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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate%20liquor | Chocolate liquor (cocoa liquor) is pure cocoa mass (cocoa paste) in solid or semi-solid form. Like the cocoa beans (nibs) from which it is produced, it contains both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in roughly equal proportion.
It is produced from cocoa beans that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins. The beans are ground into cocoa mass (cocoa paste). The mass is melted to become the liquor, and the liquor is either separated into cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks of raw chocolate. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making chocolate.
The name liquor is used not in the sense of a distilled, alcoholic substance, but rather the older meaning of the word, meaning 'liquid' or 'fluid'.
Chocolate liquor contains roughly 53 percent cocoa butter (fat), about 17 percent carbohydrates, 11 percent protein, 6 percent tannins, and 1.5 percent theobromine.
See also
Types of chocolate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20diagram | A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. They are heavily used in engineering in hardware design, electronic design, software design, and process flow diagrams.
Block diagrams are typically used for higher level, less detailed descriptions that are intended to clarify overall concepts without concern for the details of implementation. Contrast this with the schematic diagrams and layout diagrams used in electrical engineering, which show the implementation details of electrical components and physical construction.
Usage
As an example, a block diagram of a radio is not expected to show each and every connection and dial and switch, but the schematic diagram is. The schematic diagram of a radio does not show the width of each connection in the printed circuit board, but the layout does.
To make an analogy to the map making world, a block diagram is similar to a highway map of an entire nation. The major cities (functions) are listed but the minor county roads and city streets are not. When troubleshooting, this high level map is useful in narrowing down and isolating where a problem or fault is.
Block diagrams rely on the principle of the black box where the contents are hidden from view either to avoid being distracted by the details or because the details are not known. We know what goes in, we know what comes out, but we can't see how the box does its work.
In electrical engineering, a design will often begin as a very high level block diagram, becoming more and more detailed block diagrams as the design progresses, finally ending in block diagrams detailed enough that each individual block can be easily implemented (at which point the block diagram is also a schematic diagram). This is known as top down design. Geometric shapes are often used in the diagram to aid interpretation and clarify meaning of the process or model. The g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun%20%26%20Bradstreet | The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation is an American company that provides commercial data, analytics, and insights for businesses. Headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, the company offers a wide range of products and services for risk and financial analysis, operations and supply, and sales and marketing professionals, as well as research and insights on global business issues. It serves customers in government and industries such as communications, technology, strategic financial services, and retail, telecommunications, and manufacturing markets. Often referred to as D&B, the company's database contains over 500 million business records worldwide.
History
1800s
Dun & Bradstreet traces its history to July 20, 1841, with formation of The Mercantile Agency in New York City by Lewis Tappan. Recognizing the need for a centralized credit reporting system, Tappan formed the company to create a network of correspondents who would provide reliable, objective credit information to subscribers. As an advocate for civil rights, Tappan used his abolitionist connections to expand and update the company's credit information.
Despite accusations of personal privacy invasion, by 1844 the Mercantile Agency had over 280 clients. The agency continued to expand, opening offices in Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. By 1849, Tappan retired, allowing Benjamin Douglass to take over the booming business.
In 1859, Douglass transferred the company to Robert Graham Dun, who immediately changed the firm's name to R. G. Dun & Company. Over the next 40 years, Graham Dun continued to expand the business across international boundaries.
1900s
In March 1933, Dun merged with competitor John M. Bradstreet to form today's Dun & Bradstreet. The merger was engineered by Dun's CEO, Arthur Whiteside. Whiteside's successor, J. Wilson Newman, worked to extend the company's range of products and services, expanding the company dramatically during the 1960s by engineering ways to apply new technologies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift%20velocity | In physics, drift velocity is the average velocity attained by charged particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field. In general, an electron in a conductor will propagate randomly at the Fermi velocity, resulting in an average velocity of zero. Applying an electric field adds to this random motion a small net flow in one direction; this is the drift.
Drift velocity is proportional to current. In a resistive material, it is also proportional to the magnitude of an external electric field. Thus Ohm's law can be explained in terms of drift velocity. The law's most elementary expression is:
where is drift velocity, is the material's electron mobility, and is the electric field. In the MKS system, drift velocity has units of m/s, electron mobility, m2/(V·s), and electric field, V/m.
When a potential difference is applied across a conductor, free electrons gain velocity in the direction, opposite to the electric field between successive collisions (and lose velocity when traveling in the direction of the field), thus acquiring a velocity component in that direction in addition to its random thermal velocity. As a result, there is a definite small drift velocity of electrons, which is superimposed on the random motion of free electrons. Due to this drift velocity, there is a net flow of electrons opposite to the direction of the field.
The drift speed of electrons is generally in the order of -4 whereas thermal speed is in the order of +5
Experimental measure
The formula for evaluating the drift velocity of charge carriers in a material of constant cross-sectional area is given by:
where is the drift velocity of electrons, is the current density flowing through the material, is the charge-carrier number density, and is the charge on the charge-carrier.
This can also be written as:
But the current density and drift velocity, j and u, are in fact vectors, so this relationship is often written as:
where
is the charge density (SI unit: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follicle%20%28anatomy%29 | A follicle is a small, spherical or vase-like group of cells enclosing a cavity in which some other structure grows or other material is contained. Thyroid follicles make up the thyroid gland. Follicles are best known as the sockets from which hairs grow in humans and other mammals, but the bristles of annelid worms also grow from such sockets. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%20scandium%20tantalate | Lead scandium tantalate (PST) is a mixed oxide of lead, scandium, and tantalum. It has the formula Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5)O3. It is a ceramic material with a perovskite structure, where the Sc and Ta atoms at the B site have an arrangement that is intermediate between ordered and disordered configurations, and can be fine-tuned with thermal treatment. It is ferroelectric at temperatures below , and is also piezoelectric. Like structurally similar lead zirconate titanate and barium strontium titanate, PST can be used for manufacture of uncooled focal plane array infrared imaging sensors for thermal cameras. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yobai |
was an ancient Japanese custom usually practiced by young unmarried men and women. It was once common all over Japan and was practiced in some rural areas until the beginning of the Meiji era and even into the 20th century.
Description
At night, young unmarried men would silently enter houses with young unmarried women. A man would silently crawl into a woman's room and make his intentions known. If the woman consented, they would sleep together. By the morning he would leave. The girl's family might know about it, but pretend they did not. It was common for young people to find a spouse like this.
According to ethnologist Akamatsu Keisuke, the practice varied from place to place. In some places, any post-puberty woman, married or unmarried, could be visited by any post-puberty man, married or unmarried, from the village and even by men from other villages and travellers. In other places, only married women and widows could be visited, while single girls could not. And there were variations; for example, the "closed type" yobai was a custom in which only men from the same village had the right of visitation.
See also
Night hunting, Nepal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivalued%20treatment | In statistics, in particular in the design of experiments, a multi-valued treatment is a treatment that can take on more than two values. It is related to the dose-response model in the medical literature.
Description
Generally speaking, treatment levels may be finite or infinite as well as ordinal or cardinal, which leads to a large collection of possible treatment effects to be studied in applications. One example is the effect of different levels of program participation (e.g. full-time and part-time) in a job training program.
Assume there exists a finite collection of multi-valued treatment status with J some fixed integer. As in the potential outcomes framework, denote the collection of potential outcomes under the treatment J, and denotes the observed outcome and is an indicator that equals 1 when the treatment equals j and 0 when it does not equal j, leading to a fundamental problem of causal inference. A general framework that analyzes ordered choice models in terms of marginal treatment effects and average treatment effects has been extensively discussed by Heckman and Vytlacil.
Recent work in the econometrics and statistics literature has focused on estimation and inference for multivalued treatments and ignorability conditions for identifying the treatment effects. In the context of program evaluation, the propensity score has been generalized to allow for multi-valued treatments, while other work has also focused on the role of the conditional mean independence assumption. Other recent work has focused more on the large sample properties of an estimator of the marginal mean treatment effect conditional on a treatment level in the context of a difference-in-differences model, and on the efficient estimation of multi-valued treatment effects in a semiparametric framework. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory%20dinoflagellate | Predatory dinoflagellates are predatory heterotrophic or mixotrophic alveolates that derive some or most of their nutrients from digesting other organisms. About one half of dinoflagellates lack photosynthetic pigments and specialize in consuming other eukaryotic cells, and even photosynthetic forms are often predatory.
Organisms that derive their nutrition in this manner include Oxyrrhis marina, which feeds phagocytically on phytoplankton, Polykrikos kofoidii, which feeds on several species of red-tide and/or toxic dinoflagellates, Ceratium furca, which is primarily photosynthetic but also capable of ingesting other protists such as ciliates, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, which feeds on phytoplankton, Gambierdiscus toxicus, which feeds on algae and produces a toxin that causes ciguatera fish poisoning when ingested, and Pfiesteria and related species such as Luciella masanensis, which feed on diverse prey including fish skin and human blood cells. Predatory dinoflagellates can kill their prey by releasing toxins or phagocytize small prey directly.
Some predatory algae have evolved extreme survival strategies. For example, Oxyrrhis marina can turn cannibalistic on its own species when no suitable non-self prey is available, and Pfiesteria and related species have been discovered to kill and feed on fish, and since have been (mistakenly) referred to as carnivorous "algae" by the media.
Pfiesteria hysteria
The media has applied the term carnivorous or predatory algae mainly to Pfiesteria piscicida, Pfiesteria shumwayae and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates implicated in harmful algal blooms and fish kills. Pfiesteria is named after the American protistologist Lois Ann Pfiester. It is an ambush predator that utilizes a hit and run feeding strategy by releasing a toxin that paralyzes the respiratory systems of susceptible fish, such as menhaden, thus causing death by suffocation. It then consumes the tissue sloughed off its dead prey. Pfiesteria piscicida () has b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomaniak | Infomaniak is Switzerland's largest web-hosting company, also offering live-streaming and video on demand services.
History
The company started as a user group founded in 1990 by Boris Siegenthaler in the Canton of Geneva, offering a bulletin board system to its members. In 1994, Siegenthaler and fellow developer Fabian Lucchi opened the Siegenthlaer & Lucchi computer store in the Genevan suburb of Châtelaine. They offered low-cost, custom-built computers – acting as an alternative to the larger distributors available at the time. The same year, the pair purchased a modem and 64 kbs line, becoming the first privately owned Internet service provider in the canton (after CERN and the University of Geneva). From 1995 on and for a few months, the store offered complimentary internet access to all customers who purchased a computer with them.
In May 1997, Infomaniak became a fully-fledged ISP with the creation of TWS Infomaniak SA – the company developed its offer based on low-cost internet access and web-hosting services alongside its staple of computer equipment retail.
On 1 January 1998, the Swiss state monopoly on telecom services came to an end and new providers were allowed onto the Swiss market. Sunrise, a joint-venture between Tele Danmark and BT, started offering free internet access services, forcing the company to revise its strategy: in 1999, TWS Infomaniak was reincorporated to create Infomaniak Network. They specialised in web-hosting services for private users and small and medium-sized enterprises, including basic.ch, the first Swiss web radio.
By 2003, Infomaniak was the largest web-host in Western Switzerland, and by July 2005, it was the largest web-radio broadcaster in Western Switzerland and France.
In 2007, the company created and launched their sustainability charter. As a result, it implemented a number of key measures including joining an ethical pension fund on behalf of its employees, a commitment to sustainable travel, and donating 1% of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20lawn%20management | Organic lawn management or organic turf management or organic land care or organic landscaping is the practice of establishing and caring for an athletic turf field or garden lawn and landscape using organic horticulture, without the use of manufactured inputs such as synthetic pesticides or artificial fertilizers. It is a component of organic land care and organic sustainable landscaping which adapt the principles and methods of sustainable gardening and organic farming to the care of lawns and gardens.
Techniques
A primary element of organic lawn management is the use of compost and compost tea to reduce the need for fertilization and to encourage healthy soil that enables turf to resist pests. A second element is mowing tall (3" - 4") to suppress weeds and encourage deep grass roots, and leaving grass clippings and leaves on the lawn as fertilizer.
Additional techniques include fertilizing in the fall, not the spring. Organic lawns often benefit from over seeding, slice seeding and aeration more frequently due to the importance of a strong root system. Well-maintained organic lawns are often drought-tolerant. If a lawn does need watering it should be done infrequently but deeply.
Other organic techniques for caring for a lawn include irrigation only when the lawn shows signs of drought stress and then watering deeply - minimizing needless water consumption. Using low volume sprinklers provides more penetration without runoff. Lawnmowers with a mulching function can useful in reducing fertilizer use by allowing grass clippings and leaves that are cut so minutely that they can settle into the grass inconspicuously to decompose into the soil.
Clover lawns
Grass seed mixes used to contain white clover, which provides natural fertilizer, but this practice fell out of favor with the rise of synthetic fertilizer and businesses profiting from the sale of this fertilizer. In recent years, homeowners have returned to the use of clover as a natural fertilization sour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20biotechnology | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biotechnology:
Biotechnology – field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purposes.
Essence of biotechnology
Bioengineering
Biology
Technology
Applications of biotechnology
Cloning
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Environmental biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA
Synthetic biology
Tissue engineering
Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
History of biotechnology
History of biotechnology
Timeline of biotechnology
Green Revolution
General biotechnology concepts
Bioeconomy
Biotechnology industrial park
Green Revolution
Human Genome Project
Pharmaceutical company
Stem cell
Telomere
Tissue culture
Biomimetics
Biotechnology industry
List of biotechnology companies
Leaders in biotechnology
Leonard Hayflick
Michael D. West
Craig Venter
David Baltimore
See also
Index of biotechnology articles
External links
A report on Agricultural Biotechnology focusing on the impacts of "Green" Biotechnology with a special emphasis on economic aspects
Building Biotechnology Glossary A glossary covering the science, legal, regulatory, and business aspects of biotechnology
StandardGlossary.com: Biotechnology A professional Biotechnology Glossary for beginners to learn Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Biotechnology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS%20latency | Column address strobe latency, also called CAS latency or CL, is the delay in clock cycles between the READ command and the moment data is available. In asynchronous DRAM, the interval is specified in nanoseconds (absolute time). In synchronous DRAM, the interval is specified in clock cycles. Because the latency is dependent upon a number of clock ticks instead of absolute time, the actual time for an SDRAM module to respond to a CAS event might vary between uses of the same module if the clock rate differs.
RAM operation background
Dynamic RAM is arranged in a rectangular array. Each row is selected by a horizontal word line. Sending a logical high signal along a given row enables the MOSFETs present in that row, connecting each storage capacitor to its corresponding vertical bit line. Each bit line is connected to a sense amplifier that amplifies the small voltage change produced by the storage capacitor. This amplified signal is then output from the DRAM chip as well as driven back up the bit line to refresh the row.
When no word line is active, the array is idle and the bit lines are held in a precharged state, with a voltage halfway between high and low. This indeterminate signal is deflected towards high or low by the storage capacitor when a row is made active.
To access memory, a row must first be selected and loaded into the sense amplifiers. This row is then active, and columns may be accessed for read or write.
The CAS latency is the delay between the time at which the column address and the column address strobe signal are presented to the memory module and the time at which the corresponding data is made available by the memory module. The desired row must already be active; if it is not, additional time is required.
As an example, a typical 1 GiB SDRAM memory module might contain eight separate one-gibibit DRAM chips, each offering 128 MiB of storage space. Each chip is divided internally into eight banks of 227=128 Mibits, each of which co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twister%20%28software%29 | Twister is a decentralised, experimental peer-to-peer microblogging program. The system uses end-to-end encryption to safeguard communications. It is based on both BitTorrent- and Bitcoin-like protocols and has been likened to a distributed version of Twitter.
In 2020, the original author Miguel Freitas announced that he would no longer be leading Twister development for the "foreseeable future", however the Twister network has continued functioning, and suggested that others might wish to fork the project. It was also announced that the website might go offline as hosting was due to expire. The Twister core had been at version 0.9.40 since 2018. The source code remains available on GitHub.
Overview
Twister is a Twitter-like microblogging platform that utilizes the same blockchain technology as Bitcoin, and the file exchange method from BitTorrent, both based on P2P technologies.
The website seobloggingpro.com ranked Twister as the number 13 microblogging site, while seosandwitch.com ranked Twister as the number 4 microblogging site. (In the case of Twister, the ranking is not of the website itself, which exists primarily to facilitate downloads of the Twister platform.)
, Twister was experimental software in alpha phase, implemented as a distributed file sharing system. User registration and authentication is provided by a Bitcoin-like network, so it is completely distributed and does not depend on any central authority. Distribution of posts uses a Kademlia distributed hash table (DHT) network and BitTorrent-like swarms, both provided by libtorrent. Included versions of both Bitcoin and are highly patched, and are intentionally not interoperable with the already existing networks.
Miguel Freitas, aiming to build a censor-resistant public posting platform, began development on Twister in July 2013 to address the concerns of free speech and privacy. Building on the work of Bitcoin and Bittorrent, he built the core structure in October 2013. Lucas Leal was hire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology%20consulting | Biotechnology consulting (or biotech consulting) refers to the practice of assisting organizations involved in research and commercialization of biotechnology in improving their methods and efficiency of production, and approaches to R&D. This assistance is usually provided in the form of specialized technological advice and sharing of expertise. Both start-up and established organizations would hire biotechnology consultants mainly to receive an independent and professional advice from key opinion leaders, individuals with extensive knowledge and experience in a particular area of biotechnology or biological sciences, and, often, to outsource their projects for implementation by well qualified individuals. Large management consulting firms would often be able to provide technological advice as well, depending on the qualifications of their consulting team. With the growth of pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology consulting has recently developed into an industry of its own and separated from the management consulting industry that traditionally also provides technological advice on R&D projects to various industries. This has also been fueled by the impact various conflicts of interests can have on commercialization when biotechnology organizations contract services from academic institutions or government scientists
This is exemplified by the successful emergence of many consulting companies dedicated exclusively to servicing the biotech industry. Occasionally, university professors and Phd students engage in biotechnology consulting, either commercially or free of charge.
A special type of consulting is patent strategy and management consulting or simply patent consulting which specifically emphasizes on the scope of patent rights versus R&D in industry. It also assets successful commercialization of patentable matter. The primary aim of patent consulting company is to assist various small, medium and large corporation in realizing their research project towa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit%20Bol | Gerrit Bol (May 29, 1906 in Amsterdam – February 21, 1989 in Freiburg) was a Dutch mathematician who specialized in geometry. He is known for introducing Bol loops in 1937, and Bol’s conjecture on sextactic points.
Life
Bol earned his PhD in 1928 at Leiden University under Willem van der Woude. In the 1930s, he worked at the University of Hamburg on the geometry of webs under Wilhelm Blaschke and later projective differential geometry. In 1931 he earned a habilitation.
In 1933 Bol signed the Loyalty Oath of German Professors to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist State.
In 1942–1945 during World War II, Bol fought on the Dutch side, and was taken prisoner. On the authority of Blaschke, he was released. After the war, Bol became professor at the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, until retirement there in 1971.
Works |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console%20television | A console television is a type of CRT television most popular in, but not exclusive to, the United States and Canada. Console CRT televisions are distinguished from standard CRT televisions by their factory-built, non-removable, wooden cabinets and speakers, which form an integral part of the television's design.
Best suited to television sizes of under 30 inches, they eventually became obsolete due to the increasing popularity of ever larger televisions in the late 1980s onward. However, they were manufactured and used well into the early 2000s.
Description
Console televisions were originally accommodated in approximately rectangular radiogram style cabinets and included radio and record player facilities. However, from approximately the mid-1970s onwards, as radiograms decreased and Hi-fi equipment increased in popularity, console televisions became more cuboid in shape and contained most commonly television, and radio receiving features, and less commonly the addition of an eight track player.
Manufacturers
Companies that made these types of television included Zenith, RCA, Panasonic, Sony, Magnavox, Mitsubishi, Sylvania, and Quasar. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20succession | Primary succession is the beginning step of ecological succession after an extreme disturbance, which usually occurs in an environment devoid of vegetation and other organisms. These environments are typically lacking in soil, as disturbances like lava flow or retreating glaciers scour the environment clear of nutrients.
In contrast, secondary succession occurs on substrates that previously supported vegetation before an ecological disturbance. This occurs when smaller disturbances like floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and fires destroy only the local plant life and leave soil nutrients for immediate establishment by intermediate community species.
Occurrence
In primary succession pioneer species like lichen, algae and fungi as well as abiotic factors like wind and water start to "normalise" the habitat or in other words start to develop soil and other important mechanisms for greater diversity to flourish. Primary succession begins on rock formations, such as volcanoes or mountains, or in a place with no organisms or soil. Primary succession leads to conditions nearer optimum for vascular plant growth; pedogenesis or the formation of soil, and the increased amount of shade are the most important processes.
These pioneer lichen, algae, and fungi are then dominated and often replaced by plants that are better adapted to less harsh conditions, these plants include vascular plants like grasses and some shrubs that are able to live in thin soils that are often mineral-based. Water and nutrient levels increase with the amount of succession exhibited.
The early stages of primary succession are dominated by species with small propagules (seed and spores) which can be dispersed long distances. The early colonizers—often algae, fungi, and lichens—stabilize the substrate. Nitrogen supplies are limited in new soils, and nitrogen-fixing species tend to play an important role early in primary succession. Unlike in primary succession, the species that dominate secondary success |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal%20number | An illegal number is a number that represents information which is illegal to possess, utter, propagate, or otherwise transmit in some legal jurisdiction. Any piece of digital information is representable as a number; consequently, if communicating a specific set of information is illegal in some way, then the number may be illegal as well.
Background
A number may represent some type of classified information or trade secret, legal to possess only by certain authorized persons. An AACS encryption key (09 F9 11 02 9D 74 E3 5B D8 41 56 C5 63 56 88 C0) that came to prominence in May 2007 is an example of a number claimed to be a secret, and whose publication or inappropriate possession is claimed to be illegal in the United States. It allegedly assists in the decryption of any HD DVD or Blu-ray Disc released before this date. The issuers of a series of cease-and-desist letters claim that the key itself is therefore a copyright circumvention device, and that publishing the key violates Title 1 of the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
In part of the DeCSS court order and in the AACS legal notices, the claimed protection for these numbers is based on their mere possession and the value or potential use of the numbers. This makes their status and legal issues surrounding their distribution quite distinct from that of copyright infringement.
Any image file or an executable program can be regarded as simply a very large binary number. In certain jurisdictions, there are images that are illegal to possess, due to obscenity or secrecy/classified status, so the corresponding numbers could be illegal.
In 2011 Sony sued George Hotz and members of fail0verflow for jailbreaking the PlayStation 3. Part of the lawsuit complaint was that they had published PS3 keys. Sony also threatened to sue anyone who distributed the keys. Sony later accidentally retweeted an older dongle key through its fictional Kevin Butler character.
Flags and steganography
As a protest of the DeCSS c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HABU%20equivalent | The HABU equivalent is a unit of measurement used by United States Department of Defense's High Performance Computing Modernization Program to evaluate the performance of large computers systems.
"The [HPCMP method for measuring system performance] is as follows: the ratio of time [for a given benchmark application] at a target processor count provides a relative measure of the system's performance on that application test case compared with the DoD standard system, stated in Habu-equivalents. Habu, the first DoD standard system, is an IBM POWER3 formerly located at the US Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) Major Shared Resource Center. One Habu-equivalent is the performance of 1,024 system-under-study processors compared with 1,024 Habu processors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20interactions%20with%20insects%20in%20southern%20Africa | Various cultures throughout Africa utilize insects for many things and have developed unique interactions with insects: as food sources, for sale or trade in markets, or for use in traditional practices and rituals, as ethnomedicine or as part of their traditional ecological knowledge. As food, also known as entomophagy, a variety of insects are collected as part of a protein rich source of nutrition for marginal communities. Entomophagy had been part of traditional culture throughout Africa, though this activity has been diminishing gradually with the influx of Western culture and market economies. Often the collection of insects for food has been the activity of children, both male and female.
Within Southern Africa different communities have established practices for regulating and maintaining their insect harvests. Some groups, through taboos, ritual, and hierarchical organizational structures acting as regulating bodies, have maintained their traditional practice for centuries. They monitor the development of certain caterpillar species' life cycles to ensure proper time frame for harvesting and sustainability.
Understanding the diversity of relationships to nature is a crucial aspect of fully grasping and contending with the challenges of modernity and ecology. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations report from January 2012, it has been recommended that insects be utilized both for human consumption as well as for animal feed. However, as the climate changes many agencies are reporting on the risk of the decline in insect populations within the larger ongoing phenomenon of biodiversity loss and how it may affect the world's ecology.
Southern Africa
Blouberg, Limpopo
Maize is a staple crop of Blouberg, Limpopo. Yet due to the processing methods of removing the germ and pericarp, maize is a poor source of protein which often requires supplementation. Within the Blouberg Region, Limpopo, there are some 30 species of insect w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieb%E2%80%93Oxford%20inequality | In quantum chemistry and physics, the Lieb–Oxford inequality provides a lower bound for the indirect part of the Coulomb energy of a quantum mechanical system. It is named after Elliott H. Lieb and Stephen Oxford.
The inequality is of importance for density functional theory and plays a role in the proof of stability of matter.
Introduction
In classical physics, one can calculate the Coulomb energy of a configuration of charged particles in the following way. First, calculate the charge density , where is a function of the coordinates . Second, calculate the Coulomb energy by integrating:
In other words, for each pair of points and , this expression calculates the energy related to the fact that the charge at is attracted to or repelled from the charge at . The factor of corrects for double-counting the pairs of points.
In quantum mechanics, it is also possible to calculate a charge density , which is a function of . More specifically, is defined as the expectation value of charge density at each point. But in this case, the above formula for Coulomb energy is not correct, due to exchange and correlation effects. The above, classical formula for Coulomb energy is then called the "direct" part of Coulomb energy. To get the actual Coulomb energy, it is necessary to add a correction term, called the "indirect" part of Coulomb energy. The Lieb–Oxford inequality concerns this indirect part. It is relevant in density functional theory, where the expectation value ρ plays a central role.
Statement of the inequality
For a quantum mechanical system of particles, each with charge , the -particle density is denoted by
The function is only assumed to be non-negative and normalized. Thus the following applies to particles with any "statistics". For example, if the system is described by a normalised square integrable -particle wave function
then
More generally, in the case of particles with spin having spin states per particle and with corresponding wave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unihertz%20Jelly | The Unihertz Jelly (also the enhanced model, Unihertz Jelly Pro) is an Android smartphone developed by Unihertz, which billed it as "the smallest 4G smartphone" upon its release in 2017. It was initially developed with a successful Kickstarter project which reached its $30,000 goal in just 57 minutes, and eventually raised over $1.25 million. The Unihertz Jelly Pro is still currently available for sale in over 60 countries, including major retailers.
Specifications
Unihertz Jelly and Jelly Pro are both marketed as a phone with the full features of Android 7.0 Nougat and support for a 4G network, but are much more lightweight and compact than other phones with this same functionality. They feature a 2.45-inch display and weigh in at 60 grams.
In 2020, its successor, Unihertz Jelly 2, was released, which features a slightly larger display.
Software
Hardware
Reception
Unihertz was associated with a previous very small 3G smartphone, the Posh Micro X, which launched in 2015.
Reviews of Jelly and Jelly Pro, the "world's smallest 4G smartphone" have been mixed,
but it drew international attention.
There have been accusations of poor battery performance, and network traffic possibly sending personal data to China. Responses claim the network traffic is to speed up apps, and the company has been updating the phone software to improve performance. However, others have disputed this claim. It has received mixed reviews, with some critics calling it "innovative", praising it for its capabilities at such a small size. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetiporus | Laetiporus is a genus of edible mushrooms found throughout much of the world. Some species, especially Laetiporus sulphureus, are commonly known as sulphur shelf, chicken of the woods, the chicken mushroom, or the chicken fungus because it is often described as tasting like and having a texture similar to that of chicken meat.
Description
Individual "shelves" range from across. These shelves are made up of many tiny tubular filaments (hyphae). The mushroom grows in large brackets; some have been found that weigh over 45 kilograms (100 pounds).
Young fruiting bodies are characterized by a moist, rubbery, sulphur-yellow to orange body sometimes with bright orange tips. Older brackets become pale and brittle almost chalk-like, mildly pungent, and are often dotted with beetle or slug/woodlouse holes.
The name "chicken of the woods" is not to be confused with another edible polypore, Maitake (Grifola frondosa) known as "hen of the woods/rams head” or with Lyophyllum decastes, known as the "fried chicken mushroom".
Taxonomy
Phylogeny
Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, nuclear large subunit and mitochondrial small subunit rDNA sequences from a variety of North American species have delineated five distinct clades within the core Laetiporus clade:
Conifericola clade: contains species that live on conifers, such as L. conifericola and L. huroniensis. All of the other tested species grow on angiosperms.
Cincinnatus clade: contains L. cincinnatus.
Sulphureus clade I: contains white-pored L. sulphureus isolates.
Sulphureus clade II: contains yellow-pored L. sulphureus isolates.
Gilbertsonii clade: contains L. gilbertsonii and unidentified Caribbean isolates.
In addition, phylogenetic clades have been identified from Japan, Hawaii, South America, Europe, and South Africa.
Species
Laetiporus ailaoshanensis B.K.Cui & J.Song (2014)
Laetiporus baudonii (Pat.) Ryvarden (1991)
Laetiporus caribensis Banik & D.L.Lindner (2012)
Laetiporus cincinnatus (Morgan) Burds., Banik & T. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VS/9 | VS/9 is a computer operating system for the UNIVAC Series 90 mainframes (90/60, 90/70, and 90/80), used during the late 1960s through 1980s. The 90/60 and 90/70 were repackaged Univac 9700 computers. After the RCA acquisition by Sperry, it was determined that the RCA TSOS operating system was far more advanced than the Univac counterpart, so the company opted to merge the Univac hardware with the RCA software and introduced the 90/70. The 90/60 was introduced shortly thereafter as a slower, less expensive 90/70. It was not until the introduction of the 90/80 that VS/9 finally had a hardware platform optimized to take full advantage of its capability to allow both interactive and batch operations on the same computer.
Background
In September 1971, RCA decided to exit the mainframe computer business after losing about half a billion dollars trying (and failing) to compete against IBM. They sold most of the assets of the computer division what was then Univac. This included RCA's Spectra series of computers, various external hardware designs (such as video terminals, tape drives and punched card readers), and its operating system, Time Sharing Operating System (TSOS).
TSOS may have been a better operating system from a user standpoint than any of IBM's, but at the time, operating systems were not considered something sold separately from the computer, the manufacturer included it free as part of the purchase price. Univac introduced some additional new features to TSOS, and renamed it VS/9. The name 'TSOS' however, remained as the username of the primary privileged (System Manager) account, which on Unix-type systems, is called 'root'. RCA also sold TSOS to what would become Fujitsu, and it is the basis for Fujitsu's BS2000 operating system on its mainframes of the same name.
Use
Interactive use
Interactive use of VS/9 was done through terminals connected to a terminal concentrator unit, which passed control signals to and from the terminals, in a manner s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20of%20irrelevant%20alternatives | The independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA), also known as binary independence or the independence axiom, is an axiom of decision theory and various social sciences. The term is used in different connotation in several contexts. Although it always attempts to provide an account of rational individual behavior or aggregation of individual preferences, the exact formulation differs widely in both language and exact content.
Perhaps the easiest way to understand the axiom is how it pertains to casting a ballot. There the axiom says that if Charlie (the irrelevant alternative) enters a race between Alice and Bob, with Alice (leader) liked better than Bob (runner-up), then the individual voter who likes Charlie less than Alice will not switch his vote from Alice to Bob. Because of this, a violation of IIA is commonly referred to as the "spoiler effect": support for Charlie "spoils" the election for Alice, while it "logically" should not have. After all, Alice was liked better than Bob, and Charlie was liked less than Alice.
In collective decision making contexts, the axiom takes a more refined form, and is mathematically intimately tied with Condorcet methods, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, and the Arrow Impossibility theorem. They all have to do with cyclical majorities between ranked sets, and the related proofs take the same basic form. Behavioral economics has shown the axiom to be commonly violated by humans.
The many forms of IIA
In individual choice theory, IIA sometimes refers to Chernoff's condition or Sen's α (alpha):
if an alternative x is chosen from a set T, and x is also an element of a subset S of T, then x must be chosen from S. That is, eliminating some of the unchosen alternatives shouldn't affect the selection of x as the best option.
In social choice theory, Arrow's IIA is one of the conditions in Arrow's impossibility theorem, which states that it is impossible to aggregate individual rank-order preferences ("votes") satisfying IIA in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web.com%20%281995%E2%80%932007%29 | Web Internet LLC (and later Web.com Inc.) were formed in 1997 by Bill Bloomfield, then President of Web Service Company which was the second largest coin-operated laundry machine company in the U.S. and held a trademark on the "WEB" brand, resulting in the company's ownership of the Web.com domain. Web.com initially launched as a web portal, offering paid search results, a shopping directory, comparison shopping engine, as well as a free web-based @web.com email service in multiple languages, all of which proved unsuccessful. To spearhead growth and bring Web.com domain registration and hosting services to market, Will Pemble was hired as CEO in 1999. Mr. Pemble led the development of Web.com's domain name registration and web hosting services, which became the core product offerings of the company. In 2004, Will Pemble purchased the business from its parent company the Web Services Company, Inc. Shortly after purchasing Web.com, Mr. Pemble founded Perfect Privacy, LLC, a subsidiary of Web.com pioneering private domain name registration services to customers of Web.com.
Will Pemble sold Web.com to Interland, Inc. in 2005. Following the sale, Interland changed its name to Web.com. The company maintained services including do-it-yourself and professional website design, web hosting, e-commerce, web marketing, and e-mail. As of March 2007, there were approximately 166,000 paid hosting subscribers.
Along with various web products and services, Web.com provided small businesses, entrepreneurs and consumers with advice and tips for developing a strong online presence. It owned the brands Web.com, Interland, Trellix, and HostPro.
On September 30, 2007, Web.com merged with Website Pros, forming the new Web.com.
History
The company traces its corporate roots to MicronPC, a multi-billion PC manufacturer. MicronPC entered the web services industry with the acquisition of HostPro in 1999. Two years later, they merged with Interland, Inc., a public company based in Atlant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone%20%28formal%20languages%29 | In formal language theory, a cone is a set of formal languages that has some desirable closure properties enjoyed by some well-known sets of languages, in particular by the families of regular languages, context-free languages and the recursively enumerable languages. The concept of a cone is a more abstract notion that subsumes all of these families. A similar notion is the faithful cone, having somewhat relaxed conditions. For example, the context-sensitive languages do not form a cone, but still have the required properties to form a faithful cone.
The terminology cone has a French origin. In the American oriented literature one usually speaks of a full trio. The trio corresponds to the faithful cone.
Definition
A cone is a family of languages such that contains at least one non-empty language, and for any over some alphabet ,
if is a homomorphism from to some , the language is in ;
if is a homomorphism from some to , the language is in ;
if is any regular language over , then is in .
The family of all regular languages is contained in any cone.
If one restricts the definition to homomorphisms that do not introduce the empty word then one speaks of a faithful cone; the inverse homomorphisms are not restricted. Within the Chomsky hierarchy, the regular languages, the context-free languages, and the recursively enumerable languages are all cones, whereas the context-sensitive languages and the recursive languages are only faithful cones.
Relation to Transducers
A finite state transducer is a finite state automaton that has both input and output. It defines a transduction , mapping a language over the input alphabet into another language over the output alphabet. Each of the cone operations (homomorphism, inverse homomorphism, intersection with a regular language) can be implemented using a finite state transducer. And, since finite state transducers are closed under composition, every sequence of cone operations can be performed by a finite s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood%20of%20the%20Vikings | Blood of the Vikings was a five-part 2001 BBC Television documentary series that traced the legacy of the Vikings in the British Isles through a genetics survey.
Production
The series was presented by Julian Richards who has a long-held fascination with the Vikings.
Geneticist Professor David Goldstein, from University College London, lead the 15-month study that compared mouth swabs from 2,500 male volunteers from 25 different locations across the country with DNA samples from Scandinavian locals to find out how much Viking heritage remains in the UK.
The study traced the past movements of peoples to discover how many Vikings stayed after the raids. The study of history and archaeology alone could not answer this question.
BBC Two Controller Jane Root described the station's work with UCL as a unique, nationwide project.
The research confirmed that the Vikings did not just raid and retreat to Scandinavia, but settled in Britain for years. They left their genetic pattern in some parts of the UK population. Concentrations of Norwegian genetic heritage were found in part of Cumbria in northwest England, the area around Penrith, the Shetland and Orkney Islands and the far north of the Scottish mainland.
In addition the research revealed surprising new information about Celtic and Anglo-Saxon heritage on the British mainland. Men who were tested in mainland Scotland had a percentage of Celtic genetic heritage similar to the population of southern England. This showed 1) that Celtic heritage persisted among men in southern England after Anglo-Saxon settlement; and 2) that the Scots were not predominantly Celtic.
The series included clips from Richard Fleischer's 1958 film The Vikings starring Kirk Douglas to illustrate common modern attitudes towards the Vikings.
Episodes
Companion book
External links
Blood of the Vikings Video Clips at BBC Online |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20trichotomy | In mathematics, the law of trichotomy states that every real number is either positive, negative, or zero.
More generally, a binary relation R on a set X is trichotomous if for all x and y in X, exactly one of xRy, yRx and x=y holds. Writing R as <, this is stated in formal logic as:
Properties
A relation is trichotomous if, and only if, it is asymmetric and connected.
If a trichotomous relation is also transitive, then it is a strict total order; this is a special case of a strict weak order.
Examples
On the set X = {a,b,c}, the relation R = { (a,b), (a,c), (b,c) } is transitive and trichotomous, and hence a strict total order.
On the same set, the cyclic relation R = { (a,b), (b,c), (c,a) } is trichotomous, but not transitive; it is even antitransitive.
Trichotomy on numbers
A law of trichotomy on some set X of numbers usually expresses that some tacitly given ordering relation on X is a trichotomous one. An example is the law "For arbitrary real numbers x and y, exactly one of x < y, y < x, or x = y applies"; some authors even fix y to be zero, relying on the real number's additive linearly ordered group structure. The latter is a group equipped with a trichotomous order.
In classical logic, this axiom of trichotomy holds for ordinary comparison between real numbers and therefore also for comparisons between integers and between rational numbers. The law does not hold in general in intuitionistic logic.
In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and Bernays set theory, the law of trichotomy holds between the cardinal numbers of well-orderable sets even without the axiom of choice. If the axiom of choice holds, then trichotomy holds between arbitrary cardinal numbers (because they are all well-orderable in that case).
See also
Begriffsschrift contains an early formulation of the law of trichotomy
Dichotomy
Law of noncontradiction
Law of excluded middle
Three-way comparison |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodegenerative%20disease | A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. Such neuronal damage may ultimately involve cell death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, tauopathies, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be found in the brain at many different levels of neuronal circuitry, ranging from molecular to systemic. Because there is no known way to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered to be incurable; however research has shown that the two major contributing factors to neurodegeneration are oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assemblies (like proteinopathy) and induced cell death. These similarities suggest that therapeutic advances against one neurodegenerative disease might ameliorate other diseases as well.
Within neurodegenerative diseases, it is estimated that 55 million people worldwide had dementia in 2019, and that by 2050 this figure will increase to 139 million people.
Specific disorders
Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that results in the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical structures, resulting in gross atrophy of the temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus. It is the most common neurodegenerative disease. Even with billions of dollars being used to find a treatment for Alzheimer's disease, no effective treatments have been found. However, clinical trials have developed certain compounds that could potentially change the future of Alzheimer's disease treatments. Within clinical trials stable and effective AD therapeutic strategies have a 99.5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtinger%20inequality%20%282-forms%29 | For other inequalities named after Wirtinger, see Wirtinger's inequality.
In mathematics, the Wirtinger inequality, named after Wilhelm Wirtinger, is a fundamental result in complex linear algebra which relates the symplectic and volume forms of a hermitian inner product. It has important consequences in complex geometry, such as showing that the normalized exterior powers of the Kähler form of a Kähler manifold are calibrations.
Statement
Consider a real vector space with positive-definite inner product , symplectic form , and almost-complex structure , linked by for any vectors and . Then for any orthonormal vectors there is
There is equality if and only if the span of is closed under the operation of .
In the language of the comass of a form, the Wirtinger theorem (although without precision about when equality is achieved) can also be phrased as saying that the comass of the form is equal to .
Proof
In the special case , the Wirtinger inequality is a special case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:
According to the equality case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, equality occurs if and only if and are collinear, which is equivalent to the span of being closed under .
Let be fixed, and let denote their span. Then there is an orthonormal basis of with dual basis such that
where denotes the inclusion map from into . This implies
which in turn implies
where the inequality follows from the previously-established case. If equality holds, then according to the equality case, it must be the case that for each . This is equivalent to either or , which in either case (from the case) implies that the span of is closed under , and hence that the span of is closed under .
Finally, the dependence of the quantity
on is only on the quantity , and from the orthonormality condition on , this wedge product is well-determined up to a sign. This relates the above work with to the desired statement in terms of .
Consequences
Given a complex manifold |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20mapping | Substrate mapping (or wafer mapping) is a process in which the performance of semiconductor devices on a substrate is represented by a map showing the performance as a colour-coded grid. The map is a convenient representation of the variation in performance across the substrate, since the distribution of those variations may be a clue as to their cause.
The concept also includes the package of data generated by modern wafer testing equipment which can be transmitted to equipment used for subsequent 'back-end' manufacturing operations.
History
The initial process supported by substrate maps was inkless binning.
Each tested die is assigned a bin value, depending on the result of the test. For example, a pass die is assigned a bin value of 1 for a good bin, bin 10 for an open circuit, and bin 11 for a short circuit. In the very early days of wafer test, the dies were put in different bins or buckets, depending on the test results.
Physical binning may no longer be used, but the analogy is still good. The next step in the process was to mark the failing dies with ink, so that during assembly only uninked dies were used for die attachment and final assembly. The inking step may be skipped if the assembly equipment is able to access the information in the maps generated by the test equipment.
A wafer map is where the substrate map applies to an entire wafer, while a substrate map is mapping in other areas of the semiconductors process including frames, trays and strips.
E142
As with many items in the Semiconductor process area, also for this process step there are standards available. The latest and most potential standard is the E142 standard, provided by the SEMI organization. This standard has been approved via ballots for release in 2005.
It supports many possible substrate maps, including the ones named above. While the old standards could only support standard bin maps, representing bin information, this standard also support transfermaps, which can help in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-comparison%20monopulse | Amplitude-comparison monopulse refers to a common direction finding technique. This method is used in monopulse radar, electronic warfare and radio astronomy. Amplitude monopulse antennas are usually reflector antennas.
Approach
Two overlapping antenna beams are formed, which are steered in slightly different directions, usually such that they overlap at the half-power point (-3 dB-point) of the beams. By comparing the relative amplitude of the pulse in the two beams, its position in the beams can be determined with an accuracy dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An accuracy of a tenth of beamwidth can be achieved with an SNR of 10 dB.
In most implementations, two signals are formed, one being the sum of the two beams, and the other being the difference of the two beams. The ratio of these two beams normalises the difference signal and allows the direction of arrival of the signal to be calculated. The shape of the antenna beams must be known exactly and hence the accuracy of the techniques can be affected by unwanted multipath reflections.
See also
Monopulse radar
Phase-Comparison Monopulse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation%20of%20radioactive%20waste | Bioremediation of radioactive waste or bioremediation of radionuclides is an application of bioremediation based on the use of biological agents bacteria, plants and fungi (natural or genetically modified) to catalyze chemical reactions that allow the decontamination of sites affected by radionuclides. These radioactive particles are by-products generated as a result of activities related to nuclear energy and constitute a pollution and a radiotoxicity problem (with serious health and ecological consequences) due to its unstable nature of ionizing radiation emissions.
The techniques of bioremediation of environmental areas as soil, water and sediments contaminated by radionuclides are diverse and currently being set up as an ecological and economic alternative to traditional procedures. Physico-chemical conventional strategies are based on the extraction of waste by excavating and drilling, with a subsequent long-range transport for their final confinement. These works and transport have often unacceptable estimated costs of operation that could exceed a trillion dollars in the US and 50 million pounds in the UK.
The species involved in these processes have the ability to influence the properties of radionuclides such as solubility, bioavailability and mobility to accelerate its stabilization. Its action is largely influenced by electron donors and acceptors, nutrient medium, complexation of radioactive particles with the material and environmental factors. These are measures that can be performed on the source of contamination (in situ) or in controlled and limited facilities in order to follow the biological process more accurately and combine it with other systems (ex situ).
Areas contaminated by radioactivity
Typology of radionuclides and polluting waste
The presence of radioactive waste in the environment may cause long-term effects due to the activity and half-life of the radionuclides, leading their impact to grow with time. These particles exist in vari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal%20protein%20family | The antifungal protein family is a protein family, with members sharing a structure consisting of five antiparallel beta strands which are highly twisted creating a beta barrel stabilised by four internal disulphide bridges. A cationic site adjacent to a hydrophobic stretch on the protein surface may constitute a phospholipid binding site.
Human epithelium produces antifungal proteins. The proteins kill fungi by inducing apoptosis and/or forming pores on the cell membrane. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20engineering | Data engineering refers to the building of systems to enable the collection and usage of data. This data is usually used to enable subsequent analysis and data science; which often involves machine learning. Making the data usable usually involves substantial compute and storage, as well as data processing
History
Around the 1970s/1980s the term information engineering methodology (IEM) was created to describe database design and the use of software for data analysis and processing. These techniques were intended to be used by database administrators (DBAs) and by systems analysts based upon an understanding of the operational processing needs of organizations for the 1980s. In particular, these techniques were meant to help bridge the gap between strategic business planning and information systems. A key early contributor (often called the "father" of information engineering methodology) was the Australian Clive Finkelstein, who wrote several articles about it between 1976 and 1980, and also co-authored an influential Savant Institute report on it with James Martin. Over the next few years, Finkelstein continued work in a more business-driven direction, which was intended to address a rapidly changing business environment; Martin continued work in a more data processing-driven direction. From 1983 to 1987, Charles M. Richter, guided by Clive Finkelstein, played a significant role in revamping IEM as well as helping to design the IEM software product (user data), which helped automate IEM.
In the early 2000s, the data and data tooling was generally held by the information technology (IT) teams in most companies. Other teams then used data for their work (e.g. reporting), and there was usually little overlap in data skillset between these parts of the business.
In the early 2010s, with the rise of the internet, the massive increase in data volumes, velocity, and variety led to the term big data to describe the data itself, and data-driven tech companies like Face |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Mint%20Precision%20Models | Franklin Mint Precision Models were made by the Franklin Mint, originally a private mint founded by Joseph Segel in 1964 in Wawa, Pennsylvania. The company is now owned by a private equity firm headquartered in Midtown Manhattan New York City and Exton, Pennsylvania. Besides diecast automobiles, the Franklin Mint manufactured and marketed coins, jewelry, dolls, sculpture and other collectibles.
History
In 1983, after Warner Communications had purchased the Franklin Mint, the company entered the die-cast vehicle market introducing a 1935 Mercedes Benz 500K Roadster. In the following years, Franklin Mint produced more than 600 different issues of motorcycles, trucks and tractors besides automobiles. Marketing of all vehicles was almost exclusively through mail order catalogs.
Vehicles - often called 'Franklin Mint Precision Models' - usually cost between $75 and $150 and were meant as adult collectibles. Over time, models were often made available in several different paint schemes. Models were made in China, usually in batches of between 1,000 and 5,000 pieces. The normal scale produced was 1:24, but models were also issued in 1:43, 1:18 and even a very large 1:8 for the 1885 Daimnler Single Track Reitwagen and the 1886 Mercedes Motorwagen.
Model Details
Collectible authors such as Randall Olson and Dana Johnson recognized Franklin Mint as one of the first commercial companies to sell diecast vehicles aimed at collectors. Models ranged from post-war selections such as the 1948 Tucker or the 1961 Ford Country Squire wagon with realistic rendering of vinyl wood siding, to newer model choices such as a complete and detailed 1975 Corvette.
Franklin's execution, however, was not always the best. In the 1980s and 1990s, car and trucks were well proportioned and had interesting features, but models were a bit too heavy on details that could have been rendered more delicately or accurately. Chrome spears along the sides of 1950s cars, for example, were sometimes too thic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubus%20HQ%20Live | Incubus HQ Live is a participatory media exhibit and real-time documentary by American rock band Incubus in collaboration with Sony Music Entertainment and producer/director Marc Scarpa. Held in the summer of 2011, it allowed fan access and interaction with the band as they prepared for the release of their seventh studio album, If Not Now, When?. From June 30 to July 6 in a warehouse space in West Los Angeles, California, band members Brandon Boyd, Mike Einziger, Jose Pasillas, Ben Kenney and DJ Kilmore and their fans participated in instrument clinics, question and answer sessions, video chats and large art canvases where both band members and fans alike were encouraged to share original artwork. Each night, Incubus performed a fan created set-list, starting with their earliest material and culminating on the last night with a performance of If Not Now, When? in its entirety.
Events throughout the day and the nightly performances were streamed over the web from multiple points of view (professional and fan-held cameras alike) while participants from around the world shared in the experience through Twitter, Facebook, Livestream, TweetBeam and YouTube. The broadcast was viewed by nearly 2 million people over the course of the week.
The multi-platform, real-time approach to the documentary format allowed Incubus and their fans to reflect on what the music had come to mean to them over time, its significance for them in the moment and its potential and possibility for the future.
A special box set containing performances, interviews with the band members, archival footage and candid footage from over the course of Incubus HQ Live was released in July 2012. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupununi | The Rupununi is a region in the south-west of Guyana, bordering the Brazilian Amazon. The Rupununi river, also known by the local indigenous peoples as Raponani, flows through the Rupununi region. The name Rupununi originates from the word rapon in the Makushi language, in which it means the black-bellied whistling duck found along the river.
Geography
The Rupununi River is one of the main tributaries of the Essequibo River and is located in southern Guyana. The river originates in the Kanuku Mountains, which are located in the Upper Takutu-Essequibo region. The Rupununi River flows near the Guyana-Brazil border, and eventually leads into the Essequibo River. Throughout the flood season, the river shares a watershed with the Amazon. During the rainy season it is connected to the Takutu River by the flooded Pirara Creek, draining the vast swamps of the Parima or Amaku Lake. The region surrounding the Rupununi river is composed of mainly savannah, wetlands, forest, and low mountain ranges. The area of Region 9 is 57,750 square kilometers and has over 80 communities. Most people live within the Rupununi Savannah area, while the jungle covered areas are only populated near major rivers.
Geology
The geology of this area is divided into four main zones. Furthest south are areas of Rhyacian meta-sediments, meta-volcanics (Kwitaro Group) and associated granites, all intruded by Orosirian rocks of the Southern Guyana Granite Complex. The Kanuku Mountains consist of high grade gneisses in a NE-SW belt. The Takutu Graben is a NE-SW fault bounded basin initially filled by basaltic lava, then Mesozoic sediments, including the Takutu Formation. To the north of the Takutu Graben almost flat lying Statherian sandstones and conglomerates of the Roraima Group sediments overly Iwokrama Formation felsic volcanics and associated Orosirian granites. Relict Hadean zircons (xenocrysts) in the Iwokrama Formation suggest that older crust must occur at depth.
Animal life
The areas both |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolimnology | Paleolimnology (from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "ancient", λίμνη, limne, "lake", and λόγος, logos, "study") is a scientific sub-discipline closely related to both limnology and paleoecology. Paleolimnological studies focus on reconstructing the past environments of inland waters (e.g., lakes and streams) using the geologic record, especially with regard to events such as climatic change, eutrophication, acidification, and internal ontogenic processes.
Paleolimnological studies are mostly conducted using analyses of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of sediments, or of biological records such as fossil pollen, diatoms, or chironomids.
History
Lake ontogeny
Most early paleolimnological studies focused on the biological productivity of lakes, and the role of internal lake processes in lake development. Although Einar Naumann had speculated that the productivity of lakes should gradually decrease due to leaching of catchment soils, August Thienemann suggested that the reverse process likely occurred. Early midge records seemed to support Thienemann's view.
Hutchinson and Wollack suggested that, following an initial oligotrophic stage, lakes would achieve and maintain a trophic equilibrium. They also stressed parallels between the early development of lake communities and the sigmoid growth phase of animal communities – implying that the apparent early developmental processes in lakes were dominated by colonization effects, and lags due to the limited reproductive potential of the colonizing organisms.
In a classic paper, Raymond Lindeman outlined a hypothetical developmental sequence, with lakes progressively developing through oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic stages, before senescing to a dystrophic stage and then filling completely with sediment. A climax forest community would eventually be established on the peaty fill of the former lake basin. These ideas were further elaborated by Ed Deevey, who suggested that lake development was dom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9u%20%28programming%20language%29 | Céu is "Structured Synchronous Reactive Programming"
According to its web page, Céu supports synchronous concurrency with shared memory and deterministic execution and has a small memory footprint. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20moorhen%20coronavirus%20HKU21 | Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 is a species of coronavirus in the genus Deltacoronavirus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity%20and%20conservation%20in%20Manitoba | Manitoba is home to a variety of ecosystems across the province that need to be considered in development and conservation plans. There are terrestrial ecosystems, which includes prairies, boreal forest, and tundra. Manitoba is also the home to a number of aquatic ecosystems, including wetlands, rivers, and lakes. There is also a wide variety of wildlife and plants that thrive in this particular region. However, human impact has become more apparent and the need to protect and conserve is becoming clear.
The Province of Manitoba created a protection act in March 1990 called The Endangered Species Ecosystem Act. The Act protects animals, plants, and ecosystems by supporting and monitoring development at a provincial level. This includes monitoring the land use, protection areas, planning, environmental assessment, and natural resources harvesting policies by incorporating the biodiversity values in their decision making.
In June 2003, the federal government created the Species at Risk Act (SARA). The Act is to prevent wildlife species in Canada from disappearing, provide recovery of wildlife species that are endangered or threatened as a result of human activity, and prevent future loss of species (Canada.ca, 2020). A key component of the success of SARA is the participation of other levels of government to contribute in enforcing and protecting wildlife. Consulting and having cooperation of aboriginal communities and all stakeholders that may be affected in the protection of wildlife is another component of the Act's success. There are a number of Manitoban species on the SARA list that are now protected at a federal level, which will help reinforce their safety.
More information about what Manitoba is doing to help protect the environment apart from biodiversity can be found on their website. The website highlights a number of subcategories of concerns regarding the environment, including:
Invasive species
Air quality management
Climate change
Pollution prev |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20on%20High%20Energy%20Physics | ICHEP or International Conference on High Energy Physics is one of the most prestigious international scientific conferences in the field of particle physics, bringing together leading theorists and experimentalists of the world. It was first held in 1950, and is biennial since 1960. Since the first conferences of the series took place in Rochester, New York, the event is also commonly referred to as the Rochester conference.
Past conferences
I Rochester (1950)
II Rochester (1952)
III Rochester (1952)
IV Rochester (1954)
V Rochester (1955)
VI Rochester (1956)
VII Rochester (1957)
VIII Geneva (1958)
IX Kiev (1959)
X Rochester (1960)
XI Geneva (1962)
XII Dubna (1964)
XIII Berkeley (1966)
XIV Vienna (1968)
XV Kiev (1970)
XVI Chicago (1972)
XVII London (1974)
XVIII Tbilisi (1976)
XIX Tokyo (1978)
XX Madison (1980)
XXI Paris (1982)
XXII Leipzig (1984)
XXIII Berkeley (1986)
XXIV Munich (1988)
XXV Singapore (1990)
XXVI Dallas (1992)
XXVII Glasgow (1994)
XXVIII Warsaw (1996)
XXIX Vancouver (1998)
XXX Osaka (2000)
XXXI Amsterdam (2002)
XXXII Beijing (2004)
XXXIII Moscow (2006)
XXXIV Philadelphia (2008)
XXXV Paris (2010)
XXXVI Melbourne (2012)
XXXVII Valencia (2014)
XXXVIII Chicago (2016)
XXXIX Seoul (2018)
XL Prague (2020), virtual
XLI Bologna (2022) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrum | A tantrum, temper tantrum, lash out, meltdown, fit or hissy fit is an emotional outburst, usually associated with those in emotional distress, that is typically characterized by stubbornness, crying, screaming, violence, defiance, angry ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification, and, in some cases, hitting and other physically violent behavior. Physical control may be lost; the person may be unable to remain still; and even if the "goal" of the person is met, they may not be calmed. Throwing a temper tantrum can lead to a child getting detention or being suspended from school for older school age children. A tantrum may be expressed in a tirade: a protracted, angry speech.
In early childhood
Tantrums are one of the most common forms of problematic behavior in young children but tend to decrease in frequency and intensity as the child gets older. For a toddler, tantrums can be considered as normal, and even as gauges of developing strength of character.
While tantrums are sometimes seen as a predictor of future anti-social behaviour, in another sense they are simply an age-appropriate sign of excessive frustration, and will diminish over time given a calm and consistent handling. Parental containment where a child cannot contain themself—rather than what the child is ostensibly demanding—may be what is really required.
Selma Fraiberg warned against "too much pressure or forceful methods of control from the outside" in child-rearing: "if we turn every instance of pants changing, treasure hunting, napping, puddle wading and garbage distribution into a governmental crisis we can easily bring on fierce defiance, tantrums, and all the fireworks of revolt in the nursery".
Intellectual and developmental disorders
Some people who have developmental disorders such as autism, Asperger syndrome, ADHD, and intellectual disability could be more vulnerable to tantrums than others, although anyone experiencing brain damage (temporary or permanent) can suffer from tantr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Hutchinson | Joan Prince Hutchinson (born 1945) is an American mathematician and Professor Emerita of Mathematics from Macalester College.
Education
Joan Hutchinson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; her father was a demographer and university professor, and her mother a mathematics teacher at the Baldwin School, which Joan also attended. She studied at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, graduating in 1967 summa cum laude with an honors paper directed by Prof. Alice Dickinson.
After graduation she worked as a computer programmer at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and at the Harvard University Computing Center then studied mathematics (and English change ringing on tower bells) at the University of Warwick in Coventry England. Returning to the United States, Hutchinson did graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania earning a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1973 under the supervision of Herbert S. Wilf.
Career
She was a John Wesley Young research instructor at Dartmouth College, 1973–1975.
She and her husband, fellow mathematician Stan Wagon, taught at Smith College, 1975–1990, and at Macalester College, 1990–2007. At both colleges they shared a full-time position in mathematics. She spent sabbaticals, taught, and held visiting positions at Tufts University, Carleton College, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Washington, University of Michigan, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California, and University of Colorado Denver.
She has served on committees of the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America (MAA), SIAM Special Interest Group on Discrete Math (SIAM-DM), and the Association for Women in Mathematics, involved with the latter organization since a graduate student during its founding days in 1971. Mentoring women students and younger colleagues has been an important concern of her professional life. She served as the vice-chair of SIAM-DM, 2000–2002. She was a member of the editorial board |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globoid%20%28botany%29 | A globoid is a spherical crystalline inclusion in a protein body found in seed tissues that contains phytate and other nutrients for plant growth. These are found in several plants, including wheat and the genus Cucurbita. These nutrients are eventually completely depleted during seedling growth. In Cucurbita maxima, globoids form as early as the 3rd day of seedling growth. They are located in conjunction with a larger crystalloid. They are electron–dense and vary widely in size. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dshell | Dshell is an open source, Python-based, forensic analysis framework developed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, MD. This tool provides users with the ability to develop custom analysis modules which helps them understand events of cyber intrusion. This framework handles stream reassembly of both IPv4 and IPv6 network traffic and also includes geolocation and IP-to-ASN mapping for each connection. Additionally, the framework plug-ins are designed to aid in the understanding of network traffic and present results to the user in a concise, useful manner. Since Dshell is written entirely in Python, the code base can be customized to particular problems by modifying an existing decoder to extract different information from existing protocols.
The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) released a version of Dshell to GitHub social coding website on December 17, 2014, with more than 100 downloads and 2,000 unique visitors in 18 countries. Before it was publicly released, Dshell had a small, select community of users in several government organizations. Users could use the tool to find the exact information they needed from network data including looking up names, reassembled website requests or decoded malware traffic. ARL chose to release Dshell to GitHub because sharing it with the world created more security teams gaining another specialized tool to keep their networks secure. Furthermore, increasing the security of the Internet as a whole by increasing the number of skilled eyes looking for bugs and potential improvements throughout the code.
In 2014, NASA released more than 1,000 open source projects. Other agencies, such as the National Security Agency, the National Guard and the Air Force Research Laboratory joined shortly after the following year.
GitHub was chosen for Dshell because it allows members to easily download software code, store edits, and provide a mechanism to offer feedback to the original designer. Additionally, rolling enhancements into the off |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard%20G.%20Medioni | Gérard G. Medioni is a computer scientist, author, academic and inventor. He is a vice president and distinguished scientist at Amazon and serves as emeritus professor of Computer Science at the University of Southern California.
Medioni has made contributions to computer vision, in particular 3D sensing, surface reconstruction, and object modelling. He has translated his computer vision research into customer-facing inventions and products. He has authored four books, including Emerging Topics in Computer Vision, Multimedia Systems: Algorithms, Standards, and Industry Practices, and A Computational Framework for Segmentation and Grouping, and has published more than 80 journal papers, 200 conference papers, with over
34,000 citations and his h-index is 88. In addition, he holds 103 patents to his name which include Visual tracking in video images in unconstrained environments by exploiting on-the-fly context using supporters and distracters and Depth mapping based on pattern matching and stereoscopic information, along with patents on Just Walk Out technology and Amazon One.
Medioni is a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the International Association for Pattern Recognition, and the National Academy of Inventors. He is also a member of National Academy of Engineering.
Education and early career
Medioni obtained his Diplôme d'Ingénieur in 1977 from Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Telecommunications (ENST) Paris and was appointed as a Research Engineer at Thomson-CSF from 1977 to 1978. He then completed his MSc in 1980 and his Ph.D. in 1983 in computer science from the University of Southern California.
Career
Following his Ph.D., in 1983, Medioni began his academic career as a research associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at the University of Southern California. He was subsequently promoted, becoming an assistant professo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard%20%282003%20film%29 | Blizzard is a 2003 American/Canadian Christmas-themed family film directed by LeVar Burton and starring Brenda Blethyn, Christopher Plummer, Kevin Pollak, and Whoopi Goldberg.
Plot
Ten-year old Jess is devastated after her friend Bobby moves out of town. Her mom's Aunt Millie comes to visit and decides to tell her a story about Katie, who is also ten years old, who wanted to ice-skate.
While practicing on an outdoor rink near her home, Katie is befriended by Otto Brewer, a former Olympic skating champion, who offers to teach her "proper skating," and under Otto's tutelage, Katie blossoms into a magnificent skater. However, Katie is devastated when her father loses his job and the family is forced to move to the big city.
Meanwhile, in the North Pole, Santa and his elves are celebrating the birth of Blizzard (Whoopi Goldberg), a baby reindeer born to Blitzen and Delphi. It quickly becomes apparent that Blizzard possesses all three magical reindeer gifts: the ability to fly, the power to make herself invisible, and the gift of empathic navigation - being able to see with her heart.
Using her empathic ability, Blizzard feels Katie's sadness and flies to Katie's home to investigate. Despite the rigid rules of the North Pole, Blizzard helps Katie learn that the value of true friendships is that they never truly go away. However, by breaking these rules, Blizzard must face the possibility of banishment at the hands of Archimedes, Santa's strict head elf. Only true friendship can save her now. Katie's former bully Erin becomes a humble friend after being saved from drowning in a thin-iced frozen pond by Katie, with Blizzard's help.
Cast
Awards
The film won the Best of the Fest award at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival, and the DGC Team Award from the Directors Guild of Canada. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 15, 2003.
See also
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film
External links
2003 films
American children's adventu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric%20heating | Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material. At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric.
Mechanism
Molecular rotation occurs in materials containing polar molecules having an electrical dipole moment, with the consequence that they will align themselves in an electromagnetic field. If the field is oscillating, as it is in an electromagnetic wave or in a rapidly oscillating electric field, these molecules rotate continuously by aligning with it. This is called dipole rotation, or dipolar polarisation. As the field alternates, the molecules reverse direction. Rotating molecules push, pull, and collide with other molecules (through electrical forces), distributing the energy to adjacent molecules and atoms in the material. The process of energy transfer from the source to the sample is a form of radiative heating.
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of the atoms or molecules in a material, so agitating the molecules in this way increases the temperature of the material. Thus, dipole rotation is a mechanism by which energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation can raise the temperature of an object. There are also many other mechanisms by which this conversion occurs.
Dipole rotation is the mechanism normally referred to as dielectric heating, and is most widely observable in the microwave oven where it operates most effectively on liquid water, and also, but much less so, on fats and sugars. This is because fats and sugar molecules are far less polar than water molecules, and thus less affected by the forces generated by the alternating electromagnetic fields. Outside of cooking, the effect can be used generally to heat solids, liquids, or gases, provided th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohybrid%20microswimmer | A biohybrid microswimmer can be defined as a microswimmer that consist of both biological and artificial constituents, for instance, one or several living microorganisms attached to one or various synthetic parts.
In recent years nanoscopic and mesoscopic objects have been designed to collectively move through direct inspiration from nature or by harnessing its existing tools. Small mesoscopic to nanoscopic systems typically operate at low Reynolds numbers (Re ≪ 1), and understanding their motion becomes challenging. For locomotion to occur, the symmetry of the system must be broken.
In addition, collective motion requires a coupling mechanism between the entities that make up the collective. To develop mesoscopic to nanoscopic entities capable of swarming behaviour, it has been hypothesised that the entities are characterised by broken symmetry with a well-defined morphology, and are powered with some material capable of harvesting energy. If the harvested energy results in a field surrounding the object, then this field can couple with the field of a neighbouring object and bring some coordination to the collective behaviour. Such robotic swarms have been categorised by an online expert panel as among the 10 great unresolved group challenges in the area of robotics. Although investigation of their underlying mechanism of action is still in its infancy, various systems have been developed that are capable of undergoing controlled and uncontrolled swarming motion by harvesting energy (e.g., light, thermal, etc.).
Over the past decade, biohybrid microrobots, in which living mobile microorganisms are physically integrated with untethered artificial structures, have gained growing interest to enable the active locomotion and cargo delivery to a target destination. In addition to the motility, the intrinsic capabilities of sensing and eliciting an appropriate response to artificial and environmental changes make cell-based biohybrid microrobots appealing for transpo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal%20mucosa | The nasal mucosa lines the nasal cavity. It is part of the respiratory mucosa, the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. The nasal mucosa is intimately adherent to the periosteum or perichondrium of the nasal conchae. It is continuous with the skin through the nostrils, and with the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx through the choanae. From the nasal cavity its continuity with the conjunctiva may be traced, through the nasolacrimal and lacrimal ducts; and with the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses, through the several openings in the nasal meatuses. The mucous membrane is thickest, and most vascular, over the nasal conchae. It is also thick over the nasal septum where increased numbers of goblet cells produce a greater amount of nasal mucus. It is very thin in the meatuses on the floor of the nasal cavities, and in the various sinuses. It is one of the most commonly infected tissues in adults and children. Inflammation of this tissue may cause significant impairment of daily activities, with symptoms such as stuffy nose, headache, mouth breathing, etc.
Owing to the thickness of the greater part of this membrane, the nasal cavities are much narrower, and the middle and inferior nasal conchæ appear larger and more prominent than in the skeleton; also the various apertures communicating with the meatuses are considerably narrowed.
Structure
The epithelium of the nasal mucosa is of two types – respiratory epithelium, and olfactory epithelium differing according to its functions. In the respiratory region it is columnar and ciliated. Interspersed among the columnar cells are goblet or mucin cells, while between their bases are found smaller pyramidal cells. Beneath the epithelium and its basement membrane is a fibrous layer infiltrated with lymph corpuscles, so as to form in many parts a diffuse adenoid tissue, and under this a nearly continuous layer of small and larger glands, some mucous and some serous, the ducts of whic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggshell | An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats.
Worm eggs
Nematode eggs present a two layered structure: an external vitellin layer made of chitin that confers mechanical resistance and an internal lipid-rich layer that makes the egg chamber impermeable.
Insect eggs
Insects and other arthropods lay a large variety of styles and shapes of eggs. Some of them have gelatinous or skin-like coverings, others have hard eggshells. Softer shells are mostly protein. It may be fibrous or quite liquid. Some arthropod eggs do not actually have shells, rather, their outer covering is actually the outermost embryonic membrane, the choroid, which protects inner layers. This can be a complex structure, and it may have different layers, including an outermost layer called an exochorion. Eggs which must survive in dry conditions usually have hard eggshells, made mostly of dehydrated or mineralized proteins with pore systems to allow respiration. Arthropod eggs can have extensive ornamentation on their outer surfaces.
Fish, amphibian and reptile eggs
Fish and amphibians generally lay eggs which are surrounded by the extraembryonic membranes but do not develop a shell, hard or soft, around these membranes. Some fish and amphibian eggs have thick, leathery coats, especially if they must withstand physical force or desiccation. These types of eggs can also be very small and fragile.
While many reptiles lay eggs with flexible, calcified eggshells, there are some that lay hard eggs. Eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another. Depending on the species, turtles and tortoises lay hard or soft eggs. Several species lay eggs which are nearly indistinguishable from bird eggs.
Bird eggs
The bird egg is a fertilized gamete (or, in the case of some birds, such as chickens, possibly unfertilized) located on the yolk surface and surrounded by albumen, or egg white. The albumen in turn is surro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20content%20management%20systems | Content management systems (CMS) are used to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them are built on top of separate content management frameworks. The list is limited to notable services.
Open source software
This section lists free and open-source software that can be installed and managed on a web server.
Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.
Java
Java packages/bundle
Microsoft ASP.NET
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby on Rails
ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)
JavaScript
Others
Software as a service (SaaS)
This section lists proprietary software that includes software, hosting, and support with a single vendor. This section includes free services.
Proprietary software
This section lists proprietary software to be installed and managed on a user's own server. This section includes freeware proprietary software.
Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.
Other content management frameworks
A content management framework (CMF) is a system that facilitates the use of reusable components or customized software for managing Web content. It shares aspects of a Web application framework and a content management system (CMS).
Below is a list of notable systems that claim to be CMFs.
See also
Comparison of web frameworks
Comparison of wiki software
Comparison of photo gallery software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TREE-META | The TREE-META (or Tree Meta, TREEMETA) Translator Writing System is a compiler-compiler system for context-free languages originally developed in the 1960s. Parsing statements of the metalanguage resemble augmented Backus–Naur form with embedded tree-building directives. Unparsing rules include extensive tree-scanning and code-generation constructs.
History
TREE-META was instrumental in the development of NLS (oN-Line System) and was ported to many systems including the UNIVAC 1108, GE 645, SDS 940, ICL 1906A, PERQ, and UCSD p-System.
Example
This is a complete example of a TREE-META program extracted (and untested) from the more complete (declarations, conditionals, and blocks) example in Appendix 6 of the ICL 1900 TREE-META manual. That document also has a definition of TREE-META in TREE-META in Appendix 3. This program is not just a recognizer, but also outputs the assembly language for the input. It demonstrates one of the key features of TREE-META, which is tree pattern matching. It is used on both the LHS (GET and VAL for example) and the RHS (ADD and SUB).
% This is an ALGOL-style comment delimited by %
% ====================== INPUT PARSE RULES ======================= %
.META PROG
% A program defining driving rule is required. %
% This PROG rule is the driver of the complete program. %
PROG = $STMT ;
% $ is the zero or more operator. %
% PROG (the program) is defined as zero or more STMT (statements). %
STMT = .ID ':=' AEXP :STORE[2]*;
% Parse an assignment statement from the source to the tree. %
% ':=' is a string constant, :STORE creates a STORE node, %
% [2] defines this as having two branches i.e. STORE[ID,AEXP]. %
% * triggers a unparse of the tree, Starting with the last created %
% tree i.e. the STORE[ID,AEXP] which is emitted as output and %
% removed from the tree. %
AEXP = FACTOR $('+' FACTOR :ADD[2] / '-' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberized%20Internet%20Negotiation%20of%20Keys | Kerberized Internet Negotiation of Keys (KINK) is a protocol defined in RFC 4430 used to set up an IPsec security association (SA), similar to Internet Key Exchange (IKE), utilizing the Kerberos protocol to allow trusted third parties to handle authentication of peers and management of security policies in a centralized fashion.
Its motivation is given in RFC 3129 as an alternative to IKE, in which peers must each use X.509 certificates for authentication, use Diffie–Hellman key exchange (DH) for encryption, know and implement a security policy for every peer with which it will connect, with authentication of the X.509 certificates either pre-arranged or using DNS, preferably with DNSSEC. Utilizing Kerberos, KINK peers must only mutually authenticate with the appropriate Authentication Server (AS), with a key distribution center (KDC) in turn controlling distribution of keying material for encryption and therefore controlling the IPsec security policy.
Protocol description
KINK is a command/response protocol that can create, delete, and maintain IPsec SAs. Each command or response contains a common header along with a set of type-length-value payloads. The type of a command or a response constrains the payloads sent in the messages of the exchange.
KINK itself is a stateless protocol in that each command or response does not require storage of hard state for KINK. This is in contrast to IKE, which uses Main Mode to first establish an Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) SA followed by subsequent Quick Mode exchanges.
KINK uses Kerberos mechanisms to provide mutual authentication and replay protection. For establishing SAs, KINK provides confidentiality for the payloads that follow the Kerberos AP-REQ payload. The design of KINK mitigates denial of service attacks by requiring authenticated exchanges before the use of any public key operations and the installation of any state. KINK also provides a means of using Kerberos User-t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Software | Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, From the Afronet to Black Lives Matter is a 2019 American book that sets out to understand Black Lives Matter through the six-decade history of racial justice movement organizing online.
Overview
Charlton McIlwain is an American academic and author whose expertise includes the role of race and media in politics and social life. McIlwain is Professor of media, culture, and communication and is the Vice Provost for Faculty Engagement and Development at New York University.
Dr. McIlwain is the author of multiple books, including Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, From the Afronet to Black Lives Matter, which has been widely reviewed.
Black Software has been nominated for the MAAA Stone Book Award.
See also
Kamal Al-Mansour
AfroNet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASH%20domain | KASH domains are conserved C-terminal protein regions less than ~30 amino acids. KASH is an acronym for Klarsicht, ANC-1, Syne Homology. KASH domains always follow a transmembrane domain. Most proteins containing KASH domains are thought to be involved in the positioning of the nucleus in the cell. KASH domains interact with proteins containing SUN domains in the space between the outer and inner nuclear membranes to bridge the nuclear envelope, and may transfer force from the nucleoskeleton to the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and enable mechanosensory roles in cells. KASH proteins are thought to largely localize to the outer nuclear membrane, although there are reports of inner nuclear membrane localization of some KASH protein isoforms.
Examples of KASH proteins
Caenorhabditis elegans
UNC-83
ANC-1
ZYG-12
Mammals
Nesprins-1, 2, 3 and 4 (also called Synes, Mynes, Nuance, Enaptin)
Drosophila melanogaster
Klarsicht
MSP-300 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Requirements%20Engineering%20Board | The International Requirements Engineering Board (IREB) e.V. was founded in Fürth in Germany in October 2006. IREB e.V. is as a legal entity based in Germany.
The IREB is the holder for the international certification scheme Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering (CPRE).
It is IREB's role to support a single, universally accepted, international qualification scheme, aimed at Requirements Engineering for professionals, by providing the core syllabi and by setting guidelines for accreditation and examination. The accreditation process and certification are regulated by the steering committee of IREB. The steering committee of IREB is built out of the personal members of IREB. Personal members of the IREB are international experts in requirements engineering from universities, economy and education.
Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering
The IREB Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering (CPRE) is an international accepted qualification for requirements engineers and business analysts. The CPRE is a three level certification based on exams covering the freely available syllabus. Candidates who have successfully passed the examination receive the "Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering" certificate.
The certificate is set up according to the ISO/IEC 17024 standard with a clear separation of the duties
IREB is responsible for the definition of syllabi and exams
Independent Training Providers provide trainings
Independent organizations provide the certification process
IREB is neither offering trainings nor conducting exams itself.
The education program is offered in 68 countries with over 28.500 IREB Certified Professionals for Requirements Engineering worldwide (date: 2016).
Syllabi
CPRE Foundation Level
The IREB Syllabus for the CPRE Foundation Level of the IREB Certified Professional for Requirements Engineering
sets the following priorities:
The focus is on acquiring the necessary practical knowledge and l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubator%20%28culture%29 | An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the CO2 and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for much experimental work in cell biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
An incubator is made up of a chamber with a regulated temperature. Some incubators also regulate humidity, gas composition, or ventilation within that chamber.
The simplest incubators are insulated boxes with an adjustable heater, typically going up to 60 to 65 °C (140 to 150 °F), though some can go slightly higher (generally to no more than 100 °C). The most commonly used temperature both for bacteria such as the frequently used E. coli as well as for mammalian cells is approximately 37 °C (99 °F), as these organisms grow well under such conditions. For other organisms used in biological experiments, such as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a growth temperature of 30 °C (86 °F) is optimal.
More elaborate incubators can also include the ability to lower the temperature (via refrigeration), or the ability to control humidity or CO2 levels. This is important in the cultivation of mammalian cells, where the relative humidity is typically >80% to prevent evaporation and a slightly acidic pH is achieved by maintaining a CO2 level of 5%.
History of the laboratory incubator
From aiding in hatching chicken eggs to enabling scientists to understand and develop vaccines for deadly viruses, the laboratory incubator has seen numerous applications over the years it has been in use. The incubator has also provided a foundation for medical advances and experimental work in cellular and molecular biology.
While many technological advances have occurred since the primitive incubators first used in ancient Egypt and China, the main purpose of the incubator has remained unchanged |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysulfide%20reductase | Polysulfide reductase (NrfD) is an integral transmembrane protein with loops in both the periplasm and the cytoplasm. NrfD is thought to participate in the transfer of electrons, from the quinone pool into the terminal components of the Nrf pathway. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20for%20Wildlife | Land for Wildlife is a program sponsored by the Department of Sustainability and Environment in the state of Victoria, Australia. It was established in November 1981 to support private landholders and managers who voluntarily provide and enhance habitat for native wildlife on their properties within the state. Many non-landholder volunteers also participate in the scheme, which is coordinated by departmental extension officers. By doing so they are contributing to the maintenance and restoration of native biodiversity. The scheme was largely instigated by Ellen McCulloch and Reg Johnson, two prominent members of the community group Bird Observation & Conservation Australia (then the Bird Observers Club - now merged with BirdLife Australia), with which it continues to have a cooperative relationship.
Benefits of full registration of a property in the scheme include on-site visits to provide advice and answer questions about how to manage the land to contribute to biodiversity conservation, participation in field and neighbourhood days, open-properties and information sessions, a regular newsletter, specialist information and a Land for Wildlife sign. It does not alter the legal status of a property in any way and landholders may withdraw from the scheme at any time.
As of 2012 there were over 5,700 participating properties, with about 15,000 people involved in the program. The area of wildlife habitat being managed on the properties totals more than 560,000 hectares (4% of private land in Victoria), and includes grasslands, heaths, woodlands, forests and freshwater wetlands.
The Victorian Land For Wildlife program allows interstate agencies (government and non-government) to deliver the scheme under an agreement in which the original aims and objectives are maintained.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exporter%20%28computing%29 | An exporter is a software application that writes out a data file in a format different from its native format. It does this via special algorithms (such as filters). An exporter often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in. When implemented in this way, the exporter converts the hosting application's native format into the desired format and writes it to the file.
For example, a 3D model may be written with a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max. A game developer may want to use that model in its game, but uses a custom format that is different from 3D Studio Max's native format. Using the exporter, the model can be saved in the developer's native format and then read into the game (or a tool) without any extra conversion. Using exporters, game tools can also export from their native format into formats for other applications (such as the modeler or a paint program, such as Photoshop).
Exporters are important tools in the video game industry. A plug-in or application that does the converse of an exporter is called an importer. Importers and exporters are often used in conjunction with one another in many software development environments.
Video game development |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-per-second%20signal | A pulse per second (PPS or 1PPS) is an electrical signal that has a width of less than one second and a sharply rising or abruptly falling edge that accurately repeats once per second. PPS signals are output by radio beacons, frequency standards, other types of precision oscillators and some GPS receivers. Precision clocks are sometimes manufactured by interfacing a PPS signal generator to processing equipment that aligns the PPS signal to the UTC second and converts it to a useful display. Atomic clocks usually have an external PPS output, although internally they may operate at 9,192,631,770 Hz. PPS signals have an accuracy ranging from a 12 picoseconds to a few microseconds per second, or 2.0 nanoseconds to a few milliseconds per day based on the resolution and accuracy of the device generating the signal.
Physical representation
PPS signals are usually generated as a TTL signal capable of driving a 1 kilohm load. Some sources use line drivers in order to be capable of driving 50-ohm transmission lines. Because of the broad frequency contents, along the transmission line can have a significant impact on the shape of the PPS signal due to dispersion and after delivery effects of the dielectric of the transmission line. It is common to set t0 at the voltage level of the steepest slope of a PPS signal. PPS signals are therefore notoriously unreliable when time transfer accuracies better than a nanosecond are needed, although the stability of a PPS signal can reach into the picosecond regime depending on the generating device.
Uses
PPS signals are used for precise timekeeping and time measurement. One increasingly common use is in computer timekeeping, including NTP. Because GPS is considered a stratum-0 source, a common use for the PPS signal is to connect it to a PC using a low-latency, low-jitter wire connection and allow a program to synchronize to it. This makes the PC a stratum-1 time source. Note that because the PPS signal does not specify the time, bu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Nogales | Eva Nogales (born in Colmenar Viejo, Spain) is a Spanish-American biophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she served as head of the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology of the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (2015–2020). She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
Nogales is a pioneer in using electron microscopy for the structural and functional characterization of macromolecular complexes. She used electron crystallography to obtain the first structure of tubulin and identify the binding site of the important anti-cancer drug taxol. She is a leader in combining cryo-EM, computational image analysis and biochemical assays to gain insights into function and regulation of biological complexes and molecular machines. Her work has uncovered aspects of cellular function that are relevant to the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Early life and education
Eva Nogales obtained her BS degree in physics from the Autonomous University of Madrid in 1988. She later earned her PhD from the University of Keele in 1992 while working at the Synchrotron Radiation Source under the supervision of Joan Bordas.
Career
During her post-doctoral work in the laboratory of Ken Downing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Eva Nogales was the first to determine the atomic structure of tubulin and the location of the taxol-binding site by electron crystallography. She became an assistant professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1998. In 2000 she became an investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. As cryo-EM techniques became more powerful, she became a leader in applying cryo-EM to the study of microtubule structure and function and other large macromolecular assemblies such as eukaryotic transcription and translation initiation complexes, the polycomb complex PRC2, and telomerase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinhibition | Disinhibition, also referred to as behavioral disinhibition, is medically recognized as an orientation towards immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behaviour driven by current thoughts, feelings, and external stimuli, without regard for past learning or consideration for future consequences. It is one of five pathological personality trait domains in certain psychiatric disorders. In psychology, it is defined as a lack of restraint manifested in disregard of social conventions, impulsivity, and poor risk assessment. Hypersexuality, hyperphagia, and aggressive outbursts are indicative of disinhibited instinctual drives.
Certain psychoactive substances that have effects on the limbic system of the brain may induce disinhibition.
Clinical concept
Disinhibition in psychology is defined as a lack of inhibitory control manifested in several ways, affecting motor, instinctual, emotional, cognitive, and perceptual aspects with signs and symptoms, such as impulsivity, disregard for others and social norms, aggressive outbursts, misconduct, and oppositional behaviors, disinhibited instinctual drives including risk-taking behaviors and hypersexuality.
Brain injury
Disinhibition is a common symptom following brain injury, or lesions, particularly to the frontal lobe and primarily to the orbitofrontal cortex. The neuropsychiatric sequelae following brain injuries could include diffuse cognitive impairment, with more prominent deficits in the rate of information processing, attention, memory, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving. Prominent impulsivity, affective instability, and disinhibition are seen frequently, secondary to injury to frontal, temporal, and limbic areas. In association with the typical cognitive deficits, these sequelae characterize the frequently noted "personality changes" in TBI (Traumatic Brain Injury) patients.
Disinhibition syndromes, in brain injuries and insults including brain tumors, strokes and epilepsy range from mildly inappropr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean%20morbillivirus | Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a virus that infects marine mammals in the order Cetacea, which includes dolphins, porpoises and whales. Three genetically distinct strains have been identified: dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), pilot whale morbillivirus (PWMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV). Symptoms of infection are often a severe combination of pneumonia, encephalitis and damage to the immune system, which greatly impair the cetacean's ability to swim and stay afloat unassisted. Since its discovery in 1987, CeMV has been responsible for numerous epizootics of mass mortality in cetacean populations. Epizootics of CeMV can be easily identified by a significant increase in the number of stranded cetaceans on beaches and shores. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20lithium-ion%20battery | This is a history of the lithium-ion battery.
Before lithium-ion: 1960-1975
1960s: Much of the basic research that led to the development of the intercalation compounds that form the core of lithium-ion batteries was carried out in the 1960s by Robert Huggins and Carl Wagner, who studied the movement of ions in solids.
1970s: Reversible intercalation of lithium ions into graphite as anodes and intercalation of lithium ions into cathodic oxide as cathodes was discovered during 1974–76 by Jürgen Otto Besenhard at TU Munich. Besenhard proposed its application in lithium cells. What was missing in Besenhard's batteries is an electrolyte, that would prevent solvent co-intercalation into graphite, electrolyte decomposition and corrosion of current collectors. Thus, his batteries had very short cycle lives.
1970s: Reversible intercalation of lithium ions into layered cathode materials. British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham, then a researcher at ExxonMobil, first reported a charge-discharge cycling with a lithium metal battery (a precursor to modern lithium-ion batteries) in the 1970s. Drawing on previous research from his time at Stanford University, he used a layered titanium(IV) sulfide as cathode and as anode. However, this setup proved impractical. Titanium disulfide was expensive (~$1,000 per kilogram in the 1970s) and difficult to work with, since it has to be synthesized under completely oxygen and moisture-free conditions. When exposed to air, it reacts to form hydrogen sulfide compounds, which have an unpleasant odour and are toxic to humans and most animals. For this, and other reasons, Exxon discontinued development of Whittingham's lithium-titanium disulfide battery.
Batteries with metallic lithium electrodes presented safety issues,
most importantly the formation of lithium dendrites, that internally short-circuit the battery resulting in explosions. Also, dendrites often lose electronic contact with current collectors leading to a loss of cycla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%20toilet | A pig toilet (sometimes called a "pig sty latrine") is a simple type of dry toilet consisting of an outhouse mounted over a pigsty, with a chute or hole connecting the two. The pigs consume the feces of the users of the toilet, as well as other food.
History
Pig toilets ( zhūjuànmáokēng) were once common in rural China, where a single Chinese ideogram () signifies both "pigsty" and "privy". Funerary models of pig toilets from the Han dynasty (206 BC to AD 220) prove that it was an ancient custom. These arrangements have been strongly discouraged by the Chinese authorities in recent years, although as late as 2005 they could still be found in remote northern provinces.
Chinese influence may have spread the use of pig toilets to Okinawa (Okinawan: ふーる (fūru) / 風呂) before World War II, and also to the Manchu people during the Qing Dynasty period.
Pig toilets were also used in parts of India such as Goa. A 2003 survey of sanitary arrangements in Goa and Kerala found that 22.7% of the population still used pig toilets.
On Jejudo, a volcanic island of South Korea that is home to a breed of black pig, the pig toilets were known as dottongsi (). These pigsty toilets were still in use in the 1960s.
Fishpond toilet
In China, "Family dwellings are commonly built close to the fish pond with toilets overhanging the pond to facilitate fertilization. ... Some pigsties as well as latrines for humans are built on the adjacent dike so as to overhang the pond." But by 1988, these fish pond toilets were falling out of favour, as the farmers found it more useful to ferment human and pig excrement together, and apply it to the aquaculture ponds as needed.
In Vietnam, the traditional fish pond toilet, which was described as "widespread" as recently as 2008, polluted the waterways, but was perceived as more hygienic (less odorous) than various modern alternatives that the government was pressing on the villagers.
See also
Coprophagia
History of water supply and sanitation
Toilet god |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MN103 | The MN103 (also called MN10300 or AM33) is a 32-bit microprocessor series developed by Matsushita Electric Industrial, now Panasonic Corporation. Most variants include a media processor, working as an image processor or video processor. It is used in digital cameras, set-top boxes and DVD players.
It was supported by the Linux kernel from version 2.6.25 until version 4.16.
It was also supported by Windows CE.
A newer, enhanced version is the MN103S. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvection%20%28genetics%29 | Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed.
The first observation of mitotic (i.e. non-meiotic) chromosome pairing was discovered via microscopy in 1908 by Nettie Stevens.
Edward B. Lewis at Caltech discovered transvection at the bithorax complex in Drosophila in the 1950s. Since then, transvection has been observed at a number of additional loci in Drosophila, including white, decapentaplegic, eyes absent, vestigial, and yellow.
As stated by Ed Lewis, "Operationally, transvection is occurring if the phenotype of a given genotype can be altered solely by disruption of somatic (or meiotic) pairing. Such disruption can generally be accomplished by introduction of a heterozygous rearrangement that disrupts pairing in the relevant region but has no position effect of its own on the phenotype" (cited by Ting Wu and Jim Morris 1999). Recently, pairing-mediated phenomena have been observed in species other than Drosophila, including mice, humans, plants, nematodes, insects, and fungi. In light of these findings, transvection may represent a potent and widespread form of gene regulation.
Transvection appears to be dependent upon chromosome pairing. In some cases, if one allele is placed on a different chromosome by a translocation, transvection does not occur. Transvection can sometimes be restored in a translocation homozygote, where both alleles may once again be able to pair. Restoration of phenotype has been observed at bithorax, decapentaplegic, eyes absent, and vestigial, and with transgenes of white. In some cases, transvection between two alleles leads to intragenic complementation while disruption of transvection disrupts the complementation.
Transvection i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenophora%20triphylla | Adenophora triphylla, also known as Japanese lady bell, is one of the 62 species of Adenophora. It is a flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae that is distributed mainly over the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and China.
Ecology
Adenophora triphylla is an erect, perennial herb growing to in height. It has a white and thickened taproot, shaped like a carrot, 7-16 × 1.5-1.8 cm in diameter. Stems are white pilose with alternately arranged leaves. It has oval, almost round, serrated leaves growing to that are white, sharply pointed, and pilose. A. triphylla flowers are about - long and have both male and female organs (hermaphrodite), each having 5 stamens and a pistil (the long head of the pistil overhangs the flower). Flowers are pollinated by insects. Seeds are yellow-brown colored and oblong slightly compressed, -.
Habitat: Grassy areas in lowlands and mountains.
Suitable for: Grassy places in lowland and mountain with loamy soils.
Distribution: Korea, Japan, China, Laos, Russia (Far East, Eastern Siberia), Vietnam.
Cultivation details
Adenophora triphylla grows well in a warm and sunny or slightly shaded niche, but cannot grow in full shade; A. triphylla needs alkaline soil that is slightly moisturized, or peaty soil. Plants are hardy to about . Slugs have been known to destroy its young growth or even mature plants.
Propagation
Adenophora triphylla grows wild in mountains and meadows, but is also cultivated. The seed can be sown in spring and germinates in 1–3 months. At that time, it needs a temperature of about . It can be planted out into a permanent positions while young.
Chemical constituents
Adenophora triphylla roots contain chemical compounds that are saponins and triterpenes.
Traditional medicine
In Korea, A. triphylla is traditionally used for sputum, cough and bronchial catarrh. It is believed to have antifungal, expectorant, and cardiotonic effects. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM76A | FAM76A is a protein that in Homo sapiens is encoded by the FAM76A gene. Notable structural characteristics of FAM76A include an 83 amino acid coiled coil domain as well as a four amino acid poly-serine compositional bias. FAM76A is conserved in most chordates but it is not found in other deuterostrome phlya such as echinodermata, hemichordata, or xenacoelomorpha—suggesting that FAM76A arose sometime after chordates in the evolutionary lineage. Furthermore, FAM76A is not found in fungi, plants, archaea, or bacteria. FAM76A is predicted to localize to the nucleus and may play a role in regulating transcription.
Gene
Location
FAM76A is located on the (+) strand of the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p35.3), with the genomic sequence starting at 27725979 and ending at 27762915. The coding region is made up of 3462 base pairs and is translated into 341 amino acids.
Gene neighborhood
Genes that flank FAM76A on the telomeric side include IFI6, CHMP1AP1, and RPEP3, while genes that flank FAM76A on the centromeric side include STX12, PPP1R8, and L0C105376894.
Common aliases
In Caenorhabditis elegans, FAM76A is referred to as K04F10.7. Outside of this, FAM76A does not have any significant alternative names.
mRNA
In Homo sapiens, the FAM76A gene produces 9 different mRNAs, 7 of which are alternatively spliced and 2 of which are unspliced. Of the alternatively spliced mRNAs, isoform 1 is the longest variant of the gene and is the subject of this article.
Protein
General properties
The molecular weight of FAM76A is 38.4 kDa, making it possible for this protein to diffuse through nuclear pores. The isoelectric point is 9.28. FAM76A does not have any significant positive, negative, or mixed charge clusters. In addition, FAM76A does not have any predicted hydrophobic or transmembrane segments, suggesting that this protein is not found within the cell membrane.
Composition
The amino acid composition of FAM76A protein showed amino acid frequencies within 1.5% of that of normal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server | A super-server or sometimes called a service dispatcher is a type of daemon run generally on Unix-like systems.
Usage
A super-server starts other servers when needed, normally with access to them checked by a TCP wrapper. It uses very few resources when in idle state. This can be ideal for workstations used for local web development, client/server development or low-traffic daemons with occasional usage (such as ident and SSH).
Performance
The creation of an operating system process embodying the sub-daemon is deferred until an incoming connection for the sub-daemon arrives. This results in a delay to the handling of the connection (in comparison to a connection handled by an already-running process).
Whether this delay is incurred repeatedly for every incoming connection depends on the design of the particular sub-daemon; simple daemons usually require a separate sub-daemon instance (i.e. a distinct, separate operating system process) be started for each and every incoming connection. Such a request-per-process design is more straightforward to implement, but for some workloads, the extra CPU and memory overhead of starting multiple operating system processes may be undesirable.
Alternatively, a single sub-daemon operating system process can be designed to handle multiple connections, allowing similar performance to a "stand alone" server (except for the one-off delay for the first connection to the sub-daemon).
Implementations
inetd
launchd
systemd
ucspi-tcp
xinetd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20phase%20sequencing | The principle of solid phase DNA sequencing was described in 1989 based on binding of biotinylated DNA to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and elution of single DNA strands selectively using alkali. The method allowed robotic applications suitable for clinical sequencing, but the magnetic handling has also found frequent use in many molecular applications, including sample handling for DNA diagnostics. The use of solid phase methods for DNA handling is now frequently used as an integrated part of many of the next generation DNA sequencing methods, as well as numerous molecular diagnostics applications. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcation%20line%20%28France%29 | The French demarcation line was the boundary line marking the division of Metropolitan France into the territory occupied and administered by the German Army (Zone occupée) in the northern and western part of France and the Zone libre (Free zone) in the south during World War II. It was created by the Armistice of 22 June 1940 after the fall of France in May 1940.
The path of the demarcation line was specified in the Articles of the Armistice. It was also called the green line because it was marked green on the joint map produced at the Armistice Convention. In German, the line is known as the Demarkationslinie, often shortened to Dema-Linie or even Dema.
Papers were required in order to cross the line legally, but few had this privilege.
The demarcation line became moot in November 1942 after the Germans crossed the line and invaded the Free Zone in Operation Anton. After this, all of France was under German occupation, and the occupied zone north of the line became known as the "northern Zone" (Zone nord) and the former Zone libre became the "southern zone" (Zone sud). The line was officially annulled on 1 March 1943.
Armistice of 22 June 1940
Article II of the Armistice of 22 June 1940 defines the demarcation line:
Establishment
Initially, the armistice of 22 June 1940 provided for the "occupation of territory without giving the French government a free space". The total and rapid defeat of France followed by its partition had not been studied by the German General Staff. Finally this partition, which handicapped the defeated, was decided by the winner. Thus on 22 June 1940 Generals Wilhelm Keitel for Nazi Germany and Charles Huntziger for France signed an armistice which outlined in Article 2 the creation of a partition of the metropolitan area of France. Article 3, however, stated:
"The German Government intends to reduce to a minimum the occupation of the West Coast after the cessation of hostilities with England."
which the French delegation had |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per%20mille | The phrase per mille () indicates parts per thousand. The associated symbol is , similar to a per cent sign but with an extra zero in the divisor.
Major dictionaries do not agree on the spelling, giving other options of per mil, per mill, permil, permill, permille, or promille.
Per mille is most commonly used in scientific and technical contexts. It should not be confused with parts per million (ppm).
Computer systems
The code point for the glyph is included in the General Punctuation block of Unicode characters: . It may be typed using , , , or according to operating system.
Note that for the compose key sequence the percent key (%) is followed by lower case letter o and not, as might be expected, by digit 0.
Examples
Examples of use include:
Legal limits of blood-alcohol content for driving a road vehicle in some countries: for example: 0.5‰ or 0.8‰.
Seawater salinity: for example: "the average salinity is 35‰".
Tunnel and railway gradients (in some countries in Europe).
Birth and death rates.
Baseball batting averages (colloquially).
Property taxation rates: the millage rate (U.S.) or mill rate (Canada).
Expressing stable-isotope ratios—for example: "δ13C was measured at −3.5‰".
Fineness of precious metals.
Cost per mille (CPM), the price of 1000 units, may be used for views of banner and display advertising, and for emails delivered by email service providers.
Related units
Percentage point difference of 1 part in 100
Percentage (%) 1 part in 100
Basis point (bp) difference of 1 part in 10,000
Permyriad (‱) 1 part in 10,000
Per cent mille (pcm) 1 part in 100,000
See also
Parts-per notation
Per-unit system
Per cent point function
Fineness of precious metals (given as "0.000-fine") |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20varnish | Desert varnish or rock varnish is an orange-yellow to black coating found on exposed rock surfaces in arid environments. Desert varnish is approximately one micrometer thick and exhibits nanometer-scale layering. Rock rust and desert patina are other terms which are also used for the condition, but less often.
Formation
Desert varnish forms only on physically stable rock surfaces that are no longer subject to frequent precipitation, fracturing or wind abrasion. The varnish is primarily composed of particles of clay along with oxides of iron and manganese. There is also a host of trace elements and almost always some organic matter. The color of the varnish varies from shades of brown to black.
It has been suggested that desert varnish should be investigated as a potential candidate for a "shadow biosphere". However, a 2008 microscopy study posited that desert varnish has already been reproduced with chemistry not involving life in the lab, and that the main component is actually silica and not clay as previously thought. The study notes that desert varnish is an excellent fossilizer for microbes and indicator of water. Desert varnish appears to have been observed by rovers on Mars, and if examined may contain fossilized life from Mars's wet period.
Composition
Originally scientists thought that the varnish was made from substances drawn out of the rocks it coats. Microscopic and microchemical observations, however, show that a major part of varnish is clay, which could only arrive by wind. Clay, then, acts as a substrate to catch additional substances that chemically react together when the rock reaches high temperatures in the desert sun. Wetting by dew is also important in the process.
An important characteristic of black desert varnish is that it has an unusually high concentration of manganese. Manganese is relatively rare in the Earth's crust, making up only 0.12% of its weight. In black desert varnish, however, manganese is 50 to 60 times more abundan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATHUSLA | MATHUSLA (MAssive Timing Hodoscope for Ultra-Stable neutraL pArticles) is a proposed experiment at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It is a dedicated large-volume detector on the surface above CMS for exotic long-lived particles (LLPs) produced in LHC collisions, which can travel to the surface and decay into charged particles inside its decay volume. MATHUSLA is motivated by the fact that LLPs could easily escape detection in the existing LHC experiments (the ATLAS experiment, CMS and LHCb), but their existence could explain major outstanding questions in particle physics, like possibly the hierarchy problem, dark matter, baryogenesis or the masses of neutrinos. MATHUSLA's location on the surface, shielded from the radiation of LHC collisions that can obfuscate LLP signals, as well as its large detection volume allows it to fill this capability gap and detect LLPs with very long lifetimes up to the ~0.1 second upper limit imposed by Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
The project is supported by an international collaboration and is in the technical development phase, with operations planned to start in the mid-to-late 2020s. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Source%20Routing | Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. It is similar to AODV in that it forms a route on-demand when a transmitting node requests one. However, it uses source routing instead of relying on the routing table at each intermediate device.
Background
Determining the source route requires accumulating the address of each device between the source and destination during route discovery. The accumulated path information is cached by nodes processing the route discovery packets. The learned paths are used to route packets. To accomplish source routing, the routed packets contain the address of each device the packet will traverse. This may result in high overhead for long paths or large addresses, like IPv6. To avoid using source routing, DSR optionally defines a flow id option that allows packets to be forwarded on a hop-by-hop basis.
This protocol is truly based on source routing whereby all the routing information is maintained (continually updated) at mobile nodes.
It has only two major phases, which are Route Discovery and Route Maintenance.
Route Reply would only be generated if the message has reached the intended destination node (route record which is initially contained in Route Request would be inserted into the Route Reply).
To return the Route Reply, the destination node must have a route to the source node. If the route is in the Destination Node's route cache, the route would be used. Otherwise, the node will reverse the route based on the route record in the Route Request message header (this requires that all links are symmetric).
In the event of fatal transmission, the Route Maintenance Phase is initiated whereby the Route Error packets are generated at a node. The erroneous hop will be removed from the node's route cache; all routes containing the hop are truncated at that point. Again, the Route Discovery Phase is initiated to determine the most viable route.
For information on other similar protocols, see t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHF2 | PHD finger protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHF2 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein which contains a zinc finger-like PHD (plant homeodomain) finger, distinct from other classes of zinc finger motifs, and a hydrophobic and highly conserved domain. The PHD finger shows the typical Cys4-His-Cys3 arrangement. PHD finger genes are thought to belong to a diverse group of transcriptional regulators possibly affecting eukaryotic gene expression by influencing chromatin structure. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant%20transformation | In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule that specifies how certain entities, such as vectors or tensors, change under a change of basis. The transformation that describes the new basis vectors as a linear combination of the old basis vectors is defined as a covariant transformation. Conventionally, indices identifying the basis vectors are placed as lower indices and so are all entities that transform in the same way. The inverse of a covariant transformation is a contravariant transformation. Whenever a vector should be invariant under a change of basis, that is to say it should represent the same geometrical or physical object having the same magnitude and direction as before, its components must transform according to the contravariant rule. Conventionally, indices identifying the components of a vector are placed as upper indices and so are all indices of entities that transform in the same way. The sum over pairwise matching indices of a product with the same lower and upper indices are invariant under a transformation.
A vector itself is a geometrical quantity, in principle, independent (invariant) of the chosen basis. A vector v is given, say, in components vi on a chosen basis ei. On another basis, say e′j, the same vector v has different components v′j and
As a vector, v should be invariant to the chosen coordinate system and independent of any chosen basis, i.e. its "real world" direction and magnitude should appear the same regardless of the basis vectors. If we perform a change of basis by transforming the vectors ei into the basis vectors e′j, we must also ensure that the components vi transform into the new components v′j to compensate.
The needed transformation of v is called the contravariant transformation rule.
In the shown example, a vector is described by two different coordinate systems: a rectangular coordinate system (the black grid), and a radial coordinate system (the red grid). Basis vectors have been chosen for both coordina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrop%20%28cryptocurrency%29 | An airdrop is an unsolicited distribution of a cryptocurrency token or coin, usually for free, to numerous wallet addresses. Airdrops are often associated with the launch of a new cryptocurrency or a DeFi protocol, primarily as a way of gaining attention and new followers, resulting in a larger user base and a wider disbursement of coins. Airdrops have been a more important part of ICOs since crypto entrepreneurs have started doing private sales instead of public offerings to raise initial capital. One example of this is by the company Omise, which gave away five percent of its OmiseGO cryptocurrency to Ethereum holders in September 2017.
Airdrops aim to take advantage of the network effect by engaging existing holders of a particular blockchain-based currency, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum in their currency or project.
In the United States, the practice has raised policy issues about tax liability and whether they amount to income or capital gains. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach%20sauce | Peach sauce is used as an accompaniment in Chinese cuisine and other cuisines. It is also used in peach preserves and chutney.
Peach sauce may be used as a dessert sauce as a topping for pancakes, and also on savory dishes, such as grilled chicken, coconut shrimp and pork.
See also
List of Chinese sauces |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable%20Coherent%20Interface | The Scalable Coherent Interface or Scalable Coherent Interconnect (SCI), is a high-speed interconnect standard for shared memory multiprocessing and message passing. The goal was to scale well, provide system-wide memory coherence and a simple interface; i.e. a standard to replace existing buses in multiprocessor systems with one with no inherent scalability and performance limitations.
The IEEE Std 1596-1992, IEEE Standard for Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) was approved by the IEEE standards board on March 19, 1992. It saw some use during the 1990s, but never became widely used and has been replaced by other systems from the early 2000s.
History
Soon after the Fastbus (IEEE 960) follow-on Futurebus (IEEE 896) project in 1987, some engineers predicted it would already be too slow for the high performance computing marketplace by the time it would be released in the early 1990s.
In response, a "Superbus" study group was formed in November 1987.
Another working group of the standards association of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) spun off to form a standard targeted at this market in July 1988.
It was essentially a subset of Futurebus features that could be easily implemented at high speed, along with minor additions to make it easier to connect to other systems, such as VMEbus. Most of the developers had their background from high-speed computer buses. Representatives from companies in the computer industry and research community included Amdahl, Apple Computer, BB&N, Hewlett-Packard, CERN, Dolphin Server Technology, Cray Research, Sequent, AT&T, Digital Equipment Corporation, McDonnell Douglas, National Semiconductor, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Tektronix, Texas Instruments, Unisys, University of Oslo, University of Wisconsin.
The original intent was a single standard for all buses in the computer.
The working group soon came up with the idea of using point-to-point communication in the form of insertion rings. This avoided |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection | In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid. The properties of that substance are carried with it. Generally the majority of the advected substance is also a fluid. The properties that are carried with the advected substance are conserved properties such as energy. An example of advection is the transport of pollutants or silt in a river by bulk water flow downstream. Another commonly advected quantity is energy or enthalpy. Here the fluid may be any material that contains thermal energy, such as water or air. In general, any substance or conserved, extensive quantity can be advected by a fluid that can hold or contain the quantity or substance.
During advection, a fluid transports some conserved quantity or material via bulk motion. The fluid's motion is described mathematically as a vector field, and the transported material is described by a scalar field showing its distribution over space. Advection requires currents in the fluid, and so cannot happen in rigid solids. It does not include transport of substances by molecular diffusion.
Advection is sometimes confused with the more encompassing process of convection, which is the combination of advective transport and diffusive transport.
In meteorology and physical oceanography, advection often refers to the transport of some property of the atmosphere or ocean, such as heat, humidity (see moisture) or salinity.
Advection is important for the formation of orographic clouds and the precipitation of water from clouds, as part of the hydrological cycle.
Distinction between advection and convection
The term advection often serves as a synonym for convection, and this correspondence of terms is used in the literature. More technically, convection applies to the movement of a fluid (often due to density gradients created by thermal gradients), whereas advection is the movement of some material by the velocity of the f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-color%20system | The two-color system of projection is a name given to a variety of methods of projecting a full-color image using (only) two different single-color projectors. James Clerk Maxwell first suggested he had discovered such a projection system, but it was not reproduced until the 1950s, when Edwin Land accidentally noticed a similar effect while working on his three-color system of projection.
Despite Land's later work on the subject, the physics behind the success of this system of projection (and similar methods of apparent full-color projection involving only one color of light, sometimes in different polarizations) is not clearly understood since it involves not only the projected light but also the human visual system's response to it.
External links
http://www.greatreality.com/Color2Color.htm
Display technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexin | Annexin is a common name for a group of cellular proteins. They are mostly found in eukaryotic organisms (animal, plant and fungi).
In humans, the annexins are found inside the cell. However some annexins (Annexin A1, Annexin A2, and Annexin A5) can be secreted from the cytoplasm to outside cellular environments, such as blood.
Annexin is also known as lipocortin. Lipocortins suppress phospholipase A2. Increased expression of the gene coding for annexin-1 is one of the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) inhibit inflammation.
Introduction
The protein family of annexins has continued to grow since their association with intracellular membranes was first reported in 1977. The recognition that these proteins were members of a broad family first came from protein sequence comparisons and their cross-reactivity with antibodies. One of these workers (Geisow) coined the name Annexin shortly after.
As of 2002 160 annexin proteins have been identified in 65 different species. The criteria that a protein has to meet to be classified as an annexin are: it has to be capable of binding negatively charged phospholipids in a calcium dependent manner and must contain a 70 amino acid repeat sequence called an annexin repeat. Several proteins consist of annexin with other domains like gelsolin.
The basic structure of an annexin is composed of two major domains. The first is located at the COOH terminal and is called the “core” region. The second is located at the NH2 terminal and is called the “head” region. The core region consists of an alpha helical disk. The convex side of this disk has type 2 calcium-binding sites. They are important for allowing interaction with the phospholipids at the plasma membrane. The N terminal region is located on the concave side of the core region and is important for providing a binding site for cytoplasmic proteins. In some annexins it can become phosphorylated and can cause affinity changes for calcium in the core region o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famoxadone | Famoxadone is a fungicide to protect agricultural products against various fungal diseases on fruiting vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, curcurbits, lettuce and grapes. It is used in combination with cymoxanil. Famoxadone is a QI, albeit with a chemistry different from most QIs. (It is an oxazolidine-dione while most are strobilurins.) It is commonly used against Plasmopara viticola, Alternaria solani, Phytophthora infestans, and Septoria nodorum.
Molecular interaction
Famoxadone is of lesser interaction strength at the Q pocket than some other QIs, for example, azoxystrobin. This is because azoxystrobin and such interact more centrally in the Q pocket than does famoxadone.
Resistance management
Although it has a different chemistry, famoxadone shows full cross-resistance with the rest of the main FRAC group 11 that it belongs to, which is almost entirely strobs. It has not shown cross-resistance with the 11A subgroup however. As with all QIs there is a high risk of resistance development and so pesticide stewardship is important.
Populations of P. infestans and A. solani in northern and western Europe are not known to be resistant to famoxadone.
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic%20sign | Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to give instructions or provide information to road users. The earliest signs were simple wooden or stone milestones. Later, signs with directional arms were introduced, for example the fingerposts in the United Kingdom and their wooden counterparts in Saxony.
With traffic volumes increasing since the 1930s, many countries have adopted pictorial signs or otherwise simplified and standardized their signs to overcome language barriers, and enhance traffic safety. Such pictorial signs use symbols (often silhouettes) in place of words and are usually based on international protocols. Such signs were first developed in Europe, and have been adopted by most countries to varying degrees.
International conventions
International conventions such as Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals have helped to achieve a degree of uniformity in traffic signing in various countries. Countries have also unilaterally (to some extent) followed other countries in order to avoid confusion.
Categories
Traffic signs can be grouped into several types. For example, Annexe 1 of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals (1968), which on 30 June 2004 had 52 signatory countries, defines eight categories of signs:
A. Danger warning signs
B. Priority signs
C. Prohibitory or restrictive signs
D. Mandatory signs
E. Special regulation signs
F. Information, facilities, or service signs
G. Direction, position, or indication signs
H. Additional panels
In the United States, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand signs are categorized as follows:
Regulatory signs
Warning signs
Guide signs
Street name signs
Route marker signs
Expressway signs
Freeway signs
Welcome signs
Informational signs
Recreation and cultural interest signs
Emergency management (civil defense) signs
Temporary traffic control (construction or work zone) signs
School signs
Railroad and light rail signs
Bicycle signs
In t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkel%20graph | In mathematics, the Perkel graph, named after Manley Perkel, is a 6-regular graph with 57 vertices and 171 edges. It is the unique distance-regular graph with intersection array (6, 5, 2; 1, 1, 3). The Perkel graph is also distance-transitive.
It is also the skeleton of an abstract regular polytope, the 57-cell. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20ion%20trap | The linear ion trap (LIT) is a type of ion trap mass spectrometer.
In a LIT, ions are confined radially by a two-dimensional radio frequency (RF) field, and axially by stopping potentials applied to end electrodes.
LITs have high injection efficiencies and high ion storage capacities.
History
One of the first LITs was constructed in 1969, by Dierdre A. Church, who bent linear quadrupoles into closed circle and racetrack geometries and demonstrated storage of 3He+ and H+ ions for several minutes.
Earlier, Drees and Paul described a circular quadrupole. However, it was used to produce and confine a plasma, not to store ions. In 1989, Prestage, Dick, and Malecki described that ions could be trapped in the linear quadrupole trap system to enhance ion-molecule reactions, thus it can be used to study spectroscopy of stored ions.
How it works
The LIT uses a set of quadrupole rods to confine ions radially and a static electrical potential on the end electrodes to confine the ions axially. The LIT can be used as a mass filter or as a trap by creating a potential well for the ions along the axis of the trap. The mass of trapped ions may be determined if the m/z lies between defined parameters.
Advantages of the LIT design are high ion storage capacity, high scan rate, and simplicity of construction. Although quadrupole rod alignment is critical, adding a quality control constraint to their production, this constraint is additionally present in the machining requirements of the 3D trap.
Selective mode and scanning mode
Ions are either injected into or created within the interior of the LIT. They are confined by application of appropriate RF and DC voltages with their final position maintained within the center section of the LIT. The RF voltage is adjusted and multi-frequency resonance ejection waveforms are applied to the trap to eliminate all but the desired ions in preparation for subsequent fragmentation and mass analysis. The voltages applied to the ion trap are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS%20disciplined%20oscillator | A GPS clock, or GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO), is a combination of a GPS receiver and a high-quality, stable oscillator such as a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output is controlled to agree with the signals broadcast by GPS or other GNSS satellites.
GPSDOs work well as a source of timing because the satellite time signals must be accurate in order to provide positional accuracy for GPS in navigation. These signals are accurate to nanoseconds and provide a good reference for timing applications.
Applications
GPSDOs serve as an indispensable source of timing in a range of applications, and some technology applications would not be practical without them.
GPSDOs are used as the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) around the world. UTC is the official accepted standard for time and frequency. UTC is controlled by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Timing centers around the world use GPS to align their own time scales to UTC.
GPS based standards are used to provide synchronization to wireless base stations and serve well in standards laboratories as an alternative to cesium-based references.
GPSDOs can be used to provide synchronization of multiple RF receivers, allowing for RF phase coherent operation among the receivers and applications, such as passive radar and ionosondes.
Operation
A GPSDO works by disciplining, or steering a high quality quartz or rubidium oscillator by locking the output to a GPS signal via a tracking loop. The disciplining mechanism works in a similar way to a phase-locked loop (PLL), but in most GPSDOs the loop filter is replaced with a microcontroller that uses software to compensate for not only the phase and frequency changes of the local oscillator, but also for the "learned" effects of aging, temperature, and other environmental parameters.
One of the keys to the usefulness of a GPSDO as a timing reference is the way it is able to combine the stability characteristics of the GPS signal and the os |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate%20%28variable%29 | In mathematics, particularly in formal algebra, an indeterminate is a symbol that is treated as a variable, but does not stand for anything else except itself. It may be used as a placeholder in objects such as polynomials and formal power series. In particular:
It does not designate a constant or a parameter of the problem.
It is not an unknown that could be solved for.
It is not a variable designating a function argument, or a variable being summed or integrated over.
It is not any type of bound variable.
It is just a symbol used in an entirely formal way.
When used as placeholders, a common operation is to substitute mathematical expressions (of an appropriate type) for the indeterminates.
By a common abuse of language, mathematical texts may not clearly distinguish indeterminates from ordinary variables.
Polynomials
A polynomial in an indeterminate is an expression of the form , where the are called the coefficients of the polynomial. Two such polynomials are equal only if the corresponding coefficients are equal. In contrast, two polynomial functions in a variable may be equal or not at a particular value of .
For example, the functions
are equal when and not equal otherwise. But the two polynomials
are unequal, since 2 does not equal 5, and 3 does not equal 2. In fact,
does not hold unless and . This is because is not, and does not designate, a number.
The distinction is subtle, since a polynomial in can be changed to a function in by substitution. But the distinction is important because information may be lost when this substitution is made. For example, when working in modulo 2, we have that:
so the polynomial function is identically equal to 0 for having any value in the modulo-2 system. However, the polynomial is not the zero polynomial, since the coefficients, 0, 1 and −1, respectively, are not all zero.
Formal power series
A formal power series in an indeterminate is an expression of the form , where no value is assigned to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterovaginal%20fistula | A ureterovaginal fistula is an abnormal passageway existing between the ureter and the vagina. It presents as urinary incontinence. Its impact on women is to reduce the "quality of life dramatically."
Cause
A ureterovaginal fistula is a result of trauma, infection, pelvic surgery, radiation treatment and therapy, malignancy, or inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can be troubling for women especially since some clinicians delay treatment until inflammation is reduced and stronger tissue has formed. The fistula may develop as a maternal birth injury from a long and protracted labor, long dilation time and expulsion period. Difficult deliveries can create pressure necrosis in the tissue that is being pushed between the head of the infant and the softer tissues of the vagina, ureters, and bladder.
Radiographic imaging can assist clinicians in identifying the abnormality. A Ureterovaginal fistula is always indicative of an obstructed kidney necessitating emergency intervention followed later by an elective surgical repair of the fistula.
Treatment
Many women delay treatment for decades. Surgeons often will correct the fistula through major gynecological surgery. Newer treatments can include the placement of a stent and is usually successful. In 0.5-2.5% of major pelvic surgeries a ureterovaginal fistula will form, usually weeks later. If the fistula cannot be repaired, the clinician may create a permanent diversion of urine or urostomy. Risks associated with the repair of the fistula are also associated with most other surgical procedures and include the risk of adhesions, disorders of wound healing, infection, ileus, and immobilization. There is a recurrence rate of 5%–15% in the surgical operation done to correct the fistula.
Epidemiology
Birth injuries that result in the formation of fistulas and urinary and fecal incontinence have been found to be strongly associated with economic and cultural factors. Teenagers and women who sustain injuries that develo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robosquirrel | Robosquirrel refers to several versions of robotic squirrels developed by researchers at the University of California, Davis and San Diego State University. Robosquirrel is currently in use and development in an interdisciplinary research project that uses biorobotics to investigate how communication between prey (e.g., squirrels) and predators (e.g., rattlesnakes) evolve in response to each other. It has received extensive science and popular media coverage.
It stirred controversy when Senator Tom Coburn listed it in his Wastebook 2012 as a scientific research project that wastes United States federal tax dollars.
Senator Coburn's release of Wastebook 2012 was quickly picked up by the popular media and the robosquirrel project was the headline of many media stories.
The robosquirrel research project, in which robosquirrel is used and developed, has four aims: (1) to establish collaborations between ecologists and engineers to develop next generation robotic technology for studying predator-prey communication behavior, (2) to increase minority participation in science, (3) to develop public outreach, and (4) to support undergraduate and graduate education in biology and engineering. Currently, three versions of robosquirrel have been developed.
It is currently funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF)
based on peer review and by meeting criteria of intellectual merit and broader impacts required by NSF.
The controversy focuses on the amount of money spent ($325,000) on robosquirrel. The researchers have responded that robosquirrel only cost a few hundred dollars
and that approximately 70% of the funds are currently spent on training future biologists and engineers.
Robosquirrels
Background
Donald Owings observed an interesting phenomenon during research in the field: when a California ground squirrel comes across a rattlesnake, it often raises its tail and waves it from side to side.
In 2007, Owings (Department of Psychology and his graduate student |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual%20humility | Intellectual humility is the acceptance that one's beliefs and opinions could be wrong. Other characteristics that may accompany intellectual humility include a low concern for status and an acceptance of one's intellectual limitations.
Intellectual humility (IH) is often described as an intellectual virtue. It is considered along with other perceived virtues and vices such as open-mindedness, intellectual courage, arrogance, vanity, and servility. It can be understood as lying between the opposite extremes of intellectual arrogance/dogmatism and intellectual servility/diffidence/timidity.
Definitions
While IH as an independent and focused area of study is a recent phenomenon, the presence of humility in discourse dates back many centuries. Waclaw Bąk et al. identify Socrates as "the ideal example" of IH. Studies by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Gordon Allport discuss humility with regard to one's knowledge without using the phrase "intellectual humility".
In 1990, Richard Paul presented IH as a critical thinking disposition, interdependent with other traits such as intellectual courage. He defined it as "Awareness of the limits of one's knowledge, including sensitivity to circumstances in which one’s native egocentrism is likely to function self-deceptively; sensitivity to bias and prejudice in, and limitations of one's viewpoint". Paul adds "It does not imply spinelessness or submissiveness. It implies the lack of intellectual pretentiousness, boastfulness, or conceit, combined with insight into the logical foundations, or lack of such foundations, of one’s beliefs."
One of the first focused studies of IH was conducted by Roberts and Woods in 2003. Much of the literature on IH concerns attempts to frame definitions. Conceptions of humility include proper belief, underestimation of strengths, low concern, limitation-owning, as well as semantic clusters, cluster of attitudes, and confidence management.
Doxastic definition
Ian M. Church and Peter L. Samuels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrainability | The terrainability of a machine or robot is defined as its ability to negotiate terrain irregularities.
Terrainability is a term coined in the research community and related to locomotion in the field of mobile robotics. Its various definitions generically describe the ability of the robot to handle various terrains in terms of their ground support, obstacle sizes and spacing, passive/dynamic stability, etc. |
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