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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Valentine%20Atkinson | Frederick Valentine "Derick" Atkinson (25 January 1916 – 13 November 2002) was a British mathematician, formerly of the University of Toronto, Canada, where he spent most of his career. Atkinson's theorem and Atkinson–Wilcox theorem are named after him. His PhD advisor at Oxford was Edward Charles Titchmarsh.
Early life and education
The following synopsis is condensed (with permission) from Mingarelli's tribute to Atkinson. He attended St Paul's School, London from 1929 to 1934. The High Master of St. Paul's once wrote of Atkinson: "Extremely promising: He should make a brilliant mathematician"!
Atkinson attended The Queen's College, Oxford in 1934 with a scholarship. During his stay at Queen's, he was secretary of the Chinese Student Society, and a member of the Indian Student Society.
Auto-didactic when it came to languages, he taught himself and became fluent in Latin, Ancient Greek, Urdu, German, Hungarian, and Russian with some proficiency in Spanish, Italian, and French. His dissertation at Oxford in 1939 established, among other such results, asymptotic formulae for the average value of the square of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. His final Examining Board at Oxford University consisted of G.H. Hardy, J.E. Littlewood and E.C. Titchmarsh.
Career
His first academic appointment was at Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1939–1940, followed by a commission (1940) in the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park. At this time he met Dusja Haas, later to become his wife. He then took a position as Lecturer in Christ Church, Oxford. From 1948 to 1955 he was Full Professor in Mathematics (Chair, and Dean of Arts) at University College, Ibadan, in Nigeria. He joined Canberra University College (now part of Australian National University) in 1955 as Head of its Department of Mathematics. He left for the University of Toronto, in Toronto, Canada, in 1960 where he was Professor until his retirement in 1982 and Professor Emeritus until his death i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20thin-layer%20chromatography | Chiral thin-layer chromatography is a variant of liquid chromatography that is employed for the separation of enantiomers. It is necessary to use either
a chiral stationary phase or
a chiral additive in the mobile phase.
The chiral stationary phase can be prepared by mixing chirally pure reagents such as L-amino acid, or brucine, or a chiral ligand exchange reagent with silica gel slurry, or by impregnation of the TLC plate in the solution of a chiral reagent.
The principle can also be applied to chemically modify the stationary phase before making the plate via bonding of the chiral moieties of interest to the reactive groups of the layer material. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutactic%20lattice | In mathematics, a eutactic lattice (or eutactic form) is a lattice in Euclidean space whose minimal vectors form a eutactic star. This means they have a set of positive eutactic coefficients ci such that (v, v) = Σci(v, mi)2 where the sum is over the minimal vectors mi. "Eutactic" is derived from the Greek language, and means "well-situated" or "well-arranged".
proved that a lattice is extreme if and only if it is both perfect and eutactic.
summarize the properties of eutactic lattices of dimension up to 7. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20billiards | In recreational mathematics, arithmetic billiards provide a geometrical method to determine the least common multiple and the greatest common divisor of two natural numbers by making use of reflections inside a rectangle whose sides are the two given numbers. This is an easy example of trajectory analysis of dynamical billiards.
Arithmetic billiards have been discussed as mathematical puzzles by Hugo Steinhaus and Martin Gardner, and are known to mathematics teachers under the name 'Paper Pool'.
They have been used as a source of questions in mathematical circles.
The arithmetic billiard path
Consider a rectangle with integer sides, and construct a path inside this rectangle as follows:
start in a corner, and move along the straight line which makes a 45° angle with the sides;
every time that the path hits a side, reflect it with the same angle (the path makes either a left or a right 90° turn);
eventually (i.e. after a finite number of reflections) the path hits a corner and there it stops.
If one side length divides the other, the path is a zigzag consisting of one or more segments.
Else, the path has self-intersections and consists of segments of various lengths in two orthogonal directions.
In general, the path is the intersection of the rectangle with a grid of squares (oriented at 45° w.r.t. the rectangle sides).
Arithmetical features of the path
Call and the side lengths of the rectangle, and divide this into unit squares. The least common multiple is the number of unit squares crossed by the arithmetic billiard path or, equivalently, the length of the path divided by . In particular, the path goes through each unit square if and only if and are coprime.
Suppose that none of the two side lengths divides the other. Then the first segment of the arithmetic billiard path contains the point of self-intersection which is closest to the starting point. The greatest common divisor is the number of unit squares crossed by the first segment of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctured%20code | In coding theory, puncturing is the process of removing some of the parity bits after encoding with an error-correction code. This has the same effect as encoding with an error-correction code with a higher rate, or less redundancy. However, with puncturing the same decoder can be used regardless of how many bits have been punctured, thus puncturing considerably increases the flexibility of the system without significantly increasing its complexity.
In some cases, a pre-defined pattern of puncturing is used in an encoder. Then, the inverse operation, known as depuncturing, is implemented by the decoder.
Puncturing is used in UMTS during the rate matching process. It is also used in Wi-Fi, Wi-SUN, GPRS, EDGE, DVB-T and DAB, as well as in the DRM Standards.
Puncturing is often used with the Viterbi algorithm in coding systems.
During Radio Resource Control (RRC) Connection set procedure, during sending NBAP radio link setup message the uplink puncturing limit will send to NODE B, along with U/L spreading factor & U/L scrambling code.
Puncturing was introduced by Gustave Solomon and J. J. Stiffler in 1964.
See also
Singleton bound, an upper bound in coding theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial%20manipulator | Serial manipulators are the most common industrial robots and they are designed as a series of links connected by motor-actuated joints that extend from a base to an end-effector. Often they have an anthropomorphic arm structure described as having a "shoulder", an "elbow", and a "wrist".
Serial robots usually have six joints, because it requires at least six degrees of freedom to place a manipulated object in an arbitrary position and orientation in the workspace of the robot.
A popular application for serial robots in today's industry is the pick-and-place assembly robot, called a SCARA robot, which has four degrees of freedom.
Structure
In its most general form, a serial robot consists of a number of rigid links connected to joints. Simplicity considerations in manufacturing and control have led to robots with only revolute or prismatic joints and orthogonal, parallel and/or intersecting joint axes (instead of arbitrarily placed joint axes).
Donald L. Pieper derived the first practically relevant result in this context, referred to as 321 kinematic structure:
The inverse kinematics of serial manipulators with six revolute joints, and with three consecutive joints intersecting, can be solved in closed-form, i.e. analytically
This result had a tremendous influence on the design of industrial robots.
The main advantage of a serial manipulator is a large workspace with respect to the size of the robot and the floor space it occupies. The main disadvantages of these robots are:
the low stiffness inherent to an open kinematic structure,
errors are accumulated and amplified from link to link,
the fact that they have to carry and move the large weight of most of the actuators, and
the relatively low effective load that they can manipulate.
Kinematics
The position and orientation of a robot's end effector are derived from the joint positions by means of a geometric model of the robot arm. For serial robots, the mapping from joint positions to end-effector p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractyloside | Atractyloside (ATR) is a natural, toxic glycoside present in numerous plant species worldwide in the daisy family including Atractylis gummifera and Callilepis laureola, and it's used for a variety of therapeutic, religious, and toxic purposes. Exposure to ATR via ingestion or physical contact is toxic and can be fatal for both humans and animals, especially by kidney and liver failure. ATR acts as an effective ADP/ATP translocase inhibitor which eventually halts ADP and ATP exchange and the cell dies due to lack of energy. Historically, atractyloside poisoning has been challenging to verify and quantify toxicologically, though recent literature has described such methods within acceptable standards of forensic science.
Sources
Atractyloside is found in numerous plant species in the daisy family e.g. Atractylis gummifera, Callilepis laureola, Xanthium strumarium, Iphiona alsoeri, Pascalia glauca, Wedelia glauca, and Iphiona aucheri among others. It is also found in very low concentrations in Coffea arabica.
The widespread regions across all of these plants' native areas of growth results in ATR's easy availability worldwide.
However the ATR concentration found in plants is dependent upon the species, season, and origin. For example, the ATR content measured in dried Atractlyis gummifera between Sardinia, Italy and Sicily, Italy revealed a higher content in the Sicilian region by nearly a factor of five, and a higher content in colder months across both regions.
Additionally, the preparation of plants with atractyloside in some traditional medicines affects the atractyloside content. The preparation technique, such as decoction or infusion, extracts the desired chemical compound, after which the contents could be diluted or concentrated.
History
Atractylosides have been used as poisons since at least 100 AD, though it was not isolated and characterized until 1868 by LeFranc, after extracting it from Atractylis gummifera. After high-profile accidental poisoning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Opisthorchiasis%20Control%20Program | The Integrated Opisthorchiasis Control Program, commonly known as the "Lawa Project", located in Khon Kaen Province, Thailand, is an effort to reduce chronic infection by the Southeast Asian liver fluke (Opisthorchis viverrini) among the native peoples of Isan (; ), the northeast region of Thailand. The project operates under the aegis of the Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University. It is directed by Banchob Sripa. Its aim is to eliminate the practice of consuming raw or undercooked fish, the major cause of liver fluke infection and bile duct cancer in the region. The project is unique in that it follows the principles of EcoHealth, a One Health approach to improving human and animal health. The project has been the subject of newspaper and TV reports by BBC, The New York Times, and The Guardian.
The area and population
The project area consists of several villages around the Kaeng Lawa (Thai: แก่งละว้า), a lake and wetlands about 25 kilometers south of the city of Khon Kaen. The people's primary occupations are rice farming and fishing. The lake is a source of the cyprinid fish that the locals consume raw in dishes known as koi pla and pla som, which are often infested with the cysts or metacercariae of the liver fluke. Cats and dogs also ingest the fish, making them hosts for the fluke. Northeast Thailand still has the highest incidence of bile duct cancer in the world, and the prevalence of O. viverrini infection in some villages in Khon Kaen Province has reached 100 percent.
Lawa model
The first attempts at opisthorchiasis control in Thailand began in the 1950s and included education on liver fluke infection and safe cooking, but these efforts had limited success since the consumption of raw fish dishes is an ingrained part of the rice-fish culture of the indigenous people. With the introduction of praziquantel in the 1980s, treatment became a part of the program. The prevalence of infection w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas%20thermometer | A gas thermometer is a thermometer that measures temperature by the variation in volume or pressure of a gas.
Volume Thermometer
This thermometer functions by Charles's Law. Charles's Law states that when the temperature of a gas increases, so does the volume.
Using Charles's Law, the temperature can be measured by knowing the volume of gas at a certain temperature by using the formula, written below. Translating it to the correct levels of the device that is holding the gas. This works on the same principle as mercury thermometers.
or
is the volume,
is the thermodynamic temperature,
is the constant for the system.
is not a fixed constant across all systems and therefore needs to be found experimentally for a given system through testing with known temperature values.
Pressure Thermometer and Absolute Zero
The constant volume gas thermometer plays a crucial role in understanding how absolute zero could be discovered long before the advent of cryogenics. Consider a graph of pressure versus temperature made not far from standard conditions (well above absolute zero) for three different samples of any ideal gas (a, b, c). To the extent that the gas is ideal, the pressure depends linearly on temperature, and the extrapolation to zero pressure occurs at absolute zero. Note that data could have been collected with three different amounts of the same gas, which would have rendered this experiment easy to do in the eighteenth century.
History
See also
Thermodynamic instruments
Boyle's law
Combined gas law
Gay-Lussac's law
Avogadro's law
Ideal gas law |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OrigamiUSA | OrigamiUSA (sometimes abbreviated as "OUSA") is the largest origami organization in the United States, with offices located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. It was founded in 1980 by Michael Shall, Alice Gray, Lillian Oppenheimer, Robert E. Neale, and others as the Friends of the Origami Center of America and was renamed OrigamiUSA on July 1, 1994. Since its founding, OrigamiUSA has been fully non-profit and volunteer-based and is a 501(c)(3) corporation. OrigamiUSA organizes the largest origami convention in the world each June in New York City, and in addition publishes a magazine, The Paper, an annual collection of origami diagrams, and a website, and also provides educational materials and supports numerous other activities that spread the art of origami.
Mission
The mission statement is the following: "OrigamiUSA's mission is to share the joy and appreciation of paperfolding, preserve its history, nurture its growth, bring people together, and encourage community among paperfolders."
Services and activities
OrigamiUSA provides a variety of services to its members and to the world origami community:
Annual Convention: typically held on the last full weekend of June at St. John's University in Queens, New York since 2016, Annual Convention is the largest origami convention in the world. Prior venues were Fashion Institute of Technology and Manhattan College in New York City. It is attended by some 800 people each year and provides typically 30 parallel sessions of origami instructional classes for an entire weekend, as well as special seminars on design and folding techniques. Special guests attend every year from far off-places; previous guests include Kade Chan from Hong Kong, Tomoko Fuse from Japan, Nick Robinson from the United Kingdom, and Toshikazu Kawasaki from Japan.
The Paper: the print magazine of OrigamiUSA, The Paper is published roughly quarterly for all members, contains articles about origami activities and new, unpubli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homovanillic%20acid | Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. Homovanillic acid is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain.
In psychiatry and neuroscience, brain and cerebrospinal fluid levels of HVA are measured as a marker of metabolic stress caused by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. HVA presence supports a diagnosis of neuroblastoma and malignant pheochromocytoma.
Fasting plasma levels of HVA are known to be higher in females than in males. This does not seem to be influenced by adult hormonal changes, as the pattern is retained in the elderly and post-menopausal as well as transgender people according to their genetic sex, both before and during cross-sex hormone administration. Differences in HVA have also been correlated to tobacco usage, with smokers showing significantly lower amounts of plasma HVA.
See also
Homovanillyl alcohol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1%20hol%20family | The Mycobacterial 1 TMS Phage Holin (M1 Hol) Family (TC# 1.E.35) was identified and recognized by Catalao et al. (2012). Members of this family are found in mycobacterial phage, exhibit a single transmembrane segment (TMSs), and are about 75 to 95 amino acyl residues in length. Although annotated as holins, members of this family are not yet functionally characterized. A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydlide | is an action role-playing game developed and published by T&E Soft. It was originally released for the NEC PC-6001 and PC-8801 computers in 1984, in Japan only; ports for the MSX, MSX2, FM-7 and NEC PC-9801 were released the following year.
A Famicom version was released under the name Hydlide Special in Japan in 1986. Three years later, it was localized and released in English regions for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Fujisankei Communications International, known as simply Hydlide. The game sold two million copies in Japan across all platforms. A Sega Genesis version of Hydlide Special was showcased at the 1989 SCES but never released.
The game spawned the Hydlide series, followed by the sequels Hydlide II: Shine of Darkness in 1985 and Hydlide 3: The Space Memories (Super Hydlide) in 1987. A 1995 remake was released for the Sega Saturn as Virtual Hydlide.
Plot
In the kingdom of Fairyland, three magic jewels were enshrined in the palace to maintain peace in the kingdom. One day, an evil man broke into the palace and stole one of the three magic jewels. Without the third jewel, the two remaining jewels lost their magic sparkle. The magic spell that sealed the power of Varalys, the most vicious demon in the kingdom, was broken. During the turmoil which followed, the last two jewels were stolen. Varalys cast a special magic on Princess Ann, turning her into three fairies, and hid her somewhere in the kingdom. He then let loose a horde of monsters across the land and became the ruler of the kingdom. The young knight Jim stood up and took action to restore peace in the kingdom. He bravely made his way into the wilderness in full armor to fight the monsters.
Development
The game was created by T&E Soft's Tokihiro Naito. His idea behind Hydlide was to mix together action and RPG elements into a new "action RPG" genre. He was inspired by The Tower of Druaga and The Black Onyx, especially the former, as Hydlides design leans more towards action than role-playing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZmEu%20%28vulnerability%20scanner%29 | ZmEu is a computer vulnerability scanner which searches for web servers that are open to attack through the phpMyAdmin program,
It also attempts to guess SSH passwords through brute-force methods, and leaves a persistent backdoor. It was developed in Romania and was especially common in 2012.
It is apparently named after Zmeu, a dragon-like being in Romanian folklore. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page%20address%20register | A page address register (PAR) contains the physical addresses of pages currently held in the main memory of a computer system. PARs are used in order to avoid excessive use of an address table in some operating systems. A PAR may check a page's number against all entries in the PAR simultaneously, allowing it to retrieve the pages physical address quickly. A PAR is used by a single process and is only used for pages which are frequently referenced (though these pages may change as the process's behaviour changes in accordance with the principle of locality). An example computer which made use of PARs is the Atlas.
See also
Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB)
Virtual memory
Computer memory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20video%20hosting%20services | The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of current, notable video hosting services. Please see the individual products' articles for further information.
General information
Basic general information about the hosts: creator/company, license/price etc.
Supported input file formats
All services support the following input file formats:
Moving Picture Experts Group (.MPG/MPEG-1)
QuickTime File Format (.MOV)
Windows Media Video (.WMV)
Audio Video Interleave (.AVI)
H.264 MPEG-4/AVC (.MP4)
Unless otherwise indicated, they also support the following input file formats:
Matroska Multimedia Container (.MKV)
Theora (.OGV)
3rd Generation Partnership Project (.3GP)
Streaming video technical information
Site traffic
Specifically dedicated video hosting websites
* Website predominantly hosts live streaming video.
See also
Comparison of streaming media software
Content delivery network
Streaming television
Internet Protocol television
Comparison of music streaming services
List of streaming media systems
List of online video platforms
Multicast
One-click hosting
P2PTV
Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty
Push technology
Streaming media
Video on demand
Webcast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20gravity | In classical theories of gravitation, the changes in a gravitational field propagate. A change in the distribution of energy and momentum of matter results in subsequent alteration, at a distance, of the gravitational field which it produces. In the relativistic sense, the "speed of gravity" refers to the speed of a gravitational wave, which, as predicted by general relativity and confirmed by observation of the GW170817 neutron star merger, is the same speed as the speed of light (c).
Introduction
The speed of gravitational waves in the general theory of relativity is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum, . Within the theory of special relativity, the constant is not only about light; instead it is the highest possible speed for any interaction in nature. Formally, is a conversion factor for changing the unit of time to the unit of space. This makes it the only speed which does not depend either on the motion of an observer or a source of light and / or gravity. Thus, the speed of "light" is also the speed of gravitational waves, and further the speed of any massless particle. Such particles include the gluon (carrier of the strong force), the photons that make up light (hence carrier of electromagnetic force), and the hypothetical gravitons (which are the presumptive field particles associated with gravity; however, an understanding of the graviton, if it exists, requires an as-yet unavailable theory of quantum gravity).
Static fields
The speed of physical changes in a gravitational or electromagnetic field should not be confused with "changes" in the behavior of static fields that are due to pure observer-effects. These changes in direction of a static field are, because of relativistic considerations, the same for an observer when a distant charge is moving, as when an observer (instead) decides to move with respect to a distant charge. Thus, constant motion of an observer with regard to a static charge and its extended static field (either a gravitati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20Schr%C3%B6dinger%20equation | In theoretical physics, the logarithmic Schrödinger equation (sometimes abbreviated as LNSE or LogSE) is one of the nonlinear modifications of Schrödinger's equation. It is a classical wave equation with applications to extensions of quantum mechanics, quantum optics, nuclear physics, transport and diffusion phenomena, open quantum systems and information theory,
effective quantum gravity and physical vacuum models and theory of superfluidity and Bose–Einstein condensation.
Its relativistic version (with D'Alembertian instead of Laplacian and first-order time derivative) was first proposed by Gerald Rosen.
It is an example of an integrable model.
The equation
The logarithmic Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation. In mathematics and mathematical physics one often uses its dimensionless form:
for the complex-valued function of the particles position vector at time , and
is the Laplacian of in Cartesian coordinates. The logarithmic term has been shown indispensable in determining the speed of sound scales as the cubic root of pressure for Helium-4 at very low temperatures. This logarithmic term is also needed for cold sodium atoms. In spite of the logarithmic term, it has been shown in the case of central potentials, that even for non-zero angular momentum, the LogSE retains certain symmetries similar to those found in its linear counterpart, making it potentially applicable to atomic and nuclear systems.
The relativistic version of this equation can be obtained by replacing the derivative operator with the D'Alembertian, similarly to the Klein–Gordon equation. Soliton-like solutions known as Gaussons figure prominently as analytical solutions to this equation for a number of cases.
See also
Galaxy rotation curve
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Superfluid Helium-4
Superfluid vacuum theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement%20Ogaja | Clement Argwings Ogaja (born January 1972) is a Kenyan author and research geodesist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Previously, he was a professor of geomatics engineering at California State University, Fresno, having also worked at Geoscience Australia in Canberra.
Education and career
He earned his BSc (First Class) in Surveying (Geomatics) from the University of Nairobi in 1997, before moving to Australia where he studied for a PhD at UNSW Sydney. He completed his PhD in 2002, working on structural health monitoring of engineering structures, such as bridges and high-rise buildings, using global positioning system.
After his PhD, Ogaja worked at Geoscience Australia before joining California State University, Fresno in 2007 as an assistant professor. He also worked for GPS companies and wrote books and articles on GPS and geomatics engineering.
Notable works |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural%20backpropagation | Neural backpropagation is the phenomenon in which, after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon (normal propagation), another impulse is generated from the soma and propagates towards the apical portions of the dendritic arbor or dendrites (from which much of the original input current originated). In addition to active backpropagation of the action potential, there is also passive electrotonic spread. While there is ample evidence to prove the existence of backpropagating action potentials, the function of such action potentials and the extent to which they invade the most distal dendrites remain highly controversial.
Mechanism
When the graded excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) depolarize the soma to spike threshold at the axon hillock, first, the axon experiences a propagating impulse through the electrical properties of its voltage-gated sodium and voltage-gated potassium channels. An action potential occurs in the axon first as research illustrates that sodium channels at the dendrites exhibit a higher threshold than those on the membrane of the axon (Rapp et al., 1996). Moreover, the voltage-gated sodium channels on the dendritic membranes having a higher threshold helps prevent them triggering an action potential from synaptic input. Instead, only when the soma depolarizes enough from accumulating graded potentials and firing an axonal action potential will these channels be activated to propagate a signal traveling backwards (Rapp et al. 1996). Generally, EPSPs from synaptic activation are not large enough to activate the dendritic voltage-gated calcium channels (usually on the order of a couple milliamperes each) so backpropagation is typically believed to happen only when the cell is activated to fire an action potential. These sodium channels on the dendrites are abundant in certain types of neurons, especially mitral and pyramidal cells, and quickly inactivate. Initially, it was thought that an action poten |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart%20F.%20Smith | Hart Francis Smith, III (born 11 August 1962) is an American mathematician, specializing in analysis.
Biography
Hart F. Smith III received in 1984 from the University of California, Berkeley his A.B. in mathematics and in January 1989 from Princeton University his Ph.D. in mathematics under the supervision of Elias M. Stein with thesis The subelliptic oblique derivative problem. Smith was from 1988–1991 a C. L. E. Moore Instructor at MIT and in fall-winter 1991–1992 a visiting fellow at Princeton University. He was appointed at the University of Washington in 1991 an assistant professor, in 1995 an associate professor, and in 1999 a full professor, holding this professorship until the present. He has been an invited lecturer at a number of mathematical conferences in the US and abroad. He was an Invited Speaker with talk Wave Equations with Low Regularity Coefficients at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin in 1998.
His father Hart Francis Smith Jr. (1930–2018) received an M.A. in economics from Yale University in 1954 and taught high school mathematics in public schools and in Catholic schools in the San Francisco Bay area. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus%20Data | Nimbus Data is an American computer data storage software and systems company.
Company
Nimbus Data develops flash memory solutions. Customers include eBay, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Digital River, Raytheon, Citrix Systems, Lockheed Martin, WWE, and DreamWorks. The company was rumored to have deals with Apple Inc. and Thomson Reuters. The privately held company is led by CEO and founder Thomas Isakovich.
Products
In April 2010, Nimbus Data announced the S-Class system, a multi-protocol all-flash array with up to 100 TB of solid state storage supporting Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand networks.
In January 2012, Nimbus Data announced the E-Class system. It offers redundant controllers and up to 500 TB of solid-state storage. Each controller supports the same interfaces: Ethernet, Fibre Channel, and InfiniBand. Nimbus Data software detects controller and path failures, providing failover as well as online software updates and online capacity expansion.
In August 2012, Nimbus Data announced the Gemini system, with an available 10-year warranty. Gemini includes dual controllers for no single point of failure and non-disruptive software updates. In a 2U form factor, the Gemini array supports 48 TB of capacity, 1 million IOps, 12 GB/s, and less than 0.1 ms latency. Certified benchmark results of over 4,032 simultaneous virtual desktop (VDI) users has been achieved on a single Gemini system.
In August 2013, Nimbus Data announced the Gemini F400 and F600 systems with increased performance of up to 2 million read IOps at less than 0.05 ms latency (4 KB block I/O rates). Nimbus Data's HALO software, embedded in its flash memory systems, handles both block storage (storage area network) and file systems (network attached storage) by supporting several protocols. Data management features include thin provisioning, automatic capacity reclamation, encryption, replication, snapshots, inline deduplication, compression, and automatic self-healing capabilities.
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermanaerovibrio%20acidaminovorans | Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Thermanaerovibrio which has been isolated from granular methanogenic sludge from Breda in the Netherlands. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rdate | On Unix-like operating systems, rdate is a tool for querying the current time from a network server and, optionally, setting the system time. Rdate uses the Time Protocol. The Time Protocol is generally considered obsolete and has been replaced by the Network Time Protocol (NTP).
When used to set the local system time, rdate operates by changing system time immediately to the time and date returned by the server. Abrupt changes of clock settings have been found to cause problems for software relying on timing. This led to the development of the Network Time Protocol, which gradually changes the system time and does not skip ticks.
Due to the problems described above, rdate is generally used only on systems where NTP is not available, or in specialized circumstances where it is required that system time be set correctly as soon as possible during initial setup, before services which may be vulnerable to abrupt time-changes have started.
See also
ntpd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TENET%20210 | The TENET 210 was a mainframe computer designed for timesharing services. The machine was designed for high throughput and expandability, including 20 direct memory access (DMA) channels and eight slots for core memory, allowing up to 128k 32-bit words of RAM. The sales materials boasted that it guaranteed user responses within one second.
The 210 was the only product of TENET Inc, formed by several former members of Fairchild Semiconductor during its heyday in the late 1960s. The company sold only a single 210 before going out of business.
History
The TENET 210 ultimately traces its history to a project within Fairchild Semiconductor's research and development center in Palo Alto, California run by Gordon Moore. A new group organized by Rex Rice was developing a machine specifically for the timesharing market. Known as the Symbol IIR, the design concept was a machine that ran a PL/1-like language as its native assembler language, and would be implemented entirely in hardware - no microcode or firmware was allowed.
In 1966, Chuck Runge was working for the Atomic Energy Commission, writing programs on a machine at Iowa State University. Rice visited the campus on a recruiting drive and Runge interviewed with Moore that March. Runge joined the company in June, but quickly became disillusioned with the no-software decree, and was convinced the project would never ship. He found a like-minded engineer in Dave Masters, who knew Fairchild president Bob Noyce.
The two approached Noyce with the idea of developing a new computer design. The system was initially pitched as a controller for Fairchild Instrumentation's new Sentry product, a software-controlled semiconductor testing system. This produced the 24-bit Fairchild FST-1, as well as the FACTOR programming language used to program the test suites. Although it was by most measures a general-purpose minicomputer, Fairchild was uninterested in marketing it as such.
At the time, the timesharing market was developing ra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOUD | SOUD, standing for System of Joint Acquisition of Enemy Data was a computerized intelligence exchange system where information acquired by the intelligence and security agencies from participating Warsaw pact countries was stored.
The intelligence exchange organization was founded in 1977, and its initial goal was to safeguard the USSR from 'foreign threats' during the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.
Stasi engineers conceived the system using stolen Western technology, and it was operational in 1979. Its main computer was based in Moscow, the input language was Russian and the USSR had control over access to the system. Nevertheless, the Stasi was the foremost contributor of the intelligence exchange system, with around a quarter of the entries submitted, followed only by the KGB. Other members of SOUD were Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Mongolia and Cuba. They were later joined by Vietnam.
Because of the boycott of the Summer Olympics of 1980, most of the potential threats did not materialise, but the system remained operational. Its databases include names of agents, zionists, hostile religious organisations, organisations of emigrants, journalists, diplomats, cultural and commercial attachés, representatives of airlines, etc. etc. Information found in Stasi documents reveals that in 1989 more than 11,100 names were collected. Most of them included a personal description, the maiden name of the mother and a sample of the handwriting. A query could be handled in less than four hours time.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentisphaeraceae | Sedimentisphaeraceae is a family of aquatic bacteria.
See also
List of bacterial orders
List of bacteria genera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck%20sauce | Duck sauce (or orange sauce) is a condiment with a sweet and sour flavor and a translucent orange appearance similar to a thin jelly. Offered at American Chinese restaurants, it is used as a dip for deep-fried dishes such as wonton strips, spring rolls, egg rolls, duck, chicken, fish, or with rice or noodles. It is often provided in single-serving packets along with soy sauce, mustard, hot sauce or red chili powder. It may be used as a glaze on foods, such as poultry. Despite its name, the sauce is not prepared using duck meat; rather it is named as such because it is a common accompaniment to Chinese-style duck dishes along with using duck in the sauce.
Ingredients
It is made of plums, apricots, pineapples or peaches added to sugar, vinegar, ginger and chili peppers. It is used in more traditional Chinese cuisine in the form of plum sauce.
Name
It is speculated that the name "duck sauce" came about because its ancestor, tianmian sauce, was first served with Peking duck in China. When the Chinese emigrated to the U.S., they created Chinese dishes that would appeal more to the American palate, and developed a sweeter version of the sauce used in China.
See also
List of dips
Hoisin sauce
List of condiments
List of sauces
Oyster sauce
Plum sauce
Siu haau sauce
Sweet and sour sauce
Tianmian sauce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%2080 | In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 80 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
Glycoside hydrolase family 80 CAZY GH_80 includes enzymes with chitosanase activity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIMO%20%28non-interfering%20multiple%20output%29 | An approach of an antenna and beamforming system, NIMO (non-interfering multiple output), is introduced that can be used to overcome bandwidth and capacity limitations on dense wireless networks. The new system combines beamforming technology with MIMO, providing a higher quality of service (QoS), and supports transparent integration with any telecommunication system. NIMO provides multiple narrow beams using a single antenna, and provides improved characteristics compared to conventional beamforming techniques such as reduced interference. Such a multi-beam antenna system increases spectral efficiency, user capacity, and throughput, as well as QoS. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRH%20stimulation%20test | Prior to the availability of sensitive TSH assays, thyrotropin releasing hormone or TRH stimulation tests were relied upon for confirming and assessing the degree of suppression
in suspected hyperthyroidism. Typically, this stimulation test involves determining basal
TSH levels and levels 15 to 30 minutes after an intravenous bolus of TRH. Normally,
TSH would rise into the concentration range measurable with less sensitive TSH assays.
Third generation TSH assays do not have this
limitation and thus TRH stimulation is generally not required when third generation TSH
assays are used to assess degree of suppression.
Differential diagnosis use
TRH-stimulation testing however
continues to be useful for the differential diagnosis of secondary (pituitary disorder) and tertiary (hypothalamic disorder) hypothyroidism. Patients with these conditions
appear to have physiologically inactive TSH in their circulation that is recognized by
TSH assays to a degree such that they may yield misleading, "euthyroid" TSH
results. Use and Interpretation:
• Helpful in diagnosis in patients with confusing TFTs. In primary hyperthyroidism
TSH are low and TRH administration induces little or no change in TSH levels
• In hypothyroidism due to end organ failure, administration of TRH produces a
prompt increase in TSH
• In hypothyroidism due to pituitary disease (secondary hypothyroidism) administration of TRH does not produce
an increase in TSH
• In hypothyroidism due to hypothalamic disease (tertiary hypothyroidism), administration of TRH produces a
delayed (60–120 minutes, rather than 15–30 minutes) increase in TSH
Process and interpretation
The TRH test involves administration of a small amount of TRH intravenously, following which levels of TSH will be measured at several subsequent time points using samples of blood taken from a peripheral vein.
The test is used in the differential diagnosis of secondary and tertiary hypothyroidism. First, blood is drawn and a baseline TSH level is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photostat%20machine | The Photostat machine, or Photostat, was an early projection photocopier created in the decade of the 1900s by the Commercial Camera Company, which became the Photostat Corporation. The "Photostat" name, which was originally a trademark of the company, became genericized, and was often used to refer to similar machines produced by the RetinalGraph Company.
History
Background
The growth of business during the industrial revolution created the need for a more efficient means of transcription than hand copying. Carbon paper was first used in the early 19th century. By the late 1840s copying presses were used to copy outgoing correspondence. One by one, other methods appeared. These included the "manifold writer," developed from Christoph Scheiner's pantograph and used by Mark Twain; copying baths; copying books; and roller copiers. Among the most significant of them was the Blue process in the early 1870s, which was mainly used to make blueprints of architectural and engineering drawings. Stencil duplicators (more commonly known as "Mimeograph machines") surfaced in 1874, and the Cyclostyle in 1891. All were manual and most involved messy fluids.
Retinal and Photostat machines
George C. Beidler of Oklahoma City founded the RetinalGraph Company in 1906 or 1907, producing the first photographic copying machines; he later moved the company to Rochester, New York in 1909 to be closer to the Haloid Company, his main source of photographic paper and chemicals.
The RetinalGraph Company was acquired by the Haloid Company in 1935. In 1948 Haloid purchased the rights to produce Chester Carlson's xerographic equipment and in 1958 the firm was reorganized to Haloid Xerox, Inc., which in 1961 was renamed Xerox Corporation. Haloid continued selling RetinalGraph machines into the 1960s.
The Photostat brand machine, differing in operation from the RetinalGraph but with the same purpose of the photographic copying of documents, was invented in Kansas City by Oscar T. Gregory in 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Fantappi%C3%A8 | Luigi Fantappiè (15 September 1901 – 28 July 1956) was an Italian mathematician, known for work in mathematical analysis and for creating the theory of analytic functionals: he was a student and follower of Vito Volterra. Later in life, he proposed scientific theories of sweeping scope.
Biography
Luigi Fantappiè was born in Viterbo, and studied at the University of Pisa, graduating in mathematics in 1922. After time spent abroad, he was offered a chair by the University of Florence in 1926, and a year later by the University of Palermo. He spent the years 1934 to 1939 in the University of São Paulo, Brazil collaborating with Benedito Castrucci notorious Italian-Brazilian mathematician. In 1939 he was offered a chair at the University of Rome.
In 1941 he discovered that negative entropy has qualities that are associated with life: The cause of processes driven by negative energy lies in the future, exactly such as living beings work for a better day tomorrow. A process that is driven by negative entropy will increase order with time, such as all forms of life tend to do. This was a very controversial view at the time and not at all accepted by his colleagues. His findings indicate that negative entropy is associated with life in the same way as consciousness is. Consciousness could be a process based on negative entropy. In 1942 he put forth a unified theory of physics and biology, and the syntropy concept. In 1952 he started to work on a unified physical theory called projective relativity, for which, he asserted, special relativity was a limiting case. Giuseppe Arcidiacono worked with him on this theory.
See also
Analytic functional
Andreotti–Norguet formula
de Sitter invariant special relativity
Negentropy
Books
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerf%20theory | In mathematics, at the junction of singularity theory and differential topology, Cerf theory is the study of families of smooth real-valued functions
on a smooth manifold , their generic singularities and the topology of the subspaces these singularities define, as subspaces of the function space. The theory is named after Jean Cerf, who initiated it in the late 1960s.
An example
Marston Morse proved that, provided is compact, any smooth function can be approximated by a Morse function. Thus, for many purposes, one can replace arbitrary functions on by Morse functions.
As a next step, one could ask, 'if you have a one-parameter family of functions which start and end at Morse functions, can you assume the whole family is Morse?' In general, the answer is no. Consider, for example, the one-parameter family of functions on given by
At time , it has no critical points, but at time , it is a Morse function with two critical points at .
Cerf showed that a one-parameter family of functions between two Morse functions can be approximated by one that is Morse at all but finitely many degenerate times. The degeneracies involve a birth/death transition of critical points, as in the above example when, at , an index 0 and index 1 critical point are created as increases.
A stratification of an infinite-dimensional space
Returning to the general case where is a compact manifold, let denote the space of Morse functions on , and the space of real-valued smooth functions on . Morse proved that is an open and dense subset in the topology.
For the purposes of intuition, here is an analogy. Think of the Morse functions as the top-dimensional open stratum in a stratification of (we make no claim that such a stratification exists, but suppose one does). Notice that in stratified spaces, the co-dimension 0 open stratum is open and dense. For notational purposes, reverse the conventions for indexing the stratifications in a stratified space, and index the open str |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamic%20tether | Electrodynamic tethers (EDTs) are long conducting wires, such as one deployed from a tether satellite, which can operate on electromagnetic principles as generators, by converting their kinetic energy to electrical energy, or as motors, converting electrical energy to kinetic energy. Electric potential is generated across a conductive tether by its motion through a planet's magnetic field.
A number of missions have demonstrated electrodynamic tethers in space, most notably the TSS-1, TSS-1R, and Plasma Motor Generator (PMG) experiments.
Tether propulsion
As part of a tether propulsion system, craft can use long, strong conductors (though not all tethers are conductive) to change the orbits of spacecraft. It has the potential to make space travel significantly cheaper. When direct current is applied to the tether, it exerts a Lorentz force against the magnetic field, and the tether exerts a force on the vehicle. It can be used either to accelerate or brake an orbiting spacecraft.
In 2012 Star Technology and Research was awarded a $1.9 million contract to qualify a tether propulsion system for orbital debris removal.
Uses for ED tethers
Over the years, numerous applications for electrodynamic tethers have been identified for potential use in industry, government, and scientific exploration. The table below is a summary of some of the potential applications proposed thus far. Some of these applications are general concepts, while others are well-defined systems. Many of these concepts overlap into other areas; however, they are simply placed under the most appropriate heading for the purposes of this table. All of the applications mentioned in the table are elaborated upon in the Tethers Handbook. Three fundamental concepts that tethers possess, are gravity gradients, momentum exchange, and electrodynamics. Potential tether applications can be seen below:
ISS reboost
EDT has been proposed to maintain the ISS orbit and save the expense of chemical propellant re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPA%20superfamily | The cation:proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily is a superfamily of transport proteins named after one of its constituent members, the monovalent cation:proton antiporter-2 (CPA2).
CPA1 was considered a member of the superfamily until 2010, when it was discovered to in fact be a member of the VIC superfamily. As of April 2016, the CPA superfamily consists of four members:
Monovalent cation:proton antiporter-2 family
Malonate:Sodium symporter family
Putative sulfate exporter family
Sodium-transporting carboxylic acid decarboxylase family
Structural variation exists between families. For example, members of the CPA2 family are between 300 and 900 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and exhibit 10 to 14 transmembrane segments (TMSs), while members of the MSS family are shorter than 300 aas and exhibit 4 to 7 TMSs.
See also
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet%20ray | A violet ray is an antique medical appliance used during the early 20th century to discharge in electrotherapy. Their construction usually featured a disruptive discharge coil with an interrupter to apply a high voltage, high frequency, low current to the human body for therapeutic purposes.
Overview
Nikola Tesla introduced his first prototype violet ray at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Most of the antique violet rays in the US were produced before the Depression era, and some of the larger US manufacturers of violet rays were Renulife, Fitzgerald, and Fisher. Companies who manufactured violet ray devices made many other types of electrical appliances as well, e.g. Star Electric, which also manufactured stock ticker machines. Many of the companies who were able to continue manufacturing violet rays after the Depression stopped making them due to World War II, when they began manufacturing radio coils and other electrical components for the war instead.
A typical violet ray device consisted of an ungrounded, electrical control box that controlled the interrupter and housed the magneto coil, and an attached bakelite or other handle housing which contained the high voltage coil and an insertion port for attachments. Glass, evacuated tubes of varying shapes and for different therapeutic uses could be inserted into the bakelite handle to apply the resulting current to different parts of the body.
Violet ray treatments were said to cure everything from lower back pain to carbuncles. From an antique Master Violet Ray manual c. 1920 comes this treatment advice:
For catarrh, this treatment was directed:
Legal actions
During the 1940s and 1950s, makers of violet ray devices were subjected to numerous lawsuits and multiple actions by the US government including recalls, seizures, forfeitures, and orders to have them destroyed.
The last manufacturer of violet ray electrotherapy devices in the US was Master Electric. The company was subjected to a 1951 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20ovary | An artificial ovary is a potential fertility preservation treatment that aims to mimic the function of the natural ovary.
Conventional fertility preservation for females involves oocyte cryopreservation or ovarian tissue cryopreservation. However, there are drawbacks to these treatments. Oocyte cryopreservation is not possible for those with pre-pubertal cancer or premature ovarian insufficiency. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation also poses a risk of reintroducing malignant cells after cancer recovery, particular in those with previous leukaemia.
Artificial ovaries could be an effective alternative in fertility preservation. The artificial ovary aims to replicate its natural counterpart by producing oocytes and releasing steroid hormones. To date, no human oocytes have been fertilised or used to produce offspring using an artificial ovary and it is unlikely that this will occur until further research has been completed and bioethical concerns have been considered.
Ideally, the artificial ovary should contain follicles or oocytes obtained from ovarian tissue cryopreservation, as well as other ovarian cells to provide growth factors. Isolated follicles are then transplanted (either at the normal site of the ovary or elsewhere in the body) in a delivery scaffold. An ideal biocompatible scaffold would cause minimal inflammation, be suitable for neo‐angiogenesis, and degrade after transplantation.
There are some limitations to artificial ovaries. From an ethical perspective, there is the issue of justice of who would qualify to receive artificial ovaries (except in autologous transplant) as there is limited availability. There is also a bioethical concerns around pre-implantation diagnosis and genetic manipulation of artificial ovaries. If a patient's own ovarian tissue is used for generating artificial ovaries, the risk of reintroducing malignancy is still present, although this risk would be lowered if only oocytes were used.
One area of future research in this fiel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20analysis%20and%20risk-based%20preventive%20controls | Hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls or HARPC is a successor to the Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) food safety system, mandated in the United States by the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) of 2010.
Preventive control systems emphasize prevention of hazards before they occur rather than their detection after they occur. The FDA released the rules in the Federal Register from September 2015 onwards. The first release of rules addressed Preventive Controls for Human Food and Preventive Controls for Foods for Animals. The Produce Safety Final Rule, the Foreign Supplier Verification Programs (FSVP) Final Rule and the Accredited Third-Party Certification Final Rule were issued on November 13, 2015. The Sanitary Transportation of Human and Animal Food final rule was issued on April 6, 2016, and the Mitigation Strategies To Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration (Food Defense) final rule was issued on May 27, 2016.
Scope
All food companies in the United States that are required to register with the FDA under the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, as well as firms outside the US that export food to the US, must have a written FSMA-compliant Food Safety Plan in place by the deadlines listed below:
Very small businesses of less than $1 million in sales per year are exempt, but must provide proof to the FDA of their very small status by January 1, 2016.
Businesses subject to Juice HACCP () and Seafood HACCP () are exempt.
Businesses subject to the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance; Sept 17, 2018.
Small businesses, defined as having fewer than 500 full-time equivalent employees; Sept 17, 2017.
All other businesses; Sept 17, 2016.
Additionally, for the first time food safety is being extended to pet food and animal feed, with firms being given an extra year to implement Current Good Manufacturing Practices before a Preventive Controls system the following year:
Primary Production Farms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Winckless | Sarah Katharine Winckless (born 18 October 1973) is a British former rower. She won a bronze medal in Double sculls with her partner Elise Laverick at the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, and was twice world champion, in 2005 and 2006.
Early life and education
Winckless was born in Reading, was educated at Tiffin Girls' School and at Millfield, and began rowing whilst at Cambridge University, where she studied Natural Sciences at Fitzwilliam College.
Career
Winckless made her debut for Great Britain in the women's eight at the World Championships in 1998 and finished eighth. She then transferred to sculling, finishing ninth in the double at the 2000 Olympic Games. She was in GB quadruple scull crews that narrowly missed out on the medals at the 2002 and 2003 World Championships, finishing fourth both times. She teamed up with Elise Laverick for the double scull from 2004 on, producing good results in the world cup season before taking Olympic bronze in the 2004 Games held in Athens. She returned to the quad for the 2005 and 2006 world championships, winning with Rebecca Romero, Frances Houghton and Katherine Grainger in 2005 and Debbie Flood, Houghton & Grainger in 2006. She was unable to compete in 2007, due to injury, but returned to the GB team for the 2008 Olympic Games, racing in the Women's eight.
She announced her retirement from rowing in April 2009.
She was UK Chef de Mission for the Youth Olympic Games, served as the inaugural Chairman of the BOA's Athletes Commission. She was the first woman to be appointed as a Boat Race umpire, and in 2020 she would have been the first woman to umpire the men's Boat Race; as the race was cancelled, she achieved this in 2021.
She serves on the Athletes Commission and on the Board of UK Anti-Doping. She was awarded an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours 2015 for "services to sport and young people".
Personal life
Winckless is a campaigner for Huntington's disease charities, having tested positive for the gene mutation wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashi | is a family of stocks used in Japanese cuisine. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth soup, noodle broth soup, and many simmering liquids to accentuate the savory flavor known as umami. Dashi is also mixed into the flour base of some grilled foods like okonomiyaki and takoyaki.
Preparation
The most common form of dashi is a simple broth made by heating water containing kombu (edible kelp) and kezurikatsuo (shavings of katsuobushi – preserved, fermented skipjack tuna or bonito) to near-boiling, then straining the resultant liquid; dried anchovies or sardines may be substituted. Katsuobushi is especially high in sodium inosinate and kombu is especially high in glutamic acids; both combined create a synergy of umami.
Granulated or liquid instant dashi largely replaced the homemade product in the second half of the 20th century. Homemade dashi is less popular today, even in Japan. Compared to the taste of homemade dashi, instant dashi tends to have a stronger, less subtle flavor, due to the use of chemical flavor enhancers—glutamates and ribonucleotides.
Variations
Other kinds of dashi are made by soaking kelp, niboshi, or shiitake in water for many hours or by heating them in near-boiling water and straining the resulting broth.
Kombu dashi is made by soaking or gently simmering kelp in water; soaking is traditional and fit for making baby food while simmering is a more modern practice. Kombu dashi becomes bitter and unpalatable when boiled.
Niboshi dashi is made by pinching off the heads and entrails of small dried sardines, to prevent bitterness, and soaking the rest in water. Sometimes the heads are used as not everyone finds them to be bitter, and the fish are occasionally toasted to evaporate any volatile unpleasant fishy odors.
Shiitake dashi is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. Dried shiitake is preferred over fresh due to a stronger presence of savory or umami flavors.
See also
List of soups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Cannery%2C%20Agricultural%2C%20Packing%2C%20and%20Allied%20Workers%20of%20America | The United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA) was a labor union formed in 1937 and incorporated large numbers of Mexican, black, Asian, and Anglo food processing workers under its banner. The founders envisioned a national decentralized labor organization with power flowing from the bottom up. Although it was short-lived, the UCAPAWA influenced the lives of many workers and had a major impact for both women and minority workers in the union.
UCAPAWA changed its name to Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers (FTA) in 1944.
History
The United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing Allied Workers of America (or UCAPAWA) was an organization formed after the American Federation of Labor (AFL) ignored several delegate members plea to have better working conditions for farm and food processing workers. At its head stood an intense and energetic organizer named Donald Henderson who was a young economics instructor at Columbia University and a member of the Communist party. Henderson, who was also one of the founders of the People’s Congress, noted the importance this union placed on popularizing the conditions of black and Mexican American workers and organizing them as a way to improve their social and economic situation. Henderson declared that the “International Office was sufficiently concerned with the conditions facing . . . the Negro people and the Mexican and Spanish American peoples.” Henderson observed that both minority groups were deprived of civil rights, exploited to the point of starvation, kept in decayed housing, denied educational opportunities, and in Henderson’s view, “blocked from their own cultural development.” Henderson eventually, as President of the union, established it as the agricultural arm of Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1937 after having been abandoned by the AFL.
Unable to persuade the AFL to charter an international union of agricultural workers and increasingly drawn to the Congre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20area | In general, a rural area or a countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas and areas with forestry typically are described as rural. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes.
In rural areas, because of their unique economic and social dynamics, and relationship to land-based industry such as agriculture, forestry and resource extraction, the economics are very different from cities and can be subject to boom and bust cycles and vulnerability to extreme weather or natural disasters, such as droughts. These dynamics alongside larger economic forces encouraging to urbanization have led to significant demographic declines, called rural flight, where economic incentives encourage younger populations to go to cities for education and access to jobs, leaving older, less educated and less wealthy populations in the rural areas. Slower economic development results in poorer services like healthcare and education and rural infrastructure. This cycle of poverty in some rural areas, means that three quarters of the global population in poverty live in rural areas according to the Food and Agricultural Organization.
Some communities have successfully encouraged economic development in rural areas, with some policies such as giving increased access to electricity or internet, proving very successful on encouraging economic activities in rural areas. Historically development policies have focused on larger extractive industries, such as mining and forestry. However, recent approaches more focused on sustainable development are more aware of economic diversification in these communities.
Regional definitions
North America
Canada
In Canada, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development defines a "predominantly rural region" as having more than 50% of the population living in rural communit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperSCSI | HyperSCSI is an outdated computer network protocol for accessing storage by sending and receiving SCSI commands. It was developed by researchers at the Data Storage Institute in Singapore in 2000 to 2003.
HyperSCSI is unlike iSCSI in that it bypassed the internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) and works directly over Ethernet to form its storage area network (SAN). It skipped the routing, retransmission, segmentation, reassembly, and all the other problems that the TCP/IP suite addresses. Compared to iSCSI, this was meant to give a performance benefit at the cost of IP's flexibility. An independent performance test showed that performance was unstable with network congestion.
Since HyperSCSI was in direct competition with the older and well established Fibre Channel, and the standardized iSCSI, it was not adopted by commercial vendors. Some researchers at Huazhong University of Science and Technology noted the failure to provide any transport layer protocol, so implemented a reliability layer in 2007.
Another version called HS/IP was developed over the Internet Protocol (IP).
See also
Fibre Channel over Ethernet
Fibre Channel over IP
Internet Fibre Channel Protocol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic%20predicate | A syntactic predicate specifies the syntactic validity of applying a production in a formal grammar and is analogous to a semantic predicate that specifies the semantic validity of applying a production. It is a simple and effective means of dramatically improving the recognition strength of an LL parser by providing arbitrary lookahead. In their original implementation, syntactic predicates had the form “( α )?” and could only appear on the left edge of a production. The required syntactic condition α could be any valid context-free grammar fragment.
More formally, a syntactic predicate is a form of production intersection, used in parser specifications or in formal grammars. In this sense, the term predicate has the meaning of a mathematical indicator function. If p1 and p2, are production rules, the language generated by both p1 and p2 is their set intersection.
As typically defined or implemented, syntactic predicates implicitly order the productions so that predicated productions specified earlier have higher precedence than predicated productions specified later within the same decision. This conveys an ability to disambiguate ambiguous productions because the programmer can simply specify which production should match.
Parsing expression grammars (PEGs), invented by Bryan Ford, extend these simple predicates by allowing "not predicates" and permitting a predicate to appear anywhere within a production. Moreover, Ford invented packrat parsing to handle these grammars in linear time by employing memoization, at the cost of heap space.
It is possible to support linear-time parsing of predicates as general as those allowed by PEGs, but reduce the memory cost associated with memoization by avoiding backtracking where some more efficient implementation of lookahead suffices. This approach is implemented by ANTLR version 3, which uses Deterministic finite automata for lookahead; this may require testing a predicate in order to choose between transitions of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinocyst | Dinocysts or dinoflagellate cysts are typically 15 to 100 µm in diameter and produced by around 15–20% of living dinoflagellates as a dormant, zygotic stage of their lifecycle, which can accumulate in the sediments as microfossils. Organic-walled dinocysts are often resistant and made out of dinosporin. There are also calcareous dinoflagellate cysts and siliceous dinoflagellate cysts.
History
The first person to recognize fossil dinoflagellates was Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, who reported his discovery in a paper presented to the Berlin Academy of Sciences in July 1836. He had observed clearly tabulate dinoflagellates in thin flakes of Cretaceous flint and considered those dinoflagellates to have been silicified. Along with them, and of comparable size, were spheroidal to ovoidal bodies bearing an array of spines or tubes of variable character. Ehrenberg interpreted these as being originally siliceous and thought them to be desmids (freshwater conjugating algae), placing them within his own Recent desmid genus Xanthidium. Though summaries of Ehrenberg's work appeared earlier, it was not published in full until 1837 or 1838; the date is uncertain.
A first relation between dinoflagellate thecae and cysts was made through morphological comparison of both by Bill Evitt and Susan E. Davidson. Further evidence came from detailed culture studies of dinoflagellate cysts by David Wall and Barrie Dale at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the sixties.
Types of cysts
Ontologically, the term cyst can apply to (1) a temporary resting state (pellicle, temporary or ecdysal cyst), (2) a dormant zygote (resting cysts or hypnozygotes) or (3) a coccoid condition in which the cells are still photosynthetically active. For example, for this last special case, all cysts described from species of the order Phytodiniales (e.g. Cystodinium, Stylodinium, Hypnodinium, Tetradinium, Dinococcus, Gloeodinium), are coccoid stages.
Digestive cyst or digestion cysts denote pellicle c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-491%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-491 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarter-pixel%20motion | Quarter-pixel motion (also known as Q-pel motion or Qpel motion) refers to using a quarter of the distance between pixels (or luma sample positions) as the motion vector precision for motion estimation and motion compensation in video compression schemes. It is used in many modern video coding formats such as MPEG-4 ASP, H.264/AVC, and HEVC. Though higher precision motion vectors take more bits to encode, they can sometimes result in more efficient compression overall, by increasing the quality of the prediction signal.
Operation
Video encoding software products such as Xvid, 3ivx, and DivX Pro Codec, which are based upon the MPEG-4 specification, use motion estimation algorithms to significantly improve video compression. The default level of resolution for motion estimation for most MPEG-4 ASP implementations is half a pixel, although quarter pixel is specified under the standard. H.264 decoders always support quarter-pixel motion. Quarter-pixel resolution can improve the quality of the video prediction signal as compared to half-pixel resolution, although the improvement may not always be enough to offset the increased bit cost of the quarter-pixel-precision motion vector; additional techniques such as rate-distortion optimization, which takes both quality and bit cost into account, are used to significantly improve the effectiveness of quarter-pel motion estimation.
Interpolation methods
Quarter-pixel motion compensation, much like half-pixel, is achieved through interpolation. Different specific schemes are used in different designs:
VC-1 uses bicubic interpolation.
H.264/AVC uses a 6-tap filter for half-pixel interpolation and then simple linear interpolation to achieve quarter-pixel precision from the half-pixel data.
HEVC uses separable 7-tap or 8-tap filtering.
Hardware compatibility in MPEG-4 ASP
Videos encoded with quarter-pixel precision motion vectors require up to twice as much processing power to encode, and 30-60% more processing power to d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20exchange | In quantum mechanics, and especially quantum information processing, the entropy exchange of a quantum operation acting on the density matrix of a system is defined as
where is the von Neumann entropy of the system and a fictitious purifying auxiliary system after they are operated on by . Here,
and
where in the above equation acts on leaving unchanged. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy%20%28software%29 | Autopsy is computer software that makes it simpler to deploy many of the open source programs and plugins used in The Sleuth Kit. The graphical user interface displays the results from the forensic search of the underlying volume, making it easier for investigators to flag pertinent sections of data. The tool is largely maintained by Basis Technology Corp. with the assistance of programmers from the community. The company sells support services and training for using the product.
The tool is designed with these principles in mind:
Extensible — the user should be able to add new functionality by creating plugins that can analyze all or part of the underlying data source.
Centralized — the tool must offer a standard and consistent mechanism for accessing all features and modules.
Ease of Use — the Autopsy Browser must offer the wizards and historical tools to make it easier for users to repeat their steps without excessive reconfiguration.
Multiple Users — the tool should be usable by one investigator or coordinate the work of a team.
The core browser can be extended by adding modules that help scan the files (called "ingesting"), browse the results (called "viewing"), or summarize results (called "reporting"). A collection of open-source modules allows customization.
Autopsy tool can be used to recover WannaCry-infected data as well.
Process
Autopsy analyzes major file systems (NTFS, FAT, ExFAT, HFS+, Ext2/Ext3/Ext4, YAFFS2) by hashing all files, unpacking standard archives (ZIP, JAR etc.), extracting any EXIF values and putting keywords in an index. Some file types like standard email formats or contact files are also parsed and cataloged.
Users can search these indexed files for recent activity or create a report in HTML or PDF summarizing important recent activity. If time is short, users may activate triage features that use rules to analyze the most important files first. Autopsy can save a partial image of these files in the VHD format.
Correlat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Taiwanese%20flags | Taiwan has been controlled by various governments and has been associated with various flags throughout its history. Since 1945, the Republic of China rules the island and which became the major territorial base of the ROC since 1949, thus the flag most commonly associated with it is the Flag of the Republic of China.
The first national flag of Taiwan was first used in 1663 during the Kingdom of Tungning, which had a plain white flag with the character 「鄭」 (zhèng) on the red bordered circle. The flag of the Qing dynasty was also used from 1862 until 1895, when the Republic of Formosa was declared. The Formosan flag had a tiger on a plain blue filed with azure clouds below it.
During Japanese rule of Taiwan, the flag of Japan was flown in the island from 1895 to 1945.
Following the transfer of Taiwan from Japan to China in 1945, the national flag was specified in Article Six of the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the government of Chiang Kai-shek relocated the Republic of China (ROC) to the island of Taiwan.
Current flag
Historical flags
Royal flags
Political divisions
Below are the flags used in the political divisions of Taiwan.
Provinces
Special municipalities
Provincial cities
Counties
Military flags
Other state flags
Political party flags
Chinese Taipei sports flags
Other historical flags
See also
List of Chinese flags
Proposed flags of Taiwan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20scheme | In mathematics, specifically in algebraic geometry, a formal scheme is a type of space which includes data about its surroundings. Unlike an ordinary scheme, a formal scheme includes infinitesimal data that, in effect, points in a direction off of the scheme. For this reason, formal schemes frequently appear in topics such as deformation theory. But the concept is also used to prove a theorem such as the theorem on formal functions, which is used to deduce theorems of interest for usual schemes.
A locally Noetherian scheme is a locally Noetherian formal scheme in the canonical way: the formal completion along itself. In other words, the category of locally Noetherian formal schemes contains all locally Noetherian schemes.
Formal schemes were motivated by and generalize Zariski's theory of formal holomorphic functions.
Algebraic geometry based on formal schemes is called formal algebraic geometry.
Definition
Formal schemes are usually defined only in the Noetherian case. While there have been several definitions of non-Noetherian formal schemes, these encounter technical problems. Consequently, we will only define locally noetherian formal schemes.
All rings will be assumed to be commutative and with unit. Let A be a (Noetherian) topological ring, that is, a ring A which is a topological space such that the operations of addition and multiplication are continuous. A is linearly topologized if zero has a base consisting of ideals. An ideal of definition for a linearly topologized ring is an open ideal such that for every open neighborhood V of 0, there exists a positive integer n such that . A linearly topologized ring is preadmissible if it admits an ideal of definition, and it is admissible if it is also complete. (In the terminology of Bourbaki, this is "complete and separated".)
Assume that A is admissible, and let be an ideal of definition. A prime ideal is open if and only if it contains . The set of open prime ideals of A, or equivalently the set of pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZR-75-1 | ZR-75-1 is a human breast cancer cell line. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKOI | DKOI (, "Binary Code for Information Processing") is an EBCDIC encoding for Russian Cyrillic. It is a Telegraphy-based encoding used in ES EVM mainframes. It has been defined by several standards: GOST 19768-74 / ST SEV 358-76, ST SEV 358-88 / GOST 19768-93, CSN 36 9103.
DKOI K1
In DKOI K1 (ДКОИ К1), each Cyrillic letter is given its own code point. Characters are shown with their equivalent Unicode codes. The dollar sign may be placed in code point 0x5B; in that case the currency sign is in code point 0xE1.
DKOI K2
In DKOI K2 (ДКОИ К2), some Cyrillic letters (А, В, Е, К, М, Н, О, Р, С, Т, Х, а, е, о, р, с, у, х) are merged with visually identical Latin letters (A, B, E, K, M, H, O, P, C, T, X, a, e, o, p, c, y, x). Code points 0x5F and 0xA1 are negation and overline instead of and . The dollar sign may be placed in code point 0x5B; in that case the currency sign is in code point 0xE1.
Code page 880
IBM code page 880 is mostly a superset of DKOI K1, adding support for Cyrillic letters not used in Russian but used in Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian Cyrillic, Belarusian Cyrillic or Soviet-era Ukrainian Cyrillic (i.e. including the Ukrainian Ye but not the Ukrainian Ge). 0x6A is a continuous vertical bar (like in code page 38), rather than a broken vertical bar (like in code pages 37 and 500), and 0x5B is always a dollar sign rather than a universal currency sign. This matches the character repertoire of KOI8-E.
Code page 1025
Code page 1025 is almost identical to code page 880, but the universal currency sign (¤) is replaced with a section sign (§), thus matching the character repertoire of ISO 8859-5.
Code page 410
Code page 410 differs from code pages 880 and 1025 by lacking braces, backtick and tilde, including exponents of 2 and 3 and the numeric space, and including both the section sign and the universal currency sign in different locations to code pages 880 and 1025.
Footnotes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20POSIX%20Thread%20Library | The Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL) is an implementation of the POSIX Threads specification for the Linux operating system.
History
Before the 2.6 version of the Linux kernel, processes were the schedulable entities, and there were no special facilities for threads.
However, it did have a system call — — which creates a copy of the calling process where the copy shares the address space of the caller. The LinuxThreads project used this system call to provide kernel-level threads (most of the previous thread implementations in Linux worked entirely in userland). Unfortunately, it only partially complied with POSIX, particularly in the areas of signal handling, scheduling, and inter-process synchronization primitives.
To improve upon LinuxThreads, it was clear that some kernel support and a new threading library would be required. Two competing projects were started to address the requirement: NGPT (Next Generation POSIX Threads) worked on by a team which included developers from IBM, and NPTL by developers at Red Hat. The NGPT team collaborated closely with the NPTL team and combined the best features of both implementations into NPTL. The NGPT project was subsequently abandoned in mid-2003 after merging its best features into NPTL.
NPTL was first released in Red Hat Linux 9. Old-style Linux POSIX threading is known for having trouble with threads that refuse to yield to the system occasionally, because it does not take the opportunity to preempt them when it arises, something that Windows was known to do better at the time. Red Hat claimed that NPTL fixed this problem in an article on the Java website about Java on Red Hat Linux 9.
NPTL has been part of Red Hat Enterprise Linux since version 3, and in the Linux kernel since version 2.6. It is now a fully integrated part of the GNU C Library.
There exists a tracing tool for NPTL, called POSIX Thread Trace Tool (PTT). And an Open POSIX Test Suite (OPTS) was written for testing the NPTL library against the PO |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20plane | The orbital plane of a revolving body is the geometric plane in which its orbit lies. Three non-collinear points in space suffice to determine an orbital plane. A common example would be the positions of the centers of a massive body (host) and of an orbiting celestial body at two different times/points of its orbit.
The orbital plane is defined in relation to a reference plane by two parameters: inclination (i) and longitude of the ascending node (Ω).
By definition, the reference plane for the Solar System is usually considered to be Earth's orbital plane, which defines the ecliptic, the circular path on the celestial sphere that the Sun appears to follow over the course of a year.
In other cases, for instance a moon or artificial satellite orbiting another planet, it is convenient to define the inclination of the Moon's orbit as the angle between its orbital plane and the planet's equatorial plane.
The coordinate system defined that uses the orbital plane as the plane is known as the perifocal coordinate system.
Artificial satellites around the Earth
For launch vehicles and artificial satellites, the orbital plane is a defining parameter of an orbit; as in general, it will take a very large amount of propellant to change the orbital plane of an object. Other parameters, such as the orbital period, the eccentricity of the orbit and the phase of the orbit are more easily changed by propulsion systems.
Orbital planes of satellites are perturbed by the non-spherical nature of the Earth's gravity. This causes the orbital plane of the satellite's orbit to slowly rotate around the Earth, depending on the angle the plane makes with the Earth's equator. For planes that are at a critical angle this can mean that the plane will track the Sun around the Earth, forming a Sun-synchronous orbit.
A launch vehicle's launch window is usually determined by the times when the target orbital plane intersects the launch site.
See also
Earth-centered inertial coordinate sys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origamic%20architecture | Origamic architecture is a form of kirigami that involves the three-dimensional reproduction of architecture and monuments, on various scales, using cut-out and folded paper, usually thin paperboard. Visually, these creations are comparable to intricate 'pop-ups', indeed, some works are deliberately engineered to possess 'pop-up'-like properties. However, origamic architecture tends to be cut out of a single sheet of paper, whereas most pop-ups involve two or more. To create the three-dimensional image out of the two-dimensional surface requires skill akin to that of an architect.
Origin
The development of origamic architecture began with Professor Masahiro Chatani's (then a newly appointed professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology) experiments with designing original and unique greeting cards. Japanese culture encourages the giving and receiving of cards for various special occasions and holidays, particularly the Japanese New Year, and according to his own account, Professor Chatani personally felt that greeting cards were a significant form of connection and communication between people. He worried that in today's fast-paced modern world, the emotional connections called up and created by the exchange of greeting cards would become scarce.
In the early 1980s, Professor Chatani began to experiment with cutting and folding paper to make unique and interesting pop-up cards. He used the techniques of origami (Japanese paper folding) and kirigami (Japanese papercutting), as well as his experience in architectural design, to create intricate patterns that played with light and shadow. Many of his creations are made of stark white paper which emphasizes the shadowing effects of the cuts and folds. In the preface to one of his books, he called the shadows of the three-dimensional cutouts a "dreamy scene" that invited the viewer into a "fantasy world".
At first, Professor Chatani simply gave the cards to his friends and family. Over the next nearly thirty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement%20invariance | Measurement invariance or measurement equivalence is a statistical property of measurement that indicates that the same construct is being measured across some specified groups. For example, measurement invariance can be used to study whether a given measure is interpreted in a conceptually similar manner by respondents representing different genders or cultural backgrounds. Violations of measurement invariance may preclude meaningful interpretation of measurement data. Tests of measurement invariance are increasingly used in fields such as psychology to supplement evaluation of measurement quality rooted in classical test theory.
Measurement invariance is often tested in the framework of multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In the context of structural equation models, including CFA, measurement invariance is often termed factorial invariance.
Definition
In the common factor model, measurement invariance may be defined as the following equality:
where is a distribution function, is an observed score, is a factor score, and s denotes group membership (e.g., Caucasian=0, African American=1). Therefore, measurement invariance entails that given a subject's factor score, his or her observed score is not dependent on his or her group membership.
Types of invariance
Several different types of measurement invariance can be distinguished in the common factor model for continuous outcomes:
1) Equal form: The number of factors and the pattern of factor-indicator relationships are identical across groups.
2) Equal loadings: Factor loadings are equal across groups.
3) Equal intercepts: When observed scores are regressed on each factor, the intercepts are equal across groups.
4) Equal residual variances: The residual variances of the observed scores not accounted for by the factors are equal across groups.
The same typology can be generalized to the discrete outcomes case:
1) Equal form: The number of factors and the pattern of factor-indicat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus%20UI | Optimus UI is a front-end touch interface developed by LG Electronics with partners, featuring a full touch user interface. It is sometimes incorrectly identified as an operating system. Optimus UI is used internally by LG for sophisticated feature phones and tablet computers, and is not available for licensing by external parties.
The latest version of Optimus UI, 4.1.2, has been released on the Optimus K II and the Optimus Neo 3. It features a more refined user interface as compared to the previous version, 4.1.1, which would include voice shutter and quick memo.
Optimus UI is used in devices based on Android.
Phones running LG Optimus UI
Android
Smartphones/Phablets
LG GT540 Optimus
LG Optimus One
LG Optimus 2X
LG Optimus 4X HD
LG Optimus 3D
LG Optimus 3D Max
LG Optimus Slider
LG Optimus LTE
LG Optimus LTE 2
LG Optimus Vu
LG Optimus Black
LG Optimus Chat
LG Optimus Chic
LG Optimus Net
LG Optimus Sol
LG Optimus HUB (E510)
LG Optimus L3
LG Optimus L5
LG Optimus L5 II
LG Optimus L7
LG Optimus L9
LG Optimus L9 II
LG Optimus L90
LG Optimus F3
LG Optimus F3Q
LG Optimus F5
LG Optimus F6
LG Optimus F7
LG Optimus G
LG Optimus G Pro
LG G2
LG G Pro 2
LG Vu 3
LG G Pro Lite
LG G Flex
LG L40 Dual
LG L65 Dual
LG L70 Dual
LG L80 Dual
LG L90 Dual
LG G3
LG G3S
LG Spectrum 2
LG G2 Mini
LG G Flex 2
Tablets
LG Optimus Pad
LG Optimus Pad LTE
LG G Pad 7.0
LG G Pad 8.3
Windows Phone
LG Optimus 7
LG Quantum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurgent%20function | The term resurgent function (from , to get up again) comes from French mathematician Jean Écalle's theory of resurgent functions and alien calculus. The theory evolved from the summability of divergent series (see Borel summation) and treats analytic functions with isolated singularities. He introduced the term in the late 1970s.
Resurgent functions have applications in asymptotic analysis, in the theory of differential equations, in perturbation theory and in quantum field theory.
For analytic functions with isolated singularities, the Alien calculus (Alien calculus) can be derived, a special algebra for their derivatives.
Definition
A -resurgent function is an element of , i.e. an element of the form from , where and is a -continuable germ.
A power series whose formal Borel transformation is a -resurgent function is called -resurgent series.
Basic concepts and notation
Convergence in :
The formal power series is convergent in if the associated formal power series has a positive radius of convergence. denotes the space of formal power series convergent in .
Formal Borel transform:
The formal Borel transform (named after Émile Borel) is the operator defined by
.
Convolution in :
Let , then the convolution is given by
.
By adjunction we can add a unit to the convolution in and introduce the vector space , where we denote the element with . Using the convention we can write the space as and define
and set .
-resummable seed:
Let be a non-empty discrete subset of and define .
Let be the radius of convergence of . is a -continuable seed if an exists such that and , and analytic continuation along some path in starting at a point in .
denotes the space of -continuable germs in .
Bibliography
Les Fonctions Résurgentes, Jean Écalle, vols. 1–3, pub. Math. Orsay, 1981-1985
Divergent Series, Summability and Resurgence I, Claude Mitschi and David Sauzin, Springer Verlag
"Guided tour through resurgence theory", Jean Écalle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MkLinux | MkLinux (for Microkernel Linux) is an open-source software computer operating system begun by the Open Software Foundation Research Institute and Apple Computer in February 1996, to port Linux to the PowerPC platform, and Macintosh computers. The name refers to the Linux kernel being adapted to run as a server hosted on the Mach microkernel, version 3.0.
History
MkLinux started as a project sponsored by Apple Computer and OSF Research Institute, to get "Linux on Mach" ported to the Macintosh computer and for Apple to explore alternative kernel technologies on the Mac platform. At the time, there was no officially sponsored PowerPC port of Linux, and none specifically for Macintosh hardware. The OSF Institute, owner of the Mach microkernel and several other Unix-based technologies, was interested in promoting Mach on other platforms. Unlike the design of the later macOS versions 10 and newer (not to be confused with the contemporaneous Mac OS versions 9 and older), MkLinux was designed to take full advantage of the Mach microkernel.
The effort was spearheaded by Apple's VP of Development Tools Ike Nassi and Brett Halle at Apple, and development was later split between two main people: Michael Burg on device drivers and distribution at Apple in Cupertino, California; and Nick Stephen on Mach porting and development at the OSF in Grenoble, France. Other key individuals to work on the project included François Barbou at OSF, and Vicki Brown and Gilbert Coville at Apple.
MkLinux was officially announced at the 1996 World Wide Developers Conference (WWDC). A free CD containing a binary distribution of MkLinux was handed out to the attendees.
In mid 1998, the community-led MkLinux Developers Association took over development of the operating system.
The MkLinux distribution is much too large for casual users to have downloaded via the slow dial-up Internet access of the day, even using 56k modems. However, the official CDs were available in a book from Prime Time Fre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RationalWiki | RationalWiki is an online wiki which is written from a scientific skeptic, secular, and progressive perspective. Its stated goals are to "analyze and refute pseudoscience and the anti-science movement, document crank ideas, explore conspiracy theories, authoritarianism, and fundamentalism, and analyze how these subjects are handled in the media." It was created in 2007 as a counterpoint to the Christian fundamentalist Conservapedia after an incident in which some editors of Conservapedia were banned. RationalWiki has been described as liberal in contrast to Conservapedia.
History
Origin
In April 2007, Peter Lipson, a doctor of internal medicine, attempted to edit Conservapedia's article on breast cancer to include evidence against Conservapedia's claim that abortion was linked to the disease. Conservapedia is an encyclopedia established by Andy Schlafly as an alternative to Wikipedia, which Schlafly perceived as suffering from a liberal, atheist, and anti-American bias. He and Conservapedia administrators "questioned [Lipson's] credentials and shut down debate". After being reverted and blocked, "Lipson and several other contributors quit trying to moderate the articles [on Conservapedia] and instead started their own website, RationalWiki".
RationalMedia Foundation
Prior to 2010, RationalWiki's domains were registered to Trent Toulouse, and the wiki was hosted from a server located in his home. In 2010, Trent Toulouse incorporated a nonprofit organization, the RationalWiki Foundation Inc., to manage the affairs and pay the operational expenses of the website. In July 2013, the RationalWiki Foundation changed its name to the RationalMedia Foundation, stating that its aims extended beyond the RationalWiki site alone.
Content
RationalWiki provides information about pseudoscientific theories and to educate "individuals with unorthodox views".
RationalWiki differs in several ways from the philosophy of Wikipedia and some other informational wikis. It is writt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmstr%C3%B6m%27s%20theorem | In economics, Holmström's theorem is an impossibility theorem or trilemma attributed to Bengt R. Holmström proving that no incentive system for a team of agents can make all of the following true:
Income equals outflow (the budget balances),
The system has a Nash equilibrium, and
The system is Pareto efficient.
Thus a Pareto-efficient system with a balanced budget does not have any point at which an agent can not do better by changing their effort level, even if everyone else's effort level stays the same, meaning that the agents can never settle down to a stable strategy; a Pareto-efficient system with a Nash equilibrium does not distribute all revenue, or spends more than it has; and a system with a Nash equilibrium and balanced budget does not maximise the total profit of everybody.
The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem in social choice theory is a related impossibility theorem dealing with voting systems.
Statement of the theorem
Suppose there is a team of n > 1 risk neutral agents whose preference functions are strictly concave and increasing, and also additively separable in money and effort. Then, under an incentive system that distributes exactly the output among the team members, any Nash equilibrium is Pareto inefficient.
Rasmusen studies the relaxation of this problem obtained by removing the assumption that the agents are risk neutral (Holmström: "linear in money").
The economic reason for Holmström's result is a "Sharing problem". A team member faces efficient incentives if he receives the full marginal returns from an additional unit of his input. Under a budget-balanced sharing scheme, however, the team members cannot be incentivized this way. This problem would be circumvented if the output could be distributed n times instead of only once. This requires that the team members promise fixed payments to an "Anti-Sharer", as demonstrated by Kirstein and Cooter. However, if one of the team members takes over the role of the Anti-Sharer, this playe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMC%20Bioinformatics | BMC Bioinformatics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering bioinformatics and computational biology published by BioMed Central. It was established in 2000, and has been one of the fastest growing and most successful journals in the BMC Series of journals, publishing 1,000 articles in its first five years.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.169. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20tool | A chain tool is a small mechanical device used to "break" a bicycle chain in such a way that it can be mended with the same tool. A bicycle chain has links and plates that are pinned together; these pins can be pushed out with the chain tool. Because the pins are pushed out gradually with a screw, they can be partially removed or fully removed, depending upon the intention of the user.
The chain tool has two positions where a chain can be inserted perpendicular to the tool, one close to the movable screw portion, and one lower down just above the fixed end. In each position, there are a pair of protruding tabs; one fits into the center of one link of the chain, the other fits into the center of the next link. With the chain properly in place, the pin is held in the center of the tool, so that the tip of the movable screw can press on the end of the pin. The end of the screw is slightly narrower than the pin, so that it can press the pin through the link. Often the end of the screw is a removable piece which can be replaced when worn.
Variations and alternatives
Most chain tools are designed for chains where the links have flat plates. For chains with complicated shaped plates designed to facilitate smooth shifting, specific chain tools are available which are identical in design and operation, but have the ears protruding into the chain shaped in cross section to fit the links of the particular chain in question precisely, so as to hold the pin in the all-important vertical alignment with the screw of the tool.
Some chain tools are better at removing pins than they are at inserting them. Once completely removed, chain pins are often very difficult to insert with a tool unless it has been specifically designed to do so. Users may overcome this limitation of some tools by never completely removing a pin that they intend to replace. They push the pin so that the chain can be broken, to shorten it for example, but so that it is firmly retained in the farthest plate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20Acoustic | Linear Acoustic is an American company based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania that develops technology and manufacturers equipment used by television stations, cable television and satellite television services providers, post-production facilities and other content services providers to control, measure, manage and monitor multi-channel digital audio. The company has been especially active in areas related to automated upmixing and downmixing of multichannel broadcast audio, and with issues related to relative loudness of broadcast audio.
The company was founded in 2002 by Tim Carroll, who had previously worked as Product Manager for the Professional Audio Division of Dolby Laboratories in San Francisco. While at Dolby, Carroll contributed to the development of Dolby Digital (AC-3) and Dolby E encoding systems for DVD and high-definition television (HDTV) applications. Christina Carroll is the Vice President and Executive Director of Linear Acoustic and is responsible for managing day-to-day company operations.
The company’s products can be broadly broken down into three categories: Loudness controllers designed to help television broadcasters maintain consistent audio levels; monitors and meters that measure digital audio levels, including loudness; and stand-alone encoding and transcoding products for handling the various data compression technologies commonly found in digital television plants.
The subject of controlling loudness in television broadcasts has garnered considerable publicity since the FCC moved to implement enforcement of the Commercial Advertisement Loudness Mitigation or CALM Act on December 13, 2012. While consumer complaints about overly loud television commercials are almost as old as the medium itself, the CALM Act began as legislation was first sponsored by Representative Anna Eshoo, a Democratic congresswoman in California, in 2008. The law was passed in 2010 and went into full effect in 2011 and 2012.
The Linear Acoustic AERO line of audi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20cortical%20atrophy | Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), also called Benson's syndrome, is a rare form of dementia which is considered a visual variant or an atypical variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The disease causes atrophy of the posterior part of the cerebral cortex, resulting in the progressive disruption of complex visual processing. PCA was first described by D. Frank Benson in 1988.
PCA usually affects people at an earlier age than typical cases of Alzheimer's disease, with initial symptoms often experienced in people in their mid-fifties or early sixties. This was the case with writer Terry Pratchett (1948–2015), who went public in 2007 about being diagnosed with PCA. In rare cases, PCA can be caused by dementia with Lewy bodies and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
Symptoms
The main symptom resulting from posterior cortical atrophy is a decrease in visuospatial and visuoperceptual capabilities, since the area of atrophy involves the occipital lobe responsible for visual processing. The atrophy is progressive; early symptoms include difficulty reading, blurred vision, light sensitivity, issues with depth perception, and trouble navigating through space. Additional symptoms include apraxia, a disorder of movement planning, alexia, an impaired ability to read, and visual agnosia, an object recognition disorder. In the two-streams hypothesis, damage to the ventral, or "what" stream, of the visual system, located in the temporal lobe, leads to the symptoms related to general vision and object recognition deficits; damage to the dorsal, or "where/how" stream, located in the parietal lobe, leads to PCA symptoms related to impaired movements in response to visual stimuli, such as navigation and apraxia.
As neurodegeneration spreads, more severe symptoms emerge, including the inability to recognize familiar people and objects, trouble navigating familiar places, and sometimes visual hallucinations. In addition, difficulty may be experienced in making guiding movements towards objec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101%20%28number%29 | 101 (one hundred [and] one) is the natural number following 100 and preceding 102.
It is variously pronounced "one hundred and one" / "a hundred and one", "one hundred one" / "a hundred one", and "one oh one". As an ordinal number, 101st (one hundred [and] first), rather than 101th, is the correct form.
In mathematics
101 is:
the 26th prime number and the smallest above 100.
a palindromic number in decimal, and so a palindromic prime.
a Chen prime since 103 is also prime, with which it makes a twin prime pair.
a sexy prime since 107 and 113 are also prime, with which it makes a sexy prime triplet.
a unique prime because the period length of its reciprocal is unique among primes.
an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and real part of the form .
the fifth alternating factorial.
a centered decagonal number.
the only existing prime with alternating 1s and 0s in decimal and the largest known prime of the form .
the number of compositions of 12 into distinct parts.
the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of three distinct nonzero squares in more than two ways: , or (see image).
Given 101, the Mertens function returns 0. It is the second prime to have this property after 2.
For a 3-digit number in decimal, this number has a relatively simple divisibility test. The candidate number is split into groups of four, starting with the rightmost four, and added up to produce a 4-digit number. If this 4-digit number is of the form (where and are integers from 0 to 9), such as 3232 or 9797, or of the form , such as 707 and 808, then the number is divisible by 101.
On the seven-segment display of a calculator, 101 is both a strobogrammatic prime and a dihedral prime.
In science
In mineralogy, a Miller index of 101 is a crystal face that crosses the horizontal axis (a) and 3D vertical axis (c) but does not cross the 2D vertical axis (b).
In physics and chemistry, it is the atomic number of mendelevium, an actinide.
In astronomy it is the Messier des |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20Domain%20database | The Death Domain database is a secondary database of protein-protein interactions (PPI) of the death domain superfamily. Members of this superfamily are key players in apoptosis, inflammation, necrosis, and immune cell signaling pathways. Negative death domain superfamily-mediated signaling events result in various human diseases which include, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, and immunological disorders. Creating death domain databases are of particular interest to researchers in the biomedical field as it enables a further understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in death domain interactions while also providing easy access to tools such as an interaction map that illustrates the protein-protein interaction network and information. There is currently only one database that exclusively looks at death domains but there are other databases and resources that have information on this superfamily. According to PubMed, this database has been cited by seven peer-reviewed articles to date because of its extensive and specific information on the death domains and their PPI summaries.
The Death Domain superfamily
The evolutionarily conserved Death Domain superfamily is defined by a death fold motif which is formed by several protein-interaction domains. The domains consist of six-seven tightly coiled alpha-helices arranged in a "Greek-key fold". This superfamily is considered one of the largest and most studied protein-protein interaction (PPI) network.
There are four types of death domain subfamilies: death effector domain (DED), caspase recruitment domain (CARD), pyrin domain (PYD), and death domain (DD). These subfamily domains are grouped together because of similarity in their sequence and structure. However, while similar, each domain has its own defining structural feature: a RxDL-motif in the DEDs, an interrupted, first helix in the CARDs, a smaller (or sometimes ambiguous) third helix in PYDs, and a more exposed, flexible third helix in the DDs. M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LocationFree%20Player | Sony's LocationFree is the marketing name for a group of products and technologies for timeshifting and placeshifting streaming video. The LocationFree Player is an Internet-based multifunctional device used to stream live television broadcasts (including digital cable and satellite), DVDs and DVR content over a home network or the Internet. It is in essence a remote video streaming server product (similar to the Slingbox). It was first announced by Sony in Q1 2004 and launched early in Q4 2004 alongside a co-branded wireless tablet TV. The last LocationFree product was the LF-V30 released in 2007.
The LocationFree base station connects to a home network via a wired Ethernet cable, or for newer models, via a wireless connection. Up to three attached video sources can stream content through the network to local content provision devices or across the internet to remote devices. A remote user can connect to the internet at a wireless hotspot or any other internet connection anywhere in the world and receive streamed content. Content may only be streamed to one computer at a time. In addition, the original LocationFree Player software contained a license for only one client computer. Additional (paid) licenses were required to connect to the base station for up to a total of four clients.
On November 29, 2007 Sony modified its LocationFree Player policy to provide free access to the latest LocationFree Player LFA-PC30 software for Windows XP/Vista. In addition, the software no longer requires a unique serial number in order to pair it with a LocationFree base station. In December, 2007 Sony Dropped the $30 license fee for the LocationFree client. However, the software still requires registration to Sony's servers after 30 days.
Clients
The player (server) can stream content to the following (client) devices:
Windows or Mac computer - requires additional software
Mobile/cellular phones - coming later in 2007
Pocket PCs running Windows Mobile
Smartphones/tablets ru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool%20Hydraulic%20Power%20Company | Liverpool's Hydraulic Power Company were the operators of a public hydraulic power network supplying energy across the city of Liverpool, England, via a system of high-pressure water pipes from two pumping stations. The system was the third public system to be built in England, opening in 1888. It expanded rapidly, but gradually declined as electric power become more readily available. The pumping station was converted to electric operation in 1960, but the system was turned off in 1971. One of the pump sets was salvaged and presented to the Liverpool Museum.
History
The Liverpool Hydraulic Power Company obtained Acts of Parliament in 1884 and 1887, to allow it to construct a hydraulic power network under the streets of Liverpool. The system was operational by 1888, and was the third such undertaking in Britain, following the opening of the first system in Hull in 1877, and the second in London in 1883. At its inception, it supplied pressurised water at to its customers through around of mains. The pumping station drew its water supply from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and was pumped into the system by steam engines with a total output of .
Demand for power grew, and by 1890 there were two power stations, one on Athol Street to the north, and the other on Grafton Street in the south of the city. Nine triple-expansion pumps could supply of water per day to the system, which now had of pipes, and by 1895 there were 453 hydraulic machines connected to the network. In addition to lifts, cranes and packing machines, the water also supplied hydrants and sprinklers which were used in case of fire.
The Institute of Mechanical Engineers made a visit to Liverpool in June 1891, to inspect various works, and details of the hydraulic power system were published in The Practical Engineer later that year. The pressure mains were made of cast iron, and the flanged joints were sealed with gutta-percha rings. Where possible, the pipes were laid in circuits, so that sections |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szemer%C3%A9di%20regularity%20lemma | Szemerédi's regularity lemma is one of the most powerful tools in extremal graph theory, particularly in the study of large dense graphs. It states that the vertices of every large enough graph can be partitioned into a bounded number of parts so that the edges between different parts behave almost randomly.
According to the lemma, no matter how large a graph is, we can approximate it with the edge densities between a bounded number of parts. Between any two parts, the distribution of edges will be pseudorandom as per the edge density. These approximations provide essentially correct values for various properties of the graph, such as the number of embedded copies of a given subgraph or the number of edge deletions required to remove all copies of some subgraph.
Statement
To state Szemerédi's regularity lemma formally, we must formalize what the edge distribution between parts behaving 'almost randomly' really means. By 'almost random', we're referring to a notion called -regularity. To understand what this means, we first state some definitions. In what follows is a graph with vertex set .
Definition 1. Let be disjoint subsets of . The edge density of the pair is defined as:
where denotes the set of edges having one end vertex in and one in .
We call a pair of parts -regular if, whenever you take a large subset of each part, their edge density isn't too far off the edge density of the pair of parts. Formally,
Definition 2. For , a pair of vertex sets and is called -regular, if for all subsets , satisfying , , we have
The natural way to define an -regular partition should be one where each pair of parts is -regular. However, some graphs, such as the half graphs, require many pairs of partitions (but a small fraction of all pairs) to be irregular. So we shall define -regular partitions to be one where most pairs of parts are -regular.
Definition 3. A partition of into sets is called an -regular partition if
Now we can state the lemma:
Szemerédi' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme%20transporter | A heme transporter is a protein that delivers heme to the various parts of a biological cell that require it.
Heme is a major source of dietary iron in humans and other mammals, and its synthesis in the body is well understood, but heme pathways are not as well understood. It is likely that heme is tightly regulated for two reasons: the toxic nature of iron in cells, and the lack of a regulated excretory system for excess iron. Understanding heme pathways is therefore important in understanding diseases such as hemochromatosis and anemia.
Heme transport
Members of the SLC48 and SLC49 solute carrier family participate in heme transport across cellular membranes (heme-transporting ATPase).
SLC48A1—also known as Heme-Responsive Gene 1 (HRG1)—and its orthologues were first identified as a heme transporter family through a genetic screen in C.elegans. The protein plays a role in mobilizing heme from the lysosome to the cytoplasm.
Deletion of the gene in mice leads to accumulation of heme crystals called hemozoin within the lysosomes of bone marrow, liver and splenic macrophages, but the gene is not known to be associated with human disease.
FLVCR1 was originally identified as the receptor for the feline leukemia virus, whose genetic disruption leads to anemia and disruption of heme transport. It appears to protect cells at the CFU-E stage by exporting heme to prevent heme toxicity. Rare homozygous mutations result in autosomal recessive posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa.
FLVCR2 is closely related to FLCVR1, and genetic transfection experiments indicate that it transports heme. Mutations in the gene are associated with proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome (PVHH, also known as Fowler syndrome).
Related genes SLC49A3 and SLC49A4 are less well characterized functionally, although SLC49A4 is also known as Disrupted In Renal Cancer Protein 2 or RCC4 due to an association with renal cell cancer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20transform | S transform as a time–frequency distribution was developed in 1994 for analyzing geophysics data. In this way, the S transform is a generalization of the short-time Fourier transform (STFT), extending the continuous wavelet transform and overcoming some of its disadvantages. For one, modulation sinusoids are fixed with respect to the time axis; this localizes the scalable Gaussian window dilations and translations in S transform. Moreover, the S transform doesn't have a cross-term problem and yields a better signal clarity than Gabor transform. However, the S transform has its own disadvantages: the clarity is worse than Wigner distribution function and Cohen's class distribution function.
A fast S transform algorithm was invented in 2010. It reduces the computational complexity from O[N2·log(N)] to O[N·log(N)] and makes the transform one-to-one, where the transform has the same number of points as the source signal or image, compared to storage complexity of N2 for the original formulation. An implementation is available to the research community under an open source license.
A general formulation of the S transform makes clear the relationship to other time frequency transforms such as the Fourier, short time Fourier, and wavelet transforms.
Definition
There are several ways to represent the idea of the S transform. In here, S transform is derived as the phase correction of the continuous wavelet transform with window being the Gaussian function.
S-Transform
Inverse S-Transform
Modified form
Spectrum Form
The above definition implies that the s-transform function can be express as the convolution of and .
Applying the Fourier transform to both and gives
.
Discrete-time S-transform
From the spectrum form of S-transform, we can derive the discrete-time S-transform.
Let , where is the sampling interval and is the sampling frequency.
The Discrete time S-transform can then be expressed as:
Implementation of discrete-time S-transform
Below is the Pseudo code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management%20of%20drug-resistant%20epilepsy | Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), also known as refractory epilepsy, intractable epilepsy, or pharmacoresistant epilepsy, is diagnosed following a failure of adequate trials of two tolerated and appropriately chosen and used antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (whether as monotherapies or in combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom. The probability that the next medication will achieve seizure freedom drops with every failed AED. For example, after two failed AEDs, the probability that the third will achieve seizure freedom is around 4%. Drug-resistant epilepsy is commonly diagnosed after several years of uncontrolled seizures, however, in most cases, it is evident much earlier. Approximately 30% of people with epilepsy have a drug-resistant form.
When 2 AED regimens have failed to produce sustained seizure-freedom, it is important to initiate other treatments to control seizures. Next to indirect consequences like injuries from falls, accidents, drowning and impairment in daily life, seizure control is critical because uncontrolled seizures -specifically generalized tonic clonic seizures- can damage the brain and increase the risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy called SUDEP. The first step is for physicians to refer their DRE patients to an epilepsy center.
Diagnostic evaluation
Prolonged EEG/Continuous video EEG/ Epilepsy Monitoring Unit monitoring
One of the first steps in management of drug resistant epilepsy is confirming the diagnosis by EEG. Typically patients are admitted to hospital for prolonged EEG monitoring. Typically patients are taken off their antiseizure medications so that the evolution of seizure symptoms and there relation with changes in electrical activity of brain can be determined; while minimizing adverse consequences of seizures as far as possible. Additional maneuvers to provoke seizures are also frequently performed, like sleep deprivation, photic stimulation, hyperventilation. This study can take 3–14 days. Length of study dep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20commercial%20battery%20types | This is a list of commercially-available battery types summarizing some of their characteristics for ready comparison.
Common characteristics
Cost in USD, adjusted for inflation.
Typical. See for alternative electrode materials.
Rechargeable characteristics
Thermal runaway
Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here.
NiCd vs. NiMH vs. Li-ion vs. Li–polymer vs. LTO
See also
Battery nomenclature
Experimental rechargeable battery types
Aluminium battery
List of battery sizes
List of battery types
Search for the Super Battery (2017 PBS film) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20College%20of%20Allergy%2C%20Asthma%20and%20Immunology | The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) is an American professional association of immunologists, asthma specialists and allergists. The organization is headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois, United States of America.
Background
The academy was founded in 1942, as The American College of Allergists and was incorporated as a legal entity in the same year. The founders were passionate about establishing the field of Allergy and Immunology as a distinct medical specialty. In 1974, The American Board of Allergy and Immunology (ABAI) was established, further delineating the specialty.
See also
American Medical Association |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinning | Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering.
It is most often used to prevent rust, but is also commonly applied to the ends of stranded wire used as electrical conductors to prevent oxidation (which increases electrical resistance), and to keep them from fraying or unraveling when used in various wire connectors like twist-ons, binding posts, or terminal blocks, where stray strands can cause a short circuit.
While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans. Formerly, tinplate was used for cheap pots, pans, and other holloware. This kind of holloware was also known as tinware and the people who made it were tinplate workers.
The untinned sheets employed in the manufacture are known as black plates. They are now made of steel, either Bessemer steel or open-hearth. Formerly iron was used, and was of two grades, coke iron and charcoal iron; the latter, being the better, received a heavier coating of tin, and this circumstance is the origin of the terms coke plates and charcoal plates by which the quality of tinplate is still designated, although iron is no longer used. Tinplate was consumed in enormous quantities for the manufacture of the tin cans in which preserved meat, fish, fruit, biscuits, cigarettes, and numerous other products are packed, and also for the household utensils of various kinds made by the tinsmith.
History
The practice of tinning ironware to protect it against rust is an ancient one. According to Pliny the Elder tinning was invented by the Gallic Bituriges tribe (based near modern Bourges), who boiled copper objects in a tin solution in order to make them look as if they were made from silver. The first detailed account of the process appears in Zosimus of Panopolis, Book 6.62, part of a work on alchemy written in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Eppstein | David Arthur Eppstein (born 1963) is an American computer scientist and mathematician. He is a Distinguished Professor of computer science at the University of California, Irvine. He is known for his work in computational geometry, graph algorithms, and recreational mathematics. In 2011, he was named an ACM Fellow.
Biography
Born in Windsor, England, in 1963, Eppstein received a B.S. in Mathematics from Stanford University in 1984, and later an M.S. (1985) and Ph.D. (1989) in computer science from Columbia University, after which he took a postdoctoral position at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center. He joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1990, and was co-chair of the Computer Science Department there from 2002 to 2005. In 2014, he was named a Chancellor's Professor. In October 2017, Eppstein was one of 396 members elected as fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Eppstein is also an amateur digital photographer as well as a Wikipedia editor and administrator with over 200,000 edits.
Research interests
In computer science, Eppstein's research has included work on minimum spanning trees, shortest paths, dynamic graph data structures, graph coloring, graph drawing and geometric optimization. He has published also in application areas such as finite element meshing, which is used in engineering design, and in computational statistics, particularly in robust, multivariate, nonparametric statistics.
Eppstein served as the program chair for the theory track of the ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry in 2001, the program chair of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms in 2002, and the co-chair for the International Symposium on Graph Drawing in 2009.
Selected publications
Republished in
Books
See also
Eppstein's algorithm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20anthropomorphism | In evolutionary biology, genetic anthropomorphism refers to "thinking like a gene". The central question is "if I were a gene, what would I do in order to reproduce myself". The question is an obvious fallacy since genes are incapable of thought. However, natural selection does act in such a way that those that are most successful at reproducing themselves (by following the optimum strategy) prosper. Thinking like a gene enables the results to be visualised. This is related to a philosophical tool known as the intentional stance.
The most notable genetic anthropomorphist was the British biologist, W. D. Hamilton. Hamilton's friend, Richard Dawkins, popularised the idea.
Anthropomorphism has been criticised on a number of grounds, including that it is reductionist.
Evolutionary biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PebblePost | PebblePost is a New York-based marketing technology company founded by Lewis Gersh, Tom Gibbons and Robert Victor in 2014. The company invented a marketing channel called Programmatic Direct Mail, which takes online web browsing intent data to send relevant direct mail. PebblePost was selected for The ARF's First Innovators A-List and named in the 2016 list of the 100 Most Exciting Startups.
History
The company was founded by Lewis Gersh, Tom Gibbons and Robert Victor in 2014 and is headquartered in New York. Gersh has stated that at first the company had trouble finding support and was "mostly kicked to the curb with it" but the founders persisted, raising a successful seed round followed by the release of their Programmatic Direct Mail technology platform.
In 2018 PebblePost gathered support and funds from Advance Venture Partners, Capital One Growth Ventures and other investors to close out the company's Series C round, which totaled $31 million. PebblePost has also received funding from RRE, Greycroft, Tribeca Venture Partners, and other investors in digital media.
The company has filed for a number of various utility patents on the manufacturing of privacy complaint, targeted direct mail, which are pending for their digital-to-direct mail technology. In addition, PebblePost was granted the trademark for “Programmatic Direct Mail” on March 22, 2016. PebblePost currently has approximately 51-200 employees and is headquartered in the NoHo neighborhood of New York City.
Functions
PebblePost is a digital-to-direct mail marketing platform that provides brands with a medium to reach
shoppers at home with highly targeted mail. PebblePost operates by using clickstream data
from brand's website visitors to help brands determine which customers are most likely to be interested in certain products at a given time, and then sends branded mail to them within 12–24 hours every day.
Reception
PebblePost received positive reception with the release of the Programmatic D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20PS/ValuePoint | The PS/ValuePoint (or just ValuePoint) personal computer was IBM's answer to the PC clone market, where the IBM PS/2 could not compete due to price and proprietary interfaces. Announced in October 1992 and withdrawn in July 1995, it was replaced by the IBM PC Series 300.
Specifications and history
These systems used standard Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, SVGA graphics and IDE hard disks. Later models introduced VESA Local Bus and PCI.
Processors range from the 386SLC-25, 486SX-25, 486DX-33, and 486DX2-66 to the Pentium 60.
IBM PS/ValuePoints were shipped in the following form factors:
Space saving desktop introductory: IBM 6381 model #: /Si (3 expansion card slots & 3 drive bays)
Space saving desktop: IBM 6382 model #: /S (3 expansion card slots & 3 drive bays)
Desktop: IBM 6384 model #: /D (5 expansion card slots & 5 drive bays)
Mini Tower: IBM 8387 model #: /T (8 expansion slots & 6 drive bays)
Predecessor
The IBM PS/ValuePoint series was preceded by these series:
IBM PS/1
IBM PS/2
Internal concurrents
The IBM PS/ValuePoint series was sold concurrently with these series:
IBM Aptiva and official Aptiva clones by AMBRA Computer Corporation
Successor
The IBM PS/ValuePoint series was succeeded by these series:
IBM PC Series
Models
Main line
Performance line
Budget line
Monitor
The PS/ValuePoint was shipped with the following monitors:
PS/2 8511, color (S)VGA (shipped with 325T)
6312, color (S)VGA
6314, color (S)VGA
6317, color (S)VGA
6319, color (S)VGA
Timeline |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%A4fli%20graph | In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Schläfli graph, named after Ludwig Schläfli, is a 16-regular undirected graph with 27 vertices and 216 edges. It is a strongly regular graph with parameters srg(27, 16, 10, 8).
Construction
The intersection graph of the 27 lines on a cubic surface is a locally linear graph that is the complement of the Schläfli graph. That is, two vertices are adjacent in the Schläfli graph if and only if the corresponding pair of lines are skew.
The Schläfli graph may also be constructed from the system of eight-dimensional vectors
(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0),
(1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1), and
(−1/2, −1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2, 1/2),
and the 24 other vectors obtained by permuting the first six coordinates of these three vectors.
These 27 vectors correspond to the vertices of the Schläfli graph; two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding two vectors have 1 as their inner product.
Alternately, this graph can be seen as the complement of the collinearity graph of the generalized quadrangle GQ(2, 4).
Subgraphs and neighborhoods
The neighborhood of any vertex in the Schläfli graph forms a 16-vertex subgraph in which each vertex has 10 neighbors (the numbers 16 and 10 coming from the parameters of the Schläfli graph as a strongly regular graph). These subgraphs are all isomorphic to the complement graph of the Clebsch graph. Since the Clebsch graph is triangle-free, the Schläfli graph is claw-free. It plays an important role in the structure theory for claw-free graphs by .
Any two skew lines of these 27 belong to a unique Schläfli double six configuration, a set of 12 lines whose intersection graph is a crown graph in which the two lines have disjoint neighborhoods. Correspondingly, in the Schläfli graph, each edge uv belongs uniquely to a subgraph in the form of a Cartesian product of complete graphs K6 K2 in such a way that u and v belong to different K6 subgraphs of the product. The Schläfli graph has a total of 36 s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapsis | Synapsis is the pairing of two chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and possible chromosomal crossover between them. Synapsis takes place during prophase I of meiosis. When homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the nuclear envelope. These end-membrane complexes then migrate, assisted by the extranuclear cytoskeleton, until matching ends have been paired. Then the intervening regions of the chromosome are brought together, and may be connected by a protein-RNA complex called the synaptonemal complex. During synapsis, autosomes are held together by the synaptonemal complex along their whole length, whereas for sex chromosomes, this only takes place at one end of each chromosome.
This is not to be confused with mitosis. Mitosis also has prophase, but does not ordinarily do pairing of two homologous chromosomes.
When the non-sister chromatids intertwine, segments of chromatids with similar sequence may break apart and be exchanged in a process known as genetic recombination or "crossing-over". This exchange produces a chiasma, a region that is shaped like an X, where the two chromosomes are physically joined. At least one chiasma per chromosome often appears to be necessary to stabilise bivalents along the metaphase plate during separation. The crossover of genetic material also provides a possible defences against 'chromosome killer' mechanisms, by removing the distinction between 'self' and 'non-self' through which such a mechanism could operate. A further consequence of recombinant synapsis is to increase genetic variability within the offspring. Repeated recombination also has the general effect of allowing genes to move independently of each other through the generations, allowing for the independent concentration of beneficial genes and the purging of the detrimental.
Following synapsis, a type of recombination referred to as synthesis dependent strand annealing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve%20Raugel | Geneviève Raugel (27 May 1951 – 10 May 2019) was a French mathematician working in the field of numerical analysis and dynamical systems.
Biography
Raugel entered the École normale supérieure de Fontenay-aux-Roses in 1972, obtaining the agrégation in mathematics in 1976. She earned her Ph.D degree from University of Rennes 1 in 1978 with a thesis entitled Résolution numérique de problèmes elliptiques dans des domaines avec coins (Numerical resolution of elliptic problems in domains with edges).
Raugel got a tenured position in the CNRS the same year, first as a researcher (1978–1994) then as a research director (exceptional class from 2014 on). Beginning in 1989, she worked at the Orsay Math Lab of CNRS affiliated to the University of Paris-Sud since 1989.
Raugel also held visiting professor positions in several international institutions: the University of California, Berkeley (1986–1987), Caltech (1991), the Fields Institute (1993), University of Hamburg (1994–95), and the University of Lausanne (2006). She delivered the Hale Memorial Lectures in 2013, at the first international conference on the dynamic of differential equations, Atlanta.
She co-directed the international Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations from 2005 on.
Research
Raugel's first research works were devoted to numerical analysis, in particular finite element discretization of partial differential equations. With Christine Bernardi, she studied a finite element for the Stokes problem, now known as the Bernardi-Fortin-Raugel element. She was also interested in problems of bifurcation, showing for instance how to use invariance properties of the dihedral group in these questions.
In the mid-1980s, she started working on the dynamics of evolution equations, in particular on global attractors, perturbation theory, and the Navier-Stokes equations in thin domains. In the last topic she was recognized as a world expert.
Selected publications
with Christine Bernardi, Approximation nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturdee%27s%20pipistrelle | Sturdee's pipistrelle (Pipistrellus sturdeei), also known as the Bonin pipistrelle, is an extinct species of bat that was endemic to Japan.
Description
Pipistrellus sturdeei was thought to have existed solely on Haha-jima Island in the Bonin Islands, Japan, where the only known specimen was discovered. More recent scholarship, though, places doubt on the single specimen's origin and taxonomy. The previous population of this animal is unknown because only one specimen has been preserved, which is currently housed in the Natural History Museum, London. No record of Sturdee's pipistrelle has been observed since 1889. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta%20operator | In mathematics, the theta operator is a differential operator defined by
This is sometimes also called the homogeneity operator, because its eigenfunctions are the monomials in z:
In n variables the homogeneity operator is given by
As in one variable, the eigenspaces of θ are the spaces of homogeneous functions. (Euler's homogeneous function theorem)
See also
Difference operator
Delta operator
Elliptic operator
Fractional calculus
Invariant differential operator
Differential calculus over commutative algebras |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-channel%20architecture | In computer networking, single-channel architecture (SCA) is the design of a wireless network in such a way that the wireless client sees a single point of access to the network. This design utilizes a centralized controller to decide which access point (AP) will be used to communicate with a client device. This method allows the network to maintain a higher level of control over the communication medium than does multiple-channel architecture, which allows client devices to determine which APs to communicate with.
Principles
Single-channel architecture is based on a principle of "virtual cells". All APs joined to a virtual cell use the same wireless channel and identify themselves with the same basic service set identifier (BSSID, i.e. a MAC address). The APs in a cell are managed by a centralized Wireless LAN controller (WLC) that coordinates the APs such that APs/transmissions do not interfere with one another. From a client's point of view, a virtual cell appears as a single AP.
Multiple virtual cells can co-exist, with each virtual cell having its own BSSID and channel. This topology effectively simulates a multiple-channel architecture and can be used to reduce channel congestion in environments with high AP density and overlapping signal range. For example, in a classroom with two cells, clients can be directed to associate with one or the other cell, leaving more bandwidth available to the clients on each channel.
Benefits
The biggest advantage of a single-channel architecture is that there is a zero handoff time for roaming clients. In multiple-channel architecture, as a client device travels around the physical location of the network, it will change which AP it is associated with. Since each AP in a multiple-channel architecture has its own BSSID, a client needs to re-authenticate itself every time it associates with a new AP. In comparison, in a single-channel architecture, since the client only sees one AP, it is up to the central controller to dec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%27s%20existence%20theorem | In mathematics, Carathéodory's existence theorem says that an ordinary differential equation has a solution under relatively mild conditions. It is a generalization of Peano's existence theorem. Peano's theorem requires that the right-hand side of the differential equation be continuous, while Carathéodory's theorem shows existence of solutions (in a more general sense) for some discontinuous equations. The theorem is named after Constantin Carathéodory.
Introduction
Consider the differential equation
with initial condition
where the function ƒ is defined on a rectangular domain of the form
Peano's existence theorem states that if ƒ is continuous, then the differential equation has at least one solution in a neighbourhood of the initial condition.
However, it is also possible to consider differential equations with a discontinuous right-hand side, like the equation
where H denotes the Heaviside function defined by
It makes sense to consider the ramp function
as a solution of the differential equation. Strictly speaking though, it does not satisfy the differential equation at , because the function is not differentiable there. This suggests that the idea of a solution be extended to allow for solutions that are not everywhere differentiable, thus motivating the following definition.
A function y is called a solution in the extended sense of the differential equation with initial condition if y is absolutely continuous, y satisfies the differential equation almost everywhere and y satisfies the initial condition. The absolute continuity of y implies that its derivative exists almost everywhere.
Statement of the theorem
Consider the differential equation
with defined on the rectangular domain . If the function satisfies the following three conditions:
is continuous in for each fixed ,
is measurable in for each fixed ,
there is a Lebesgue-integrable function such that for all ,
then the differential equation has a solution in the extended sens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionic%20acid | Propionic acid (, from the Greek words πρῶτος : prōtos, meaning "first", and πίων : píōn, meaning "fat"; also known as propanoic acid) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid with chemical formula . It is a liquid with a pungent and unpleasant smell somewhat resembling body odor. The anion as well as the salts and esters of propionic acid are known as propionates or propanoates.
History
Propionic acid was first described in 1844 by Johann Gottlieb, who found it among the degradation products of sugar. Over the next few years, other chemists produced propionic acid by different means, none of them realizing they were producing the same substance. In 1847, French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas established all the acids to be the same compound, which he called propionic acid, from the Greek words πρῶτος (prōtos), meaning first, and πίων (piōn), meaning fat, because it is the smallest acid that exhibits the properties of the other fatty acids, such as producing an oily layer when salted out of water and having a soapy potassium salt.<ref>Dumas, Malaguti, and F. Leblanc (1847) "Sur l'identité des acides métacétonique et butyro-acétique" [On the identity of metacetonic acid and butyro-acetic acid], Comptes rendus, 25 : 781–784. Propionic acid is named on p. 783: ''"Ces caractères nous ont conduits à désigner cet acide sous le nom dacide propionique, nom qui rappelle sa place dans la séries des acides gras: il en est le premier." (These characteristics led us to designate this acid by the name of propionic acid, a name that recalls its place in the series of fatty acids: it is the first of them.)</ref>
Properties
Propionic acid has physical properties intermediate between those of the smaller carboxylic acids, formic and acetic acids, and the larger fatty acids. It is miscible with water, but can be removed from water by adding salt. As with acetic and formic acids, it consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor.
Propionic aci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Cell%20Biology | The Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology was located in Ladenburg, Germany. It was founded 1947 as Max Planck Institute for Oceanic biology in Wilhelmshaven, after renaming in 1968, it was moved to Ladenburg 1977 under the direction of Hans-Georg Schweiger. It was closed 1 July 2003. It was one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft).
External links
Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology
Molecular biology institutes
Cell Biology (closed)
1947 establishments in Germany
2003 disestablishments in Germany
Research institutes in Lower Saxony
Buildings and structures in Wilhelmshaven
Ladenburg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20refraction | Seismic refraction is a geophysical principle governed by Snell's Law of refraction. The seismic refraction method utilizes the refraction of seismic waves by rock or soil layers to characterize the subsurface geologic conditions and geologic structure.
Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics. Seismic refraction traverses (seismic lines) are performed using an array of seismographs or geophones and an energy source.
The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock. The waves are refracted when they cross the boundary between different types (or conditions) of soil or rock. The methods enable the general soil types and the approximate depth to strata boundaries, or to bedrock, to be determined.
P-wave refraction
P-wave refraction evaluates the compression wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by vertically striking a striker plate with a sledgehammer, shooting a seismic shotgun into the ground, or detonating an explosive charge in the ground. Since the compression wave is the fastest of the seismic waves, it is sometimes referred to as the primary wave and is usually more-readily identifiable within the seismic recording as compared to the other seismic waves.
S-wave refraction
S-wave refraction evaluates the shear wave generated by the seismic source located at a known distance from the array. The wave is generated by horizontally striking an object on the ground surface to induce the shear wave. Since the shear wave is the second fastest wave, it is sometimes referred to as the secondary wave. When compared to the compression wave, the shear wave is approximately one-half (but may vary significantly from this estimate) the velocity depending on the medium.
Two horizontal layers
ic0 - critical angle
V0 - velocity of the first layer
V1 - velocity of the second layer
h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paucimorphism | A paucimorphism is a genetic sequence variant with a rare allele frequency of 0.0005<q<0.05. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20category%20theory%20and%20related%20mathematics | This is a timeline of category theory and related mathematics. Its scope ("related mathematics") is taken as:
Categories of abstract algebraic structures including representation theory and universal algebra;
Homological algebra;
Homotopical algebra;
Topology using categories, including algebraic topology, categorical topology, quantum topology, low-dimensional topology;
Categorical logic and set theory in the categorical context such as algebraic set theory;
Foundations of mathematics building on categories, for instance topos theory;
Abstract geometry, including algebraic geometry, categorical noncommutative geometry, etc.
Quantization related to category theory, in particular categorical quantization;
Categorical physics relevant for mathematics.
In this article, and in category theory in general, ∞ = ω.
Timeline to 1945: before the definitions
1945–1970
1971–1980
1981–1990
1991–2000
2001–present
See also
EGA
FGA
SGA
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denjoy%E2%80%93Koksma%20inequality | In mathematics, the Denjoy–Koksma inequality, introduced by as a combination of work of Arnaud Denjoy and the Koksma–Hlawka inequality of Jurjen Ferdinand Koksma, is a bound for Weyl sums of functions f of bounded variation.
Statement
Suppose that a map f from the circle T to itself has irrational rotation number α, and p/q is a rational approximation to α with p and q coprime, |α – p/q| < 1/q2. Suppose that φ is a function of bounded variation, and μ a probability measure on the circle invariant under f. Then |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucometrocolpos | Mucometrocolpos is the abnormal accumulation of genital secretions (mucous) that occurs as a result of an imperforate hymen and the build up of these secretions behind the hymen. The secretions originate from uterine and cervical glands. It is a rare, congenital condition and usually occurs independent of other abnormal structures though inheritance can play a part in its occurrence. It also occurs with McKusick–Kaufman syndrome (MKS). Polydactyly and heart disease are associated with this condition. Diagnosis is challenging because symptoms also occur in a variety of other syndromes. Secretions can build up and extend as far as the uterus and abdomen. Mucometrocolpos can sometimes cause abdominal distention. The build up of mucous secretions can occur prior to adolescence unrelated to menstruation. Many cases can be detected prenatally. Treatment is surgical and is specific for each case. After treatment, many females are still able to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descartes%27%20theorem | In geometry, Descartes' theorem states that for every four kissing, or mutually tangent, circles, the radii of the circles satisfy a certain quadratic equation. By solving this equation, one can construct a fourth circle tangent to three given, mutually tangent circles. The theorem is named after René Descartes, who stated it in 1643.
Frederick Soddy's 1936 poem The Kiss Precise summarizes the theorem in terms of the bends (inverse radii) of the four circles:
Special cases of the theorem apply when one or two of the circles is replaced by a straight line (with zero bend) or when the bends are integers or square numbers. A version of the theorem using complex numbers allows the centers of the circles, and not just their radii, to be calculated. With an appropriate definition of curvature, the theorem also applies in spherical geometry and hyperbolic geometry. In higher dimensions, an analogous quadratic equation applies to systems of pairwise tangent spheres or hyperspheres.
History
Geometrical problems involving tangent circles have been pondered for millennia. In ancient Greece of the third century BC, Apollonius of Perga devoted an entire book to the topic, [Tangencies]. It has been lost, and is known largely through a description of its contents by Pappus of Alexandria and through fragmentary references to it in medieval Islamic mathematics. However, Greek geometry was largely focused on straightedge and compass construction. For instance, the problem of Apollonius, closely related to Descartes' theorem, asks for the construction of a circle tangent to three given circles which need not themselves be tangent. Instead, Descartes' theorem is formulated using algebraic relations between numbers describing geometric forms. This is characteristic of analytic geometry, a field pioneered by René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat in the first half of the 17th century.
Descartes discussed the tangent circle problem briefly in 1643, in two letters to Princess Elisabeth o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch%20%28company%29 | Branch (formerly Branch Metrics) is a mobile software company focused on mobile deep linking and attribution. The headquarters of the Branch is located in Palo Alto, California.
History
Branch Metrics was founded on April 15, 2014 by Alex Austin, Mike Molinet, Mada Seghete, and Dmitri Gaskin. In the summer of 2014, the company completed the StartX Accelerator program at Stanford University.
In September 2014, Branch announced the completion of a $3 million venture funding round led by New Enterprise Associates. In 2015 Branch won a startup competition at Mobile World Congress.
In February 2015, the company completed a $15 million Series A funding followed by additional $35 million funding in January 2016.
In April 2017, the company raised $60 million in Series C funding from Andy Rubin’s Playground Ventures.
In September 2018, the company authorized the sale of $129 million in Series D shares, and acquired the attribution analytics platform TUNE.
In February 2022, Branch raised $300M in Series F funding at a $4B valuation, led by New Enterprise Associates.
In 2022, the company acquired two applications of Android customization — Nova Launcher and Sesame Search, and a data platform — AdLibertas.
Technology
Branch has developed improved deep linking technology that directs users to a specific place within the app the first time a link is clicked, even if the app has not been installed. To do this, Branch Metrics is combining deep linking technology with matching technology.
Branch also uses tools for cohort analysis and touchpoint tracking. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir | Ensitrelvir, sold under the brand name Xocova is an antiviral medication used as a treatment for COVID-19. It was developed by Shionogi in partnership with Hokkaido University and acts as an orally active 3C-like protease inhibitor. It is taken by mouth.
The most common adverse events include transient decreases in high-density lipoprotein and increases blood triglycerides.
Medical uses
Ensitrelvir is indicated for the treatment of COVID-19.
History
, ensitrelvir had reached Phase III clinical trials. The Japanese government is reportedly considering allowing Shionogi permission to apply for approval for medical use before the final steps of trials are completed, potentially speeding up the release for sale. This conditional early approval system has previously been used in Japan to accelerate the progression to market of other antiviral drugs targeting COVID-19, including remdesivir and molnupiravir. In a study of 428 patients, viral load was reduced, but symptoms were not significantly reduced.
In February 2022, the company sought emergency approval from regulators in Japan.
Shionogi announced they had reached a preliminary agreement to supply 1million doses to the Japanese government once the drug is approved. The CEO said they could have capacity to make 10million doses a year.
Ensitrelvir may be effective in treating smell and taste loss from COVID-19 infection. In a 2023 study, the drug was associated with a 39% reduction in these symptoms.
Society and culture
Legal status
Ensitrelvir was approved for emergency use in Japan in November 2022.
Names
Ensitrelvir is the International Nonproprietary Name.
Research
Ensitrelvir is being studied for its potential use as post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after SARS-CoV-2 exposure. The SCORPIO-PEP trial is a global Phase 3 trial that will evaluate the safety and efficacy of the drug in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in household contacts of people who tested positive for COVID-19. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%20stress | In fluid dynamics, the Reynolds stress is the component of the total stress tensor in a fluid obtained from the averaging operation over the Navier–Stokes equations to account for turbulent fluctuations in fluid momentum.
Definition
The velocity field of a flow can be split into a mean part and a fluctuating part using Reynolds decomposition. We write
with being the flow velocity vector having components in the coordinate direction (with denoting the components of the coordinate vector ). The mean velocities are determined by either time averaging, spatial averaging or ensemble averaging, depending on the flow under study. Further denotes the fluctuating (turbulence) part of the velocity.
We consider a homogeneous fluid, whose density ρ is taken to be a constant. For such a fluid, the components τ'''ij of the Reynolds stress tensor are defined as:
Another – often used – definition, for constant density, of the Reynolds stress components is:
which has the dimensions of velocity squared, instead of stress.
Averaging and the Reynolds stress
To illustrate, Cartesian vector index notation is used. For simplicity, consider an incompressible fluid:
Given the fluid velocity as a function of position and time, write the average fluid velocity as , and the velocity fluctuation is . Then .
The conventional ensemble rules of averaging are that
One splits the Euler equations (fluid dynamics) or the Navier-Stokes equations into an average and a fluctuating part. One finds that upon averaging the fluid equations, a stress on the right hand side appears of the form . This is the Reynolds stress, conventionally written :
The divergence of this stress is the force density on the fluid due to the turbulent fluctuations.
Reynolds averaging of the Navier–Stokes equations
For instance, for an incompressible, viscous, Newtonian fluid, the continuity and momentum equations—the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations—can be written (in a non-conservative form) as
and
wh |
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