. It holds approximately 330 samples, mostly 22.05-kHz 12-bit samples with some drums at 44.1 kHz. It is compatible with the General MIDI standard (128 melody sounds, 47 percussion sounds).
For sound effects, the OPL4 can be connected to the Yam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic%20antenna | A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, meaning that they can produce the narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the parabolic reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
Parabolic antennas are used as high-gain antennas for point-to-point communications, in applications such as microwave relay links that carry telephone and television signals between nearby cities, wireless WAN/LAN links for data communications, satellite communications, and spacecraft communication antennas. They are also used in radio telescopes.
The other large use of parabolic antennas is for radar antennas, which need to transmit a narrow beam of radio waves to locate objects like ships, airplanes, and guided missiles. They are also often used for weather detection. With the advent of home satellite television receivers, parabolic antennas have become a common feature of the landscapes of modern countries.
The parabolic antenna was invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz during his discovery of radio waves in 1887. He used cylindrical parabolic reflectors with spark-excited dipole antennas at their foci for both transmitting and receiving during his historic experiments.
Design
The operating principle of a pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reentry%20%28neural%20circuitry%29 | Reentry is a neural structuring of the brain, which is characterized by the ongoing bidirectional exchange of signals along reciprocal axonal fibers linking two or more brain areas. It is hypothesized to allow for widely distributed groups of neurons to achieve integrated and synchronized firing, which is proposed to be a requirement for consciousness, as outlined by Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi in their book A Universe of Consciousness.
See also
Embodied philosophy
Neural Darwinism
Primary consciousness
Secondary consciousness |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%202395%20Processor%20Storage | The IBM 2395 Processor Storage is a memory storage unit that was a component of the IBM System/360 Model 91 and Model 95.
Despite the name, IBM 2395 Processor Storage was used for more Model 91s than for Model 95s; the Model 95 used thin-film memory for the first 1MB of memory, and only two Model 95 machines were produced.
Models
There were 2 models of the 2395: the Model 1 supplied 2 megabytes of memory, and the Model 2 had 4 MB.
Other use by IBM of 2395
iSeries 9406-820 (processor 2395)
IBM 95Y2395 - FC5022 2-PORT 16GB FC ADPT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20mechanics | Cell mechanics is a sub-field of biophysics that focuses on the mechanical properties and behavior of living cells and how it relates to cell function. It encompasses aspects of cell biophysics, biomechanics, soft matter physics and rheology, mechanobiology and cell biology.
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic cells are cells that consist of membrane-bound organelles, a membrane-bound nucleus, and more than one linear chromosome. Being much more complex than prokaryotic cells, cells without a true nucleus, eukaryotes must protect its organelles from outside forces.
Plant
Plant cell mechanics combines principles of biomechanics and mechanobiology to investigate the growth and shaping of the plant cells. Plant cells, similar to animal cells, respond to externally applied forces, such as by reorganization of their cytoskeletal network. The presence of a considerably rigid extracellular matrix, the cell wall, however, bestows the plant cells with a set of particular properties. Mainly, the growth of plant cells is controlled by the mechanics and chemical composition of the cell wall. A major part of research in plant cell mechanics is put toward the measurement and modeling of the cell wall mechanics to understand how modification of its composition and mechanical properties affects the cell function, growth and morphogenesis.
Animal
Because animal cells do not have cell walls to protect them like plant cells, they require other specialized structures to sustain external mechanical forces. All animal cells are encased within a cell membrane made of a thin lipid bilayer that protects the cell from exposure to the outside environment. Using receptors composed of protein structures, the cell membrane is able to let selected molecules within the cell. Inside the cell membrane includes the cytoplasm, which contains the cytoskeleton. A network of filamentous proteins including microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments makes up the cytoskeleton and helps maintain th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocklington%27s%20algorithm | Pocklington's algorithm is a technique for solving a congruence of the form
where x and a are integers and a is a quadratic residue.
The algorithm is one of the first efficient methods to solve such a congruence. It was described by H.C. Pocklington in 1917.
The algorithm
(Note: all are taken to mean , unless indicated otherwise.)
Inputs:
p, an odd prime
a, an integer which is a quadratic residue .
Outputs:
x, an integer satisfying . Note that if x is a solution, −x is a solution as well and since p is odd, . So there is always a second solution when one is found.
Solution method
Pocklington separates 3 different cases for p:
The first case, if , with , the solution is .
The second case, if , with and
, the solution is .
, 2 is a (quadratic) non-residue so . This means that so is a solution of . Hence or, if y is odd, .
The third case, if , put , so the equation to solve becomes . Now find by trial and error and so that is a quadratic non-residue. Furthermore, let
.
The following equalities now hold:
.
Supposing that p is of the form (which is true if p is of the form ), D is a quadratic residue and . Now the equations
give a solution .
Let . Then . This means that either or is divisible by p. If it is , put and proceed similarly with . Not every is divisible by p, for is not. The case with m odd is impossible, because holds and this would mean that is congruent to a quadratic non-residue, which is a contradiction. So this loop stops when for a particular l. This gives , and because is a quadratic residue, l must be even. Put . Then . So the solution of is got by solving the linear congruence .
Examples
The following are 4 examples, corresponding to the 3 different cases in which Pocklington divided forms of p. All are taken with the modulus in the example.
Example 0
This is the first case, according to the algorithm,
, but then not 43, so we should not apply the algorithm at all. The reason why the algorithm is not applica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature%20domains | In the branch of mathematics called potential theory, a quadrature domain in two dimensional real Euclidean space is a domain D (an open connected set) together with
a finite subset {z1, …, zk} of D such that, for every function u harmonic and integrable over D with respect to area measure, the integral of u with respect to this measure is given by a "quadrature formula"; that is,
where the cj are nonzero complex constants independent of u.
The most obvious example is when D is a circular disk: here k = 1, z1 is the center of the circle, and c1 equals the area of D. That quadrature formula expresses the mean value property of harmonic functions with respect to disks.
It is known that quadrature domains exist for all values of k. There is an analogous definition of quadrature domains in Euclidean space of dimension d larger than 2. There is also an alternative, electrostatic interpretation of quadrature domains: a domain D is a quadrature domain if a uniform distribution of electric charge on D creates the same electrostatic field outside D as does a k-tuple of point charges at the points z1, …, zk.
Quadrature domains and numerous generalizations thereof (e.g., replace area measure by length measure on the boundary of D) have in recent years been encountered in various connections such as inverse problems of Newtonian gravitation, Hele-Shaw flows of viscous fluids, and purely mathematical isoperimetric problems, and interest in them seems to be steadily growing. They were the subject of an international conference at the University of California at Santa Barbara in 2003 and the state of the art as of that date can be seen in the proceedings of that conference, published by Birkhäuser Verlag. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstanedione | Androstanedione, also known as 5α-androstanedione or as 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, is a naturally occurring androstane (5α-androstane) steroid and an endogenous metabolite of androgens like testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androstenedione. It is the C5 epimer of etiocholanedione (5β-androstanedione). Androstanedione is formed from androstenedione by 5α-reductase and from DHT by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It has some androgenic activity.
In female genital skin, the conversion of androstenedione into DHT through 5α-androstanedione appears to be more important than the direct conversion of testosterone into DHT. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiyah%20conjecture%20on%20configurations | In mathematics, the Atiyah conjecture on configurations is a conjecture introduced by stating that a certain n by n matrix depending on n points in R3 is always non-singular.
See also
Berry–Robbins problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological%20maximalism | In philosophy, ontological maximalism (or metaontological maximalism) is a ontological realist position that asserts, "whatever can exist does in some sense exist".
Overview
Meta-ontology deals with question related to ontology, whether there are mind independent (objective) answers to "what exists". Ontological realism assert reality (at least a part of it) are independent of human mind. In contrast to realists, Ontological Anti-realists deny the world is mind-independent. Believing the epistemological and semantic problems to be insoluble, they conclude realism must be false.
Maximalism is one of two main metaontological position. On maximalist framework, any entity whose existence is consistent with the nature of this world can be taken to exist.
See also
Ontology
Large cardinal property
Continuum hypothesis
Mathematical universe hypothesis
Modal realism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanz | Michael "Mike" Wansley (born October 9, 1961), better known by his stage names Wanz and TeeWanz, is an American singer, songwriter and rapper. He performs in various genres, including rock, R&B, soul, hip hop, and pop. He was featured on fellow Seattle-based duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' international hit single "Thrift Shop", which received two Grammy Awards for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song.
Life and career
Wansley started performing in church, school, and on the street. He was introduced to jazz and pop music early and studied jazz at school. He has been performing since the early 1980s. At 21, he formed a band called Boys Will Be Boys. Their repertoire included covers, including INXS songs. In the early 1990s Wansley went on to become the bass player in the Seattle band The Rangehoods, taking over for Bruce Hewes. He also was the bass player and singer for the original hard-funk band, Lifering, with David Scott Cameron on guitar, Jeff Stone on guitar, and David Nielsen on drums. He later on fronted a band called the Ghetto Monks and saw some success. He sang hooks in recordings by D. Sane and Street Level Records for a decade. He also took part in the summer of 2011 in the opera Porgy and Bess.
Wanz graduated from Lakes High School in Lakewood, Washington. Prior to the break-out performance of "Thrift Shop", Wanz was a full-time software test engineer for companies such as Microsoft, Adapx, and Volt. Sane called him and introduced him to Macklemore and Ryan Lewis to do the hook for "Thrift Shop" in 2012. Wanz has toured with Macklemore and Ryan Lewis and performed with them on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Saturday Night Live. He is also featured in the official music video of the song. Wanz has written a book about a series of sayings he has coined over the years, to be called #The Book of Wanz and has a Ted Talk called "You Too Can Be Your Own Unicorn".
In 2015, Wansley returned to his career as a quality-assurance eng |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20orthogonality%20theorem | The Anderson orthogonality theorem is a theorem in physics by the physicist P. W. Anderson.
It relates to the introduction of a magnetic impurity in a metal. When a magnetic impurity is introduced into a metal, the conduction electrons will tend to screen the potential that the impurity creates. The N-electron ground state for the system when , which corresponds to the absence of the impurity and , which corresponds to the introduction of the impurity are orthogonal in the thermodynamic limit . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signwriter | Signwriters design, manufacture and install signs, including advertising signs for shops, businesses and public facilities as well as signs for transport systems.
Signwriting today
Traditional signwriters use methods closely related to those of their forebears in this craft and do not depend on technology - they are able to set out a sign with chalk and write it by eye in freehand. They do not rely on fonts and normally have their own individual lettering styles, yet also have the ability to render fonts closely to brand, as in architectural design briefs, for example.
Designs are often created by hand on the drawing board and later combined with CAD software for preliminary layout production. The final execution is made by hand using brushes known as quills and similar signwriting 'pencils' and chiseled brushes. Specialist enamels are also employed to fashion a long-lasting finish along with the traditional use of gold leaf.
Historically, signwriters drew or painted signs by hand using a variety of paint depending on the background i.e. enamel paint for vehicles and general signs, and water-based paints for short-term window signs.
The term "modern signwriters" is misleading, as most do not use the traditional brush as method of application. Many use vinyl masking screens in order to replicate traditional signwriting. Modern print-based signage producers design and 'output' signs with the assistance of computer software and a range of equipment such as large format digital printers, plotters, cutters, flat bed routers and engraving machines.
Signwriting and signmakers may offer many different processes to present the same lettering or images in different media, such as banners, metal engraving, LED or neon signs.
Signs created with large-format printers may use solvent inks, water-based inks, latex inks or ultraviolet-curable/cured inks. The last material is the most modern, and can be printed directly onto many different substrates such as wood, metal and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20C%20Sharp%20software | C# is a programming language. The following is a list of software programmed in it:
Banshee, a cross-platform open-source media player.
Beagle, a search system for Linux and other Unix-like systems.
Colectica, a suite of programs for use in managing official statistics and statistical surveys using open standards.
Chocolatey, an open source package manager for Windows.
Docky, a free and open-source application launcher for Linux.
FlashDevelop, an integrated development environment (IDE) for development of Adobe Flash websites, web applications, desktop applications and video games.
GameMaker Studio 2, a game engine with an editor written in C#
HandBrake, a free and open-source transcoder for digital video files.
KeePass, a free and open-source password manager primarily for Windows.
Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC), an open-source network stress testing and denial-of-service attack application.
Lphant, a peer-to-peer file sharing client.
Microsoft Visual Studio, an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft. Also programmed in C++.
MonoDevelop, an open source integrated development environment.
NMath, a numerical package for the Microsoft .NET Framework.
Open Dental, a dental practice management software.
OpenRA, a free remake of the classic Command & Conquer game.
osu!, a free and open-source (before freeware) Indie rhythm game with 4 modes for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS.
Paint.NET, a freeware raster graphics editor program for Microsoft Windows, developed on the .NET Framework..
Pinta, an open-source, cross-platform bitmap image drawing and editing program.
SharpDevelop, a free and open source integrated development environment (IDE) for the .NET Framework.
Windows Installer XML (WiX), a free software toolset that builds Windows Installer packages from XML.
C Sharp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar%20group | A Group (previously cultivar-group) is a formal category in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) used for cultivated plants (cultivars) that share a defined characteristic. It is represented in a botanical name by the symbol Group or Gp. "Group" or "Gp" is always written with a capital G in a botanical name, or epithet. The Group is not italicized in a plant's name. The ICNCP introduced the term and symbol "Group" in 2004, as a replacement for the lengthy and hyphenated "cultivar-group", which had previously been the category's name since 1969. For the old name "cultivar-group", the non-standard abbreviation cv. group or cv. Group is also sometimes encountered. There is a slight difference in meaning, since a cultivar-group was defined to comprise cultivars, whereas a Group may include individual plants.
The ICNCP distinguishes between the terms "group" and "Group", a "group" being "an informal taxon not recognized in the ICBN", while a "Group" is the formal taxon defined by the ICNCP (see above).
This categorization does not apply to plant taxonomy generally, only to horticultural and agricultural contexts. Any given Group may have a different taxonomic classification, such as a subspecific name (typically a form or variety name, given in italics) after the genus and species.
A Group is usually united by a distinct common trait, and often includes members of more than one species within a genus. For example, early flowering cultivars in the genus Iris form the Iris Dutch Group. A plant species that loses its taxonomic status in botany, but still has agricultural or horticultural value, meets the criteria for a cultivar group, and its former botanical name can be reused as the name of its cultivar group. For example, Hosta fortunei is usually no longer recognized as a species, and the ICNCP states that the epithet fortunei can be used to form Hosta Fortunei Group.
Orthography
Every word in a Group name is capitalized (unless tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune%20repertoire | The immune repertoire encompasses the different sub-types an organism's immune system makes of immunoglobulins or T-cell receptors. These help recognise pathogens in most vertebrates. The sub-types, all differing slightly from each other, can amount to tens of thousands, or millions in a given organism. Such a wide variety increases the odds of having a sub-type that recognises one of the many pathogens an organism may encounter. Too few sub-types and the pathogen can avoid the immune system, unchallenged, leading to disease.
Development
Lymphocytes generate the immune repertoire by recombining the genes encoding immunoglobulins and T cell receptors through V(D)J recombination. Although there are only a few of these genes, all their possible combinations can result in a wide variety of immune repertoire proteins. Through selection, cells with autoreactive proteins (and thus may cause autoimmunity) are removed, while cells that may actually detect an invading organism are kept. The immune repertoire is affected by several factors:
Age: as the immune system develops over life, lymphocytes generate their own unique gene sequences. Developed cells eventually die, but may not be replaced by new subtypes.
Exposure to diseases triggers further development of the immune repertoire, and thus fine-tunes the immune response. Memory B cells and memory T cells ensure the persistence of the immune repertoire after a disease has passed.
Genetic diseases (primary immunodeficiency may impede the creation and development of immune repertoire proteins).
Treatments affecting the immune system e.g. hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, where the immune repertoire has to be regenerated from scratch.
Size
Due to technical difficulties, measuring the immune repertoire was seldom attempted. Estimates depend on the precise type or 'compartment' of immune cells and the protein studied, but the expected billions of combinations may be an over-estimation. The genetic spatio-temporal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Bruijn%E2%80%93Newman%20constant | The de Bruijn–Newman constant, denoted by Λ and named after Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Charles Michael Newman, is a mathematical constant defined via the zeros of a certain function H(λ,z), where λ is a real parameter and z is a complex variable. More precisely,
,
where is the super-exponentially decaying function
and Λ is the unique real number with the property that H has only real zeros if and only if λ≥Λ.
The constant is closely connected with Riemann's hypothesis concerning the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function: since the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the claim that all the zeroes of H(0, z) are real, the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to the conjecture that Λ≤0. Brad Rodgers and Terence Tao proved that Λ<0 cannot be true, so Riemann's hypothesis is equivalent to Λ = 0. A simplified proof of the Rodgers–Tao result was later given by Alexander Dobner.
History
De Bruijn showed in 1950 that H has only real zeros if λ ≥ 1/2, and moreover, that if H has only real zeros for some λ, H also has only real zeros if λ is replaced by any larger value. Newman proved in 1976 the existence of a constant Λ for which the "if and only if" claim holds; and this then implies that Λ is unique. Newman also conjectured that Λ ≥ 0, which was then proven by Brad Rodgers and Terence Tao in 2018.
Upper bounds
De Bruijn's upper bound of was not improved until 2008, when Ki, Kim and Lee proved , making the inequality strict.
In December 2018, the 15th Polymath project improved the bound to . A manuscript of the Polymath work was submitted to arXiv in late April 2019, and was published in the journal Research In the Mathematical Sciences in August 2019.
This bound was further slightly improved in April 2020 by Platt and Trudgian to .
Historical bounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogenic%20human%20disease%20models | Isogenic human disease models are a family of cells that are selected or engineered to accurately model the genetics of a specific patient population, in vitro. They are provided with a genetically matched 'normal cell' to provide an isogenic system to research disease biology and novel therapeutic agents. They can be used to model any disease with a genetic foundation. Cancer is one such disease for which isogenic human disease models have been widely used.
Historical models
Human isogenic disease models have been likened to 'patients in a test-tube', since they incorporate the latest research into human genetic diseases and do so without the difficulties and limitations involved in using non-human models.
Historically, cells obtained from animals, typically mice, have been used to model cancer-related pathways. However, there are obvious limitations inherent in using animals for modelling genetically determined diseases in humans. Despite a large proportion of genetic conservation between humans and mice, there are significant differences between the biology of mice and humans that are important to cancer research. For example, major differences in telomere regulation enable murine cells to bypass the requirement for telomerase upregulation, which is a rate-limiting step in human cancer formation. As another example, certain ligand-receptor interactions are incompatible between mice and humans. Additionally, experiments have demonstrated important and significant differences in the ability to transform cells, compared with cells of murine origin. For these reasons, it remains essential to develop models of cancer that employ human cells.
Targeting vectors
Isogenic cell lines are created via a process called homologous gene-targeting. Targeting vectors that utilize homologous recombination are the tools or techniques that are used to knock-in or knock-out the desired disease-causing mutation or SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) to be studied. Although disease |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZZ%20zinc%20finger | In molecular biology the ZZ-type zinc finger domain is a type of protein domain that was named because of its ability to bind two zinc ions. These domains contain 4-6 Cys residues that participate in zinc binding (plus additional Ser/His residues), including a Cys-X2-Cys motif found in other zinc finger domains. These zinc fingers are thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions. The structure of the ZZ domain shows that it belongs to the family of cross-brace zinc finger motifs that include the PHD, RING, and FYVE domains. ZZ-type zinc finger domains are found in:
Transcription factors P300 and CBP.
Plant proteins involved in light responses, such as Hrb1.
E3 ubiquitin ligases MEX and MIB2 (EC).
Dystrophin and its homologues
Single copies of the ZZ zinc finger occur in the transcriptional adaptor/coactivator proteins P300, in cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) and ADA2. CBP provides several binding sites for transcriptional coactivators. The site of interaction with the tumour suppressor protein p53 and the oncoprotein E1A with CBP/P300 is a Cys-rich region that incorporates two zinc-binding motifs: ZZ-type and TAZ2-type. The ZZ-type zinc finger of CBP contains two twisted anti-parallel beta-sheets and a short alpha-helix, and binds two zinc ions. One zinc ion is coordinated by four cysteine residues via 2 Cys-X2-Cys motifs, and the third zinc ion via a third Cys-X-Cys motif and a His-X-His motif. The first zinc cluster is strictly conserved, whereas the second zinc cluster displays variability in the position of the two His residues.
In Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress), the hypersensitive to red and blue 1 (Hrb1) protein, which regulating both red and blue light responses, contains a ZZ-type zinc finger domain.
ZZ-type zinc finger domains have also been identified in the testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase MEX that promotes death receptor-induced apoptosis. MEX has four putative zinc finger domains: one ZZ-type, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR-4 | FR-4 (or FR4) is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant (self-extinguishing).
"FR" stands for "flame retardant", and does not denote that the material complies with the standard UL94V-0 unless testing is performed to UL 94, Vertical Flame testing in Section 8 at a compliant lab. The designation FR-4 was created by NEMA in 1968.
FR-4 glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high-pressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with good strength to weight ratios. With near zero water absorption, FR-4 is most commonly used as an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical strength. The material is known to retain its high mechanical values and electrical insulating qualities in both dry and humid conditions. These attributes, along with good fabrication characteristics, lend utility to this grade for a wide variety of electrical and mechanical applications.
Grade designations for glass epoxy laminates are: G-10, G-11, FR-4, FR-5 and FR-6. Of these, FR-4 is the grade most widely in use today. G-10, the predecessor to FR-4, lacks FR-4's self-extinguishing flammability characteristics. Hence, FR-4 has since replaced G-10 in most applications.
FR-4 epoxy resin systems typically employ bromine, a halogen, to facilitate flame-resistant properties in FR-4 glass epoxy laminates. Some applications where thermal destruction of the material is a desirable trait will still use G-10 non flame resistant.
Properties
Which materials fall into the "FR-4" category is defined in the NEMA LI 1-1998 standard. Typical physical and electrical properties of FR-4 are as follows. The abbreviations LW (lengthwise, warp yarn direction) and CW (crosswise, fill yarn direction) refer to the conventional perpendicular fiber orientations in the XY plane of the board (in-plane). In terms of Cartesian coordinates, lengthwise is along the x-axis, cr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem%20Cells%20and%20Development | Stem Cells and Development is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cell biology, with a specific focus on biomedical applications of stem cells. It was established in 1992 as the Journal of Hematotherapy, and was renamed the Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research in 1999. The journal obtained its current name in 2004. It is published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. and the editor-in-chief is Graham C. Parker (Wayne State University School of Medicine). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 3.147. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message%20Oriented%20Text%20Interchange%20Systems | Message-Oriented Text Interchange System (MOTIS) is an ISO messaging standard based on the ITU-T X.400 standards.
It plays a similar role to the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) in the TCP/IP protocol suite. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGX-1027 | VGX-1027 (GIT-27) is a drug which acts as an immunomodulator. It acts by blocking downstream signalling of the Toll-like receptors TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6, and thereby reducing production of various cytokines, including interleukins and TNF-α. In animal studies it has antiinflammatory effects and has been investigated for conditions such as arthritis and lung inflammation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penultimate%20hop%20popping | Penultimate hop popping (PHP) is a function performed by certain routers in an MPLS enabled network. It refers to the process whereby the outermost label of an MPLS tagged packet is removed by a label switch router (LSR) before the packet is passed to an adjacent label edge router (LER). The benefit is that the LSR has to do a label lookup anyway and it doesn't make a difference whether this results in a label swap or pop. However, for the LER this saves one cycle of label lookup.
The process is important in a Layer 3 MPLS VPN () environment as it reduces the load on the LER. If this process didn't happen, the LER would have to perform at least 2 label lookups:
The outer label, identifying that the packet was destined to have its label stripped on this router.
The inner label, to identify which Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF) instance to use for the subsequent IP routing lookup.
In large, loaded networks the additional time required for second label lookup can make a difference in the overall forwarding performance and reduce buffering.
PHP functionality is achieved by the LER advertising a label with a value of 3 to its neighbours. This label is defined as "implicit-null" and informs the neighbouring LSR(s) to perform PHP.
External links
What Is PHP (Penultimate Hop Popping)
MPLS - Penultimate Hop Popping
MPLS PHP Lab
MPLS networking |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Robotics%20Engineering%20Center | The National Robotics Engineering Center (NREC) is an operating unit within the Robotics Institute (RI) of Carnegie Mellon University. NREC works closely with government and industry clients to apply robotic technologies to real-world processes and products, including unmanned vehicle and platform design, autonomy, sensing and image processing, machine learning, manipulation, and human–robot interaction.
NREC research objectives and approach
NREC applies robotics technologies to build functional prototype systems from concept to commercialization. A typical NREC project includes a rapid proof-of-concept demonstration followed by an in-depth development and testing phase that produces a robust prototype with intellectual property for licensing and commercialization. Throughout this process, NREC applies best practices for software development, system integration, and field testing. Sponsors and partners include industrial companies, technology startups, and federal agencies such as DARPA, the Department of Transportation, NASA, the Air Force Research Laboratory, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
NREC's research model is based on
Creative design and engineering on all levels and across all disciplines
Rapid prototyping using in-house fabrication capabilities
Collaboration with sponsors to commercialize technology
NREC history
In 1994, the Carnegie Mellon Field Robotics Center scientists realized that the mobile robotics field was mature enough for commercial application in agriculture, construction, mining, utilities, and other markets. Consequently, the National Robotics Engineering Consortium (NREC) was chartered with a mission to develop and transition robotic technology to industry and federal agencies. Original funding for the center included $2.5 million seed funding from NASA.
In 1996, the organization moved to its current facility in Pittsburgh’s Lawrenceville neighborhood and was renamed the National Robotics Engineering Center. The NREC is house |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporophyll | A sporophyll is a leaf that bears sporangia. Both microphylls and megaphylls can be sporophylls. In heterosporous plants, sporophylls (whether they are microphylls or megaphylls) bear either megasporangia and thus are called megasporophylls, or microsporangia and are called microsporophylls. The overlap of the prefixes and roots makes these terms a particularly confusing subset of botanical nomenclature.
Sporophylls vary greatly in appearance and structure, and may or may not look similar to sterile leaves. Plants that produce sporophylls include:
Alaria esculenta, a brown alga which shows sporophylls attached near the base of the alga.
Lycophytes, where sporophylls may be aggregated into strobili (Selaginella and some Lycopodium and related genera) or distributed singly among sterile leaves (Huperzia). Sporangia are borne in the axil or on the adaxial surface of the sporophyll. In heterosporous members, megasporophylls and microsporophylls may be intermixed or separated in a variety of patterns.
Ferns, which may produce sporophylls that are similar to sterile fronds or that appear very different from sterile fronds. These may be non-photosynthetic and lack typical pinnae, e.g. Onoclea sensibilis.
Cycads produce strobili, both pollen-producing and seed-producing, that are composed of sporophylls.
Ginkgo produces microsporophylls aggregated into a pollen strobilus. Ovules are not born on sporophylls .
Gymnosperms, like Ginkgo and cycads, produce microsporophylls, aggregated into pollen strobili. However, unlike these other groups, ovules are produced on cone scales, which are modified shoots rather than sporophylls.
Some plants do not produce sporophylls. Sporangia are produced directly on stems. Psilotum has been interpreted as producing sporangia (fused in a synangium) on the terminus of a stem. Equisetum always produce strobili, but the structures bearing sporangia (sporangiophores) have been interpreted as modified stems. The sporangia, despite being rec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Script%20Code%20for%20Information%20Interchange | Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India. It encodes the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration. The supported scripts are: Bengali–Assamese, Devanagari, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. ISCII does not encode the writing systems of India that are based on Persian, but its writing system switching codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri, Sindhi, Urdu, Persian, Pashto and Arabic. The Persian-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII encoding.
ISCII has not been widely used outside certain government institutions, although a variant without the mechanism was used on classic Mac OS, Mac OS Devanagari, and it has now been rendered largely obsolete by Unicode. Unicode uses a separate block for each Indic writing system, and largely preserves the ISCII layout within each block.
Background
The Brahmi-derived writing systems have similar structure. So ISCII encodes letters with the same phonetic value at the same code point, overlaying the various scripts. For example, the ISCII codes 0xB3 0xDB represent [ki]. This will be rendered as കി in Malayalam, कि in Devanagari, as ਕਿ in Gurmukhi, and as கி in Tamil. The writing system can be selected in rich text by markup or in plain text by means of the code described below.
One motivation for the use of a single encoding is the idea that it will allow easy transliteration from one writing system to another. However, there are enough incompatibilities that this is not really a practical idea.
ISCII is an 8-bit encoding. The lower 128 code points are plain ASCII, the upper 128 code points are ISCII-specific. In addition to the code points representing characters, ISCII makes use of a code point with mnemonic that indicates that the following byte contains one of two kinds of information. One set of values changes the writing system until the next writing system indicator or end-of- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russula%20emetica | Russula emetica, commonly known as the sickener, emetic russula, or vomiting russula, is a basidiomycete mushroom, and the type species of the genus Russula. It has a red, convex to flat cap up to in diameter, with a cuticle that can be peeled off almost to the centre. The gills are white to pale cream, and closely spaced. A smooth white stem measures up to long and thick. First described in 1774, the mushroom has a wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, where it grows on the ground in damp woodlands in a mycorrhizal association with conifers, especially pine.
The mushroom's common names refer to the gastrointestinal distress they cause when consumed raw. The flesh is extremely peppery, but this offensive taste, along with its toxicity, can be removed by parboiling or pickling. Although it used to be widely eaten in Russia and eastern European countries, it is generally not recommended for consumption. There are many similar Russula species that have a red cap with white stem and gills, some of which can be reliably distinguished from R. emetica only by microscopic characteristics.
Taxonomy
Russula emetica was first officially described as Agaricus emeticus by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1774, in his series on fungi of Bavaria and the Palatinate, Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones. Christian Hendrik Persoon placed it in its current genus Russula in 1796, where it remains. According to the nomenclatural database MycoBank, Agaricus russula is a synonym of R. emetica that was published by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772, two years earlier than Schaeffer's description. However, this name is unavailable as Persoon's name is sanctioned. Additional synonyms include Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Amanita rubra (1783), and Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's subsequent new combination Agaricus ruber (1805). The specific epithet is derived from the Ancient Greek
emetikos/εμετικος 'emetic' or 'vomit-inducing'. Similarly, its common name |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing%20factor%20family | Corticotropin-releasing factor family, CRF family is a family of related neuropeptides in vertebrates. This family includes corticotropin-releasing hormone (also known as CRF), urotensin-I, urocortin, and sauvagine. The family can be grouped into 2 separate paralogous lineages, with urotensin-I, urocortin and sauvagine in one group and CRH forming the other group. Urocortin and sauvagine appear to represent orthologues of fish urotensin-I in mammals and amphibians, respectively. The peptides have a variety of physiological effects on stress and anxiety, vasoregulation, thermoregulation, growth and metabolism, metamorphosis and reproduction in various species, and are all released as prohormones.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a releasing hormone found mainly in the paraventricular nucleus of the mammalian hypothalamus that regulates the release of corticotropin (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. The paraventricular nucleus transports CRH to the anterior pituitary, stimulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release via CRH type 1 receptors, thereby activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and, thus, glucocorticoid release.
CRH is evolutionary-related to a number of other active peptides. Urocortin acts in vitro to stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Urotensin is found in the teleost caudal neurosecretory system and may play a role in osmoregulation and as a corticotropin-releasing factor. Urotensin-I is released from the urophysis of fish, and produces ACTH and subsequent cortisol release in vivo. The nonhormonal portion of the prohormone is thought to be the urotensin binding protein (). Sauvagine, isolated from frog skin, has a potent hypotensive and antidiuretic effect.
Subfamilies
Urocortin
Human proteins from this family
CRH; UCN; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erable | Erable is a computer algebra system (CAS) for a family of Hewlett-Packard graphing scientific calculators of the HP 40, 48 and HP 49/50 series.
History
Originally named ALGB in 1993, it was developed by the French mathematician for the HP 48SX. Over time, the system integrated a lot of functionality from another math pack for the HP 48 series, ALG48 by Mika Heiskanen and Claude-Nicolas Fiechter. At some point, ALGB was renamed into Erable, a French play-on-words on another CAS named Maple. Compatible with the HP 48S, 48SX, 48G, 48G+, 48GX, Erable became one of the "must-have" software packages to be installed by advanced users of these calculators.
When Hewlett-Packard developed the HP 49G in 1999, the Erable and ALG48 packages became an integral part of the calculator's firmware, now just named HP49 CAS.
As HP CAS it also showed up in the HP 40G, 40gs, 49g+, 48gII and 50g and was maintained by Parisse up to 2006.
Based on his experiences with Erable, Parisse started developing a new and more general CAS system named Xcas / Giac in 2000. It is written in C++ rather than System RPL. This system was integrated into the HP Prime in 2013 under a dual-license scheme.
Versions
The last stable stand-alone version of Erable for the HP 48 series is 3.024 (1998-08-06), with source code as of 1998-07-14 available under the GNU GPL. The latest beta versions for these calculators are 3.117 (1998-10-17) and 3.201 (1999-02-07).
Parts of the CAS system for the HP 49/50 series (version 4) were released as open-source under the LGPL (since some parts of the CAS, which are copyrighted by Hewlett-Packard, remain proprietary software) and were maintained by Parisse up to 2006-02-02 (for firmware 2.14), and 2006-09-19 (for firmware 2.15 (2009-04-21) and 2.16 (2012-04-26)).
See also
Comparison of computer algebra systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Szeider | Stefan Szeider is an Austrian computer scientist who works on the areas of algorithms, computational complexity, theoretical computer science, and more specifically on propositional satisfiability, constraint satisfaction problems, and parameterised complexity. He is a full professor at the Faculty of Informatics at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), the head of the Algorithms and Complexity Group, and co-chair of the Vienna Center for Logic and Algorithms (VCLA) of TU Wien.
Education
Szeider received his doctorate in Mathematics from the University of Vienna in 2001 under the supervision of Professors Herbert Fleischner and Georg Gottlob while working as a mathematician at the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Career and research
Szeider is a full professor at the Faculty of Informatics at TU Wien. Previously he was first Lecturer and then Reader at the University of Durham, UK (2004–2009) and a postdoc with Professor Stephen Cook’s Group at the University of Toronto (2002–2004). He is a co-chair of the Vienna Center for Logic and Algorithms, which he founded together with Helmut Veith in 2012. He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Computer and System Sciences, the Journal of Discrete Algorithms, the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research and Fundamenta Informaticae.
Szeider published more than 140 refereed publications in the areas of theoretical computer science, algorithms, computational complexity, artificial intelligence, propositional satisfiability and constraint satisfaction.
Szeider is best known for popularizing the notion of backdoor sets for SAT and other problems and the introduction of dependency schemes for quantified boolean formulas.
Szeider also worked on width measures for graphs such as treewidth and clique-width. He showed with coauthors that it is NP-hard to determine whether the clique-width of a given graph is smaller than a given bound. He established complexity results for detecting minimally unsatisfiable |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sandwich | Beta-sandwich, β-sandwich domains consisting of 80 to 350 amino acids occur commonly in proteins. They are characterized by two opposing antiparallel beta sheets (β-sheets). The number of strands found in such domains may differ from one protein to another. β-sandwich domains are subdivided in a variety of different folds. The immunoglobulin-type fold found in antibodies (Ig-fold) consists of a sandwich arrangement of 7 and 9 antiparallel β-strands arranged in two β-sheets with a Greek-key topology. The Greek-key topology is also found in Human Transthyretin. The jelly-roll topology is found in carbohydrate binding proteins such as concanavalin A and various lectins, in the collagen binding domain of Staphylococcus aureus Adhesin and in modules that bind fibronectin as found in Tenascin (Third Fibronectin Type III Repeat). The L-type lectin domain is a variation of the jelly roll fold. The C2 domain in its typical version (PKC-C2) is a β-sandwich composed of 8 beta-strands (β-strands). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC%20Solid%20State | The UNIVAC Solid State was a magnetic drum-based solid-state computer announced by Sperry Rand in December 1958 as a response to the IBM 650. It was one of the first computers offered for sale to be (nearly) entirely solid-state, using 700 transistors, and 3000 magnetic amplifiers (FERRACTOR) for primary logic, and 20 vacuum tubes largely for power control. It came in two versions, the Solid State 80 (IBM-style 80-column cards) and the Solid State 90 (Remington-Rand 90-column cards). In addition to the "80/90" designation, there were two variants of the Solid State the SS I 80/90 and the SS II 80/90. The SS II series included two enhancements the addition of 1,280 words of core memory and support for magnetic tape drives. The SS I had only the standard 5,000-word drum memory described in this article and no tape drives.
The memory drum had a regular access speed AREA and a FAST ACCESS AREA.
4,000 words of memory had one set of R/W heads to access. The programmer was required to keep track of what words of memory where under the R/W heads and available to be read or written. At worst the program would have to wait for a full revolution of the drum to access the required memory locations. However 1,000 words of memory had 4 sets of R/W heads requiring only a 90 degree turn of the drum to access the required words.
Programming required that any function that changed the contents of a memory location had first to transfer the contents of the affected word from the drum to a static register.
There were 3 of these registers A X L, to add the values contained in drum memory locations the programmer would transfer the contents of the specific drum location to register A, then the second operand would be copied to the X register. The ADD INSTRUCTION WOULD BE EXECUTED leaving the result in the X register. The contents of the X register would then be written back to the appropriate word on the drum.
Both variants included a card reader, a card punch, and the line print |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-n-Propylcholestane | 24-n-Propylcholestane is a sterane biomarker molecule often found in marine source rocks. It is a C30 molecule, meaning that it is composed of thirty carbon atoms, and is one of the leading ways to distinguish a marine source rock from a terrigenous sample. It is composed of three six-carbon rings and one five-carbon ring, with two methyl groups and one eleven carbon side chain. 24-n-Propylcholestane has a molar mass of 414.76 g/mol.
24-n-Propylcholestane is a sterane, which are derived from sterols after being buried in the sediment. Sterols turn into steranes by saturating the sterol's double bond and removing the alcohol group. Steranes are fairly stable, and are often found in source rocks and crude oils.
24-n-Propylcholestane is derived from 24-n-propylcholesterol, which is made in the modern ocean by Chrysophyte algae. Because of its known modern creator, it is thought that traces of 24-n-propylcholestane in ancient sediments were likely produced by older algaes of the same order Chrysophyte. The marine algae is consumed by marine invertebrates, and so 24-n-propylcholesterols are also found in invertebrates, despite not being produced by them. Regardless of which organism is observed containing 24-n-propylcholesterols, the molecule originated from Chrysophyte algae.
The ratio of 24-n-propylcholestanes to 24-iso-propylcholestanes is used as an indicator for the presence of sponges.
Detection
In sediments, sterane biomarkers are found as a mixture of stereoisomers. It can be difficult to separate out a specific stereoisomer, as is necessary for the detection of solely 24-n-propylcholestane. Because of this, 24-n-propylcholestane can be fairly difficult to detect using gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GC-MS). It has a m/z of 414 and a secondary peak at 217, and can be easily confused for a different group of C30 molecules, 4ɑ-methylsteranes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRSP-TV | WRSP-TV (channel 55) is a television station licensed to Springfield, Illinois, United States, affiliated with the Fox network. It is owned by GOCOM Media, LLC, alongside Decatur-licensed CW affiliate WBUI (channel 23). GOCOM maintains joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with the Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of Springfield-licensed ABC affiliate WICS, channel 20 (and its semi-satellite, Champaign-licensed WICD, channel 15), for the provision of certain services. WRSP's transmitter is located west of Mechanicsburg, in unincorporated Sangamon County; the station shares studios with WBUI and WICS on East Cook Street in Springfield's Eastside. However, WBUI also operates an advertising sales office on South Main Street/US 51 in downtown Decatur.
WCCU (channel 27) in Urbana–Champaign operates as a semi-satellite of WRSP for the eastern portion of the Central Illinois market, including Danville. As such, it clears all network and syndicated programming from its parent but airs separate local commercial inserts and legal identifications. WCCU's transmitter is located northeast of Homer, along the Vermilion–Champaign county line; it shares studios with WICD on South Country Fair Drive in downtown Champaign.
History
What is now WRSP signed on June 1, 1979, as WBHW, a religious independent (the call letters stood for "We Believe His Word"). It aired an analog signal on UHF channel 55 and was built by the Windmill Broadcasting Company, which had received the construction permit in September 1978. It was the first new commercial station in the market (not counting satellite stations) since WCIA launched back in 1953. On November 24, 1982, it was sold to new owners who changed the call letters to WRSP-TV and turned it into the area's first general entertainment independent.
In the winter of 1985, WRSP announced it would join the upstart Fox network the following year. As part of the agreement, on February 19, 1986, it added full-time satellite WCCU in Urba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%20conjecture | In differential geometry, the Carathéodory conjecture is a mathematical conjecture attributed to Constantin Carathéodory by Hans Ludwig Hamburger in a session of the Berlin Mathematical Society in 1924. Carathéodory did publish a paper on a related subject, but never committed the conjecture into writing. In, John Edensor Littlewood mentions the conjecture and Hamburger's contribution as an example of a mathematical claim that is easy to state but difficult to prove. Dirk Struik describes in the formal analogy of the conjecture with the Four Vertex Theorem for plane curves. Modern references to the conjecture are the problem list of Shing-Tung Yau, the books of Marcel Berger, as well as the books.
The conjecture has had a troubled history with published proofs in the analytic case which contained gaps, and claims of proof in the general smooth case which have not been accepted for publication.
Statement of the conjecture
The conjecture claims that any convex, closed and sufficiently smooth surface in three dimensional Euclidean space needs to admit at least two umbilic points. In the sense of the conjecture, the spheroid with only two umbilic points and the sphere, all points of which are umbilic, are examples of surfaces with minimal and maximal numbers of the umbilicus. For the conjecture to be well posed, or the umbilic points to be well-defined, the surface needs to be at least twice differentiable.
The case of real analytic surfaces
The invited address of Stefan Cohn-Vossen to the International Congress of Mathematicians of 1928 in Bologna was on the subject and in the 1929 edition of Wilhelm Blaschke's third volume on Differential Geometry he states:
While this book goes into print, Mr. Cohn-Vossen has succeeded in proving that closed real-analytic surfaces do not have umbilic points of index > 2 (invited talk at the ICM in Bologna 1928). This proves the conjecture of Carathéodory for such surfaces, namely that they need to have at least two umbili |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YEPD | YEPD or yeast extract peptone dextrose, also often abbreviated as YPD, is a complete medium for yeast growth. It contains yeast extract, peptone, double-distilled water, and glucose (dextrose). It can be used as solid medium by including agar. The yeast extract will typically contain all the amino acids necessary for growth. By being a complete medium, YEPD cannot be used as a selection medium to test for auxotrophs. Instead, YEPD is used as a growth medium to grow yeast cultures.
YEPD typically contains 1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, and 2% glucose in distilled water. It may be made as a broth, or made into an agar gel by adding 1.5 to 2% agar. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning%20augmented%20algorithm | A learning augmented algorithm is an algorithm that can make use of a prediction to improve its performance.
Whereas in regular algorithms just the problem instance is inputted, learning augmented algorithms accept an extra parameter.
This extra parameter often is a prediction of some property of the solution.
This prediction is then used by the algorithm to improve its running time or the quality of its output.
Description
A learning augmented algorithm typically takes an input . Here is a problem instance and is the advice: a prediction about a certain property of the optimal solution. The type of the problem instance and the prediction depend on the algorithm. Learning augmented algorithms usually satisfy the following two properties:
Consistency. A learning augmented algorithm is said to be consistent if the algorithm can be proven to have a good performance when it is provided with an accurate prediction. Usually, this is quantified by giving a bound on the performance that depends on the error in the prediction.
Robustnesss. An algorithm is called robust if its worst-case performance can be bounded even if the given prediction is inaccurate.
Learning augmented algorithms generally do not prescribe how the prediction should be done. For this purpose machine learning can be used.
Examples
Binary search
The binary search algorithm is an algorithm for finding elements of a sorted list . It needs steps to find an element with some known value in a list of length .
With a prediction for the position of , the following learning augmented algorithm can be used.
First, look at position in the list. If , the element has been found.
If , look at positions until an index with is found.
Now perform a binary search on .
If , do the same as in the previous case, but instead consider .
The error is defined to be , where is the real index of .
In the learning augmented algorithm, probing the positions takes steps.
Then a binary search is performed on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnell%20equation | The Purnell equation is an equation used in analytical chemistry to calculate the resolution Rs between two peaks in a chromatogram.
where
Rs is the resolution between the two peaks
N2 is the plate number of the second peak
α is the separation factor between the two peaks
k '2 is the retention factor of the second peak.
The higher the resolution, the better the separation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing%20the%20Continuous%20Discretely | Computing the Continuous Discretely: Integer-Point Enumeration in Polyhedra is an undergraduate-level textbook in geometry, on the interplay between the volume of convex polytopes and the number of lattice points they contain. It was written by Matthias Beck and Sinai Robins, and published in 2007 by Springer-Verlag in their Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics series (Vol. 154). A second edition was published in 2015, and a German translation of the first edition by Kord Eickmeyer, Das Kontinuum diskret berechnen, was published by Springer in 2008.
Topics
The book begins with a motivating problem, the coin problem of determining which amounts of money can be represented (and what is the largest non-representable amount of money) for a given system of coin values.
Other topics touched on include face lattices of polytopes and the Dehn–Sommerville equations relating numbers of faces; Pick's theorem and the Ehrhart polynomials, both of which relate lattice counting to volume; generating functions, Fourier transforms, and Dedekind sums, different ways of encoding sequences of numbers into mathematical objects; Green's theorem and its discretization; Bernoulli polynomials; the Euler–Maclaurin formula for the difference between a sum and the corresponding integral; special polytopes including zonotopes, the Birkhoff polytope, and permutohedra; and the enumeration of magic squares. In this way, the topics of the book connect together geometry, number theory, and combinatorics.
Audience and reception
This book is written at an undergraduate level, and provides many exercises, making it suitable as an undergraduate textbook. Little mathematical background is assumed, except for some complex analysis towards the end of the book. The book also includes open problems, of more interest to researchers in these topics. As reviewer Darren Glass writes, "Even people who are familiar with the material would almost certainly learn something from the clear and engaging exposition that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamical%20energy%20analysis | Dynamical energy analysis (DEA) is a method for numerically
modelling structure borne sound and vibration in complex structures.
It is applicable in the mid-to-high frequency range and is in this
regime computational more efficient than traditional deterministic
approaches (such as finite element and
boundary element methods).
In comparison to conventional statistical approaches
such as statistical energy analysis (SEA),
DEA provides more structural details and is less problematic with respect
to subsystem division.
The DEA method predicts the flow of vibrational wave energy across
complex structures in terms of (linear) transport equations.
These equations are then discretized and solved on meshes.
Key point summary of DEA
High frequency method in numerical acoustics.
The flow of energy is tracked across a mesh. Can be thought of as ray tracing using density of rays instead of individual rays.
Can use existing FEM meshes. No remodelling necessary.
Computational time is independent of frequency.
The necessary mesh resolution does not depend on frequency and can be chosen coarser than in FEM. It only should resolve the geometry.
Fine structural details can be resolved, in contrast to SEA which gives only one number per subsystem.
Greater flexibility for the models usable by DEA. No implicit assumptions (equilibrium in weakly coupled subsystems) as in SEA.
Introduction
Simulations of the vibro-acoustic properties of complex structures
(such as cars, ships, airplanes,...) are routinely
carried out in various design stages.
For low frequencies, the established method of choice is
the finite element method (FEM).
But high frequency analysis using FEM requires very
fine meshes of the body structure to capture the shorter wavelengths and
therefore is computational extremely costly.
Furthermore the structural response at high frequencies is
very sensitive to small variations in material properties,
geometry and boundary conditions. This makes the output of a sing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh%20number | In fluid mechanics, the Rayleigh number (, after Lord Rayleigh) for a fluid is a dimensionless number associated with buoyancy-driven flow, also known as free (or natural) convection. It characterises the fluid's flow regime: a value in a certain lower range denotes laminar flow; a value in a higher range, turbulent flow. Below a certain critical value, there is no fluid motion and heat transfer is by conduction rather than convection. For most engineering purposes, the Rayleigh number is large, somewhere around 106 to 108.
The Rayleigh number is defined as the product of the Grashof number (), which describes the relationship between buoyancy and viscosity within a fluid, and the Prandtl number (), which describes the relationship between momentum diffusivity and thermal diffusivity: . Hence it may also be viewed as the ratio of buoyancy and viscosity forces multiplied by the ratio of momentum and thermal diffusivities: . It is closely related to the Nusselt number ().
Derivation
The Rayleigh number describes the behaviour of fluids (such as water or air) when the mass density of the fluid is non-uniform. The mass density differences are usually caused by temperature differences. Typically a fluid expands and becomes less dense as it is heated. Gravity causes denser parts of the fluid to sink, which is called convection. Lord Rayleigh studied the case of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. When the Rayleigh number, Ra, is below a critical value for a fluid, there is no flow and heat transfer is purely by conduction; when it exceeds that value, heat is transferred by natural convection.
When the mass density difference is caused by temperature difference, Ra is, by definition, the ratio of the time scale for diffusive thermal transport to the time scale for convective thermal transport at speed :
This means the Rayleigh number is a type of Péclet number. For a volume of fluid of size in all three dimensions and mass density difference , the force due to gravity is of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%208%20Fire%20Control%20Computer | The Mark 8 Fire Control Computer was developed by Bell Laboratories during World War II. It was initially requested by the USN Bureau of Ordnance as an alternative to the Ford Instruments Mark I Fire Control Computer, in case supplies of the Mk I were interrupted or were unable to be manufactured in the required numbers. The Mk 8 computer used all electric methods of computation, in contrast to the Mk 1, which performed most computations via mechanical devices. The Mk 8 was found to be more accurate than the Mk 1 and substantially faster in reaching a fire control solution, but by the time it was developed and tested in 1944, supplies of the Mk 1 were found to be sufficient in quantity. The USN extensively tested the Mk 8 and may have incorporated some of its technology into the post war Ford Instruments Mk1A computer. The Mk 8 technology was similar to that used in the M9 gun data computer used by the US Army for coast defence fire control and in the SCR-584 radar system computer.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neueuhren | NeueUhren.de is a German-language, digital special interest interest magazine aimed at those interested in mechanical watches and time measurement. It is published online.
The magazine offers information about new mechanical watches with price and technical specifications. Reports on visits to watch manufacturers and background information on watch companies are also among the editorial topics. It competes with blogs such as Zeigr.com, Herrstrohmsuhrsachen.com and Chronautix.com. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Std%20260.1-2004 | IEEE Std 260.1-2004 was a standard from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers that provided standard letter symbols for units of measurement for use in all applications in multiple contexts. It has been withdrawn.
It covers primarily SI units and customary inch–pound units. The symbols are sorted in alphabetical order of name from ampere (symbol A) to zetta (symbol Z), including barrel (symbol bbl), bit (symbol b), foot (symbol ft), inch (symbol in), microinch (symbol μin), kibibyte (symbol KiB) kilowatthour (symbol kWh), quart (symbol qt), slug (symbol slug) and year (symbol a). In some cases the same symbol is used for different units. Examples are the symbols B (for bel and byte), Gb (for gigabit and gilbert), L (for liter and lambert) and rad (for rad and radian).
See also
ISO 80000 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20reactivity%20index | Pressure reactivity index or PRx is tool for monitoring cerebral autoregulation in the intensive care setting for patients with severe traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage, in order to guide therapy to protect the brain from dangerously high or low cerebral blood flow.
PRx uses mathematical algorithms to calculate the correlation between arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure. PRx assesses for correlations at low frequencies, below 0.5 Hz, and thus ignores individual pulses while capturing the effects of respiratory-driven variation in arterial pressure as well as other longer-acting stimuli.
Under normal conditions, cerebral autoregulation ensures that cerebral blood flow is unchanged despite variations in blood pressure by regulating the cerebral vessels. For example, if the blood pressure increases, the cerebral vessels vasoconstrict to keep cerebral blood flow normal, whereas a decrease in blood pressure would lead to vasodilation of the cerebral vessels to increase blood flow. The cerebrovascular reactions to changes in blood pressure generates a corresponding effect on the intracranial pressure. When the blood pressure increases and the vessels vasoconstrict, the cerebral blood volume is reduced. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, less cerebral blood volume leads to a reduction in the intracranial pressure. If the blood pressure instead would decrease, the cerebral vessels would vasodilatate, with a resulting increase in cerebral blood volume.
Definition
In the original article, it is stated that "Time-averaged values of ICP, ABP, CPP, (CPP = ICP - ABP), and the middle cerebral artery blood FV were calculated using waveform time integration (average values of 256 consecutive samples) for 5-second intervals. Linear (Pearson's) moving correlation coefficients between 40 past consecutive 5-second averages of ICP and ABP, designated as the PRx, were computed. Computations were repeated with a moving window every 5 seconds." Later r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Force%20Delta | The Space Force Delta is the official logo of the U.S. Space Force, the space warfare service branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. The delta itself was unveiled on 22 July 2020.
Symbolism
First used in 1961, the Delta symbol honors the heritage of the United States Air Force and Space Command.
The silver outer border of the delta signifies defense and protection from all adversaries and threats emanating from the space domain.
Inside the delta, the two spires represent the action of a rocket launching into the outer atmosphere in support of the central role of the Space Force in defending the space domain.
The four beveled elements symbolize the joint armed forces supporting the space mission: Air Force, Army, Navy, and Marine Corps.
In the center of the delta is the star Polaris, which symbolizes how the core values guide the Space Force mission.
History
The Space Force Delta was officially unveiled by the Senior Enlisted Advisor of the Space Force, CMSgt Roger A. Towberman on 22 July 2020, alongside the Space Force's motto Semper Supra, which translates to "Always Above". The delta symbol has a strong historical tradition in the Space Force, being first used by military space units in 1961 and also being used to identify the second highest echelon of Space Force units, as well as holding a central position in the Space Operations Badge, Space Force seal, and Space Force flag.
The seal and delta quickly gained social media notoriety, as individuals compared it to the seal of Starfleet; however, the Space Force refuted the notion, stating that the central delta insignia was first used in 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces, and then adopted by the Air Force's early space program in 1961, years before Star Trek debuted in 1966. A number of military commentators noted that it was likely that Star Trek derived its logo from Air Force Space Command, rather than the other way around.
See also
Ranks and insignia of space forces
Prop and Wings
Eagle, Globe, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilicate%20lichen | An umbilicate lichen is a lichen that is only attached to its substrate at a single point. An example is Lasallia papulosa. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral%20fascia | The pectoral fascia is a thin lamina, covering the surface of the pectoralis major, and sending numerous prolongations between its fasciculi: it is attached, in the middle line, to the front of the sternum; above, to the clavicle; laterally and below it is continuous with the fascia of the shoulder, axilla, and thorax.
It is very thin over the upper part of the pectoralis major, but thicker in the interval between it and the latissimus dorsi, where it closes in the axillary space and forms the axillary fascia; it divides at the lateral margin of the latissimus dorsi into two layers, one of which passes in front of, and the other behind it; these proceed as far as the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae, to which they are attached.
As the fascia leaves the lower edge of the pectoralis major to cross the floor of the axilla it sends a layer upward under cover of the muscle; this lamina splits to envelop the pectoralis minor, at the upper edge of which it is continuous with the coracoclavicular fascia. The hollow of the armpit, seen when the arm is abducted, is produced mainly by the traction of this fascia on the axillary floor, and hence the lamina is sometimes named the suspensory ligament of the axilla.
At the lower part of the thoracic region the deep fascia is well-developed, and is continuous with the fibrous sheaths of the rectus abdominis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Millan | Mark J. Millan is a neuroscientist specialising in the study and improved treatment of disorders of brain. He was the Director of Pharmacological Innovation for the Central Nervous System (CNS) at the Institute de Recherché de Servier (IDRS) in Paris, France. He is also the Secretary of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Currently he is a Visiting Professor in the School of Psychology and Neuroscience at Glasgow University. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, he is the son of former Scottish Labour Party Leader and European Commissioner, Bruce Millan, studied at Cambridge University and then spent ten years at the Max Planck Institut fur Psychiatrie, Munich, before moving to Paris.
Career
Millan received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University, where we studied at Gonville and Caius College. He went on to retrain in neuroscience and neuropsychiatry at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany, in 1978-1987. Millan then joined the Institute de Recherche de Servier in Paris as a Lab Head. In 1993 he was appointed Director of the Psychopharmacology Division, assuming a more strategic role in therapeutic innovation for CNS disorders in 2010.
Research focus/interests
At the Max Planck Institute, Millan’s work focused on pain, stress, and endogenous opioids and earned him the international Serturner Prize for Pain Research. Since joining IDRS, he has directed research into the causes of psychiatric and neurological disorders and led drug discovery programmes for improved treatment, focussing in particular on depression, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. This work led to his nomination for the Ariens Prize for Pharmacology in 2014. Reconnecting with his original studies at Cambridge University, Millan is developing network-driven concepts for linking the brain to other complex systems like the eponymous brain coral of coral reefs. The brain and ecosystems share striking parallels in their organisation and vulner |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20Kikuchi%20diffraction | Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD), also sometimes called transmission-electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is a method for orientation mapping at the nanoscale. It’s used for analysing the microstructures of thin transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This technique has been widely utilised in the characterization of nano-crystalline materials, including oxides, superconductors, and metallic alloys.
TKD offers improved spatial resolution, enabling effective characterization of nanocrystalline materials and heavily deformed samples where high dislocation densities can prevent successful characterization using conventional Electron backscatter diffraction. Many studies have reported sub-10 nm resolution using TKD.
The main difference between diffraction spots and Kikuchi bands is that in TEM, discrete diffraction spots arise from coherent scattering of the incident beam, while the formation of Kikuchi bands is described as a two-step process consisting of incoherent scattering of the primary beam followed by coherent scattering of these forward biased electrons. TKD has also been applied to analyse fine-grained ultramylonite peridotite samples in a scanning electron microscope. The preparation of TKD samples can be done with standard methods used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Description
Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD or t-EBSD) is an Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique that is used to analyse the crystallographic orientation and microstructure of materials at a high spatial resolution. It is a variation of convergent-beam electron diffraction, which has been introduced around the 1970s, and has since become increasingly popular in materials science research, especially for studying materials at the nanoscale.
In TKD, a thin foil sample is prepared and placed perpendicular to the electron beam of a scanning electron microscope. The electron beam is then focused on a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioregion | A bioregion is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a biogeographic realm, but larger than an ecoregion or an ecosystem, in the World Wide Fund for Nature classification scheme. There is also an attempt to use the term in a rank-less generalist sense, similar to the terms "biogeographic area" or "biogeographic unit".
It may be conceptually similar to an ecoprovince.
It is also differently used in the environmentalist context, being coined by Berg and Dasmann (1977).
WWF bioregions
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) scheme divides some of the biogeographic realms into bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)." The WWF bioregions are as follows:
Afrotropical realm
Western Africa and Sahel
Central Africa
Eastern and Southern Africa
Horn of Africa
Madagascar–Indian Ocean
Antarctic realm
Australasian realm
Australia
New Guinea and Melanesia
New Zealand
Wallacea
Indomalayan realm
Indian subcontinent
Indochina
Sunda Shelf and Philippine Archipelago
Nearctic realm
Canadian Shield
Eastern North America
Northern Mexico and Southwestern United States
Western North America
Neotropical realm
Amazonia
Caribbean
Central America
Central Andes
Eastern South America
Everglades
Northern Andes
Orinoco
Southern South America
Oceanian realm
Micronesia
Polynesia
Palearctic realm
Asia
East Asia north of the Himalayan system's foothills to the Arctic
Himalayan
Tibetan Plateau steppe
Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau
Northeast Asia
Russian Far East
Central Asia – Iranian Plateau and north to the Arctic.
Temperate Asia biocountry
Mongolian Plateau
Eurasian Steppe
Asian Russia (central)
Asian-Siberian region
Western Asia
Arabian Desert
Mediterranean Near East (roughly corresponds to the Levant)
Anatolian Plateau
Transcaucasia
Northern Africa
Atlantic coastal desert
Sahara Desert
Mediterranean |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness | Sweetness is a basic taste most commonly perceived when eating foods rich in sugars. Sweet tastes are generally regarded as pleasurable. In addition to sugars like sucrose, many other chemical compounds are sweet, including aldehydes, ketones, and sugar alcohols. Some are sweet at very low concentrations, allowing their use as non-caloric sugar substitutes. Such non-sugar sweeteners include saccharin and aspartame. Other compounds, such as miraculin, may alter perception of sweetness itself.
The perceived intensity of sugars and high-potency sweeteners, such as aspartame and neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, are heritable, with gene effect accounting for approximately 30% of the variation.
The chemosensory basis for detecting sweetness, which varies between both individuals and species, has only begun to be understood since the late 20th century. One theoretical model of sweetness is the multipoint attachment theory, which involves multiple binding sites between a sweetness receptor and a sweet substance.
Studies indicate that responsiveness to sugars and sweetness has very ancient evolutionary beginnings, being manifest as chemotaxis even in motile bacteria such as E. coli. Newborn human infants also demonstrate preferences for high sugar concentrations and prefer solutions that are sweeter than lactose, the sugar found in breast milk. Sweetness appears to have the highest taste recognition threshold, being detectable at around 1 part in 200 of sucrose in solution. By comparison, bitterness appears to have the lowest detection threshold, at about 1 part in 2 million for quinine in solution. In the natural settings that human primate ancestors evolved in, sweetness intensity should indicate energy density, while bitterness tends to indicate toxicity. The high sweetness detection threshold and low bitterness detection threshold would have predisposed our primate ancestors to seek out sweet-tasting (and energy-dense) foods and avoid bitter-tasting foods. Even amongst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean%20rust | Soybean rust is a disease that affects soybeans and other legumes. It is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, commonly known as Asian soybean rust, and Phakopsora meibomiae, commonly known as New World soybean rust. P. meibomiae is the weaker pathogen of the two and generally does not cause widespread problems. The disease has been reported across Asia, Australia, Africa, South America and the United States.
Importance
Soybean is one of the most important commercial crops around the world and in the United States. Asian soybean rust is the major disease that affects soybeans. It causes lesions on the leaves of soybean plants and eventually kills the plants. The disease has caused serious yield loss of soybeans. In the areas where this disease is common, the yield losses can be up to 80%. The first reported cases in the United States occurred in 2004. This population originated in northern South America or the Caribbean. The spores were most likely spread by Hurricane Ivan. In 2002, USDA reported 10-60% yield losses in South America and Africa. in countries were this pathogen is established, estimated losses are between 10 and 80% depending on the inoculation and environmental conditions.
Host and symptoms
Soybean rust is caused by two types of fungi, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora meibomiae. It affects several important commercial plants, however, most notable for soybeans. Asian Soybean Rust can infect and reproduce on 90 known plant species, 20 of which are found in the United States, such as, soybeans, dry beans, kidney beans, peas. Asian soybean rust also infects yellow sweet lover, vetch, medic, lupine, green and kidney bean, and lima and butter bean. leguminous forage crops such as trefoil and sweet clover and weeds such as kudzu.
At the early stage of Asian Soybean Rust, it causes yellow mosaic discoloration on the upper surfaces of older foliage. At this stage, it is usually hard to identify since the symptoms are relatively small |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20bookmarking | Social bookmarking is an online service which allows users to add, annotate, edit, and share bookmarks of web documents. Many online bookmark management services have launched since 1996; Delicious, founded in 2003, popularized the terms "social bookmarking" and "tagging". Tagging is a significant feature of social bookmarking systems, allowing users to organize their bookmarks and develop shared vocabularies known as folksonomies.
Common features
Unlike file sharing, social bookmarking does not save the resources themselves, merely bookmarks that reference them, i.e. a link to the bookmarked page. Descriptions may be added to these bookmarks in the form of metadata, so users may understand the content of the resource without first needing to download it for themselves. Such descriptions may be free text comments, votes in favor of or against its quality, or tags that collectively or collaboratively become a folksonomy. Folksonomy is also called social tagging, "the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content".
In a social bookmarking system, users save links to web pages that they want to remember and/or share. These bookmarks are usually public, and can be saved privately, shared only with specified people or groups, shared only inside certain networks, or another combination of public and private domains. The allowed people can usually view these bookmarks chronologically, by category or tags, or via a search engine.
Most social bookmark services encourage users to organize their bookmarks with informal tags instead of the traditional browser-based system of folders, although some services feature categories/folders or a combination of folders and tags. They also enable viewing bookmarks associated with a chosen tag, and include information about the number of users who have bookmarked them. Some social bookmarking services also draw inferences from the relationship of tags to create clusters of tags or bookmarks.
Many s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-form | In computer science, a U-form is an abstract data type comprising a collection of attribute–value pairs associated with a universally-unique identifier (UUID). A U-form essentially comprises an associative array augmented with a UUID and with keys limited to strings.
The UUID that is associated with a u-form is immutable, however all data "contained" in the u-form are mutable (including the keys/names).
The mutability of contained data combined with an immutable identifier make implementations of fully mutable, replicable digital objects possible.
This has applications in distributed computing, non-relational database systems, information visualization, and knowledge representation systems.
Navigational databases, Entity and associative entity relationships can be implemented by using a UUID, or multiple UUIDs, as attribute values.
The u-form's design goals center around supporting an open, extensible distributed information space, emphasizing the unambiguous identity of data objects and the separation between data storage, data characterization, and schema development.
The use of non-semantic UUIDs combined with a simple attribute–value model draws a clear distinction between identity and data.
Although u-forms share certain design characteristics with serialization formats such as XML, they should not be confused with such representational formats. Since u-forms are abstract, they do not specify any particular representational format. Indeed, they may be stored as or communicated via XML or other types of serialization.
Operations
The operations defined for a u-form are similar to associative arrays:
Set_Attribute: Bind an attribute name to a value (replacing any existing binding to that name)
Delete_Attribute: Unbind an attribute name from a value and remove the name from the u-form
Get_Attribute: Find the value (if any) that is bound to a name.
List_Attributes: Find all names that have a non-empty value.
Properties
U-forms have the following pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM%20%28protocol%29 | DREAM is an ad hoc location-based routing protocol. DREAM stands for Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%20Arc | Intel Arc is a brand of graphics processing units designed by Intel. These are discrete GPUs mostly marketed for the high-margin PC gaming market. The brand also covers Intel's consumer graphics software and services.
Intel Arc is competing with Nvidia's GeForce and AMD's Radeon lines. The Arc-A series for laptops was launched on March 30, 2022, with the A750 and A770 both released in Q3'22. Intel missed their initial Q2 2022 release target, with most discrete Arc GPUs not launching until October 2022.
Intel officially launched the Arc Pro workstation GPUs on August 8, 2022.
Etymology
According to Intel, the brand is named after the concept of story arcs found in video games. Each generation of Arc is named after each letter of the Latin alphabet in ascending order. They begin with A, then B, then C, and so on. The first generation is named Alchemist, while Battlemage, Celestial and Druid are the respective names for the second, third and fourth Arc generations.
Graphics processor generations
Alchemist
Developed under the previous codename "DG2", the first generation of Intel Arc GPUs (codenamed "Alchemist") released on March 30, 2022. It will come in both add-on desktop card and laptop form factors. TSMC manufactures the die, using their N6 process.
Alchemist uses the Intel Xe GPU architecture, or more specifically, the Xe-HPG variant. Alchemist supports hardware-based ray tracing, XeSS or supersampling based on neural networks (similar to Nvidia's DLSS), and DirectX 12 Ultimate. Also supported is DisplayPort 2.0 and overclocking. AV1 fixed-function hardware encoder is included in Alchemist GPUs as part of the Intel Quick Sync Video core.
Intel confirmed ASTC support has been removed from hardware starting with Alchemist and future Intel Arc GPU microarchitectures will also not support it.
Intel Arc Alchemist does not support SR-IOV. Intel Arc Alchemist does not support Direct3D 9 natively, instead falling back on the D3D9On12 wrapper which translates Di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagolitic%20numerals | Glagolitic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Glagolitic script, generally agreed to have been created in the 9th century by Saint Cyril. They are similar to Cyrillic numerals, except that numeric values are assigned according to the native alphabetic order of the Glagolitic alphabet. Use of Glagolitic script and numerals declined through the Middle Ages and by the 17th century Glagolitic was used almost only in religious writings. It is unclear if the use of Glagolitic numerals persisted as long as the use of Glagolitic script.
General description
The system is a decimal alphabetic numeral system, with values assigned in alphabetical order, so = 1, = 2, and so forth. Glyphs for the ones, tens, and hundreds values are combined additively to form numbers, for example, is 500 + 80 + 3 or 583. Numbers are written from left to right, highest value at the left. As with Cyrillic numerals, between 11 and 19 the ordinary sign order is reversed, so the numbers 11 through 19 are typically written with the ones digit before the glyph for 10; for example is 6 + 10, making 16, this reflects the Slavic lexical numerals for the teens.
For numbers greater than 999, there is conflicting evidence. As the earliest version of the Glagolitic alphabet had 36 characters, there are indications of the use of Glagolitic letters for 1000 through 9000, although the validity of 3000 and greater is questioned. There is also evidence of the use of a thousands sign, similar to the lower-left keraia in Greek numerals or the Cyrillic thousands sign to mark numbers greater than 999.
To distinguish numbers from text, numerals are typically set apart with dots or a mark is placed over the numbers. For example, the Missale Romanum Glagolitice printed in 1483, uses both dots around and a titlo over letters in places to indicate a number, as does the Vinodol statute.
Example:
() – 1280
Table of values
As noted earlier, the letters associated with number values greater than 999 ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSSUS%20model | The WSSUS (Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering) model provides a statistical description of the transmission behavior of wireless channels. "Wide-sense stationarity" means the second-order moments of the channel are stationary, which means that they depends only on the time difference, while "uncorrelated scattering" refers to the delay τ due to scatterers.
Modelling of mobile channels as WSSUS (wide sense stationary uncorrelated scattering) has become popular among specialists. The model was introduced by Phillip A. Bello in 1963.
A commonly used description of time variant channel applies the set of Bello functions and the theory of stochastic processes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric%20Warfare%20Group | The Asymmetric Warfare Group was a United States Army unit created during the War on Terrorism to mitigate various threats with regard to asymmetric warfare. The unit was headquartered at Fort Meade, Maryland and had a training facility at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. The unit provided the linkage between Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and the operational Army, and reported directly to the commanding general of TRADOC.
In March 2021, the AWG held a casing of the colors ceremony and officially deactivated.
Organization
The Asymmetric Warfare Group was made up by a headquarters and headquarters detachment and four squadrons:
Able Squadron (Operations)
Baker Squadron (Operations)
Charlie Squadron (Operations)
Dog Squadron (Concepts & Integration)
Easy Squadron (Training)
Each squadron was commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel and subsequently divided into troops each commanded by a Major.
Mission
The U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Group (AWG) provides global operational advisory support to enable U.S. Army forces to win against current and emerging asymmetric threats, and prepare for Large Scale Combat Operations (LSCO).
The key tasks of Asymmetric Warfare Group was: Advise, Scout and to Assist Doctrine, Organization, Training, Materiel, Leadership and education, Personnel, Facilities and Policy (DOTMLPF-P) Integration.
History
The U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Group (AWG) was charged with identifying Army and joint force capability gaps to DOTMLPF-P, and developing solutions to those gaps. It further seeks to identify enemy threats and develop methods to defeat those threats.
2016 marked the group's 10th anniversary. In January, 2006, the AWG was established as a Field Operating Agency under the operational control of the Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7, Headquarters, Department of the Army. The AWG was activated on March 8, 2006, at Fort Meade, MD. The AWG was assigned to the TRADOC on November 11, 2011 as a direct reporting unit to the commanding gener |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boring%20machine%20%28carpentry%29 | A carpenters boring machine is a hand-driven machine to bore holes in beams such in the process of making a mortise or making holes for the wooden pegs which hold mortise and tenon joints together.
History
Before boring machines were invented, carpenters used hand-powered augers to bore holes. Most common were T-handled augers. The shape of the drill bits changed over time, with the spoon bit and shell bit being common before the invention of the spiral or twist bit in 1771 which removes the cuttings as it turns. The exact origin of this invention is not known, but the earliest patent is in the United States in 1830 by J. Beckwith and was as tall as a man and operated by a large wheel from the side.
Boring machines use twist auger bits usually ranging in size from inch to 2 inches. The machines hold the bit perpendicular (square) to the face of the timber and are operated with both hands while the operator sits on the base to keep the machine from moving. Some machines can be set at an angle.
American manufacturers included “…Boss, Ajax, Snell Manufacturing Co., Sweet, Jennings, Saunders, R. Ball & co., Roswell Buck, Phillips, Millers Falls, Riley Smith, James Oppenheimer, and the Square Hole Auger Company. Some companies made 10 or 12 different models…”. Timber Framing #22 December 1991. 12.
Decline in use
Traditional timber framing in North America went into a slow decline after the invention and spread of balloon framing (1832) and what was called plank framing in barn construction in the mid-to-late 19th century. Combined with electrification of hand-held tool carpenters, boring machines became obsolete.
External links
Two-minute video demonstrating a fancy boring machine from 1872
Tactical Tool Definitive Guide 2022 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey%E2%80%93Stewartson%20equation | In fluid dynamics, the Davey–Stewartson equation (DSE) was introduced in a paper by A. Davey and Keith Stewartson to describe the evolution of a three-dimensional wave-packet on water of finite depth.
It is a system of partial differential equations for a complex (wave-amplitude) field and a real (mean-flow) field :
The DSE is an example of a soliton equation in 2+1 dimensions. The corresponding Lax representation for it is given in .
In 1+1 dimensions the DSE reduces to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Itself, the DSE is the particular reduction of the Zakharov–Schulman system. On the other hand, the equivalent counterpart of the DSE is the Ishimori equation.
The DSE is the result of a multiple-scale analysis of modulated nonlinear surface gravity waves, propagating over a horizontal sea bed.
See also
Ginzburg–Landau equation
Nonlinear systems
Ishimori equation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva%C4%8Da | Suvača () in Kikinda, Serbia, is one of the three remaining horse-powered dry mills in the whole of Europe.
Suvača in Kikinda is characteristic of the Vojvodina area of the 19th century. It was built in 1899, and the mill stopped working in 1945. It is located in the western part of town, on the corner of Nemanjina and Moravska streets. The plot of land is . Suvača is a mill for grinding grain that uses the work of horses as its driving force. The mill uses one to five pairs of horses. One pair of horses was able to grind up to of grain per hour. According to tradition, the taste of bread from wheat ground in Suvača was excellent and high quality. In addition to cereals, the mill at Suvača would process black pepper, cinnamon, and sweet and hot peppers.
History
Horse powered mills were once numerous in the area. Town of Kikinda itself had 17 of them in 1781, 32 in 1801, and 51 in 1847, which was a record. Building of the mill was finished in 1899. At the time, it was the largest of its type in Austro-Hungary. The quality of the flour grinded in the mill was of such quality, that the flour was sent to the imperial court in Vienna. On the eve of World War II, it was sold to Gašpar Krimer, a German, but was nationalized after the war, in 1945.
Today, there are only three horse powered mills surviving in Europe, the other two being in Szarvas, Hungary and Otok, Croatia. Being the only one in Serbia, Suvača is a unique architectural monument.
Architecture
Suvača consists of three connected parts: the drive space, the mill space, and the miller's apartment. The drive space is the compartment with a pyramid roof where the device is located that runs the mill stones. Although the entire facility called Suvača, Suvača is essentially the part of the building in which the device is located.
The main building is a multi-pyramid shape where the most important part of Suvača—the circular area where the grinding took place—is located. This section of the building is abou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAT5 | N-terminal acetyltransferase B complex catalytic subunit NAT5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NAT5 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm%20%28programming%20language%29 | Charm is a computer programming language devised in the early 1990s with similarities to the RTL/2, Pascal and C languages in addition to containing some unique features of its own. The Charm language is defined by a context-free grammar amenable to being processed by recursive descent parser as described in seminal books on compiler design.
A set of Charm tools including a compiler, assembler and linker was made available for Acorn's RISC OS platform. Charm reworked for RISC OS platforms has subsequently been reviewed in Archive magazine.
Charm is further described in the e-book Programming in Charm on the Raspberry Pi.
Grammar
The definition of the Charm grammar in Backus–Naur form along with descriptive examples of Charm constructs is defined on the Charm language page.
The language is block structured, with each block being introduced by a language keyword that is descriptive of the operation being performed in the block e.g. , , (iteration), , (selection). Each block is enclosed by { and } delimiters. Additionally language lines within a block are normally indented for clarity, though this not required as white space is ignored.
Each grammatically conforming text represents a collection of executable code and associated data which can be used by a Charm tool set as a component when assembling a program that can be run under an operating system utilising the services it provides to do useful work such as data processing or interacting with users through a graphical user interface (GUI).
Data types
Charm is a strongly typed language, but does allow some implicit conversions between numeric and floating point types. The following basic variable types are supported:
– integers
– characters
– boolean values ( or )
– floating point numbers
Data aggregates of the same type may be declared and statically initialised using the keyword, and these may be multidimensional. Aggregates of different types may be declared using the keyword, and it is all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20palpebral%20ligament | The medial palpebral ligament (medial canthal tendon) is a ligament of the face. It attaches to the frontal process of the maxilla, the lacrimal groove, and the tarsus of each eyelid. It has a superficial (anterior) and a deep (posterior) layer, with many surrounding attachments. It connects the medial canthus of each eyelid to the medial part of the orbit. It is a useful point of fixation during eyelid reconstructive surgery.
Structure
The anterior attachment of the medial palpebral ligament is to the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove (near the nasal bone and the frontal bone), and its posterior attachment is the lacrimal bone. Crossing the lacrimal sac, it divides into two parts, upper and lower, each attached to the medial end of the corresponding tarsus of each eyelid.
As the ligament crosses the lacrimal sac, a strong aponeurotic lamina is given off from its posterior surface; this expands over the sac, and is attached to the posterior lacrimal crest.
The medial palpebral ligament consists of a superficial (anterior) and a deep (posterior) layer. The superficial layer has a length of around 9.6 mm, a width of around 2.4 mm, and a thickness of around 4.5 mm. The deep layer has a length of around 3.7, a width of around 2.9, and a thickness of around 0.3 mm. Together, these have a strength of around 17 newtons, with most of this strength from the superficial layer.
Relations
The superior branch of the medial palpebral artery runs directly behind the medial palpebral ligament. Branches of the facial nerve, particularly the buccal branches, pass upwards over the medial palpebral ligament to reach the nose.
Function
The medial palpebral ligament connects the medial canthus of each eyelid to the medial part of the orbit.
Clinical significance
The medial palpebral ligament can be used as a point of fixation during eyelid reconstructive surgery, allowing for normal blinking.
History
The medial palpebral ligament has also been kn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Fenwick%20%28neuropsychologist%29 | Peter Brooke Cadogan Fenwick (born 25 May 1935) is a neuropsychiatrist and neurophysiologist who is known for his studies of epilepsy and end-of-life phenomena.
Education
Fenwick is a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied Natural Science. He obtained his clinical experience at St Thomas' Hospital.
Career
Fenwick is a senior lecturer at King's College, London, where he works as a consultant at the Institute of Psychiatry. He is the Consultant Neuropsychologist at both the Maudsley, and John Radcliffe hospitals, and also provides services for Broadmoor Hospital. He works with the Mental Health Group at the University of Southampton, and holds a visiting professorship at the Riken Neurosciences Institute in Japan.
Fenwick is the president of the Horizon Research Foundation, an organisation that supports research into end-of-life experiences. He is the President of the British branch of the International Association for Near-Death Studies. As of 2008 Fenwick is a part of the Human Consciousness Project. The first study from the project was called The AWARE (AWAreness during REsuscitation) study and was published in 2014.
Fenwick has been part of the editorial board for a number of journals, including the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, the Journal of Consciousness Studies and the Journal of Epilepsy and Behaviour.
Near-death research
Fenwick's interest in near-death experiences was piqued when he read Raymond Moody's book Life After Life. Initially skeptical of Moody's anecdotal evidence, Fenwick reassessed his opinion after a discussion with one of his own patients, who described a near-death experience very similar to that of Moody's subjects. Since then, he has collected and analysed more than 300 examples of near-death experiences.
He has been criticised by some in the medical community for arguing that human consciousness can survive bodily death. Fenwick argues that human consciousness may be more than just a function o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS%20statistical%20regions%20of%20the%20Netherlands | In the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) codes of the Netherlands (NL), the three levels are:
NUTS codes
Local administrative units
Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are:
The LAU codes of the Netherlands can be downloaded here:
See also
Subdivisions of the Netherlands
ISO 3166-2 codes of the Netherlands
FIPS region codes of the Netherlands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulated%20cyclone%20energy | Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a metric used by various agencies to express the energy released by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. It is calculated by summing the square of a tropical cyclone's maximum sustained winds, measured every six hours. The resulting total can be divided by 10,000 to make it more manageable, or added to other totals in order to work out a total for a particular group of storms.
The calculation was originally created by William Gray and his associates at Colorado State University as the Hurricane Destruction Potential index, which took the square of each hurricane's maximum sustained winds above every six hours. This index was adjusted by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2000 to include all tropical cyclones, with winds above and renamed accumulated cyclone energy. The index has since been used by various other agencies to calculate a storm's accumulated cyclone energy, including the Australian Bureau of Meteorology as well as the India Meteorological Department.
The highest ACE calculated for a single tropical cyclone on record worldwide is 87.01, set by Cyclone Freddy in 2023.
History
The accumulated cyclone energy index was originally created by William Gray and his associates at Colorado State University, as the Hurricane Destruction Potential index (HDP). They argued that the destruction of a hurricane's wind and storm surge was better related to the square of the maximum wind speed (Vmax2) than simply to the maximum wind speed. The index was calculated by squaring the estimated maximum sustained wind speed by themselves, for all tropical cyclones with windspeeds of above every six hours over the entire season. This scale was subsequently adjusted by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to include all tropical cyclones, with winds above . NOAA also renamed it the accumulated cyclone energy index. Since the scale was adjusted by NOAA, the storm tota |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20shear | Simple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and maintain a constant distance, while translating relative to each other.
In fluid mechanics
In fluid mechanics, simple shear is a special case of deformation where only one component of velocity vectors has a non-zero value:
And the gradient of velocity is constant and perpendicular to the velocity itself:
,
where is the shear rate and:
The displacement gradient tensor Γ for this deformation has only one nonzero term:
Simple shear with the rate is the combination of pure shear strain with the rate of and rotation with the rate of :
The mathematical model representing simple shear is a shear mapping restricted to the physical limits. It is an elementary linear transformation represented by a matrix. The model may represent laminar flow velocity at varying depths of a long channel with constant cross-section. Limited shear deformation is also used in vibration control, for instance base isolation of buildings for limiting earthquake damage.
In solid mechanics
In solid mechanics, a simple shear deformation is defined as an isochoric plane deformation in which there are a set of line elements with a given reference orientation that do not change length and orientation during the deformation. This deformation is differentiated from a pure shear by virtue of the presence of a rigid rotation of the material. When rubber deforms under simple shear, its stress-strain behavior is approximately linear. A rod under torsion is a practical example for a body under simple shear.
If e1 is the fixed reference orientation in which line elements do not deform during the deformation and e1 − e2 is the plane of deformation, then the deformation gradient in simple shear can be expressed as
We can also write the deformation gradient as
Simple shear stress–strain relation
In linear elasticity, shear stress, denoted , is related to shear strain, denoted , by the following equation:
w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhat%20Mishra | Prabhat Mishra is a Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering and a UF Research Foundation Professor at the University of Florida. Prof. Mishra's research interests are in hardware security, quantum computing, embedded systems, system-on-chip validation, formal verification, and machine learning.
Biography
Born and raised in India, Mishra received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of California at Irvine in 2004. He received a B.E. in Computer Science from the Jadavpur University, India in 1994, and M.Tech. in Computer Science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India in 1995. In 2004, he joined University of Florida as an Assistant Professor. In 2010, he was promoted to an Associate Professor and by 2016 he became a Professor at the same institution. He currently lives in Gainesville, Florida with his family.
Academic Life
His research has been recognized by Best Paper Awards and Best Paper Award Nominations at several international conferences. Dr. Mishra currently serves as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems and ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems. In 2015, he was selected as an ACM Distinguished Scientist. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2021 for contributions to system-on-chip validation and design automation of embedded systems. He was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2023 .
Awards
AAAS Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2023.
IEEE Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021.
UF Research Foundation Professor, University of Florida, 2020.
IET Outstanding Editor Award, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2019.
ISQED Best Paper Award, International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, 2016.
ACM Distinguished Scientist, Association for Computing Machinery, 2015.
IBM Faculty Award, 2015.
VL |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20Helly | Eduard Helly (June 1, 1884 in Vienna – 28 November 1943 in Chicago) was a mathematician after whom Helly's theorem, Helly families, Helly's selection theorem, Helly metric, and the Helly–Bray theorem were named.
Life
Helly earned his doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1907, with two advisors, Wilhelm Wirtinger and Franz Mertens. He then continued his studies for another year at the University of Göttingen. Richard Courant, also studying there at the same time, tells a story of Helly disrupting one of Courant's talks, which fortunately did not prevent David Hilbert from eventually hiring Courant as an assistant. After returning to Vienna, Helly worked as a tutor, Gymnasium teacher, and textbook editor until World War I, when he enlisted in the Austrian army. He was shot in 1915, and spent the rest of the war as a prisoner of the Russians. In one prison camp in Berezovka, Siberia, he organized a mathematical seminar in which Tibor Radó, then an engineer, began his interest in pure mathematics. While held in another camp at Nikolsk-Ussuriysk, also in Siberia, Helly wrote important contributions on functional analysis.
After a complicated return trip, Helly finally came back to Vienna in 1920, married his wife (mathematician Elise Bloch) in 1921, and also in 1921 earned his habilitation. Unable to obtain a paid position at the university because he was seen as too old and too Jewish, he worked at a bank until the financial collapse of 1929, and then for an insurance company. After the takeover of Austria by the Nazis in 1938, he lost that job as well, and escaped to America. With the assistance of Albert Einstein, he found teaching positions at Paterson Junior College and Monmouth Junior College in New Jersey, before moving with his wife to Chicago in 1941, to work for the U.S. Army Signal Corps. In Chicago, he suffered two heart attacks, and died from the second one.
Contributions
In the same 1912 paper in which he introduced Helly's selection theorem concer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmer%27s%20conjecture | Zimmer's conjecture is a statement in mathematics "which has to do with the circumstances under which geometric spaces exhibit certain kinds of symmetries." It was named after the mathematician Robert Zimmer. The conjecture states that there can exist symmetries (specifically higher-rank lattices) in a higher dimension that cannot exist in lower dimensions.
In 2017, the conjecture was proven by Aaron Brown and Sebastián Hurtado-Salazar of the University of Chicago and David Fisher of Indiana University. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-hosting%20%28compilers%29 | In computer programming, self-hosting is the use of a program as part of the toolchain or operating system that produces new versions of that same program—for example, a compiler that can compile its own source code. Self-hosting software is commonplace on personal computers and larger systems. Other programs that are typically self-hosting include kernels, assemblers, command-line interpreters and revision control software.
Operating systems
An operating system is self-hosted when the toolchain to build the operating system runs on that same operating system. For example, Windows can be built on a computer running Windows.
Before a system can become self-hosted, another system is needed to develop it until it reaches a stage where self-hosting is possible. When developing for a new computer or operating system, a system to run the development software is needed, but development software used to write and build the operating system is also necessary. This is called a bootstrapping problem or, more generically, a chicken or the egg dilemma.
A solution to this problem is the cross compiler (or cross assembler when working with assembly language). A cross compiler allows source code on one platform to be compiled for a different machine or operating system, making it possible to create an operating system for a machine for which a self-hosting compiler does not yet exist. Once written, software can be deployed to the target system using means such as an EPROM, floppy diskette, flash memory (such as a USB thumb drive), or JTAG device. This is similar to the method used to write software for gaming consoles or for handheld devices like cellular phones or tablets, which do not host their own development tools.
Once the system is mature enough to compile its own code, the cross-development dependency ends. At this point, an operating system is said to be self-hosted.
Compilers
Software development using compiler or interpreters can also be self hosted when the comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDC%20SCOPE | SCOPE (Supervisory Control of Program Execution) is a series of Control Data Corporation batch operating systems developed in the 1960s.
Variants
SCOPE for the CDC 3000 series
SCOPE for the CDC 6000 series
SCOPE and SCOPE-2 for the CDC 7600/Cyber-76
SCOPE for the CDC 3000 series
SCOPE for the CDC 6000 series
This operating system was based on the original Chippewa Operating System. In the early 1970s, it was renamed NOS/BE for the CDC Cyber machines. The SCOPE operating system is a file-oriented system using mass storage, random access devices. It was designed to make use of all capabilities of CDC 6000 computer systems and exploits fully the multiple-operating modes of all segments of the computer. Main tasks of SCOPE are controlling job execution, storage assignment, performing segment and overlay loading. Its features include comprehensive input/output functions and library maintenance routines. The operating system chronologically records all jobs run and any problems encountered. To aid debugging, dumps and memory maps are available.
Description
SCOPE is a multiprogramming operating system capable of running up to eight jobs, called control points, at one time. One control point is used for system functions. Later versions increased this limit to 15.
SCOPE runs on the 6x00's peripheral processors (PPs). "A central processor (CP)… is completely within the power of every PP at all times." One PP, identified as PP0 runs the Monitor Program (MTR) "that oversees or controls all other activities." PP9 is assigned to control the system console typewriter and displays. The other PPs perform input/output functions as directed by MTR.
A portion of the central processor's memory (called central memory, or CM) the Central Memory Resident (CMR) "is reserved for various system tables accessible by the PPs.” Part of this CMR is a communications area for each PP. Each communications area contains an "input register" and an "output register", followed by a message buf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millioctave | The millioctave (moct) is a unit of measurement for musical intervals. As is expected from the prefix milli-, a millioctave is defined as 1/1000 of an octave. From this it follows that one millioctave is equal to the ratio 21/1000, the 1000th root of 2, or approximately 1.0006934 ().
Given two frequencies a and b, the measurement of the interval between them in millioctaves can be calculated by
Likewise, if you know a note b and the number n of millioctaves in the interval, then the other note a may be calculated by:
Like the more common cent, the millioctave is a linear measure of intervals, and thus the size of intervals can be calculated by adding their millioctave values, instead of multiplication, which is necessary for calculations of frequencies.
A millioctave is exactly 1.2 cents.
History and use
The millioctave was introduced by the German physicist Arthur von Oettingen in his book Das duale Harmoniesystem (1913). The invention goes back to John Herschel, who proposed a division of the octave into 1000 parts, which was published (with appropriate credit to Herschel) in George Biddell Airy's book on musical acoustics.
Compared to the cent, the millioctave has not been as popular because it is not aligned with just intervals. It is however occasionally used by authors who wish to avoid the close association between the cent and twelve-tone equal temperament. Some considers that the millioctave introduces as well a bias for the less familiar 10-tone equal temperament however this bias is common in the decimal system.
See also
Cent (music)
Savart
Musical tuning
Logarithm
Degree (angle)
Chiliagon
Notes
External links
Logarithmic Interval Measures
Equal temperaments
Intervals (music)
Units of measurement
1913 introductions
1000 (number) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-transitive%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, a half-transitive graph is a graph that is both vertex-transitive and edge-transitive, but not symmetric. In other words, a graph is half-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively upon both its vertices and its edges, but not on ordered pairs of linked vertices.
Every connected symmetric graph must be vertex-transitive and edge-transitive, and the converse is true for graphs of odd degree, so that half-transitive graphs of odd degree do not exist. However, there do exist half-transitive graphs of even degree. The smallest half-transitive graph is the Holt graph, with degree 4 and 27 vertices. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy%20and%20symplesiomorphy | In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades.
Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, and synapomorphy, all mean a trait shared between species because they share an ancestral species.
Apomorphic and synapomorphic characteristics convey much information about evolutionary clades and can be used to define taxa. However, plesiomorphic and symplesiomorphic characteristics cannot.
The term symplesiomorphy was introduced in 1950 by German entomologist Willi Hennig.
Examples
A backbone is a plesiomorphic trait shared by birds and mammals, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Birds and mammals share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. snakes, lizards, turtles, fish, frogs, all have backbones and none are either birds nor mammals.
Being a hexapod is plesiomorphic trait shared by ants and beetles, and does not help in placing an animal in one or the other of these two clades. Ants and beetles share this trait because both clades are descended from the same far distant ancestor. Other clades, e.g. bugs, flies, bees, aphids, and many more clades, all are hexapods and none are either ants nor beetles.
Elytra are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the beetle clade, Elytra are plesiomorphic between clades of beetles, e.g. they do not distinguish the dung beetles from the horned beetles. The metapleural gland is a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the ant clade.
Feathers are a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the bird clade, hair is a synapomorphy for placing any living species into the mammal clade. Note that some mammal species have lost their hair, so the absence of hair does not exclude a species from being a mammal. Another mammalian synapomorphy is milk. All mam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X87 | x87 is a floating-point-related subset of the x86 architecture instruction set. It originated as an extension of the 8086 instruction set in the form of optional floating-point coprocessors that work in tandem with corresponding x86 CPUs. These microchips have names ending in "87". This is also known as the NPX (Numeric Processor eXtension). Like other extensions to the basic instruction set, x87 instructions are not strictly needed to construct working programs, but provide hardware and microcode implementations of common numerical tasks, allowing these tasks to be performed much faster than corresponding machine code routines can. The x87 instruction set includes instructions for basic floating-point operations such as addition, subtraction and comparison, but also for more complex numerical operations, such as the computation of the tangent function and its inverse, for example.
Most x86 processors since the Intel 80486 have had these x87 instructions implemented in the main CPU, but the term is sometimes still used to refer to that part of the instruction set. Before x87 instructions were standard in PCs, compilers or programmers had to use rather slow library calls to perform floating-point operations, a method that is still common in (low-cost) embedded systems.
Description
The x87 registers form an eight-level deep non-strict stack structure ranging from ST(0) to ST(7) with registers that can be directly accessed by either operand, using an offset relative to the top, as well as pushed and popped. (This scheme may be compared to how a stack frame may be both pushed/popped and indexed.)
There are instructions to push, calculate, and pop values on top of this stack; unary operations (FSQRT, FPTAN etc.) then implicitly address the topmost ST(0), while binary operations (FADD, FMUL, FCOM, etc.) implicitly address ST(0) and ST(1). The non-strict stack model also allows binary operations to use ST(0) together with a direct memory operand or with an explicitly sp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clenshaw%E2%80%93Curtis%20quadrature | Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature and Fejér quadrature are methods for numerical integration, or "quadrature", that are based on an expansion of the integrand in terms of Chebyshev polynomials. Equivalently, they employ a change of variables and use a discrete cosine transform (DCT) approximation for the cosine series. Besides having fast-converging accuracy comparable to Gaussian quadrature rules, Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature naturally leads to nested quadrature rules (where different accuracy orders share points), which is important for both adaptive quadrature and multidimensional quadrature (cubature).
Briefly, the function to be integrated is evaluated at the extrema or roots of a Chebyshev polynomial and these values are used to construct a polynomial approximation for the function. This polynomial is then integrated exactly. In practice, the integration weights for the value of the function at each node are precomputed, and this computation can be performed in time by means of fast Fourier transform-related algorithms for the DCT.
General method
A simple way of understanding the algorithm is to realize that Clenshaw–Curtis quadrature (proposed by those authors in 1960) amounts to integrating via a change of variable . The algorithm is normally expressed for integration of a function over the interval [−1,1] (any other interval can be obtained by appropriate rescaling). For this integral, we can write:
That is, we have transformed the problem from integrating to one of integrating . This can be performed if we know the cosine series for :
in which case the integral becomes:
Of course, in order to calculate the cosine series coefficients
one must again perform a numeric integration, so at first this may not seem to have simplified the problem. Unlike computation of arbitrary integrals, however, Fourier-series integrations for periodic functions (like , by construction), up to the Nyquist frequency , are accurately computed by the equally spaced and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20phosphorylation | Protein phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become either activated or deactivated, or otherwise modifying its function. Approximately 13000 human proteins have sites that are phosphorylated.
The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins.
The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, tyrosine in eukaryotes, and also histidine in prokaryotes and plants (though it is now known to be common in humans). These phosphorylations play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, other amino acids can also be phosphorylated post-translationally, including arginine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cysteine, and these phosphorylated amino acids have recently been identified to be present in human cell extracts and fixed human cells using a combination of antibody-based analysis (for pHis) and mass spectrometry (for all other amino acids).
Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.
History
In 1906, Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research identified phosphate in the protein vitellin (phosvitin), and by 1933 had detected phosphoserine in casein, with Fritz Lipmann. However, it took another 20 years before Eugene P. Kennedy described the first ‘enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins’. The first phosphorylase enzyme was discovered by Carl and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaled%20particle%20theory | The Scaled Particle Theory (SPT) is an equilibrium theory of hard-sphere fluids which gives an approximate expression for the equation of state of hard-sphere mixtures and for their thermodynamic properties such as the surface tension.
One-component case
Consider the one-component homogeneous hard-sphere fluid with molecule radius . To obtain its equation of state in the form (where is the pressure, is the density of the fluid and is the temperature) one can find the expression for the chemical potential and then use the Gibbs–Duhem equation to express as a function of .
The chemical potential of the fluid can be written as a sum of an ideal-gas contribution and an excess part: . The excess chemical potential is equivalent to the reversible work of inserting an additional molecule into the fluid. Note that inserting a spherical particle of radius is equivalent to creating a cavity of radius in the hard-sphere fluid. The SPT theory gives an approximate expression for this work . In case of inserting a molecule it is
,
where is the packing fraction, is the Boltzmann constant.
This leads to the equation of state
which is equivalent to the compressibility equation of state of the Percus-Yevick theory. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Worry%20Kyoko%20%28Mummy%27s%20Only%20Looking%20for%20Her%20Hand%20in%20the%20Snow%29 | "Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow)" (also known as "Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for a Hand in the Snow)") is a song by Yoko Ono that was originally released by Plastic Ono Band in October 1969 as the B-side of John Lennon's single "Cold Turkey" and was later released on Ono's 1971 album Fly. Several live versions have been released, including on Live Peace in Toronto 1969 and Some Time in New York City in 1972. An early version was titled "Mum's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow". It has been covered by several other artists.
Lyrics and music
"Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow)" was inspired by Lennon's and Ono's custody fight with Ono's ex-husband Anthony Cox over Cox's and Ono's daughter Kyoko, representing Ono's attempt to communicate with her daughter. Ono and Kyoko were finally reunited in the 1990s when Kyoko was in her thirties.
The lyrics of "Don't Worry Kyoko (Mummy's Only Looking for Her Hand in the Snow)" consist primarily of Ono wailing the phrase "Don't worry." On the live version included on Live Peace in Toronto 1969 the phrase "mummy's only looking for her hand in the snow" is also included. The song is driven primarily by a blues-based guitar riff played by Lennon and Eric Clapton. The riff is strikingly similar to the intro of the Everly Brothers' 1957 hit Wake Up Little Susie. John Blaney describes the riff as "hypnotic." Authors Ken Bielen and Ben Urish write that Lennon and Clapton alternate between a "lilting semi-slide" groove and playing "sniping bites." The other musicians on the studio version are Klaus Voormann on bass guitar and Ringo Starr on drums. According to Bielen and Urish, Starr's drumming variations ensure that the tension keeps mounting. John Lennon claimed that the song was "one of the fuckin' best rock 'n' roll records ever made."
Allmusic critic Ned Raggett describes Ono's vocal as a "screwy blues yowl," claiming that it suggests "something |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccocephalum%20mylittae | Laccocephalum mylittae, commonly known as native bread or blackfellow's bread, is an edible Australian fungus. The hypogeous fruit body was a popular food item with Aboriginal people.
It was originally described as Polyporus mylittae by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke and George Edward Massee in 1893, before being placed in the small genus Laccocephalum by María Núñez and Leif Ryvarden in 1995.
The bumpy whitish cap has wavy margins and sprouts from an underground stipe. It grows in rainforests and eucalyptus forest. The stipe is attached to a large underground fruit body that Aborigines regarded as a delicacy.
The Nyungar people commonly consumed the species, which became available in large quantities after fire in karri forest.
Recorded from areas around Perth and from states in southeastern Australia, Laccocephalum mylittae, is a large, edible – though not particularly tasty – fungus that grows in rainforest and eucalypt forests. Fungimappers at the Sunnybrae Restaurant in Birregurra, Victoria tried a variety of ways to cook a specimen from the Otways in 2008. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20stellar%20explosion%20types | Stellar explosion can refer to:
Nova
Kilonova
Micronova
Supernova
Type Ia supernova
Type Ib and Ic supernovae
Type II supernova
Superluminous supernova
Pair-instability supernova
Hypernova
Supernova impostor, stellar explosions that appear similar to supernova, but do not destroy their progenitor stars
Failed supernova
Luminous red nova, an explosion thought to be caused by stellar collision
Solar flares are a minor type of stellar explosion
Tidal disruption event, the pulling apart of a star by tidal forces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticalin | Anticalin proteins are artificial proteins that are able to bind to antigens, either to proteins or to small molecules. They are not structurally related to antibodies, which makes them a type of antibody mimetic. Instead, they are derived from human lipocalins which are a family of naturally binding proteins. Anticalin proteins are being used in lieu of monoclonal antibodies, but are about eight times smaller with a size of about 180 amino acids and a mass of about 20 kDa.
The Anticalin technology is exclusively commercialized by Pieris Pharmaceuticals in Freising, Germany. Anticalin is a registered trademark of Pieris.
Properties
Anticalin proteins have better tissue penetration than antibodies and are stable at temperatures up to 70 °C. Unlike antibodies, they can be produced in bacterial cells like E. coli in large amounts.
While antibodies can only be directed at macromolecules such as proteins and at small molecules (haptens) only if bound to macromolecules, Anticalin proteins are able to selectively bind to small molecules as well.
They were mainly developed at the Technical University of Munich and are currently used as research tools. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications, including the use for targeted drug delivery, are being aimed at. The underlying technology was nominated for the German Future Prize in 2004.
Structure
Characteristic for Anticalin proteins is their barrel structure formed by eight antiparallel β-strands pairwise connected by loops and an attached α-helix.
The main structure of Anticalin proteins is identical to wild type lipocalins. Conformational deviations are primarily located in the four loops reaching in the ligand binding site. Mutagenesis of amino acids at the binding site allows for changing the affinity and selectivity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-minute%20rule | In computer science, the five-minute rule is a rule of thumb for deciding whether a data item should be kept in memory, or stored on disk and read back into memory when required. It was first formulated by Jim Gray and Gianfranco Putzolu in 1985, and then subsequently revised in 1997 and 2007 to reflect changes in the relative cost and performance of memory and persistent storage.
The rule is as follows:The 5-minute random rule: cache randomly accessed disk pages that are re-used every 5 minutes or less.
Gray also issued a counterpart one-minute rule for sequential access:
The 1-minute rule: cache sequentially accessed disk pages that are re-used every 1 minute or less.
Although the 5-minute rule was invented in the realm of databases, it has also been applied elsewhere, for example, in Network File System cache capacity planning.
The original 5-minute rule was derived from the following cost-benefit computation:
BreakEvenIntervalinSeconds = (PagesPerMBofRAM / AccessesPerSecondPerDisk) × (PricePerDiskDrive / PricePerMBofRAM)
Applying it to 2007 data yields approximately a 90-minutes interval for magnetic-disk-to-DRAM caching, 15 minutes for SSD-to-DRAM caching and 2 hours for disk-to-SSD caching. The disk-to-DRAM interval was thus a bit short of what Gray and Putzolu anticipated in 1987 as the "five-hour rule" was going to be in 2007 for RAM and disks.
According to calculations by NetApp engineer David Dale as reported in The Register, the figures for disc-to-DRAM caching in 2008 were as follows: "The 50KB page break-even was five minutes, the 4KB one was one hour and the 1KB one was five hours. There needed to be a 50-fold increase in page size to cache for break-even at five minutes." Regarding disk-to-SSD caching in 2010, the same source reported that "A 250KB page break even with SLC was five minutes, but five hours with a 4KB page size. It was five minutes with a 625KB page size with MLC flash and 13 hours with a 4KB MLC page size."
In 2000, Gray and Sh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF%20like%20MARVEL%20transmembrane%20domain-containing%208 | CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 8 (i.e. CMTM8), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 8 (i.e. CKLFSF8) has at least two isoforms, the CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 proteins. Protein isoforms are variant products that are made by the alternative splicing of a single gene. The gene for these isoforms, CMTM8 (formerly termed CKLFSF8), is located in band 22 on the short (i.e. "p") arm of chromosome 3. The CMTM8 gene and its CMTM8 and CMTM8-v2 proteins belong to the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of structurally and functionally related genes and proteins. The CMTM8 protein is the full-length and predominant product of the CMTM8 gene. This protein is expressed in a wide range of normal adult and fetal tissues while relatively little is known about the CMTM8-v2 protein. Studies suggest that the CMTM8 protein may be involved in the development of various cancers.
The levels of CMTM8 protein are lower in the tissues of non-small-cell lung carcinoma, colon cancer, rectal cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, stomach cancer, and glioblastoma brain tumors than in their respective adjacent normal organ tissues. The low levels of CMTM8 protein in bladder and stomach cancer tissues were associated with more aggressive diseases (e.g. presence of metastases) and poorer prognoses. These findings suggest that CMTM8 protein may inhibit the development and/or progression of the cited malignancies and therefore the CMTM8 gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene. However, further studies are required to support these conclusions and to determine if the levels of CMTM8 protein can be used as prognostic markers for these malignancies and/or as a targets for treating them. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20report | The Green report was written by Andrew Conway Ivy, a medical researcher and vice president of the University of Illinois at Chicago. Ivy was in charge of the medical school and its hospitals. The report justified testing malaria vaccines on Statesville Prison, Joliet, Illinois prisoners in the 1940s. Ivy mentioned the report in the 1946 Nuremberg Medical Trial for Nazi war criminals. He used it to refute any similarity between human experimentation in the United States and the Nazis.
Background
Malaria experiments in the Statesville Prison were publicized in the June 1945 edition of LIFE, entitled "Prisoners Expose Themselves to Malaria".
When Ivy testified at the 1946 Nuremberg Medical Trial for Nazi war criminals, he misled the trial about the report, in order to strengthen the prosecution case. Ivy stated that the committee had debated and issued the report, when the committee had not met at that time. It was only formed when Ivy departed for Nuremberg after he requested then Illinois Governor Dwight Green to convene a group that would advise on ethical considerations concerning medical experimentation. An account stated that he wrote the report on his own after he cited its existence in the trial. It was later published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Notes
Further reading
Biological warfare
United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals
Human subject research in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus%20arvensis | Agaricus arvensis, commonly known as the horse mushroom, is a mushroom of the genus Agaricus.
Taxonomy
It was described as Agaricus arvensis by Jacob Christian Schaeffer in 1762, and given numerous binomial descriptions since. Its specific name arvensis means 'of the field'.
Description
The cap is , whitish, smooth, and dry; it stains yellow, particularly when young. The gills are pale pink to white at first, later passing through grey and brown to become dull chocolate. There is a large spreading ring, white above but sometimes with yellowish scales underneath. Viewed from below, on a closed-cap specimen, the twin-layered ring has a well-developed 'cogwheel' pattern around the stipe. This is the lower part of the double ring. The stalk is long and 1–3 cm wide. The spores are brown and smooth. The odor is similar to that of almond extract or marzipan, due to the presence of benzaldehyde. It belongs to a group of Agaricus which tend to stain yellow on bruising.
Similar species
When young, this fungus is often confused with species of the deadly genus Amanita.
Agaricus osecanus is rare, and is without the almond smell.
Agaricus xanthodermus, the yellow stainer, can cause stomach upsets.
Agaricus silvicola, the wood mushroom, is a touch more arboreal, with a frail and delicate ring, but also edible.
Agaricus campestris, the field mushroom, is generally (but not always) smaller, has pink gills when young, and is also edible.
Agaricus bitorquis, the spring agaricus, looks similar to arvensis and campestris, which are more common in the summer and autumn.
Agaricus bisporus is the most commonly cultivated mushroom of the genus Agaricus.
Distribution and habitat
It is one of the largest white Agaricus species in Britain (where it appears during the months of July–November), West Asia (Iran) and North America.
Frequently found near stables, as well as in meadows, it may form fairy rings. The mushroom is often found growing with nettles (a plant that also likes nutrient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Biological%20Engineering | The Institute of Biological Engineering or IBE is a non-profit professional organization which encourages inquiry and interest in the field of biological engineering.
Overview
IBE promotes the view that biological engineering is a science-based, application-independent discipline that is aligned with the perspective and foundation of biology. IBE espouses the view that biological engineers should possess the scientific knowledge of biology, including its philosophical views, be proficient in the principles and practices of engineering, and be capable of integrating discoveries from multiple disciplines to design sustainable solutions.
IBE supports:
Scholarship in education, research and service.
Professional standards for engineering practices.
Professional and technical development of biological engineering.
Interactions among academia, industry and government.
Public understanding and responsible uses of biological engineering products.
Through publications, meetings, distribution of information and services, IBE encourages:
Cooperation among engineers, scientists, technologists and allied professionals.
Timely availability of new knowledge and technology.
Collaboration in education, research and economic activities worldwide
Active promotion and growth of its members.
History
The IBE was established in 1995 to encourage inquiry and interest in biological engineering in the broadest and most liberal manner and promote the professional development of its members. The organization was proposed on May 20, 1995 by ten individuals who met in Atlanta, Georgia to discuss the creation of a new professional organization and who became the first council of IBE: Susan Blanchard, Susan Capps, Mike Delwiche, Mark Eiteman, Kathrine Flechter, Belinda Roettger, Jonathan Scott, Tim Taylor, John Henry Wells, and Brahm Verma, who served as the first president of IBE. The first annual meeting of IBE was held July 13–15, 1996 in Phoenix, Arizona.
Sources
External links
Offic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcystin | Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. Over 250 different microcystins have been discovered so far, of which microcystin-LR is the most common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide synthases.
Cyanobacteria can produce microcystins in large quantities during algal blooms which then pose a major threat to drinking and irrigation water supplies, and the environment at large.
Characteristics
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain freshwater cyanobacteria; primarily Microcystis aeruginosa but also other Microcystis, as well as members of the Planktothrix, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Nostoc genera. Over 250 different microcystins have been discovered so far, of which microcystin-LR is the most common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide synthases.
Microcystin-LR (i.e. X = leucine, Z = arginine) is the most toxic form of over 80 known toxic variants, and is also the most studied by chemists, pharmacologists, biologists, and ecologists. Microcystin-containing 'blooms' are a problem worldwide, including China, Brazil, Australia, South Africa, the United States and much of Europe. Hartebeespoort Dam in South Africa is one of the most contaminated sites in Africa, and possibly in the world.
Chemistry
Microcystins have a common structural framework of D-Ala1-X2-3-Z4-Adda5-D-γ-Glu6-7, where X and Z are variable amino acids; the systematic name "microcystin-XZ" (MC-XZ in short) is then assigned based on the one letter codes (if available; longer codes otherwise) of the amino acids. If the molecule show any other modification, the differences are noted in square brackets before "MC". Of these, several are uncommon non-proteinogenic amino acids:
D-Masp is D-erythro-β-methyl-isoaspartic acid, a derivative of aspartic acid in β-amino acid form;
Adda is (all-S,all-E)- |
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