source stringlengths 31 227 | text stringlengths 9 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozo%20Matsushima | was a Japanese mathematician.
Early life
Matsushima was born on February 11, 1921, in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. He studied at Osaka Imperial University (later named Osaka University) and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics in September 1942. At Osaka, he was taught by mathematicians Kenjiro Shoda. After completing his degree, he was appointed as an assistant in the Mathematical Institute of Nagoya Imperial University (later named Nagoya University). These were difficult years for Japanese students and researchers because of World War II.
The first paper published by Matsushima contained a proof that a conjecture of Hans Zassenhaus was false. Zassenhaus had conjectured that every semisimple Lie algebra L over a field of prime characteristic, with [L, L] = L, is the direct sum of simple ideals. Matsushima constructed a counterexample. He then developed a proof that Cartan subalgebras of a complex Lie algebra are conjugate. However, Japanese researchers were out of touch with the research done in the West, and Matsushima was unaware that French mathematician Claude Chevalley had already published a proof. When he obtained details of another paper of Chevalley through a review in Mathematical Reviews, he was able to construct the proofs for himself.
Matsushima published two papers in the 1947 volume of the Proceedings of the Japan Academy (which did not appear until 1950) and three papers in the first volume of Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan.
Professorship
Matsushima became a full professor at Nagoya University in 1953. Chevalley visited Matsushima in Nagoya in 1953 and invited him to spend the following year in France. He went to France in 1954 and returned to Nagoya in December 1955. He also spent time at the University of Strasbourg. He presented some of his results to Ehresmann's seminar in Strasbourg, extending Cartan's classification of complex irreducible Lie algebras to the case of real Lie algebras.
In spring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyropoulos%20method | The Kyropoulos method, KY method, or Kyropoulos technique, is a method of bulk crystal growth used to obtain single crystals.
The largest application of the Kyropoulos method is to grow large boules of single crystal sapphire used to produce substrates for the manufacture gallium nitride-based LEDs, and as a durable optical material.
History
The method is named for , who proposed the technique in 1926 as a method to grow brittle alkali halide and alkali earth metal crystals for precision optics. The method was a response to the limited boule sizes attainable by the Czochralski and Verneuil methods at the time.
The Kyropoulos method was applied to sapphire crystal growth in the 1970s in the Soviet Union.
The method
The feedstock is melted in a crucible. (For sapphire crystal growth, the feedstock is high-purity aluminum oxide—only a few parts per million of impurities—which is then heated above 2100 °C in a tungsten or molybdenum crucible.) A precisely oriented seed crystal is dipped into the molten material. The seed crystal is slowly pulled upwards and may be rotated simultaneously. By precisely controlling the temperature gradients, rate of pulling and rate of temperature decrease, it is possible to produce a large, single-crystal, roughly cylindrical ingot from the melt.
In contrast with the Czochralski method, the Kyropoulos technique crystallizes the entire feedstock volume into the boule. The size and aspect ratio of the crucible is close to that of the final crystal, and the crystal grows downward into the crucible, rather than being pulled up and out of the crucible as in the Czochralski method. The upward pulling of the seed is at a much slower rate than the downward growth of the crystal, and serves primarily to shape the meniscus of the solid-liquid interface via surface tension.
The growth rate is controlled by slowly decreasing the temperature of the furnace until the entire melt has solidified. Hanging the seed from a weight sensor can pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batter%20%28cooking%29 | Batter is a flour mixture with liquid and other ingredients such as sugar, salt and leavening used for cooking. It usually contains more liquid than doughs, which are also mixtures of flour and liquid. Batters are usually a pourable consistency that cannot be kneaded. Batter is most often used for pancakes, light cakes, and as a coating for fried foods. It is also used for a variety of batter breads.
The word batter comes from the French word battre, which means to beat, as many batters require vigorous beating or whisking in their preparation.
Methods
Many batters are made by combining dry flours with liquids such as water, milk or eggs. Batters can also be made by soaking grains in water and grinding them wet. Often a leavening agent such as baking powder is included to aerate and fluff up the batter as it cooks, or the mixture may be naturally fermented for this purpose as well as to add flavour. Carbonated water or another carbonated liquid such as beer may instead be used to aerate the batter in some recipes. Other substitutes for water are wine, or flavored liquors like curaçao, brandy, and maraschino.
The viscosity of batter may range from very "heavy" (adhering to an upturned spoon) to "thin" (similar to single cream, enough to pour or drop from a spoon and sometimes called "drop batter"). Heat is applied to the batter, usually by frying, baking or steaming, in order to cook the ingredients and to "set" the batter into a solid form. Batters may be sweet or savoury, often with either sugar or salt being added (sometimes both). Many other flavourings such as herbs, spices, fruits or vegetables may be added to the mixture.
Beer batter
Beer is a popular ingredient in batters used to coat foods before frying. One reason is that a basic batter can be made from merely flour, beer, and some salt. The purpose of using beer is so the bubbles in the beer will add body and lightness to the batter. Depending on the type and quality of the beer, it may also add colou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20Bee%20Genome%20Sequencing%20Consortium | The Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium is an international collaborative group of genomics scientists, scientific organisations and universities trying to decipher the genome sequences of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It was formed in 2001 by American scientists. In the US, the project is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, the University of Illinois Sociogenomics Initiative, and various beekeepers association and the bee industry.
First scientific findings show that the honey bee genome may have evolved more slowly than the genomes of the fruit fly and malaria mosquito. The bee genome contains versions of some important mammalian genes.
The complete genome of Apis mellifera has been sequenced and consists of 10,000 genes with approximately 236 million base pairs. The size of the genome is a tenth of the human genome.
The Western honey bee gene sequence showed 163 chemical receptors for smell but only 10 for taste. Besides the discovery of new genes for the use of pollen and nectar, researchers found that, in comparison with other insects, Apis mellifera has fewer genes for immunity, detoxification and the development of the cuticula.
The population genetic analysis showed Africa as the origin and hypothesized that the spread into Europe happened in at least two independent waves.
Data from the scientific collaboration was made available on BeeBase led by Texas A&M University.
BeeSpace led by the University of Illinois is an effort to complete a web navigable catalog of related information.
See also
List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
Sources
Beekeeping organizations
Genomics
Genome projects
Beekeeping in the United States
Agricultural organizations based in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebait | Whitebait is a collective term for the immature fry of fish, typically between long. Such young fish often travel together in schools along coasts, and move into estuaries and sometimes up rivers where they can be easily caught using fine-meshed fishing nets. Whitebaiting is the activity of catching whitebait.
Individual whitebait are tender and edible, and are considered a delicacy in New Zealand. The entire fish is eaten - including head, fins, bones, and bowels. Some species make better eating than others, and the particular species that are marketed as "whitebait" vary in different parts of the world.
As whitebait consists of immature fry of many important food species (such as herring, sprat, sardines, mackerel, bass and many others) it is not an ecologically viable foodstuff and several countries impose strict controls on harvesting.
Whitebait by region
Alboran Sea
The Alboran Sea is the westernmost element of the Mediterranean Sea. Whitebait have been consumed as a favoured element of the diet of peoples living along the northern coasts of the Alboran Sea in Spain, even though sale of these products has been banned.
Australia
In Australia whitebait refers to the juvenile stage of several predominantly galaxias species during their return to freshwater from the marine phase of their lifecycle.
Species referred to as whitebait in Australia include Common galaxias G. maculatus, Climbing galaxias G. brevipinnis, Spotted galaxias G. truttaceus, Tasmanian whitebait Lovettia sealii, Tasmanian mudfish Neochanna cleaveri, and Tasmanian smelt Retropinna tasmanica.
Whitebait were once subject to a substantial commercial fishery but today only recreational fishers are permitted to gather them, under strict conditions and for a limited season.
China
Chinese whitebait is raised in fish farms and plentiful quantities are produced for export. The Chinese whitebait is larger than the New Zealand whitebait and not nearly so delicate. The frozen product is commonly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Capitan%20%28supercomputer%29 | Hewlett Packard Enterprise El Capitan, is an upcoming exascale supercomputer, hosted at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, United States and projected to become operational in 2024. It is based on the Cray EX Shasta architecture. When deployed, El Capitan is projected to displace Frontier as the world's fastest supercomputer.
Design
El Capitan has been announced to use an unknown number of AMD Instinct MI300A accelerated computing units (APUs). The MI300A consists of 24 AMD Zen AMD64-based CPU cores, and CDNA 3-based GPU integrated onto a single organic package, along with 128GB of HBMe RAM.
The floor space and number of racks for El Capitan have not yet been announced.
Blades are interconnected by HPE Slingshot 64-port switch that provides 12.8 terabits/second of bandwidth. Groups of blades are linked in a dragonfly topology with at most three hops between any two nodes. Cabling is either optical or copper, customized to minimize cable length. Total cabling runs .
El Capitan uses an APU architecture where the CPU and GPU share an internal on-chip coherent interconnect.
History
El Capitan was ordered as a part of the Department of Energy's CORAL-2 initiative, intended to replace Sierra (supercomputer), an IBM/NVIDIA machine deployed in 2018. LLNL partnered with HPE Cray and AMD to build the system.
Three El Capitan prototypes – named rzVernal, Tioga, and Tenaya – themselves were powerful enough to be listed on the TOP200 supercomputer list in June, 2023. rzVernal reached 4.1 petaflops. In early July, the first components of El Capitan were installed at Lawrence Livermore, with complete installation expected by mid 2024. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look-elsewhere%20effect | The look-elsewhere effect is a phenomenon in the statistical analysis of scientific experiments where an apparently statistically significant observation may have actually arisen by chance because of the sheer size of the parameter space to be searched.
Once the possibility of look-elsewhere error in an analysis is acknowledged, it can be compensated for by careful application of standard mathematical techniques.
More generally known in statistics as the problem of multiple comparisons, the term gained some media attention in 2011, in the context of the search for the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider.
Use
Many statistical tests deliver a p-value, the probability that a given result could be obtained by chance, assuming the hypothesis one seeks to prove is in fact false. When asking "does X affect Y?", it is common to vary X and see if there is significant variation in Y as a result. If this p-value is less than some predetermined statistical significance threshold α, one considers the result "significant".
However, if one is performing multiple tests ("looking elsewhere" if the first test fails) then a p value of 1/n is expected to occur once per n tests. For example, when there is no real effect, an event with p < 0.05 will still occur once, on average, for each 20 tests performed. In order to compensate for this, you could divide your threshold α by the number of tests n, so a result is significant when p < α/n. Or, equivalently, multiply the observed p value by the number of tests (significant when np < α).
This is a simplified case; the number n is actually the number of degrees of freedom in the tests, or the number of effectively independent tests. If they are not fully independent, the number may be lower than the number of tests.
The look-elsewhere effect is a frequent cause of "significance inflation" when the number of independent tests n is underestimated because failed tests are not published. One paper may fail to mention alternative hyp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP%20holin%20family | The Putative Listeria Phage Holin (LP-Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.51) consists of several small proteins of 41 amino acyl residues (aas) and 1 transmembrane segment (TMS). They can be found in several Listeria phage as well as in Listeria monocytogenes. While annotated as holins, these proteins remain functionally uncharacterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to the LP-Hol family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading
Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier Jr., Milton H. (2013-11-01). "Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1828 (11): 2654–2671. . . .
Saier, Milton H.; Reddy, Bhaskara L. (2015-01-01). "Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications". Journal of Bacteriology 197(1): 7–17. . . . .
Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000-01-01). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of Microbiology 54: 799–825.. . .
Young, R.; Bläsi, U. (1995-08-01). "Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 17 (1-2): 191–205. . . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionomy | Radionomy was an online platform that provided tools for operating online radio stations. It was part of Radionomy Group, a company which later acquired the online streaming platform SHOUTcast from Nullsoft, and eventually consolidated Radionomy into its SHOUTcast service.
Concept
The name of Radionomy is a contraction of two words: radio + autonomy. Radionomy allows users to create their own online radio or listen to online radio, all created and programmed by users. Through a platform called RMO, they can choose music, chronic and radio jingles or they wish to broadcast their radio. They can add their own audio content including own musical pieces, jingles. Moreover, it is possible to make live broadcasts.
Radionomy acquires copyright license for its music content through SABAM. It generates revenue to pay royalties and other operating costs by broadcasting up to four minutes per hour of advertising.
History
Radionomy was founded in September 2007 by four Belgian entrepreneurs: Alexandre Saboundjian Gilles Bindels, Cedric van Kan and Yves Baudechon.
2008
17 January Radionomy held a press conference at the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and announced the public launch of the planned business April 17, 2008.
Late February the alpha version of the Radio Manager is broadcast from a community of beta testers selected based on their radio project. This is the beginning of the beta test.
17 April the Radionomy site opens to the Belgian and French public, allowing visitors to listen to Internet radio stations created on the platform.
17 June Radionomy has released its beta.
2010
Unknown after several beta waves, live function is incorporated into all web radios, whatever the creation date and the number of radio listeners.
2011
February 15 opening of the feature "Play the radio" allowing all producers radios can have a website pre-designed.
March the launch of the advertising Adionomy that allows advertisers to broadcast their advertising on the web radios targetin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20cutaneous%20nerve%20of%20arm | The medial brachial cutaneous nerve (lesser internal cutaneous nerve; medial cutaneous nerve of arm) is a sensory branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus derived from spinal nerves C8-T1. It provides sensory innervation to the medial arm. It descends accompanied by the basilic vein.
Anatomy
Origin
It is the smallest and medial-most branch of the brachial plexus, and arising from the medial cord receives its fibers from the eighth cervical and first thoracic spinal nerves.
Course
It passes through the axilla, at first lying behind, and then medial to the axillary vein, and communicates with the intercostobrachial nerve.
It descends along the medial side of the brachial artery to the middle of the arm, where it pierces the deep fascia, and is distributed to the skin of the back of the lower third of the arm, extending as far as the elbow, where some filaments are lost in the skin in front of the medial epicondyle, and others over the olecranon.
It communicates with the ulnar branch of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
Eponym
The term nerve of Wrisberg (after Heinrich August Wrisberg) has been used to describe this nerve.
However, the term "nerve of Wrisberg" can also refer to the nervus intermedius branch of the facial nerve.
See also
Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm
Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else%20Kr%C3%B6ner-Fresenius%20Foundation | The Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation (Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung in German, or EKFS), founded in 1983, is a non-profit foundation dedicated to the support of medical research and medical-humanitarian development projects.
History
Else Kröner (born in Fernau, 1925–1988) took over The Fresenius Company in 1946 after the death of her mentor and foster father Eduard Fresenius. Kröner led the company until her death in 1988, first as managing director and from 1982 as chair of the board.
To provide continuity in the event of her death and to cultivate the memory of Eduard Fresenius, Else Kröner founded the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation on 7 April 1983. Initially the foundation was provided with a capital stock of 50,000 deutschmarks. Kröner decreed that in the event of her death all her personal assets should be transferred to the foundation.
On 5 June 1988, Else Kröner died unexpectedly, at the age of 63 years.
Purpose of the Foundation
In her will, Else Kröner laid out the foundation's purpose:The Foundation aims to promote medical science, giving priority to the areas of research and the treatment of diseases, including the development of equipment and preparations, such as artificial kidneys . The foundation may support only those research projects whose results are accessible to the general public. The foundation also aims to promote the training of medical professionals, primarily in the field of dialysis, and the promotion of education of especially talented students.
Activities
The main focus of the Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation is financing clinically-oriented biomedical research. Research proposals from all fields of medicine are considered. As of 2016, roughly 1300 projects have been funded, totaling over 200 million euros. It is one of the largest private foundations in Germany.
Else Kröner Memorial scholarships
In 2002, the Foundation awarded the first of two scholarships. Due to high demand and the high quality of applications since 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Product%20Code | The Universal Product Code (UPC or UPC code) is a barcode symbology that is widely used worldwide for tracking trade items in stores.
The chosen symbology has bars (or spaces) of exactly 1, 2, 3, or 4 units wide each; each decimal digit to be encoded consists of two bars and two spaces chosen to have a total width of 7 units, in both an "even" and an "odd" parity form, which enables being scanned in either direction. Special "guard patterns" (3 or 5 units wide, not encoding a digit) are intermixed to help decoding.
A UPC (technically, a UPC-A) consists of 12 digits that are uniquely assigned to each trade item. The international GS1 organisation assigns the digits used for both the UPC and the related International Article Number (EAN) barcode. UPC data structures are a component of Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs) and follow the global GS1 specification, which is based on international standards. But some retailers, such as clothing and furniture, do not use the GS1 system, instead using other barcode symbologies or article number systems. Some retailers use the EAN/UPC barcode symbology, but do not use a GTIN for products sold only in their own stores.
Research indicates that the adoption and diffusion of the UPC stimulated innovation and contributed to the growth of international retail supply chains.
History
Wallace Flint proposed an automated checkout system in 1932 using punched cards. Bernard Silver and Norman Joseph Woodland, a graduate student from Drexel Institute of Technology, developed a bull's-eye-style code and applied for the patent in 1949.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, railroads in North America experimented with multicolor bar codes for tracking railcars, but this system was eventually abandoned and replaced with a radio-based system called Automatic Equipment Identification (AEI).
In 1973, a group of trade associations from the grocery industry formed the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) which, with the help of consultants Larry Rus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut%20driver | A nut driver is a tool for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts. It essentially consists of a socket attached to a shaft and cylindrical handle and is similar in appearance and use to a screwdriver. They generally have a hollow shaft to accommodate a shank onto which a nut is threaded. They are typically used for lower torque applications than wrenches or ratchets and are frequently used in the appliance repair and electronics industries.
Variations include T-shaped handles for providing the operator with a better grip, ratcheting handles, sockets with recessed magnets for holding fasteners, and flex shafts for bending around obstructions.
A spinner handle is a shaft and handle with a drive fitting—most commonly square axle at the end for attaching interchangeable sockets. This allows one to use a single handle with a number of sizes instead of having a separate nut driver for each size. However, a spinner lacks the benefit of a hollow shaft; thus, a common alternative system is a single handle with interchangeable shafts in each size.
See also
Socket wrench
Can wrench |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability | Irritability (also informally called crankiness) is the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli.
When reflecting human emotion and behavior, it is commonly defined as the tendency to react to stimuli with negative affective states (especially anger) and temper outbursts, which can be aggressive. Distressing or impairing irritability is important from a mental health perspective as a common symptom of concern and predictor of clinical outcomes.
Definition
Irritability is the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli. Irritability can be demonstrated in behavioral responses to both physiological and behavioral stimuli, including environmental, situational, sociological, and emotional stimuli.
In humans, irritability may be a significant transdiagnostic symptom or disposition that occurs across or at any point during the lifespan. It is commonly defined as the tendency to react to stimuli with the experience of negative affective states (especially anger) and temper outbursts, which may or may not be aggressive. This definition is well known to have similarities with the definitions of anger and aggression. New hypotheses and data-driven research are focused on identifying what is unique to irritability, anger, and aggression. The definition is broad. It is also consistent with special definitions that are relevant to research and treatment. One definition is that irritability is a low threshold for experiencing frustration. This definition is helpful for experiments because researchers can induce frustration by blocking desired rewards or doling out unexpected punishments. However, it is not particularl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalfopristin | Dalfopristin is a semi-synthetic streptogramin antibiotic analogue of ostreogyrcin A (virginiamycin M, pristinamycin IIA, streptogramin A). The combination quinupristin/dalfopristin (marketed under the trade name Synercid) was brought to the market by Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals in 1999. Synercid (weight-to-weight ratio of 30% quinupristin to 70% dalfopristin) is used to treat infections by staphylococci and by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium.
Synthesis
Through the addition of diethylaminoethylthiol to the 2-pyrroline group and oxidation of the sulfate of ostreogrycin A, a structurally more hydrophobic compound is formed. This hydrophobic compound contains a readily ionizable group that is available for salt formation.
Large Scale Preparation
Dalfopristin is synthesized from pristinamycine IIa through achieving a stereoselective Michael-type addition of 2-diethylaminoethanethiol on the conjugated double bond of the dehydroproline ring
. The first method found was using sodium periodate associated with ruthenium dioxide to directly oxidize the sulfur derivative into a sulfone. However, using hydrogen peroxide with sodium tungstate in a 2-phase medium produces an improved yield, and is therefore the method of choice for large scale production.
The production of the dalfopristin portion of quinupristin/dalfopristin is achieved through purifying cocrystallization of the quinupristin and dalfopristin from acetone solutions.
Physical Characteristics (as mesylate salt)
Antimicrobial activity
Alone, both dalfopristin and quinupristin have modest in vitro bacteriostatic activity. However, 8-16 times higher in vitro bactericidal activity is seen against many gram-positive bacteria when the two streptogramins are combined
. While quinupristin/dalfopristin is effective against staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, in vitro studies have not demonstrated bactericidal activity against all strains and species of common gram-positive |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Low%20Temperature%20Physics | The Journal of Low Temperature Physics is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of low temperature physics and cryogenics, including superconductivity, superfluidity, matter waves, magnetism and electronic properties, active areas in condensed matter physics, and low temperature technology. Occasionally, special issues dedicated to a particular topic are also published. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.57. The journal was established by John G. Daunt in 1969, and the current Editors-in-Chief are Neil S. Sullivan, Jukka Pekola and Paul Leiderer.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balm%20of%20Gilead | Balm of Gilead was a rare perfume used medicinally, that was mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, and named for the region of Gilead, where it was produced. The expression stems from William Tyndale's language in the King James Bible of 1611, and has come to signify a universal cure in figurative speech. The tree or shrub producing the balm is commonly identified as Commiphora gileadensis. However, some botanical scholars have concluded that the actual source was a terebinth tree in the genus Pistacia.
History
Hebrew Bible
In the Bible, balsam is designated by various names: (bosem), (besem), (ẓori), נָטָף (nataf), which all differ from the terms used in rabbinic literature.
After having cast Joseph into a pit, his brothers noticed a caravan on its way from Gilead to Egypt, "with their camels bearing spicery, and balm, and myrrh" (Gen. ). When Jacob dispatched his embassy into Egypt, his present to the unknown ruler included "a little balm" (Gen. ). During the final years of the Kingdom of Judah, Jeremiah asks "Is there no balm in Gilead?" (Jer. 8:22). Still later, from an expression in Ezekiel , balm was one of the commodities which Hebrew merchants carried to the market of Tyre. According to 1 Kings 10:10, balsam (Hebrew: bosem) was among the many precious gifts of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon.
Greco-Roman
In the later days of Jewish history, the neighborhood of Jericho was believed to be the only spot where the true balsam grew, and even there its culture was confined to two gardens, the one twenty acres in extent, the other much smaller (Theophrastus).
According to Josephus, the Queen of Sheba brought "the root of the balsam" as a present to King Solomon (Ant. 8.6.6).
In describing Palestine, Tacitus says that in all its productions it equals Italy, besides possessing the palm and the balsam (Hist. 5:6); and the far-famed tree excited the cupidity of successive invaders. By Pompey it was exhibited in the streets of Rome as one of the spoils of the newl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh%20Mathematical%20Olympiad | The Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad is an annual mathematical competition arranged for school and college students to nourish their interest and capabilities for mathematics. It has been regularly organized by the Bangladesh Math Olympiad Committee since 2001. Bangladesh Math Olympiad activities started in 2003 formally. The first Math Olympiad was held in Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Mohammad Kaykobad, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal and Munir Hasan were instrumental in its establishment.
With the endeavor of the members of the committee, the daily newspaper Prothom Alo and the Dutch Bangla Bank Limited, the committee promptly achieved its primary goal – to send a team to the International Mathematical Olympiad. Bangladeshi students have participated in the International Mathematical Olympiad since 2005.
Besides arranging Divisional and National Math Olympiads, the committee extends its cooperation to all interested groups and individuals who want to arrange a Mathematics Olympiad. The Bangladesh Math Olympiad and the selection of the Bangladeshi national team for the International Mathematical Olympiad is bounded by rules set by the Olympiad Committee. The Bangladesh Mathematical Olympiad is open for school and college students from the country. The competitions usually take place around December–January–February. In the 2014 International Mathematical Olympiad, the Bangladesh team achieved one silver, one bronze and four honorable mentions, placing the country at 53 among 101 participating countries. In the 2015 International Mathematical Olympiad, the Bangladesh team achieved one silver, four bronze and one honorable mention, finishing in 33rd place. Ahmed Zawad Chowdhury, who previously won a silver and a bronze in 2017 and 2016, helped Bangladesh win a gold medal for the first time in the 2018 International Mathematical Olympiad. He had previously missed a gold medal in 2017 by only two marks.
Format
The students are divided into four academic cat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transversality%20condition | In optimal control theory, a transversality condition is a boundary condition for the terminal values of the costate variables. They are one of the necessary conditions for optimality infinite-horizon optimal control problems without an endpoint constraint on the state variables.
See also
Pontryagin's maximum principle
Further reading
Boundary conditions
Optimal control |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20Radio%20Service | Public Radio Service (PRS) is a walkie-talkie personal radio service in the People's Republic of China, including Hong Kong and Macau, but excluding Taiwan. It can be used without a license. It uses 409 MHz. It is also known as PRS409.
It is similar to the American Family Radio Service (FRS) and PMR446 in the European Union.
Technical information
The PRS radios use narrow-band frequency modulation (NBFM) with a maximum deviation of 2.5 kHz. The channels are spaced at 12.5 kHz intervals. They are limited to 500 milliwatts effective radiated power.
See also
70-centimeter band
CDCSS
Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System (CTCSS)
General Mobile Radio Service
KDR 444
LPD433
Multi-Use Radio Service
Personal radio service
Personal radio service#Taiwan
UHF CB
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20letters%20used%20in%20mathematics%2C%20science%2C%20and%20engineering | Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.
Some common conventions:
Intensive quantities in physics are usually denoted with minusculeswhile extensive are denoted with capital letters.
Most symbols are written in italics.
Vectors can be denoted in boldface.
Sets of numbers are typically bold or blackboard bold.
Latin
Greek
Other scripts
Hebrew
Cyrillic
Japanese
Modified Latin
Modified Greek |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor%20sum%20identities | The purpose of this page is to catalog new, interesting, and useful identities related to number-theoretic divisor sums, i.e., sums of an arithmetic function over the divisors of a natural number , or equivalently the Dirichlet convolution of an arithmetic function with one:
These identities include applications to sums of an arithmetic function over just the proper prime divisors of .
We also define periodic variants of these divisor sums with respect to the greatest common divisor function in the form of
Well-known inversion relations that allow the function to be expressed in terms of are provided by the Möbius inversion formula.
Naturally, some of the most interesting examples of such identities result when considering the average order summatory functions over an arithmetic function defined as a divisor sum of another arithmetic function . Particular examples of divisor sums involving special arithmetic functions and special Dirichlet convolutions of arithmetic functions can be found on the following pages:
here, here, here, here, and here.
Average order sum identities
Interchange of summation identities
The following identities are the primary motivation for creating this topics page. These identities do not appear to be well-known, or at least well-documented, and are extremely useful tools to have at hand in some applications. In what follows, we consider that are any prescribed arithmetic functions and that denotes the summatory function of . A more common special case of the first summation below is referenced here.
In general, these identities are collected from the so-called "rarities and b-sides" of both well established and semi-obscure analytic number theory notes and techniques and the papers and work of the contributors. The identities themselves are not difficult to prove and are an exercise in standard manipulations of series inversion and divisor sums. Therefore, we omit their proofs here.
The convolution method
Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma%20%28optics%29 | In optics (especially telescopes), the coma (), or comatic aberration, in an optical system refers to aberration inherent to certain optical designs or due to imperfection in the lens or other components that results in off-axis point sources such as stars appearing distorted, appearing to have a tail (coma) like a comet. Specifically, coma is defined as a variation in magnification over the entrance pupil. In refractive or diffractive optical systems, especially those imaging a wide spectral range, coma can be a function of wavelength, in which case it is a form of chromatic aberration.
Overview
Coma is an inherent property of telescopes using parabolic mirrors. Unlike a spherical mirror, a bundle of parallel rays parallel to the optical axis will be perfectly focused to a point (the mirror is free of spherical aberration), no matter where they strike the mirror. However, this is only true if the rays are parallel to the axis of the parabola. When the incoming rays strike the mirror at an angle, individual rays are not reflected to the same point. When looking at a point that is not perfectly aligned with the optical axis, some of the incoming light from that point will strike the mirror at an angle. This causes an image that is not in the center of the field to appear as wedge-shaped. The further off-axis (or the greater the angle subtended by the point with the optical axis), the worse this effect is. This causes stars to appear to have a cometary coma, hence the name.
Schemes to reduce coma without introducing spherical aberration include Schmidt, Maksutov, ACF and Ritchey–Chrétien optical systems. Correction lenses, "coma correctors" for Newtonian reflectors have been designed which reduce coma in newtonian telescopes. These work by means of a dual lens system of a plano-convex and a plano-concave lens fitted into an eyepiece adaptor which superficially resembles a Barlow lens.
Coma of a single lens or a system of lenses can be minimized (and in some case |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20function | In mathematics, a real-valued function f on the interval [a, b] is said to be singular if it has the following properties:
f is continuous on [a, b]. (**)
there exists a set N of measure 0 such that for all x outside of N the derivative f (x) exists and is zero, that is, the derivative of f vanishes almost everywhere.
f is non-constant on [a, b].
A standard example of a singular function is the Cantor function, which is sometimes called the devil's staircase (a term also used for singular functions in general). There are, however, other functions that have been given that name. One is defined in terms of the circle map.
If f(x) = 0 for all x ≤ a and f(x) = 1 for all x ≥ b, then the function can be taken to represent a cumulative distribution function for a random variable which is neither a discrete random variable (since the probability is zero for each point) nor an absolutely continuous random variable (since the probability density is zero everywhere it exists).
Singular functions occur, for instance, as sequences of spatially modulated phases or structures in solids and magnets, described in a prototypical fashion by the Frenkel–Kontorova model and by the ANNNI model, as well as in some dynamical systems. Most famously, perhaps, they lie at the center of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
When referring to functions with a singularity
When discussing mathematical analysis in general, or more specifically real analysis or complex analysis or differential equations, it is common for a function which contains a mathematical singularity to be referred to as a 'singular function'. This is especially true when referring to functions which diverge to infinity at a point or on a boundary. For example, one might say, "1/x becomes singular at the origin, so 1/x is a singular function."
Advanced techniques for working with functions that contain singularities have been developed in the subject called distributional or generalized function analysis. A weak derivat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20renal%20plasma%20flow | Effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) is a measure used in renal physiology to calculate renal plasma flow (RPF) and hence estimate renal function.
Because the extraction ratio of PAH is high, it has become commonplace to estimate the RPF by dividing the amount of PAH in the urine by the plasma PAH level, ignoring the level in renal venous blood. The value obtained in this way is called the effective renal plasma flow (eRPF) to indicate that the level in renal venous plasma was not measured.
The actual RPF can be calculated from eRPF as follows:
where extraction ratio is the ratio of compound entering the kidney that is excreted into the final urine.
When using a compound with an extraction ratio near 1, such as para-aminohippurate (PAH), eRPF approximates RPF. Therefore, PAH clearance can be used to estimate RPF. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%209370 | The IBM 9370 systems are "baby mainframe" midrange computers, released 1986 at the very low end of, and compatible with System/370. The media of the day, referring to the VAX systems manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), carried IBM's alleged "VAX Killer" phrase, albeit often skeptically.
History
The IBM 9370 was created in the aftermath of the failed Fort Knox project, which attempted to consolidate all of IBM's midrange systems into a single IBM 801-based hardware platform. The announcement described the IBM 9370 as a "super-mini computer" for commercial and engineering/scientific use—compact, rack-mounted, designed for an office environment, not needing a data center to be used.
At the time of announcement the systems were positioned between IBM's midrange systems (IBM System/36 and IBM System/38), and the IBM 4300 mainframe series in performance. The IBM 9370 was partially a replacement for the also-not-so-successful IBM 8100 distributed processing engine. High-level 9370 models were mentioned as a substitution when low-level 4300 models were withdrawn from marketing 1987.
Intended to be sold in large amounts as departmental machines ("VAX killers"), the 9370 initially suffered from lack of software and the failure of IBM to market it properly. Nevertheless, the systems were popular at least with users actually needing System/370 compatibility while not wanting to accept the expense of a larger system (like e.g. smaller software houses) or with users (like some large IBM customers) preferring hierarchically structured distributed processing solutions rigidly managed by central communication controllers like IBM 37xx. By 1990 the 9370 line had around 6,300 installed systems and generated over 2 billion dollars in sales for IBM. The relatively lacklustre commercial success of the 9370 served as an impetus for the creation of the much more successful AS/400 midrange systems.
While becoming part of the IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture in 1988 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy%20Chang | Leroy L. Chang (; 20 January 1936 – 10 August 2008) was an experimental physicist and solid state electronics researcher and engineer. Born in China, he studied in Taiwan and then the United States, obtaining his doctorate from Stanford University in 1963. As a research physicist he studied semiconductors for nearly 30 years at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York. This period included pioneering work on superlattice heterostructures with Nobel Prize-winning physicist Leo Esaki.
In 1993, Chang moved from New York to Hong Kong, switching from industrial research into academia in anticipation of the 1997 transfer of the British colony to China. He was among the first wave of recruits to the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Over the following 14 years he helped build the university's reputation in his roles as dean of science, professor of physics, vice-president for academic affairs, and emeritus professor. He retired in 2001.
Honours bestowed on Chang included membership of the US National Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Academia Sinica, the national academy of Taiwan. Awards received included the International Prize for New Materials (1985), the David Sarnoff Award (1990) and the Stuart Ballantine Medal (1993). Chang's death in 2008 was marked with memorial services, and a symposium in his memory was held the following year.
Early life and education
Leroy L. Chang's family was from Jiutai County, Jilin province in Northeastern China (Manchuria). After Manchuria was occupied by Imperial Japan in 1931, his family escaped to inland China and Chang was born on 20 January 1936 in Kaifeng, Henan province. His father was , a well-known geologist and Republic of China official who was assassinated by the Communists in 1946. His mother, Li Xiangheng, was one of the first group of women elected to the Legislative Yuan in 1948.
After moving to Taiwan, Chang studied electrical engineering at National Taiwan University, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20mass%20loss | Stellar mass loss is a phenomenon observed in stars. All stars lose some mass over their lives at widely varying rates. Triggering events can cause the sudden ejection of a large portion of the star's mass. Stellar mass loss can also occur when a star gradually loses material to a binary companion or into interstellar space.
Causes
A number of factors can contribute to the loss of mass in giant stars, including:
Gravitational attraction of a binary companion
Coronal mass ejection-type events
Ascension to red giant or red supergiant status
Solar wind
The Sun, a low-mass star, loses mass due to the solar wind at a very small rate, solar masses per year.
Gravitational mass loss
Often when a star is a member of a pair of close-orbiting binary stars, the tidal attraction of the gasses near the center of mass is sufficient to pull gas from one star onto its partner. This effect is especially prominent when the partner is a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole.
Mass ejection
Certain classes of stars, especially Wolf-Rayet stars are sufficiently massive and distended that their hold on their upper layers is rather weak. Often, events such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections will then be sufficiently powerful to blast some of the upper material into space.
Red giant mass loss
Stars which have entered the red giant phase are notorious for rapid mass loss. As above, the gravitational hold on the upper layers is weakened, and they may be shed into space by violent events such as the beginning of a helium flash in the core. The final stage of a red giant's life will also result in prodigious mass loss as the star loses its outer layers to form a planetary nebula.
See also
Red giant
Red supergiant
Betelgeuse
Coronal mass ejection
Helium flash |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20and%20safety%20features%20new%20to%20Windows%20Vista | There are a number of security and safety features new to Windows Vista, most of which are not available in any prior Microsoft Windows operating system release.
Beginning in early 2002 with Microsoft's announcement of its Trustworthy Computing initiative, a great deal of work has gone into making Windows Vista a more secure operating system than its predecessors. Internally, Microsoft adopted a "Security Development Lifecycle" with the underlying ethos of "Secure by design, secure by default, secure in deployment". New code for Windows Vista was developed with the SDL methodology, and all existing code was reviewed and refactored to improve security.
Some specific areas where Windows Vista introduces new security and safety mechanisms include User Account Control, parental controls, Network Access Protection, a built-in anti-malware tool, and new digital content protection mechanisms.
User Account Control
User Account Control is a new infrastructure that requires user consent before allowing any action that requires administrative privileges. With this feature, all users, including users with administrative privileges, run in a standard user mode by default, since most applications do not require higher privileges. When some action is attempted that needs administrative privileges, such as installing new software or changing system or security settings, Windows will prompt the user whether to allow the action or not. If the user chooses to allow, the process initiating the action is elevated to a higher privilege context to continue. While standard users need to enter a username and password of an administrative account to get a process elevated (Over-the-shoulder Credentials), an administrator can choose to be prompted just for consent or ask for credentials. If the user doesn't click Yes, after 30 seconds the prompt is denied.
UAC asks for credentials in a Secure Desktop mode, where the entire screen is faded out and temporarily disabled, to present only the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukleonik | Nukleonik was a West German scientific journal covering nuclear physics and nuclear engineering. The journal was established in 1958, shortly after restrictions on nuclear research in West Germany were lifted by the 1955 Paris Agreements. It was published by Springer Verlag until 1969, as Springer Verlag considered that Zeitschrift für Physik was covering nuclear science sufficiently.
Notable papers
(invention of the neutron backscattering spectrometer) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral%20morphology | In botany, floral morphology is the study of the diversity of forms and structures presented by the flower, which, by definition, is a branch of limited growth that bears the modified leaves responsible for reproduction and protection of the gametes, called floral pieces.
Fertile leaves or sporophylls carry sporangiums, which will produce male and female gametes and therefore are responsible for producing the next generation of plants. The sterile leaves are modified leaves whose function is to protect the fertile parts or to attract pollinators. The branch of the flower that joins the floral parts to the stem is a shaft called the pedicel, which normally dilates at the top to form the receptacle in which the various floral parts are inserted.
All spermatophytes ("seed plants") possess flowers as defined here (in a broad sense), but the internal organization of the flower is very different in the two main groups of spermatophytes: living gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms may possess flowers that are gathered in strobili, or the flower itself may be a strobilus of fertile leaves. Instead a typical angiosperm flower possesses verticils or ordered whorls that, from the outside in, are composed first of sterile parts, commonly called sepals (if their main function is protective) and petals (if their main function is to attract pollinators), and then the fertile parts, with reproductive function, which are composed of verticils or whorls of stamens (which carry the male gametes) and finally carpels (which enclose the female gametes).
The arrangement of the floral parts on the axis, the presence or absence of one or more floral parts, the size, the pigmentation and the relative arrangement of the floral parts are responsible for the existence of a great variety of flower types. Such diversity is particularly important in phylogenetic and taxonomic studies of angiosperms. The evolutionary interpretation of the different flower types takes into account aspects of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiconvex%20function | In mathematics, a quasiconvex function is a real-valued function defined on an interval or on a convex subset of a real vector space such that the inverse image of any set of the form is a convex set. For a function of a single variable, along any stretch of the curve the highest point is one of the endpoints. The negative of a quasiconvex function is said to be quasiconcave.
All convex functions are also quasiconvex, but not all quasiconvex functions are convex, so quasiconvexity is a generalization of convexity. Univariate unimodal functions are quasiconvex or quasiconcave, however this is not necessarily the case for functions with multiple arguments. For example, the 2-dimensional Rosenbrock function is unimodal but not quasiconvex and functions with star-convex sublevel sets can be unimodal without being quasiconvex.
Definition and properties
A function defined on a convex subset of a real vector space is quasiconvex if for all and we have
In words, if is such that it is always true that a point directly between two other points does not give a higher value of the function than both of the other points do, then is quasiconvex. Note that the points and , and the point directly between them, can be points on a line or more generally points in n-dimensional space.
An alternative way (see introduction) of defining a quasi-convex function is to require that each sublevel set
is a convex set.
If furthermore
for all and , then is strictly quasiconvex. That is, strict quasiconvexity requires that a point directly between two other points must give a lower value of the function than one of the other points does.
A quasiconcave function is a function whose negative is quasiconvex, and a strictly quasiconcave function is a function whose negative is strictly quasiconvex. Equivalently a function is quasiconcave if
and strictly quasiconcave if
A (strictly) quasiconvex function has (strictly) convex lower contour sets, while a (strictly) qu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafacial%20zone | The parafacial zone (PZ) is a brain structure located in the brainstem within the medulla oblongata believed to be heavily responsible for non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep regulation, specifically for inducing slow-wave sleep.
It is one of several GABAergic sleep-promoting nuclei in the brain, which also include the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus, the nucleus accumbens core (specifically, the medium spiny neurons of the D2-type which co-express adenosine A2A receptors), and a GABAergic nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus which co-releases melanin-concentrating hormone.
Function and location
The parafacial zone promotes slow-wave sleep by inhibiting the glutamatergic parabrachial nucleus (a component of the ascending reticular activating system that mediates wakefulness and arousal) via the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA onto those neurons.
Optogenetic activation of GABAergic PZ neurons induces cortical slow-wave activity and slow-wave sleep in awake animals. In cases of genetic disruption of GABAergic transmizzion from PZ in mice, the mice were observed to go through periods of significantly longer, sustained wakefulness. PZ neurons are also believed to be sleep active, as they express c-Fos after sleep but not after wakefulness.
The parafacial is located within the medulla oblongata, lateral and dorsal to the facial nerve. It overlaps with the alpha part of the parvocellular reticular formation (PCRt), which is thought to govern states of consciousness as well as have some control over sleep-wake sensory signals and mechanisms. However, PZ and PCRt activity are believed to be of separate nature.
Inputs
The parafacial zone receives inputs mainly from three areas: the hypothalamus, the midbrain, and the pons and medulla.
From the hypothalamus, the PZ receives inputs from the hypothalamic area, zona incerta, and the parasubthalamic nucleus; while the zona incerta and parasubthalamic nucleus functions remain largely unknown |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo-optic%20coefficient | The thermo-optic coefficient of a material is the change in refractive index with the response to temperature. This value itself also depends on the present temperature of the material and so has second-order behaviours. At low temperatures (0-400°C), the relationship is linear but at higher ones it exhibits a second-order polynomial behaviour.
Applications
The relationship can be used in temperature measurement by Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs) where if no physical strain is applied, a Bragg's Wavelength shift of 1pm per 0.1°C temperature change can be measured. Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidmesh%20Networks | Fluidmesh Networks was a hardware and software manufacturer of wireless point-to-point networks, wireless point-to-multipoint networks, and wireless mesh networks. Fluidmesh products are used in video-surveillance, enterprise, industrial, railway, maritime, and military projects.
Corporate history
Fluidmesh was founded in 2005 by four Italian engineers: Umberto Malesci, Cosimo Malesci, Andrea Orioli, and Torquato Bertani. Fluidmesh was a spin-off company from MIT where Umberto Malesci and Cosimo Malesci were graduate students in the Department of Engineering. In 2005, Umberto Malesci was a graduate student working at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory with Prof. Samuel Madden (MIT) when he developed Fluidmesh's initial software based on the Roofnet open-source project leveraging Click Modular Router. The Company was initially incubated at the Politecnico di Milano, in Milan, Italy. Over the years, Fluidmesh Networks expanded into the United States, Europe, the Middle East and Latin America, and obtained exposure on the Italian national press and television as a successful example of innovation-driven entrepreneurship in the high tech space. Within ten years, Fluidmesh had sold and installed approximately 24,000 miles of wireless links.
In 2010, Fluidmesh partnered with CCTV camera manufacturer, Pelco.
In April 2011, Fluidmesh Networks announced it had been acquired by Generation 3 Capital and Waveland Investments, two private equity firms based in Chicago.
In 2016, Fluidmesh Networks and Cisco announced a partnership to combine Cisco Connected Rail Solutions and Fluidmesh train-to-ground wireless technology into a single solution.
On April 6, 2020, Cisco announced its intent to acquire Fluidmesh. The acquisition was completed July 7, 2020.
Products and services
Trackside WiFi and Mobile Connectivity for Trains and Railroads
Internet of Things (IoT) for Vessels and Maritime Applications
Wireless Backhaul for fixed wireless |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPP%20model | The Hardy–Pomeau–Pazzis (HPP) model is a fundamental lattice gas automaton for the simulation of gases and liquids. It was a precursor to the lattice Boltzmann methods. From lattice gas automata, it is possible to derive the macroscopic Navier-Stokes equations. Interest in lattice gas automaton methods levelled off in the early 1990s, due to rising interest in the lattice Boltzmann methods.
It was first introduced in papers published in 1973 and 1976 by Jean Hardy, Yves Pomeau and Olivier de Pazzis, whose initials give the model its name. The model can be used as a simple model for both the movement of gases and fluid.
Model
In this model, the lattice takes the form of a two-dimensional square grid, with particles capable of moving to any of the four adjacent grid points which share a common edge, and particles cannot move diagonally. This means each grid point can only have one of sixteen possible interactions.
Particles exist only on the grid points, never on the edges or surface of the lattice.
Each particle has an associated direction (from one grid point to another immediately adjacent grid point).
Each lattice grid cell can only contain a maximum of one particle for each direction, i.e., contain a total of between zero and four particles.
The following rules also govern the model:
A single particle moves in a fixed direction until it experiences a collision.
Two particles experiencing a head-on collision are deflected perpendicularly.
Two particles experience a collision which isn't head-on simply pass through each other and continue in the same direction.
Optionally, when a particles collides with the edges of a lattice it can rebound.
The HPP models follows a two-stage update process.
Collision step
In this step, the above rules 2., 3., and 4. are checked and applied if any collisions have occurred. This results in head-on collision particles changing direction, pass-through collisions continuing unchanged, or non-colliding particles simple r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imd%20pathway | The Imd pathway is a broadly-conserved NF-κB immune signalling pathway of insects and some arthropods that regulates a potent antibacterial defence response. The pathway is named after the discovery of a mutation causing severe immune deficiency (the gene was named "Imd" for "immune deficiency"). The Imd pathway was first discovered in 1995 using Drosophila fruit flies by Bruno Lemaitre and colleagues, who also later discovered that the Drosophila Toll gene regulated defence against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Together the Toll and Imd pathways have formed a paradigm of insect immune signalling; as of September 2, 2019, these two landmark discovery papers have been cited collectively over 5000 times since publication on Google Scholar.
The Imd pathway responds to signals produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) sense DAP-type peptidoglycan, which activates the Imd signalling cascade. This culminates in the translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish, leading to production of antimicrobial peptides and other effectors. Insects lacking Imd signalling either naturally or by genetic manipulation are extremely susceptible to infection by a wide variety of pathogens and especially bacteria.
Similarity to human pathways
The Imd pathway bears a number of similarities to mammalian TNFR signalling, though many of the intracellular regulatory proteins of Imd signalling also bear homology to different signalling cascades of human Toll-like receptors.
Similarity to TNFR signalling
The following genes are analogous or homologous between Drosophila melanogaster (in bold) and human TNFR1 signalling:
Imd: human orthologue = RIP1
Tak1: human orthologue = Tak1
TAB2: human orthologue = TAB2
Dredd: human orthologue = caspase-8
FADD: human orthologue = FADD
Key/Ikkγ: human orthologue = NEMO
Ird5: human orthologue = IKK2
Relish: human orthologues = p65/p50 and IκB
Iap2: human orthologue = cIAP2
UEV1a: human orthologue |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1R27 | Protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 27 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PPP1R27 gene. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrado%20Segre | Corrado Segre (20 August 1863 – 18 May 1924) was an Italian mathematician who is remembered today as a major contributor to the early development of algebraic geometry.
Early life
Corrado's parents were Abramo Segre and Estella De Benedetti.
Career
Segre developed his entire career at the University of Turin, first as a student of Enrico D'Ovidio. In 1883 he published a dissertation on quadrics in projective space and was named an assistant to professors in algebra and analytic geometry. In 1885 he also assisted in descriptive geometry. He began to instruct in projective geometry, as a stand-in for Giuseppe Bruno, from 1885 to 1888. Then for 36 years, he had the chair in higher geometry following D'Ovidio. Segre and Giuseppe Peano made Turin known in geometry, and their complementary instruction has been noted as follows:
The Erlangen program of Felix Klein appealed early on to Segre, and he became a promulgator. First, in 1885 he published an article on conics in the plane where he demonstrated how group theory facilitated the study. As Hawkins says (page 252) "the totality of all conics in the plane is identified with P5(C)". The group of its projectivities is then the group that permutes conics. About Segre, Hawkins writes
The inspiring Geometrie der Lage (1847) of Karl Georg Christian von Staudt provided Segre with another project. He encouraged Mario Pieri to make a translation, Geometria di Posizione (1889), while Segre composed a biographical sketch of von Staudt that was included in the publication.
Segre also expanded algebraic geometry by consideration of multicomplex numbers, in particular the bicomplex numbers. Segre's 1892 contribution to Mathematische Annalen shows him extending the work of William Rowan Hamilton and William Kingdon Clifford on biquaternions. But Segre was unaware of an earlier study of tessarines that had anticipated his bicomplex numbers.
In English, the best-known work of Segre is an inspirational essay meant for Italian stu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20nut%20allergy | A tree nut allergy is a hypersensitivity to dietary substances from tree nuts and edible tree seeds causing an overreaction of the immune system which may lead to severe physical symptoms. Tree nuts include almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, chestnuts, filberts/hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pistachios, shea nuts and walnuts.
Management is by avoiding eating the causal nuts or foods that contain them among their ingredients, and a prompt treatment if there is an accidental ingestion. Total avoidance is complicated because the declaration of the presence of trace amounts of allergens in foods is not mandatory in every country.
Tree nut allergies are distinct from peanut allergy, as peanuts are legumes, whereas a tree nut is a hard-shelled nut.
Signs and symptoms
Food allergies in general usually have an onset of symptoms in the range of minutes to hours for an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response, which may include anaphylaxis. Symptoms may include rash, hives, itching of mouth, lips, tongue, throat, eyes, skin, or other areas, swelling of lips, tongue, eyelids, or the whole face, difficulty swallowing, runny or congested nose, hoarse voice, wheezing, shortness of breath, diarrhea, abdominal pain, lightheadedness, fainting, nausea, or vomiting. Non-IgE-mediated responses occur hours to days after consuming the allergenic food, and are not as severe as IgE-mediated symptoms. Symptoms of allergies vary from person to person and incident to incident.
Potentially life-threatening, the anaphylactic onset of an allergic reaction is characterized by respiratory distress, as indicated by wheezing, breathing difficulty, and cyanosis, and also circulatory impairment that can include a weak pulse, pale skin, and fainting. This can occur when IgE antibodies are released and areas of the body not in direct contact with the food allergen show severe symptoms. Untreated, the overall response can lead to vasodilation, which can be a low blood pressure situation called anap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libhybris | libhybris is a compatibility layer for computers running Linux distributions based on the GNU C library or Musl, intended for using software written for Bionic-based Linux systems, which mainly includes Android libraries and device drivers.
History
Hybris was initially written by Carsten Munk, a Mer developer, who released it on GitHub on 5 August 2012 and publicly announced the project later that month. Munk has since been hired by Jolla as their Chief Research Engineer.
Hybris has also been picked up by the Open webOS community for WebOS Ports, by Canonical for Ubuntu Touch and by the AsteroidOS project.
In April 2013, Munk announced that Hybris has been extended to allow Wayland compositors to use graphic device drivers written for Android. Weston has had support for libhybris since version 1.3, which was released on 11 October 2013.
Features
Hybris loads "Android libraries, and overrides some symbols from bionic with glibc" calls, making it possible to use Bionic-based software, such as binary-only Android drivers, on glibc-based Linux distributions.
Hybris can also translate Android's EGL calls into Wayland EGL calls, allowing Android graphic drivers to be used on Wayland-based systems. This feature was initially developed by Collabora's Pekka Paalanen for his Android port of Wayland.
See also
C standard library
Free and open-source graphics device driver |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciena | Ciena Corporation is an American telecommunications networking equipment and software services supplier based in Hanover, Maryland. The company has been described by The Baltimore Sun as the "world's biggest player in optical connectivity". The company reported revenues of $3.63 billion for 2022. Ciena had over 8,000 employees, as of October 2022. Gary Smith serves as president and chief executive officer (CEO).
Customers include AT&T, Deutsche Telekom, KT Corporation and Verizon Communications.
History
Early history and initial public offering
Ciena was founded in 1992 under the name HydraLite by electrical engineer David R. Huber. Huber served as chief executive officer, while Optelecom, a company building optical networking products, provided "management assistance and production facilities," and co-founder Kevin Kimberlin "provided initial equity capital during the formation of the Company". Dave Huber engaged William K. Woodruff & Co. to raise $3.0 million in venture funding in September of 1993. Woodruff presented the idea to John Bayless at Sevin Rosen in November 1993 that resulted in Sevin Rosen investing $3.0 million April 10, 1994. William K. Woodruff & Co. was a co-manager of Ciena's IPO in February 1997. The company subsequently received funding from Sevin Rosen Funds as a result of a demonstration at its laboratory attended by Jon Bayless, a partner at the firm, who saw the value in applying HydraLite's fiber-optic technology to cable television. Sevin Rosen offered funding immediately, investing $1.25 million in April 1994.
Ciena received $40 million in venture capital financing, including $3.3 million from Sevin Rosen Funds. Other early investors in the company included Charles River Ventures, Japan Associated Finance Co., Star Venture, and Vanguard Venture Partners. Bayless also recruited physicist Patrick Nettles, a former colleague at the telecommunications company Optilink, to serve as Ciena's first CEO, and Lawrence P. Huang, another former |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Environmental%20Modeling%20System%20for%20Surfacewaters | Generalized Environmental Modeling System for Surfacewaters or GEMSS is a public domain software application published by ERM. It has been used for hydrological studies throughout the world.
History
GEMSS has been used for ultimate heat sink analyses at Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant, and Arkansas Nuclear One. In Pennsylvania it has been applied at PPL Corporation's Brunner Island Steam Electric Station on the lower Susquehanna River, Exelon’s Cromby and Limerick Generating Stations on the Schuylkill River, and at several other electric power facilities. River applications for electric power facilities have been made on the Susquehanna (Brunner Island), the Missouri(Labadie Power Station), the Delaware (Mercer and Gilbert Generating Station), the Connecticut (Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant), and others.
Applications of GEMSS and its individual component modules have been accepted by regulatory agencies in the U.S. and Canada. It is the sole hydrodynamic model listed in the model selection tool database for hydrodynamic and chemical fate models that can perform 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D time-variable modeling for most waterbody types, consider all state variables and include the near- and far-fields. GEMSS can also provide GUI’s, grid generation, and GIS linkage tools and has strong documentation.
Features
GEMSS includes a grid generator and editor, control file generator, 2-D and 3-D post processing viewers, and an animation tool. It uses a database approach to store and access model results. The database approach is also used for field data; as a result, the GEMSS viewers can be used to display model results, field data or both, a capability useful for understanding the behavior of the prototype as well as for calibrating the model. The field data analysis features can be used independently using GEMSS modeling capability.
Modeling techniques
A GEMSS application requires two types of data: (1) spatial data (primarily the waterbody shoreline and bathymetry, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius%20glyciosmus | Lactarius glyciosmus, commonly known as the coconut scented milk cap, is a semi-edible mushroom in the genus Lactarius. Mycorrhizal, it can be found growing in soil at the base of birch trees in Europe. It is typically coloured a greyish lilac, with the sometimes hollow stem a little lighter coloured than the cap. It has crowded, decurrent gills, and smells strongly of coconuts.
Taxonomy
Lactarius glyciosmus was initially described by the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries as Agaricus glyciosmus in 1818. Its specific name is derived from the Ancient Greek words glukos "sugar(y)", and osmos "smell".
Description
Lactarius glyciosmus is a small to medium-sized agaric, which typically has a convex cap measuring between 2 and 5.5 centimetres, with a small central depression developing with age. Sometimes there is a central pimple, and the cap is typically coloured a greyish lilac, sometimes varying to a pale buff. It is thin fleshed, with an incurved margin in younger specimens. The stem measures between 25 and 65 millimetres in height, with a width between 4 and 12 millimetres. The cylindrical stem is typically widest at the bottom becoming narrower towards the top, or sometimes club shaped. The stem is concolorous with the cap, but sometimes is a little paler or with a yellowish hue. The stem is particularly soft and easily broken, and can become hollow. The flesh is buff. The gills are decurrent and crowded, and vary in colour from a pale yellowish to a pale flesh, turning to a greyish lilac with age. The milk is white with an initially mild, later hot and acrid taste. The mushroom has a strong smell of coconuts.
The spore print is a creamy white colour, and the spores themselves are broadly elliptic in shape, and covered with small warts. The warts are connected by thin ridges in an incomplete network. The spores measure between 8 and 9 by between 5 and 6 micrometres.
Similar species
It is similar to L. vietus, the grey milk cap, but is differentiated by the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20botanists%20by%20author%20abbreviation%20%28E%E2%80%93F%29 |
A–D
To find entries for A–D, use the table of contents above.
E
E.A.Barkley – Elizabeth Anne Barkley (born 1908)
E.A.Barthol. – Elizabeth Ann Bartholomew (1912–1985)
E.A.Br. – Elizabeth Anne Brown (1956–2013)
E.A.Bruce – Eileen Adelaide Bruce (1905–1955)
E.A.Durand – Ernest Armand Durand (1872–1910)
E.A.Flint – Elizabeth Alice Flint (1909–2011)
E.A.Hodgs. – Eliza Amy Hodgson (1888–1983)
E.A.Kellogg – Elizabeth Anne Kellogg (born 1951)
Eakes – Michael James Eakes (fl. 1999)
E.A.Mennega – Erik Albert Mennega (1923–1998)
Eames – Edwin Hubert Eames (1865–1948)
E.Arber – Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870–1918)
Eardley – Constance Margaret Eardley (1910–1978)
Earle – Franklin Sumner Earle (1856–1929)
E.Arm. – Eleanora Armitage (1865–1961)
E.A.Rob. – Edward Armitage Robinson (1921–2013)
E.A.Sánchez – Evangelina A. Sánchez (born 1934)
E.A.Shaw – Elizabeth Anne Shaw (born 1938)
Eastw. – Alice Eastwood (1859–1953)
Eaton – Amos Eaton (1776–1842)
E.A.White – Edward Albert White (1872–1943)
E.B.Alexeev – Evgenii Borisovich Alexeev (1946–1976)
E.B.Andrews – Ebenezer Baldwin Andrews (1821–1880)
E.Barnes – Edward Barnes (1892–1941)
E.B.Bartram – Edwin Bunting Bartram (1878–1964)
E.B.Chamb. – Edward Blanchard Chamberlain (1878–1925)
Eberm. – Johann Erdwin Christoph Ebermaier (1769–1825)
Eb.Fisch. – (born 1969)
Ebinger – (born 1933)
E.B.Knox – Eric B. Knox (fl. 1993)
E.Britton – Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (née Knight) (1858–1934)
E.C.Hall – Edwin Cuthbert Hall (1874–1953)
E.C.Hansen – Emil Christian Hansen (1842–1909)
Eckblad – Finn-Egil Eckblad (1923–2000)
Eckenw. – James E. Eckenwalder (born 1949)
Eckl. – Christian Friedrich Ecklon (1795–1868)
E.C.Nelson – Ernest Charles Nelson (born 1951)
E.Coleman – Edith Coleman (1874–1951)
E.Cordus – Euricius Cordus (1486–1535)
E.C.Wallace – Edward Charles Wallace (1909–1986)
E.Danesch – Edeltraud Danesch (born 1922)
E.D.Clarke – Edward Daniel Clarke (1769–1822)
Eddy – Caspar Wistar Edd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss%20of%20heterozygosity | Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a type of genetic abnormality in diploid organisms in which one copy of an entire gene and its surrounding chromosomal region are lost. Since diploid cells have two copies of their genes, one from each parent, a single copy of the lost gene still remains when this happens, but any heterozygosity (slight differences between the versions of the gene inherited from each parent) is no longer present.
In cancer
The loss of heterozygosity is a common occurrence in cancer development. Originally, a heterozygous state is required and indicates the absence of a functional tumor suppressor gene copy in the region of interest. However, many people remain healthy with such a loss, because there still is one functional gene left on the other chromosome of the chromosome pair. The remaining copy of the tumor suppressor gene can be inactivated by a point mutation or via other mechanisms, resulting in a loss of heterozygosity event, and leaving no tumor suppressor gene to protect the body. Loss of heterozygosity does not imply a homozygous state (which would require the presence of two identical alleles in the cell).
Knudson two-hit hypothesis of tumorigenesis
First Hit: The first hit is classically thought of as a point mutation, but generally arises due to epigenetic events which inactivate one copy of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG), such as Rb1. In hereditary cancer syndromes, individuals are born with the first hit. The individual does not develop cancer at this point because the remaining TSG allele on the other locus is still functioning normally.
Second Hit: While the second hit is commonly assumed to be a deletion that results in loss of the remaining functioning TSG allele, the original published mechanism of RB1 LOH was mitotic recombination/gene conversion/copy-neutral LOH, not deletion. There is a critical difference between deletion and CN-LOH, as the latter mechanism cannot be detected by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)-based |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registry%20of%20Toxic%20Effects%20of%20Chemical%20Substances | Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) is a database of toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference to the validity or usefulness of the studies reported. Until 2001 it was maintained by US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a freely available publication. It is now maintained by the private company BIOVIA or from several value-added resellers and is available only for a fee or by subscription.
Contents
Six types of toxicity data are included in the file:
Primary irritation
Mutagenic effects
Reproductive effects
Tumorigenic effects
Acute toxicity
Other multiple dose toxicity
Specific numeric toxicity values such as , LC50, TDLo, and TCLo are noted as well as species studied and the route of administration used. For all data the bibliographic source is listed. The studies are not evaluated in any way.
History
RTECS was an activity mandated by the US Congress, established by Section 20(a)(6) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (PL 91-596). The original edition, known as the Toxic Substances List was published on June 28, 1971, and included toxicological data for approximately 5,000 chemicals. The name changed later to its current name Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. In January 2001 the database contained 152,970 chemicals. In December 2001 RTECS was transferred from NIOSH to the private company Elsevier MDL. Symyx acquired MDL from Elsevier in 2007 and the Toxicity database was included in the acquisition. The Toxicity database is only accessible for charge on an annual subscription base.
RTECS is available in English, French and Spanish language versions, offered by the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. The database subscription is offered on the Web, on CD-ROM and as an Intranet format. The database is also available online from NISC (National Information Services Corporation, RightAnswer.com, and ToxPlanet (Timber |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Godsil | Christopher David Godsil is a professor and the former Chair at the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization in the faculty of mathematics at the University of Waterloo. He wrote the popular textbook on algebraic graph theory, entitled Algebraic Graph Theory, with Gordon Royle, His earlier textbook on algebraic combinatorics discussed distance-regular graphs and association schemes.
Background
He started the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics, and was the Editor-in-Chief of the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics from 2004 to 2008. He is also on the editorial board of the Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B and Combinatorica.
He obtained his Ph.D. in 1979 at the University of Melbourne under the supervision of Derek Alan Holton. He wrote a paper with Paul Erdős, so making his Erdős number equal to 1.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20non-rectangular%20flags | This is a list of non-rectangular flags, including the flags of states or territories, groups or movements, and individual people.
List
Current flags
National sovereign state flags
Other sovereign state flags
Sub-national territories
Private entities
Former flags |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophysiology | Nanophysiology is a field that concerns the function of nanodomains, such as the regulation of molecular or ionic flows in cell subcompartments, such as glial protrusions, dendritic spines, dendrites, mitochondria and many more.
Background
Molecular organization in nanocompartments provides the construction required to achieve elementary functions that can sustain higher physiological functions of a cell. This includes calcium homeostatis, protein turn over, plastic changes underlying cell communications. The goal of this field is to determine the function of these nanocompartments based on molecular organization, ionic flow or voltage distribution.
Voltage dynamics
How the voltage is regulated in nanodomains remains an open field. While the classical Goldman-Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz models in biophysics provides a foundation for electrophysiology and has been responsible for many advances in neuroscience, this theory remains insufficient to describe the voltage dynamics in small nano-compartments, such as synaptic terminals or cytoplasm around voltage-gated channels, because they are based on spatial and ionic homogeneity. Instead, electrodiffusion theory should be used to describe electrical current flow in these nanostructures and reveal the structure-function. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VRChat | VRChat is an online virtual world platform created by Graham Gaylor and Jesse Joudrey and operated by VRChat, Inc. The platform allows users to interact with others with user-created 3D avatars and worlds. VRChat is designed primarily for use with virtual reality headsets, such as the Oculus Rift and Oculus Quest series, SteamVR headsets (such as HTC Vive), and Windows Mixed Reality, but is also usable without VR in a "desktop" mode designed for either a mouse and keyboard or gamepad.
VRChat was first released as a Windows application for the Oculus Rift DK1 prototype on January 16, 2014, and was later released to the Steam early access program on February 1, 2017.
Features
VRChats gameplay is similar to that of games such as Second Life and Habbo Hotel. The game is made up of thousands of connected worlds, in which players can interact with each other through virtual avatars. Avatars and worlds are created and uploaded by their users using a software development kit for Unity released alongside the game. Player avatars are capable of supporting lip syncing, eye tracking, and blinking, in addition to mimicking head and hand motion. Trends and variations of avatars spread through the community like memes, and avatars themselves are often distributed for free, or sold through online marketplaces such as Booth.
VRChat is also capable of running in "desktop mode" without a VR headset, which is controlled using either a mouse and keyboard or a gamepad. Some limitations exist in desktop mode, such as the inability to freely move an avatar's limbs, or perform interactions that require more than one hand.
In 2020, VRChat introduced Udon, a visual programming language which uses a node graph system. While still considered alpha software, it became usable on publicly-accessible worlds beginning in April 2020. A third-party compiler, UdonSharp, was developed to allow world scripts to be written in C#. In 2022, support for the Open Sound Control (OSC) protocol was added fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux%27s%20formula | In mathematical analysis, Darboux's formula is a formula introduced by for summing infinite series by using integrals or evaluating integrals using infinite series. It is a generalization to the complex plane of the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula, which is used for similar purposes and derived in a similar manner (by repeated integration by parts of a particular choice of integrand). Darboux's formula can also be used to derive the Taylor series from calculus.
Statement
If φ(t) is a polynomial of degree n and f an analytic function then
The formula can be proved by repeated integration by parts.
Special cases
Taking φ to be a Bernoulli polynomial in Darboux's formula gives the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula. Taking φ to be (t − 1)n gives the formula for a Taylor series. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20Sciences%20Research%20Office | Life Sciences Research Organization (LSRO) is a non-profit organization based in Maryland, United States, that specializes in assembling "ad hoc" expert panels to evaluate scientific literature, data, systems, and proposals in the biomedical sciences.
Overview
LSRO was founded in 1962 as an office within the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) to fulfill a US military need for independent scientific counsel. In 2000, LSRO became an independent non-profit organization. It changed its name from Life Sciences Research Office to Life Sciences Research Organization in 2010, and in that same year announced the formation of LSRO Solutions which along with LSRO provides independent, impartial scientific analysis and advice. The organization has a reputation for conducting studies on politically charged issues which are of concern to federal agencies or corporations. Some issues include the dental amalgam controversy, dietary supplement monitoring, and "reduced risk" cigarette products.
It has faced scrutiny for its private clients, particularly in relation to tobacco research.
Past and current clients
Federal government
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
NASA
National Center for Health Services Research
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Office of Naval Research
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
United States Department of Health and Human Services
United States National Library of Medicine
Private sector
American Physiological Society
American Society for Nutritional Sciences
American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Amoco BioProducts Corp
Biothera
California Walnut Commission
Calorie Control Council
ChemiNutra
Dow AgroSciences
Kellogg Company
Keller and Heckman LLP
Monsanto Company
Philip Morris
Porter Novelli
Procter & Gamble
Researc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapdoor%20function | In theoretical computer science and cryptography, a trapdoor function is a function that is easy to compute in one direction, yet difficult to compute in the opposite direction (finding its inverse) without special information, called the "trapdoor". Trapdoor functions are a special case of one-way functions and are widely used in public-key cryptography.
In mathematical terms, if f is a trapdoor function, then there exists some secret information t, such that given f(x) and t, it is easy to compute x. Consider a padlock and its key. It is trivial to change the padlock from open to closed without using the key, by pushing the shackle into the lock mechanism. Opening the padlock easily, however, requires the key to be used. Here the key t is the trapdoor and the padlock is the trapdoor function.
An example of a simple mathematical trapdoor is "6895601 is the product of two prime numbers. What are those numbers?" A typical "brute-force" solution would be to try dividing 6895601 by many prime numbers until finding the answer. However, if one is told that 1931 is one of the numbers, one can find the answer by entering "6895601 ÷ 1931" into any calculator. This example is not a sturdy trapdoor function – modern computers can guess all of the possible answers within a second – but this sample problem could be improved by using the product of two much larger primes.
Trapdoor functions came to prominence in cryptography in the mid-1970s with the publication of asymmetric (or public-key) encryption techniques by Diffie, Hellman, and Merkle. Indeed, coined the term. Several function classes had been proposed, and it soon became obvious that trapdoor functions are harder to find than was initially thought. For example, an early suggestion was to use schemes based on the subset sum problem. This turned out rather quickly to be unsuitable.
, the best known trapdoor function (family) candidates are the RSA and Rabin families of functions. Both are written as exponentiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Nature%20Challenge | The City Nature Challenge is an annual, global, community science competition to document urban biodiversity. The challenge is a bioblitz that engages residents and visitors to find and document plants, animals, and other organisms living in urban areas. The goals are to engage the public in the collection of biodiversity data, with three awards each year for the cities that make the most observations, find the most species, and engage the most people.
Participants primarily use the iNaturalist app and website to document their observations, though some areas use other platforms, such as Natusfera in Spain. The observation period is followed by several days of identification and the final announcement of winners. Participants need not know how to identify the species; help is provided through iNaturalist's automated species identification feature as well as the community of users on iNaturalist, including professional scientists and expert naturalists.
History
The City Nature Challenge was founded by Alison Young and Rebecca Johnson of the California Academy of Sciences and Lila Higgins of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. The first challenge was in the spring of 2016 between Los Angeles and San Francisco. Participants documented over 20,000 observations with the iNaturalist platform. In 2017, the challenge expanded to 16 cities across the United States and participants collected over 125,000 observations of wildlife in 5 days. In 2018, the challenge expanded to 68 cities across the world. In four days, over 441,000 observations of more than 18,000 species were observed, and over 17,000 people participated. The 2019 challenge more than doubled in scale, with almost a million observations of over 31,000 species observed by around 35,000 people.
Taking the competition beyond its US roots, the 2019 event was a much more international affair, with the winning city for observations and species coming from Africa (Cape Town), and three South American |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery%20to%20the%20ductus%20deferens | The artery to the ductus deferens (deferential artery) is an artery in males that provides blood to the ductus deferens.
Anatomy
Origin
The artery arises from the superior vesical artery (usually), or from the inferior vesical artery.
Course, anastomoses, and distribution
It accompanies the ductus deferens into the testis, where it anastomoses with the testicular artery; in this way it also supplies blood to the testis and epididymis. A small branch also supplies the ureter.
See also
Spermatic cord
Additional Images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-based%20modeling | Rule-based modeling is a modeling approach that uses a set of rules that indirectly specifies a mathematical model. The rule-set can either be translated into a model such as Markov chains or differential equations, or be treated using tools that directly work on the rule-set in place of a translated model, as the latter is typically much bigger. Rule-based modeling is especially effective in cases where the rule-set is significantly simpler than the model it implies, meaning that the model is a repeated manifestation of a limited number of patterns. An important domain where this is often the case is biochemical models of living organisms. Groups of mutually corresponding substances are subject to mutually corresponding interactions.
BioNetGen is a suite of software tools used to generate mathematical models consisting of ordinary differential equations without generating the equations directly. For example below is an example rule in the BioNetGen format:
Where:
A(a,a): Represents a model species A with two free binding sites a
B(b): Represents a model species B with one free binding site
A(a!1).B(b!1): Represents model species where at least one binding site of A is bound to the binding site of B
With the above line of code, BioNetGen will automatically create an ODE for each model species with the correct mass balance. Additionally, an additional species will be created because the rule above implies that two B molecules can bind to a single A molecule since there are two binding sites. Therefore, the following species will be generated:
4. A(a!1,a!2).B(b!1).B(b!2): Molecule A with both binding sites occupied by two different B molecules.
For biochemical systems
Early efforts to use rule-based modeling in simulation of biochemical systems include the stochastic simulation systems StochSim
A widely used tool for rule-based modeling of biochemical networks is BioNetGen It is released under the GNU GPL, version 3. BioNetGen includes a language to de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophosomia | Strophosomia is a severe form of congenital ventral fissure, all abdominal and thoracic viscera being free in the uterus.
It is an extreme case of celosomia.
In humans
It is a very rare dysmorphic feature in humans.
In farm animals
The condition occurs regularly in calves and lambs. The spine is flexed 180° so that the caudal region is near the neck, in so-called Schizosoma reflexum.
During the obstetrical operations, the viscera are reached first, but the four limbs fold backwards may be barely accessible.
Cesarian section is often required in cows. Fetotomy can resolve the condition in ewes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20blood%20analysis | Live blood analysis (LBA), live cell analysis, Hemaview or nutritional blood analysis is the use of high-resolution dark field microscopy to observe live blood cells. Live blood analysis is promoted by some alternative medicine practitioners, who assert that it can diagnose a range of diseases. There is no scientific evidence that live blood analysis is reliable or effective, and it has been described as a fraudulent means of convincing people that they are ill and should purchase dietary supplements.
Live blood analysis is not accepted in laboratory practice and its validity as a laboratory test has not been established. There is no scientific evidence for the validity of live blood analysis, it has been described as a pseudoscientific, bogus and fraudulent medical test, and its practice has been dismissed by the medical profession as quackery. The field of live blood microscopy is unregulated, there is no training requirement for practitioners and no recognised qualification, no recognised medical validity to the results, and proponents have made false claims about both medical blood pathology testing and their own services, which some have refused to amend when instructed by the Advertising Standards Authority.
It has its origins in the now-discarded theories of pleomorphism promoted by Günther Enderlein, notably in his 1925 book Bakterien-Cyklogenie.
In January 2014 prominent live blood proponent and teacher Robert O. Young was arrested and charged for practising medicine without a license, and in March 2014 Errol Denton, a former student of his, a UK live blood practitioner, was convicted on nine counts in a rare prosecution under the Cancer Act 1939, followed in May 2014 by another former student, Stephen Ferguson.
Overview
Proponents claim that live blood analysis provides information "about the state of the immune system, possible vitamin deficiencies, amount of toxicity, pH and mineral imbalance, areas of concern and weaknesses, fungus and yeast." Some |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedobarography | Pedobarography is the study of pressure fields acting between the plantar surface of the foot and a supporting surface. Used most often for biomechanical analysis of gait and posture, pedobarography is employed in a wide range of applications including sports biomechanics and gait biometrics. The term 'pedobarography' is derived from the Latin: pedes, referring to the foot (as in: pedometer, pedestrian, etc.), and the Greek: baros meaning 'weight' and also 'pressure' (as in: barometer, barograph).
History
The first documented pedobarographic study was published in 1882 and used rubber and ink to record foot pressures. Numerous studies using similar apparatus were conducted in the early- and mid-twentieth century, but it was not until the advent of the personal computer that electronic apparatus were developed and that pedobarography became practical for routine clinical use. It is now used widely to assess and correct a variety of biomechanical and neuropathic disorders.
Hardware
Devices fall into two main categories: (i) floor-based, and (ii) in-shoe. The underlying technology is diverse, ranging from piezoelectric sensor arrays to light refraction,
but the ultimate form of the data generated by all modern technologies is either a 2D image or a 2D image time series of the pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot. Currently, there are several commercial pressure measurement systems and they generally use capacitive or resistive sensors. Studies have shown that capacitive sensors are more valid and reliable than resistive sensors when used continuously for a longer period of time. From these data other variables may be calculated (see Data analysis).
There are a few differences between the types of information you will received from these two systems, so depending on the application one system might be a better fit. For example, a floor-based system will provide spatial temporal information, like stride length that an in-shoe system cannot provide. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%20%28number%29 | 12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. Twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 6.
It is the number of years required for an orbital period of Jupiter. It is central to many systems of timekeeping, including the Western calendar and units of time of day and frequently appears in the world's major religions.
Name
Twelve is the largest number with a single-syllable name in English. Early Germanic numbers have been theorized to have been non-decimal: evidence includes the unusual phrasing of eleven and twelve, the former use of "hundred" to refer to groups of 120, and the presence of glosses such as "tentywise" or "ten-count" in medieval texts showing that writers could not presume their readers would normally understand them that way. Such uses gradually disappeared with the introduction of Arabic numerals during the 12th-century Renaissance.
Derived from Old English, and are first attested in the 10th-century Lindisfarne Gospels' Book of John. It has cognates in every Germanic language (e.g. German ), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as , from ("two") and suffix or of uncertain meaning. It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian , although is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to "-teen"). Every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of "two"+"ten", such as the Latin . The usual ordinal form is "twelfth" but "dozenth" or "duodecimal" (from the Latin word) is also used in some contexts, particularly base-12 numeration. Similarly, a group of twelve things is usually a "dozen" but may also be referred to as a "dodecad" or "duodecad". The adjective referring to a group of twelve is "duodecuple".
As with eleven, the earliest forms of twelve are often considered to be connected with Proto-Germanic or ("to leave"), with the implicit meaning that "two is left" after having already counted to ten. The Lithuanian suffix is also considered to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good%20luck%20knot | The Good luck knot can be seen in images carved on a statue of the East Asian Goddess of Mercy, Guanyin, which was created between AD 557 and 588, and later found in a cave in northwest China.
See also
List of knots
Chinese knotting
External links
tying video |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine%20Views | Nine Views () is an ambiental installation in Zagreb, Croatia which, together with the sculpture Prizemljeno Sunce (The Grounded Sun), comprises a scale model of the Solar System.
Prizemljeno Sunce by Ivan Kožarić was first displayed in 1971 by the building of the Croatian National Theatre, and since then changed location a few times. Since 1994, it has been situated in Bogovićeva Street. It is a bronze sphere around in diameter.
In 2004, artist Davor Preis had a two-week exhibition in the Josip Račić Exhibition Hall in Margaretska Street in Zagreb, and afterwards, he placed 9 models of the planets of the Solar System around Zagreb, to complete a model of the entire solar system. The models' sizes as well as their distances from the Prizemljeno Sunce are all in the same scale as the Prizemljeno Sunce itself.
Preis did this installation with very little or no publicity, so his installation is not well known among citizens of Zagreb. On a few occasions, individuals or small groups of people, particularly physics students, "discovered" that there was a model of the Solar System in Zagreb. One of the earliest efforts to find all of the planets was started in November 2004 on the web forum of the student section of the Croatian Physics Society.
The locations of the planets are as follows:
Mercury - 3 Margaretska Street
Venus - 3 Ban Josip Jelačić Square
Earth - 9 Varšavska Street
Mars - 21 Tkalčićeva Street
Jupiter - 71 Voćarska Street
Saturn - 1 Račićeva Street
Uranus - 9 Siget (not at the residential building but at the garage across the street)
Neptune - Kozari 17
Pluto - Bologna Alley (underpass) - included in the installation before being demoted to dwarf planet (someone has since ripped Pluto off, however the plaque remains)
The system is at scale 1:680 000 000. Earth's model is about in diameter and is distance from the Sun's model, while Pluto's model is away from it.
Gallery
See also
Monument to the Sun, a Solar System model in Zadar, Croatia
Solar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20landscape | A natural landscape is the original landscape that exists before it is acted upon by human culture. The natural landscape and the cultural landscape are separate parts of the landscape. However, in the 21st century, landscapes that are totally untouched by human activity no longer exist, so that reference is sometimes now made to degrees of naturalness within a landscape.
In Silent Spring (1962) Rachel Carson describes a roadside verge as it used to look: "Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the traveler’s eye through much of the year" and then how it looks now following the use of herbicides: "The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire". Even though the landscape before it is sprayed is biologically degraded, and may well contains alien species, the concept of what might constitute a natural landscape can still be deduced from the context.
The phrase "natural landscape" was first used in connection with landscape painting, and landscape gardening, to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, closer to nature. Alexander von Humboldt (1769 – 1859) was to further conceptualize this into the idea of a natural landscape separate from the cultural landscape. Then in 1908 geographer Otto Schlüter developed the terms original landscape (Urlandschaft) and its opposite cultural landscape (Kulturlandschaft) in an attempt to give the science of geography a subject matter that was different from the other sciences. An early use of the actual phrase "natural landscape" by a geographer can be found in Carl O. Sauer's paper "The Morphology of Landscape" (1925).
Origins of the term
The concept of a natural landscape was first developed in connection with landscape painting, though the actual term itself was first used in relation to landscape gardening. In both cases it was used to contrast a formal style with a more natural one, that is closer to nature. Chu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xak%20II%3A%20Rising%20of%20the%20Redmoon | Xak II: Rising of the Redmoon is a fantasy role-playing video game developed and published by the Japanese software developer MicroCabin. It is a direct sequel to Xak: The Art of Visual Stage (Xak I). The game was released in Japan only, but due to an MSX scene that arose in Europe (predominately in the Netherlands region) some of the MSX versions of Xak received fan translations. An enhanced remake was later released for the NEC PC-Engine, together with the first game in the series Xak as Xak I & II by Telenet Japan's development team Riot.
Setting
Xak II, being a direct sequel to the first game in the series, it features the same high fantasy setting as Xak. The gods' division of the world into Xak, the world of men, Oceanity, the world faeries, and Xexis, the world of demons, as referenced in Xak, is depicted in this game's introduction. In this adventure, the main hero of the Xak series, Latok Kart is exploring a vast region situated around a single central village of Banuwa.
Story
In Xak, the protagonist Latok Kart fought and defeated the demon Zemu Badu. One of Badu's minions escaped, a black-robed man known only as Necromancer. Three years later, Necromancer is able to contact one of his allies from the demon world of Xexis: a fearsome demon called Zamu Gospel. Following a prophecy foretold by an ancient and extremely powerful sorcerer by the name of Amadok, the Necromancer and three other demons (referred to as Demonlords) are attempting to complete a dark ritual which will revive Zamu Gospel into the world of Xak.
The player once again controls Latok, now nineteen years of age. A rumour about the whereabouts of Latok's father Dork has surfaced around the village of Banuwa. Latok and his faerie companion Pixie travel to the village to investigate, but soon run into Gospel's minions.
Characters
Latok is the only playable character in the game. The faerie Pixie accompanies him throughout the game and comments on Latok's actions. She is not controllable b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hund%27s%20rule%20of%20maximum%20multiplicity | Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration, the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity. This implies that if two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling them in pairs. The rule, discovered by Friedrich Hund in 1925, is of important use in atomic chemistry, spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry, and is often abbreviated to Hund's rule, ignoring Hund's other two rules.
Atoms
The multiplicity of a state is defined as 2S + 1, where S is the total electronic spin. A high multiplicity state is therefore the same as a high-spin state. The lowest-energy state with maximum multiplicity usually has unpaired electrons all with parallel spin. Since the spin of each electron is 1/2, the total spin is one-half the number of unpaired electrons, and the multiplicity is the number of unpaired electrons + 1. For example, the nitrogen atom ground state has three unpaired electrons of parallel spin, so that the total spin is 3/2 and the multiplicity is 4.
The lower energy and increased stability of the atom arise because the high-spin state has unpaired electrons of parallel spin, which must reside in different spatial orbitals according to the Pauli exclusion principle. An early but incorrect explanation of the lower energy of high multiplicity states was that the different occupied spatial orbitals create a larger average distance between electrons, reducing electron-electron repulsion energy. However, quantum-mechanical calculations with accurate wave functions since the 1970s have shown that the actual physical reason for the increased stability is a decrease in the screening of electron-nuclear attractions, so that the unpaired electrons can approach the nucleus more closely and the elec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Simpson | Thomas Simpson FRS (20 August 1710 – 14 May 1761) was a British mathematician and inventor known for the eponymous Simpson's rule to approximate definite integrals. The attribution, as often in mathematics, can be debated: this rule had been found 100 years earlier by Johannes Kepler, and in German it is called Keplersche Fassregel.
Biography
Simpson was born in Sutton Cheney, Leicestershire. The son of a weaver, Simpson taught himself mathematics. At the age of nineteen, he married a fifty-year old widow with two children. As a youth, he became interested in astrology after seeing a solar eclipse. He also dabbled in divination and caused fits in a girl after 'raising a devil' from her. After this incident, he and his wife had to flee to Derby. He moved with his wife and children to London at age twenty-five, where he supported his family by weaving during the day and teaching mathematics at night.
From 1743, he taught mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Simpson was a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1758, Simpson was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
He died in Market Bosworth, and was laid to rest in Sutton Cheney. A plaque inside the church commemorates him.
Early work
Simpson's treatise entitled The Nature and Laws of Chance and The Doctrine of Annuities and Reversions were based on the work of De Moivre and were attempts at making the same material more brief and understandable. Simpson stated this clearly in The Nature and Laws of Chance, referring to De Moivre's Doctrine of Chances: "tho' it neither wants Matter nor Elegance to recommend it, yet the Price must, I am sensible, have put it out of the Power of many to purchase it". In both works, Simpson cited De Moivre's work and did not claim originality beyond the presentation of some more accurate data. While he and De Moivre initially got along, De Moivre eventually felt that his income was threatened by Simpson's work and in his second edition of Ann |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEAAN | HEAAN (Homomorphic Encryption for Arithmetic of Approximate Numbers) is an open source homomorphic encryption (HE) library which implements an approximate HE scheme proposed by Cheon, Kim, Kim and Song (CKKS).
The first version of HEAAN was published on GitHub on 15 May 2016, and later a new version of HEAAN with a bootstrapping algorithm
was released.
Currently, the latest version is Version 2.1.
CKKS plaintext space
Unlike other HE schemes, the CKKS scheme supports approximate arithmetics over complex numbers (hence, real numbers).
More precisely, the plaintext space of the CKKS scheme is for some power-of-two integer . To deal with the complex plaintext vector efficiently, Cheon et al. proposed plaintext encoding/decoding methods which exploits a ring isomorphism .
Encoding method
Given a plaintext vector and a scaling factor , the plaintext vector is encoded as a polynomial
by computing where denotes the coefficient-wise rounding function.
Decoding method
Given a message polynomial and a scaling factor , the message polynomial is decoded to a complex vector by computing .
Here the scaling factor enables us to control the encoding/decoding error which is occurred by the rounding process. Namely, one can obtain the approximate equation by controlling where and denote the encoding and decoding algorithm, respectively.
From the ring-isomorphic property of the mapping , for and , the following hold:
,
,
where denotes the Hadamard product of the same-length vectors.
These properties guarantee the approximate correctness of the computations in the encoded state when the scaling factor is chosen appropriately.
Algorithms
The CKKS scheme basically consists of those algorithms: key Generation, encryption, decryption, homomorphic addition and multiplication, and rescaling. For a positive integer , let be the quotient ring of modulo . Let , and be distributions over which output polynomials with small coefficients. These distributions, the i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stixel | In computer vision, a stixel (portmanteau of "stick" and "pixel") is a superpixel representation of depth information in an image, in the form of a vertical stick that approximates the closest obstacles within a certain vertical slice of the scene. Introduced in 2009, stixels have applications in robotic navigation and advanced driver-assistance systems, where they can be used to define a representation of robotic environments and traffic scenes with a medium level of abstraction.
Definition
One of the problems of scene understanding in computer vision is to determine horizontal freespace around the camera, where the agent can move, and the vertical obstacles delimiting it. An image can be paired with depth information (produced e.g. from stereo disparity, lidar, or monocular depth estimation), allowing a dense tridimensional reconstruction of the observed scene. One drawback of dense reconstruction is the large amount of data involved, since each pixel in the image is mapped to an element of a point cloud. Vision problems characterised by planar freespace delimited by mostly vertical obstacles, such as traffic scenes or robotic navigation, can benefit from a condensed representation that allows to save memory and processing time.
Stixels are thin vertical rectangles representing a slice of a vertical surface belonging to the closest obstacle in the observed scene. They allow to dramatically reduce the amount of information needed to represent a scene in such problems. A stixel is characterised by three parameters: vertical coordinate of the bottom, height of the stick, and depth. Stixels have fixed width, with each stixel spanning over a certain number of image columns, allowing downsampling of the horizontal image resolution. In the original formulation, each column of the image would contain at most one stixel, and later extensions were developed to allow multiple stixels on each column, allowing to represent multiple objects at different distances.
Stixel e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMPLEAT%20%28Bioinformatics%20tool%29 | Protein Complex Enrichment Analysis Tool is an online bioinformatics tool used to analyze high-throughput datasets (or small-scale datasets) using protein complex enrichment analysis. The tool uses a protein complex resource as the back end annotation data instead of conventional gene ontology- or pathway-based annotations. The tool incorporates several useful features in order to provide a comprehensive data-mining environment, including network-based visualization and interactive querying options.
COMPLEAT may be used to analyze RNAi screens, proteomic datasets, gene expression data and any other high-throughput datasets where protein complex information is relevant.
Applications
COMPLEAT has been successfully applied to identify:
Dynamic protein complexes regulated by insulin and epidermal growth factors signaling, including a role of Brahma complex in the cellular response to insulin.
Evolutionarily conserved molecular complexes that regulate nucleolar size when the complex constituents were targeted by RNA interference.
Novel role of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking complexes in Hippo Signaling Pathway. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Goles | Eric Antonio Goles Chacc (born August 21, 1951) is a Chilean mathematician and computer scientist of Croatian descent. He studied civil engineering at the University of Chile before taking two doctorates at the University of Grenoble in France. A professor at the University of Chile, he is known for his work on cellular automata.
Goles was born in Antofagasta, northern Chile.
In 1993, Goles was awarded Chile's National Prize for Exact Sciences. He was President of CONICYT (the Chilean equivalent of the National Science Foundation in the U.S.), and an advisor on science and technology to the Chilean government.
Goles currently teaches and does research at the Adolfo Ibáñez University.
External links
Goles Biography as a Director of the Chilean Millennium Science Initiative
Fuller biography in Spanish at website of CONICYT
1951 births
Living people
Chilean computer scientists
20th-century Chilean mathematicians
21st-century Chilean mathematicians
Cellular automatists
People from Antofagasta
Chilean people of Croatian descent
University of Chile alumni
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Chile |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Computer%20Olympiad | The South African Computing Olympiad (SACO) is an annual computer programming competition for secondary school students (although at least one primary school student has participated) in South Africa. The South African team for the International Olympiad in Informatics is selected through it.
Competition rounds
The competition consists of three rounds. The first is a pen-and-paper aptitude examination at the entrant's school, testing a combination of general knowledge, computer knowledge, problem-solving and basic programming. (Entrants are often required to program an imaginary robot in a fictional Logo-like language.) Although the first round is not compulsory, it is accessible to those who do not have access to, or knowledge of, computers. 31,926 students entered it in 2006.
In the second round, actual programs must be written and executed. There are five questions, each requiring a different program to be written. Most entrants answer only a single question. The tasks usually include one basic shape-drawing program—for example, the 2004 question "TriSquare" required output such as:
*
* *
* *
*****
* *
* *
* *
*****
The top performers—those who have answered four or five questions in the second round—are invited to the final round. In prior years, between 10 and 15 students were chosen; but the introduction of a new language, and increased funding from the Shuttleworth Foundation in 2005, has increased it to between 20 and 30 students. The final round is held at the University of Cape Town, where finalists stay over a weekend. It consists of two five-hour rounds, the first on Saturday and second on Sunday. The problems are similar to those in the USACO, though somewhat easier. A prize ceremony is held that Monday.
Prizes
The top six entrants are awarded medals (one gold, two silver and three bronze). There are cash prizes, both for the winners and their schools. There were bonus prizes totalling R100,000 for using Python, due to Shuttlewor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordein | Hordein is a prolamin glycoprotein, present in barley and some other cereals, together with gliadin and other glycoproteins (such as glutelins) coming under the general name of gluten. Hordeins are found in the endosperm where one of their functions is to act as a storage unit.
In comparison to other proteins, hordeins are less soluble when compared to proteins such as albumin and globulins.
In relation to amino acids, hordeins have a substantial amount of proline and glutamine but lack charged amino acids such as lysine.
Some people are sensitive to hordein due to disorders such as celiac disease or gluten intolerance.
Along with gliadin (the prolamin gluten found in wheat), hordein is present in many foods and also may be found in beer. Hordein is usually the main problem for coeliacs wishing to drink beer.
Coeliacs are able to find specialist breads that are low in hordein, gliadin and other problematic glycoproteins, just as they can find gluten free beer which either uses ingredients that do not contain gluten, or otherwise has the amounts of gliadin or hordein present controlled to stated limits. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal%20metacarpal%20arteries | Most of the dorsal metacarpal arteries arise from the dorsal carpal arch and run downward on the second, third, and fourth dorsal interossei of the hand and bifurcate into the dorsal digital arteries. Near their origin, they anastomose with the deep palmar arch by perforating arteries. They also anastomose with common palmar digital arteries (from the superficial palmar arch), also via perforating arteries.
The first dorsal metacarpal artery arises directly from the radial artery before it crosses through the two heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicating%20portfolio | In mathematical finance, a replicating portfolio for a given asset or series of cash flows is a portfolio of assets with the same properties (especially cash flows). This is meant in two distinct senses: static replication, where the portfolio has the same cash flows as the reference asset (and no changes need to be made to maintain this), and dynamic replication, where the portfolio does not have the same cash flows, but has the same "Greeks" as the reference asset, meaning that for small (properly, infinitesimal) changes to underlying market parameters, the price of the asset and the price of the portfolio change in the same way. Dynamic replication requires continual adjustment, as the asset and portfolio are only assumed to behave similarly at a single point (mathematically, their partial derivatives are equal at a single point).
Given an asset or liability, an offsetting replicating portfolio (a "hedge") is called a static hedge or dynamic hedge, and constructing such a portfolio (by selling or purchasing) is called static hedging or dynamic hedging. The notion of a replicating portfolio is fundamental to rational pricing, which assumes that market prices are arbitrage-free – concretely, arbitrage opportunities are exploited by constructing a replicating portfolio.
In practice, replicating portfolios are seldom, if ever, exact replications. Most significantly, unless they are claims against the same counterparties, there is credit risk. Further, dynamic replication is invariably imperfect, since actual price movements are not infinitesimal – they may in fact be large – and transaction costs to change the hedge are not zero.
Applications
Derivatives pricing
Dynamic replication is fundamental to the Black–Scholes model of derivatives pricing, which assumes that derivatives can be replicated by portfolios of other securities, and thus their prices determined. See explication under Rational pricing #The replicating portfolio.
In limited cases static replicati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytov%20number | The Rytov number is a fundamental scaling parameter for laser propagation through atmospheric turbulence. Rytov numbers greater than 0.2 are generally considered to be strong scintillation. A Rytov number of 0 would indicate no turbulence, thus no scintillation of the beam.
Wave mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis | Coccidioidomycosis (, ), commonly known as cocci, Valley fever, as well as California fever, desert rheumatism, or San Joaquin Valley fever, is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. Coccidioidomycosis is endemic in certain parts of the United States in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and northern Mexico.
C. immitis is a dimorphic saprophytic fungus that grows as a mycelium in the soil and produces a spherule form in the host organism. C. immitis is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when it rains.
Coccidioidomycosis is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the endemic areas of the United States. Infections usually occur due to inhalation of the arthroconidial spores after soil disruption. The disease is not contagious. In some cases the infection may recur or become chronic.
Description
Coccidioidomycosis is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. It is commonly known as cocci, Valley fever, as well as California fever, desert rheumatism, or San Joaquin Valley fever. Coccidioidomycosis is endemic in certain parts of the United States in Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and northern Mexico.
C. immitis is a dimorphic saprophytic fungus that grows as a mycelium in the soil and produces a spherule form in the host organism. It resides in the soil in certain parts of the southwestern United States, most notably in California and Arizona. It is also commonly found in northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. C. immitis is dormant during long dry spells, then develops as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when it rains. The spores, known as arthroconidia, are swept into the air by disruption of the soil, such as during construction, farming, low-wind or singular dust events, or an earthquake. Windstorms m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20physics | Soil physics is the study of soil's physical properties and processes. It is applied to management and prediction under natural and managed ecosystems. Soil physics deals with the dynamics of physical soil components and their phases as solids, liquids, and gases. It draws on the principles of physics, physical chemistry, engineering, and meteorology. Soil physics applies these principles to address practical problems of agriculture, ecology, and engineering.
Prominent soil physicists
Edgar Buckingham (1867–1940)
The theory of gas diffusion in soil and vadose zone water flow in soil.
Willard Gardner (1883-1964)
First to use porous cups and manometers for capillary potential measurements and accurately predicted the moisture distribution above a water table.
Lorenzo A. Richards (1904–1993)
General transport of water in unsaturated soil, measurement of soil water potential using tensiometer.
John R. Philip (1927–1999)
Analytical solution to general soil water transport, Environmental Mechanics.
See also
Agrophysics
Bulk density
Capacitance probe
Frequency domain sensor
Geotechnical engineering
Irrigation
Irrigation scheduling
Neutron probe
Soil porosity
Soil thermal properties
Time domain reflectometer
Water content
Notes
Horton, Horn, Bachmann & Peth eds. 2016: Essential Soil Physics Schweizerbart,
Encyclopedia of Soil Science, edts. Ward Chesworth, 2008, Uniw. of Guelph Canada, Publ. Springer,
External links
SSSA Soil Physics Division
Soil science |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluconeogenesis | Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. It is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms – the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) – used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood sugar levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise.
In humans, substrates for gluconeogenesis may come from any non-carbohydrate sources that can be converted to pyruvate or intermediates of glycolysis (see figure). For the breakdown of proteins, these substrates include glucogenic amino acids (although not ketogenic amino acids); from breakdown of lipids (such as triglycerides), they include glycerol, odd-chain fatty acids (although not even-chain fatty acids, see below); and from other parts of metabolism that includes lactate from the Cori cycle. Under conditions of prolonged fasting, acetone derived from ketone bodies can also serve as a substrate, providing a pathway from fatty acids to glucose. Although most gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver, the relative contribution of gluconeogenesis by the kidney is increased in diabetes and prolonged fasting.
The gluconeogenesis pathway is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or GTP, effectively making the process exergonic. For example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously. These ATPs are supplied from fatty acid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe%20lacera | Inocybe lacera, commonly known as the torn fibrecap, is a poisonous species of mushroom in the genus Inocybe. Its appearance is that of a typical "little brown mushroom": small, brown and indistinct. However, it is distinguishable by its microscopic features, particularly its long, smooth spores. As with many other species of Inocybe, I. lacera contains the poisonous chemical muscarine which, if consumed, can lead to salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal problems and vomiting. Found in Europe and North America, it typically grows in autumn in mixed woods, favouring sandy soil. There are several documented subspecies in addition to the main I. lacera var lacera, including the dwarf form I. lacera var. subsquarrosa and I. lacera var. heterosperma, found in North America.
Taxonomy
Inocybe lacera was first described by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries, but was placed into the genus Inocybe by Paul Kummer in his 1871 work, Der Führer in die Pilzkunde. As several forms of the species are recognised, the main variety is sometimes known as Inocybe lacera var. lacera. It is commonly known as the Torn Fibrecap, while in German it is known as Gemeiner Wirrkopf and in French as Inocybe déchiré.
Description
In appearance, I. lacera is a typical "little brown mushroom", but specific features are very variable. It typically features a convex cap measuring across, with a small umbo. The margin of the cap curves inwards, and often splits. In colour, it is snuff-brown, and in consistency, it is fibrillose and scaley. The stipe, or stem, is tall, and thick, brown at the slightly bulbous base, but lighter towards the apex, and, again, fibrillose. The stem lacks a ring. The flesh is white. The adnexed gills are white in younger specimens, soon changing to a clay-buff with white edges.
Microscopic features
Inocybe lacera has thick-walled, fusiform cystidia, which have apical encrustations. It has a brown spore print, while the subcylindrical spores |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational%20ignorance | Rational ignorance is refraining from acquiring knowledge when the supposed cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the expected potential benefit that the knowledge would provide.
Ignorance about an issue is said to be "rational" when the cost of educating oneself about the issue sufficiently to make an informed decision can outweigh any potential benefit one could reasonably expect to gain from that decision, and so it would be irrational to waste time doing so. This has consequences for the quality of decisions made by large numbers of people, such as in general elections, where the probability of any one vote changing the outcome is very small.
The term is most often found in economics, particularly public choice theory, but also used in other disciplines which study rationality and choice, including philosophy (epistemology) and game theory.
The term was coined by Anthony Downs in An Economic Theory of Democracy.
Example
Consider an employer attempting to choose between two candidates offering to complete a task at the cost of $10/hour. The length of time needed to complete the task may be longer or shorter depending on the skill of the person performing the task, so it is in the employer's best interests to find the fastest worker possible. Assume that the cost of another day of interviewing the candidates is $100. If the employer had deduced from the interviews so far that both candidates would complete the task in somewhere between 195 and 205 hours, it would be in the employer's best interests to choose one or the other by some easily applied metric (for example, flipping a coin) rather than spend the $100 on determining the better candidate, saving at most $100 in labor. In many cases, the decision may be made on the basis of heuristics; a simple decision model which may not be completely accurate. For example, in deciding which brand of prepared food is most nutritious, a shopper might simply choose the one with (for example) the lowest amount |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentzen%27s%20consistency%20proof | Gentzen's consistency proof is a result of proof theory in mathematical logic, published by Gerhard Gentzen in 1936. It shows that the Peano axioms of first-order arithmetic do not contain a contradiction (i.e. are "consistent"), as long as a certain other system used in the proof does not contain any contradictions either. This other system, today called "primitive recursive arithmetic with the additional principle of quantifier-free transfinite induction up to the ordinal ε0", is neither weaker nor stronger than the system of Peano axioms. Gentzen argued that it avoids the questionable modes of inference contained in Peano arithmetic and that its consistency is therefore less controversial.
Gentzen's theorem
Gentzen's theorem is concerned with first-order arithmetic: the theory of the natural numbers, including their addition and multiplication, axiomatized by the first-order Peano axioms. This is a "first-order" theory: the quantifiers extend over natural numbers, but not over sets or functions of natural numbers. The theory is strong enough to describe recursively defined integer functions such as exponentiation, factorials or the Fibonacci sequence.
Gentzen showed that the consistency of the first-order Peano axioms is provable over the base theory of primitive recursive arithmetic with the additional principle of quantifier-free transfinite induction up to the ordinal ε0. Primitive recursive arithmetic is a much simplified form of arithmetic that is rather uncontroversial. The additional principle means, informally, that there is a well-ordering on the set of finite rooted trees. Formally, ε0 is the first ordinal such that , i.e. the limit of the sequence
It is a countable ordinal much smaller than large countable ordinals. To express ordinals in the language of arithmetic, an ordinal notation is needed, i.e. a way to assign natural numbers to ordinals less than ε0. This can be done in various ways, one example provided by Cantor's normal form theorem. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propagation%20graph | Propagation graphs are a mathematical modelling method for radio propagation channels. A propagation graph is a signal flow graph in which vertices represent transmitters, receivers or scatterers. Edges in the graph model propagation conditions between vertices. Propagation graph models were initially developed by Troels Pedersen, et al. for multipath propagation in scenarios with multiple scattering, such as indoor radio propagation. It has later been applied in many other scenarios.
Mathematical definition
A propagation graph is a simple directed graph with vertex set and edge set .
The vertices models objects in the propagation scenario. The vertex set is split into three disjoint sets as
where is the set of transmitters,
is the set of receivers and
is the set of objects named "scatterers".
The edge set models the propagation models propagation conditions between vertices. Since is assumed simple, and an edge may be identified by a pair of vertices as
An edge is included in if a signal emitted by vertex can propagate to . In a propagation graph, transmitters cannot have incoming edges and receivers cannot have outgoing edges.
Two propagation rules are assumed
A vertex sums the signals impinging via its ingoing edges and remits a scaled version it via the outgoing edges.
Each edge transfers the signal from to scaled by a transfer function.
The definition of the vertex gain scaling and the edge transfer functions can be adapted to accommodate particular scenarios and should be defined in order to use the model in simulations. A variety of such definitions have been considered for different propagation graph models in the published literature.
The edge transfer functions (in the Fourier domain) can be grouped into transfer matrices as
the direct propagation from transmitters to receivers
transmitters to scatterers
scatterers to receivers
scatterers to scatterers,
where is the frequency variable.
Denoting the Fourier transf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Smith | Wolfgang Smith (born February 18, 1930 in Vienna, Austria) is a mathematician, physicist, philosopher of science, metaphysician, Roman Catholic and member of the Traditionalist School. He has written extensively in the field of differential geometry, as a critic of scientism and as a proponent of a new interpretation of quantum mechanics that draws heavily from premodern ontology and realism.
Biography
Smith graduated in 1948 from Cornell University with baccalaureate degrees in philosophy, physics, and mathematics. Two years later he obtained his M.S. in physics from Purdue University and, some time later, a Ph.D. in mathematics from Columbia University.
He worked as an aerodynamicist at Bell Aircraft Corporation, and while there researched and published on the problem of atmospheric reentry. He was a mathematics professor at MIT, UCLA and Oregon State University, doing research in the field of differential geometry and publishing in academic journals such as the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Journal of Mathematics, and others. He retired from academic life in 1992.
In parallel with his academic duties, he developed and still develops philosophical inquiries in the fields of metaphysics and the philosophy of science, publishing in specialized journals such as The Thomist, Sacred Web: A Journal of Tradition and Modernity, and Sophia: The Journal of Traditional Studies.
Philosophical work
Smith is a member of the Traditionalist School of metaphysics, having contributed extensively to its criticism of modernity while exploring the philosophical underpinnings of the scientific method and emphasizing the idea of bringing science back into a Platonist and Aristotelian framework of traditional ontological realism.
Identifying with Alfred North Whitehead's critique of the "bifurcationism" and "physical reductionism" of scientism — i.e., the belief that, first, the qualitative proper |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20Aerobatics | 3D Aerobatics or 3D flying is a form of flying using flying aircraft to perform specific aerial maneuvers. They are usually performed when the aircraft had been intentionally placed in a stalled position.
Introduction
In its most basic sense, 3D flight is controlled flight beyond the stalls critical angle of attack (AoA, or alpha) aka post-stall. Because the model is stalled and has little natural airflow across its flight surfaces, most 3D maneuvers require very large control deflections to vector the propeller thrust and change the models attitude.
3D aerobatic flying is a typically performed by model aircraft which have been configured with a higher thrust-to-weight ratio of more than 1:1. In fixed wing aeroplanes large control surfaces assist the aircraft on performing radical maneuvers which allow the aircraft to turn in tighter than conventional turns. This is achieved by having larger control surfaces; rudder, ailerons, and elevator and having greater amounts of throw applied to these control surfaces.
Depending on the type of competition, a pilot may compete in Set Manoeuvres where a pilot can choose from a number of manoeuvres from pre-published set of moves or Freestyle, where pilots must show their skill within a predetermined environment in a free format. The Extreme Flight Championships (XFC) is a large international freestyle competition.
Pilots often train moves using PC simulators such as RealFlight or other RC flight simulators. This allows the pilot to practice and hone their skills before using the real RC model which may be costly exercise in the event of a crash. Pilots have the ability to plug the controller used to fly the real model to the PC and simulator via a USB link cable thus giving the pilot a better response to the real world controls. Famous pilots include Quique Somenzini, Andrew Jesky, Jason Noll, Frank Noll, Chip Hyde, Mark Leseberg and Gernot Bruckmann.
Source: www.aircraft-hobby.com
Source:
Types of aircraft
Aeroplanes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFTP | The Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP) is a protocol created in 1986, used for Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) between two communications business partners. Its name comes from the Odette Organisation (the Organization for data exchange by teletransmission in Europe).
The ODETTE File Transfer Protocol (ODETTE-FTP) was defined in 1986 by working group four of the Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele-Transmission in Europe (ODETTE) to address the electronic data interchange (EDI) requirements of the European automotive industry. It was designed in the spirit of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model utilising the Network Service provided by the CCITT X.25 recommendation.
OFTP 2 was written in 2007 by Data Interchange, as a specification for the secure transfer of business documents over the Internet, ISDN and X.25 networks. A description of OFTP 1.3 can be found in RFC 2204, whilst OFTP 2 is defined in RFC 5024.
OFTP 2 can work point-to-point or indirectly via a VAN (Value Added Network). A single OFTP 2 entity can make and receive calls, exchanging files in both directions. This means that OFTP 2 can work in a push or pull mode, as opposed to AS2, which can only work in a push mode.
OFTP 2 can encrypt and digitally sign message data, request signed receipts and also offers high levels of data compression. All of these services are available when using OFTP 2 over TCP/IP, X.25/ISDN or native X.25. When used over a TCP/IP network such as the Internet, additional session-level security is available by using OFTP 2 over Transport Layer Security (TLS).
OFTP 2 feature summary
Message encryption
Message signatures
Signed receipts
Message compression
Message integrity
Session authentication
File & session level encryption (TLS)
CMS envelopes
Sub-level addressing
Advantages
File restart
Push / pull operation
Peer-to-peer or indirect communications
File compression
Operates over TCP/IP, X.25/ISDN, native X.25
Maximum file size of 9 PB (Petabyte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%20Gateway%20Multicast%20Protocol | The Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP) was an IETF project which attempted to design a true inter-domain multicast routing protocol. BGMP was planned to be able to scale in order to operate in the global Internet. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incidental%20medical%20findings | Incidental medical findings are previously undiagnosed medical or psychiatric conditions that are discovered unintentionally and during evaluation for a medical or psychiatric condition. Such findings may occur in a variety of settings, including routine medical care, during biomedical research, during post-mortem autopsy, or during genetic testing.
Medical imaging
An incidentaloma is a tumor found by coincidence which is often benign and does not cause any clinically significant symptoms; however a small percentage do turn out to be malignant. Incidentalomas are common, with up to 7% of all patients over 60 harboring a benign growth, often of the adrenal gland, which is detected when diagnostic imaging is used for the analysis of unrelated symptoms.
As 37% of patients receiving whole-body CT scan may have abnormal findings that need further evaluation and with the increase of "whole-body CT scanning" as part of health screening programs, the chance of finding incidentalomas is expected to increase.
Neuroimaging
Incidental findings in neuroimaging are common, with the prevalence of neoplastic incidental brain findings increasing with age.
Even in healthy subjects acting as controls in research incidental findings are not rare. As most neuroimaging studies are performed in adults, less is known about the prevalence incidental findings in children. A study in 2017 in nearly 4000 children between 8 and 12 reported that approximately 1 in 200 children showed asymptomatic incidental findings that required clinical follow-up.
Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in the pituitary gland, and account for about 15% of intracranial neoplasms. They often remain undiagnosed, and are often an incidental finding during autopsy. Microadenomas (<10mm) have an estimated prevalence of 16.7% (14.4% in autopsy studies and 22.5% in radiologic studies).
Genetic testing
Unintentional genetic findings (aka "incidentalomes") are more commonly encountered with the advent of biomed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-game%20advertising | In-game advertising (IGA) is advertising in electronic games. IGA differs from advergames, which refers to games specifically made to advertise a product. The IGA industry is large and growing.
In-game advertising generated $34 million in 2004, $56 million in 2005, $80 million in 2006,
and $295 million in 2007.
In 2009, spending on IGA was estimated to reach $699 million USD, $1 billion by 2014 and according to Forbes is anticipated to grow to $7.2 billion by 2016.
The earliest known IGA was the 1978 computer game Adventureland, which inserted a self-promotional advertisement for its next game, Pirate Adventure.
IGA can be integrated into the game either through a display in the background, such as an in-game billboard or a commercial during the pause created when a game loads, or highly integrated within the game so that the advertised product is necessary to complete part of the game or is featured prominently within cutscenes. Due to the custom programming required, dynamic advertising is usually presented in the background; static advertisements can appear as either. One of the advantages of IGA over traditional advertisements is that consumers are less likely to multitask with other media while playing a game, however, some attention is still divided between the gameplay, controls, and the advertisement.
Static in-game advertising
Similar to product placement in the film industry, static IGAs cannot be changed after they are programmed directly into the game (unless it's completely online). However, unlike product placement in traditional media, IGA allows gamers to interact with the virtual product. For example, Splinter Cell has required the use of in-game Sony Ericsson phones to catch terrorists. Unlike static IGAs, dynamic IGAs are not limited to a developer and publisher determined pre-programmed size or location and allow the advertiser to customize the advertisement display.
A number of games utilize billboard-like advertisements or product pl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20Aerospace%20University | Korea Aerospace University (한국항공대학교 (Traditional Chinese: 韓國航空大學校) [Han'guk Hang-gong Dae-hak-gyo]) is a private university located in Goyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.
History
Beginnings (1950s–1960s)
Korea Aerospace University was established as a national school on June 16, 1952. During the Korean War, under the Charter for Transport School, which was granted by the Ministry of Transportation (which is now the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) to develop a civil aviation industry. The university primarily started as a two-year course school, solely with three departments: Department of Flight Operation, Department of Aircraft Power, and Department of Telecommunication Engineering. Its status had been elevated by 1953.
After the War, the campus moved to Seoul in 1962, then to Goyang City, Gyeonggi-do in 1963, where it stands today. The school buildings were constructed, including the Hangar, the Flight Training Center and the Electronics & Telecommunication Building. Several institutes such as the Central Library, the Maintenance Factory, the Wireless Lab, the Aviation Research Institute, the Training School for Aviation Tech were also opened.
Expansion (1970s–1990s)
In 1979, the university was taken over by Jungseok Foundation, established by Hanjin Group and it transitioned into a private university.
Through the modifications on quota and name, the establishment of schools, departments and graduate schools were finalized. Auxiliary organizations and institutes were reorganized (see "Centers and institutes").
Furthermore, the Liberal Arts Building, Central Library, the Aviation Control Center, the Mechanical Engineering Building and the Flight Operation Building were opened in the 1970s; the Student's Hall, the Science Building, the Mechanical Engineering Building and the Electronic Engineering Building were constructed in 1990s.
Development (2000s- )
Following a period of consolidation, the university pivoted its efforts toward ensuring i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairomone | A kairomone (a coinage using the Greek καιρός opportune moment, paralleling pheromone) is a semiochemical, emitted by an organism, which mediates interspecific interactions in a way that benefits an individual of another species which receives it and harms the emitter. This "eavesdropping" is often disadvantageous to the producer (though other benefits of producing the substance may outweigh this cost, hence its persistence over evolutionary time). The kairomone improves the fitness of the recipient and in this respect differs from an allomone (which is the opposite: it benefits the producer and harms the receiver) and a synomone (which benefits both parties). The term is mostly used in the field of entomology (the study of insects). Two main ecological cues are provided by kairomones; they generally either indicate a food source for the receiver, or the presence of a predator, the latter of which is less common or at least less studied.
Predators use them to find prey
An example of this can be found in the Ponderosa Pine tree (Pinus ponderosa), which produces a terpene called myrcene when it is damaged by the Western pine beetle. Instead of deterring the insect, it acts synergistically with aggregation pheromones which in turn act to lure more beetles to the tree.
Specialist predatory beetles find bark beetles (their prey) using the pheromones the bark beetles produce. In this case the chemical substance produced is both a pheromone (communication between bark beetles) and a kairomone (eavesdropping). This was discovered accidentally when the predatory beetles and other enemies were attracted to insect traps baited with bark beetle pheromones.
Pheromones of different kinds may be exploited as kairomones by receivers. The German wasp, Vespula germanica, is attracted to a pheromone produced by male Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata) when the males gather for a mating display, causing the death of some. In contrast, it is the alarm pheromone (used to c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders%20Marine%20Institute | The Flanders Marine Institute (Dutch: Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee, VLIZ) provides a focal point for marine scientific research in Flanders, northern Belgium.
The Flemish government established the institute in 1999 together with the province of West Flanders and the Fund for Scientific Research.
VLIZ promotes the accumulation of knowledge and excellence in research with regard to the ocean, seas, coasts and tidal estuaries. The central focus is on the provision of services to the research community, educators, the general public, policymakers and the industry.
VLIZ promotes and supports Flemish marine research. Within this scope, VLIZ focuses on open, useful networking and the promotion of an integrated and cross-disciplinary approach. VLIZ serves as a national and international point of contact in the field of marine research. In this respect, it supports the image of Flemish marine research in the four corners of the globe and can hold mandates to represent this research landscape.
The institute also supports and accommodates international organisations on behalf of the Flemish government: the IOC Project Office for IODE, the European Marine Board secretariat and the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) secretariat in Ostend, and the Joint Programming Initiative on Healthy and Productive Seas and Oceans (JPI Oceans) secretariat in Brussels.
VLIZ also manages RV Simon Stevin a marine research vessel.
Making the research vessel Simon Stevin, marine robots as well as other research equipment and infrastructure available is one of the services provided to marine scientists in Flanders. Within a European context, VLIZ offers technical and operational expertise for the use of this infrastructure. It stimulates and initiates research based on these innovative technologies.
VLIZ also develops data systems, products, technologies and infrastructure. It collects new data by means of innovative techniques and valorises the increasing volume of marine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Office/36 | Office/36 was a suite of applications marketed by IBM from 1983 to 2000 for the IBM System/36 family of midrange computers. IBM announced its System/36 Office Automation (OA) strategy in 1985.
Office/36 could be purchased in its entirety, or piecemeal. Components of Office/36 include:
IDDU/36, the Interactive Data Definition Utility.
Query/36, the Query utility.
DisplayWrite/36, a word processing program.
Personal Services/36, a calendaring system and an office messaging utility.
Query/36 was not quite the same as SQL, but it had some similarities, especially the ability to very rapidly create a displayed recordset from a disk file. Note that SQL, also an IBM development, had not been standardized prior to 1986.
DisplayWrite/36, in the same category as Microsoft Word, had online dictionaries and definition capabilities, and spell-check, and unlike the standard S/36 products, it would straighten spillover text and scroll in real time.
Considerable changes were required to S/36 design to support Office/36 functionality, not the least of which was the capability to manage new container objects called "folders" and produce multiple extents to them on demand. Q/36 and DW/36 typically exceeded the 64K program limit of the S/36, both in editing and printing, so using Office products could heavily impact other applications. DW/36 allowed use of bold, underline, and other display formatting characteristics in real time. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProBiS | ProBiS is a computer software which allows prediction of binding sites and their corresponding ligands for a given protein structure. Initially ProBiS was developed as a ProBiS algorithm by Janez Konc and Dušanka Janežič in 2010 and is now available as ProBiS server, ProBiS CHARMMing server, ProBiS algorithm and ProBiS plugin. The name ProBiS originates from the purpose of the software itself, that is to predict for a given Protein structure Binding Sites and their corresponding ligands.
Description
ProBiS software started as ProBiS algorithm that detects structurally similar sites on protein surfaces by local surface structure alignment using a fast maximum clique algorithm. The ProBiS algorithm was followed by ProBiS server which provides access to the program ProBiS that detects protein binding sites based on local structural alignments. There are two ProBiS servers available, ProBiS server and ProBiS CHARMMing server. The latter connects ProBiS and CHARMMing servers into one functional unit that enables prediction of protein−ligand complexes and allows for their geometry optimization and interaction energy calculation. The ProBiS CHARMMing server with these additional functions can only be used at National Institutes of Health, USA. Otherwise it acts as a regular ProBiS server. Additionally a ProBiS PyMOL plugin and ProBiS UCSF Chimera plugin have been made. Both plugins are connected via the internet to a newly prepared database of pre-calculated binding site comparisons to allow fast prediction of binding sites in existing proteins from the Protein Data Bank. They enable viewing of predicted binding sites and ligands poses in three-dimensional graphics.
Protein building sites tools
Detect structurally similar binding sitesThis tool takes as an input a query protein or a binding site. The ProBiS algorithm structurally compares the query independently of sequence or fold with a database of non-redundant protein structures. The output of this tool are a 3D que |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected%20value%20of%20sample%20information | In decision theory, the expected value of sample information (EVSI) is the expected increase in utility that a decision-maker could obtain from gaining access to a sample of additional observations before making a decision. The additional information obtained from the sample may allow them to make a more informed, and thus better, decision, thus resulting in an increase in expected utility. EVSI attempts to estimate what this improvement would be before seeing actual sample data; hence, EVSI is a form of what is known as preposterior analysis. The use of EVSI in decision theory was popularized by Robert Schlaifer and Howard Raiffa in the 1960s.
Formulation
Let
It is common (but not essential) in EVSI scenarios for , and , which is to say that each observation is an unbiased sensor reading of the underlying state , with each sensor reading being independent and identically distributed.
The utility from the optimal decision based only on the prior, without making any further observations, is given by
If the decision-maker could gain access to a single sample, , the optimal posterior utility would be
where is obtained from Bayes' rule:
Since they don't know what sample would actually be obtained if one were obtained, they must average over all possible samples to obtain the expected utility given a sample:
The expected value of sample information is then defined as
Computation
It is seldom feasible to carry out the integration over the space of possible observations in E[U|SI] analytically, so the computation of EVSI usually requires a Monte Carlo simulation. The method involves randomly simulating a sample, , then using it to compute the posterior and maximizing utility based on . This whole process is then repeated many times, for to obtain a Monte Carlo sample of optimal utilities. These are averaged to obtain the expected utility given a hypothetical sample.
Example
A regulatory agency is to decide whether to approve a new treatment. Before ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluggoe | Bluggoe, Orinoco, Musa Orinoco, or burro is a cultivar of banana.
Genome
Bluggoe is a triploid ABB cultivar.
Cultivation
Bluggoe is a cold hardy banana, growing in USDA zones 810 or 710.
Tree
to tall. Width of leaves same dimensions.
Flowers
Pink to cream coloured.
Fruit
About long x diameter. It is primarily a cooking banana but can be eaten as a dessert banana. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanothermus | Methanothermus is a genus of microbes within the family Methanothermaceae. The species within this genes are hyperthermophiles and strictly anaerobic. They produce energy through the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen to produce methane. it is found in hydrothermal vents with temperatures as high as 85 °C and pH 6.5. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasternal%20lymph%20nodes | The parasternal lymph nodes (or sternal glands) are placed at the anterior ends of the intercostal spaces, by the side of the internal thoracic artery.
They derive afferents from the mamma; from the deeper structures of the anterior abdominal wall above the level of the umbilicus; from the upper surface of the liver through a small group of glands which lie behind the xiphoid process; and from the deeper parts of the anterior portion of the thoracic wall.
Their efferents usually unite to form a single trunk on either side; this may open directly into the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, or that of the right side may join the right subclavian trunk, and that of the left the thoracic duct. The parasternal lymph nodes drain into the bronchomediastinal trunks, in a similar fashion to the upper intercostal lymph nodes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20code%20generation%20tools |
List of tools
Technical features |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics%20Spectra | Photonics Spectra is a monthly business-to-business (B2B) magazine published for the engineers, scientists, and end users who develop, commercialize and buy photonic products. It provides both technical and applications information for all aspects of the global industry, integrating all segments of photonics: optics, lasers, imaging, fiber optics and electro-optics as well as photonic component manufacturing, solar cell improvements, LED lighting for cars and offices, THz, EHz, UV, IR, and visible light imaging and test equipment.
In addition to news and feature articles, Photonics Spectra contains business reports, technology updates, reader forums, new products and literature, calendars of conferences and courses, and applications reports.
Photonics Spectra has been published since 1967 by Laurin Publishing Company, Inc. in Pittsfield, MA, United States.
History
The first Optical Industry Directory was published in 1954 by Dr. Clifton Tuttle, an eminent retired Eastman Kodak physicist. At its inception the Directory was a small single volume. It succeeded notably, expanding over the years into the present multimedia publication.
Theresa "Teddi" C. Laurin (1924 - November 5, 2015) joined the company in 1962 and, as publisher, worked closely with Dr. Tuttle. In 1964 Francis T. Laurin and Teddi C. Laurin purchased and incorporated the company, which later became known as Laurin Publishing Company. In 1967, in response to industry demands, she founded and launched Optical Spectra. In 1982 the magazine's name was changed to Photonics Spectra to reflect the growing influence of these new light-based technologies. Today, the worldwide distribution of Photonics Spectra is over 100,000 copies.
Laurin Publishing currently maintains a staff of over 50 employees at its headquarters in Pittsfield, Mass. and at its editorial and sales branch offices. The company also includes several contributing editors located around the world and an editorial advisory board of over 25 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.