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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McASP | McASP is an acronym for Multichannel Audio Serial Port, a communication peripheral found in Texas Instruments family of digital signal processors (DSPs) and Microcontroller Units (MCUs).
The McASP functions as a general-purpose audio serial port optimized for the needs of multichannel audio applications.
Depending on the implementation, the McASP may be useful for time-division multiplexed (TDM) stream, Inter-Integrated Sound (I2S) protocols, and intercomponent digital audio interface transmission (DIT). However, some implementations are limited to supporting just the Inter-Integrated Sound (I2S) protocol.
The McASP consists of transmit and receive sections that may operate synchronized,
or completely independently with separate master clocks, bit clocks, and frame syncs,
and using different transmit modes with different bit-stream formats. The McASP
module also includes up to 16 serializers that can be individually enabled to either
transmit or receive. In addition, all of the McASP pins can be configured as
general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins.
Features
Features of the McASP include:
Two independent clock generator modules for transmit and receive
Clocking flexibility allows the McASP to receive and transmit at different rates. For example, the McASP can receive data at 48 kHz but output up-sampled data at 96 kHz or 192 kHz.
Independent transmit and receive modules, each includes:
Programmable clock and frame sync generator
TDM streams from 2 to 32, and 384 time slots
Support for time slot sizes of 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 bits
Data formatter for bit manipulation
Individually assignable serial data pins (up to 16 pins)
Glueless connection to audio analog-to-digital converters (ADC), digital-to-analog converters (DAC), Codec, digital audio interface receiver (DIR), and S/PDIF transmit physical layer components.
Wide variety of I2S and similar bit-stream format
Integrated digital audio interface transmitter (DIT) supports:
S/PDIF, IEC60958-1, AES-3 forma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocalyx | Macrocalyx is a taxonomic plant genus synonym that may refer to:
Macrocalyx = Megistostegium
Macrocalyx = Psychotria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%20code | A Gold code, also known as Gold sequence, is a type of binary sequence, used in telecommunication (CDMA) and satellite navigation (GPS). Gold codes are named after Robert Gold. Gold codes have bounded small cross-correlations within a set, which is useful when multiple devices are broadcasting in the same frequency range. A set of Gold code sequences consists of 2n + 1 sequences each one with a period of 2n − 1.
A set of Gold codes can be generated with the following steps. Pick two maximum length sequences of the same length 2n − 1 such that their absolute cross-correlation is less than or equal to 2(n+2)/2, where n is the size of the linear-feedback shift register used to generate the maximum length sequence (Gold '67). The set of the 2n − 1 exclusive-ors of the two sequences in their various phases (i.e. translated into all relative positions) together with the two maximum length sequences form a set of 2n + 1 Gold code sequences. The highest absolute cross-correlation in this set of codes is 2(n+2)/2 + 1 for even n and 2(n+1)/2 + 1 for odd n.
The exclusive or of two different Gold codes from the same set is another Gold code in some phase.
Within a set of Gold codes about half of the codes are balancedthe number of ones and zeros differs by only one.
Gold codes are used in GPS. The GPS C/A ranging codes are Gold codes of period 1,023.
See also
Hadamard code
JPL code
Kasami code
Zadoff–Chu sequence
Complementary sequences
Space Network – a NASA system that uses Gold codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral%20change%20support%20system | A Behavioral Change Support System (BCSS) is any information and communications technology (ICT) tool, web platform, or gamified environment which targets behavioral changes in its end-users. BCSS are built upon persuasive systems design techniques.
Underlying theories and models
The design of these systems and their contents are based on behavioral change theories and models for behavioral change over time. The theory of planned behavior describes the relationship between attitudes, intentions, and the desired behavior. It is considered to be one of the most influential determinant models.
A supporting model is the Fogg Behaviour Model (FBM), which states that a user must be motivated first before having the ability to perform the change in their behavior, which is triggered by either intrinsic or extrinsic factors (The term "trigger" was changed by the author in late 2017 and the term "prompt" is now being used). BCSS makes use of extrinsic (perceptual) prompts like alarms, messages with offers or calls to action, ads, requests, and more.
Other theories that aid in the design and mechanisms behind a BCSS include the social learning theory (SLT), which studies the interactions between a user and the environment, and the theory of planned behavior (initiated as the theory of reasoned action).
Techniques and elements
Applications of BCSS may include game and training elements in several market domains which can range from Health and Education and Quality of Life (QoL), to professional development and workability. Virtually any concept designed to cause a shift in a person's behavior can be considered a BCSS, even if this change is not directly observed by the users. When users are aware of this intention and choose to work within the system, the chances of favorable results from this system increase. This effect is attributed to metacognition, as most BCSS systems implement metacognitive strategies for goal attainment. These strategies help users understand the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypholoma%20fasciculare | Hypholoma fasciculare, commonly known as the sulphur tuft or clustered woodlover, is a common woodland mushroom, often in evidence when hardly any other mushrooms are to be found. This saprotrophic small gill fungus grows prolifically in large clumps on stumps, dead roots or rotting trunks of broadleaved trees.
The "sulphur tuft" is bitter and poisonous; consuming it can cause vomiting, diarrhea and convulsions. The principal toxin is a steroid known as fasciculol E.
Taxonomy and naming
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin fascicularis 'in bundles' or 'clustered', referring to its habit of growing in clumps. Its name in Japanese is Nigakuritake (苦栗茸, means "Bitter kuritake").
Description
The hemispherical cap ranges from in diameter. It is smooth and sulphur yellow with an orange-brown centre and whitish margin. The crowded gills are initially yellow but darken to a distinctive green colour as the blackish spores develop on the yellow flesh. It has a purple-brown spore print. The stipe is tall and 4–10 mm wide, light yellow, orange-brown below, often with an indistinct ring zone coloured dark by the spores. The taste is very bitter, though not bitter when cooked, but still poisonous.
Similar species
The edible Hypholoma capnoides is similar, but lacks the greenish-yellow gills and bitter taste. H. sublateritium is similar as well, with a reddish cap.
Distribution and habitat
Hypholoma fasciculare grows prolifically on the dead wood of both deciduous and coniferous trees. It is more commonly found on decaying deciduous wood due to the lower lignin content of this wood relative to coniferous wood. Hypholoma fasciculare is widespread and abundant in northern Europe and North America. It has been recorded from Iran, and also eastern Anatolia in Turkey. It can appear anytime from spring to autumn.
Use in forestry
Hypholoma fasciculare has been used successfully as an experimental treatment to competitively displace a common fungal disease of conife |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoichiro%20Sakai | is a Japanese mathematician.
Life
Sakai studied mathematics at the Tohoku University (Sendai). He there received the B. A. degree in 1953 and a doctorate at the same University in 1961. From 1960 to 1964, he was a faculty member of Waseda University. He then went to the University of Pennsylvania, where he became a professor in 1966 and remained until 1979. He then returned to Japan and went to the Nihon University. In 1992, he received the Japanese Mathematical Society Autumn Prize. He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Sakai's main field is functional analysis and mathematical physics. His textbook published in the Springer series in C *-algebras and W *-algebras, in which W *-algebras as C *-algebras are introduced with a predual, is widely used. That fact the W *-algebras may be defined in this way is known as a theorem of Sakai (cf. a theorem of Kadison-Sakai.)
Works
C *-algebras and W *-algebras, Springer-Verlag 1971, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete, Volume 60, (republished in 1998 in Classics in Mathematics)
Operator algebras in dynamical systems, the theory of unbounded derivations in C*-algebras, Cambridge University Press (1991), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrended%20fluctuation%20analysis | In stochastic processes, chaos theory and time series analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) is a method for determining the statistical self-affinity of a signal. It is useful for analysing time series that appear to be long-memory processes (diverging correlation time, e.g. power-law decaying autocorrelation function) or 1/f noise.
The obtained exponent is similar to the Hurst exponent, except that DFA may also be applied to signals whose underlying statistics (such as mean and variance) or dynamics are non-stationary (changing with time). It is related to measures based upon spectral techniques such as autocorrelation and Fourier transform.
Peng et al. introduced DFA in 1994 in a paper that has been cited over 3,000 times as of 2022 and represents an extension of the (ordinary) fluctuation analysis (FA), which is affected by non-stationarities.
Definition
Algorithm
Given: a time series .
Compute its average value .
Sum it into a process . This is the cumulative sum, or profile, of the original time series. For example, the profile of an i.i.d. white noise is a standard random walk.
Select a set of integers, such that , the smallest , the largest , and the sequence is roughly distributed evenly in log-scale: . In other words, it is approximately a geometric progression.
For each , divide the sequence into consecutive segments of length . Within each segment, compute the least squares straight-line fit (the local trend). Let be the resulting piecewise-linear fit.
Compute the root-mean-square deviation from the local trend (local fluctuation):And their root-mean-square is the total fluctuation:
(If is not divisible by , then one can either discard the remainder of the sequence, or repeat the procedure on the reversed sequence, then take their root-mean-square.)
Make the log-log plot .
Interpretation
A straight line of slope on the log-log plot indicates a statistical self-affinity of form . Since monotonically increases with , we always h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary-mass%20moon | A planetary-mass moon is a planetary-mass object that is also a natural satellite. They are large and ellipsoidal (sometimes spherical) in shape. Two moons in the Solar System are larger than the planet Mercury (though less massive): Ganymede and Titan, and seven are larger and more massive than the dwarf planets and .
The concept of satellite planets – the idea that planetary-mass objects, including planetary-mass moons, are planets – is used by some planetary scientists, such as Alan Stern, who are more concerned with whether a celestial body has planetary geology (that is, whether it is a planetary body) than its solar or non-solar orbit (planetary dynamics). This conceptualization of planets as three classes of objects (classical planets, dwarf planets and satellite planets) has not been accepted by the International Astronomical Union (the IAU). In addition, the IAU definition of 'hydrostatic equilibrium' is quite restrictive – that the object's mass is sufficient for gravity to overcome rigid-body forces to become plastic. In contrast, planetary-mass moons may be in hydrostatic equilibrium due to tidal or radiogenic heating, in some cases forming a subsurface ocean.
Early history
The distinction between a satellite and a classical planet was not recognized until after the heliocentric model of the Solar System was established. When in 1610 Galileo discovered the first satellites of another planet (the four Galilean moons of Jupiter), he referred to them as "four planets flying around the star of Jupiter at unequal intervals and periods with wonderful swiftness." Similarly, Christiaan Huygens, upon discovering Saturn's largest moon Titan in 1655, employed the terms "planeta" (planet), "Stella" (star), "luna" (moon), and the more modern "satellite" (attendant) to describe it. Giovanni Cassini, in announcing his discovery of Saturn's moons Iapetus and Rhea in 1671 and 1672, described them as Nouvelles Planetes autour de Saturne ("New planets around Saturn"). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20physics | Social physics or sociophysics is a field of science which uses mathematical tools inspired by physics to understand the behavior of human crowds. In a modern commercial use, it can also refer to the analysis of social phenomena with big data.
Social physics is closely related to econophysics, which uses physics methods to describe economics.
History
The earliest mentions of a concept of social physics began with the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes. In 1636 he traveled to Florence, Italy, and met physicist-astronomer Galileo Galilei, known for his contributions to the study of motion. It was here that Hobbes began to outline the idea of representing the "physical phenomena" of society in terms of the laws of motion. In his treatise De Corpore, Hobbes sought to relate the movement of "material bodies" to the mathematical terms of motion outlined by Galileo and similar scientists of the time period. Although there was no explicit mention of "social physics", the sentiment of examining society with scientific methods began before the first written mention of social physics.
Later, French social thinker Henri de Saint-Simon’s first book, the 1803 Lettres d’un Habitant de Geneve, introduced the idea of describing society using laws similar to those of the physical and biological sciences. His student and collaborator was Auguste Comte, a French philosopher widely regarded as the founder of sociology, who first defined the term in an essay appearing in Le Producteur, a journal project by Saint-Simon. Comte defined social physics:Social physics is that science which occupies itself with social phenomena, considered in the same light as astronomical, physical, chemical, and physiological phenomena, that is to say as being subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the special object of its researches. After Saint-Simon and Comte, Belgian statistician Adolphe Quetelet, proposed that society be modeled using mathematical probability and social sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackelixia%20whinrayi | Jackelixia whinrayi is a lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. It was first described in 2007 by Sergey Kondratyuk and Ingvar Kärnefelt as Xanthoria whinrayi, but was transferred to the genus Jackelixia in 2009 by Kondratyuk, Natalya M. Fedorenko, Soili Kristina Stenroos, Kärnefelt, and Arne Thell.
The name accepted at Index Fungorum is Xanthoria whinrayi, while Jackelixia whinrayi is the name accepted by AusLichen and by Mycobank.
It is endemic to Australia, occurring in Tasmania, and has been found on the dead trunk of a dead Atriplex cinerea. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habeas%20data | Habeas data is a writ and constitutional remedy available in certain nations. The literal translation from Latin of habeas data is "[we command] you have the data," or "you [the data subject] have the data." The remedy varies from country to country, but in general, it is designed to protect, by means of an individual complaint presented to a constitutional court, the data, image, privacy, honour, information self-determination and freedom of information of a person.
Habeas data can be sought by any citizen against any manual or automated data register to find out what information is held about his or her person. That person can request the rectification, update or the destruction of the personal data held. The legal nature of the individual complaint of habeas data is that of voluntary jurisdiction, which means that the person whose privacy is being compromised can be the only one to present it. The courts do not have any power to initiate the process by themselves.
History
Habeas data is an individual complaint filed before a constitutional court and related to the privacy of personal data. The first such complaint is the habeas corpus (which is roughly translated as "[we command] you have the body"). Other individual complaints include the writ of mandamus (USA), amparo (Spain, Mexico and Argentina), and respondeat superior (Taiwan).
The habeas data writ itself has a very short history, but its origins can be traced to certain European legal mechanisms that protected individual privacy. In particular, certain German constitutional rights can be identified as the direct progenitors of the habeas data right. In particular, the right to information self-determination was created by the German constitutional tribunal by interpretation of the existing rights of human dignity and personality. This is a right to know what type of data are stored in manual and automatic databases about an individual, and it implies that there must be transparency on the gathering and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admittance%20parameters | Admittance parameters or Y-parameters (the elements of an admittance matrix or Y-matrix) are properties used in many areas of electrical engineering, such as power, electronics, and telecommunications. These parameters are used to describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks. They are also used to describe the small-signal (linearized) response of non-linear networks. Y parameters are also known as short circuited admittance parameters. They are members of a family of similar parameters used in electronic engineering, other examples being: S-parameters, Z-parameters, H-parameters, T-parameters or ABCD-parameters.
The Y-parameter matrix
A Y-parameter matrix describes the behaviour of any linear electrical network that can be regarded as a black box with a number of ports. A port in this context is a pair of electrical terminals carrying equal and opposite currents into and out of the network, and having a particular voltage between them. The Y-matrix gives no information about the behaviour of the network when the currents at any port are not balanced in this way (should this be possible), nor does it give any information about the voltage between terminals not belonging to the same port. Typically, it is intended that each external connection to the network is between the terminals of just one port, so that these limitations are appropriate.
For a generic multi-port network definition, it is assumed that each of the ports is allocated an integer ranging from 1 to , where is the total number of ports. For port , the associated Y-parameter definition is in terms of the port voltage and port current, and respectively.
For all ports the currents may be defined in terms of the Y-parameter matrix and the voltages by the following matrix equation:
where Y is an matrix the elements of which can be indexed using conventional matrix notation. In general the elements of the Y-parameter matrix are complex numbers and functions of frequency. For a one- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xceedium | Xceedium, Inc., was a network security software company providing privileged identity and access management solutions which was subsequently acquired by CA Technologies. Their software is used to control and manage the risks that privileged users, privileged accounts (admin, root, etc.) and privileged credentials (passwords, certificates, digital keys, etc.) pose to systems and data.
History
Xceedium Inc., was founded in 2000 by David Van and David Cheung when the company split from Lucid Technologies Group, a company created in 1995. The company developed software for internal use that provided its consultants with secure remote access to sensitive customer systems. This software became the core technology for the Xceedium GateKeeper product. Xceedium's products were aimed at mid-large sized enterprises in vertical market segments including banking and financial services, retail, telecom, healthcare, energy and government agencies. They marketed their product through a global partner network.
Xceedium's headquarters was originally located in Jersey City, New Jersey until it relocated to Northern Virginia in March 2011. Initial funding for the venture-backed company came from ArrowPath Venture Partners and Nationwide Mutual Capital.
Xceedium was a private, venture capital backed company with funding from ArrowPath Venture Partners and Nationwide Mutual Capital. In June 2012, Xceedium closed a $12 million financing led by ArrowPath Venture Partners bringing the total capital raised to $25 million Xceedium was acquired by CA Technologies in August 2015.
Products
Xceedium Gatekeeper was the first product designed by the company, initially built with out-of-band and in-band KVM for remote IT control. The GateKeeper software was updated to provide network-based access control and session recording/playback. Later, GateKeeper and Cloakware Password Authority (a product acquired from Irdeto) were integrated to form Xceedium Xsuite.
The main capabilities of Xceedium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahn%20TV | Bahn TV (Rail TV) was a television channel owned by Deutsche Bahn, the German state-owned railway company. It started broadcasting in 2001 and closed on 31 December 2010. From February to 31 December 2010 the channel was called DB Bewegtbild (DB Moving Image).
History
The channel launched in January 2001 as a channel for DB Group employees. Initially the channel could only be received in some Deutsche Bahn offices, break rooms and cafeterias. To broadcast content to all DB employees, the channel started broadcasting using the Astra satellite at 19.2 degrees East in early 2003.
In May 2005, the channel became a specialty channel and starting in September 2006 was promoted as a channel for DB customers, as well as a niche channel covering mobility, logistics and travel. The channel was available on cable networks from Primacom, Net Cologne, Kabel BW, Tele-Columbus AG, Unity Media, wilhelm.tel and other digital city networks.
Bahn TV was produced by Atkon AG, a television production company in Berlin. Its editorial offices were in Leipziger Platz and studios were in Potsdamer Platz. Presenters included Bettina Melzer, Jan Möller, Christine Mühlenhof, Roger pulse, Fabian Dittmann, Monika Jones, Anja Heyde and Manuela Carpenter. The executive manager, from 2009, was Volker Knauer.
Satellite broadcasts ended on 1 July 2008 and the channel was only available on the internet from then on. It was known as Bahn TV Online and had five different sections: "Aktuell" (news), "Mobilität und Logistik" (mobility and logistics), "Fernweh" (wanderlust), "Nostalgie" (nostalgia) and "In Fahrt" (~on the move). The channel was renamed "DB Bewegtbild" in February 2010 and closed at the end of 2010.
Programs
"Bahn TV-Nachrichten" - news about DB Group and mobility and industrial topics in Germany, Europe and worldwide
"Talk Show" - talk show about business, science and culture, with DB employees and other guests
"Bahn TV Reise" - a travel magazine about rail travel to Germany, Europe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm%20of%20Structure | Rhythm of Structure is a multimedia interdisciplinary project founded in 2003. It features a series of exhibitions, performances, and academic projects that explore the interconnecting structures and process of mathematics and art, and language, as way to advance a movement of mathematical expression across the arts, across creative collaborative communities celebrating the rhythm and patterns of both ideas of the mind and the physical reality of nature.
Introduction
Rhythm of Structure, as an expanding series of art exhibitions, performances, videos/films and publications created and curated by multimedia mathematical artist and writer John Sims, explores and celebrates the intersecting structures of mathematics, art, community, and nature. Sims also created Recoloration Proclamation featuring the installation, The Proper Way to Hang a Confederate Flag (2004).
From his catalog essay from the Rhythm of Structure: Mathematics, Art and Poetic exhibition, Sims sets the curatorial theme where he writes: "Mathematics, as a parameter of human consciousness in an indispensable conceptual technology, essential is seeing beyond the retinal and knowing beyond the intuitive. The language and process of mathematics, as elements of, foundation for art, inform an analytic expressive condition that inspires a visual reckoning for a convergence: from the illustrative to the metaphysical to the poetic. And in the dialectic of visual art call and text performative response, there is an inter-dimensional conversation where the twisting structures of language, vision and human ways give birth to the spiritual lattice of a social geometry, a community constructivism -- a place of connections, where emotional calculations meet spirited abstraction."
First premiering at the Fire Patrol No.5 Gallery in 2003, with the show Rhythm of Structure: MathArt in Harlem. This interdisciplinary project has featured numerous exhibitions around the country collaborating with many notable artists, wr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan%20Burr | Stefan Andrus Burr (born 1940) is a mathematician and computer scientist. He is a retired professor of Computer Science at The City College of New York.
Burr received his Ph.D. in 1969 from Princeton University under the supervision of Bernard Dwork; his thesis research involved the Waring–Goldbach problem in number theory, which concerns the representations of integers as sums of powers of prime numbers.
Many of his subsequent publications involve problems from the field of Ramsey theory. He has published 27 papers with Paul Erdős. The Burr–Erdős conjecture, published as a conjecture by Burr and Erdős in 1975, solved only in 2015, states that sparse graphs have linearly growing Ramsey numbers.
Selected publications
with P. Erdõs and J. H. Spencer:
with P. Erdõs, R. J. Faudree, C. C. Rousseau and R. H. Schelp: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent%20Lafforgue | Laurent Lafforgue (; born 6 November 1966) is a French mathematician. He has made outstanding contributions to Langlands' program in the fields of number theory and analysis, and in particular proved the Langlands conjectures for the automorphism group of a function field. The crucial contribution by Lafforgue to solve this question is the construction of compactifications of certain moduli stacks of shtukas. The proof was the result of more than six years of concentrated efforts.
In 2002 at the 24th International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing, China, he received the Fields Medal together with Vladimir Voevodsky.
Biography
Laurent Lafforgue has two brothers, Thomas and Vincent, both mathematicians. Thomas is now a teacher in a classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles at Lycée Louis le Grand in Paris and Vincent a CNRS directeur de recherches at the Institut Fourier in Grenoble.
He won 2 silver medals at International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) in 1984 and 1985. He entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1986. In 1994 he received his Ph.D. under the direction of Gérard Laumon in the Arithmetic and Algebraic Geometry team at the Université de Paris-Sud. Currently he is a research director of CNRS. He was detached as permanent professor of mathematics at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS) in Bures-sur-Yvette, France, in 2000-2021. In 2021, he left his IHÉS position and moved to Huawei.
Laurent is a devout Catholic and never married.
Career
He received the Clay Research Award in 2000, and the of the French Academy of Sciences in 2001 and was awarded the Fields Medal in 2002.
His younger brother Vincent Lafforgue is also a notable mathematician. On 22 May 2011 Lafforgue was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science from the University of Notre Dame.
Views
Lafforgue is a critic of what he calls the "pedagogically correct" in France's educational system. In 2005, he was forced to resign from the Haut conseil de l'éducation after he expressed the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Fesenko | Ivan Fesenko is a mathematician working in number theory and its interaction with other areas of modern mathematics.
Education
Fesenko was educated at St. Petersburg State University where he was awarded a PhD in 1987.
Career and research
Fesenko was awarded the Prize of the Petersburg Mathematical Society in 1992. Since 1995, he is professor in pure mathematics at University of Nottingham.
He contributed to several areas of number theory such as class field theory and its generalizations, as well as to various related developments in pure mathematics.
Fesenko contributed to explicit formulas for the generalized Hilbert symbol on local fields and higher local field, higher class field theory, p-class field theory, arithmetic noncommutative local class field theory.
He coauthored a textbook on local fields and a volume on higher local fields.
Fesenko discovered a higher Haar measure and integration on various higher local and adelic objects. He pioneered the study of zeta functions in higher dimensions by developing his theory of higher adelic zeta integrals. These integrals are defined using the higher Haar measure and objects from higher class field theory. Fesenko generalized the Iwasawa-Tate theory from 1-dimensional global fields to 2-dimensional arithmetic surfaces such as proper regular models of elliptic curves over global fields. His theory led to three further developments.
The first development is the study of functional equation and meromorphic continuation of the Hasse zeta function of a proper regular model of an elliptic curve over a global field. This study led Fesenko to introduce a new mean-periodicity correspondence between the arithmetic zeta functions and mean-periodic elements of the space of smooth functions on the real line of not more than exponential growth at infinity. This correspondence can be viewed as a weaker version of the Langlands correspondence, where L-functions and replaced by zeta functions and automorphicity is repla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20firewall | A personal firewall is an application which controls network traffic to and from a computer, permitting or denying communications based on a security policy. Typically it works as an application layer firewall.
A personal firewall differs from a conventional firewall in terms of scale. A personal firewall will usually protect only the computer on which it is installed, as compared to a conventional firewall which is normally installed on a designated interface between two or more networks, such as a router or proxy server. Hence, personal firewalls allow a security policy to be defined for individual computers, whereas a conventional firewall controls the policy between the networks that it connects.
The per-computer scope of personal firewalls is useful to protect machines that are moved across different networks. For example, a laptop computer may be used on a trusted intranet at a workplace where minimal protection is needed as a conventional firewall is already in place, and services that require open ports such as file and printer sharing are useful. The same laptop could be used at public Wi-Fi hotspots, where it may be necessary to decide the level of trust and reconfigure firewall settings to limit traffic to and from the computer. A firewall can be configured to allow different security policies for each network.
Unlike network firewalls, many personal firewalls are able to control network traffic allowed to programs on the secured computer. When an application attempts an outbound connection, the firewall may block it if blacklisted, or ask the user whether to blacklist it if it is not yet known. This protects against malware implemented as an executable program. Personal firewalls may also provide some level of intrusion detection, allowing the software to terminate or block connectivity where it suspects an intrusion is being attempted.
Features
Common personal firewall features:
Block or alert the user about all unauthorized inbound or outbound c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20multipole%20analysis | In computational chemistry, distributed multipole analysis (DMA) is a compact and accurate way of describing the spatial distribution of electric charge within a molecule.
Multipole expansion
The DMA method was devised by Prof. Anthony Stone of Cambridge University to describe the charge distribution of a molecule in terms of a multipole expansion around a number of centers. The idea of using a multi-center multipole expansion was earlier proposed by Robert Rein. Typically, the centers correspond to the atoms constituting the molecule, though this is not a requirement. A multipole series, consisting of a charge, dipole, quadrupole and higher terms is located at each center. Importantly, the radius of convergence of this multipole series is sufficiently small that the relevant series will be convergent when describing two molecules in van der Waals contact.
The DMA series are derived from ab initio or density functional theory calculations using Gaussian basis sets. If the molecular orbitals are written as linear combinations of atomic basis functions the electron density takes the form of a sum of products of the basis functions, called density matrix elements. Boys (1950) showed that the product of two spherical Gaussian functions, centered at different points, can be expressed as a single Gaussian at an intermediate point known as the overlap center.
If a basis of Gaussian functions is used, the product of two s functions is spherically symmetric and can be represented completely just by a point charge at the ‘overlap center’ of the two Gaussian functions. The product of an s orbital and a p orbital has only charge and dipole components, and the product of two p functions has charge, dipole and quadrupole components.
If the overlap center is not at an atom, one can move the origin of the multipole expansion to the nearest distributed multipole site, re-expressing the series to account for the change of origin. The multipole expansion will no longer terminate, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishige%20%28alga%29 | Ishige is a genus of brown algae (class Phaeophyceae) occurring in the warm temperate regions of the western Pacific Ocean. It is the only genus in the family Ishigeaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull%20number | A hull number is a serial identification number given to a boat or ship. For the military, a lower number implies an older vessel. For civilian use, the HIN is used to trace the boat's history. The precise usage varies by country and type.
United States usage
Civilian use
For civilian craft manufactured in the United States, the hull number is given to the vessel when it is built and forms part of the hull identification number, which uniquely identifies the vessel and must be permanently affixed to the hull in at least two places. A Hull Identification Number (HIN) is a unique set of 12 characters, similar to the Vehicle Identification Number which is found on automobiles. In 1972, The United States Coast Guard was asked to create a standardized format for HINs to allow for better tracking of accidents and history of boats. This HIN format is as follows: The first three characters consist of the Manufacturers Index Code (MIC) and should only be letters. The following five characters are the unique serial number assigned by the Manufacturer, and can be a series of letters and/or numbers with the exception of the letters O, I, and Q (they can be easily mistaken). The last four characters determine the model and certification year of the boat. The HIN may be found on the aft of the vessel in the uppermost right corner. Also, the HIN may be stated on the title, registration, and insurance documents.
United States military
The United States Navy, United States Coast Guard, and United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration employ hull numbers in conjunction with a hull classification symbol to uniquely identify vessels and to aid identification. A particular combination of hull classification and hull number is never reused and therefore provides a means to uniquely identify a particular ship. For example, there have been at least eight vessels named , but CV-6 uniquely identifies the World War II aircraft carrier from all others. For convenience, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20cut%20optimization | Graph cut optimization is a combinatorial optimization method applicable to a family of functions of discrete variables, named after the concept of cut in the theory of flow networks. Thanks to the max-flow min-cut theorem, determining the minimum cut over a graph representing a flow network is equivalent to computing the maximum flow over the network. Given a pseudo-Boolean function , if it is possible to construct a flow network with positive weights such that
each cut of the network can be mapped to an assignment of variables to (and vice versa), and
the cost of equals (up to an additive constant)
then it is possible to find the global optimum of in polynomial time by computing a minimum cut of the graph. The mapping between cuts and variable assignments is done by representing each variable with one node in the graph and, given a cut, each variable will have a value of 0 if the corresponding node belongs to the component connected to the source, or 1 if it belong to the component connected to the sink.
Not all pseudo-Boolean functions can be represented by a flow network, and in the general case the global optimization problem is NP-hard. There exist sufficient conditions to characterise families of functions that can be optimised through graph cuts, such as submodular quadratic functions. Graph cut optimization can be extended to functions of discrete variables with a finite number of values, that can be approached with iterative algorithms with strong optimality properties, computing one graph cut at each iteration.
Graph cut optimization is an important tool for inference over graphical models such as Markov random fields or conditional random fields, and it has applications in computer vision problems such as image segmentation, denoising, registration and stereo matching.
Representability
A pseudo-Boolean function is said to be representable if there exists a graph with non-negative weights and with source and sink nodes and respectively, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal%20programming | Fetal programming, also known as prenatal programming, is the theory that environmental cues experienced during fetal development play a seminal role in determining health trajectories across the lifespan.
Three main forms of programming that occur due to changes in the maternal environment are:
Changes in development that lead to greater disease risk;
Genetic changes which alter disease risk;
Epigenetic changes which alter disease risk of not only the child but also that of the next generation - i.e. after a famine, grandchildren of women who were pregnant during the famine, are born smaller than the normal size, despite nutritional deficiencies having been fulfilled.
These changes in the maternal environmental can be due to nutritional alteration, hormonal fluctuations or exposure to toxins.
History
Dutch famine 1944–45
In 1944–45, the German blockade of the Netherlands led to a lack of food supplies, causing the Dutch famine of 1944–45. The famine caused severe malnutrition among the population, including women in various stages of pregnancy. The Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study examined the impact of lack of nutrition on children born during or after this famine. It showed that over the course of their life, these children were at greater risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other non-communicable diseases.
Barker hypothesis
In the 1980s, David Barker began a research study on this topic. The Barker Hypothesis, or Thrifty phenotype, forms the basis for much of the research conducted on fetal programming. This hypothesis states that if the fetus is exposed to low nutrition, it will adapt to that particular environment. Nutrients are diverted towards the development of the heart, brain, and other essential organs of the fetus. The body also undergoes metabolic alterations that ensure survival in spite of low nutrition but may cause problems in situations with normal or high nutrition. This leads to increased risk of metabolic syndrome.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals%20intelligence%20operational%20platforms%20by%20nation | Signals intelligence operational platforms are employed by nations to collect signals intelligence, which is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether between people (i.e., COMINT or communications intelligence) or between machines (i.e., ELINT or electronic intelligence), or mixtures of the two. As sensitive information is often encrypted, signals intelligence often involves the use of cryptanalysis. However, traffic analysis—the study of who is signalling whom and in what quantity—can often produce valuable information, even when the messages themselves cannot be decrypted.
Ground platforms
It can be difficult to draw the line between a ground-based SIGINT receiving station, and facilities that have control, coordination, and processing functions in the "bigger picture" of signals intelligence. Many stations, for the countries with stations in many parts of the world, do have both aspects. There are also some that are clearly intercept only.
The first signals intelligence platforms were listening stations on the ground. Early tactical stations were in use as early as World War I, but permanent strategic signals intelligence stations were established as world tensions grew before WWII.
Arguably, one combined intercept and jamming technique of WWI was the use of shotguns against carrier pigeons, followed by reading the message attached to the bird.
While pigeons can probably be safe, other collection techniques may enjoy a resurgence. One specialized technique, originally used in the First World War but again in the Korean War, was interception using ground return from wired telephones. In mountainous terrain, it might again have applications, such as Afghan caves where wire might be run without the danger of free-space
interception.
Satellite communications generally must be intercepted by large parabolic antennas on the ground, although there are possibilities that aircraft, intelligence satellites, and ships might also intercept. "To receive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating%20neighborhood | In the theory of dynamical systems, an isolating neighborhood is a compact set in the phase space of an invertible dynamical system with the property that any orbit contained entirely in the set belongs to its interior. This is a basic notion in the Conley index theory. Its variant for non-invertible systems is used in formulating a precise mathematical definition of an attractor.
Definition
Conley index theory
Let X be the phase space of an invertible discrete or continuous dynamical system with evolution operator
A compact subset N is called an isolating neighborhood if
where Int N is the interior of N. The set Inv(N,F) consists of all points whose trajectory remains in N for all positive and negative times. A set S is an isolated (or locally maximal) invariant set if S = Inv(N, F) for some isolating neighborhood N.
Milnor's definition of attractor
Let
be a (non-invertible) discrete dynamical system. A compact invariant set A is called isolated, with (forward) isolating neighborhood N if A is the intersection of forward images of N and moreover, A is contained in the interior of N:
It is not assumed that the set N is either invariant or open.
See also
Limit set |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20on%20Windows | In computing, Windows on Windows (commonly referred to as WOW) was a compatibility layer of 32-bit versions of the Windows NT family of operating systems since 1993 with the release of Windows NT 3.1, which extends NTVDM to provide limited support for running legacy 16-bit programs written for Windows 3.x or earlier. There is a similar subsystem, known as WoW64, on 64-bit Windows versions that runs 32-bit programs.
This subsystem is not available in 64-bit editions since Windows 11 (including Windows Server 2008 R2 and later, which only have 64-bit editions) and therefore cannot run 16-bit software without third-party emulation software (e.g. DOSBox). Windows 10 is the final version of Windows to include this subsystem.
This subsystem has since been discontinued, as Windows 11 dropped support for 32-bit processors.
Background
Many 16-bit Windows legacy programs can run without changes on newer 32-bit editions of Windows. The reason designers made this possible was to allow software developers time to remedy their software during the industry transition from Windows 3.1x to Windows 95 and later, without restricting the ability for the operating system to be upgraded to a current version before all programs used by a customer had been taken care of.
The Windows 9x series of operating systems, reflecting their roots in DOS, functioned as hybrid 16- and 32-bit systems in the sense that the underlying operating system was not truly 32-bit, and therefore could run 16-bit software natively without requiring any special emulation; Windows NT operating systems differ significantly from Windows 9x in their architecture, and therefore require a more complex solution. Two separate strategies are used in order to let 16-bit programs run on 32-bit versions of Windows (with some runtime limitations). They are called thunking and shimming.
Thunking
The WOW subsystem of the operating system in order to provide support for 16-bit pointers, memory models and address space.
Al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling%20level | In audio equipment the ceiling level, also known as the point of distortion, is the maximum input signal amplitude above which output distortion exceeds an acceptable level.
The Ceiling Level or Ceiling Value is the maximum permissible concentration of a hazardous material in the working environment. This level should not be exceeded at any time. It is usually (but not invariably) set somewhat above the relevant time-weighted average for the chemical.
Sound measurements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ED50 | ED50 ("European Datum 1950", EPSG:4230) is a geodetic datum which was defined after World War II for the international connection of geodetic networks.
Background
Some of the important battles of World War II were fought on the borders of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, and the mapping of these countries had incompatible latitude and longitude positioning. During the war the German Military Survey (Reichsamt Kriegskarten und Vermessungswesen), under the command of Lieutenant General Gerlach Hemmerich, began a systematic mapping of the areas under the control of the German Military, a large part of Europe. The allies were also concerned about the state of mapping in Europe, and in 1944 the US Army Map Service set up an intelligence team to collect mapping and surveying information from the Germans as the allied armies moved through Europe after the Normandy landings. The group, known as Houghteam after Major Floyd W. Hough, collected much material. Their greatest success was in April 1945. They found a large cache of material in Saalfeld, Thuringia, which proved to be the entire geodetic archives of the German Army. The shipment, 75 truckloads in all, was transferred to Bamberg, and then to Washington for evaluation.
Shortly after this, the team captured the personnel of the Reichsamt für Landesaufnahme, the State Surveying Service, in Friedrichroda, also in Thuringia. This group had been working on the integration of the mapping of the occupied territories with that of Germany, under Professor Erwin Gigas, a geodesist with an international reputation. They were directed to continue this work, in Bamberg in the US zone of occupation, as part of the US-led effort to develop a single adjusted triangulation for Central Europe. This was completed in 1947. The work was then extended to cover much of Western Europe which was completed in 1950, and became ED50.
The European triangulation was originally classified military information. It was de-classifire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20height | Normal heights (symbol or ; SI unit metre, m) is a type of height above sea level introduced by Mikhail Molodenskii.
The normal height of a point is computed as the quotient of a point's geopotential number (i.e. its geopotential difference with that of sea level), by the average, normal gravity computed along the plumb line of the point. (More precisely, along the ellipsoidal normal, averaging over the height range from 0 — on the reference ellipsoid — to ; the procedure is thus recursive.)
Normal heights are thus dependent upon the reference ellipsoid chosen. The Soviet Union and many other Eastern European countries have chosen a height system based on normal heights, determined by precise geodetic levelling. Normal gravity values are easier to compute compared to actual gravity, as one does not have to know the Earth's crust density. This is an advantage of normal heights compared to orthometric heights.
The reference surface that normal heights are measured from is called the quasi-geoid (or quasigeoid), a representation of mean sea level similar to the geoid and close to it, but lacking the physical interpretation of an equipotential surface. The geoid undulation with respect to the reference ellipsoid:
finds an analogue in the so-called height anomaly, :
The maximum geoid–quasigeoid separation (GQS), , is on the order of 5 meters in the Himalayas.
Alternatives to normal heights include orthometric heights (geoid-based) and dynamic heights.
See also
Physical geodesy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Stem%20Cell%20Foundation | The Canadian Stem Cell Foundation is an independent, non-profit organization established in 2008 and situated in Ottawa, Ontario. Stem Cell science is a Canadian innovation through the discovery of stem cells by Drs. James Till and Ernest McCulloch. It is globally known as the leading organization for stem cell research and support in the study of treatments and cures for diseases such as cancer, diabetes, blindness and stroke.
The Canadian Stem Cell Strategy
Their first strategy was created in 2013 to determine the concerns and actions required to develop an innovation that can advance stem cell research and clinics. The Canadian Stem Cell Foundation's goals are to invest a strategy for new treatments, sustainable healthcare, therapies and beneficial products. Their goals are beyond their capacity, such as "using cells to treat respiratory heart diseases, restore lost vision, create a source of insulin-producing cells to treat diabetes, repair damaged spinal cords, reverse the effect of MS, Crohn's disease and other autoimmune disorders, reduce the ravages of Parkinson's disease and reverse tumour formation in the brain, breast and other solid tissues." Their other goals are to bring together scientists, institutions, health charities, industry partners, regulators, funders and philanthropists in a universal vision in the developments of stem cell science research and have public and private sectors support in the funding for stem cell research in the long-term.
There are many organizations involved such as the Stem Cell Network, Health Charities Coalition of Canada, Ontario Stem Cell Initiative, Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine, Ontario Bioscience Innovation Organization, and Cell CAN Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Network.
To follow updates regarding "The Canadian Stem Cell Strategy," visit the site: http://www.stemcellfoundation.ca/en/blog/categories/listings/strategy-updates
The Stem Cell Charter
The Stem Cell Charter is an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclereid | Sclereids are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants. The presence of numerous sclereids form the cores of apples and produce the gritty texture of guavas.
Although sclereids are variable in shape, the cells are generally isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked, or elaborately branched. They can be grouped into bundles, can form complete tubes located at the periphery, or can occur as single cells or small groups of cells within parenchyma tissues. An isolated sclereid cell is known as an idioblast. Sclereids are typically found in the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.
The term "sclereid" was introduced by Alexander Tschirch in 1885.
Origin
Sclereids are created through belated sclerosis of parenchyma cells or can arise from sclereid primordia that are individualized early in development. Sclerification typically involves thickening of the cell wall, increasing rigidity. In the phloem, when tissue ceases to function in conduction cells may begin sclerification. In vascular tissue, sclereids will develop from cambial and procambial cells.
Stem sclereids
In the vascular region of the stem of Hoya carnosa, a column of sclereids can be found, and in the pith of stems of Hoya and Podocarpus groups of sclereids can be found. These are sclereids with thick cell walls and numerous pits, resembling adjacent parenchyma cells. This resemblance suggests that these sclereids are originally parenchyma cells, but are so sclerified that they are now sclereid cells rather than parenchyma cells. These sclereids are an example of brachysclereids, or stone cells.
Leaf sclereids
Leaves contain a variety of types of sclereids. In the mesophyll, two distinct sclereid structures are found. Sclereids in a diffuse pattern are dispersed throughout the leaf tissue, and sclereids in a terminal pattern are concentrated about the tips of leaf veins. Sclereid formati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasmid%20Study%20Group | The Phasmid Study Group is a group for professional and amateur entomologists who are interested in the order Phasmatodea, i.e. stick and leaf insects, known as "phasmids", as well as other interested persons. Over 40 species of Phasmid have been named after members of the group. The group includes world experts in the study of phasmids worldwide.
The group was formed in 1980 and has since developed a worldwide membership. It has meetings twice a year at The Natural History Museum, London. It also distributes phasmids, free of charge, to its members.
The group has two publications. Phasmid Studies is issued occasionally and contains scientific papers and longer articles. The Phasmid Study Group's Newsletter is posted to each member twice a year, it contains shorter articles and announcements, and is printed in full colour with many photographs and much information on phasmids.
External links
Phasmid Study Group Website
Phasmatodea
Entomological organizations
Scientific organizations established in 1980
1980 establishments in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20cluster | A computer cluster is a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software.
The components of a cluster are usually connected to each other through fast local area networks, with each node (computer used as a server) running its own instance of an operating system. In most circumstances, all of the nodes use the same hardware and the same operating system, although in some setups (e.g. using Open Source Cluster Application Resources (OSCAR)), different operating systems can be used on each computer, or different hardware.
Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and availability over that of a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability.
Computer clusters emerged as a result of the convergence of a number of computing trends including the availability of low-cost microprocessors, high-speed networks, and software for high-performance distributed computing. They have a wide range of applicability and deployment, ranging from small business clusters with a handful of nodes to some of the fastest supercomputers in the world such as IBM's Sequoia. Prior to the advent of clusters, single-unit fault tolerant mainframes with modular redundancy were employed; but the lower upfront cost of clusters, and increased speed of network fabric has favoured the adoption of clusters. In contrast to high-reliability mainframes, clusters are cheaper to scale out, but also have increased complexity in error handling, as in clusters error modes are not opaque to running programs.
Basic concepts
The desire to get more computing power and better reliability by orchestrating a number of low-cost commercial off-the-shelf computers has given rise to a variety of architectures and configurations.
The computer clustering approach usually (but not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float-zone%20silicon | Float-zone silicon is very pure silicon obtained by vertical zone melting. The process was developed at Bell Labs by Henry Theuerer in 1955 as a modification of a method developed by William Gardner Pfann for germanium. In the vertical configuration molten silicon has sufficient surface tension to keep the charge from separating. The major advantages is crucibleless growth that prevents contamination of the silicon from the vessel itself and therefore an inherently high-purity alternative to boule crystals grown by the Czochralski method.
The concentrations of light impurities, such as carbon (C) and oxygen (O2) elements, are extremely low. Another light impurity, nitrogen (N2), helps to control microdefects and also brings about an improvement in mechanical strength of the wafers, and is now being intentionally added during the growth stages.
The diameters of float-zone wafers are generally not greater than 200 mm due to the surface tension limitations during growth. A polycrystalline rod of ultrapure electronic-grade silicon is passed through an RF heating coil, which creates a localized molten zone from which the crystal ingot grows. A seed crystal is used at one end to start the growth. The whole process is carried out in an evacuated chamber or in an inert gas purge.
The molten zone carries the impurities away with it and hence reduces impurity concentration (most impurities are more soluble in the melt than the crystal). Specialized doping techniques like core doping, pill doping, gas doping and neutron transmutation doping are used to incorporate a uniform concentration of desirable impurity.
Float-zone silicon wafers may be irradiated by neutrons to turn it into a n-doped semiconductor.
Application
Float-zone silicon is typically used for power devices and detector applications, where high-resistivity is required. It is highly transparent to terahertz radiation, and is usually used to fabricate optical components, such as lenses and windows, for teraher |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unihemispheric%20slow-wave%20sleep | Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS) is sleep where one half of the brain rests while the other half remains alert. This is in contrast to normal sleep where both eyes are shut and both halves of the brain show unconsciousness. In USWS, also known as asymmetric slow-wave sleep, one half of the brain is in deep sleep, a form of non-rapid eye movement sleep and the eye corresponding to this half is closed while the other eye remains open. When examined by low-voltage electroencephalography (EEG), the characteristic slow-wave sleep tracings are seen from one side while the other side shows a characteristic tracing of wakefulness. The phenomenon has been observed in a number of terrestrial, aquatic and avian species.
Unique physiology, including the differential release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, has been linked to the phenomenon. USWS offers a number of benefits, including the ability to rest in areas of high predation or during long migratory flights. The behaviour remains an important research topic because USWS is possibly the first animal behaviour which uses different regions of the brain to simultaneously control sleep and wakefulness. The greatest theoretical importance of USWS is its potential role in elucidating the function of sleep by challenging various current notions. Researchers have looked to animals exhibiting USWS to determine if sleep must be essential; otherwise, species exhibiting USWS would have eliminated the behaviour altogether through evolution.
The amount of time spent sleeping during the unihemispheric slow-wave stage is considerably less than the bilateral slow-wave sleep. In the past, aquatic animals, such as dolphins and seals, had to regularly surface in order to breathe and regulate body temperature. USWS might have been generated by the need to perform these vital activities simultaneously with sleep.
On land, birds can switch between sleeping with both hemispheres to one hemisphere. Due to their poorly webbed feet and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20mineralogy | Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties. Most commonly, rock and mineral samples are prepared as thin sections or grain mounts for study in the laboratory with a petrographic microscope. Optical mineralogy is used to identify the mineralogical composition of geological materials in order to help reveal their origin and evolution.
Some of the properties and techniques used include:
Refractive index
Birefringence
Michel-Lévy Interference colour chart
Pleochroism
Extinction angle
Conoscopic interference pattern (Interference figure)
Becke line test
Optical relief
Sign of elongation (Length fast vs. length slow)
Wave plate
History
William Nicol, whose name is associated with the creation of the Nicol prism, is likely the first to prepare thin slices of mineral substances, and his methods were applied by Henry Thronton Maire Witham (1831) to the study of plant petrifactions. This method, of significant importance in petrology, was not at once made use of for the systematic investigation of rocks, and it was not until 1858 that Henry Clifton Sorby pointed out its value. Meanwhile, the optical study of sections of crystals had been advanced by Sir David Brewster and other physicists and mineralogists and it only remained to apply their methods to the minerals visible in rock sections.
Sections
A rock-section should be about one-thousandth of an inch (30 micrometres) in thickness, and is relatively easy to make. A thin splinter of the rock, about 1 centimetre may be taken; it should be as fresh as possible and free from obvious cracks. By grinding it on a plate of planed steel or cast iron with a little fine carborundum it is soon rendered flat on one side, and is then transferred to a sheet of plate glass and smoothed with the finest grained emery until all roughness and pits are removed, and the surface is a uniform plane. The rock chip is then washed, and placed on a copper or iron plate which is heated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvolatile%20acid | A nonvolatile acid (also known as a fixed acid or metabolic acid) is an acid produced in the body from sources other than carbon dioxide, and is not excreted by the lungs. They are produced from e.g. an incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. All acids produced in the body are nonvolatile except carbonic acid, which is the sole volatile acid. Common nonvolatile acids in humans are lactic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, acetoacetic acid, and beta-hydroxybutyric acid. Humans produce about 1–1.5 mmoles of H+ per kilogram per day. The nonvolatile acids are excreted by the kidneys. Lactic acid is usually completely metabolized by the body, and is thus not excreted from the body.
Reactions
The following reactions result in nonvolatile acids. Such reactions do not take place in volatile acids for obvious reasons.
sulfur-containing amino acid oxidations:
e.g. methionine or cysteine → urea + CO2 + H2SO4 → 2H+ +
phosphorus-containing compound metabolism → H3PO4 → H+ +
cationic amino acid oxidation:
e.g. lysine or arginine → urea + CO2 + H2O + H+
Non-metabolizable organic acid production:
HA → H+ + A−
Incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins → e.g. lactic acid or keto-acids
See also
Volatile acid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex%20function | In quantum electrodynamics, the vertex function describes the coupling between a photon and an electron beyond the leading order of perturbation theory. In particular, it is the one particle irreducible correlation function involving the fermion , the antifermion , and the vector potential A.
Definition
The vertex function can be defined in terms of a functional derivative of the effective action Seff as
The dominant (and classical) contribution to is the gamma matrix , which explains the choice of the letter. The vertex function is constrained by the symmetries of quantum electrodynamics — Lorentz invariance; gauge invariance or the transversality of the photon, as expressed by the Ward identity; and invariance under parity — to take the following form:
where , is the incoming four-momentum of the external photon (on the right-hand side of the figure), and F1(q2) and F2(q2) are form factors that depend only on the momentum transfer q2. At tree level (or leading order), F1(q2) = 1 and F2(q2) = 0. Beyond leading order, the corrections to F1(0) are exactly canceled by the field strength renormalization. The form factor F2(0) corresponds to the anomalous magnetic moment a of the fermion, defined in terms of the Landé g-factor as: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements%20Engineering%20Specialist%20Group | The Requirements Engineering Specialist Group (RESG) is a Specialist Group of the British Computer Society. It runs events on all aspects of Requirements.
Mission of the RESG
The RESG's stated purpose is "to provide a forum for interaction between the many disciplines involved" in Requirements Engineering, which it explains is "a key activity in the development of software systems and is concerned with the identification of the goals of stakeholders and their elaboration into precise statements of desired services and behaviour." The RESG describes Requirements engineering as "the elicitation, definition, modelling, analysis, specification and validation of what is needed from a system.". The RESG's stated mission is to attempt to bridge the gap between industry and research, as it "welcomes members from, and organises events for practitioners, academics and students" in the field.
History of the RESG
The RESG was founded in 1994 by Bashar Nuseibeh of Imperial College (now professor at the Open University), Neil Maiden of City University (also now professor), Paul Gough of Philips Labs, Sara Jones of the University of Hertfordshire, Steve Easterbrook of the University of Sussex, and Orlena Gotel of Imperial College. It has run events and published its newsletter ever since.
The RESG's first Chairman was Bashar Nuseibeh. He was succeeded by Pete Sawyer, Ian Alexander and Emmanuel Letier.
Events
The RESG has run "workshops, seminars and tutorials on all aspects of requirements engineering", held "in a variety of locations in the UK, including London, Manchester, York and Edinburgh". In 1998, the RESG, with the RENOIR project, ran a 2-day Conference on European Industrial Requirements Engineering (CEIRE'98) in London. Events have included a 'Goals day'; workshops on 'Agile Requirements' and 'Self-Adaptive Systems'; an 'i* Showcase'; special events for post-doctoral researchers; Scenarios days; an event on software services; annual events on 'Careers in RE'; i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable%20coloring | In graph theory, an area of mathematics, an equitable coloring is an assignment of colors to the vertices of an undirected graph, in such a way that
No two adjacent vertices have the same color, and
The numbers of vertices in any two color classes differ by at most one.
That is, the partition of vertices among the different colors is as uniform as possible. For instance, giving each vertex a distinct color would be equitable, but would typically use many more colors than are necessary in an optimal equitable coloring. An equivalent way of defining an equitable coloring is that it is an embedding of the given graph as a subgraph of a Turán graph with the same set of vertices. There are two kinds of chromatic number associated with equitable coloring. The equitable chromatic number of a graph G is the smallest number k such that G has an equitable coloring with k colors. But G might not have equitable colorings for some larger numbers of colors; the equitable chromatic threshold of G is the smallest k such that G has equitable colorings for any number of colors greater than or equal to k.
The Hajnal–Szemerédi theorem, posed as a conjecture by and proven by , states that any graph with maximum degree Δ has an equitable coloring with Δ + 1 colors. Several related conjectures remain open. Polynomial time algorithms are also known for finding a coloring matching this bound, and for finding optimal colorings of special classes of graphs, but the more general problem of deciding whether an arbitrary graph has an equitable coloring with a given number of colors is NP-complete.
Examples
The star K1,5 shown in the illustration is a complete bipartite graph, and therefore may be colored with two colors. However, the resulting coloring has one vertex in one color class and five in another, and is therefore not equitable. The smallest number of colors in an equitable coloring of this graph is four, as shown in the illustration: the central vertex must be the only vertex in it |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacFarsi%20encoding | MacFarsi encoding is an obsolete encoding for Farsi/Persian, Urdu (and English) texts that was used in Apple Macintosh computers to texts.
The encoding is identical to MacArabic encoding, except the numerals, which are the Persian/Urdu style, also known as "Extended" or "Eastern" Arabic-Indic numerals. See Arabic script in Unicode for more details. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmut%20Schmid | Hellmut H. Schmid (12 September 1914 – 27 April 1998) was a Swiss professor of geodesy and photogrammetry. He taught at ETH Zürich (Switzerland). In the 1950s, he worked on space exploration in the United States. Between 1968 and 1974, he promoted the first intercontinental network of satellite geodesy.
Research
Geodetic measurement methods at the V2 project in Peenemünde (~1942)
Beginnings of satellite geodesy 1959
Theory of analytical photogrammetry and matrix/IT developments (1950s, USA)
High precision evaluation of photogram (ca. 1965-1978)
Worldwide Satellite Triangulation Network (1969-1973 (publ. 1974): first regular intercontinental network, 46 stations (3000–5000 km apart), pioneering accuracy (±3m)
Contributions to the least-squares adjustment, network optimization, Block triangulation
Optimization of coordinate transformations (~1975)
Development of 3D intersection methods in analytical photogrammetry
See also
PAGEOS, balloon satellites, stellar triangulation
Global reference ellipsoid, "Earth polyhedron", geodetic system, WGS84
ETH Zürich, Ohio State University, Friedrich Hopfner
Literature
K.Ledersteger: "'Astronomische und Physikalische Geodäsie (Erdmessung)", JEK Vol.V (870 S., espec. §§ 2, 5, 13), J.B.Metzler, Stuttgart 1968
H.H. Schmid: "Das Weltnetz der Satellitentriangulation". Wiss. Mitteilungen ETH Zürich and Journal of Geophysical Research, 1974.
Klaus Schnädelbach et al.: Western European Satellite Triangulation Programme (WEST), 2nd Experimental Computation. Mitteilungen Geodät.Inst. Graz 11/1, Graz 1972
Nothnagel, Schlüter, Seeger: Die Geschichte der geodätischen VLBI in Deutschland, Bonn 2000
ZfV 1998: Hellmut H. Schmid † (obituary).
Professor Dr. h.c. HellmutH. Schmid (1914- 1998)
"Dr. Schmid leaves Aberdeen after 12 year to join staff at GIMRADA":
Geodesists
1914 births
1998 deaths
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Photogrammetrists
Swiss expatriates in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20conjectures | In number theory, the Stark conjectures, introduced by and later expanded by , give conjectural information about the coefficient of the leading term in the Taylor expansion of an Artin L-function associated with a Galois extension K/k of algebraic number fields. The conjectures generalize the analytic class number formula expressing the leading coefficient of the Taylor series for the Dedekind zeta function of a number field as the product of a regulator related to S-units of the field and a rational number.
When K/k is an abelian extension and the order of vanishing of the L-function at s = 0 is one, Stark gave a refinement of his conjecture, predicting the existence of certain S-units, called Stark units, which generate abelian extensions of number fields.
Formulation
General case
The Stark conjectures, in the most general form, predict that the leading coefficient of an Artin L-function is the product of a type of regulator, the Stark regulator, with an algebraic number.
Abelian rank-one case
When the extension is abelian and the order of vanishing of an L-function at s = 0 is one, Stark's refined conjecture predicts the existence of Stark units, whose roots generate Kummer extensions of K that are abelian over the base field k (and not just abelian over K, as Kummer theory implies). As such, this refinement of his conjecture has theoretical implications for solving Hilbert's twelfth problem.
Computation
Stark units in the abelian rank-one case have been computed in specific examples, allowing verification of the veracity of his refined conjecture. These also provide an important computational tool for generating abelian extensions of number fields, forming the basis for some standard algorithms for computing abelian extensions of number fields.
The first rank-zero cases are used in recent versions of the PARI/GP computer algebra system to compute Hilbert class fields of totally real number fields, and the conjectures provide one solution to Hilbert's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoblast | In amniote embryology, the hypoblast is one of two distinct layers arising from the inner cell mass in the mammalian blastocyst, or from the blastodisc in reptiles and birds. The hypoblast gives rise to the yolk sac, which in turn gives rise to the chorion.
The hypoblast is a layer of cells in fish and amniote embryos. The hypoblast helps determine the embryo's body axes, and its migration determines the cell movements that accompany the formation of the primitive streak, and helps to orient the embryo, and create bilateral symmetry.
The other layer of the inner cell mass, the epiblast, differentiates into the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Structure
The hypoblast lies beneath the epiblast and consists of small cuboidal cells. The hypoblast in fish (but not in birds and mammals) contains the precursors of both the endoderm and mesoderm. In birds and mammals, it contains precursors to the extraembryonic endoderm of the yolk sac.
In chick embryos, early cleavage forms an area opaca and an area pellucida, and the region between these is called the marginal zone. Area opaca is the blastoderm's peripheral part where the cells remain unseparated from the yolk. It is a white area that transmits light.
Function
Although the hypoblast does not contribute to the embryo, it influences the orientation of the embryo. The hypoblast also inhibits primitive streak formation. The absence of hypoblast results in multiple primitive streaks in chicken embryos. The primitive endoderm derived yolk sac ensures the proper organogenesis of the fetus and the exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes. Hypoblast cells also provide chemical signals that specify the migration of epiblast cells.
Amniotes
Birds
In birds, the primitive streak formation is generated by a thickening of the epiblast called the Koller's sickle
The Koller's sickle is created at the posterior edge of the area pellucida while the rest of the cells of the area pellucida remain at th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron | A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path. The magnetic field which bends the particle beam into its closed path increases with time during the accelerating process, being synchronized to the increasing kinetic energy of the particles. The synchrotron is one of the first accelerator concepts to enable the construction of large-scale facilities, since bending, beam focusing and acceleration can be separated into different components. The most powerful modern particle accelerators use versions of the synchrotron design. The largest synchrotron-type accelerator, also the largest particle accelerator in the world, is the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) near Geneva, Switzerland, built in 2008 by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It can accelerate beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 tera electronvolts (TeV or 1012 eV).
The synchrotron principle was invented by Vladimir Veksler in 1944. Edwin McMillan constructed the first electron synchrotron in 1945, arriving at the idea independently, having missed Veksler's publication (which was only available in a Soviet journal, although in English). The first proton synchrotron was designed by Sir Marcus Oliphant and built in 1952.
Types
Several specialized types of synchrotron machines are used today:
A storage ring is a special type of synchrotron in which the kinetic energy of the particles is kept constant.
A synchrotron light source is a combination of different electron accelerator types, including a storage ring in which the desired electromagnetic radiation is generated. This radiation is then used in experimental stations located on different beamlines. In addition to the storage ring, a synchrotron light source usually contains a linear accelerator (linac) and another synchrotron which is sometimes called a booster in this context. The linac and the booster are u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumber%27s%20nightmare | In soft matter physics, plumber's nightmare are structures that are characterized by fully connected, periodic, and topologically nontrivial surfaces.
The term plumber's nightmare became widely known through a publication by David A. Huse and Stanislas Leibler who attribute the name to Sol Gruner. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix%20Union%20Bioscience%20High%20School | Phoenix Union Bioscience High School is part of the Phoenix Union High School District, with campus in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, US. The school specialises in science education. A new building was constructed and the existing one renovated, opening in the fall of 2007.
Enrollment
Bioscience hosts approximately 180 freshmen through seniors. The first class of 43 students graduated from Bioscience in May 2010. 97 percent of its 10th graders passed the AIMS Math exam (in 2009), the highest public (non-charter) school percentage in the Valley, and No. 2 in the state. Their science scores were No. 3 in the state among non-charter schools.
In its first year of eligibility, Bioscience earned the maximum "Excelling" Achievement Profile from the State.
Campus
The US$10 million campus which opened in October 2007 is located in Phoenix's downtown Biotechnology Center and open to students throughout the District. The Bioscience High School campus, which was designed by The Orcutt-Winslow Partnership won the American School Board Journal's Learning By Design 2009 Grand Prize Award. The school received this award for its classrooms, collaborative learning spaces, and smooth circulation.
Phoenix Union High School District received a $2.4 million small schools grant from the City of Phoenix to renovate Bioscience's existing historic McKinley building for a Bio-medical program. It includes administrative office, four classrooms, a library/community room and a student demonstration area.
In 2014, Bioscience ranked number 27 on the Best Education Degrees Web site's "Most Amazing High School Campuses In The World" list, ranked by their modern designs. The school has a solar charging station, and is partially powered by solar panels. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efference%20copy | In physiology, an efference copy or efferent copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (efferent), movement-producing signal generated by an organism's motor system. It can be collated with the (reafferent) sensory input that results from the agent's movement, enabling a comparison of actual movement with desired movement, and a shielding of perception from particular self-induced effects on the sensory input to achieve perceptual stability. Together with internal models, efference copies can serve to enable the brain to predict the effects of an action.
An equal term with a different history is corollary discharge.
Efference copies are important in enabling motor adaptation such as to enhance gaze stability. They have a role in the perception of self and nonself electric fields in electric fish. They also underlie the phenomenon of tickling.
Motor control
Motor signals
A motor signal from the central nervous system (CNS) to the periphery is called an efference, and a copy of this signal is called an efference copy. Sensory information coming from sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system is called afference. On a similar basis, nerves into the nervous system are afferent nerves and ones out are termed efferent nerves.
When an efferent signal is produced and sent to the motor system, it has been suggested that a copy of the signal, known as an efference copy, is created so that exafference (sensory signals generated from external stimuli in the environment) can be distinguished from reafference (sensory signals resulting from an animal's own actions).
This efference copy, by providing the input to a forward internal model, is then used to generate the predicted sensory feedback that estimates the sensory consequences of a motor command. The actual sensory consequences of the motor command are then deployed to compare with the corollary discharge to inform the CNS about how well the expected action matched its actual exter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze%20generation%20algorithm | Maze generation algorithms are automated methods for the creation of mazes.
Graph theory based methods
A maze can be generated by starting with a predetermined arrangement of cells (most commonly a rectangular grid but other arrangements are possible) with wall sites between them. This predetermined arrangement can be considered as a connected graph with the edges representing possible wall sites and the nodes representing cells. The purpose of the maze generation algorithm can then be considered to be making a subgraph in which it is challenging to find a route between two particular nodes.
If the subgraph is not connected, then there are regions of the graph that are wasted because they do not contribute to the search space. If the graph contains loops, then there may be multiple paths between the chosen nodes. Because of this, maze generation is often approached as generating a random spanning tree. Loops, which can confound naive maze solvers, may be introduced by adding random edges to the result during the course of the algorithm.
The animation shows the maze generation steps for a
graph that is not on a rectangular grid.
First, the computer creates a random planar graph G
shown in blue, and its dual F
shown in yellow. Second, the computer traverses F using a chosen
algorithm, such as a depth-first search, coloring the path red.
During the traversal, whenever a red edge crosses over a blue edge,
the blue edge is removed.
Finally, when all vertices of F have been visited, F is erased
and two edges from G, one for the entrance and one for the exit, are removed.
Randomized depth-first search
This algorithm, also known as the "recursive backtracker" algorithm, is a randomized version of the depth-first search algorithm.
Frequently implemented with a stack, this approach is one of the simplest ways to generate a maze using a computer. Consider the space for a maze being a large grid of cells (like a large chess board), each cell starting with four wall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20sociology | Mathematical sociology or the sociology of mathematics is an interdisciplinary field of research concerned both with the use of mathematics within sociological research as well as research into the relationships that exist between maths and society.
Because of this, mathematical sociology can have a diverse meaning depending on the authors in question and the kind of research being carried out. This creates contestation over whether mathematical sociology is a derivative of sociology, an intersection of the two disciplines, or a discipline in its own right. This is a dynamic, ongoing academic development that leaves mathematical sociology sometimes blurred and lacking in uniformity, presenting grey areas and need for further research into developing its academic merit.
History
Starting in the early 1940s, Nicolas Rashevsky, and subsequently in the late 1940s, Anatol Rapoport and others, developed a relational and probabilistic approach to the characterization of large social networks in which the nodes are persons and the links are acquaintanceship. During the late 1940s, formulas were derived that connected local parameters such as closure of contacts – if A is linked to both B and C, then there is a greater than chance probability that B and C are linked to each other – to the global network property of connectivity.
Moreover, acquaintanceship is a positive tie, but what about negative ties such as animosity among persons? To tackle this problem, graph theory, which is the mathematical study of abstract representations of networks of points and lines, can be extended to include these two types of links and thereby to create models that represent both positive and negative sentiment relations, which are represented as signed graphs. A signed graph is called balanced if the product of the signs of all relations in every cycle (links in every graph cycle) is positive. Through formalization by mathematician Frank Harary, this work produced the fundamental theore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadjicostas%27s%20formula | In mathematics, Hadjicostas's formula is a formula relating a certain double integral to values of the gamma function and the Riemann zeta function. It is named after Petros Hadjicostas.
Statement
Let s be a complex number with s ≠ -1 and Re(s) > −2. Then
Here Γ is the Gamma function and ζ is the Riemann zeta function.
Background
The first instance of the formula was proved and used by Frits Beukers in his 1978 paper giving an alternative proof of Apéry's theorem. He proved the formula when s = 0, and proved an equivalent formulation for the case s = 1. This led Petros Hadjicostas to conjecture the above formula in 2004, and within a week it had been proven by Robin Chapman. He proved the formula holds when Re(s) > −1, and then extended the result by analytic continuation to get the full result.
Special cases
As well as the two cases used by Beukers to get alternate expressions for ζ(2) and ζ(3), the formula can be used to express the Euler–Mascheroni constant as a double integral by letting s tend to −1:
The latter formula was first discovered by Jonathan Sondow and is the one referred to in the title of Hadjicostas's paper.
Notes
See also
Zeta and L-functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singly%20fed%20electric%20machine | Singly fed electric machine is a broad term which covers ordinary electric motors and electric generators.
Such machines have only one external connection to the windings, and thus are said to be singly fed.
See also
Doubly fed electric machine
Rotary converter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix%20Wilder-Penfield | The Prix Wilder-Penfield is an award by the government of Quebec that is part of the Prix du Québec, which "goes to scientists whose research aims fall within the field of biomedicine. These fields include the medical sciences, the natural sciences, and engineering". It is named in honour of Wilder Penfield.
Winners
Source:
See also
List of biochemistry awards
List of medicine awards
List of prizes named after people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMSOL%20Multiphysics | COMSOL Multiphysics is a finite element analysis, solver, and simulation software package for various physics and engineering applications, especially coupled phenomena and multiphysics. The software facilitates conventional physics-based user interfaces and coupled systems of partial differential equations (PDEs). COMSOL provides an IDE and unified workflow for electrical, mechanical, fluid, acoustics, and chemical applications.
Beside the classical problems that can be addressed with application modules, the core Multiphysics package can be used to solve PDEs in weak form. An API for Java and LiveLink for MATLAB and LiveLink products for major CAD software can be used to control the software externally. An Application Builder can be used to develop independent custom domain-specific simulation apps. Users may use drag-and-drop tools (Form Editor) or programming (Method Editor). COMSOL Server is a distinct software for the management of COMSOL simulation applications in companies. Several modules are available for COMSOL, categorized according to the applications areas of Electrical, Mechanical, Fluid, Acoustic, Chemical, Multipurpose, and Interfacing.
See also
Finite element method
Multiphysics
List of computer simulation software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQCode | A SPARQCode is a matrix code (or two-dimensional bar code) encoding standard that is based on the physical QR Code definition created by Japanese corporation Denso-Wave.
Overview
The QR Code standard as defined by Denso-Wave in ISO/IEC 18004 covers the physical encoding method of a binary data stream. However, the Denso-Wave standard lacks an encoding standard for interpreting the data stream on the application layer for decoding URLs, phone numbers, and all other data types. NTT Docomo has established de facto standards for encoding some data types such as URLs, and contact information in Japan, but not all applications in other countries adhere to this convention as listed by the open-source project "zxing" for QR Code data types.
Encoding standards
The SPARQCode encoding standard specifies a convention for the following encoding data types.
E-mail address
Phone Number
SMS TEXT
MAP
URL
BIZCARD
MeCard
vCard
BlackBerry PIN
Geographic information
Google Play link
Wifi Network config for Android
YouTube URI
iCalendar
The SPARQCode convention also recommends but does not require the inclusion of visual pictograms to denote the type of encoded data.
License
The use of the SPARQCode is free of any license. The term SPARQCode itself is a trademark of MSKYNET, but has chosen to open it to be royalty-free. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano%E2%80%93vocal%20score | A vocal score or piano–vocal score is a music score of an opera, or a vocal or choral composition written for orchestral accompaniment, such as an oratorio or cantata. In a piano–vocal score, the vocal parts are written out in full, but the accompaniment is reduced and adapted for keyboard (usually piano). The music is usually reduced to two staves; however, more staves, a second keyboardist (piano four hands), or a second keyboard part can be added, as needed.
There are two main types of piano–vocal scores. The first kind consists of those scores created by a composer in the process of composing, usually as a harmonic map or "sketch" of the piece to be later orchestrated. The second category includes scores that are arrangements or transcriptions made after the completion of the work, usually by someone other than the composer.
Piano–vocal scores are generally created to enable a conductor or choir leader to rehearse the singers with a piano accompanist before the choir begins rehearsals with the orchestra. The cost of rehearsing with a professional orchestra is so high that choirs typically hold a number of rehearsals with piano accompaniment to prepare the choir, as the cost of hiring a single piano accompanist is much lower than hiring 50–100 orchestral musicians.
Piano–vocal scores are also used by music students, singers and conductors to study the compositional structure of the score. Before the widespread availability of sound recordings, piano–vocal scores were also sold for amateur home performance or small-scale professional performance of the piece, where a full orchestra would not be feasible from an economic or performance space perspective.
Piano-conductor scores
While piano-vocal scores tend to consist of the vocal lines and a piano reduction of the whole orchestra onto two staves, piano-conductor scores tend to consist of the vocal lines and one of the orchestral piano parts that already exists, coupled with another staff containing the res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitensidine%20D | Nitensidine D is a toxic alkaloid natural product that was isolated from the leaves of the South American legume Pterogyne nitens. It is also hypothesized to be a possible intermediate in the still unknown, seemingly monoterpene based, terrestrial biosynthetic pathway for tetrodotoxin.
See also
Galegine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational%20momentum | Representational momentum is a small, but reliable, error in our visual perception of moving objects. Representational moment was discovered and named by Jennifer Freyd and Ronald Finke. Instead of knowing the exact location of a moving object, viewers actually think it is a bit further along its trajectory as time goes forward. For example, people viewing an object moving from left to right that suddenly disappears will report they saw it a bit further to the right than where it actually vanished. While not a big error, it has been found in a variety of different events ranging from simple rotations to camera movement through a scene. The name "representational momentum" initially reflected the idea that the forward displacement was the result of the perceptual system having internalized, or evolved to include, basic principles of Newtonian physics, but it has come to mean forward displacements that continue a presented pattern along a variety of dimensions, not just position or orientation. As with many areas of cognitive psychology, theories can focus on bottom-up or top-down aspects of the task. Bottom-up theories of representational momentum highlight the role of eye movements and stimulus presentation, while top-down theories highlight the role of the observer's experience and expectations regarding the presented event.
Methods
Representational Momentum has been studied using two types of displays: implied motion (left panel) and smooth animations (right panel). Implied events show a series of pictures that suggest a motion, but at a slow frame rate so there is no apparent motion. Smooth animations have also been used, where the animation is briefly interrupted and then participants either indicate whether a static probe is in the same position as the final frame of the animation (right panel), or are asked to indicate with a mouse cursor exactly where the object disappeared. The basic result is that participants either use the mouse to click beyond the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaldehyde | Metaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula (). It is used as a pesticide against slugs and snails. It is the cyclic tetramer of acetaldehyde.
Production and properties
Metaldehyde is flammable, toxic if ingested in large quantities, and irritating to the skin and eyes. It has a white crystalline appearance with a menthol odor.
Metaldehyde is obtained in moderate yields by treatment of acetaldehyde with various acid catalysts, such as hydrogen bromide, and cooling. The liquid trimer, paraldehyde is also obtained. The reaction is reversible; upon heating to about 80 °C, metaldehyde and paraldehyde revert to acetaldehyde.
Metaldehyde exists as a mixture of four stereoisomers, molecules that differ with respect to the relative orientation of the methyl groups on the 8-membered ring. The stereoisomers have respectively the molecular symmetries C (with symmetry of order 2), C (order 4), D (order 8), and C (order 8). All have at least one plane of reflexion, so none of them is chiral.
Uses
As a pesticide
It is sold under various trade names as a molluscicide, including Antimilice, Ariotox, Blitzem (in Australia), Cekumeta, Deadline, Defender (in Australia), Halizan, Limacide, Limatox, Limeol, Meta, Metason, Mifaslug, Namekil, Slug Fest, and Slugit. Typically it is applied in pellet form, but it is also found as a liquid spray, granules, paste, or dust. Often the pesticide includes bran or molasses to attract pests, making it attractive to household pets as well.
Metaldehyde is effective on pests by contact or ingestion and works by limiting the production of mucus in mollusks making them susceptible to dehydration.
Metaldehyde products were used to control the invasive African land snail population in Miami-Dade County in Florida. Experimental use permits from the U.S. Environmental Protect Agency authorized the application amount and usage in residential areas.
Due to the contamination of drinking water by metaldehyde's use in agriculture, a speci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy%20Morgan%20%28footballer%29 | Samuel John Morgan (born 3 December 1946) is a Northern Irish former football player and coach.
Moving from non-League Gorleston to Port Vale in 1970, the young forward picked up the club's Player of the Year award 1972, before winning a move to Aston Villa the following year. Villa won promotion out of the Second Division in 1974–75, though he was never a first team regular and so was sold on to Brighton & Hove Albion later in 1975. Helping Brighton to promotion out of the Third Division in 1976–77, following this success he moved on to Cambridge United. With United he won promotion out of the third tier for a second successive season, before moving on to Sparta Rotterdam in the Netherlands. In 1979, he transferred to FC Groningen, helping them to the Eerste Divisie title in 1979–80. He then returned to his native Gorleston, who he later managed.
Between 1972 and 1978 he won eighteen caps for Northern Ireland, and scored three goals at international level. These goals came against Spain, Cyprus, and Norway. After his retirement he worked behind the scenes at various Football League clubs.
Early life
Samuel John Morgan was born in East Belfast on 3 December 1946; his mother was English and had met his father whilst he was stationed in East Anglia. He attended Nettlefield Primary School alongside George Best. When he was 12 years old, his family relocated to England and settled in Gorleston-on-Sea. He studied at the Nottingham Trent University to become a maths and physical education teacher, graduating in 1971. He played amateur football for Gorleston in the Eastern Counties League.
Club career
Port Vale
Morgan entered the English Football League at the relatively older age of 23 after signing Fourth Division club Port Vale in January 1970 following a period on trial. The late bloomer made his professional debut as a substitute on 30 March 1970, scoring in a 1–1 draw at Newport County. After quitting teaching to take up professional football, he had to wait unt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetomicrobium%20hydrogeniformans | Acetomicrobium hydrogeniformans is an anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Acetomicrobium which has been isolated from oil production water from North Slope Borough in the United States. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor%20anguli%20oris%20muscle | The depressor anguli oris muscle (triangularis muscle) is a facial muscle. It originates from the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth. It is associated with frowning, as it depresses the corner of the mouth.
Structure
The depressor Anguli Oris arises from the lateral surface of the mandible. Its fibers then converge. It is inserted by a narrow fasciculus into the angle of the mouth. At its origin, it is continuous with the platysma muscle, and at its insertion with the orbicularis oris muscle and risorius muscle. Some of its fibers are directly continuous with those of the levator anguli oris muscle, and others are occasionally found crossing from the muscle of one side to that of the other; these latter fibers constitute the transverse muscle of the chin.
The depressor anguli oris muscle receives its blood supply from a branch of the facial artery.
Nerve supply
The depressor anguli oris muscle is supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.
Function
The depressor anguli oris muscle is a muscle of facial expression. It depresses the corner of the mouth, which is associated with frowning.
Clinical significance
Paralysis
Damage to the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve may cause paralysis of the depressor anguli oris muscle. This may contribute to an asymmetrical smile. This may be corrected by resecting (cutting and removing) the depressor labii inferioris muscle, which has a more significant impact on smiling.
Hypoplasia/Aplasia
Underdevelopment (Hypoplasia) or complete absence (Aplasia) of the depressor anguli oris can occur. Similarly to paralysis, individuals with these conditions will have an asymmetric smile. These conditions are rare, and develop at or before birth (congenitally).
See also
Facial muscles
Transverse muscle of the chin
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85strand%20test | The Åstrand test is a way of measuring VO2 max (maximum rate of oxygen consumption as measured during incremental exercise). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting%20rods | Counting rods () are small bars, typically 3–14 cm (1" to 6") long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient East Asia. They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.
The written forms based on them are called rod numerals. They are a true positional numeral system with digits for 1–9 and a blank for 0, from the Warring states period (circa 475 BCE) to the 16th century.
History
Chinese arithmeticians used counting rods well over two thousand years ago.
In 1954 forty-odd counting rods of the Warring States period (5th century BCE to 221 BCE) were found in Zuǒjiāgōngshān (左家公山) Chu Grave No.15 in Changsha, Hunan.
In 1973 archeologists unearthed a number of wood scripts from a tomb in Hubei dating from the period of the Han dynasty (206 BCE to 220 CE). On one of the wooden scripts was written: "当利二月定算𝍥". This is one of the earliest examples of using counting-rod numerals in writing.
A square lacquer box, dating from c. 168 BCE, containing a square chess board with the TLV patterns, chessmen, counting rods, and other items, was excavated in 1972, from Mawangdui M3, Changsha, Hunan Province.
In 1976 a bundle of Western Han-era (202 BCE to 9 CE) counting rods made of bones was unearthed from Qianyang County in Shaanxi. The use of counting rods must predate it; Sunzi ( 544 to 496 BCE), a military strategist at the end of Spring and Autumn period of 771 BCE to 5th century BCE, mentions their use to make calculations to win wars before going into the battle; Laozi (died 531 BCE), writing in the Warring States period, said "a good calculator doesn't use counting rods". The Book of Han (finished 111 CE) recorded: "they calculate with bamboo, diameter one fen, length six cun, arranged into a hexagonal bundle of two hundred seventy one pieces".
At first, calculating rods were round in cross-section, but by the time of the Sui dynasty (581 to 618 CE) mathematicians used triangular rods to represent po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20of%20Eratosthenes | In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit.
It does so by iteratively marking as composite (i.e., not prime) the multiples of each prime, starting with the first prime number, 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated as a sequence of numbers starting from that prime, with constant difference between them that is equal to that prime. This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. Once all the multiples of each discovered prime have been marked as composites, the remaining unmarked numbers are primes.
The earliest known reference to the sieve (, kóskinon Eratosthénous) is in Nicomachus of Gerasa's Introduction to Arithmetic, an early 2nd cent. CE book which attributes it to Eratosthenes of Cyrene, a 3rd cent. BCE Greek mathematician, though describing the sieving by odd numbers instead of by primes.
One of a number of prime number sieves, it is one of the most efficient ways to find all of the smaller primes. It may be used to find primes in arithmetic progressions.
Overview
A prime number is a natural number that has exactly two distinct natural number divisors: the number 1 and itself.
To find all the prime numbers less than or equal to a given integer by Eratosthenes' method:
Create a list of consecutive integers from 2 through : .
Initially, let equal 2, the smallest prime number.
Enumerate the multiples of by counting in increments of from to , and mark them in the list (these will be ; the itself should not be marked).
Find the smallest number in the list greater than that is not marked. If there was no such number, stop. Otherwise, let now equal this new number (which is the next prime), and repeat from step 3.
When the algorithm terminates, the numbers remaining not marked in the list are all the primes below .
The main idea here is that every value given to will be pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hinchey | Michael Gerard Hinchey (born 1969) is an Irish computer scientist and former Director of the Irish Software Engineering Research Centre (Lero), a multi-university research centre headquartered at the University of Limerick, Ireland. He now serves as Head of Department of the Department of Computer Science & Information Systems at University of Limerick.
Mike Hinchey studied at the University of Limerick as an undergraduate (was the leading student in his graduating year), Oxford University (at Wolfson College) for his MSc and Cambridge University (at St John's College) for his PhD.
Hinchey has been a promulgator of formal methods throughout his career, especially CSP and the Z notation. He was Director of the NASA Software Engineering Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and is the founding editor-in-chief of the NASA journal Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering, launched in 2005.
He has held many academic positions, both visiting and permanent, at a number of universities including the University of Nebraska, Queen's University Belfast, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Hiroshima University the University of Skövde in Sweden and was at Loyola College in Maryland (now Loyola University Maryland), United States, before his current post.
Hinchey is a Member of Academia Europaea, a Fellow of the IET, a Fellow of the IMA, and a Senior Member of the IEEE. He is a Chartered Engineer, Chartered Professional Engineer, Chartered Mathematician and Chartered IT Professional.
As of 2016, Hinchey has been serving as President of IFIP (International Federation for Information Processing).
Selected publications
Hinchey, M.G. and Bowen, J.P., editors, Applications of Formal Methods. Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science, 1995. .
Dean, C.N. and Hinchey, M.G., editors, Teaching and Learning Formal Methods, Academic Press, London, 1996. .
Bowen, J.P. and Hinchey, M.G., editors, High-Integrity System Specification and Design. Springer-Ve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20of%20repose | The angle of repose, or critical angle of repose, of a granular material is the steepest angle of descent or dip relative to the horizontal plane on which the material can be piled without slumping. At this angle, the material on the slope face is on the verge of sliding. The angle of repose can range from 0° to 90°. The morphology of the material affects the angle of repose; smooth, rounded sand grains cannot be piled as steeply as can rough, interlocking sands. The angle of repose can also be affected by additions of solvents. If a small amount of water is able to bridge the gaps between particles, electrostatic attraction of the water to mineral surfaces increase the angle of repose, and related quantities such as the soil strength.
When bulk granular materials are poured onto a horizontal surface, a conical pile forms. The internal angle between the surface of the pile and the horizontal surface is known as the angle of repose and is related to the density, surface area and shapes of the particles, and the coefficient of friction of the material. Material with a low angle of repose forms flatter piles than material with a high angle of repose.
The term has a related usage in mechanics, where it refers to the maximum angle at which an object can rest on an inclined plane without sliding down. This angle is equal to the arctangent of the coefficient of static friction μs between the surfaces.
Applications of theory
The angle of repose is sometimes used in the design of equipment for the processing of particulate solids. For example, it may be used to design an appropriate hopper or silo to store the material, or to size a conveyor belt for transporting the material. It can also be used in determining whether or not a slope (of a stockpile, or uncompacted gravel bank, for example) would likely collapse; the talus slope is derived from angle of repose and represents the steepest slope a pile of granular material can take. This angle of repose is also crucial i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaspati | Vanaspati (Devanagari: ) is the Sanskrit word that now refers to the entire plant kingdom. However, according to Charaka Samhitā and Sushruta Samhita medical texts and the Vaisesikas school of philosophy, "vanaspati" is limited to plants that bear fruits but no evident flowers. In the Rigveda, 9th Mandala, Hymn 5.10, "Vanaspati" (literally meaning: Lord of the Forest) is a deity presiding over the forest and described as the "ever-green, the golden-hued, refulgent, with a thousand boughs."
Concept in Hindu scriptures
The Rigveda divides plants into Vrksha (tree), Oshadhi (herbs useful to humans) and Virudha (creepers). These are subdivided into:
Visakha (shrubs),
Sasa (herbs),
Vratati (climbers),
Pratanavati (creepers) and
Alasala (spreading on the ground).
All grasses are separately classified as Trna, flowering plants are Puspavati, and the fruit bearing ones are Phalavati. Leafless plants are placed under the group, Karira.
Other veda, the Atharvaveda divides plants into eight classes:
(1) Visakha (spreading branches);
(2) Manjari (leaves with long clusters);
(3) Sthambini (bushy plants);
(4) Prastanavati (which expands);
(5) Ekasrnga (those with monopodial growth);
(6) Pratanavati (creeping plants);
(7) Amsumati (with many stalks); and
(8) Kandini (plants with knotty joints).
The Taittiriya Samhita and the Vajasenayi Samhita texts the plant kingdom is classified into:
vrksa, vana and druma (trees),
visakha (shrubs with spreading branches),
sasa (a herb),
amsumali (a spreading or deliquescent plant),
vratati (a climber),
stambini (a bushy plant),
pratanavati (a creeper), and
alasala (those spreading on the ground).
In the words of Brahma, the Manu classifies plants as
(1) Osadhi – plants bearing abundant flowers and fruits, but withering away after fructification,
(2) Vanaspati – plants bearing fruits without evident flowers,
(3) Vrksa – trees bearing both flowers and fruits,
(4) Guccha – bushy herbs,
(5) Gulma – succulent shrubs,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askey%20scheme | In mathematics, the Askey scheme is a way of organizing orthogonal polynomials of hypergeometric or basic hypergeometric type into a hierarchy. For the classical orthogonal polynomials discussed in , the Askey scheme was first drawn by and by , and has since been extended by and to cover basic orthogonal polynomials.
Askey scheme for hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials
give the following version of the Askey scheme:
Wilson | Racah
Continuous dual Hahn | Continuous Hahn | Hahn | dual Hahn
Meixner–Pollaczek | Jacobi | Pseudo Jacobi | Meixner | Krawtchouk
Laguerre | Bessel | Charlier
Hermite
Here indicates a hypergeometric series representation with parameters
Askey scheme for basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials
give the following scheme for basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials:
43 Askey–Wilson | q-Racah
32 Continuous dual q-Hahn | Continuous q-Hahn | Big q-Jacobi | q-Hahn | dual q-Hahn
21 Al-Salam–Chihara | q-Meixner–Pollaczek | Continuous q-Jacobi | Big q-Laguerre | Little q-Jacobi | q-Meixner | Quantum q-Krawtchouk | q-Krawtchouk | Affine q-Krawtchouk | Dual q-Krawtchouk
20/11 Continuous big q-Hermite | Continuous q-Laguerre | Little q-Laguerre | q-Laguerre | q-Bessel | q-Charlier | Al-Salam–Carlitz I | Al-Salam–Carlitz II
10 Continuous q-Hermite | Stieltjes–Wigert | Discrete q-Hermite I | Discrete q-Hermite II
Completeness
While there are several approaches to constructing still more general families of orthogonal polynomials, it is usually not possible to extend the Askey scheme by reusing hypergeometric functions of the same form. For instance, one might naively hope to find new examples given by
above which corresponds to the Wilson polynomials. This was ruled out in under the assumption that the are degree 1 polynomials such that
for some polynomial . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette%20Mendel | Lafayette Benedict Mendel (February 5, 1872 – December 9, 1935) was an American biochemist known for his work in nutrition, with longtime collaborator Thomas B. Osborne, including the study of Vitamin A, Vitamin B, lysine and tryptophan.
Life
Mendel was born in Delhi, New York, son of Benedict Mendel, a merchant born in Aufhausen, Germany in 1833, and Pauline Ullman, born in Eschenau, Germany. His father immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1851, his mother in 1870.
At 15, he won a New York State scholarship. Mendel studied classics, economics and the humanities, as well as biology and chemistry at Yale University and graduated with honors in 1891.
He then began graduate work at the Sheffield Scientific School on a fellowship and studied physiological chemistry under Russell Henry Chittenden. He finished his Ph.D. 1893 after only two years; his thesis topic was the study of the seed storage protein edestin extracted from hemp seed. Upon graduation, he began as an assistant at the Sheffield School in Physiological chemistry. He also studied in Germany and was made an assistant professor on his return in 1896. He became a full professor in 1903 with appointments in the Yale School of Medicine and the Yale Graduate School as well as Sheffield.
With Chittenden, Mendel became one of the founders of the science of nutrition. Together with longtime collaborator Thomas B. Osborne he established essential amino acids. As early as 1910 he found an important growth factor...later to be known as vitamin B. In 1903, at age 31, he was appointed full professor of physiological chemistry. In promoting Mendel, Yale made him one of the first high-ranking Jewish professors in the United States. Capping his illustrious career Mendel was appointed Sterling Professor of Physiological Chemistry in 1921. Of the twenty professors to be designated Sterling professors in the decade following their inception in 1920, only two were selected before Mendel. Of the twenty, M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics%20Core%20Next | Graphics Core Next (GCN) is the codename for a series of microarchitectures and an instruction set architecture that were developed by AMD for its GPUs as the successor to its TeraScale microarchitecture. The first product featuring GCN was launched on January 9, 2012.
GCN is a reduced instruction set SIMD microarchitecture contrasting the very long instruction word SIMD architecture of TeraScale. GCN requires considerably more transistors than TeraScale, but offers advantages for general-purpose GPU (GPGPU) computation due to a simpler compiler.
GCN graphics chips were fabricated with CMOS at 28 nm, and with FinFET at 14 nm (by Samsung Electronics and GlobalFoundries) and 7 nm (by TSMC), available on selected models in AMD's Radeon HD 7000, HD 8000, 200, 300, 400, 500 and Vega series of graphics cards, including the separately released Radeon VII. GCN was also used in the graphics portion of Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), such as those in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.
Instruction set
The GCN instruction set is owned by AMD and was developed specifically for GPUs. It has no micro-operation for division.
Documentation is available for:
the Graphics Core Next 1 instruction set,
the Graphics Core Next 2 instruction set,
the Graphics Core Next 3 and 4 instruction sets,
the Graphics Core Next 5 instruction set, and
the "Vega" 7nm instruction set architecture (also referred to as Graphics Core Next 5.1).
An LLVM compiler back end is available for the GCN instruction set. It is used by Mesa 3D.
GNU Compiler Collection 9 supports GCN 3 and GCN 5 since 2019 for single-threaded, stand-alone programs, with GCC 10 also offloading via OpenMP and OpenACC.
MIAOW is an open-source RTL implementation of the AMD Southern Islands GPGPU microarchitecture.
In November 2015, AMD announced its Boltzmann Initiative, which aims to enable the porting of CUDA-based applications to a common C++ programming model.
At the Super Computing 15 event, AMD displayed a Heterogen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliamphora%20sp.%20%27Angasima%20Tepui%27 | Heliamphora sp. 'Angasima Tepui' is an undescribed taxon of marsh pitcher plant known only from the summit of Angasima Tepui in Venezuela, where it grows at elevations of 2200–2250 m. It resembles H. heterodoxa in many respects, but has a smaller nectar spoon, numerous nectar glands on the outer pitcher surface, and forms large clumps up to 1.5 m across. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20force-field%20implementations | This is a table of notable computer programs implementing molecular mechanics force fields.
See also
Force field (chemistry)
List of software for Monte Carlo molecular modeling
Molecular mechanics
Molecular design software
Molecule editor
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Molecular modeling on GPU |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane-associated%20guanylate%20kinase | The membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUK) are a superfamily of proteins. The MAGUKs are defined by their inclusion of PDZ, SH3 and GUK domains, although many of them also contain regions homologous of CaMKII, WW and L27 domains. The GUK domain that they have is structurally very similar to that of the guanylate kinases, however it is known to be catalytically inactive as the P-Loop which binds ATP is absent. It is thought that the MAGUKs have subfunctionalized the GUK domain for their own purposes, primarily based on its ability to form protein–protein interactions with cytoskeleton proteins, microtubule/actin based machinery and molecules involved in signal transduction.
MAGUKs also contain multiple PDZ domains, or short peptide binding sequences commonly bind to the C-terminus of interacting proteins. The number of PDZ domain copies varies between different members of the MAGUK family. The PDZ domains found within each family member often have different binding partners, due to variations in their amino acid compositions. The SH3 domain is again a protein–protein interaction domain. Its family generally bind to PXXP sites, but in MAGUKs it is known to bind to other sites as well. One of the most well known features is that it can form an intramolecular bond with the GUK domain, creating what is known as a GUK-SH3 'closed' state.
Examples
Humans genes encoding members of the MAGUK protein superfamily include:
DLG1, DLG2, DLG3, DLG4, DLG5 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WaferCatalyst | WaferCatalyst is a Multi-Project Wafer (MPW) consolidation service by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia. WaferCatalyst is a concept to silicon service and provides a number of tools for community building in the field of integrated circuit (IC) design. These include Multi-project wafer service fabrication, multi-layer mask (MLM), design support, consultancy services and fabrication support.
History
Microsystems Infrastructure Development initiative (MIDI) was launched by Micro-Sensors Division (MSD) under the National Center of Electronics, Communications and Photonics in early 2012 and was chartered to create and develop integrated circuit ecosystem in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The service developed as a result of this initiative is called 'WaferCatalyst' which has been chartered to serve Saudi Arabia, greater Middle East & North Africa region as well as the global community in semiconductor design. It was formally launched on 28 April 2013 by H.H. Prince Dr. Turki bin Saud bin Mohammad Al Saud, Vice President for Research Institutes of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Programs
WaferCatalyst has a number of programs to enhance the ecosystem in IC development area. These include support services through its Support and Design Portal, support on process development kits, support for universities in taping out of ICs, project titles for undergraduate/post-graduate students and partners program.
WaferCatalyst has been working to develop close coordination and partnerships among the various institutions, research and commercial organizations to add value for themselves while also contributing to the development of a virtual cluster ecosystem.
Related links
Multi-project wafer service
External links
WaferCatalyst Website www.wafercat.com
WaferCatalyst Portal http://portal-wafercat.com
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology www.kacst.edu.sa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainsway | BrainsWay () is an international company that is engaged in the development of a medical device that uses H-coil for deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (Deep TMS) as a non-invasive treatment for depression, OCD, and smoking addiction. The company was founded in 2003 and has offices in the US and Jerusalem.
History
The magnetic coil technology used by BrainsWay's devices, called the "H coil", emerged from research done in the late 1990s and early 2000s at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) by Abraham Zangen, Roy A. Wise, Mark Hallett, Pedro C. Miranda and Yiftach Roth. Most coils used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provide a shallow magnetic field that affects neurons mostly on the surface of the brain, delivered with coil shaped like the number eight. The H coil provided magnetic fields deeper in the brain, and devices using them provide what is called "deep TMS".
The H-coil was patented by the NIH in 2002, and the procedure whereby the H-coil was applied to TMS became known as Deep TMS.
BrainsWay was founded in 2003 in Delaware by Uzi Sofer and Avner Hagai, together with David Zacut and they set up a subsidiary in Jerusalem, and obtained an exclusive license from the NIH for the patent it filed on the H coil. By 2006 the company had conducted animal studies at Weizmann Institute of Science and had run its first clinical trial assessing safety, at Tel Aviv University.
In early 2007 BrainsWay executed an initial public offering on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange, raising for a market cap of . In 2010 BrainsWay announced plans to list shares of the company's stock on the Nasdaq exchange but withdrew them in June.
In January 2013, BrainsWay received clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and from Health Canada to market its deep TMS device in the United States and in Canada as a treatment for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Evidence to support this use is tentative as of 2013 no high quality evidence is avail |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSS1/SEM1%20protein%20family | In molecular biology, the DSS1/SEM1 protein family is a family of short acidic proteins which includes the 26S proteasome complex subunits SEM1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Drosophila and DSS1 (SHFM1) in mammals. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SEM1 is a regulator of both exocyst function and pseudohyphal differentiation. Loss of DSS1 in Homo sapiens (human) has been associated with split hand/split foot malformations.
DSS1 is playing role as a modifier in a novel protein posttranslational modification, referred to as DSSylation, which is probably targeting oxidized proteins and guiding them to proteasomal degradation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20staining | Differential staining is a staining process which uses more than one chemical stain. Using multiple stains can better differentiate between different microorganisms or structures/cellular components of a single organism.
Differential staining is used to detect abnormalities in the proportion of different white blood cells in the blood. The process or results are called a WBC differential. This test is useful because many diseases alter the proportion of certain white blood cells. By analyzing these differences in combination with a clinical exam and other lab tests, medical professionals can diagnose disease.
One commonly recognizable use of differential staining is the Gram stain. Gram staining uses two dyes: Crystal violet and Fuchsin or Safranin (the counterstain) to differentiate between Gram-positive bacteria (large Peptidoglycan layer on outer surface of cell) and Gram-negative bacteria.
Acid-fast stains are also differential stains.
Further reading
http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/Gram2.htm The Gram Stain Technique |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Animal%20Behaviour | The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) is a British organization founded in 1936 to promote ethology, and the study of animal behaviour. ASAB holds conferences, offers grants, and publishes a peer-reviewed journal, Animal Behaviour, first published in 1953. ASAB also runs a certification scheme so the public are able to seek advice about companion animals from appropriately qualified and experienced behaviourists (‘CCABs’).
ASAB further recognises excellence in teaching and research with awards including the ASAB medal and Christopher Barnard Award. The annual Tinbergen Lecturer is invited by ASAB Council, and gives an invited presentation at the ASAB Winter Meeting held in London each year.
ASAB was founded in London on 13 March 1936 as the Institute for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Julian Huxley was the first president and Solly Zuckerman the first editor of its earlier publication, Bulletin of Animal Behaviour, which began publishing in October 1938. Other past presidents include Geoffrey Matthews (1971–1974) and Christopher J. Barnard (2004–2007) and Jane Hurst.
Pat Monaghan, Regius Professor of Zoology at the University of Glasgow, is President of the ASAB Council as of October 2017.
ASAB organises 3 conferences a year (Spring, Summer, and Winter), typically held in the UK. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167%20%28number%29 | 167 (one hundred [and] sixty-seven) is the natural number following 166 and preceding 168.
In mathematics
167 is an emirp, an isolated prime, a Chen prime, a Gaussian prime, a safe prime, and an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form .
167 is the smallest number which requires six terms when expressed using the greedy algorithm as a sum of squares, 167 = 144 + 16 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 1,
although by Lagrange's four-square theorem its non-greedy expression as a sum of squares can be shorter, e.g. 167 = 121 + 36 + 9 + 1.
167 is a full reptend prime in base 10, since the decimal expansion of 1/167 repeats the following 166 digits: 0.00598802395209580838323353293413173652694610778443113772455089820359281437125748502994 0119760479041916167664670658682634730538922155688622754491017964071856287425149700...
167 is a highly cototient number, as it is the smallest number k with exactly 15 solutions to the equation x - φ(x) = k. It is also a strictly non-palindromic number.
167 is the smallest multi-digit prime such that the product of digits is equal to the number of digits times the sum of the digits, i. e., 1×6×7 = 3×(1+6+7)
167 is the smallest positive integer d such that the imaginary quadratic field Q() has class number = 11.
In astronomy
167 Urda is a main belt asteroid
167P/CINEOS is a periodic comet in the Solar System
IC 167 is interacting galaxies
In the military
Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 167 is a United States Marine Corps helicopter squadron
Martin Model 167 was a U.S.-designed light bomber during World War II
was a U.S. Navy Diver-class rescue and salvage ship during World War II
was a U.S. Navy during World War II
was a U.S. Navy during World War II
was a U.S. Navy during World War I
was a U.S. Navy during World War II
was a transport ship during World War II
was a U.S. Navy during World War II
In sports
Martina Navratilova has 167 tennis titles, an all-time record for men or women
In transpor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 128° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 128th meridian west forms a great circle with the 52nd meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 128th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Beaufort Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of the Baillie Islands, Northwest Territories, (at )
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Northwest Territories Yukon — from British Columbia — from , the mainland, Cunningham Island, Denny Island and Hunter Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Fitz Hugh Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| British Columbia — Hecate Island and Calvert Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Queen Charlotte Sound
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| British Columbia — Vancouver Island
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just east of Henderson Island, (at )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Unclaimed territory
|}
See also
127th meridian west
129th meridian west
w128 meridian west |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20World%20Scenic%20Park | Grand World Scenic Park () is a former amusement park located at Dongpu, Tianhe District on the outskirts of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
Description
The park covers a total area of 710,000 square meters. The total investment in the park is about 56.7 million yuan. The park features replicas of global landmarks.
Closure
A few years after opening, visitor number declined and the park got into financial trouble. As of 2017, the park is rented by a wedding photography business, with most of the attractions being in disrepair.
Worker relations
Since 2005 four fights have been reported by Guangzhou police between the amusement park and Yongshida workers. The disputes involve contracts, power supplies, and dormitories. On April 7, 2009, 40 men rampaged through the park destroying equipment and attacking workers with fishing forks, sticks, knives, iron bars and guns. Six security guards were hurt, including one who was shot. Police arrested 13 people in connection with the attack and seized 16 suspects in Guangdong province.
See also
Window of the World
Daguannanlu station |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant%20Insanity | Instant Insanity is the name given by Parker Brothers to their 1967 version of a puzzle which has existed since antiquity, and which has been marketed by many toy and puzzle makers under a variety of names, including: Devil's Dice (Pressman); DamBlocks (Schaper); Logi-Qubes (Schaeffer); Logi Cubes (ThinkinGames); Daffy Dots (Reiss); Those Blocks (Austin); PsykoNosis (A to Z Ideas), and many others.
The puzzle consists of four cubes with faces colored with four colors (commonly red, blue, green, and white). The objective of the puzzle is to stack these cubes in a column so that each side of the stack (front, back, left, and right) shows each of the four colors. The distribution of colors on each cube is unique.
This problem has a graph-theoretic solution in which a graph with four vertices labeled B, G, R, W (for blue, green, red, and white) can be used to represent each cube; there is an edge between two vertices if the two colors are on the opposite sides of the cube, and a loop at a vertex if the opposite sides have the same color. Trial and error is a slow way to solve this problem, as there are 331,776 possible arrangements of the four cubes (6 faces, 4 turns = 24 positions of each cube, times four cubes, totalling 331,776). And the solution is symmetrical 8 ways (if you have a solution, and you flip all of the four cubes forward, you have another valid solution. You can do that move 4 times multiplied by the rotation of every cube 180 degrees around its vertical axis, which gives 8 symmetries in total), so therefore the odds are 331,776 divided by 8 equals 41,472 chance of randomly tossing the cubes into a solution. The puzzle is studied by D. E. Knuth in an article on estimating the running time of exhaustive search procedures with backtracking.
Every position of the puzzle can be solved in eight moves or less.
The first known patented version of the puzzle was created by Frederick A. Schossow in 1900, and marketed as the Katzenjammer puzzle. The puzzle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20dynamics-based%20static%20optimization | Inverse dynamics-based static optimization is a method for estimating muscle-tendon forces from the measured (e.g. through gait analysis) kinematics of a given body part. It exploits the concepts of inverse dynamics and static optimization (in opposition to dynamic programming). Joint moments are obtained by inverse dynamics and then, knowing muscular moment arms, a static optimization process is carried on to evaluate optimal single-muscle forces for the system
which is an underdetermined system.
General concepts
We can solve the inverse dynamics of a system to obtain joint torques and nonetheless be unable to estimate the forces exerted by single muscles even knowing the exact geometry of our joints and muscles due to the redundancy of our system. Through an optimization approach we could find a way to understand how our central nervous system chooses its control strategies so as to optimize some aspects of movement production (e.g. minimizing metabolic cost).
Dynamic equations of motion
We use here the matricial form of the equations of motion
in which we are considering a body part with joints and muscles. Then
are the vectors of generalized coordinates, general velocities and general accelerations ();
is the mass matrix ();
is the vector of centrifugal and Coriolis forces ();
is the vector of gravitational forces ();
is the vector of external forces ();
is the vector of muscle-tendon torques ().
The vector of muscle-tendon torques can be further decomposed as follows
in which
is the muscle-arm matrix ();
is the vector of muscle-tendon forces ().
The static optimization process
Once we obtain , suppose known from anatomo-physiological studies and that we can't obtain analytically muscle-tendon forces due to the redundancy of the system. Then we hypothesize that the actual muscle forces minimize a given cost function, , subject to equality and inequality constraints. We have then to solve
Usually this is written as
in which
is the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMODS | XMODS were 1:28 scale electric radio-controlled cars. Originally invented by Nobuaki Ogihara in Japan, XMODS were released with several body styles over multiple generations. Due to the popularity of tuner culture in the early to mid 2000's, the cars' primary marketing focus was on customization. This was reflected by the various first party body kits and upgrades released with XMODS. The cars were distributed by RadioShack in the United States, by Hobby Products International (HPI Racing) in Japan, Mirage RC in the U.K. (Distributor of HPI Products in the U.K.), and by Carson Modellsport (Subdivision of Tamiya Germany) in Europe.
Models
XMODS Generation 1
The original, first-generation XMODS were released in the Fall of 2003, featuring semi-proportional steering and modular construction enabling parts to be swapped. Eleven body styles were released with several colors and a body exclusive to Europe and Asia.
For XMODS released through RadioShack and HPI, each car came with a mini-magazine (Super Street for the Japanese models and Hot Rod for the American models), featuring write-ups on selected models and upgrade accessories.
1999 Nissan Skyline GT-R R34 V.spec
Yellow
Black
Blue (Available only in Europe and Asia through Carson and HPI respectively.)
1997 Toyota Supra
Red
White
2000 Honda Civic Si Coupe
Blue
Black
2003 Acura RSX
Released as the Honda Integra in non-U.S. Markets
Silver
2004 Acura NSX
Released as the Honda NSX in non-U.S. Markets
Yellow
White (Available only in Europe and Asia through Carson and HPI respectively.)
2004 Nissan 350Z
Copper
Silver (Available only in Europe and Asia through Carson and HPI respectively)
2003 Chevrolet Corvette C5
Silver
1967 Chevrolet Camaro
Red
1965 Ford Mustang Fastback
Light Blue
2004 Subaru Impreza WRX STI
Blue
White (Available only in Asia through HPI)
Orange Super Taikyu HPI Racing (Available only in the UK and Asia through Mirage and HPI respectively)
Yellow Super Taikyu Fujitsubo Racin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowding | Crowding (or visual crowding) is a perceptual phenomenon where the recognition of objects presented away from the fovea is impaired by the presence of other neighbouring objects (sometimes called "flankers"). It has been suggested that crowding occurs due to mandatory integration of the crowded objects by a texture-processing neural mechanism, but there are several competing theories about the underlying mechanisms. It is considered a kind of grouping since it is "a form of integration over space as target features are spuriously combined with flanker features."
Crowding has long been thought to be predominantly a characteristic of peripheral vision. Yet, while it is indeed particularly prominent there, it is present in the whole of the visual field, with only its spatial extent varying (governed by Bouma's law; see below). In particular, crowding is of utmost importance in foveal vision, overriding the importance of visual acuity in pattern recognition and reading where crowding represents the bottleneck in processing.
Crowding is prominently present in amblyopia and has been first mentioned in that context and studied quantitatively there. Crowding deficits have further been found in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism and may have clinical implications in these disorders. It is also suggested that head injuries can cause a crowding effect. Normally sighted children up to the age of about eight years further have more pronounced crowding than adults, and this may be the reason for larger print in children's books.
Bouma's law
The extent of crowding is mostly independent of a letter's or form's size, unlike what is the case in acuity. Instead, it depends very systematically on the distance to its neighbors. If the latter is above a critical value, crowding vanishes. In 1970, Herman Bouma has described a rule-of-thumb for that critical distance, stating that it amounts to about half the eccentricity value under which the crowded letter is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makers%20Academy | Makers Academy (Makers) is a 16-week computer programming bootcamp in London. It was founded by Rob Johnson and Evgeny Shadchnev in December 2012.
Programme
Makers Academy (Makers) takes students with varying levels of prior experience computer programming and teaches them the fundamentals of web development. The aim is to help students develop the necessary skills to secure a role as a junior developer upon graduation. The course covers professional web development technologies such as Ruby on Rails, HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, jQuery, SQL, Ajax and softer skills, including Object-oriented design, Test Driven Development, Agile Methodology and version control with Git. The main course is preceded by a 4-week, part-time, online 'pre-course', which students have to complete first. The application process is highly selective, and the average student has a number of years of prior work experience before applying. Makers offers a limited number of free places to those who cannot afford to pay the usual £8,500 fee (US$8,300) through scholarships and through free places, funded by the Department for Education's Skills Bootcamp programme.
The program adopts a "learn by doing" approach, achieved largely through self-directed, project-based work. Students are encouraged to work in pairs on practical coding challenges, with weekly tests, culminating in a final project which is presented to hiring partners on "Demo Day". The organization claims to support 100% of its graduates into jobs, though data to verify this claim is not publicly available. The students who have graduated are often put forward for roles by the Academy, which has relationships with employers like Marks & Spencer, Sky, The Financial Times and Deloitte Digital.
Reception
Makers Academy has been featured on Sky News, in The Guardian, The Independent, Tech City News, Forbes, MadeInShoreditch, ComputerWeekly, StartupBook, and TechWeekEurope. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20inhibition | In neurobiology, lateral inhibition is the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. Lateral inhibition disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction. This creates a contrast in stimulation that allows increased sensory perception. It is also referred to as lateral antagonism and occurs primarily in visual processes, but also in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that utilize lateral inhibition appear primarily in the cerebral cortex and thalamus and make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial lateral inhibition has been incorporated into artificial sensory systems, such as vision chips, hearing systems, and optical mice. An often under-appreciated point is that although lateral inhibition is visualised in a spatial sense, it is also thought to exist in what is known as "lateral inhibition across abstract dimensions." This refers to lateral inhibition between neurons that are not adjacent in a spatial sense, but in terms of modality of stimulus. This phenomenon is thought to aid in colour discrimination.
History
The concept of neural inhibition (in motor systems) was well known to Descartes and his contemporaries.
Sensory inhibition in vision was inferred by Ernst Mach in 1865 as depicted in his mach band.
Inhibition in single sensory neurons was discovered and investigated starting in 1949 by Haldan K. Hartline when he used logarithms to express the effect of Ganglion receptive fields. His algorithms also help explain the experiment conducted by David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel that expressed a variation of sensory processing, including lateral inhibition, within different species.
In 1956, Hartline revisited this concept of lateral inhibition in horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eyes, during an experiment conducted with the aid of Henry G Wagner and Floyd Ratliff. Hartline explored the anatomy of ommatidia in the horseshoe crab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20fluctuations | Primordial fluctuations are density variations in the early universe which are considered the seeds of all structure in the universe. Currently, the most widely accepted explanation for their origin is in the context of cosmic inflation. According to the inflationary paradigm, the exponential growth of the scale factor during inflation caused quantum fluctuations of the inflaton field to be stretched to macroscopic scales, and, upon leaving the horizon, to "freeze in".
At the later stages of radiation- and matter-domination, these fluctuations re-entered the horizon, and thus set the initial conditions for structure formation.
The statistical properties of the primordial fluctuations can be inferred from observations of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background and from measurements of the distribution of matter, e.g., galaxy redshift surveys. Since the fluctuations are believed to arise from inflation, such measurements can also set constraints on parameters within inflationary theory.
Formalism
Primordial fluctuations are typically quantified by a power spectrum which gives the power of the variations as a function of spatial scale. Within this formalism, one usually considers the fractional energy density of the fluctuations, given by:
where is the energy density, its average and the wavenumber of the fluctuations. The power spectrum can then be defined via the ensemble average of the Fourier components:
There are both scalar and tensor modes of fluctuations.
Scalar modes
Scalar modes have the power spectrum
Many inflationary models predict that the scalar component of the fluctuations obeys a power law in which
For scalar fluctuations, is referred to as the scalar spectral index, with corresponding to scale invariant fluctuations.
The scalar spectral index describes how the density fluctuations vary with scale. As the size of these fluctuations depends upon the inflaton's motion when these quantum fluctuations are becoming super-horizon size |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20migration | Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region).
The movement often occurs over long distances and from one country to another (external migration), but internal migration (within a single country) is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form of human migration globally.
Migration is often associated with better human capital at both individual and household level, and with better access to migration networks, facilitating a possible second move. It has a high potential to improve human development, and some studies confirm that migration is the most direct route out of poverty.
Age is also important for both work and non-work migration.
People may migrate as individuals, in family units or in large groups. There are four major forms of migration: invasion, conquest, colonization and emigration/immigration.
Persons moving from their home due to forced displacement (such as a natural disaster or civil disturbance) may be described as displaced persons or, if remaining in the home country, internally-displaced persons.
An individual who flees to a different country due to political, religious, or other types of persecution in their home country can formally request shelter in the host country. This person is commonly referred to as an asylum seeker. If the application is approved, their legal classification changes to that of a refugee.
Definition
Depending on the goal and reason for relocation, migrants can be divided into three categories: migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Each category is defined broadly as the combination of circumstances that motivate a person to change their location.
As such, migrants are traditionally described as persons who change the country of residence for general reasons. These purposes may include better job opportunities or healthcare needs. This term is the most widely understood, as anyone changing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance%20Scharff | Constance Scharff (born 1959) is a German zoologist and neuroethologist and Professor at the Free University of Berlin. She is particularly notable for her research on birdsong, neurogenesis and regeneration.
Early life and education
Scharff went to school in Lübeck, Germany and moved to Marburg, Germany, to study biology in 1979. She went on to study experimental neurobiology and neuroethology at Adelphi university in New York with Carol Diakow. From 1984, she worked with Fernando Nottebohm at Rockefeller University where she earned her degree of Ph.D. Studying bird song, the researchers were involved in a series of studies that showed the generation of new neurons in the adult brain. These findings contradicted the then-established view that the brain was equipped with a fixed number of neurons at the time of birth. She moved to Paris in 1991, where she worked at the Institut d'Embryology Cellulaire et Moléculaire. She returned to New York as a postdoctoral associate to work with Nottebohm again in 1994. She was a group leader at the Max Planck institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin from 2001 to 2005 before she became a professor at the Free University of Berlin in 2005.
Work
Scharff studies birdsong in canaries and zebra finches. Here, her work is concerned with mechanisms of learning in acoustic communication and the neural pathways that control it. Further, her work focusses on the control of neuronal regeneration and replacement in adult birds. She was also involved in the decoding of the zebra finch genome. Her research suggested an important role of the gene FOXP2 in sound learning in both birds and humans, leading to a potential better understanding of hereditary disorders of speech.
Since 2012, Scharff is a member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
In 2019 she became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
Personal life
Scharff has two daughters with microbiologist Arturo Zychlinsky. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint%20functors | In mathematics, specifically category theory, adjunction is a relationship that two functors may exhibit, intuitively corresponding to a weak form of equivalence between two related categories. Two functors that stand in this relationship are known as adjoint functors, one being the left adjoint and the other the right adjoint. Pairs of adjoint functors are ubiquitous in mathematics and often arise from constructions of "optimal solutions" to certain problems (i.e., constructions of objects having a certain universal property), such as the construction of a free group on a set in algebra, or the construction of the Stone–Čech compactification of a topological space in topology.
By definition, an adjunction between categories and is a pair of functors (assumed to be covariant)
and
and, for all objects in and in , a bijection between the respective morphism sets
such that this family of bijections is natural in and . Naturality here means that there are natural isomorphisms between the pair of functors and for a fixed in , and also the pair of functors and for a fixed in .
The functor is called a left adjoint functor or left adjoint to , while is called a right adjoint functor or right adjoint to . We write .
An adjunction between categories and is somewhat akin to a "weak form" of an equivalence between and , and indeed every equivalence is an adjunction. In many situations, an adjunction can be "upgraded" to an equivalence, by a suitable natural modification of the involved categories and functors.
Terminology and notation
The terms adjoint and adjunct are both used, and are cognates: one is taken directly from Latin, the other from Latin via French. In the classic text Categories for the working mathematician, Mac Lane makes a distinction between the two. Given a family
of hom-set bijections, we call an adjunction or an adjunction between and . If is an arrow in , is the right adjunct of (p. 81). The functor is left adjoi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20domain | A network domain is an administrative grouping of multiple private computer networks or local hosts within the same infrastructure. Domains can be identified using a domain name; domains which need to be accessible from the public Internet can be assigned a globally unique name within the Domain Name System (DNS).
A domain controller is a server that automates the logins, user groups, and architecture of a domain, rather than manually coding this information on each host in the domain. It is common practice, but not required, to have the domain controller act as a DNS server. That is, it would assign names to hosts in the network based on their IP addresses.
Example
Half of the staff of Building A uses Network 1, . This network has the VLAN identifier of VLAN 10. The other half of the staff of Building A uses Network 2, . This network has the VLAN identifier of VLAN 20. All of the staff of Building B uses Network 3, . This has the VLAN identifier of VLAN 11.
The router R1 serves as the gateway for all three networks, and the whole infrastructure is connected physically via ethernet. Network 2 and 3 are routed through R1 and have full access to each other.
Network 1 is completely separate from the other two, and does not have access to either of them. Network 2 and 3 are therefore in the same network domain, while Network 1 is in its own network domain, albeit alone.
A network administrator can then suitably name these network domains to match the infrastructure topology.
Usage
Use of the term network domain first appeared in 1965 and saw increasing usage beginning in 1985. It initially applied to the naming of radio stations based on broadcast frequency and geographic area. It entered its current usage by network theorists to describe solutions to the problems of subdividing a single homogeneous LAN and joining multiple networks, possibly constituted of different network architectures. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20Extender | IBM Enterprise Extender (EE) is a standard internet transport protocol for IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) High Performance Routing traffic over IP. Enterprise Extender is analogous to, but independent of, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). EE and TCP traffic can be carried over the same connections.
Enterprise extender was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force and the APPN Implementers' Workshop, and standardized in 1997 in Internet RFC 2352.
Enterprise Extender traffic is transmitted as UDP datagrams. It is integrated with Systems Network Architecture in z/OS systems, and implemented in software, such as IBM Personal Communications of Windows (PCOM), or hardware such as Cisco routers with the SNA Switching Services feature (SNASw), in remote systems. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic%20abstraction | Hypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey is sweet" is transformed into "Honey has sweetness". The relation is created between the original subject and a new term that represents the property expressed by the original predicate.
Description
Technical definition
Hypostasis changes a propositional formula of the form X is Y to another one of the form X has the property of being Y or X has Y-ness. The logical functioning of the second object Y-ness consists solely in the truth-values of those propositions that have the corresponding abstract property Y as the predicate. The object of thought introduced in this way may be called a hypostatic object and in some senses an abstract object and a formal object.
The above definition is adapted from the one given by Charles Sanders Peirce. As Peirce describes it, the main point about the formal operation of hypostatic abstraction, insofar as it operates on formal linguistic expressions, is that it converts a predicative adjective or predicate into an extra subject, thus increasing by one the number of "subject" slots—called the arity or adicity—of the main predicate.
Application
The grammatical trace of this hypostatic transformation is a process that extracts the adjective "sweet" from the predicate "is sweet", replacing it by a new, increased-arity predicate "possesses", and as a by-product of the reaction, as it were, precipitating out the substantive "sweetness" as a second subject of the new predicate.
The abstraction of hypostasis takes the concrete physical sense of "taste" found in "honey is sweet" and ascribes to it the formal metaphysical characteristics in "honey has sweetness". This is the fallacy of reification.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS%2B%2B | The WHOIS++ protocol is a distributed directory system, originally designed to provide a "white pages" search mechanism to find humans, but which could actually be used for arbitrary information retrieval tasks. It was developed in the early 1990s by BUNYIP Information Systems and is documented in the IETF.
WHOIS++ was devised as an extension to the pre-existing WHOIS system. WHOIS was an early networked directory service, originally maintained by SRI International for the Defense Data Network. The WHOIS protocol is still widely used to allow domain ownership records in the Internet to be easily queried.
WHOIS++ attempted to address some of the short comings in the original WHOIS protocol that had become apparent over the years. It supported multiple languages and character sets to help with I18N issues, had a more advanced query syntax, and the ability to generate "forward knowledge" in the form of 'centroid' data structures that could be used to route queries from one server to another. The protocol was designed to be backward compatible with the older WHOIS standard, so that WHOIS++ clients could still extract meaningful information from the already deployed WHOIS servers.
Whilst WHOIS++ as a white pages directory service never really took off compared to competitors such as X.500, it did gain a notable amount of use in the United Kingdom as the underlying search and retrieval protocol of a number of subject based gateways funded as part of the Jisc Electronic library programme. This was achieved using software called ROADS that provided WHOIS++ base and index servers and CGI based web interfaces to WHOIS++ clients. The use of centroids to provide forward knowledge and query routing allowed a subject gateway to not only provide resources to academic users from their own database but also point them at other JISC funded subject gateways that might have useful information.
The WHOIS++ protocol is now designated by the IETF as a historic protocol and is n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOT4 | Acyl-coenzyme A thioesterase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ACOT4 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by the ACOT4 gene is part of a family of Acyl-CoA thioesterases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various Coenzyme A esters of various molecules to the free acid plus CoA. These enzymes have also been referred to in the literature as acyl-CoA hydrolases, acyl-CoA thioester hydrolases, and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolases. The reaction carried out by these enzymes is as follows:
CoA ester + H2O → free acid + coenzyme A
These enzymes use the same substrates as long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, but have a unique purpose in that they generate the free acid and CoA, as opposed to long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases, which ligate fatty acids to CoA, to produce the CoA ester. The role of the ACOT- family of enzymes is not well understood; however, it has been suggested that they play a crucial role in regulating the intracellular levels of CoA esters, Coenzyme A, and free fatty acids. Recent studies have shown that Acyl-CoA esters have many more functions than simply an energy source. These functions include allosteric regulation of enzymes such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, hexokinase IV, and the citrate condensing enzyme. Long-chain acyl-CoAs also regulate opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and activation of Calcium ATPases, thereby regulating insulin secretion. A number of other cellular events are also mediated via acyl-CoAs, for example signal transduction through protein kinase C, inhibition of retinoic acid-induced apoptosis, and involvement in budding and fusion of the endomembrane system. Acyl-CoAs also mediate protein targeting to various membranes and regulation of G Protein α subunits, because they are substrates for protein acylation. In the mitochondria, acyl-CoA esters are involved in the acylation of mitochondrial NAD+ dependent dehydrogenases; because these enzymes are responsible for amino acid catabolism, this acylation renders the whole pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2PRIV | Peer-to-peer direct and anonymous distribution overlay (P2PRIV) was a conceptual anonymous peer-to-peer overlay network introduced at Warsaw University of Technology in 2007. P2PRIV hides an initiator of communications by a parallelization of network nodes receiving or sending user data independently. This concept is contrary to other anonymity networks topologies. The anonymity networks employ a serial communication as a common basis and hide the initiator in a cascade of network nodes forwarding user data consecutively. The main advantage of P2PRIV is viewed as a possibility of providing high-speed anonymous data transfer while anonymous data can be sent directly and independently in the distributed network.
The last update on the web site was in 2009. The official web site is down since 2013.
Description
P2PRIV separates anonymization from user data transport. Before sending data, signalization tokens are forwarded over classical anonymous cascades towards formation of so-called cloning cascades (CC). The well-known anonymous techniques (i.e. Mix network and Crowds' Random walk algorithm) are utilized in hiding the initiator of the CC. Then, after a random interval of time, each CC member (i.e. group of clones and the true initiator) communicates directly and independently with destination nodes. A process of finding the true initiator among network nodes is hard to perform even for an adversary able to collude a significant part of overlay network.
Weaknesses
P2PRIV requires a fully distributed network with distributed information content to assure high-anonymous access to its resources. A utility of P2PRIV in client-server like services, e.g., World Wide Web system, or in hybrid P2P topologies, is problematic in its current form.
See also
Anonymous P2P
Secure communication
Overlay network |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposition%20of%20spectrum%20%28functional%20analysis%29 | The spectrum of a linear operator that operates on a Banach space is a fundamental concept of functional analysis. The spectrum consists of all scalars such that the operator does not have a bounded inverse on . The spectrum has a standard decomposition into three parts:
a point spectrum, consisting of the eigenvalues of ;
a continuous spectrum, consisting of the scalars that are not eigenvalues but make the range of a proper dense subset of the space;
a residual spectrum, consisting of all other scalars in the spectrum.
This decomposition is relevant to the study of differential equations, and has applications to many branches of science and engineering. A well-known example from quantum mechanics is the explanation for the discrete spectral lines and the continuous band in the light emitted by excited atoms of hydrogen.
Decomposition into point spectrum, continuous spectrum, and residual spectrum
For bounded Banach space operators
Let X be a Banach space, B(X) the family of bounded operators on X, and . By definition, a complex number λ is in the spectrum of T, denoted σ(T), if does not have an inverse in B(X).
If is one-to-one and onto, i.e. bijective, then its inverse is bounded; this follows directly from the open mapping theorem of functional analysis. So, λ is in the spectrum of T if and only if is not one-to-one or not onto. One distinguishes three separate cases:
is not injective. That is, there exist two distinct elements x,y in X such that . Then is a non-zero vector such that . In other words, λ is an eigenvalue of T in the sense of linear algebra. In this case, λ is said to be in the point spectrum of T, denoted .
is injective, and its range is a dense subset R of X; but is not the whole of X. In other words, there exists some element x in X such that can be as close to x as desired, with y in X; but is never equal to x. It can be proved that, in this case, is not bounded below (i.e. it sends far apart elements of X too |
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