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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20Leaders%20in%20Global%20Health%20Conference | The Women Leaders in Global Health Conference, created by Michele Barry and first held in 2017 at Stanford University in partnership with Women in Global Health, the US National Institutes of Health and others, is an international conference that engages both men and women to address the gender gap in global health leadership.
Thereafter, the conference has taken place annually with the second and third in the UK and Rwanda, respectively. The fourth, in 2020, was virtual.
Origin and purpose
The Women Leaders in Global Health Conference was founded by Michele Barry after she questioned why a panel at an annual Medical Education Partnership Initiative meeting were all men. With the help from one of the men on that panel and in partnership with Women in Global Health, the US National Institutes of Health and others, the conference was created to be international, highlighting new and established women leaders in global health, and engaging both men and women to address the gender gap in global health leadership. The first conference was held in 2017 at Stanford University, where it was emphasised that the chief barrier to leadership roles for women was a lack of mentoring. This was confirmed in a study published in Annals of Global Health after surveying 405 delegates. Although mentoring was seen as key to achieving a leadership role, one delegate noted that despite having a male mentor, he still thought of a man when a leadership role arose.
Conferences
In 2018, led by Heidi Larson, the second conference was held at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in London with more than 900 participants of greater than 80 nationalities and coming from more than 70 countries. Some were unable to attend due to visa refusals. Stories heard at the conference included the gang-rape of a health worker after she promoted education and family planning for girls in India, and the abduction and murder of women working to eradicate polio. Speakers included Wafaa El-Sadr, Jo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwork%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Dwork unit root zeta function, named after Bernard Dwork, is the L-function attached to the p-adic Galois representation arising from the p-adic etale cohomology of an algebraic variety defined over a global function field of characteristic p. The Dwork conjecture (1973) states that his unit root zeta function is p-adic meromorphic everywhere. This conjecture was proved
by Wan (2000). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish%20list | A wish list, wishlist or want list is an itemization of goods or services that a person or organization desires. The author may distribute copies of their list to family, friends, and other stakeholders who are likely to purchase gifts for the would-be recipient or to offer some of the listed items for sale. The goal of a wish list is to facilitate communication between the gift receiver and the gift giver. Wish lists often contain items that a gift purchaser can obtain from a variety of retailers. Some wish lists are specialized for particular purposes or concentrated at individual retailers, such as gift registries (e.g., bridal registries).
Occasions
In some cultures, people often exchange wish lists before major holidays that include gift-giving, such as Christmas and birthdays. Other common occasions for issuing wish lists include baby showers, housewarmings, weddings, and charity drives.
Types
A gift registry is a type of wish list that contains only items that can be purchased at the store which manages the registry.
An online wish list is a type of wish list that is hosted on the Internet. Online wish lists can be associated with a retailer or universal.
A product wish list is similar to a list of functional requirements. The difference is mainly the importance of the requested functionality. Items that might be on the wish list at one time may be expected to be requirements later.
A software user wishlist is a type of wish list that is created by the software manufacturer (such as the software development company or the website owner) or by user groups.
A bucket list is a type of personal wish list consisting of things a person wishes to do before they die (i.e. "kick the bucket") or before they reach a life stage milestone (e.g., the end of childhood; the end of High School, etc.)
Online
An online wish list typically allows a registered user to create a wish list, add wishes to it, and then spread a link to the wish list via email or social med |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantid%20betaherpesvirus%204 | Elephantid betaherpesvirus 4 (ElHV-4) is a species of virus in the genus Proboscivirus, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and order Herpesvirales. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20matrix | In linear algebra, an orthogonal matrix, or orthonormal matrix, is a real square matrix whose columns and rows are orthonormal vectors.
One way to express this is
where is the transpose of and is the identity matrix.
This leads to the equivalent characterization: a matrix is orthogonal if its transpose is equal to its inverse:
where is the inverse of .
An orthogonal matrix is necessarily invertible (with inverse ), unitary (), where is the Hermitian adjoint (conjugate transpose) of , and therefore normal () over the real numbers. The determinant of any orthogonal matrix is either +1 or −1. As a linear transformation, an orthogonal matrix preserves the inner product of vectors, and therefore acts as an isometry of Euclidean space, such as a rotation, reflection or rotoreflection. In other words, it is a unitary transformation.
The set of orthogonal matrices, under multiplication, forms the group , known as the orthogonal group. The subgroup consisting of orthogonal matrices with determinant +1 is called the special orthogonal group, and each of its elements is a special orthogonal matrix. As a linear transformation, every special orthogonal matrix acts as a rotation.
Overview
An orthogonal matrix is the real specialization of a unitary matrix, and thus always a normal matrix. Although we consider only real matrices here, the definition can be used for matrices with entries from any field. However, orthogonal matrices arise naturally from dot products, and for matrices of complex numbers that leads instead to the unitary requirement. Orthogonal matrices preserve the dot product, so, for vectors and in an -dimensional real Euclidean space
where is an orthogonal matrix. To see the inner product connection, consider a vector in an -dimensional real Euclidean space. Written with respect to an orthonormal basis, the squared length of is . If a linear transformation, in matrix form , preserves vector lengths, then
Thus finite-dimensional linear isomet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowdry%20bodies | Cowdry bodies are eosinophilic or basophilic nuclear inclusions composed of nucleic acid and protein seen in cells infected with Herpes simplex virus, Varicella-zoster virus, and Cytomegalovirus. They are named after Edmund Cowdry.
There are two types of intranuclear Cowdry bodies:
Type A (as seen in herpes simplex, VZV and measles )
Type B (as seen in infection with poliovirus, CMV and adenovirus), though it may seem that this is an antiquated and perhaps illusory type.
Light microscopy is used for detection of Cowdry bodies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQ%20%28call%29 | CQ is a station code used by wireless operators derived from long established telegraphic practice on undersea cables and landlines, particularly used by those communicating in Morse code, (), but also by voice operators, to make a general call (called a CQ call). Transmitting the letters CQ on a particular radio frequency means that the transmission is a broadcast or "General Call" to anyone listening, and when the operator sends "K' or says "Go Ahead" it is an invitation for any licensed radio station listening on that frequency to respond. Its use on radio matched the existing use on Morse landline telegraphy and dates from the earliest wireless stations. It was widely used in point-to-point diplomatic and press services, maritime, aviation, and police services until those services eliminated Morse radiotelegraphy. It is still widely used in amateur radio which still has active use of Morse radiotelegraphy.
History and usage
The CQ station code was originally used by landline and undersea cable telegraphy operators in the United Kingdom. The oldest reference found to the station code CQ is contained in The Telegraphist. Edited by W. Lynd, Volume 1 1886. which states on p. 15 under "Alphabetical Codes and Abbreviations": "CQ All Stations". Additionally, the telegraphic station code "CQ" was mentioned in "The Telegraphist. Edited by W. Lynd, Volume 1 1886"
CQ was adopted by the Marconi Company in 1904 for use in wireless telegraphy by spark-gap transmitter, and was adopted internationally at the 1912 London International Radiotelegraph Convention, and is still used.
A variant of the CQ call, CQD, was the first code used as a distress signal. It was proposed by the Marconi Company and adopted in 1904, but was replaced between 1906 and 1908 by the SOS code. When the Titanic sank in 1912, it initially transmitted the distress call "CQD DE MGY" (with "MGY" being the ship's call sign). Titanic'''s radio operator subsequently alternated between SOS and CQD calls |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halosimplex | In taxonomy, Halosimplex is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE%20protein%20domain |
Function
The WWE domains occur in two functional classes of proteins, namely those associated with ubiquitination and those associated with poly-ADP ribosylation (PARP). Hence, WWE domains hold an important function in signal transduction, protein degradation, DNA repair and apoptosis.
Protein Interactions
The WWE domain is named after three of its conserved residues, W and E residues (tryptophans and glutamate respectively), and is predicted to mediate specific protein-protein interactions in ubiquitin and ADP ribose conjugation systems (Poly ADP ribose polymerase). This domain is found as a tandem repeat at the N-terminal of Deltex, a cytosolic effector of Notch signalling thought to bind the N-terminal of the Notch receptor. It is also found as an interaction module in protein ubiquination and ADP ribosylation proteins.
Structure
Within each WWE module, the residues form two similar structures vital to its stability. The two WWE modules interact and form a large cleft suitable for binding of extended polypeptides. The two WWE modules adopt compact structures mostly composed of beta strands, with a single three turn alpha helix in both modules and an additional short helical segment in the second WWE module. The two WWE modules hold a two-fold rotation axis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20trap | In vacuum applications, a cold trap is a device that condenses all vapors except the permanent gases into a liquid or solid. The most common objective is to prevent vapors being evacuated from an experiment from entering a vacuum pump where they would condense and contaminate it. Particularly large cold traps are necessary when removing large amounts of liquid as in freeze drying.
Cold traps also refer to the application of cooled surfaces or baffles to prevent oil vapours from flowing from a pump and into a chamber. In such a case, a baffle or a section of pipe containing a number of cooled vanes, will be attached to the inlet of an existing pumping system. By cooling the baffle, either with a cryogen such as a dry ice mixture, or by use of an electrically driven Peltier element, oil vapour molecules that strike the baffle vanes will condense and thus be removed from the pumped cavity.
Applications
Pumps that use oil either as their working fluid (diffusion pumps), or as their lubricant (mechanical rotary pumps), are often the sources of contamination in vacuum systems. Placing a cold trap at the mouth of such a pump greatly lowers the risk that oil vapours will backstream into the cavity.
Cold traps can also be used for experiments involving vacuum lines such as small-scale very low temperature distillations/condensations. This is accomplished through the use of a coolant such as liquid nitrogen or a freezing mixture of dry ice in acetone or a similar solvent with a low melting point. Liquid nitrogen is only used when dry ice or other cryogenic approaches will not condense the desired gasses since liquid nitrogen will also condense oxygen. Any oxygen gas content in the vacuum line or any leak in the vacuum line will result in liquid oxygen mixed with the target vapors, often with explosive results.
When performed on a larger scale, this technique is called freeze-drying, and the cold trap is referred to as the condenser.
Cold traps are also used in cryop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly%20Bulkeley | Kelly Bulkeley (born 1962) is an American author and researcher in the fields of dreams and the psychology of religion.
A Past President of the International Association for the Study of Dreams (IASD), he is currently a senior editor of the APA journal Dreaming: The Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams. He co-wrote the 2006 film The Zodiac, which had a limited theatrical release. His surname at birth was spelled "Bulkley", and it appears this way on this film. He is a descendant of Peter Bulkley, whose name also carries these two variant spellings.
Bulkeley currently lives in Portland, Oregon.
Theories and stances
Bulkeley has compared dreams to a kind of 'play', in which different behaviours and strategies can be rehearsed. Nightmares, for example, may be warnings that a negative occurrence is possible, and we should be prepared for it.
Publications
Books
The Wilderness of Dreams: Exploring the Religious Meanings of Dreams in Modern Western Culture (SUNY Press, 1994).
Spiritual Dreaming: A Cross-Cultural and Historical Journey (Paulist Press, 1995).
Among All These Dreamers: Essays on Dreaming and Modern Society (Editor) (SUNY Press, 1996).
An Introduction to the Psychology of Dreaming (Praeger, 1997)
Dreamcatching (Co-authored with Alan Siegel) (Three Rivers Press, 1998).
Visions of the Night: Dreams, Religion, and Psychology (SUNY Press, 1999).
Transforming Dreams (John Wiley & Sons, 2000)
Dreams: A Reader on the Religious, Cultural, and Psychological Dimensions of Dreaming (Editor) (Palgrave, 2001)
Dreams of Healing: Transforming Nightmares into Visions of Hope (Paulist Press, 2003)
The Wondering Brain: Thinking About Religion With and Beyond Cognitive Neuroscience (Routledge, 2005)
Dreaming Beyond Death (co-authored with Patricia Bulkley) (Beacon Press, 2005)
Soul, Psyche, Brain: New Directions in the Study of Religion and Brain-Mind Science (Editor) (Palgrave, 2005)
American Dreamers: What Dreams Tell Us about the Political Ps |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS%20methods | ABS methods, where the acronym contains the initials of Jozsef Abaffy, Charles G. Broyden and Emilio Spedicato, have been developed since 1981 to generate a large class of algorithms for the following applications:
solution of general linear algebraic systems, determined or underdetermined,
full or deficient rank;
solution of linear Diophantine systems, i.e. equation systems where the coefficient matrix and the right hand side are integer valued and an integer solution is sought; this is a special but important case of Hilbert's tenth problem, the only one in practice soluble;
solution of nonlinear algebraic equations;
solution of continuous unconstrained or constrained optimization.
At the beginning of 2007 ABS literature consisted of over 400 papers and reports and two monographs, one due to Abaffy and Spedicato and published in 1989, one due to Xia and Zhang and published, in Chinese, in 1998. Moreover, three conferences had been organized in China.
Research on ABS methods has been the outcome of an international collaboration coordinated by Spedicato of university of Bergamo, Italy. It has involved over forty mathematicians from Hungary, UK, China, Iran and other countries.
The central element in such methods is the use of a special matrix transformation due essentially to the Hungarian mathematician Jenő Egerváry, who investigated its main properties in some papers that went unnoticed.
For the basic problem of solving a linear system of m equations in n variables, where , ABS methods use the following simple geometric idea:
Given an arbitrary initial estimate of the solution, find one of the infinite solutions, defining a linear variety of dimension n − 1, of the first equation.
Find a solution of the second equation that is also a solution of the first, i.e. find a solution lying in the intersection of the linear varieties of the solutions of the first two equations considered separately.
By iteration of the above approach after m steps one |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular%20system | The ventricular system is a set of four interconnected cavities known as cerebral ventricles in the brain. Within each ventricle is a region of choroid plexus which produces the circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ventricular system is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord from the fourth ventricle, allowing for the flow of CSF to circulate.
All of the ventricular system and the central canal of the spinal cord are lined with ependyma, a specialised form of epithelium connected by tight junctions that make up the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
Structure
The system comprises four ventricles:
lateral ventricles right and left (one for each hemisphere)
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
There are several foramina, openings acting as channels, that connect the ventricles. The interventricular foramina (also called the foramina of Monro) connect the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle through which the cerebrospinal fluid can flow.
Ventricles
The four cavities of the human brain are called ventricles. The two largest are the lateral ventricles in the cerebrum, the third ventricle is in the diencephalon of the forebrain between the right and left thalamus, and the fourth ventricle is located at the back of the pons and upper half of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. The ventricles are concerned with the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Development
The structures of the ventricular system are embryologically derived from the neural canal, the centre of the neural tube.
As the part of the primitive neural tube that will develop into the brainstem, the neural canal expands dorsally and laterally, creating the fourth ventricle, whereas the neural canal that does not expand and remains the same at the level of the midbrain superior to the fourth ventricle forms the cerebral aqueduct. The fourth ventricle narrows at the obex (in the caudal medulla), to become the central canal of the spinal cord.
In more detail |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9%20inequality | In mathematics, the Poincaré inequality is a result in the theory of Sobolev spaces, named after the French mathematician Henri Poincaré. The inequality allows one to obtain bounds on a function using bounds on its derivatives and the geometry of its domain of definition. Such bounds are of great importance in the modern, direct methods of the calculus of variations. A very closely related result is Friedrichs' inequality.
Statement of the inequality
The classical Poincaré inequality
Let p, so that 1 ≤ p < ∞ and Ω a subset bounded at least in one direction. Then there exists a constant C, depending only on Ω and p, so that, for every function u of the Sobolev space W01,p(Ω) of zero-trace (a.k.a. zero on the boundary) functions,
Poincaré–Wirtinger inequality
Assume that 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and that Ω is a bounded connected open subset of the n-dimensional Euclidean space ℝn with a Lipschitz boundary (i.e., Ω is a Lipschitz domain). Then there exists a constant C, depending only on Ω and p, such that for every function u in the Sobolev space ,
where
is the average value of u over Ω, with |Ω| standing for the Lebesgue measure of the domain Ω. When Ω is a ball, the above inequality is
called a -Poincaré inequality; for more general domains Ω, the above is more familiarly known as a Sobolev inequality.
The necessity to subtract the average value can be seen by considering constant functions for which the derivative is zero while, without subtracting the average, we can have the integral of the function as large as we wish. There are other conditions instead of subtracting the average that we can require in order to deal with this issue with constant functions, for example, requiring trace zero, or subtracting the average over some proper subset of the domain. The constant C in the Poincare inequality may be different from condition to condition. Also note that the issue is not just the constant functions, because it is the same as saying that adding a constant value to a f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virsto | Virsto develops a VM-centric storage hypervisor. The company is privately funded and headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. On February 11, 2013, VMware announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire Virsto.
History
Virsto was founded in 2007 by Mark Davis, Alex Miroshnichenko and Serge Pashenkov. In 2009, the company announced a $7 million series A funding round. In 2011, the company announced a $17 million series B funding round.
See also
Storage hypervisor
Storage virtualization
Software defined storage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20polymerase%20II | RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. A 550 kDa complex of 12 subunits, RNAP II is the most studied type of RNA polymerase. A wide range of transcription factors are required for it to bind to upstream gene promoters and begin transcription.
Discovery
Early studies suggested a minimum of two RNAPs: one which synthesized rRNA in the nucleolus, and one which synthesized other RNA in the nucleoplasm, part of the nucleus but outside the nucleolus. In 1969, biochemists Robert G. Roeder and William Rutter discovered there are total three distinct nuclear RNA polymerases, an additional RNAP that was responsible for transcription of some kind of RNA in the nucleoplasm. The finding was obtained by the use of ion-exchange chromatography via DEAE coated Sephadex beads. The technique separated the enzymes by the order of the corresponding elutions, Ι,ΙΙ,ΙΙΙ, by increasing the concentration of ammonium sulfate. The enzymes were named according to the order of the elutions, RNAP I, RNAP II, RNAP IΙI. This discovery demonstrated that there was an additional enzyme present in the nucleoplasm, which allowed for the differentiation between RNAP II and RNAP III.
RNA polymerase II (RNAP2) undergoes regulated transcriptional pausing during early elongation. Various studies has shown that disruption of transcription elongation is implicated in cancer, neurodegeneration, HIV latency etc.
Subunits
The eukaryotic core RNA polymerase II was first purified using transcription assays. The purified enzyme has typically 10–12 subunits (12 in humans and yeast) and is incapable of specific promoter recognition. Many subunit-subunit interactions are known.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 – an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLR2A gene and in yeast is encoded |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20citrate | Potassium citrate (also known as tripotassium citrate) is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula K3C6H5O7. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste. It contains 38.28% potassium by mass. In the monohydrate form, it is highly hygroscopic and deliquescent.
As a food additive, potassium citrate is used to regulate acidity, and is known as E number E332. Medicinally, it may be used to control kidney stones derived from uric acid or cystine.
In 2020, it was the 297th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Synthesis
Potassium citrate can be synthesized by the neutralization of citric acid which is achieved by the addition of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide to it. The solution can then be filtered and the solvent can be evaporated till granulation.
Uses
Potassium citrate is rapidly absorbed when given by mouth, and is excreted in the urine. Since it is an alkaline salt, it is effective in reducing the pain and frequency of urination when these are caused by highly acidic urine. It is used for this purpose in dogs and cats, but is chiefly employed as a non-irritating diuretic.
Potassium citrate is an effective way to treat/manage arrhythmia, if the patient is hypokalemic.
It is widely used to treat urinary calculi (kidney stones), and is often used by patients with cystinuria. A systematic review showed a significant reduction in the incidence of stone formation RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.68.
It is also used as an alkalizing agent in the treatment of mild urinary tract infections, such as cystitis.
It is also used in many soft drinks as a buffering agent.
Frequently used in an aqueous solution with other potassium salts, it is a wet chemical fire suppressant that is particularly useful against kitchen fires. Its alkaline pH encourages saponification to insulate the fuel from oxidizing air, and the endothermic dehydr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Milman | David Pinhusovich Milman (; 15 January 1912, Chechelnyk near Vinnytsia – 12 July 1982, Tel Aviv) was a Soviet and later Israeli mathematician specializing in functional analysis. He was one of the major figures of the Soviet school of functional analysis. In the 70s he emigrated to Israel and was on the faculty of Tel Aviv University.
Milman is known for his development of functional analysis methods, particularly in operator theory, in close connection with concrete problems coming from mathematical physics, in particular differential equations and normal modes. The Krein–Milman theorem and the Milman–Pettis theorem are named after him.
Milman received his Ph.D. from Odessa State University in 1939 under direction of Mark Krein.
He is the father of the mathematicians Vitali Milman and Pierre Milman; and the grandfather to the mathematician Emanuel Milman and biochemist Pavel Milman.
Notes
External links
1912 births
1982 deaths
20th-century Israeli mathematicians
Ukrainian Jews
20th-century Israeli Jews
Soviet mathematicians
Academic staff of Tel Aviv University
Functional analysts
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Academic staff of K. D. Ushinsky South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20Physics%20Project%20Prioritization%20Panel | The Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) is a scientific advisory panel tasked with recommending plans for U.S. investment in particle physics research over the next ten years, on the basis of various funding scenarios. The P5 is a temporary subcommittee of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel (HEPAP), which serves the Department of Energy's Office of Science and the National Science Foundation. In 2014 the panel was chaired by Steven Ritz of the University of California, Santa Cruz. In 2023, the panel will be chaired by Hitoshi Murayama of the University of California, Berkeley.
2014 report
In 2013, HEPAP was asked to convene a panel (the P5) to evaluate research priorities in the context of anticipated developments in the field globally in the next 20 years. Recommendations were to be made on the basis of three funding scenarios for high-energy physics:
A constant funding level for the next three years followed by an annual 2% increase, relative to the FY2013 budget
A constant funding level for the next three years followed by an annual 3% increase, relative to the proposed FY2014 budget
An unconstrained budget
Science drivers
In May 2014, the first P5 report since 2008 was released. The 2014 report identified five "science drivers"—goals intended to inform funding priorities—drawn from a year-long discussion within the particle physics community. These science drivers are:
Use of the Higgs boson as a tool for further inquiry
Investigation of the physics of neutrino mass
Investigation of the physics of dark matter
Investigation of the physics of dark energy and cosmic inflation
Exploration of new particles, interactions, and physics principles
Recommendations
In pursuit of the five science drivers, the 2014 report identified three "high priority large category" projects meriting significant investment in the FY2014–2023 period, regardless of the broader funding situation: the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (a proposed upgrade to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20commercial%20products%20based%20on%20Red%20Hat%20Enterprise%20Linux | There are a number of commercial products based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). Information about these products and the version of RHEL they are based on is often difficult to come by, since this fact is not widely publicised. Sometimes it is possible to run the 'uname -r' command to get the kernel release and then cross-reference it with the RHEL version history.
Examples
Asianux
Asianux 1.0 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.0.
Asianux 2.0 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0.
Autodesk Media and Entertainment
Autodesk's Smoke, Flame and Lustre software all run on HP z800 machines pre-configured with a custom RHEL 5 distribution. An additional software package called the 'Discreet Kernel Utility' or DKU is added for additional proprietary device drivers and resources.
Avaya
Avaya's Communication Manager VoIP-PBX software is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.
Amazon.com
Amazon Linux available as the default Linux distribution on Amazon Web Services.
F5 Networks BIG-IP
The BIG-IP product line runs an operating system derived from Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.5. Upgraded in version TMOS v.12.
Check Point SecurePlatform
Check Point SecurePlatform NG is based on Red Hat Linux 7.2
Check Point SecurePlatform NGX is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3.0
Check Point SecurePlatform 2.6 has kernel based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 and user space based on RHEL 3
Check Point SecurePlatform R70 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.
Check Point Gaia is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2.
Check Point SecurePlatform VSX R67 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2.
Cisco
Cisco Global Site Selector
Cisco Unified Communications Manager
Cisco Secure ACS (RADIUS and TACACS+ server)
CloudLinux OS
CloudLinux OS 5 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.0
CloudLinux OS 6 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.0
CloudLinux OS 7 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0
CloudLinux OS 8 is based on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.0
Crossbeam Sy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenomics%20%28journal%29 | Epigenomics is a peer-reviewed medical journal established in 2009 and published by Future Medicine. The editors-in-chief are James G. Herman (University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute) and Jörg Tost (). The journal covers all aspects of research on epigenomics and epigenetics and their implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Chemical Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 4.979, ranking it 31st out of 166 journals in the category "Genetics & Heredity". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ION%20LMD | ION LMD system is one of the laser microdissection systems and a name of device that follows Gravity-Assisted Microdissection method, also known as GAM method. This non-contact laser microdissection system makes cell isolation for further genetic analysis possible. It is the first developed laser microdissection system in Asia.
History
At first, proto type of ION LMD system was developed in 2004.
The first generation of ION LMD was developed in 2005 and then the second generation(so-called G2) was developed in 2008. At last, the third generation(so-called ION LMD Pro) was developed in 2012.
Manufacturer
JungWoo F&B was founded in 1994, and offers various factory automation products for clients in semiconductor, consumer electronics, LCD, automotive manufacturing and ship-building industries. In 2003, the company entered the bio-mechanics business for the medical laboratory market and developed an ION LMD system which is utilized in cancer research.
Awards
This ION LMD system has got some reliable awards.
2005 Excellent Machine by Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea
2005 Best Medical Device by Korean Medical Association
2006 New Excellent Product by Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy, Republic of Korea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadfishing | Sadfishing is a term used to describe a behavioural trend where people make exaggerated claims about their emotional problems to generate sympathy. The name is a play on "catfishing." Sadfishing is a common reaction for someone going through a hard time, or pretending to be going through a hard time. Sadfishing is said to hurt younger people, exposing them to bullying and child grooming. This is due to people sharing their personal and emotional stories online, often getting them targeted.
Another consequence of this behaviour is that people with "real problems" end up being overlooked or even accused of sadfishing themselves and being bullied for it.
Young people who seek support online have started being accused of sadfishing, a report has said. The report says that the accusations of sadfishing could further harm young people with mental health problems. Sadfishing is related to cyberbullying, and is often looked upon as a method of attention seeking. Sadfishing has been said to attract bullies and paedophiles.
Background
The first known usage of the word sadfishing was in January 2019, in an article for the Metro, written by Rebecca Reid in reference to Kendall Jenner's Instagram posts about her acne problems, posting pictures of herself while talking about it. The term was later picked up by Good Morning Britain, where they did an interview and talked about it. It started trending on social media at the start of October 2019, with several news channels and newspapers picking it up.
Potential causes
Sadfishing can be caused by many things, the main reason being that someone doesn't get enough attention, and/or has low self-respect. This is proven by the fact that people sadfishing are looking for compliments: very close to narcissistic behaviour, but with desire for compliments from other people for self-satisfaction. Sometimes adults partake in sadfishing because of jealousy. When someone finds themselves threatened by another person who takes all the att |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurantimycin%20A | Aurantimycin A is a depsipeptide antibiotic with the molecular formula C38H64N8O14. Aurantimycin A is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces aurantiacus. Aurantimycin A also show cytotoxic properties. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal%20septum | A vaginal septum is a vaginal anomaly that is partition within the vagina; such a septum could be either longitudinal or transverse. In some affected women, the septum is partial or does not extend the length or width of the vagina. Pain during intercourse can be a symptom. A longitudinal vaginal septum develops during embryogenesis when there is an incomplete fusion of the lower parts of the two Müllerian ducts. As a result, there may appear to be two openings to the vagina. There may be associated duplications of the more cranial parts of the Müllerian derivatives, a double cervix, and either a uterine septum or uterus didelphys (double uterus). A transverse septum forms during embryogenesis when the Müllerian ducts do not fuse to the urogenital sinus. A complete transverse septum can occur across the vagina at different levels. Menstrual flow can be blocked, and is a cause of primary amenorrhea. The accumulation of menstrual debris behind the septum is termed cryptomenorrhea. Some transverse septa are incomplete and may lead to dyspareunia or obstruction in labour.
See also
Diphallia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidolon%20bat%20coronavirus%20C704 | Eidolon bat coronavirus C704 is a species of coronavirus in the genus Betacoronavirus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RANAP | In telecommunications networks, RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part) is a protocol specified by 3GPP in TS 25.413
and used in UMTS for signaling between the Core Network, which can be a MSC or SGSN, and the UTRAN. RANAP is carried over Iu-interface.
RANAP signalling protocol resides in the control plane of Radio network layer of Iu interface in the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) protocol stack. Iu interface is the interface between RNC (Radio Network Controller) and CN (Core Network). nb. For Iu-ps transport RANAP is carried on SCTP if IP interface used on this.
RANAP handles signaling for the Iu-PS - RNC and 3G SGSN and Iu-CS - RNC and 3G MSC . It also provides the signaling channel to transparently pass messages between the User Equipment (UE) and the CN.
In LTE, RANAP has been replaced by S1AP.
In SA (standalone) installations of 5G, S1AP will be replaced by NGAP.
Functionality
Over the Iu interface, RANAP is used to:
- Facilitate general UTRAN procedures from the core network such as paging
- Separate each User Equipment (UE) on protocol level for mobile-specific signaling management
- Transfer transparently non-access signaling
- Request and manage various types of UTRAN radio access bearers
- Perform the Serving Radio Network Subsystem (SRNS) relocation
See also
GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20wavelet | In mathematics, in functional analysis, several different wavelets are known by the name Poisson wavelet. In one context, the term "Poisson wavelet" is used to denote a family of wavelets labeled by the set of positive integers, the members of which are associated with the Poisson probability distribution. These wavelets were first defined and studied by Karlene A. Kosanovich, Allan R. Moser and Michael J. Piovoso in 1995–96. In another context, the term refers to a certain wavelet which involves a form of the Poisson integral kernel. In still another context, the terminology is used to describe a family of complex wavelets indexed by positive integers which are connected with the derivatives of the Poisson integral kernel.
Wavelets associated with Poisson probability distribution
Definition
For each positive integer n the Poisson wavelet is defined by
To see the relation between the Poisson wavelet and the Poisson distribution let X be a discrete random variable having the Poisson distribution with parameter (mean) t and, for each non-negative integer n, let Prob(X = n) = pn(t). Then we have
The Poisson wavelet is now given by
Basic properties
is the backward difference of the values of the Poisson distribution:
The "waviness" of the members of this wavelet family follows from
The Fourier transform of is given
The admissibility constant associated with is
Poisson wavelet is not an orthogonal family of wavelets.
Poisson wavelet transform
The Poisson wavelet family can be used to construct the family of Poisson wavelet transforms of functions defined the time domain. Since the Poisson wavelets satisfy the admissibility condition also, functions in the time domain can be reconstructed from their Poisson wavelet transforms using the formula for inverse continuous-time wavelet transforms.
If f(t) is a function in the time domain its n-th Poisson wavelet transform is given by
In the reverse direction, given the n-th Poisson wavelet transform of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20video | Home video is recorded media sold or rented for home viewing. The term originates from the VHS and Betamax era, when the predominant medium was videotapes, but has carried over to optical disc formats such as DVD and Blu-ray. In a different usage, "home video" refers to amateur video recordings, also known as home movies.
The home-video business distributes films, television series, telefilms and other audiovisual media in the form of videos in various formats to the public. These are either bought or rented, and then watched privately in purchasers' homes. Most theatrically released films are now released on digital media, both optical and download-based, replacing the largely obsolete videotape medium. the Video CD format remained popular in Asia. DVDs are gradually losing popularity since the late 2010s and early 2020s, when streaming media became mainstream among its audiences, since most of them have Internet access.
History
As early as 1906, various film entrepreneurs began to discuss the potential of home viewing of films, and in 1912, both Edison and Pathé started selling film projectors for home use. Because making release prints was (and still is) very expensive, early home projector owners rented films by mail from the projector manufacturer. Edison's business model was fundamentally flawed because the company had started with phonographs and did not understand that home viewing is fundamentally different from home listening. Edison ended its home viewing business in 1914, while Pathé remained somewhat longer, but exited at some point during World War I.
After the quick failures of these early attempts at home viewing, most feature films were essentially inaccessible to the public after their original theatrical runs. For most of the 20th century, the idea that ordinary consumers could own copies of films and watch them at their convenience in their own homes "was beyond the grasp of reasonable expectations." Some very popular films were given oc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social%20facilitation | Social facilitation is a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance. That is, people do better on tasks when they are with other people rather than when they are doing the task alone. Situations that elicit social facilitation include coaction, performing for an audience, and appears to depend on task complexity.
Norman Triplett's early investigations describes social facilitation to occur during instances of coaction, which is performing a task in the presence of other people performing a similar task, while not necessarily engaging in direct interactions with each other. Triplett first observed this in cyclists, finding that cyclists rode at faster speeds when competing against other cyclists compared to when cycling alone. Social facilitation has also been known to occur when performing a task in front of an audience, or during periods of observation, sometimes referred to as audience effects. For instance, during exercise Meumann (1904) found that when being watched, individuals could lift heavier weights compared to when they were not being watched. Research on the effects of coaction and audience effects on social facilitation have been mixed. In an attempt to discover why these types of situations do not always trigger social facilitation, Robert Zajonc (1965) theorized that perhaps task complexity, or how simple versus complex a task is, could influence whether or not social facilitation occurs.
Zajonc predicted that simple tasks would result in social facilitation within group settings, whereas more complicated tasks would not. According to Zajonc, some tasks are easier to learn and perform than others because they require dominant responses. Dominant responses are behavioral responses at the top of an organism's behavioral repertoire, making them more readily available, or 'dominant', above all other responses. Tasks that elicit dominant responses are typically simpler, less effortful, and easier to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS%20Magnum | The MIPS Magnum was a line of computer workstations designed by MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. and based on the MIPS series of RISC microprocessors. The first Magnum was released in March, 1990, and production of various models continued until 1993 when SGI bought MIPS Technologies. SGI cancelled the MIPS Magnum line to promote their own workstations including the entry-level SGI Indy.
The early, R3000-based Magnum series ran only RISC/os, a variant of BSD Unix, but the subsequent Magnum workstations based on the Jazz architecture ran both RISC/os and Windows NT. In addition to these proprietary operating systems, both Linux and NetBSD have been ported to the Jazz-based MIPS Magnum machines.
Some models of MIPS Magnum were rebadged and sold by Groupe Bull and Olivetti. In addition, headless (i.e., without a framebuffer or video card) versions were marketed as servers under the name "MIPS Millennium".
Series
Model number information.
MIPS Magnum 3000
Alternative model name: MIPS RC3230
Release: March, 1990
Initial price: $9000 USD
Bus: TURBOchannel
Maximum possible RAM: 128 MB
MIPS Magnum R4000
Two subtypes: The R4000 PC-50 and R4000 SC-50
Release: April, 1992
Initial price: $12,000.00 USD
Bus: EISA
Maximum possible RAM: 256 MB
Components
Processors
The MIPS Magnum 3000 has a 25 or 33 MHz MIPS R3000A microprocessor.
The MIPS Magnum R4000 PC-50 has a MIPS R4000PC processor with only 16 kB L1 cache (but no L2 cache), running at an external clock rate of 50 MHz (which was internally doubled in the microprocessor to 100 MHz). The MIPS Magnum R4000 SC-50 is identical to the Magnum R4000PC, but includes one megabyte of secondary cache in addition to the primary cache.
Memory
For main memory, the MIPS Magnum 3000 accepted 30-pin true-parity, 80ns SIMMs up to a maximum of 128 MB.
The MIPS Magnum R4000 accepted eight 72-pin true-parity SIMMs, up to a maximum of 256 MB.
SCSI
The MIPS Magnum R4000 (both the R4000 PC-50 and R4000 SC-50) includes a single on-board |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bialaphos | Bialaphos is a natural herbicide produced by the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Bialaphos is a protoxin and nontoxic as is. When it is metabolized by the plant, the glutamic acid analog glufosinate is released which inhibits glutamine synthetase. This results in the accumulation of ammonium and disruption of primary metabolism.
Bialaphos is made up of two alanine residues and glufosinate, and is commonly used as a selection marker in plants. Resistance plasmids include pGreenII 0229 and pGreenII 0229 62-SK. pGreenII 0229 is derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos- cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the left border, providing resistance to bialaphos or phosphinothricin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229 62-SK is derived from pGreenII 0229, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S overexpression cassette.
See also
Phosalacine, a related tripeptide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20%28operations%20research%29 | Sigma (Science in General Management) was a limited company established by Henry Novy, Stafford Beer and Roger Eddison in 1961. It sold operational research OR in the United Kingdom and overseas. Beer was responsible for the cybernetic models of organisation and corporate planning which were the firm's specially. Eddison was the Operations Director.
The consultancy arose following discussions between the Société d’Économie et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SEMA) and Martech Consultants Limited. Novy, who ran Maretch, was given the job of selecting the people to run the company, inviting several OR practitioners to come to Paris for an interview. After he selected Beer, Beer only agreed if Eddison would also join him. This was arranged and the company was launched with a reception at the Connaught Hotel in October 1961.
Over the next five years Sigma developed into a substantial organisation providing services to several leading companies across the UK as well as for six government departments. It also took on contracts in the United States and several developing countries. Amongst the diverse areas it worked in were energy, for the Gas Council, transportation, for British Rail and the Port of London Authority, shipbuilding, for the Geddes Committee, education for Yugoslavia, tourism, for Israel, nationalised industry in South America, and distribution for a variety of industrial firms.
Sigma, Martech, and Proplan were amalgamated to form what afterwards became the Metra Consulting Group in the United Kingdom. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenoidal%20process%20of%20palatine%20bone | The sphenoidal process of palatine bone is a thin, superomedially directed plate of bone. It is smaller and more inferior compared to the orbital process of palatine bone.
Anatomy
Surfaces
The superior surface articulates with the root of the pterygoid process and the under surface of the sphenoidal concha, its medial border reaching as far as the ala of the vomer; it presents a groove which contributes to the formation of the pharyngeal canal.
The medial surface is concave, and forms part of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.
The lateral surface is divided into an articular and a non-articular portion: the former is rough, for articulation with the medial pterygoid plate; the latter is smooth, and forms part of the pterygopalatine fossa.
Borders
The anterior border forms the posterior boundary of the sphenopalatine notch.
The posterior border, serrated at the expense of the outer table, articulates with the vaginal process of the medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone.
The medial border articulates with ala of vomer.
The orbital and sphenoidal processes are separated from one another by the sphenopalatine notch. Sometimes the two processes are united above, and form between them a complete foramen, or the notch may be crossed by one or more spicules of bone, giving rise to two or more foramina.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic%20Operational%20Research%20Society | The Hellenic Operational Research Society (HELORS) is the official non-profit society for the scientific field of Operations Research in Greece. The society is a member of the European umbrella organization, the Association of European Operational Research Societies, and of the International Federation of Operational Research Societies.
History
HELORS was created in 1963, aiming to promote the tools and methodologies of Operational Research (OR) and Scientific Management, for the benefit of the Greek economy and society. In 1984 the Macedonia-Thrace annex of HELORS was founded, aiming primarily at the growth of OR in the greater area of Balkans and at the amelioration of the structures and communication of the HELORS members of northern Greece.
HELORS corporate headquarters are located in Athens, where administrative council sits, in privately owned offices. Pioneering Hellenic OR Researchers in one of the first meetings of HELORS in the 60's are displayed on the photo.
Governance
HELORS is managed by a board of 11 members. The Board consists of the president, two vice presidents, a general secretary, a special secretary, a cashier and five members of the General Council. Board members are elected by the members of HELORS every two years, in the premises of the society in Athens.
The current president is Nikolaos Matsatsinis.
Since HELORS establishment, its Presidents have been the following:
1963-1974: General Radamathis Spanogiannakis, Founder of HELORS
1974-1976: Professor Dimitris Xirokostas, National Technical University
1976-1978: Professor Ioannis Pappas, National Technical University
1979-1980: Professor Dimitris Xirokostas, National Technical University
1981-1984: Professor Dimitris Blesios, University of Piraeus
1985-1988: Professor Dimitris Papoulias, Kapodistrian University of Athens
1989-1990: Professor Konstantinos Papis, University of Piraeus
1991-1994: Konstantinos Vasiliadis, Executive Manager
1995-1996: Spiros Pashentis, Executive M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric%20acid | Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOC(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
More than two million tons of citric acid are manufactured every year. It is used widely as an acidifier, as a flavoring, and a chelating agent.
A citrate is a derivative of citric acid; that is, the salts, esters, and the polyatomic anion found in solution. An example of the former, a salt is trisodium citrate; an ester is triethyl citrate. When part of a salt, the formula of the citrate anion is written as or .
Natural occurrence and industrial production
Citric acid occurs in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8% of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices). The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes; these values vary within species depending upon the cultivar and the circumstances under which the fruit was grown.
Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who crystallized it from lemon juice.
Industrial-scale citric acid production first began in 1890 based on the Italian citrus fruit industry, where the juice was treated with hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) to precipitate calcium citrate, which was isolated and converted back to the acid using diluted sulfuric acid. In 1893, C. Wehmer discovered Penicillium mold could produce citric acid from sugar. However, microbial production of citric acid did not become industrially important until World War I disrupted Italian citrus exports.
In 1917, American food chemist James Currie discovered that certain strains of the mold Aspergillus niger could be efficient citric |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEST%20%28software%29 | NEST is a simulation software for spiking neural network models, including large-scale neuronal networks. NEST was initially developed by Markus Diesmann and Marc-Oliver Gewaltig and is now developed and maintained by the NEST Initiative.
Modeling philosophy
A NEST simulation tries to follow the logic of an electrophysiological experiment that takes place inside a computer with the difference, that the neural system to be investigated must be defined by the experimenter.
The neural system is defined by a possibly large number of neurons and their connections. In a NEST network, different neuron and synapse models can coexist. Any two neurons can have multiple connections with different properties. Thus, the connectivity can in general not be described by a weight or connectivity matrix but rather as an adjacency list.
To manipulate or observe the network dynamics, the experimenter can define so-called devices which represent the various instruments (for measuring and stimulation) found in an experiment. These devices write their data either to memory or to file.
NEST is extensible and new models for neurons, synapses, and devices can be added.
Example
The following example simulates spiking activity in a sparse random network with recurrent excitation and inhibition
The figure shows the spiking activity of 50 neurons as a raster plot. Time increases along the horizontal axis, neuron id increases along the vertical axis. Each dot corresponds to a spike of the respective neuron at a given time. The lower part of the figure shows a histogram with the mean firing-rate of the neurons.
import nest
import nest.raster_plot
J_ex = 0.1 # excitatory weight
J_in = -0.5 # inhibitory weight
p_rate = 20000.0 # external Poisson rate
neuron_params= {"C_m": 1.0, "tau_m": 20.0, "t_ref": 2.0,
"E_L": 0.0, "V_reset": 0.0, "V_m": 0.0, "V_th": 20.0}
# Set parameters of neurons and devices
nest.SetDefaults("iaf_psc_delta", neuron_params)
nest.SetDefaults("po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/4 | OS/4 is a discontinued operating system, introduced in 1972, from UNIVAC for their 9400, 9480, and 9700 computer systems. It is an enhanced version of UNIVAC's 9400 Disc Operating System. OS/4 is a disc-resident system requiring 64 KB of main memory, two disc drives, a punched-card reader and a printer. The resident memory footprint is approximately 24 KB.
UNIVAC intended to replace OS/4 with a new system. OS/7, but OS/7 development was discontinued in 1975 when the 9700 was made part of the new UNIVAC Series 90 line as the 90/70.
REferences
Discontinued operating systems
UNIVAC mainframe computers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosilylation | Hydrosilylation, also called catalytic hydrosilation, describes the addition of Si-H bonds across unsaturated bonds. Ordinarily the reaction is conducted catalytically and usually the substrates are unsaturated organic compounds. Alkenes and alkynes give alkyl and vinyl silanes; aldehydes and ketones give silyl ethers. Hydrosilylation has been called the "most important application of platinum in homogeneous catalysis."
Scope and mechanism
Hydrosilylation of alkenes represents a commercially important method for preparing organosilicon compounds. The process is mechanistically similar to the hydrogenation of alkenes. In fact, similar catalysts are sometimes employed for the two catalytic processes.
The prevalent mechanism, called the Chalk-Harrod mechanism, assumes an intermediate metal complex that contains a hydride, a silyl ligand (R3Si), and the alkene substrate. Oxidative addition proceeds by the intermediacy of a sigma-complex, wherein the Si-H bond is not fully broken.
Hydrosilylation of alkenes usually proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition, i.e., silicon is placed at the terminal carbon when hydrosilylating a terminal alkene Variations of the Chalk-Harrod mechanism exist. Some cases involve insertion of alkene into M-Si bond followed by reductive elimination, the opposite of the sequence in the Chalk-Harrod mechanism. In certain cases, hydrosilylation results in vinyl or allylic silanes resulting from beta-hydride elimination.
Alkynes also undergo hydrosilylation, e.g., the addition of triethylsilane to diphenylacetylene:
Et3SiH + PhC≡CPh → Et3Si(Ph)C=CH(Ph)
Asymmetric hydrosilylation
Using chiral phosphines as spectator ligands, catalysts have been developed for catalytic asymmetric hydrosilation. A well studied reaction is the addition of trichlorosilane to styrene to give 1-phenyl-1-(trichlorosilyl)ethane:
Cl3SiH + PhCH=CH2 → (Ph)(CH3)CHSiCl3
Nearly perfect enantioselectivities (ee's) can be achieved using palladium catalysts supported b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20%28computing%29 | In computer and machine-based telecommunications terminology, a character is a unit of information that roughly corresponds to a grapheme, grapheme-like unit, or symbol, such as in an alphabet or syllabary in the written form of a natural language.
Examples of characters include letters, numerical digits, common punctuation marks (such as "." or "-"), and whitespace. The concept also includes control characters, which do not correspond to visible symbols but rather to instructions to format or process the text. Examples of control characters include carriage return and tab as well as other instructions to printers or other devices that display or otherwise process text.
Characters are typically combined into strings.
Historically, the term character was used to denote a specific number of contiguous bits. While a character is most commonly assumed to refer to 8 bits (one byte) today, other options like the 6-bit character code were once popular, and the 5-bit Baudot code has been used in the past as well. The term has even been applied to 4 bits with only 16 possible values. All modern systems use a varying-size sequence of these fixed-sized pieces, for instance UTF-8 uses a varying number of 8-bit code units to define a "code point" and Unicode uses varying number of those to define a "character".
Encoding
Computers and communication equipment represent characters using a character encoding that assigns each character to something an integer quantity represented by a sequence of digits, typically that can be stored or transmitted through a network. Two examples of usual encodings are ASCII and the UTF-8 encoding for Unicode. While most character encodings map characters to numbers and/or bit sequences, Morse code instead represents characters using a series of electrical impulses of varying length.
Terminology
Historically, the term character has been widely used by industry professionals to refer to an encoded character, often as defined by the programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology%20%28journal%29 | Ecology is a scientific journal that publishes research and synthesizes papers in the field of ecology. It was founded in 1920 as the continuation of Plant World, and is published by the Ecological Society of America. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it is currently ranked 15th out of 136 journals in the Ecology category. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet%20erasure%20channel | The packet erasure channel is a communication channel model where sequential packets are either received or lost (at a known location). This channel model is closely related to the binary erasure channel.
An erasure code can be used for forward error correction on such a channel.
See also
Network traffic simulation
Packet loss
Traffic generation model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan%20Forensic%20Anthropology%20Foundation | The Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Foundation ( or FAFG) is an autonomous, non-profit, technical and scientific non-governmental organisation.
Its aim is to strengthen the administration of justice and respect for human rights by investigating, documenting, and raising awareness about past instances of human rights violations, particularly unresolved murders, that occurred during Guatemala's 30-year-long Civil War.
Its main tool in pursuing this goal is the application of forensic anthropology techniques in exhumations of clandestine mass graves. Its endeavours in this regard allow the relatives of the disappeared to recuperate the remains of their missing family members and to proceed with burials in accordance with their beliefs, and enable criminal prosecutions to be brought against the perpetrators.
History
In 1990 and 1991, various groups of survivors began to report to the authorities the existence of clandestine graves in their communities, most of which contained the bodies of Maya campesinos massacred during the "scorched earth" policy pursued by the government in the early 1980s. The forensic services of the Guatemalan judiciary began to investigate some of these cases, but they failed to pursue them to their conclusion.
Consequently, in 1991, the survivors' groups contacted Dr. Clyde Snow, a renowned U.S. forensic anthropologist who had previously overseen exhumations in Argentina in the wake of that country's Dirty War and had helped found the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team.
Snow arrived in Guatemala, accompanied by forensic anthropologists from Argentina and Chile, and began the dual task of conducting the first exhumations and training the future members of the Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology Team (Equipo de Antropología Forense de Guatemala).
The Team was supported in its early years by a donation from the American Association for the Advancement of Science of the United States, and its first director was Stefan Schmitt, who has sinc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective%20stress%20rate | In continuum mechanics, objective stress rates are time derivatives of stress that do not depend on the frame of reference. Many constitutive equations are designed in the form of a relation between a stress-rate and a strain-rate (or the rate of deformation tensor). The mechanical response of a material should not depend on the frame of reference. In other words, material constitutive equations should be frame-indifferent (objective). If the stress and strain measures are material quantities then objectivity is automatically satisfied. However, if the quantities are spatial, then the objectivity of the stress-rate is not guaranteed even if the strain-rate is objective.
There are numerous objective stress rates in continuum mechanics – all of which can be shown to be special forms of Lie derivatives. Some of the widely used objective stress rates are:
the Truesdell rate of the Cauchy stress tensor,
the Green–Naghdi rate of the Cauchy stress, and
the Zaremba-Jaumann rate of the Cauchy stress.
The adjacent figure shows the performance of various objective rates in a simple shear test where the material model is hypoelastic with constant elastic moduli. The ratio of the shear stress to the displacement is plotted as a function of time. The same moduli are used with the three objective stress rates. Clearly there are spurious oscillations observed for the Zaremba-Jaumann stress rate.
This is not because one rate is better than another but because it is a misuse of material models to use the same constants with different objective rates. For this reason, a recent trend has been to avoid objective stress rates altogether where possible.
Non-objectivity of the time derivative of Cauchy stress
Under rigid body rotations (), the Cauchy stress tensor transforms as
Since is a spatial quantity and the transformation follows the rules of tensor transformations, is objective. However,
Therefore, the stress rate is not objective unless the rate of rotatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-creatine%20kinase | Macro-creatine kinase (macro-CK) is a macroenzyme, an enzyme of high molecular weight and prolonged half-life found in human serum. It is one of the most common macroenzymes. Macro-CK type 1 is a complex formed by one of the creatine kinase isoenzyme types, typically CK-BB, and antibodies; typically IgG, sometimes IgA, rarely IgM. Macro-CK type 2 is formed from mitochondrial CK polymer.
Macro-CK type 1 has been associated with autoimmune and other chronic conditions. Macro-CK type 2 has been associated with malignancy.
Macro-CK has been implicated as a source of interference in interpretation of medical labs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20model | Lattice model may refer to:
Lattice model (physics), a physical model that is defined on a periodic structure with a repeating elemental unit pattern, as opposed to the continuum of space or spacetime
Lattice model (finance), a "discrete-time" model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, during the life of the instrument
Lattice model (mathematics), a regular tiling of a space by a primitive cell
Lattice model (biophysics), a class of Ising-type models for the description of biomacromolecules, their transformations and binding in gene regulation and signal transduction
Lattice-based access control, a complex access control model based on the interaction between any combination of objects and subjects
Lattice models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20cell%20culture%20in%20wood-based%20nanocellulose%20hydrogel | Hydrogel from wood-based nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) is used as a matrix for 3D cell culture, providing a three-dimensional environment that more closely resembles the conditions found in living tissue.
As plant based material, it does not contain any human- or animal-derived components. Nanocellulose is instead derived from wood pulp that has been processed to create extremely small, nanoscale fibers. These fibers can be used to create a hydrogel, which is a type of material that is made up of a network of cross-linked polymer chains and is able to hold large amounts of water.
Overview
As the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of the cells, hydrogels mimicking natural ECM structure are considered as potential approaches towards in vivo –like cell culturing. GrowDex is NFC hydrogel for 3D cell culture commercialized by UPM, Finland.
Material properties
NFC fiber network structure and dimensions in hydrogel resemble human ECM. Stiffness can be tuned to optimize the conditions for each cell type. Shear-thinning property of the material makes the gel ready to use without cross-linking or gelification step. The nanocellulose hydrogel can be completely degraded by cellulase enzyme treatment while retaining the 3D cell structures.
Applications
NFC hydrogel in 3D cell culture offers a platform for various biomedical applications. Different cell lines and cell types have been cultured in NFC, including e.g. differentiation of human hepatic cells to functional organotypic cultures, and proliferation of human pluripotent stem cells. Organotypic liver cell cultures can be used in drug discovery for testing liver toxicity and metabolism of the novel drug candidates. The possibility to use the hydrogel with robotic dispensers enables its use in high throughput screening (HTS) formats.
Additionally, 3D cell culture using wood-based nanocellulose hydrogel can be used for tissue engineering. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coplanarity | In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all. For example, three points are always coplanar, and if the points are distinct and non-collinear, the plane they determine is unique. However, a set of four or more distinct points will, in general, not lie in a single plane.
Two lines in three-dimensional space are coplanar if there is a plane that includes them both. This occurs if the lines are parallel, or if they intersect each other. Two lines that are not coplanar are called skew lines.
Distance geometry provides a solution technique for the problem of determining whether a set of points is coplanar, knowing only the distances between them.
Properties in three dimensions
In three-dimensional space, two linearly independent vectors with the same initial point determine a plane through that point. Their cross product is a normal vector to that plane, and any vector orthogonal to this cross product through the initial point will lie in the plane. This leads to the following coplanarity test using a scalar triple product:
Four distinct points, , are coplanar if and only if,
which is also equivalent to
If three vectors are coplanar, then if (i.e., and are orthogonal) then
where denotes the unit vector in the direction of . That is, the vector projections of on and on add to give the original .
Coplanarity of points in n dimensions whose coordinates are given
Since three or fewer points are always coplanar, the problem of determining when a set of points are coplanar is generally of interest only when there are at least four points involved. In the case that there are exactly four points, several ad hoc methods can be employed, but a general method that works for any number of points uses vector methods and the property that a plane is determined by two linearly independent vectors.
In an -dimensional space where , a set of points are coplanar if and only if the matrix of their relative |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20page%20932%20%28IBM%29 | IBM code page 932 (abbreviated as IBM-932 or ambiguously as CP932) is one of IBM's extensions of Shift JIS. The coded character sets are JIS X 0201:1976, JIS X 0208:1983, IBM extensions and IBM extensions for IBM 1880 UDC. It is the combination of the single-byte Code page 897 and the double-byte Code page 301. Code page 301 is designed to encode the same repertoire as IBM Japanese DBCS-Host.
IBM-932 resembles IBM-943. One difference is that IBM-932 encodes the JIS X 0208:1983 characters but preserves the 1978 ordering, whereas IBM-943 uses the 1983 ordering (i.e. the character variant swaps made in JIS X 0208:1983). Another difference is that IBM-932 does not incorporate the NEC selected extensions, which IBM-943 includes for Microsoft compatibility.
IBM-942 includes the same double-byte codes as IBM-932 (those from Code page 301) but includes additional single-byte extensions. International Components for Unicode treats "ibm-932" and "ibm-942" as aliases for the same decoder.
IBM-932 contains 7-bit ISO 646 codes, and Japanese characters are indicated by the high bit of the first byte being set to 1. Some code points in this page require a second byte, so characters use either 8 or 16 bits for encoding.
Layout
See also
LMBCS-16
Code page 942
Code page 943 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20Volume%20Community%20Ocean%20Model | The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM; Formerly Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) is a prognostic, unstructured-grid, free-surface, 3-D primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model. The model is developed primarily by researchers at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and used by researchers worldwide. Originally developed for the estuarine flooding/drying process, FVCOM has been upgraded to the spherical coordinate system for basin and global applications. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting%20sort | In computer science, counting sort is an algorithm for sorting a collection of objects according to keys that are small positive integers; that is, it is an integer sorting algorithm. It operates by counting the number of objects that possess distinct key values, and applying prefix sum on those counts to determine the positions of each key value in the output sequence. Its running time is linear in the number of items and the difference between the maximum key value and the minimum key value, so it is only suitable for direct use in situations where the variation in keys is not significantly greater than the number of items. It is often used as a subroutine in radix sort, another sorting algorithm, which can handle larger keys more efficiently.
Counting sort is not a comparison sort; it uses key values as indexes into an array and the lower bound for comparison sorting will not apply. Bucket sort may be used in lieu of counting sort, and entails a similar time analysis. However, compared to counting sort, bucket sort requires linked lists, dynamic arrays, or a large amount of pre-allocated memory to hold the sets of items within each bucket, whereas counting sort stores a single number (the count of items) per bucket.
Input and output assumptions
In the most general case, the input to counting sort consists of a collection of items, each of which has a non-negative integer key whose maximum value is at most .
In some descriptions of counting sort, the input to be sorted is assumed to be more simply a sequence of integers itself, but this simplification does not accommodate many applications of counting sort. For instance, when used as a subroutine in radix sort, the keys for each call to counting sort are individual digits of larger item keys; it would not suffice to return only a sorted list of the key digits, separated from the items.
In applications such as in radix sort, a bound on the maximum key value will be known in advance, and can be assumed to be p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlicz%20space | In mathematical analysis, and especially in real, harmonic analysis and functional analysis, an Orlicz space is a type of function space which generalizes the Lp spaces. Like the Lp spaces, they are Banach spaces. The spaces are named for Władysław Orlicz, who was the first to define them in 1932.
Besides the Lp spaces, a variety of function spaces arising naturally in analysis are Orlicz spaces. One such space L log+ L, which arises in the study of Hardy–Littlewood maximal functions, consists of measurable functions f such that the integral
Here log+ is the positive part of the logarithm. Also included in the class of Orlicz spaces are many of the most important Sobolev spaces.
Terminology
These spaces are called Orlicz spaces by an overwhelming majority of mathematicians and by all monographies studying them, because Władysław Orlicz was the first who introduced them, in 1932. Some mathematicians, including Wojbor Woyczyński, Edwin Hewitt and Vladimir Mazya, include the name of Zygmunt Birnbaum as well, referring to his earlier joint work with Władysław Orlicz. However in the Birnbaum–Orlicz paper the Orlicz space is not introduced, neither explicitly nor implicitly, hence the name Orlicz space is preferred. By the same reasons this convention has been also openly criticized by another mathematician (and an expert in the history of Orlicz spaces), Lech Maligranda. Orlicz was confirmed as the person who introduced Orlicz spaces already by Stefan Banach in his 1932 monograph.
Formal definition
Suppose that μ is a σ-finite measure on a set X, and Φ : [0, ∞) → [0, ∞) is a Young function, i.e., a convex function such that
Let be the set of measurable functions f : X → R such that the integral
is finite, where, as usual, functions that agree almost everywhere are identified.
This might not be a vector space (i.e., it might fail to be closed under scalar multiplication). The vector space of functions spanned by is the Orlicz space, denoted .
To define a n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finless%20sleeper%20ray | The finless sleeper ray (Temera hardwickii) is a species of electric ray in the family Narkidae, and the sole member of its genus. It is found over the continental shelf of Southeast Asia from the eastern Andaman Sea to Vietnam and Borneo. Typically growing no more than long, it may be the smallest cartilaginous fish. The finless sleeper ray is the only electric ray that lacks dorsal fins. It has an oval pectoral fin disc that varies from longer than wide to wider than long, depending on age, and a short, robust tail that terminates in a short, deep caudal fin. The trailing margins of its pelvic fins are sexually dimorphic, being more concave in males.
Like other members of its family, the finless sleeper ray can generate a defensive electric shock from paired electric organs in its disc. It gives birth to live young, with the developing embryos nourished by yolk. A litter size of four has been recorded from one individual. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the finless sleeper ray as Vulnerable. This slow-reproducing species is caught by intensive bottom trawl and possibly other fisheries throughout its range, which likely cause high mortality regardless of whether it is discarded or utilised.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
The finless sleeper ray was described as a new species and genus by English zoologist John Edward Gray in an 1831 issue of the scientific journal Zoological Miscellany. His account was based on two specimens collected from Penang in Malaysia by General Thomas Hardwicke and presented to the British Museum. Hence, Gray named the ray Temera hardwickii, or "Hardwicke's Temera". He noted that the new genus was most closely affiliated to the genus Narke, because it has no dorsal fins while Narke has only one and other electric rays have two. A 2012 phylogenetic study, based on morphology, corroborated the close relationship between Temera and Narke.
Description
The pectoral fin disc of the finless sleeper ray is oval i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%20peak | The Bragg peak is a pronounced peak on the Bragg curve which plots the energy loss of ionizing radiation during its travel through matter. For protons, α-rays, and other ion rays, the peak occurs immediately before the particles come to rest. It is named after William Henry Bragg, who discovered it in 1903.
When a fast charged particle moves through matter, it ionizes atoms of the material and deposits a dose along its path. A peak occurs because the interaction cross section increases as the charged particle's energy decreases. Energy lost by charged particles is inversely proportional to the square of their velocity, which explains the peak occurring just before the particle comes to a complete stop. In the upper figure, it is the peak for alpha particles of 5.49 MeV moving through air. In the lower figure, it is the narrow peak of the "native" proton beam curve which is produced by a particle accelerator of 250 MeV. The figure also shows the absorption of a beam of energetic photons (X-rays) which is entirely different in nature; the curve is mainly exponential.
This characteristic of proton beams was first recommended for use in cancer therapy by Robert R. Wilson in his 1946 article, Radiological Use of Fast Protons. Wilson studied how the depth of proton beam penetration could be controlled by the energy of the protons. This phenomenon is exploited in particle therapy of cancer, specifically in proton therapy, to concentrate the effect of light ion beams on the tumor being treated while minimizing the effect on the surrounding healthy tissue.
The blue curve in the figure ("modified proton beam") shows how the originally monoenergetic proton beam with the sharp peak is widened by increasing the range of energies, so that a larger tumor volume can be treated. The plateau created by modifying the proton beam is referred to as the spread out Bragg Peak, or SOBP, which allows the treatment to conform to not only larger tumors, but to more specific 3D shapes. Thi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipastat | Nipastat is the brand name for a mixture of parabens (parahydroxybenzoates) by Clariant, a chemicals company. Parabens are a type of compound used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food. Nipastat is a white powder at room temperature, but is typically dissolved into a liquid product. Nipastat acts to prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Nipastat is a mixture of five common parabens: methylparaben (50-60%), butylparaben (12-17%), ethylparaben, (13-18%) propylparaben (6-9%), and isobutylparaben (6-9%). When Nipastat is added to a product, the recommended final weight of Nipastat is between 0.05% and 0.3% of the total weight. Nipastat is stable at a range of pHs between 4 and 8.
Uses
Nipastat has been approved for use in Europe, the United States, and Japan. These are the only locations where it is currently in use. It is frequently added to pharmaceutical creams, lotions and ointments, as well as consumer products including lotions, cosmetics, shampoo, and food. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savart%20law | In physics, specifically electromagnetism, the Biot–Savart law ( or ) is an equation describing the magnetic field generated by a constant electric current. It relates the magnetic field to the magnitude, direction, length, and proximity of the electric current.
The Biot–Savart law is fundamental to magnetostatics. It is valid in the magnetostatic approximation and consistent with both Ampère's circuital law and Gauss's law for magnetism. When magnetostatics does not apply, the Biot–Savart law should be replaced by Jefimenko's equations. The law is named after Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart, who discovered this relationship in 1820.
Equation
In the following equations, it's assumed that the medium is not magnetic (e.g., vacuum). This allows for straightforward derivation of magnetic field B, while the fundamental vector here is H.
Electric currents (along a closed curve/wire)
The Biot–Savart law is used for computing the resultant magnetic flux density B at position r in 3D-space generated by a filamentary current I (for example due to a wire). A steady (or stationary) current is a continual flow of charges which does not change with time and the charge neither accumulates nor depletes at any point. The law is a physical example of a line integral, being evaluated over the path C in which the electric currents flow (e.g. the wire). The equation in SI units teslas (T) is
where is a vector along the path whose magnitude is the length of the differential element of the wire in the direction of conventional current. is a point on path . is the full displacement vector from the wire element () at point to the point at which the field is being computed (), and μ0 is the magnetic constant. Alternatively:
where is the unit vector of . The symbols in boldface denote vector quantities.
The integral is usually around a closed curve, since stationary electric currents can only flow around closed paths when they are bounded. However, the law also applies to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum%20Ramsey%20theory | In mathematics, zero-sum Ramsey theory or zero-sum theory is a branch of combinatorics. It deals with problems of the following kind: given a combinatorial structure whose elements are assigned different weights (usually elements from an Abelian group ), one seeks for conditions that guarantee the existence of certain substructure whose weights of its elements sum up to zero (in ). It combines tools from number theory, algebra, linear algebra, graph theory, discrete analysis, and other branches of mathematics.
The classic result in this area is the 1961 theorem of Paul Erdős, Abraham Ginzburg, and Abraham Ziv: for any elements of , there is a subset of size that sums to zero. (This bound is tight, as a sequence of zeroes and ones cannot have any subset of size summing to zero.) There are known proofs of this result using the Cauchy-Davenport theorem, Fermat's little theorem, or the Chevalley–Warning theorem.
Generalizing this result, one can define for any abelian group G the minimum quantity of elements of G such that there must be a subsequence of elements (where is the order of the group) which adds to zero. It is known that , and that this bound is strict if and only if .
See also
Zero-sum problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QMC%40Home | QMC@Home was a volunteer computing project for the BOINC client aimed at further developing and testing Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) for use in quantum chemistry. It is hosted by the University of Münster with participation by the Cavendish Laboratory. QMC@Home allows volunteers from around the world to donate idle computer cycles to help calculate molecular geometry using Diffusion Monte Carlo.
The project is developing a new application using density functional theory.
The project began its Beta testing on 23 May 2006. , QMC@Home has about 7,500 active participants from 102 countries, contributing about 5 teraFLOPS of computation power.
Workunits
In order to get results from home computers the work is split into "workunits". The time it takes to complete a workunit depends on the size of the calculated system and the speed of the user's computer. The target time is between 4 and 48 hours on a 2.4 GHz system.
This is a list of molecules recently tested:
1a Ammonia; 1 Ammonia dimer; 2a Water; 2 Water dimer; 3a Formic acid; 3 Formic acid dimer; 4a Formamide; 4 Formamide dimer; 5a Uracil; 5 Uracil dimer; 6a 2-pyridoxine; 6b 2-aminopyridine; 6 2-pyridoxine/2-aminopyridine; 7a Adenine; 7b Thymine; 7 Adenine/thymine WC; 8a Methane; 8 Methane dimer; 9a Ethene; 9 Ethene dimer; 10 Benzene/methane; 11a Benzene; 11 Benzene dimer; 12a Pyrazine; 12 Pyrazine dimer; 13 Uracil dimer; 14a Indole; 14 Indole/benzene; 15 Adenine/thymine stack; 16b Ethyne; 16 Ethene/ethyne; 17 Benzene/water; 18 Benzene/ammonia; 19b Hydrogen cyanide; 19 Benzene/hydrogen cyanide; 20 Benzene dimer; 21 Indole/benzene; 22a Phenol; 22 Phenol dimer
See also
List of volunteer computing projects |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle%20spiral | In the mathematics of circle packing, a Doyle spiral is a pattern of non-crossing circles in the plane in which each circle is surrounded by a ring of six tangent circles. These patterns contain spiral arms formed by circles linked through opposite points of tangency, with their centers on logarithmic spirals of three different shapes.
Doyle spirals are named after mathematician Peter G. Doyle, who made an important contribution to their mathematical construction in the late 1980s or However, their study in phyllotaxis (the mathematics of plant growth) dates back to the early
Definition
A Doyle spiral is defined to be a certain type of circle packing, consisting of infinitely many circles in the plane, with no two circles having overlapping interiors. In a Doyle spiral, each circle is enclosed by a ring of six other circles. The six surrounding circles are tangent to the central circle and to their two neighbors in the
Properties
Radii
As Doyle the only way to pack circles with the combinatorial structure of a Doyle spiral is to use circles whose radii are also highly For any such packing, there must exist three positive real numbers so that each circle of radius is surrounded by circles whose radii are (in cyclic order)
Only certain triples of numbers come from Doyle spirals; others correspond to systems of circles that eventually overlap each
Arms
In a Doyle spiral, one can group the circles into connecting chains of circles through opposite points of tangency. These have been called arms, following the same terminology used for Within each arm, the circles have radii in a doubly infinite geometric sequence
or a sequence of the same type with common multiplier In most Doyle spirals, the centers of the circles on a single arm lie on a logarithmic spiral, and all of the logarithmic spirals obtained in this way meet at a single central point. Some Doyle spirals instead have concentric circular arms (as in the stained glass window shown) or straig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrin%20repeat | Spectrin repeats are found in several proteins involved in cytoskeletal structure. These include spectrin, alpha-actinin, dystrophin and more recently the plakin family. The spectrin repeat forms a three-helix bundle. These conform to the rules of the heptad repeat. Spectrin repeats give rise to linear proteins. This however may be due to sample bias in which linear and rigid structures are more amenable to crystallization. There are hints however, that some proteins harbouring spectrin repeats may also be flexible. This is most likely due to specifically evolved functional purposes.
Human proteins containing this domain
ACTN1; ACTN2; ACTN3; ACTN4; AKAP6; SYNE3; CATX-15; DMD;
DRP2; DST; KALRN; MACF1; MCF2L; SPTA1; SPTAN1;
SPTB; SPTBN1; SPTBN2; SPTBN4; SPTBN5; SYNE1; SYNE2;
TRIO; UTRN; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20CAD%20Standard | The National CAD Standard (NCS) is a collaborative effort in the United States among computer-aided design (CAD) and building information modeling (BIM) users. Its goal is to create a unified approach to the creation of building design data. Development of the NCS is open to all building professionals in a collaborative process led by the buildingSMART Alliance.
The NCS is composed of CAD layer guidelines from the American Institute of Architects, uniform drawing system modules from the Construction Specifications Institute, and BIM implementation and plotting guidelines from the National Institute of Building Sciences. Adoption of the NCS is voluntary, however adopting companies and agencies can require its use by their associates. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimetallic%20strip | A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled.
The invention of the bimetallic strip is generally credited to John Harrison, an eighteenth-century clockmaker who made it for his third marine chronometer (H3) of 1759 to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the balance spring. Harrison's invention is recognized in the memorial to him in Westminster Abbey, England.
This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices.
Characteristics
The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper, or in some cases steel and brass. The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting, brazing or welding. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature. The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled. The sideways displacement of the strip is much larger than the small lengthways expansion in either of the two metals.
In some applications, the bimetal strip is used in the flat form. In others, it is wrapped into a coil for compactness. The greater length of the coiled version gives improved sensitivity.
The radius of curvature of a bimetallic strip depends on temperature according the formula derived by French physicist Yvon Villarceau in 1863 in his research for improving the precision of clocks:
,
where is the total thick |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Hayflick | Leonard Hayflick (born 20 May 1928) is a Professor of Anatomy at the UCSF School of Medicine, and was Professor of Medical Microbiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He is a past president of the Gerontological Society of America and was a founding member of the council of the National Institute on Aging (NIA). The recipient of a number of research prizes and awards, including the 1991 Sandoz Prize for Gerontological Research, he has studied the aging process for more than fifty years. He is known for discovering that normal human cells divide for a limited number of times in vitro (refuting the contention by Alexis Carrel that normal body cells are immortal). This is known as the Hayflick limit. His discoveries overturned a 60-year old dogma that all cultured cells are immortal. Hayflick demonstrated that normal cells have a memory and can remember at what doubling level they have reached. He demonstrated that his normal human cell strains were free from contaminating viruses. His cell strain WI-38 soon replaced primary monkey kidney cells and became the substrate for the production of most of the world's human virus vaccines. Hayflick discovered that the etiological agent of primary atypical pneumonia (also called "walking pneumonia") was not a virus as previously believed. He was the first to cultivate the causative organism called a mycoplasma, the smallest free-living organism, which Hayflick isolated on a unique culture medium that bears his name. He named the organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
In 1959, Hayflick developed the first inverted microscope for use in cell culture research. To this day, all inverted microscopes used in cell culture laboratories worldwide are descended from this prototype. His microscope was accessioned by the Smithsonian Institution in 2009.
Hayflick developed the first practical method for producing powdered cell culture media in 1965. This method is now used worldwide for the production of many tons of powdered media a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HO%20scale | HO or H0 is a rail transport modelling scale using a 1:87 scale (3.5 mm to 1 foot). It is the most popular scale of model railway in the world. The rails are spaced apart for modelling standard gauge tracks and trains in HO.
The name H0 comes from 1:87 scale being half that of 0 scale, which was originally the smallest of the series of older and larger 0, 1, 2 and 3 gauges introduced by Märklin around 1900. Rather than referring to the scale as "half-zero" or "H-zero", English-speakers have consistently pronounced it and have generally written it with the letters HO. In other languages it also remains written with the letter H and number 0 (zero); in German it is thus pronounced as .
History
After the First World War there were several attempts to introduce a model railway about half the size of 0 scale that would be more suitable for smaller home layouts and cheaper to manufacture. H0 was created to meet these aims. For this new scale, a track width of was designed to represent prototypical standard-gauge track of width, and a model scale of 1:87 was chosen. By as early as 1922 the firm Bing in Nuremberg, Germany, had been marketing a "tabletop railway" for several years. This came on a raised, quasi-ballasted track with a gauge of 16.5 mm, which was described at that time either as 00 or H0. The trains initially had a clockwork drive, but from 1924 were driven electrically. Accessory manufacturers, such as Kibri, marketed buildings in the corresponding scale.
At the 1935 Leipzig Spring Fair, an electric tabletop railway, Trix Express, was displayed to a gauge described as "half nought gauge", which was then abbreviated as gauge 00 ("nought-nought"). Märklin, another German firm, followed suit with its 00 gauge railway for the 1935 Leipzig Autumn Fair. The Märklin 00 gauge track that appeared more than ten years after Bing's tabletop railway had a very similar appearance to the previous Bing track. On the Märklin version, however, the rails were fixed to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbreeding%20in%20fish | Inbreeding in fish is the mating of closely related individuals, leading to an increase in homozygosity. Repeated inbreeding generally leads to morphological abnormalities and a reduction in fitness in the offspring. In the wild, fish have a number of ways to avoid inbreeding, both before and after copulation.
Exposure
Exposure of zebrafish to a chemical environmental agent, analogous to that caused by anthropogenic pollution, amplified the effects of inbreeding on key reproductive traits. Embryo viability was significantly reduced in inbred exposed fish and there was a tendency for inbred males to sire fewer offspring.
Effects
The effect of inbreeding on reproductive behavior was studied in the poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa. One generation of full-sib mating was found to decrease reproductive performance and likely reproductive success of male progeny. Other traits that displayed inbreeding depression were offspring viability and maturation time of both males and females.
Behaviors
The behaviors of juvenile Coho salmon with either low or medium inbreeding were compared in paired contests. Fish with low inbreeding showed almost twice the aggressive pursuit in defending territory than fish with medium inbreeding, and furthermore had a higher specific growth rate. A significant effect of inbreeding depression on juvenile survival was also found, but only in high-density competitive environments, suggesting that intra-specific competition can magnify the deleterious effects of inbreeding.
Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms
Inbreeding ordinarily has negative fitness consequences (inbreeding depression), and as a result species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating before mating have been described. However, inbreeding avoidance mechanisms that operate after copulation are less well known. In guppies, a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between sperm of riva |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannette%20Stafford | Nannette Stafford (June 20, 1853 – May 2, 1933) was a doctor of medicine who was born into slavery and was one of the first women to graduate from Howard University with a degree in medicine. She continued her medical work in Europe, and in 1907, she founded and managed her own medical facility.
Early life
Nannette (or as she later became known, Nancy or Nannie) Stafford was born a slave on Cumberland Island, GA on June 20, 1853. Her father, Robert Stafford, was a slaveowner, while her mother, "Juda" was one of his slaves on his plantation. She had one older sister born in 1850 named Cornelia, both girls were recorded on Robert Stafford's 1860 tax inventory list as slaves. Records indicate that Juda was Stafford's plantation nurse, who had taught herself homeopathic medicine using the plants in the surrounding area.
During the Civil War, Nannette and her sister were smuggled out of Georgia as the Confederate army increased in strength. In September 1863 the two children were snuck aboard a ship of missionaries traveling to Fernandina, Florida, a city recently taken by the Union. Once there, the two girls attended classes at a makeshift school that was established by the Army for the women and children who were family members of Florida's freedmen's militia. The Army at Fernandina was overwhelmed and didn't have the proper resources to coordinate education opportunities for the children. This resulted in them asking missionaries to assist with multiple social enterprises in order to increase the standard of living. The schools that were created by the missionaries included integrated classrooms.
In 1864 the sisters traveled to New York City, unlike their voyage to Fernandina, this time Robert accompanied them. They then traveled to New Jersey, where Robert signed over custody of both Nannette and Cornelia to George and Eliza Webb. The Webb family were wealthy merchants as well as avid abolitionists who lived in Elizabeth, New Jersey. They adopted the sisters and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonally%20dominant%20matrix | In mathematics, a square matrix is said to be diagonally dominant if, for every row of the matrix, the magnitude of the diagonal entry in a row is larger than or equal to the sum of the magnitudes of all the other (non-diagonal) entries in that row. More precisely, the matrix A is diagonally dominant if
where aij denotes the entry in the ith row and jth column.
This definition uses a weak inequality, and is therefore sometimes called weak diagonal dominance. If a strict inequality (>) is used, this is called strict diagonal dominance. The unqualified term diagonal dominance can mean both strict and weak diagonal dominance, depending on the context.
Variations
The definition in the first paragraph sums entries across each row. It is therefore sometimes called row diagonal dominance. If one changes the definition to sum down each column, this is called column diagonal dominance.
Any strictly diagonally dominant matrix is trivially a weakly chained diagonally dominant matrix. Weakly chained diagonally dominant matrices are nonsingular and include the family of irreducibly diagonally dominant matrices. These are irreducible matrices that are weakly diagonally dominant, but strictly diagonally dominant in at least one row.
Examples
The matrix
is diagonally dominant because
since
since
since .
The matrix
is not diagonally dominant because
since
since
since .
That is, the first and third rows fail to satisfy the diagonal dominance condition.
The matrix
is strictly diagonally dominant because
since
since
since .
Applications and properties
The following results can be proved trivially from Gershgorin's circle theorem. Gershgorin's circle theorem itself has a very short proof.
A strictly diagonally dominant matrix (or an irreducibly diagonally dominant matrix) is non-singular.
A Hermitian diagonally dominant matrix with real non-negative diagonal entries is positive semidefinite. This follows from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Frost%20%28naturalist%29 | Charles Frost (c. 1853 – 1915) was an Australian author and collector of reptiles, frequently associated with the works of Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas.
Biography
An account of the biographical details of Frost's life were published as an anonymous obituary.
Works
Frost published descriptions of new taxa with the more well known author Arthur Henry Shakespeare Lucas and undertook collecting expeditions to obtain specimens of reptiles, birds and spiders.
Most of the publications and work Frost undertook was through societies in Victoria, although he is absent from membership of the Royal Society of Victoria. He had no formal education in the natural sciences, however, Frost was a member of the Linnean Society and used the post-nominal F.L.S. in his published works. As co-author he assisted in compiling catalogues and descriptions of reptiles that became standard sources for the contemporary research of herpetology. He was the sole author of several short works, including two papers in 1888 and 1890 on the results of his experiments on the toxicity of Latrodectus species in Victoria, known as the red-back spider, prompted by claims of T. S. Ralph in his presentation on the New Zealand Latrodectus katipo at an earlier meeting of the Victorian Naturalist Society.
The author maintained collections of specimens until his death, when they were donated to a museum; the specimens were not labelled with the important information concerning the locality in which they were collected. His name is commemorated in the scientific names of the lizard Lerista frosti and the frog Philoria frosti. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Number%20Devil | The Number Devil: A Mathematical Adventure () is a book for children and young adults that explores mathematics. It was originally written in 1997 in German by Hans Magnus Enzensberger and illustrated by Rotraut Susanne Berner. The book follows a young boy named Robert, who is taught mathematics by a sly "number devil" called Teplotaxl over the course of twelve dreams.
The book was met with mostly positive reviews from critics, approving its description of math while praising its simplicity. Its colorful use of fictional mathematical terms and its creative descriptions of concepts have made it a suggested book for both children and adults troubled with math. The Number Devil was a bestseller in Europe, and has been translated into English by Michael Henry Heim.
Plot
Robert is a young boy who suffers from mathematical anxiety due to his boredom in school. His mother is Mrs. Wilson. He also experiences recurring dreams—including falling down an endless slide or being eaten by a giant fish—but is interrupted from this sleep habit one night by a small devil creature who introduces himself as the Number Devil. Although there are many Number Devils (from Number Heaven), Robert only knows him as the Number Devil before learning of his actual name, Teplotaxl, later in the story.
Over the course of twelve dreams, the Number Devil teaches Robert mathematical principles. On the first night, the Number Devil appears to Robert in an oversized world and introduces the number one. The next night, the Number Devil emerges in a forest of trees shaped like "ones" and explains the necessity of the number zero, negative numbers, and introduces hopping, a fictional term to describe exponentiation. On the third night, the Number Devil brings Robert to a cave and reveals how prima-donna numbers (prime numbers) can only be divided by themselves and one without a remainder. Later, on the fourth night, the Number Devil teaches Robert about rutabagas, another fictional term to depict squar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%204000 | The Wang 4000 was an first programmable computer system from Wang Laboratories, released in 1967.
Description
However, already in the spring of 1968, An Wang, seeing that he was not able to compete with the PDP-8, focused on a new computer — model 3300. Allowed the use of peripheral devices, in particular printers. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags%20of%20the%20states%20of%20Palau | Palau has flags for its sixteen states.
See also
Flag of Palau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator%20fungi%20in%20forest%20protection%2C%20Finland | In Finland, Kotiranta and Niemelä (1993, 1996) introduced a widely used method for comparing the conservation values of different forest areas, based on the observation that certain wood-rotting fungi are very sensitive to the impact of human activities on forest ecosystems. Such species are slow to return to areas from where they have disappeared, so their presence is evidence of a long continuity in forest ecosystems.
Kotiranta-Niemelä polypore indicators
Kotiranta and Niemelä divide the indicator species into two categories: old forest species predominantly found in old natural forests (20 species); and virgin forest species (13 species), which are almost totally restricted to undisturbed old-growth forests with a long ecological continuum stretching way back into the past. Separate species lists are available for spruce (Picea abies) dominated forests and for pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests. Old spruce and pine dominated forests include smaller amounts of various tree species (e.g. Betula spp., Populus tremula, Salix caprea) which, too, are an important element of forest structure. Therefore, some fungi specialized to grow on these substrates are also included in the lists of indicators. Special attention has been paid to fungi growing on the so-called kelo trees.
Indicator fungi were selected to the list keeping in mind that they should not be too difficult to identify, and should not include taxonomic pitfalls. To minimize the effects of accidental single omissions of observations, the number of the so-called indicator species was kept fairly high. Most of these indicator fungi are polypores (bracket fungi).
When assessing and comparing different forest areas, inventories are made in each area separately. Every old-forest species present is then given a numerical value of 1, and every virgin-forest species a value of 2.
The total sums of these numbers can be used as reference values for each area as follows:
10–19 Valuable areas from a conservation poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation%20in%20petrochemical%20industries | Instrumentation is used to monitor and control the process plant in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries. Instrumentation ensures that the plant operates within defined parameters to produce materials of consistent quality and within the required specifications. It also ensures that the plant is operated safely and acts to correct out of tolerance operation and to automatically shut down the plant to prevent hazardous conditions from occurring. Instrumentation comprises sensor elements, signal transmitters, controllers, indicators and alarms, actuated valves, logic circuits and operator interfaces.
An outline of key instrumentation is shown on Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) which indicate the principal equipment and the flow of fluids in the plant. Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&ID) provide details of all the equipment (vessels, pumps, etc), piping and instrumentation on the plant in a symbolic and diagrammatic form.
The elements of instrumentation
Instrumentation includes sensing devices to measure process parameters such as pressure, temperature, liquid level, flow, velocity, composition, density, weight; and mechanical and electrical parameters such as vibration, position, power, current and voltage.
The measured value of a parameter is displayed and recorded locally and/or in a control room. If the measured variable exceeds pre-defined limits an alarm warns the operating personnel of a potential problem. Automatic executive action is taken by the instrumentation to close or open shutdown valves and dampers, or to trip (stop) pumps and compressors, to move the plant to a safe condition.
Correct operation of the petrochemical process plant is achieved through the action of control loops. These automatically maintain and control the pressure, temperature, liquid level and flowrate of fluid in vessels and piping. Control loops compare the measured value of a parameter on the plant, eg. pressure, with a pre-determined set point. A difference between t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKM | FKM is a family of fluorocarbon-based fluoroelastomer materials defined by ASTM International standard D1418, and ISO standard 1629. It is commonly called fluorine rubber or fluoro-rubber. FKM is an abbreviation of Fluorine Kautschuk Material. All FKMs contain vinylidene fluoride as a monomer. Originally developed by DuPont (under the brand name Viton, now owned by Chemours), FKMs are today also produced by many companies, including: Daikin (Dai-El), 3M (Dyneon), Solvay S.A. (Tecnoflon), HaloPolymer (Elaftor), Gujarat Fluorochemicals (Fluonox), and several Chinese manufacturers. Fluoroelastomers are more expensive than neoprene or nitrile rubber elastomers. They provide additional heat and chemical resistance. FKMs can be divided into different classes on the basis of either their chemical composition, their fluorine content, or their cross-linking mechanism.
Types
On the basis of their chemical composition FKMs can be divided into the following types:
Type-1 FKMs are composed of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). Copolymers are the standard type of FKMs showing a good overall performance. Their fluorine content is approximately 66 weight percent.
Type-2 FKMs are composed of VDF, HFP, and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). Terpolymers have a higher fluorine content compared to copolymers (typically between 68 and 69 weight percent fluorine), which results in better chemical and heat resistance. Compression set and low temperature flexibility may be affected negatively.
Type-3 FKMs are composed of VDF, TFE, and perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE). The addition of PMVE provides better low temperature flexibility compared to copolymers and terpolymers. Typically, the fluorine content of type-3 FKMs ranges from 62 to 68 weight percent.
Type-4 FKMs are composed of propylene, TFE, and VDF. While base resistance is increased in type-4 FKMs, their swelling properties, especially in hydrocarbons, are worsened. Typically, they have a fluorine content of about |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascariasis | Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptoms increase with the number of worms present and may include shortness of breath and fever in the beginning of the disease. These may be followed by symptoms of abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Children are most commonly affected, and in this age group the infection may also cause poor weight gain, malnutrition, and learning problems.
Infection occurs by ingestion of food or drink contaminated with Ascaris eggs from feces. The eggs hatch in the intestines, the larvae burrow through the gut wall, and migrate to the lungs via the blood. There they break into the alveoli and pass up the trachea, where they are coughed up and may be swallowed. The larvae then pass through the stomach for a second time into the intestine, where they become adult worms. It is a type of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and part of a group of diseases called helminthiases.
Prevention is by improved sanitation, which includes improving access to toilets and proper disposal of feces. Handwashing with soap appears protective. In areas where more than 20% of the population is affected, treating everyone at regular intervals is recommended. Reoccurring infections are common. There is no vaccine. Treatments recommended by the World Health Organization are the medications albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, or pyrantel pamoate. Other effective agents include tribendimidine and nitazoxanide.
About 0.8 to 1.2 billion people globally have ascariasis, with the most heavily affected populations being in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This makes ascariasis the most common form of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. As of 2010 it caused about 2,700 deaths a year, down from 3,400 in 1990. Another type of Ascaris infects pigs. Ascariasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease.
Signs and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean%20prize | The Bean prize, also known as the William B. Bean Student Research Award and named for William Bennett Bean, is awarded annually to medical students by the American Osler Society (AOS) for research in history of medicine and humanities.
Background
The Bean prize is named for William Bennett Bean, who was a resident physician under Sir William Osler. Bean became the first president of the American Osler Society, who created the award for medical students. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMPTE%20274M | SMPTE 274M is a standard published by SMPTE which defines the 1080 line high definition video formats including 1080p25 and 1080p30. It is frequently carried on serial digital interface physical cables defined by the SMPTE 292M standard.
See also
SMPTE 296M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Harress | Franz Harress (died circa 1915) was a mathematician and contemporary of Albert Einstein and is best known for his experiment on the propagation of light in a rotating glass device. This experiment sparked an argument between Albert Einstein and Paul Harzer related to the theory of Special Relativity.
Harress was a student of Professor Otto Julius Heinrich Knopf at Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena in 1912. His dissertation was "Die Geschwindigkeit des Lichtes in bewegten Körpern" ("The speed of light in moving bodies"). His work on the Sagnac effect was analyzed by Max von Laue in his 1920 paper "On the Experiment of F. Harress."
Harress died during World War I. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachyostosis | Pachyostosis is a non-pathological condition in vertebrate animals in which the bones experience a thickening, generally caused by extra layers of lamellar bone. It often occurs together with bone densification (osteosclerosis), reducing inner cavities. This joint occurrence is called pachyosteosclerosis. However, especially in the older literature, "pachyostosis" is often used loosely, referring to all osseous specializations characterized by an increase in bone compactness and/or volume. It occurs in both terrestrial and, especially, aquatic or semi-aquatic vertebrates.
In aquatic animals, such as seacows (manatees and dugongs), Thalassocnus, and plesiosaurs, pachyostosis in the thoracic region provides (or provided) ballast against the air-filled lungs. This maintains neutral buoyancy in aquatic habitats.
Most giant deer showed pronounced pachyostosis of the mandible and skull. It has been suggested that this served to store minerals for antler growth. Many Pachycephalosauria and most members of the Dinocephalia clade of therapsids had thickened skull bones, probably used in head-butting contests.
See also
Osteosclerosis
Pachyosteosclerosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleboarding | Battleboarding is an online activity where netizens discuss and debate around hypothetical fights between individuals, most popularly, fictional characters. These debates are often held in forums, blogs, sites and wikis, known as versus sites or battle boards. Users who engage in battleboarding online are often called "battleboarders".
The earliest iterations of battleboarding first appeared in various online boards and forums, though its origins can be traced back to magazine pages, television shows, and comic book letter columns. Eventually, the online activity grew, becoming one of the most popular internet activity today, and spawning many online communities dedicated solely for battleboarding. It soon evolved into its own subculture, and even went on to inspire other media.
History
Origins
Before the advent of the internet, articles about hypothetical fights were published in magazines. These articles range from topics like sports, comics and anime, such as Black Belt Magazine issue May 1997 which discussed about a hypothetical match between Muhammad Ali and Bruce Lee, and Wizard Magazine #133 which discussed about various hypothetical fights between American comic characters against Japanese anime characters. During that time, many comic book publishers also conceptualized and published "versus" storylines like Batman Versus Predator and Justice League/Avengers.
Other inspiration behind battleboarding were television shows and documentaries whose premise were about hypothetical fights concerning a variety of subjects like zoology, paleontology, and military history. These include shows such as Animal Face-Off (which pitted animals against each other), Deadliest Warrior (which pitted historical warriors, oftentimes from different time periods, against each other), and Jurassic Fight Club (which was about analyzing cases where different types of dinosaurs fought one another). Death Battle, a web series about pitting fictional characters against each other th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20signs%20in%20Korea | Call signs in Korea are unique identifiers for telecommunications and broadcasting on the Korean peninsula. Call signs are regulated internationally by the ITU as well as nationally in South Korea by the Korea Communications Commission in the Ministry of Information and Communication. Not much is known outside of North Korea how amateur radio is regulated, although a foreign amateur was asked to appear before the "Radio Regulation Board" in 2002. Also, North Korea's Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries recently issued an operating permit, which was countermanded by the Ministry of Telecommunications and Posts.
Call sign blocks for telecommunication
The International Telecommunication Union has assigned the Koreas the following call sign blocks for all radio communication, broadcasting or transmission:
While not directly related to call signs, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) further has divided all countries assigned amateur radio prefixes into three regions; The Koreas are located in ITU Region 3, ITU Zone 44 and CQ Zone 25.
Call sign assignments for amateur radio
Amateur radio or ham radio call signs are unique identifiers for the over 42,000 licensed operators in South Korea with none known in North Korea.
The 1947 ITU Conference in Atlantic City, U.S.A., assigned the whole Korean peninsula the HLA–HMZ range of call sign prefixes for amateur radio use.
The Korea Communications Commission now issues call signs for amateur radio operators in the 6K (170 call signs issued), D7 (22), DS (834), and HL (3,049) series for amateur use. The HMA–HMZ and P5A–P9Z ranges are reserved for North Korea, although the only three known stations operating from there used a P5 prefix.
The Korea Contest Club special callsign of D9K is non-standard, with no separating numeral. It is on Chuja Island as part of an IOTA DXpedition.
Geographical prefixes
It is unknown if North Korea assigns a separating numeral after their assigned prefix based on geographical r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%27s%20rule | Harrison's rule is an observation in evolutionary biology by Launcelot Harrison which states that in comparisons across closely related species, host and parasite body sizes tend to covary positively.
Parasite species' body size increases with host species' body size
Launcelot Harrison, an Australian authority in zoology and parasitology, published a study in 1915 concluding that host and parasite body sizes tend to covary positively, a covariation later dubbed as 'Harrison's rule'. Harrison himself originally proposed it to interpret the variability of congeneric louse species. However, subsequent authors verified it for a wide variety of parasitic organisms including nematodes, rhizocephalan barnacles, fleas, lice, ticks, parasitic flies and mites, as well as herbivorous insects associated with specific host plants.
The variability of parasite species' body size increases with host species' body size
Robert Poulin observed that in comparisons across species, the variability of parasite body size also increases with host body size.
It is self-evident that we expect greater variation coming together with greater mean body sizes due to an allometric power law scaling effect. However, Poulin referred to parasites' increasing body size variability due to biological reasons, thus we expect an increase greater than that caused by a scaling effect.
Recently, Harnos et al. applied phylogenetically controlled statistical methods to test Harrison's rule and Poulin's s Increasing Variance Hypothesis in avian lice. Their results indicate that the three major families of avian lice (Ricinidae, Menoponidae, Philopteridae) follow Harrison's rule, and two of them (Menoponidae, Philopteridae) also follow Poulin's supplement to it.
Implications
The allometry between host and parasite body sizes constitutes an evident aspect of host–parasite coevolution. The slope of this relationship is a taxon-specific character. Parasites' body size is known to covary positively with fecund |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dup%20%28system%20call%29 | In Unix-like operating systems, (short for "duplicate") and system calls create a copy of a given file descriptor. This new descriptor actually does not behave like a copy, but like an alias of the old one.
C library POSIX definition
The dup and dup2 calls are standardized by the POSIX specification. Similar(following the logic) to pointers, the new file description is merely an alias to the old one, with both file descriptors being capable of being used interchangeably. Both file descriptors in a dup() system call refer to the same open file description which means they share file offset and file status flags; Similar but not identical to the logic used in pointers, shallow or deep copying or references, changes to the offset on one of the file descriptors changes it for the other file descriptor. When using dup(), the two file descriptors don't share the same file descriptor flags. In the calling process the lowest numbered unused file descriptor will be used for the new file descriptor number. When using the dup2() system call it performs the same task as dup() with the exception of using the file descriptor number specified in the newfd variable of the call, in that newfd is adjusted to refer to the oldfd file description. The last system call in this family of functions is dup3(), which is the same as dup2() except that if oldfd equals newfd the system call fails with error EINVAL and the caller can force the close-on-exec flag to be set by specifying O_CLOEXEC in flags. dup3() was formally added to Linux kernel version 2.6.27 (glibc support is available on version 2.9 and above).
int dup (int oldfd);
int dup2 (int oldfd, int newfd);
The former allocates the first available descriptor, just like open() behaves; an alternative way to duplicate a file descriptor to an unspecified place is the fcntl system call with F_DUPFD command.
The latter places the copy into newfd. If newfd is open, it is closed first.
dup2 for input/output redirection
Unix shell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waviness | Waviness is the measurement of the more widely spaced component of surface texture. It is a broader view of roughness because it is more strictly defined as "the irregularities whose spacing is greater than the roughness sampling length". It can occur from machine or work deflections, chatter, residual stress, vibrations, or heat treatment.
Waviness should also be distinguished from flatness, both by its shorter spacing and its characteristic of being typically periodic in nature.
Parameters
There are several parameters for expressing waviness height, the most common being Wa & Wt, for average waviness and total waviness, respectively. In the lateral direction along the surface, the waviness spacing, Wsm, is another parameter that describes the mean spacing between periodic waviness peaks. There are numerous measurement settings which influence these resultant parameter values, which are mentioned below. One of the most important is the waviness evaluation length, which is the length in which the waviness parameters are determined. Within this length the waviness profile is determined. This is a surface texture profile that has the shorter roughness characteristics filtered out, or removed; it also does not include any profile changes due to changes in workpiece geometry that are either unintentional (flatness) or intentional (form).
Waviness is included in the ISO standards ISO 4287 and ISO 16610-21 as well as the U.S. standard ASME B46.1, and it is part of the surface texture symbol used in engineering drawings.
Measurement
The measurement of the waviness can be done with a variety of instruments, including both surface finish profilometers and roundness instruments. The nature of these instruments is continually progressing and now includes both stylus-based contact instruments as well as optical & laser-based non-contact instruments. In earlier instruments, the measurement output was inherently linked to the instrument itself, whereas there is now emergi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20transfer%20through%20fins | Fins are extensions on exterior surfaces of objects that increase the rate of heat transfer to or from the object by increasing convection. This is achieved by increasing the surface area of the body, which in turn increases the heat transfer rate by a sufficient degree. This is an efficient way of increasing the rate, since the alternative way of doing so is by increasing either the heat transfer coefficient (which depends on the nature of materials being used and the conditions of use) or the temperature gradient (which depends on the conditions of use). Clearly, changing the shape of the bodies is more convenient. Fins are therefore a very popular solution to increase the heat transfer from surfaces and are widely used in a number of objects. The fin material should preferably have high thermal conductivity.
In most applications the fin is surrounded by a fluid in motion, which heats or cools it quickly due to the large surface area, and subsequently the heat gets transferred to or from the body quickly due to the high thermal conductivity of the fin.
For optimal Heat transfer performance with minimal cost, the dimensions and shape of the fin have to be calculated for specific applications, and this is called design of a fin. A common way of doing so is by creating a model of the fin and then simulating it under required service conditions.
Modeling
Consider a body with fins on its outer surface, with air flowing around it.
The heat transfer rate depends on
Shape and geometry of the external surface
Surface area of the body
Velocity of the wind (or any fluid in other cases)
Temperature of surroundings
Modelling of the fins in this case involves, experimenting on this physical model and optimizing the number of fins and fin pitch for maximum performance.
One of the experimentally obtained equations for heat transfer coefficient for the fin surface for low wind velocities is:
where
k= Fin surface heat transfer coefficient [W/m2K ]
a=fin length |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Johansson%20%28mathematician%29 | Kurt Johansson (born 1960) is a Swedish mathematician, specializing in probability theory.
Johansson received his PhD in 1988 from Uppsala University under the supervision of Lennart Carleson and is a professor in mathematics at KTH Royal Institute of Technology.
In 2000 Johansson was awarded the Rollo Davidson Prize. In 2002 he was an invited speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing and was awarded the Göran Gustafsson Prize. In 2006 he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 2012 he was elected a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed%20flag%20of%20North%20West%20England | The Proposed Flag of North West England is an unofficial flag design which was created by graphic designer Peter Saville in 2004 following announcements by the British Government to put forward plans for the establishment of elected regional assemblies in England. The flag was supported by a pro-regionalist group, The Necessary Group which founded by Tony Wilson consisted of people who were in support of devolution in the North West.
Description
The flag which is a distortion of the Flag of England highlights the upper left (North West) region and therefore supposedly represents the North West of England. Tony Wilson stated: "It's not about succession [sic], it's saying that there's this referendum about devolution", it was believed to highlight the issue of devolution in terms of regional identity by recalling the Manchester Peterloo Massacre in which the army charged a large political gathering and seized its flags.
Following a no vote in the North East of England for a regional assembly, a referendum vote for the North West, which was due to take place in October 2004, did not take place. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache%20Hive | Apache Hive is a data warehouse software project built on top of Apache Hadoop for providing data query and analysis. Hive gives an SQL-like interface to query data stored in various databases and file systems that integrate with Hadoop. Traditional SQL queries must be implemented in the MapReduce Java API to execute SQL applications and queries over distributed data. Hive provides the necessary SQL abstraction to integrate SQL-like queries (HiveQL) into the underlying Java without the need to implement queries in the low-level Java API. Since most data warehousing applications work with SQL-based querying languages, Hive aids the portability of SQL-based applications to Hadoop. While initially developed by Facebook, Apache Hive is used and developed by other companies such as Netflix and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Amazon maintains a software fork of Apache Hive included in Amazon Elastic MapReduce on Amazon Web Services.
Features
Apache Hive supports the analysis of large datasets stored in Hadoop's HDFS and compatible file systems such as Amazon S3 filesystem and Alluxio. It provides a SQL-like query language called HiveQL with schema on read and transparently converts queries to MapReduce, Apache Tez and Spark jobs. All three execution engines can run in Hadoop's resource negotiator, YARN (Yet Another Resource Negotiator). To accelerate queries, it provided indexes, but this feature was removed in version 3.0
Other features of Hive include:
Different storage types such as plain text, RCFile, HBase, ORC, and others.
Metadata storage in a relational database management system, significantly reduces the time to perform semantic checks during query execution.
Operating on compressed data stored in the Hadoop ecosystem using algorithms including DEFLATE, BWT, snappy, etc.
Built-in user-defined functions (UDFs) to manipulate dates, strings, and other data-mining tools. Hive supports extending the UDF set to handle use cases not supported |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQUID | A SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) is a very sensitive magnetometer used to measure extremely weak magnetic fields, based on superconducting loops containing Josephson junctions.
SQUIDs are sensitive enough to measure fields as low as 5×10−14 T with a few days of averaged measurements. Their noise levels are as low as 3 fT·Hz−. For comparison, a typical refrigerator magnet produces 0.01 tesla (10−2 T), and some processes in animals produce very small magnetic fields between 10−9 T and 10−6 T. SERF atomic magnetometers, invented in the early 2000s are potentially more sensitive and do not require cryogenic refrigeration but are orders of magnitude larger in size (~1 cm3) and must be operated in a near-zero magnetic field.
History and design
There are two main types of SQUID: direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF). RF SQUIDs can work with only one Josephson junction (superconducting tunnel junction), which might make them cheaper to produce, but are less sensitive.
DC SQUID
The DC SQUID was invented in 1964 by Robert Jaklevic, John J. Lambe, James Mercereau, and Arnold Silver of Ford Research Labs after Brian Josephson postulated the Josephson effect in 1962, and the first Josephson junction was made by John Rowell and Philip Anderson at Bell Labs in 1963. It has two Josephson junctions in parallel in a superconducting loop. It is based on the DC Josephson effect. In the absence of any external magnetic field, the input current splits into the two branches equally. If a small external magnetic field is applied to the superconducting loop, a screening current, , begins to circulate the loop that generates the magnetic field canceling the applied external flux, and creates an additional Josephson phase which is proportional to this external magnetic flux. The induced current is in the same direction as in one of the branches of the superconducting loop, and is opposite to in the other branch; the total current becomes in one branch an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftnachrichten%20Abteilung%20350 | The Luftnachrichten Abteilung 350, abbreviated as OKL/Ln Abt 350 and formerly called the (), was the Signal Intelligence Agency of the German Air Force, the Luftwaffe, before and during World War II. Before November 1944, the unit was the , which was often abbreviated to Chi-Stelle/ObdL or more commonly Chi-Stelle.
The founding of the former agencies of OKL/Ln Abt 350 dates back to the year 1936, when Colonel (later ) Wolfgang Martini instigated the creation of the agency, that was later established on the orders of Hermann Göring, the German politician, head of the air force, and leading member of the Nazi Party. Right from the beginning, the Luftwaffe High Command resolved itself to make itself entirely independent from the German Army (Heer) in the field of cryptology.
Background
The LN Abt 350 was one of a large number of regiments which were named in that series, but there were several related regiments, which dealt with intelligence-related matters, of one kind or another. These were as follows:
LN Regiment 351. Mapping and interception of communications intelligence of Allied air forces in England and France. It conducted air to air interception, ground to air, and ground to ground including tracking of navigational aids.
LN Regiment 352. Mapping and interception of communication intelligence of Allied air forces in the Mediterranean area.
LN Regiment 353. Tracking and mapping of the Soviet Air Force.
LN Abteilung 355. Allied air forces in northern areas, specifically the Soviet Air Force in Northern Norway. It covered ground to ground, and air to air according to reception conditions. This unit was formerly W-Leit 5 based in Oslo.
LN Abteilung 356. Route tracking of Allied air forces by radar interception and in collaboration with LN Regiment 357.
LN Abteilung 357. Tracking Allied four-engined formations and route tracking by intercepted signals and in collaboration with LN Abt. 356.
LN Abteilung 358. Training of intercept personnel.
LN Abteilung 359. ra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorton | A vorton is a hypothetical circular cosmic string loop stabilized by the angular momentum of the charge and current trapped on the string. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20electrical%20rhythm | The basal or basic electrical rhythm (BER) or electrical control activity (ECA) is the spontaneous depolarization and repolarization of pacemaker cells known as interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) in the smooth muscle of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. This electrical rhythm is spread through gap junctions in the smooth muscle of the GI tract. These pacemaker cells, also called the ICCs, control the frequency of contractions in the gastrointestinal tract. The cells can be located in either the circular or longitudinal layer of the smooth muscle in the GI tract; circular for the small and large intestine, longitudinal for the stomach. The frequency of contraction differs at each location in the GI tract beginning with 3 per minute in the stomach, then 12 per minute in the duodenum, 9 per minute in the ileum, and a normally low one contraction per 30 minutes in the large intestines that increases 3 to 4 times a day due to a phenomenon called mass movement. The basal electrical rhythm controls the frequency of contraction but additional neuronal and hormonal controls regulate the strength of each contraction.
Physiology
Smooth muscle within the GI tract causes the involuntary peristaltic motion that moves consumed food down the esophagus and towards the rectum. The smooth muscle throughout most of the GI tract is divided into two layers: an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer. Both layers of muscle are located within the muscularis externa. The stomach has a third layer: an innermost oblique layer.
The physical contractions of the smooth muscle cells can be caused by action potentials in efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system, or by receptor mediated calcium influx. These efferent motor neurons of the enteric nervous system are cholinergic and adrenergic neurons. The inner circular layer is innervated by both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons, while the outer longitudinal layer is innervated by mainly excitato |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISC%20architecture | In computing, VISC (Virtual Instruction Set Computing) architecture is a processor instruction set architecture and microarchitecture developed by Soft Machines, which uses the Virtual Software Layer (translation layer) to dispatch a single thread of instructions to the Global Front End which splits instructions into virtual hardware threadlets which are then dispatched to separate virtual cores. These virtual cores can then send them to the available resources on any of the physical cores. Multiple virtual cores can push threadlets into the reorder buffer of a single physical core, which can split partial instructions and data from multiple threadlets through the execution ports at the same time. Each virtual core keeps track of the position of the relative output. This form of multithreading can increase single threaded performance by allowing a single thread to use all resources of the CPU.
The allocation of resources is dynamic on a near-single cycle latency level (1–4 cycles depending on the change in allocation depending on individual application needs. Therefore, if two virtual cores are competing for resources, there are appropriate algorithms in place to determine what resources are to be allocated where.
Unlike the traditional processor designs, VISC doesn't use physical cores, instead the resources of the chip are made available as 'virtual cores' and 'virtual hardware threads' according to workload needs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20activity | In chemical thermodynamics, activity (symbol ) is a measure of the "effective concentration" of a species in a mixture, in the sense that the species' chemical potential depends on the activity of a real solution in the same way that it would depend on concentration for an ideal solution. The term "activity" in this sense was coined by the American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis in 1907.
By convention, activity is treated as a dimensionless quantity, although its value depends on customary choices of standard state for the species. The activity of pure substances in condensed phases (solid or liquids) is normally taken as unity (the number 1). Activity depends on temperature, pressure and composition of the mixture, among other things. For gases, the activity is the effective partial pressure, and is usually referred to as fugacity.
The difference between activity and other measures of concentration arises because the interactions between different types of molecules in non-ideal gases or solutions are different from interactions between the same types of molecules. The activity of an ion is particularly influenced by its surroundings.
Equilibrium constants should be defined by activities but, in practice, are often defined by concentrations instead. The same is often true of equations for reaction rates. However, there are circumstances where the activity and the concentration are significantly different and, as such, it is not valid to approximate with concentrations where activities are required. Two examples serve to illustrate this point:
In a solution of potassium hydrogen iodate KH(IO3)2 at 0.02 M the activity is 40% lower than the calculated hydrogen ion concentration, resulting in a much higher pH than expected.
When a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution containing methyl green indicator is added to a 5 M solution of magnesium chloride, the color of the indicator changes from green to yellow—indicating increasing acidity—when in fact the acid has been diluted. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle%27s%20wheel%20paradox | Aristotle's wheel paradox is a paradox or problem appearing in the pseudo-Aristotelian Greek work Mechanica It states as follows: A wheel is depicted in two-dimensional space as two circles. Its larger, outer circle is tangential to a horizontal surface (e.g. a road that it rolls on), while the smaller, inner one has the same center and is rigidly affixed to the larger. (The smaller circle could be the bead of a tire, the rim it is mounted upon, or the axle.) Assuming the larger circle rolls without slipping (or skidding) for one full revolution, the distances moved by both circles' circumferences are the same. The distance travelled by the larger circle is equal to its circumference, but for the smaller it is greater than its circumference, thereby creating a paradox.
The paradox is not limited to wheels: other things depicted in two dimensions display the same behavior such as a roll of tape, or a typical round bottle or jar rolled on its side (the smaller circle would be the mouth or neck of the jar or bottle).
In an alternative version of the problem, the smaller circle, rather than the larger one, is in contact with the horizontal surface. Examples include a typical train wheel, which has a flange, or a barbell straddling a bench. American educator and philosopher Israel Drabkin called these Case II versions of the paradox, and a similar, but unidentical, analysis applies.
History of the paradox
In antiquity
In antiquity, the wheel problem was described in the Greek work Mechanica, traditionally attributed to Aristotle, but widely believed to have been written by a later member of his school. (Thomas Winter has made the alternative proposal that it was written by Archytas.) It also appears in the Mechanica of Hero of Alexandria. In the Aristotelian version it appears as "Problem 24", where the description of the wheel is given as follows:
For let there be a larger circle ΔZΓ a smaller EHB, and A at the centre of both; let ZI be the line which the greater |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesonet | In meteorology and climatology, a mesonet, portmanteau of mesoscale network, is a network of automated weather and, often also including environmental monitoring stations, designed to observe mesoscale meteorological phenomena and/or microclimates.
Dry lines, squall lines, and sea breezes are examples of phenomena observed by mesonets. Due to the space and time scales associated with mesoscale phenomena and microclimates, weather stations comprising a mesonet are spaced closer together and report more frequently than synoptic scale observing networks, such as the WMO Global Observing System (GOS) and US ASOS. The term mesonet refers to the collective group of these weather stations, which are usually owned and operated by a common entity. Mesonets generally record in situ surface weather observations but some involve other observation platforms, particularly vertical profiles of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Other environmental parameters may include insolation and various variables of interest to particular users, such as soil temperature or road conditions (the latter notable in Road Weather Information System (RWIS) networks).
The distinguishing features that classify a network of weather stations as a mesonet are station density and temporal resolution with sufficiently robust station quality. Depending upon the phenomena meant to be observed, mesonet stations use a spatial spacing of and report conditions every 1 to 15 minutes. Micronets (see microscale and storm scale), such as in metropolitan areas such as Oklahoma City, St. Louis, and Birmingham UK, are yet denser in spatial and sometimes temporal resolution.
Purpose
Thunderstorms and other atmospheric convection, squall lines, drylines, sea and land breezes, mountain breeze and valley breezes, mountain waves, mesolows and mesohighs, wake lows, mesoscale convective vortices (MCVs), tropical cyclone and extratropical cyclone rainbands, macrobursts, gust fronts and outflow boundaries, heat bursts, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMedix | iMedix was a health search engine and social network service that utilized advanced proprietary algorithms to provide information in response to medical questions and concerns. iMedix was a U.S. cooperation founded in 2006 by Amir Leitersdorf and Iri Amirav. The company's R&D was based in Herzeliya, Israel.
Om May 18, 2011, AVG Technologies acquired iMedix Web Technologies Ltd., realizing "the integration of iMedix software with the Company’s existing solutions." The website shut down sometime after February 2012.
Service and technology
The iMedix service offered a combination of a health search engine and a collaborative community platform.
Reception
iMedix was one of PCWorld'''s 100 Incredibly Useful and Interesting Web Sites'' in 2008. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20orbital%20fissure | The inferior orbital fissure is a gap between the greater wing of sphenoid bone, and the maxilla. It connects the orbit (anteriorly) with the infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa (posteriorly).
Anatomy
The medial end of the inferior orbital fissure diverges laterally from the medial end of the superior orbital fissure. It is situated between the lateral wall of the orbit and the floor of the orbit.
Contents
The fissure gives passage to multiple structures, including:
Infraorbital nerve, artery and vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein
Zygomatic nerve
Orbital branches of the pharyngeal nerve
Additional images
See also
Foramina of skull
Superior orbital fissure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprelis | Imprelis is a selective herbicide created by DuPont. The active ingredient is aminocyclopyrachlor, a synthetic auxin.
Description
Imprelis is a selective herbicide created by DuPont. The active ingredient is aminocyclopyrachlor, a synthetic auxin.
Imprelis was registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency for sale in October 2010. Sale of Imprelis was voluntarily suspended a week before the EPA required sales stopped. DuPont acknowledged it was killing or damaging evergreen trees, including white pine and Norway spruce. DuPont allegedly knew Imprelis would damage evergreens before seeking EPA approval.
DuPont offered to compensate customers whose trees were affected. They asked that a claim be submitted, and said that they would send a claim resolution agreement, which would specify the amount DuPont would pay to settle the claim. By late May 2012, the end of the planting season, many tree owners had not heard from DuPont. Other tree owners who accepted payment agreements with DuPont had not been paid.
Several hundred tree owners have filed lawsuits with DuPont. , they are seeking class action status. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenetic%20%28programming%20language%29 | Frenetic is a domain-specific language for programming software-defined networking (SDN). This domain-specific programming language allows network operators, rather than manually configuring each connected network device, to program the network as a whole. Frenetic is designed to solve major OpenFlow/NOX programming problems. In particular, Frenetic introduces a set of purely functional abstractions that enable modular program development, defines high-level, programmer-centric packet-processing operators, and eliminates many of the difficulties of the two-tier programming model by introducing a see-every-packet programming paradigm. Hence Frenetic is a functional reactive programming language operating at a packet level of abstraction. |
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