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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callows | Callows () are a type of wetland found in Ireland. They are a seasonally flooded grassland ecosystem found on low-lying river floodplains.
Examples
Shannon Callows
River Suck Callows
Little Brosna Callows
Lough Eidin
Callan, County Kilkenny
Castletroy
Literary references
Patrick Deeley's novel The Lost Orchard deals with the protection of "The Callows", a marshy area. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20secrecy | Strong secrecy is a term used in formal proof-based cryptography for making propositions about the security of cryptographic protocols. It is a stronger notion of security than syntactic (or weak) secrecy. Strong secrecy is related with the concept of semantic security or indistinguishability used in the computational proof-based approach. Bruno Blanchet provides the following definition for strong secrecy:
Strong secrecy means that an adversary cannot see any difference when the value of the secret changes
For example, if a process encrypts a message m an attacker can differentiate between different messages, since their ciphertexts will be different. Thus m is not a strong secret. If however, probabilistic encryption were used, m would be a strong secret. The randomness incorporated into the encryption algorithm will yield different ciphertexts for the same value of m.
See also
Semantic security
Notes
Cryptography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan%27s%20constant | In mathematics, Catalan's constant , is defined by
where is the Dirichlet beta function. Its numerical value is approximately
It is not known whether is irrational, let alone transcendental. has been called "arguably the most basic constant whose irrationality and transcendence (though strongly
suspected) remain unproven".
Catalan's constant was named after Eugène Charles Catalan, who found quickly-converging series for its calculation and published a memoir on it in 1865.
Uses
In low-dimensional topology, Catalan's constant is 1/4 of the volume of an ideal hyperbolic octahedron, and therefore 1/4 of the hyperbolic volume of the complement of the Whitehead link. It is 1/8 of the volume of the complement of the Borromean rings.
In combinatorics and statistical mechanics, it arises in connection with counting domino tilings, spanning trees, and Hamiltonian cycles of grid graphs.
In number theory, Catalan's constant appears in a conjectured formula for the asymptotic number of primes of the form according to Hardy and Littlewood's Conjecture F. However, it is an unsolved problem (one of Landau's problems) whether there are even infinitely many primes of this form.
Catalan's constant also appears in the calculation of the mass distribution of spiral galaxies.
Known digits
The number of known digits of Catalan's constant has increased dramatically during the last decades. This is due both to the increase of performance of computers as well as to algorithmic improvements.
Integral identities
As Seán Stewart writes, "There is a rich and seemingly endless source of definite integrals that
can be equated to or expressed in terms of Catalan's constant." Some of these expressions include:
where the last three formulas are related to Malmsten's integrals.
If is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind, as a function of the elliptic modulus , then
If is the complete elliptic integral of the second kind, as a function of the elliptic modulus , th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20YMF7xx | There have been various families of Yamaha audio controllers labelled as YMF7xx.
OPL3-SA families
YMF701 (OPL3-SA): Incorporates OPL3 and OPL3-L features, 16-bit stereo CODEC, MPU-401-compatible MIDI interface, game port, Plug and Play ISA interface, Windows Sound System (CS4231) and Sound Blaster Pro compatibility.
YMF711 (OPL3-SA2): Based on OPL3-SA, it adds Plug and Play ISA compatibility, 10-pin interface supports 16-bit port address decode (top 4 bits), EEPROM interface, Zoomed video port, CPU and DAC interface for OPL4-ML, modem interface, or IDE CD-ROM interface.
YMF715 (OPL3-SA3): Based on OPL3-SA2, the OPL3-SA3 family adds 3D audio support via DirectSound3D and QSound.
DS-XG family
The last model number for controller chips used on ISA bus cards is 719; chips used on PCI cards start at 720 and higher. Chips for PCI bus standalone adapters are marked YMF7x4, while on-board or embedded systems are marked YMF7x0. The DS-XG series features hardware-assisted XG MIDI synthesis with either 32- or 64-note polyphony, full-duplex playback and recording at any samplerate (internally upsampled to 48 kHz), external game controller and MIDI interface, and a legacy block for DOS application support.
The DS-XG family processors were used in many inexpensive (sub-$50) soundcards. Relative performance was good despite the typical low cost. The cards were usually equipped with good quality 18-bit Digital-to-Analogue Converters, providing similar low noise and harmonic distortion levels to those found in semi-professional hardware.
The XG synthesizer on the DS-XG series features not only basic XG System Level 1, but also some of the MU-50 additions, and can reproduce most musical data previously programmed for the popular DB50XG daughterboard. YMF7x4 cards shipped with a 2 MB bank of 8-bit samples by default, which must be loaded into system RAM during booting. Neither the resolution nor content of the sample bank are hardware limitations. A user can load their own banks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%20lysin | Egg lysin is a protein that creates a hole in the envelope of the egg thereby allowing the sperm to pass through the envelope and fuse with the egg.
Fertilization proteins are acrosomal proteins involved in various roles during the fertilization process. Structurally these proteins consist of a closed bundle of helices with a right-hand twist. Lysin and SP18, both characterised in abalone, are two evolutionarily related fertilization proteins that have distinctive roles.
Following its release from sperm, lysin binds to the egg vitelline envelope (VE) via the VE receptor for lysin (VERL), then non-enzymatically dissolves the VE to create a hole, thereby allowing the sperm to pass through the envelope and fuse with the egg. Lysins exhibit species-specific binding to their egg receptor, possibly through differences in charged surface residues. SP18 is also released from sperm, acting as a potent fusagen of liposomes to mediate the fusion between the sperm and egg cell membranes. Despite a similarity in the overall fold, the variation in the surface features of SP18 and lysin account for their different roles in fertilization.
The molecular basis of VERL-lysin interaction was revealed in June 2017 by researchers at Karolinska Institutet and ESRF, who reported X-ray crystallographic and biochemical studies of both species-specific and non-species-specific complexes between the two proteins. The corresponding 3D structures ( and ), which suggest a mechanism for vitelline envelope dissolution by lysin, visualized for the first time how sperm interacts with the egg coat at the atomic level. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundig | Grundig ( , ) is a Turkish consumer electronics manufacturer owned by the Arçelik A.Ş., the white goods (major appliance) manufacturer of Turkish conglomerate Koç Holding. The company made domestic appliances and personal-care products.
Originally a German consumer electronic company, Grundig GmbH was founded in 1945 by Max Grundig and eventually headquartered in Nuremberg. It grew to become one of the leading radio, TV, recorder and other electronics goods manufacturers of Europe in the following decades of the 20th century. In the 1970s, Philips began acquiring Grundig AG's shares, leading to complete control in 1993. In 1998, Philips divested Grundig. In 2007, Koç Holding bought Grundig and put the brand under its home-appliances subsidiary Arcelik A.Ş. Koç is a publicly listed conglomerate with more than 80,000 employees.
History
Grundig began in 1945 with the establishment of a store named Fürth, Grundig & Wurzer (RVF), which sold radios and was headquartered in Fürth, northern Bavaria. After the Second World War, Max Grundig recognized the need for radios in Germany, and in 1947 produced a kit, while a factory and administration centre were built at Fürth. In 1951, the first television sets were manufactured at the new facility. At the time Grundig was the largest radio manufacturer in Europe. Divisions were established in Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Karlsruhe.
In 2013, Grundig launched its home appliances (white goods) product range, becoming one of the mainstream manufacturers in Europe. Parent Arcelik A.Ş., has more than 27,000 employees worldwide. Grundig has manufacturing plants in several European cities that deliver their products to more than 65 countries around the world.
1940s
Grundig started as a typical German company in 1945. Its early notability was due to Grundig radio. Max Grundig, a radio dealer, built a machine called "Heinzelmann", which was a radio that came without thermionic valves and as a do-it-yourself kit to circumvent post war rule |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASMR | An autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is a tingling sensation that usually begins on the scalp and moves down the back of the neck and upper spine. A pleasant form of paresthesia, it has been compared with auditory-tactile synesthesia and may overlap with frisson. ASMR is a subjective experience of "low-grade euphoria" characterized by "a combination of positive feelings and a distinct static-like tingling sensation on the skin." It is most commonly triggered by specific auditory or visual stimuli, and less commonly by intentional attention control.
A genre of videos intended to induce ASMR has emerged, approximately 25 million of which had been published on YouTube by 2022, and categories of dedicated live ASMR streams exist on Twitch, Kick, Instagram, and TikTok.
Etymology
Although many colloquial and formal terms used and proposed between 2007 and 2010 included reference to orgasm, a significant majority objected to its use among those active in online discussions. Many differentiate between the euphoric, relaxing nature of ASMR and sexual arousal. However, the argument for sexual arousal persists, and some proponents have published videos categorized as "ASMRotica" (ASMR erotica), which are deliberately designed to be sexually stimulating.
Early proponents of ASMR concluded that the phenomenon was generally unrelated to sexual arousal. In 2010, Jennifer Allen, a participant in an online forum, proposed that the phenomenon be named "autonomous sensory meridian response". Allen chose the words intending or assuming them to have the following specific meanings:
Autonomous – spontaneous, self-governing, with or without control
Sensory – about the senses or sensation
Meridian – signifying a peak, climax, or point of highest development
Response – referring to an experience triggered by something external or internal
Allen verified in a 2016 interview that she purposely selected these terms because they were more objective, comfortable, and clinical th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisense%20therapy | Antisense therapy is a form of treatment that uses antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target messenger RNA (mRNA). ASOs are capable of altering mRNA expression through a variety of mechanisms, including ribonuclease H mediated decay of the pre-mRNA, direct steric blockage, and exon content modulation through splicing site binding on pre-mRNA. Several ASOs have been approved in the United States, the European Union, and elsewhere.
Nomenclature
The common stem for antisense oligonucleotides drugs is -rsen. The substem -virsen designates antiviral antisense oligonucleotides.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Half-life and stability
ASO-based drugs employ highly modified, single-stranded chains of synthetic nucleic acids that achieve wide tissue distribution with very long half-lives. For instance, many ASO-based drugs contain phosphorothioate substitutions and 2' sugar modifications to inhibit nuclease degradation enabling vehicle-free delivery to cells.
In vivo delivery
Phosphorothioate ASOs can be delivered to cells without the need of a delivery vehicle. ASOs do not penetrate the blood brain barrier when delivered systemically but they can distribute across the neuraxis if injected in the cerebrospinal fluid typically by intrathecal administration. Newer formulations using conjugated ligands greatly enhances delivery efficiency and cell-type specific targeting.
Approved therapies
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Tofersen (marketed as Qalsody) was approved by the FDA for the treatment of SOD1- associated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in 2023. It was developed by Biogen under a licensing agreement with Ionis Pharmaceuticals. In trials the drug was found to lower levels of an ALS biomarker, neurofilament light change, and in long-term trial extensions to slow disease. Under the terms of the FDA's accelerated approval program, a confirmatory study will be conducted in presymptomatic gene carriers to provide additional evidence.
Batten disease
Milase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-IgM%20syndrome%20type%204 | Hyper-IgM syndrome type 4 is a form of Hyper IgM syndrome which is a defect in class switch recombination downstream of the AICDA gene that does not impair somatic hypermutation.
Hyper IgM syndromes
Hyper IgM syndromes is a group of primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by defective CD40 signaling; via B cells affecting class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation. Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination deficiencies are characterized by elevated serum IgM levels and a considerable deficiency in Immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA) and E (IgE). As a consequence, people with HIGM have an increased susceptibility to infections.
Signs and symptoms
Hyper IgM syndrome can have the following syndromes:
Infection/Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which is common in infants with hyper IgM syndrome, is a serious illness. PCP is one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections in people with weakened immune systems.
Hepatitis (Hepatitis C)
Chronic diarrhea
Hypothyroidism
Neutropenia
Arthritis
Encephalopathy (degenerative)
Cause
Different genetic defects cause HIgM syndrome, the vast majority are inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait and most sufferers are male.
IgM is the form of antibody that all B cells produce initially before they undergo class switching. Healthy B cells efficiently switch to other types of antibodies as needed to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. In people with hyper IgM syndromes, the B cells keep making IgM antibodies because can not switch to a different antibody. This results in an overproduction of IgM antibodies and an underproduction of IgA, IgG, and IgE.
Pathophysiology
CD40 is a costimulatory receptor on B cells that, when bound to CD40 ligand (CD40L), sends a signal to the B-cell receptor. When there is a defect in CD40, this leads to defective T-cell interaction with B cells. Consequently, humoral immune response is affected. Patients are more susceptible to i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZMapp | ZMapp is an experimental biopharmaceutical drug comprising three chimeric monoclonal antibodies under development as a treatment for Ebola virus disease. Two of the three components were originally developed at the Public Health Agency of Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), and the third at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; the cocktail was optimized by Gary Kobinger, a research scientist at the NML and underwent further development under license by Mapp Biopharmaceutical. ZMapp was first used on humans during the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, having only been previously tested on animals and not yet subjected to a randomized controlled trial. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) ran a clinical trial starting in January 2015 with subjects from Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia aiming to enroll 200 people, but the epidemic waned and the trial closed early, leaving it too statistically underpowered to give a meaningful result about whether ZMapp worked.
In 2016, a clinical study comparing ZMapp to the current standard of care for Ebola was inconclusive.
Chemistry
The drug is composed of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), initially harvested from mice exposed to Ebola virus proteins, that have been chimerized with human constant regions. The components are chimeric monoclonal antibody c13C6 from a previously existing antibody cocktail called "MB-003" and two chimeric mAbs from a different antibody cocktail called ZMab, c2G4, and c4G7. ZMapp is manufactured in the tobacco plant Nicotiana benthamiana in the bioproduction process known as "pharming" by Kentucky BioProcessing, a subsidiary of Reynolds American.
Mechanism of action
Like intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, ZMapp contains a mixture of neutralizing antibodies that confer passive immunity to an individual, enhancing the normal immune response, and is designed to be administered after exposure to the Ebola virus. Such antibodies have been used in the tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NdhF | The chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase F (ndhF) gene is found in all vascular plant divisions and is highly conserved. Its DNA fragment resides in the small single-copy region of the chloroplast genome, and is thought to encode a hydrophobic protein containing 664 amino acids and to have a mass of 72.9 kDa.
Application
The ndhF fragment has been a very useful tool in phylogenetic reconstruction at a number of taxonomic levels.
See also
Chloroplast
Chloroplast DNA
RuBisCO
NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Sinensis | Flora Sinensis is one of the first European natural history books about China, published in Vienna in 1656. Its author, Michael Boym, was a Jesuit missionary from Poland (then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth).
The book was the first description of an ecosystem of the Far East published in Europe. Boym underlined the medicinal properties of the Chinese plants. The book also included pleas for support of the Catholic Chinese emperor and each page contained a chronogram pointing to the date of 1655, the date of coronation of Emperor Leopold I as the King of Hungary, as Boym wanted to gain support of that monarch for his mission. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-374%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology mir-374 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.
See also
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20sunset | A double sunset is a rare astro-geographical phenomenon, in which the Sun appears to set twice in the same evening from a specific viewing-point. A double sunrise may also occur in a similar situation. Such phenomena may have been regarded as significant in prehistoric times, and double sunsets have been discussed in the context of archaeoastronomy by researchers such as Alexander Thom.
Italy
Orasso, a small village near the Italy-Switzerland border, sees two sunrises and two sunsets during the winter because of Mount Riga.
Spain
In the town of Güímar in Tenerife a double sunset has been observed in alignment with the local pyramids at summer solstice. In Spanish the phenomenon is described as a doble puesta. The site of the pyramids appears to have been used by the Guanche prehispanic culture, but the structures themselves have been dated to the 19th century.
United Kingdom
England
Staffordshire
A well-documented example of a double or occulted sunset is associated with Leek, Staffordshire, England. The phenomenon is viewable from the town on and around the summer solstice in good weather.
The first published mention of the Leek double sunset was made in 1686 by Dr Robert Plot in his book The Natural History Of Stafford-Shire. The phenomenon would have been visible well before the seventeenth century. However, the alignment of sun and landscape is subject to change over the centuries as it is affected by the Earth's axial precession. This was realised by Plot who suggested that the sunset could be used to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic.
(see note)
The traditional location for observing the phenomenon, as described by Plot, is the churchyard belonging to the parish church of St Edward the Confessor. The church is a medieval building, and it has been conjectured that the churchyard is an example of an ancient sacred site having been Christianised. Because of the chronology of the changing alignment, it seems that the site could not have been a viewing-p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus%20flytrap | The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands of North Carolina and South Carolina in the East Coast of the United States. It catches its prey—chiefly insects and arachnids—with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces.
When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. Triggers may occur with a tenth of a second of contact. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption.
These hairs also possess a heat sensor. A fire nearby causes them to snap shut, making the plant more resilient to forest fires.
Dionaea is a monotypic genus closely related to the waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) and sundews (Drosera), all of which belong to the family Droseraceae.
Although widely cultivated for sale, the population of the Venus flytrap has been rapidly declining in its native range. The species is currently under Endangered Species Act review by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
Etymology
The plant's common name (originally "Venus's flytrap") refers to Venus, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, Dionaea ("daughter of Dione"), refers to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, while the species name, muscipula, is Latin for both "mousetrap" and "flytrap". The Latin word ("mousetrap") is derived from mus ("mouse") and ("trap"), while the homonym word ("flytrap") is derived from ("fly") and .
Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosmidomycin | Fosmidomycin is an antibiotic that was originally isolated from culture broths of bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. It is a structural analogue of 2-C-methyl-D-erythrose 4-phosphate. It inhibits the E. coli enzyme with a KI value of 38 nM (4), MTB at 80 nM, and the Francisella enzyme at 99 nM. Several mutations in the E. coli DXP reductoisomerase were found to confer resistance to fosmidomycin.
Use in malaria
The discovery of the non-mevalonate pathway in malaria parasites has indicated the use of fosmidomycin and other such inhibitors as antimalarial drugs. Indeed, fosmidomycin has been tested in combination treatment with clindamycin for treatment of malaria with favorable results. It has been shown that an increase in copy number of the target enzyme (DXP reductoisomerase) correlates with in vitro fosmidomycin resistance in the lethal malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroactive%20polymer | An electroactive polymer (EAP) is a polymer that exhibits a change in size or shape when stimulated by an electric field. The most common applications of this type of material are in actuators and sensors. A typical characteristic property of an EAP is that they will undergo a large amount of deformation while sustaining large forces.
The majority of historic actuators are made of ceramic piezoelectric materials. While these materials are able to withstand large forces, they commonly will only deform a fraction of a percent. In the late 1990s, it has been demonstrated that some EAPs can exhibit up to a 380% strain, which is much more than any ceramic actuator. One of the most common applications for EAPs is in the field of robotics in the development of artificial muscles; thus, an electroactive polymer is often referred to as an artificial muscle.
History
The field of EAPs emerged back in 1880, when Wilhelm Röntgen designed an experiment in which he tested the effect of an electrostatic field on the mechanical properties of a stripe of natural rubber. The rubber stripe was fixed at one end and was attached to a mass at the other. Electric charges were then sprayed onto the rubber, and it was observed that the length changed. It was in 1925 that the first piezoelectric polymer was discovered (Electret). Electret was formed by combining carnauba wax, rosin and beeswax, and then cooling the solution while it is subject to an applied DC electrical bias. The mixture would then solidify into a polymeric material that exhibited a piezoelectric effect.
Polymers that respond to environmental conditions, other than an applied electric current, have also been a large part of this area of study. In 1949 Katchalsky et al. demonstrated that when collagen filaments are dipped in acid or alkali solutions, they would respond with a change in volume. The collagen filaments were found to expand in an acidic solution and contract in an alkali solution. Although other stimuli (such |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial%20element%20%28algebra%29 | In algebra, a primordial element is a particular kind of a vector in a vector space.
Definition
Let be a vector space over a field and let be an -indexed basis of vectors for
By the definition of a basis, every vector can be expressed uniquely as
for some -indexed family of scalars where all but finitely many are zero.
Let
denote the set of all indices for which the expression of has a nonzero coefficient.
Given a subspace of a nonzero vector is said to be if it has both of the following two properties:
is minimal among the sets where and
for some index |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGME1 | Mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1, abbreviated as MGME1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MGME1 gene. MGME1 is a 344 amino acids long protein belonging to the PD-(D/E)XK family of nucleases. It localizes to mitochondria where it is important for maintenance of the mitochondrial genome. Loss of function mutations in MGME1 lead to defects in mitochondrial DNA, including mitochondrial DNA depletion, duplications, deletions and increased replication intermediates. Also, there is an accumulation of 7S DNA, a short single stranded linear DNA strand. MGME1 deficiency in humans leads to multisystemic mitochondrial disease.
Function
The activity of MGME1 has been studied using the purified protein in cell-free in vitro assays. Together these studies suggest that MGME1 functions to remove single stranded nucleotide flaps that arise during mitochondrial DNA replication and/or DNA repair. MGME1 has a strong preference for cutting single stranded DNA, with weak activity on duplex DNA, and no activity on RNA. It acts as an endo-/exonuclease, requiring a free 5´or 3´ end for cleavage. MGME1 can cut 5´ flap substrates that mimic primer/repair intermediates. Moreover, MGME1 removes single stranded 5´-flaps in reconstituted mitochondrial DNA replication assays where it is required to enable ligation of the newly synthesized strand. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luidia%2C%20Inc. | Luidia, Inc. produces portable interactive whiteboard technology for classrooms and conference rooms. Its eBeam hardware and software products work with computers and digital projectors to use existing whiteboard or writing surface as interactive whiteboards.
The company’s eBeam products allow text, images and video to be projected onto display surfaces, where an interactive stylus or marker can be used to add notes, access menus, manipulate images and create diagrams and drawings.
Technology
Luidia’s eBeam technology uses infrared and ultrasound receivers to track the location of a transmitter-equipped pen, called a stylus, or a standard dry-erase marker in a transmitter-equipped sleeve.
Company history
Luidia’s eBeam technology was originally developed and patented by engineers at Electronics for Imaging Inc. (Nasdaq: EFII), a Foster City, California developer of digital print server technology. Luidia was spun off from EFI in July 2003 with venture funding from Globespan Capital Partners and Silicom Ventures.
In 2007, Luidia was selected by the Mexican government to install eBeam-enabled interactive boards in public seventh-grade classrooms in Mexico as part of the government’s Enciclomedia program.
In 2007 and 2008, Luidia was accredited by Deloitte LLP in the accounting firm’s Silicon Valley “Technology Fast 50” program, which accredits fast-growing companies in the San Francisco Bay area.
In January 2021 their main sites and web documentation started returning 404 errors, however their shop is still up. This issue is still present in December of 2022. As of August 2023, Luidia appears to have lost ownership of their domains. ludia.com now redirects to a gambling site, and e-beam.com now contains information about an unrelated industrial technology of the same name. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAIFW%20matrix | In infectious disease modelling, a who acquires infection from whom (WAIFW) matrix is a matrix that describes the rate of transmission of infection between different groups in a population, such as people of different ages. Used with an SIR model, the entries of the WAIFW matrix can be used to calculate the basic reproduction number using the next generation operator approach.
Examples
The WAIFW matrix for two groups is expressed as where is the transmission coefficient from an infected member of group and a susceptible member of group . Usually specific mixing patterns are assumed.
Assortative mixing
Assortative mixing occurs when those with certain characteristics are more likely to mix with others with whom they share those characteristics. It could be given by
or the general WAIFW matrix so long as . Disassortative mixing is instead when .
Homogenous mixing
Homogenous mixing, which is also dubbed random mixing, is given by
. Transmission is assumed equally likely regardless of group characteristics when a homogenous mixing WAIFW matrix is used. Whereas for heterogenous mixing, transmission rates depend on group characteristics.
Asymmetric mixing
It need not be the case that . Examples of asymmetric WAIFW matrices are
Social contact hypothesis
The social contact hypothesis was proposed by , Peter Teunis, and Mirjam Kretzschmar in 2006. The hypothesis states that transmission rates are proportional to contact rates, and allows for social contact data to be used in place of WAIFW matrices.
See also
Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
Next-generation matrix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Stella%20Edwards | Mary Stella Edwards (1893-1989) was an English painter, creator of dioramas and poet.
Biography
Mary Stella Edwards was born in Hampstead in 1893, the daughter of Robert Cromwell Edwards, an architect. She grew up at 12 Fairfield Avenue, in Staines, Middlesex (now part of Surrey).
Edwards studied art at the Royal College of Art and The Regent Street Polytechnic (now part of the University of Westminster) where she met fellow student Judith Ackland. They became life partners and used a tiny cabin, a former fisherman's store, dating from the mid-19th century, at Bucks Mills as their studio from 1924 until Ackland's death in 1971.
Together with Ackland, Edwards produced dioramas, Ackland made all the models (she invented a method called "Jackanda" to make the models), and Edwards painted their backdrops. The town of Windsor commissioned these dioramas to celebrate the town's history, and they are now at the Windsor & Royal Borough Museum.
Edwards was also a poet and published several volumes throughout her life. She published her first book of poetry Time and Chance in 1926 with the Hogarth Press of Leonard Woolf and Virginia Woolf; Gilbert Murray, philologist, wrote the introduction. The London antique dealer Maggs Bros Ltd has a copy Edwards dedicated to Irish publisher and book collector Alan Clodd, who in 1967 published her works with his Enitharmon Press. Individual poems subsequently appeared in Thomas Moult's The Best Poems of 1930, Art, Prose and Poetry, The Contemporary Review and The Living Age. She also published poetry between 1962 and 1964 in Literary Criticism Teaching edited by Margaret Willy for the Oxford University Press. In 1968 she published A Truce with Time and in 1978 Before and After, with poems in memory of her late partner, Judith Ackland: these poems, according to May Sarton, "express the long-standing affection and solidarity of these two remarkable women and give strength to make unbearable bearable". The volume was published by Enithar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation%20error | Compilation error or compile error refers to a state when a compiler fails to compile a piece of computer program source code, either due to errors in the code, or, more unusually, due to errors in the compiler itself. A compilation error message often helps programmers debugging the source code. Although the definitions of compilation and interpretation can be vague, generally compilation errors only refer to static compilation and not dynamic compilation. However, dynamic compilation can still technically have compilation errors, although many programmers and sources may identify them as run-time errors. Most just-in-time compilers, such as the Javascript V8 engine, ambiguously refer to compilation errors as syntax errors since they check for them at run time.
Examples
Common C++ compilation errors
Undeclared identifier, e.g.:
doy.cpp: In function `int main()':
doy.cpp:25: `DayOfYear' undeclared (first use this function)
This means that the variable "DayOfYear" is trying to be used before being declared.
Common function undeclared, e.g.:
xyz.cpp: In function `int main()': xyz.cpp:6: `cout' undeclared (first use this function)
This means that the programmer most likely forgot to include iostream.
Parse error, e.g.:
somefile.cpp:24: parse error before `something'
This could mean that a semi-colon is missing at the end of the previous statement.
Internal Compiler Errors
An internal compiler error (commonly abbreviated as ICE) is an error that occurs not due to erroneous source code, but rather due to a bug in the compiler itself. They can sometimes be worked around by making small, insignificant changes to the source code around the line indicated by the error (if such a line is indicated at all), but sometimes larger changes must be made, such as refactoring the code, to avoid certain constructs. Using a different compiler or different version of the compiler may solve the issue and be an acceptable solution in some cases. When an internal compiler erro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfide%20bond%20formation%20protein%20B | Disulfide bond formation protein B (DsbB) is a protein component of the pathway that leads to disulfide bond formation in periplasmic proteins of Escherichia coli () and other bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis it is known as BdbC ().
The DsbB protein oxidizes the periplasmic protein DsbA which in turn oxidizes cysteines in other periplasmic proteins in order to make disulfide bonds. DsbB acts as a redox potential transducer across the cytoplasmic membrane. It is a membrane protein which spans the membrane four times with both the N- and C-termini of the protein are in the cytoplasm. Each of the periplasmic domains of the protein has two essential cysteines. The two cysteines in the first periplasmic domain are in a Cys-X-Y-Cys configuration that is characteristic of the active site of other proteins involved in disulfide bond formation, including DsbA and protein disulfide isomerase.
See also
Disulfide bond formation protein A
Disulfide bond formation protein C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20Mass%20%28book%29 | Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another, a non-fiction book by English chemist and physicist Philip Ball originally published in 2004, discusses the concept of a "physics of society". Ball discusses thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, Lewis Mumford, Emyr Hughes, and Gottfried Achenwall who have attempted to apply (or argue against the use of) physics, chemistry, or mathematics in the study of mass social phenomena. He also discusses how the concept relates to recent research, including his own.
Physics of society
The outlines of Ball's Critical Mass, the most popular of his many noted books, beginning in various circa 2001 lectures, talks, and articles focused on what he calls a 'physics of society', similar to the social physics in the Auguste Comte sense, a subject Ball approaches using statistical mechanics viewing people as atoms or molecules that show characteristic behaviours in bulk. The following is an excerpt of his 2003 talk on the physical modeling of society:
"There seem to be 'laws' [of] social systems that have at least something of the character of natural physical laws, in that they do not yield easily to planned and arbitrary interventions. Over the past several decades, social, economic and political scientists have begun a dialogue with physical and biological scientists to try to discover whether there is truly a 'physics of society', and if so, what its laws and principles are. In particular, they have begun to regard complex modes of human activity as collections of many interacting 'agents' - somewhat analogous to a fluid of interacting atoms or molecules, but within which there is scope for decision-making, learning and adaptation."
In his 2004 book, Ball summarizes this to the effect that "to develop a physics of society, we must take a bold step that some might regard as a leap of faith and others as preposterous idealization: particles become people." Nearly as soon as he gives this definition, however, Ball falls back on the two bigg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical%20ultracentrifugation | Analytical ultracentrifugation is an analytical technique which combines an ultracentrifuge with optical monitoring systems.
In an analytical ultracentrifuge (commonly abbreviated as AUC), a sample’s sedimentation profile is monitored in real time by an optical detection system. The sample is detected via ultraviolet light absorption and/or interference optical refractive index sensitive system, monitored by light-sensitive diode array or by film in the older machines. The operator can thus observe the change of sample concentration versus the axis of the rotation profile with time as a result of the applied centrifugal field. With modern instrumentation, these observations are electronically digitized and stored for further mathematical analysis.
The information that can be obtained from an analytical ultracentrifuge includes the gross shape of macromolecules, conformational changes in macromolecules, and size distributions of macromolecules. With AUC it is possible to gain information on the number and subunit stoichiometry of non-covalent complexes and equilibrium constants of macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, nanoparticles or other assemblies from different molecule classes. The simplest measurement to be obtained is the sedimentation coefficient, which depends upon the size of the molecules being sedimented. This is the ratio of a particle's sedimentation velocity to the applied acceleration causing the sedimentation.
Analytical ultracentrifugation has recently seen a rise in use because of increased ease of analysis with modern computers and the development of software, including a National Institutes of Health supported software package, SedFit.
History
Instrumentation
An analytical ultracentrifuge has a light source and optical detectors. To allow the light to pass through the analyte during the ultracentrifuge run, specialized cells are required which have to meet high optical standards as well as to resist the centrifugal forces. Each cell consi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLD%20agar | Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) is a selective growth medium used in the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella species from clinical samples and from food. The agar was developed by Welton Taylor in 1965. It has a pH of approximately 7.4, leaving it with a bright pink or red appearance due to the indicator phenol red. Sugar fermentation lowers the pH and the phenol red indicator registers this by changing to yellow. Most gut bacteria, including Salmonella, can ferment the sugar xylose to produce acid; Shigella colonies cannot do this and therefore remain red. After exhausting the xylose supply Salmonella colonies will decarboxylate lysine, increasing the pH once again to alkaline and mimicking the red Shigella colonies. Salmonellae metabolise thiosulfate to produce hydrogen sulfide, which leads to the formation of colonies with black centers and allows them to be differentiated from the similarly coloured Shigella colonies.
Other Enterobacteria such as E. coli will ferment the lactose present in the medium to an extent that will prevent pH reversion by decarboxylation and acidify the medium turning it yellow.
Salmonella species: red colonies, some with black centers. The agar itself will turn red due to the presence of Salmonella type colonies.
Shigella species: red colonies.
Coliforms: yellow to orange colonies.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pink, flat, rough colonies. This type of colony can be easily mistaken for Salmonella due to the color similarities.
XLD agar contains:
See also
Agar plate
MRS agar
R2a agar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre%20%28hymn%29 | A hymn metre (US: meter) indicates the number of syllables for the lines in each stanza of a hymn. This provides a means of marrying the hymn's text with an appropriate hymn tune for singing.
Hymn and poetic metre
In the English language poetic metres and hymn metres have different starting points but there is nevertheless much overlap. The hymn Amazing Grace is used as an example:
Amazing grace, how sweet the sound
that saved a wretch like me.
I once was lost, but now am found,
was blind, but now I see.
Analyzing this, a poet would see couplets with four iambic metrical feet in the first and third lines, and three in the second and fourth. A musician would more likely count eight syllables in the first line and six in the second. This would be described as 8.6.8.6 (or 86.86). The words of Amazing Grace can therefore be set to any tune that has the 8.6.8.6 metre, for example The House of the Rising Sun.
Conventionally most hymns in this 86.86 pattern are iambic (weak-strong syllable pairs). By contrast most hymns in an 87.87 pattern are trochaic, with strong-weak syllable pairs:
Love divine, all loves excelling,
joy of heav'n to earth come down,...
In practice many hymns conform to one of a relatively small number of metres (syllable patterns), and within the most commonly used ones there is a general convention as to whether its stress pattern is iambic or trochaic (or perhaps dactylic, such as Great Is Thy Faithfulness). It is rare to find any significant metrical substitution in a well-written hymn; indeed, such variation usually indicates a poorly constructed text.
Terminology and abbreviations
Most hymnals include a metrical index of the book's tunes. A hymn may be sung to any tune in the same meter, as long as the poetic foot (such as iambic, trochaic) also conforms.
All metres can be represented numerically, for example "Abide With Me" which is 10.10.10.10. Some of the most frequently encountered however are instead referred to by names:
C.M., or CM— C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weck%20jar | A Weck jar is a glass jar used in home canning to preserve food. It has a rubber gasket with a glass lid.
History
The jars were invented and patented by Rudolph Rempel. Johann Carl Weck purchased the patent from Rempel, and in 1900 Weck and his best salesman George Van Eyck founded the J. WECK Company in Germany. In 1902, Weck left the company, Van Eyck continued to improve the design and function of the jar, and started exporting the jars outside of Germany. He trademarked the name WECK and his strawberry logo is still used today.
The jar
The glass jars come in a variety of shapes and sizes, have rubber seals, glass lids, and stainless steel clips.
Food is processed in Weck jars using the water bath canning technique, not a pressure canner. During the canning process the lids are secured by the clips which must be removed once the processing is complete and the jars have cooled. A correctly sealed jar is indicated when the tab of the rubber seal points downward. New rubber seals should be used each time food is processed.
See also
Home canning
Sterilization (microbiology)
Other canning jar types/brands:
Fowler's Vacola
Kilner jar
Mason jar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondyloepimetaphyseal%20dysplasia%2C%20Strudwick%20type | Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type is an inherited disorder of bone growth that results in dwarfism, characteristic skeletal abnormalities, and problems with vision. The name of the condition indicates that it affects the bones of the spine (spondylo-) and two regions near the ends of bones (epiphyses and metaphyses). This type was named after the first reported patient with the disorder. Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type is a subtype of collagenopathy, types II and XI.
The signs and symptoms of this condition at birth are very similar to those of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, a related skeletal disorder. Beginning in childhood, the two conditions can be distinguished in X-ray images by changes in areas near the ends of bones (metaphyses). These changes are characteristic of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type.
Presentation
People with this condition are short-statured from birth, with a very short trunk and shortened limbs. Their hands and feet, however, are usually average-sized. Curvature of the spine (scoliosis and lumbar lordosis) may be severe and can cause problems with breathing. Changes in the spinal bones (vertebrae) in the neck may also increase the risk of spinal cord damage. Other skeletal signs include flattened vertebrae (platyspondyly), severe protrusion of the breastbone (pectus carinatum), a hip joint deformity in which the upper leg bones turn inward (coxa vara), and a foot deformity known as clubfoot.
Affected individuals have mild and variable changes in their facial features. The cheekbones close to the nose may appear flattened. Some infants are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth, which is called a cleft palate. Severe nearsightedness (high myopia) and detachment of the retina (the part of the eye that detects light and color) are also common.
Cause
This condition is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the COL2A1 gene. The protein made by this gene fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce%20address | A bounce address is an email address to which bounce messages are delivered. There are many variants of the name, none of them used universally, including return path, reverse path, envelope from, envelope sender, MAIL FROM, 5321-FROM, return address, From_, Errors-to, etc. It is not uncommon for a single document to use several of these names.
All of these names refer to the email address provided with the MAIL FROM command during the SMTP session.
Background information
Ordinarily, the bounce address is not seen by email users and, without standardization of the name, it may cause confusion.
If an email message is thought of as resembling a traditional paper letter in an envelope, then the "header fields", such as To:, From:, and Subject:, along with the body of the message are analogous to the letterhead and body of a letter - and are normally all presented and visible to the user. However, the envelope in this analogy is the contents of the MAIL FROM and RCPT TO fields from the SMTP session - and neither of these is normally visible to the user.
While it is most common for the To: and From: information in the letter to be the same as the "envelope" values, such is not always the case. For example, on electronic mailing lists, the information seen in the "From:" header will come from the person who sent the email to the list, while the bounce address will be set to that of the mailing list software, so problems delivering the mailing list messages can be handled correctly.
Only the envelope information is looked at to resolve where the email should go; the body of the email is not examined. Mail Transfer Agents (MTA) using the SMTP protocol use the RCPT TO command to determine where the email should go, and the MAIL FROM command to indicate where it came from.
Usage
While its original usage was to provide information about how to return bounce messages, since the late 1990s, other uses have come about. These typically take advantage of properties of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20chemotherapy | Antimicrobial chemotherapy is the clinical application of antimicrobial agents to treat infectious diseases.
There are five types of antimicrobial chemotherapy:
Antibacterial chemotherapy, the use of antibacterial drugs to treat bacterial infections
Antifungal chemotherapy, the use of antifungal drugs to treat fungal infections
Anthelminthic chemotherapy, the use of antihelminthic drugs to treat worm infections
Antiprotozoal chemotherapy, the use of antiprotozoal drugs to treat protozoan infections
Antiviral chemotherapy, the use of antiviral drugs to treat viral infections
See also
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (journal)
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20Imaging%20Data%20Structure | The Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS) is a standard for organizing, annotating, and describing data collected during neuroimaging experiments. It is based on a formalized file and directory structure and metadata files (based on JSON and TSV) with controlled vocabulary.
This standard has been adopted by a multitude of labs around the world as well as databases such as OpenNeuro, SchizConnect, Developing Human Connectome Project, and FCP-INDI, and is seeing uptake in an increasing number of studies.
While originally specified for MRI data, BIDS has been extended to several other imaging modalities such as MEG, EEG, and intracranial EEG (see also BIDS Extension Proposals).
History
The project is a community-driven effort. BIDS, originally OBIDS (Open Brain Imaging Data Structure), was initiated during an INCF sponsored data sharing working group meeting (January 2015) at Stanford University. It was subsequently spearheaded and maintained by Chris Gorgolewski. Since October 2019, the project is headed by a Steering Group and maintained by a separate team of maintainers, the Maintainers Group, according to a governance document that was approved of by the BIDS community in a vote. BIDS has advanced under the direction and effort of contributors, the community of researchers that appreciate the value of standardizing neuroimaging data to facilitate sharing and analysis.
BIDS Extension Proposals
BIDS can be extended in a backwards compatible way and is evolving over time. This is accomplished through BIDS Extension Proposals (BEPs), which are community-driven processes following agreed-upon guidelines. A full list of finalized BEPs and BEPs in progress can be found on the BIDS website |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine%20Grains | Maine Grains is an American supplier of stone milled flour, rolled oats, and other grains for culinary use. Based in Skowhegan, Maine, the company operates its gristmill in a former Somerset County jail building.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Maine Grains saw a 4,000 percent increase in online sales. The company employs about 20 workers, milling roughly 2,000 tons of flour per year.
Leadership
Amber Lambke is the co-founder and CEO of Maine Grains. She also serves as co-founder of the Maine Grain Alliance, a trade association serving the state's grain community. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20ADC | A flash ADC (also known as a direct-conversion ADC) is a type of analog-to-digital converter that uses a linear voltage ladder with a comparator at each "rung" of the ladder to compare the input voltage to successive reference voltages. Often these reference ladders are constructed of many resistors; however, modern implementations show that capacitive voltage division is also possible. The output of these comparators is generally fed into a digital encoder, which converts the inputs into a binary value (the collected outputs from the comparators can be thought of as a unary value).
Benefits and drawbacks
Flash converters are high-speed compared to many other ADCs, which usually narrow in on the "correct" answer over a series of stages. However, compared to these, a flash converter is also quite simple and, apart from the analog comparators, only requires logic for the final conversion to binary.
For best accuracy, a track-and-hold circuit is often inserted in front of the ADC input. This is needed for many ADC types (like successive approximation ADC), but for flash ADCs, there is no real need for this because the comparators are the sampling devices.
A flash converter requires many comparators compared to other ADCs, especially as the precision increases. For example, a flash converter requires comparators for an n-bit conversion. The size, power consumption, and cost of all those comparators make flash converters generally impractical for precisions much greater than 8 bits (255 comparators). In place of these comparators, most other ADCs substitute more complex logic and/or analog circuitry that can be scaled more easily for increased precision.
Implementation
Flash ADCs have been implemented in many technologies, varying from silicon-based bipolar (BJT) and complementary metal–oxide FETs (CMOS) technologies to rarely used III-V technologies. This type of ADC is often used as a first medium-sized analog circuit verification.
The earliest implementations c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban%20%28development%29 | Kanban (Japanese: , meaning signboard or billboard) is a lean method to manage and improve work across human systems. This approach aims to manage work by balancing demands with available capacity, and by improving the handling of system-level bottlenecks.
Work items are visualized to give participants a view of progress and process, from start to finish—usually via a kanban board. Work is pulled as capacity permits, rather than work being pushed into the process when requested.
In knowledge work and in software development, the aim is to provide a visual process management system which aids decision-making about what, when, and how much to produce. The underlying kanban method originated in lean manufacturing, which was inspired by the Toyota Production System. It has its origin in the late 1940s when the Toyota automotive company implemented a production system called just-in-time, which had the objective of producing according to customer demand and identifying possible material shortages within the production line. But it was a team at Corbis that realized how this method devised by Toyota could become a process applicable to any type of organizational process. Kanban is commonly used in software development in combination with methods and frameworks such as Scrum.
Kanban boards
The diagram here shows a software development workflow on a kanban board.
Kanban boards, designed for the context in which they are used, vary considerably and may show work item types ("features" and "user stories" here), columns delineating workflow activities, explicit policies, and swimlanes (rows crossing several columns, used for grouping user stories by feature here). The aim is to make the general workflow and the progress of individual items clear to participants and stakeholders.
A Kanban Board represents the system's Definition of Workflow and requires the following minimum elements:
A definition of the individual units of value that are moving through the workflo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick%20star | The Brunswick star is an emblem which in outline is an eight-pointed or sixteen-pointed star, but which is composed of many narrow rays. It is used in the United Kingdom to surround the royal cypher on various badges, such as that worn on the caps and helmets of almost all police and fire services in England and Wales. The name Brunswick refers to the German Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, better known as the principality of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover whose heads also became kings of Great Britain and Ireland.
Users
Coldstream Guards
Estonian Rescue Board and Häirekeskus
Federal Police of Germany and various State Police Forces
Guyana Defence Force
Irish Guards
Jamaica Defence Force
Lithuanian Police Force
National Police of Ukraine and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
National Police Corps of Spain
Netherlands Marine Corps
Policja
National Police of Ukraine
The Royal Regiment of Canada
Scots Guards
South African Police Service (formerly South African Police)
South Australian Country Fire Service
Zimbabwe Republic Police
Kolkata Police Force
Former
Customs and Excise Department (Hong Kong) – before 1997
The Dutch police both municipal and state police – until 1 April 1993
Kulangsu Municipal Police – until 1943
Shanghai Volunteer Corps and Municipal Police – until 1942
Volkspolizei – until 1990 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20filament | The term polar filament may refer to either of two analogous structures used for host invasion by different groups of parasites: Myxozoa (Metazoa) and Microsporidia (Fungi), respectively.
In Myxozoa
The polar filament is a structure found in the polar capsule of myxosporean organisms. It is homologous to the "penetrant" structure found in cnidocytes.
The polar filament is coiled along the inner wall of the polar capsule, and is capable of rapid extrusion, during which it everts "inside-out". When everted, it is sticky, and likely serves to hold the spore onto the intestinal wall of the prospective host, and to help separate the valves of the spore.
The polar filament is important in species classification. In some species of Ceratomyxa, the polar filament forms a straight basal section, which the rest of the filament coils around, while in the genus Sphaeromyxa, the filament is folded in a zig-zag arrangement rather than being coiled. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Creative%20Technologies | The Institute for Creative Technologies (ICT) is a University Affiliated Research Center at the University of Southern California located in Playa Vista, California. ICT was established in 1999 with funding from the US Army.
Dr. Mike Andrews, chief scientist of the US Army is described as "founder of and inspiration behind" the ICT. He followed up on discussions between US Army leadership (four-star general Paul J. Kern) and Disney Imagineering president Bran Ferren, on how to gain access to Hollywood entertainment industry expertise in high-technology areas such as computer-based Modeling & Simulation, and Virtual Reality. The name was derived from Ferren's title at The Walt Disney Company.
It was created to combine the assets of a major research university with the creative resources of Hollywood and the game industry to advance the state-of-the-art in training and simulation. The institute's research has also led to applications for education, entertainment and rehabilitation, including virtual patients, virtual museum guides and visual effects technologies. Core areas include virtual humans, graphics, mixed-reality, learning sciences, games, storytelling and medical virtual reality.
Honors and awards
2010 - Scientific and Engineering Academy Award
2018 - Second Academy Award for Technical Achievement
2022 - Emmy (Technical Achievement)
Army affiliation
ICT is a DoD-sponsored University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) working in collaboration with the U.S. Army DEVCOM Soldier Center. The ICT is one of the Army’s four University Affiliated Research Centers (UARC). UARCs are a strategic United States Department of Defense (DoD) Research Center associated with an American university. UARCs are formally established by the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering (USD(R&E)) to ensure that essential engineering and technology capabilities of particular importance to the DoD are maintained and readily available. The mission of the ICT UARC i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20security | Open security is the use of open source philosophies and methodologies to approach computer security and other information security challenges. Traditional application security is based on the premise that any application or service (whether it is malware or desirable) relies on security through obscurity.
Open source approaches have created technology such as Linux (and to some extent, the Android operating system). Additionally, open source approaches applied to documents have inspired wikis and their largest example, Wikipedia. Open security suggests that security breaches and vulnerabilities can be better prevented or ameliorated when users facing these problems collaborate using open source philosophies.
This approach requires that users be legally allowed to collaborate, so relevant software would need to be released under a license that is widely accepted to be open source; examples include the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) license, the Apache 2.0 license, the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), and the GNU General Public License (GPL). Relevant documents would need to be under a generally accepted "open content" license; these include Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) and Attribution Share Alike (CC-BY-SA) licenses, but not Creative Commons "non-commercial" licenses or "no-derivative" licenses.
On the developer side, legitimate software and service providers can have independent verification and testing of their source code. On the information technology side, companies can aggregate common threats, patterns, and security solutions to a variety of security issues.
See also
Kerckhoffs's Principle
OASIS (organization) (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards)
OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project)
Open government
Homeland Open Security Technology
Open source
Open source software
Open-source hardware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-topological%20order | In the field of computer science, a pre-topological order or pre-topological ordering of a directed graph is a linear ordering of its vertices such that if there is a directed path from vertex u to vertex v and v comes before u in the ordering, then there is also a directed path from vertex v to vertex u.
If the graph is a directed acyclic graph (DAG), topological orderings are pre-topological orderings and vice versa. In other cases, any pre-topological ordering gives a partial order. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathVisio | PathVisio is a free open-source pathway analysis and drawing software. It allows drawing, editing, and analyzing biological pathways.
Visualization of ones experimental data on the pathways for finding relevant pathways that are over-represented in your data set is possible.
PathVisio provides a basic set of features for pathway drawing, analysis and visualization. Additional features are available as plugins.
History
PathVisio was created primarily at Maastricht University and Gladstone Institutes. The software is developed in Java and it's also used as part of the WikiPathways framework as an applet.
Starting from version 3.0 (released in 2012) plugins are OSGi compliant and a plugin directory, describing them, was developed.
In 2015 version 3.2 was released. This was the first signed version with a certificate issued by a certification authority. Many of the running issues introduced by java 1.7 and 1.8 with the new security rules were solved.
Since 2013 a javascript version (PVJS) is being developed to replace the applet. From 2015 it also allows small edits and in the future it will be a full editor.
Features
Pathway drawing and annotation
Pathway analysis
Integration with WikiPathways for easy editing/publishing
Integration with Cytoscape
Integration with other programming languages via PathVisioRPC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neohesperidin%20dihydrochalcone | Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, sometimes abbreviated to neohesperidin DC or simply NHDC, is an artificial sweetener derived from citrus.
It is particularly effective in masking the bitter tastes of other compounds found in citrus, including limonin and naringin. Industrially, it is produced by extracting neohesperidin from the bitter orange, and then hydrogenating this to make NHDC.
Discovery
NHDC was discovered during the 1960s as part of a United States Department of Agriculture research program to find methods for minimizing the taste of bitter flavorants in citrus juices. Neohesperidin is one such bitter compound. When treated with potassium hydroxide or another strong base, and then catalytically hydrogenated, it becomes NHDC.
Profile
NHDC in pure form is found as a white substance not unlike powdered sugar. It has an intense sweet taste because it stimulates the sweet receptor TAS1R2+TAS1R3 in humans, although this is species-dependent, as the equivalent receptor in rats does not respond to the molecule.
It is roughly 1500–1800 times sweeter than sugar at threshold concentrations; around 340 times sweeter than sugar. Its potency is naturally affected by such factors as the application in which it is used, and the pH of the product.
Like other highly sweet glycosides, such as glycyrrhizin and those found in stevia, NHDC's sweet taste has a slower onset than sugar's and lingers in the mouth for some time.
Unlike aspartame, NHDC is stable to elevated temperatures and to acidic or basic conditions, and so can be used in applications that require a long shelf life. NHDC itself can stay foodsafe for up to five years when stored in optimal conditions.
The product is well known for having a strong synergistic effect when used in conjunction with other artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame potassium, and cyclamate, as well as sugar alcohols such as xylitol. NHDC usage boosts the effects of these sweeteners at lower concentrations th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20nuclear%20fission%20reactor | A natural nuclear fission reactor is a uranium deposit where self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions occur. The conditions under which a natural nuclear reactor could exist were predicted in 1956 by Paul Kuroda. The remnants of an extinct or fossil nuclear fission reactor, where self-sustaining nuclear reactions have occurred in the past, are verified by analysis of isotope ratios of uranium and of the fission products (and the stable daughter nuclides of those fission products). This was first discovered in 1972 in Oklo, Gabon by Francis Perrin under conditions very similar to Kuroda's predictions.
Oklo is the only location where this phenomenon is known to have occurred, and consists of 16 sites with patches of centimeter-sized ore layers. There, self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions are thought to have taken place approximately 1.7 billion years ago, during the Statherian period of the Paleoproterozoic, and continued for a few hundred thousand years, probably averaging less than 100 kW of thermal power during that time.
History
In May 1972 at the Tricastin uranium enrichment site at Pierrelatte in France, routine mass spectrometry comparing UF6 samples from the Oklo Mine, located in Gabon, showed a discrepancy in the amount of the isotope. Normally the concentration is 0.72% while these samples had only 0.60%, a significant difference (some 17% less U-235 was contained in the samples than expected). This discrepancy required explanation, as all civilian uranium handling facilities must meticulously account for all fissionable isotopes to ensure that none are diverted to the construction of nuclear weapons. Furthermore since fissile material is why people mine uranium, a significant amount "going missing" was also of direct economic concern.
Thus the French Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) began an investigation. A series of measurements of the relative abundances of the two most significant isotopes of the uranium mined at Oklo showed anomalous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20disruption | Cell disruption is a method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell.
Methods
The production of biologically interesting molecules using cloning and culturing methods allows the study and manufacture of relevant molecules. Except for excreted molecules, cells producing molecules of interest must be disrupted. This page discusses various methods. Another method of disruption is called cell unroofing.
Bead method
A common laboratory-scale mechanical method for cell disruption uses glass, ceramic, or steel beads, in diameter, mixed with a sample suspended in an aqueous solution. First developed by Tim Hopkins in the late 1970s, the sample and bead mix is subjected to high level agitation by stirring or shaking. Beads collide with the cellular sample, cracking open the cell to release the intracellular components. Unlike some other methods, mechanical shear is moderate during homogenization resulting in excellent membrane or subcellular preparations. The method, often called "bead beating", works well for all types of cellular material - from spores to animal and plant tissues. It is the most widely used method of yeast lysis, and can yield breakage of well over 50% (up to 95%). It has the advantage over other mechanical cell disruption methods of being able to disrupt very small sample sizes, process many samples at a time with no cross-contamination concerns, and does not release potentially harmful aerosols in the process.
In the simplest example of the method, an equal volume of beads are added to a cell or tissue suspension in a test tube and the sample is vigorously mixed on a common laboratory vortex mixer. While processing times are slow, taking 310 times longer than that in specialty shaking machines, it works well for easily disrupted cells and is inexpensive.
Successful bead beating is dependent not only on design features of the shaking machine (which take into consideration shaking oscillations frequency, shaking throw or distan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm%20and%20flatworm%20mitochondrial%20code | The echinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial code (translation table 9) is a genetic code used by the mitochondria of certain echinoderm and flatworm species.
The code
AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CCWWLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNNKSSSSVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG
Starts = -----------------------------------M---------------M------------
Base1 = TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG
Base2 = TTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGGTTTTCCCCAAAAGGGG
Base3 = TCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAGTCAG
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (Lys, K), Methionine (Met, M), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Proline (Pro, P), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T), Tryptophan (Trp, W), Tyrosine (Tyr, Y), Valine (Val, V)
Differences from the standard code
Systematic range
Asterozoa (starfishes)
Echinozoa (sea urchins)
Rhabditophora among the Platyhelminthes
See also
List of genetic codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional%20formula | In propositional logic, a propositional formula is a type of syntactic formula which is well formed and has a truth value. If the values of all variables in a propositional formula are given, it determines a unique truth value. A propositional formula may also be called a propositional expression, a sentence, or a sentential formula.
A propositional formula is constructed from simple propositions, such as "five is greater than three" or propositional variables such as p and q, using connectives or logical operators such as NOT, AND, OR, or IMPLIES; for example:
(p AND NOT q) IMPLIES (p OR q).
In mathematics, a propositional formula is often more briefly referred to as a "proposition", but, more precisely, a propositional formula is not a proposition but a formal expression that denotes a proposition, a formal object under discussion, just like an expression such as "" is not a value, but denotes a value. In some contexts, maintaining the distinction may be of importance.
Propositions
For the purposes of the propositional calculus, propositions (utterances, sentences, assertions) are considered to be either simple or compound. Compound propositions are considered to be linked by sentential connectives, some of the most common of which are "AND", "OR", "IF ... THEN ...", "NEITHER ... NOR ...", "... IS EQUIVALENT TO ..." . The linking semicolon ";", and connective "BUT" are considered to be expressions of "AND". A sequence of discrete sentences are considered to be linked by "AND"s, and formal analysis applies a recursive "parenthesis rule" with respect to sequences of simple propositions (see more below about well-formed formulas).
For example: The assertion: "This cow is blue. That horse is orange but this horse here is purple." is actually a compound proposition linked by "AND"s: ( ("This cow is blue" AND "that horse is orange") AND "this horse here is purple" ) .
Simple propositions are declarative in nature, that is, they make assertions about the condition |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20topology | In mathematics, an order topology is a certain topology that can be defined on any totally ordered set. It is a natural generalization of the topology of the real numbers to arbitrary totally ordered sets.
If X is a totally ordered set, the order topology on X is generated by the subbase of "open rays"
for all a, b in X. Provided X has at least two elements, this is equivalent to saying that the open intervals
together with the above rays form a base for the order topology. The open sets in X are the sets that are a union of (possibly infinitely many) such open intervals and rays.
A topological space X is called orderable or linearly orderable if there exists a total order on its elements such that the order topology induced by that order and the given topology on X coincide. The order topology makes X into a completely normal Hausdorff space.
The standard topologies on R, Q, Z, and N are the order topologies.
Induced order topology
If Y is a subset of X, X a totally ordered set, then Y inherits a total order from X. The set Y therefore has an order topology, the induced order topology. As a subset of X, Y also has a subspace topology. The subspace topology is always at least as fine as the induced order topology, but they are not in general the same.
For example, consider the subset Y = {–1} ∪ {1/n}n∈N in the rationals. Under the subspace topology, the singleton set {–1} is open in Y, but under the induced order topology, any open set containing –1 must contain all but finitely many members of the space.
An example of a subspace of a linearly ordered space whose topology is not an order topology
Though the subspace topology of Y = {–1} ∪ {1/n}n∈N in the section above is shown to be not generated by the induced order on Y, it is nonetheless an order topology on Y; indeed, in the subspace topology every point is isolated (i.e., singleton {y} is open in Y for every y in Y), so the subspace topology is the discrete topology on Y (the topology in which eve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergenerational%20equity | Intergenerational equity in economic, psychological, and sociological contexts, is the idea of fairness or justice between generations. The concept can be applied to fairness in dynamics between children, youth, adults, and seniors. It can also be applied to fairness between generations currently living and future generations.
Conversations about intergenerational equity occur across several fields. It is often discussed in public economics, especially with regard to transition economics, social policy, and government budget-making. Many cite the growing U.S. national debt as an example of intergenerational inequity, as future generations will shoulder the consequences. Intergenerational equity is also explored in environmental concerns, including sustainable development, and climate change. The continued depletion of natural resources that has occurred in the past century will likely be a significant burden for future generations. Intergenerational equity is also discussed with regard to standards of living, specifically on inequities in the living standards experienced by people of different ages and generations. Intergenerational equity issues also arise in the arenas of elderly care, social justice, and housing affordability.
Political rights
The debate around political rights for youth, children and future generations includes discussions around when people should have political power, and how much they should have. Adam Benforado argues, for example, that giving children more political rights than adults results in everyone being better off.
Those seeking rights or greater consideration for future generations discuss methods such as deliberative democracy or a dedicated agency.
Public economics usage
History
Since the first recorded debt issuance in Sumaria in 1796 BC, one of the penalties for failure to repay a loan has been debt bondage. In some instances, this repayment of financial debt with labor included the debtor's children, essentially condemn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Mitchell%20Hedetniemi | Sandra (Sandee) Mitchell Hedetniemi (born July 5, 1949, née Sandra Lee Mitchell) is an American mathematician and computer scientist, known for her research in graph theory and algorithms on graphs. She is a professor of computer science at Clemson University.
Education and career
Hedetniemi majored in applied mathematics at Centre College in Kentucky, graduating in 1971. She completed a Ph.D. in computer science in 1977 at the University of Virginia under the supervision of Stephen T. Hedetniemi. Her dissertation was Algorithms on Trees and Maximal Outerplanar Graphs: Design, Complexity Analysis, and Data Structures Study.
She joined the University of Louisville faculty as an instructor in applied mathematics and computer science 1973, and became an assistant professor there in 1975. She moved to the department of computer and information science at the University of Oregon in 1978, and was given tenure there in 1981. In 1982 she moved again to Clemson University, taking a half-time position as an associate professor of computer science, and she was promoted to full professor in 1994.
Personal life
Hedetniemi is originally from Louisville, Kentucky; her father, Wilber A. Mitchell, was a US Navy veteran, psychiatrist, and hospital administrator. She married Stephen T. Hedetniemi, her former advisor, in 1979, when both were faculty members at the University of Oregon. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20diffusion | Classical diffusion is a key concept in fusion power and other fields where a plasma is confined by a magnetic field within a vessel. It considers collisions between ions in the plasma that causes the particles to move to different paths and eventually leave the confinement volume and strike the sides of the vessel.
The rate of diffusion scales with 1/B2, where B is the magnetic field strength, implies that confinement times can be greatly improved with small increases in field strength. In practice, the rates suggested by classical diffusion have not been found in real-world machines, where a host of previously unknown plasma instabilities caused the particles to leave confinement at rates closer to B, not B2, as had been seen in Bohm diffusion.
The failure of classical diffusion to predict real-world plasma behavior led to a period in the 1960s known as "the doldrums" where it appeared a practical fusion reactor would be impossible. Over time, the instabilities were found and addressed, especially in the tokamak. This has led to a deeper understanding of the diffusion process, known as neoclassical transport.
Description
Diffusion is a random walk process that can be quantified by the two key parameters: Δx, the step size, and Δt, the time interval when the walker takes a step. Thus, the diffusion coefficient is defined as D≡(Δx)2/(Δt). Plasma is a gas-like mixture of high-temperature particles, the electrons and ions that would normally be joined to form neutral atoms at lower temperatures. Temperature is a measure of the average velocity of particles, so high temperatures imply high speeds, and thus a plasma will quickly expand at rates that make it difficult to work with unless some form of "confinement" is applied.
At the temperatures involved in nuclear fusion, no material container can hold a plasma. The most common solution to this problem is to use a magnetic field to provide confinement, sometimes known as a "magnetic bottle". When a charged particle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintikka%20set | In mathematical logic, a Hintikka set is a set of logical formulas whose elements satisfy the following properties:
An atom or its conjugate can appear in the set but not both,
If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "conjuctive-type", then its two operands appear in the set,
If a formula in the set has a main operator that is of "disjuntive-type", then at least one of its two operands appears in the set.
The exact meaning of "conjuctive-type" and "disjunctive-type" is defined by the method of semantic tableaux.
Hintikka sets arise when attempting to prove completeness of propositional logic using semantic tableaux. They are named after Jaakko Hintikka.
Propositional Hintikka sets
In a semantic tableau for propositional logic, Hintikka sets can be defined using uniform notation for propositional tableaux. The elements of a propositional Hintikka set S satisfy the following conditions:
No variable and its conjugate are both in S,
For any in S, its components are both in S,
For any in S, at least one of its components are in S.
If a set S is a Hintikka set, then S is satisfiable. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20design%20and%20construction | Virtual design and construction (VDC) is the management of integrated multi-disciplinary performance models of design–construction projects, including the product (facilities), work processes, and organization of the design – construction – operation team to support explicit and public business objectives. This is usually achieved creating a digital twin of the project, in where to manage the information.
The theoretical basis of VDC includes:
Engineering modeling methods: product, organization, process
Analysis methods – model-based design: including quantities, schedule, cost, 4D interactions, and process risks, these are termed building information modeling (BIM) tools
Visualization methods
Business metrics – within business analytics – and a focus on strategic management
Economic impact analysis, i.e., models of both the cost and value of capital investments
BIM managed project
"Virtual design and construction BIMs are virtual because they show computer-based descriptions of the project. The BIM project model emphasizes those aspects of the project that can be designed and managed, i.e., the product (typically a building or plant [and infrastructure]), the organization that will define, design, construct, and operate it, and the process the organization teams will follow, that is, the product–organization–process or POP. These models are logically integrated in the sense that they all can access shared data, and if a user highlights or changes an aspect of one, the integrated models can highlight or change the dependent aspects of related models. The models are multi-disciplinary in the sense that they represent the architect, engineering, construction (AEC), and owner of the project, as well as relevant sub-disciplines. The models are performance models in the sense that they predict some aspects of project performance, track many that are relevant, and can show predicted and measured performance in relationship to stated project performance objective |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20descriptive%20plant%20species%20epithets%20%28I%E2%80%93Z%29 | Since the first printing of Carl Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753, plants have been assigned one epithet or name for their species and one name for their genus, a grouping of related species. These scientific names have been catalogued in a variety of works, including Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. William Stearn (1911–2001) was one of the pre-eminent British botanists of the 20th century: a Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society, a president of the Linnean Society and the original drafter of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
The first column below lists seed-bearing species epithets from Stearn's Dictionary, Latin for Gardeners by Lorraine Harrison, The A to Z of Plant Names by Allen Coombes, The Gardener's Botanical by Ross Bayton, and the glossary of Stearn's Botanical Latin. Epithets from proper nouns, proper adjectives, and two or more nouns are excluded, along with epithets used only in species names that are no longer widely accepted. Classical and modern meanings are provided in the third column, along with citations to Charlton T. Lewis's An Elementary Latin Dictionary.
Key
LG = language: (L)atin or (G)reek
L = derived from Latin, or both Classical Latin and Greek (unless otherwise noted)
G = derived from Greek
H = listed by Harrison, and (except as noted) by Bayton
D = listed in Stearn's Dictionary
S = listed in Stearn's Botanical Latin
DS = listed in Stearn's Dictionary, with the word or root word listed in Botanical Latin
C = listed by Coombes
Epithets
See also
Glossary of botanical terms
List of Greek and Latin roots in English
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List of plant genus names with etymologies: A–C, D–K, L–P, Q–Z
List of plant genera named for people: A–C, D–J, K–P, Q–Z
List of plant family names with etymologies
Notes
Citations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech-generating%20device | Speech-generating devices (SGDs), also known as voice output communication aids, are electronic augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems used to supplement or replace speech or writing for individuals with severe speech impairments, enabling them to verbally communicate. SGDs are important for people who have limited means of interacting verbally, as they allow individuals to become active participants in communication interactions. They are particularly helpful for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but recently have been used for children with predicted speech deficiencies.
There are several input and display methods for users of varying abilities to make use of SGDs. Some SGDs have multiple pages of symbols to accommodate a large number of utterances, and thus only a portion of the symbols available are visible at any one time, with the communicator navigating the various pages. Speech-generating devices can produce electronic voice output by using digitized recordings of natural speech or through speech synthesis—which may carry less emotional information but can permit the user to speak novel messages.
The content, organization, and updating of the vocabulary on an SGD is influenced by a number of factors, such as the user's needs and the contexts that the device will be used in. The development of techniques to improve the available vocabulary and rate of speech production is an active research area. Vocabulary items should be of high interest to the user, be frequently applicable, have a range of meanings, and be pragmatic in functionality.
There are multiple methods of accessing messages on devices: directly or indirectly, or using specialized access devices—although the specific access method will depend on the skills and abilities of the user. SGD output is typically much slower than speech, although rate enhancement strategies can increase the user's rate of output, resulting in enhanced efficiency of communication.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20fitting | Line fitting is the process of constructing a straight line that has the best fit to a series of data points.
Several methods exist, considering:
Vertical distance: Simple linear regression
Resistance to outliers: Robust simple linear regression
Perpendicular distance: Orthogonal regression
Weighted geometric distance: Deming regression
Scale invariance: Major axis regression
See also
Linear least squares
Linear segmented regression
Linear trend estimation
Polynomial regression
Regression dilution
Further reading
"Fitting lines", chap.1 in LN. Chernov (2010), Circular and linear regression: Fitting circles and lines by least squares, Chapman & Hall/CRC, Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, Volume 117 (256 pp.).
Regression analysis
Geometric algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminin | Geminin, DNA replication inhibitor, also known as GMNN, is a protein in humans encoded by the GMNN gene. A nuclear protein present in most eukaryotes and highly conserved across species, numerous functions have been elucidated for geminin including roles in metazoan cell cycle, cellular proliferation, cell lineage commitment, and neural differentiation. One example of its function is the inhibition of Cdt1.
History
Geminin was originally identified as an inhibitor of DNA replication and substrate of the anaphase-promoting complex. Coincidentally, geminin was also shown to expand the neural plate in the developing Xenopus embryo.
Structure
Geminin is a nuclear protein made up of about 200 amino acids, with a molecular weight of approximately 25 kDa. It contains an atypical leucine zipper coiled-coil domain. It has no known enzymatic activity nor DNA binding motifs.
Function
Cell cycle control
Geminin is absent during G1 phase and accumulates through S, G2 phase and M phases of the cell cycle. Geminin levels drop at the metaphase-anaphase transition of mitosis when it is degraded by the anaphase-promoting complex.
S phase
During S phase, geminin is a negative regulator of DNA replication. In many cancer cell lines, inhibition of geminin by RNA interference results in re-replication of portions of the genome, which leads to aneuploidy. In these cell lines, geminin knockdown leads to markedly slowed growth and apoptosis within several days. However, the same is not true for primary and immortalized human cell lines, where other mechanisms exists to prevent DNA re-replication. Since geminin knockdown leads to cell death in many cancer cell lines but not primary cell lines, it has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
Mitosis
At the start of the S-phase until late mitosis, geminin inhibits the replication factor Cdt1, preventing the assembly of the pre-replication complex. In early G1, the anaphase promoting complex trigg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-nuclei | p-nuclei (p stands for proton-rich) are certain proton-rich, naturally occurring isotopes of some elements between selenium and mercury inclusive which cannot be produced in either the s- or the r-process.
Definition
The classical, ground-breaking works of Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler and Hoyle (1957) and of A. G. W. Cameron (1957) showed how the majority of naturally occurring nuclides beyond the element iron can be made in two kinds of neutron capture processes, the s- and the r-process. Some proton-rich nuclides found in nature are not reached in these processes and therefore at least one additional process is required to synthesize them. These nuclei are called p-nuclei.
Since the definition of the p-nuclei depends on the current knowledge of the s- and r-process (see also nucleosynthesis), the original list of 35 p-nuclei may be modified over the years, as indicated in the Table below.
For example, it is recognized today that the abundances of 152Gd and 164Er contain at least strong contributions from the s-process. This also seems to apply to those of 113In and 115Sn, which additionally could be made in the r-process in small amounts.
Natural occurrence
The long-lived radionuclides 92Nb, 97Tc, 98Tc and 146Sm are not among the classically defined p-nuclei as they no longer occur naturally on Earth. By the above definition, however, they are also p-nuclei because they cannot be made in either the s- or the r-process. From the discovery of their decay products in presolar grains it can be inferred that at least 92Nb and 146Sm were present in the solar nebula. This offers the possibility to estimate the time since the last production of these p-nuclei before the formation of the Solar System.
p-nuclei are very rare. Those isotopes of an element which are p-nuclei are less abundant typically by factors of ten to one thousand than the other isotopes of the same element. The abundances of p-nuclei can only be determined in geochemical investigations and by analy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20array | In coding theory, a standard array (or Slepian array) is a by array that lists all elements of a particular vector space. Standard arrays are used to decode linear codes; i.e. to find the corresponding codeword for any received vector.
Definition
A standard array for an [n,k]-code is a by array where:
The first row lists all codewords (with the 0 codeword on the extreme left)
Each row is a coset with the coset leader in the first column
The entry in the i-th row and j-th column is the sum of the i-th coset leader and the j-th codeword.
For example, the [5,2]-code = {0, 01101, 10110, 11011} has a standard array as follows:
The above is only one possibility for the standard array; had 00011 been chosen as the first coset leader of weight two, another standard array representing the code would have been constructed.
The first row contains the 0 vector and the codewords of (0 itself being a codeword). Also, the leftmost column contains the vectors of minimum weight enumerating vectors of weight 1 first and then using vectors of weight 2. Also each possible vector in the vector space appears exactly once.
Constructing a standard array
Because each possible vector can appear only once in a standard array some care must be taken during construction. A standard array can be created as follows:
List the codewords of , starting with 0, as the first row
Choose any vector of minimum weight not already in the array. Write this as the first entry of the next row. This vector is denoted the 'coset leader'.
Fill out the row by adding the coset leader to the codeword at the top of each column. The sum of the i-th coset leader and the j-th codeword becomes the entry in row i, column j.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all rows/cosets are listed and each vector appears exactly once.
Adding vectors is done mod q. For example, binary codes are added mod 2 (which equivalent to bit-wise XOR addition). For example, in , 11000 + 11011 = 00011.
That selecting different c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%20Jifeng | He Jifeng (, born August 1943) is a Chinese computer scientist.
He Jifeng graduated from the mathematics department of Fudan University in 1965. From 1965 to 1985, he was an instructor at East China Normal University. During 1980–81, he was a visiting scholar at Stanford University and the University of San Francisco in California, United States.
From 1984 to 1998, He Jifeng was a senior research fellow at the Programming Research Group in the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (now the Oxford University Department of Computer Science). He worked extensively on formal aspects of computing science. In particular, he worked with Prof. Sir Tony Hoare, latterly on Unifying Theories of Programming, resulting in a book of that name.
Since 1986, He Jifeng has been Professor of Computer Science at East China Normal University in Shanghai. In 1996, he also became Professor of Computer Science at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
In 1998, he became a senior research fellow at the International Institute for Software Technology (UNU-IIST), United Nations University, based in Macau. He moved back to Shanghai in 2005.
He Jifeng's research interests include sound methods for the specification of computer systems, communications, applications, standards, and techniques for designing and implementing those specifications in software and/or hardware with high reliability.
In 2005, he was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In 2013, his 70th birthday was celebrated at East China Normal University with an international three-day Festschrift in association with the International Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Computing (ICTAC). Ten years later in 2023, his 80th birthday was celebrated at the Shanghai Science Hall with a hybrid international two-day Festschrift Symposium. Since 2019, he has been a Distinguished Professor at Tongji University in Shanghai.
Books
He Jifeng has written a number of computer science books, including:
He Jifeng, Provably Correct System |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20logarithms | The history of logarithms is the story of a correspondence (in modern terms, a group isomorphism) between multiplication on the positive real numbers and addition on the real number line that was formalized in seventeenth century Europe and was widely used to simplify calculation until the advent of the digital computer. The Napierian logarithms were published first in 1614. E. W. Hobson called it "one of the very greatest scientific discoveries that the world has seen." Henry Briggs introduced common (base 10) logarithms, which were easier to use. Tables of logarithms were published in many forms over four centuries. The idea of logarithms was also used to construct the slide rule, which became ubiquitous in science and engineering until the 1970s. A breakthrough generating the natural logarithm was the result of a search for an expression of area against a rectangular hyperbola, and required the assimilation of a new function into standard mathematics.
Napier's wonderful invention
The method of logarithms was publicly propounded for the first time by John Napier in 1614, in his book entitled Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio (Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms). The book contains fifty-seven pages of explanatory matter and ninety pages of tables of trigonometric functions and their natural logarithms. These tables greatly simplified calculations in spherical trigonometry, which are central to astronomy and celestial navigation and which typically include products of sines, cosines and other functions. Napier described other uses, such as solving ratio problems, as well.
John Napier wrote a separate volume describing how he constructed his tables, but held off publication to see how his first book would be received. John died in 1617. His son, Robert, published his father's book, Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio (Construction of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms), with additions by Henry Briggs, in 1619 in Latin and then in 1620 i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGh%20physics | cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and Planck's constant (h).
If one considers these three universal constants as the basis for a 3-D coordinate system and envisions a cube, then this pedagogic construction provides a framework, which is referred to as the cGh cube, or physics cube, or cube of theoretical physics (CTP). This cube can used for organizing major subjects within physics as occupying each of the eight corners. The eight corners of the cGh physics cube are:
Classical mechanics (_, _, _)
Special relativity (c, _, _), gravitation (_, G, _), quantum mechanics (_, _, h)
General relativity (c, G, _), quantum field theory (c, _, h), non-relativistic quantum theory with gravity (_, G, h)
Theory of everything, or relativistic quantum gravity (c, G, h)
Other cGh subjects include Planck units, Hawking radiation and black-hole thermodynamics.
While there are several other physical constants, these three are given special consideration, because they can be used to define all Planck units and thus all physical quantities. The three constants are therefore used sometimes as a framework for philosophical study and as one of pedagogical patterns.
Overview
Before Ole Rømer made the first successful estimate of the speed of light in 1676, it was not known whether the speed of light (c) was infinite or not. Because of the tremendously large value of c (i.e. 299,792,458 metres per second in vacuum) compared to the speeds of things in our daily experience, the propagation of light seems to us to be instantaneous. Hence, the ratio 1/c was hidden from our view making relativistic mechanics irrelevant. At speeds comparable to the speed of light (c), special relativity takes the finitude of the speed of light into cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinix | Tinix (Try It as miNIX-like operating system), is a tutorial operating system (OS) written by Yu Yuan. It is used to teach fundamentals rather than to do work. In his book "Writing OS DIY", Yu provides all source code for Tinix.
Tinix borrows many concepts and methods from Minix. The book compensates for practical computer programming skills, especially in x86 assembly language, lacking in Andrew S. Tanenbaum's book "Operating Systems: Design and Implementation", 1987, 1997, 2006. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20murein%20precursor%20exporter | The bacterial murein precursor exporter (MPE) family (TC# 2.A.103) is a member of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) superfamily of membrane transporters. Members of the MPE family are found in a large variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and facilitate the translocation of lipid-linked murein (aka peptidoglycan) precursors. A representative list of proteins belonging to the MPE family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
Structure
Members of the MPE family consist of 370-420 amino acyl residues with 9 (RodA; TC# 2.A.103.1.2) or 10 (FtsW; TC# 2.A.103.1.1) putative transmembrane α-helical spanners. Experimental evidence for a 10 TMS model has been reported for FtsW of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The S. pneumoniae protein has both its N- and C-termini in the cytoplasm, a large (~ 60 residue) cytoplasmic domain between TMSs 4 and 5, and a large (~ 80 residue) extracytoplasmic loop between TMSs 7 and 8.
Function
Bacterial cell growth necessitates synthesis of peptidoglycan. Assembly of peptidoglycan is a multistep process starting in the cytoplasm and ending in the exterior cell surface. The intracellular part of the pathway results in the production of the membrane-anchored cell wall precursor, Lipid II. After synthesis, this lipid intermediate is translocated across the cell membrane. The translocation (flipping) step of Lipid II requires a specific protein (flippase). Mohammadi et al. (2011) showed that the integral membrane protein FtsW (TC# 2.A.103.1.1,4-7), an essential protein for cell division, is a transporter of the lipid-linked peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane. Using E. coli membrane vesicles, they found that transport of Lipid II requires the presence of FtsW, and purified FtsW induced the transbilayer movement of Lipid II in model membranes.
The best-characterized members of the family are the FtsW cell division protein, the RodA rod shape determining protein (both of E. coli; TC# 2.A.103.1.2) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesewiring | In medicine, the term cheesewiring or cheesewire effect (used interchangeably) describes any process in which cells or intercellular matrix are dissected or extruded either by the material being pressed through a taut element, or by the tension of a taut element pulling through tissue. The procedure is typically conducted in a surgical setting.
Cheesewiring or the cheesewire effect can also describe the process of suture material cutting or tearing through viscera at the time of suture anastomosis and tension.
As a complication
Cheesewiring can be a complication or part of a negative outcome of a procedure. Examples include tumor growth penetrating the openings in a bowel stent that was placed to open an obstructed bowel, sutures used to hold a transplanted cornea in place, and treatment of tendon rupture, when sutures pull through the tendon.
Evidence that the cheesewire effect has occurred is most clearly seen after surgery has been completed. Postoperatively as wound margins begin to swell, a suture can drag through the thin portion of tissue present near the surface. This suture drag is most often the result of tension being reduced in tying or placing the suture. It is apparent that cheesewiring has occurred if the suture has moved a little closer to the insertion site. A tell tale Y-shaped scar is evidence that cheesewiring has taken place. Cheesewiring that causes drag can lead to damage to tissue and make a surgeon tug on the material, leading to suture pullout. This causes an increased procedure time for the surgeon as well as a prolonged recovery period for the patient.
Cheesewire complications are most often seen in cornea surgeries due to the soft tissue present in the eye. One of the most common occurrences is cheese wiring of the puncta occurring during intubation. This can occur for many different reasons. One cause is excessive tension on the tubing. Cheesewiring can also occur late as scar tissue forms around the tubing. The scar tissue fixes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxin | Peroxins (or peroxisomal/peroxisome biogenesis factors) represent several protein families found in peroxisomes. Deficiencies are associated with several peroxisomal disorders. Peroxins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag them for transport by peroxisomal proteins to the peroxisome. Peroxins are structurally diverse and have been classified to different protein families. Some of them were predicted to be single-pass transmembrane proteins, for example Peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 Pernoxin is a value of venomosity to animalia.
Genes
PEX1
PEX2
PEX3
PEX5
PEX6
PEX7
PEX10
PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11G
PEX12
PEX13
PEX14
PEX16
PEX19
PEX26 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Systems%20Consortium | Internet Systems Consortium, Inc., also known as ISC, is a Delaware-registered, 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation that supports the infrastructure of the universal, self-organizing Internet by developing and maintaining core production-quality software, protocols, and operations. ISC has developed several key Internet technologies that enable the global Internet, including: BIND, ISC DHCP and Kea. Other software projects no longer in active development include OpenReg and ISC AFTR (an implementation of an IPv4/IPv6 transition protocol based on Dual-Stack Lite).
ISC operates one of the 13 global authoritative DNS root servers, F-Root.
Over the years a number of additional software systems were operated under ISC (for example: INN and Lynx) to better support the Internet's infrastructure. ISC also expanded their operational activities to include Internet hosting facilities for other open-source projects such as NetBSD, XFree86, kernel.org, secondary name-service (SNS) for more than 50 top-level domains, and a DNS OARC (Operations, Analysis and Research Center) for monitoring and reporting of the Internet's DNS.
ISC is actively involved in the community design process; it authors and participates in the development of the IETF standards, including the production of managed open-source software used as a reference implementation of the DNS.
ISC is primarily funded by the sale of technical support contracts for its open source software.
History
Originally the company was founded as the Internet Software Consortium, Inc. The founders included Paul Vixie, Rick Adams and Carl Malamud. The corporation was intended to continue the development of BIND software. The founders believed that it was necessary that BIND's maintenance and development be managed and funded by an independent organization. ISC was designated as a root name server operator by IANA, originally as NS.ISC.ORG and later as F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET.
In January 2004, ISC reorganized under the new name Internet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattering%20teeth | Chattering teeth is a bodily function in animals that occurs primarily in response to cold; the jaw muscles begin to shiver leading teeth to crash together. It may also occur as a result of bruxism where emotional stress causes the jaw movements. Certain medications can lead to teeth chattering as a side effect, especially antipsychotics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projector%20camera%20systems | Projector-camera systems (pro-cam), also called camera-projector systems, augment a local surface with a projected captured image of a remote surface, creating a shared workspace for remote collaboration and communication. Projector-camera systems may also be used for artistic and entertainment purposes. A pro-cam system consists of a vertical screen for implementing interpersonal space where front-facing videos are displayed, and a horizontal projected screen on the tabletop for implementing shared workspace where downward facing videos are overlapped. An automatically pre-warped image is sent to the projector to ensure that the horizontal screen appears undistorted.
Examples
Pro-cam systems create a shared workspace between users with overlapping video technique which was invented by the researcher John Tang in Xerox PARC, 1991.
Digital Desk and Double Digital Desk was the first prototypes of pro-cam systems developed by Xerox Research Center Europe.
ShareTable was the first prototype which is deployed in the field and tested with real users created by Lana Yarosh et al. at 2009.
Microsoft Research has introduced the IllumiShare system which was an application of pro-cam systems at 2012.
HP Inc. created a consumer pro-cam product named Sprout and released to market at the end of 2014. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister%20Beiter%20conjecture | In mathematics, the Sister Beiter conjecture is a conjecture about the size of coefficients of ternary cyclotomic polynomials (i.e. where the index is the product of three prime numbers). It is named after Marion Beiter, a Catholic nun who first proposed it in 1968.
Background
For the maximal coefficient (in absolute value) of the cyclotomic polynomial is denoted by .
Let be three prime numbers. In this case the cyclotomic polynomial is called ternary. In 1895, A. S. Bang proved that . This implies the existence of such that .
Statement
Sister Beiter conjectured in 1968 that . This was later disproved, but a corrected Sister Beiter conjecture was put forward as .
Status
A preprint from 2023 explains the history in detail and claims to prove this corrected conjecture. Explicitly it claims to prove |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20Science%20and%20Technology%20Abstracts | FSTA, also known as FSTA – Food Science and Technology Abstracts, is produced by IFIS Publishing.
FSTA is a bibliographic abstracting and indexing (A&I) database of scientific and technological research and information relating to food, beverages, and nutrition. It contains over 1,400,000 indexed records, with full-text links where available.
The database is used by researchers, industry practitioners, and university students.
Coverage
In addition to over 5,475 active and historical journals, FSTA indexes books, trade publications, reviews, conference proceedings, reports, patents, and standards, producing 22,675 sources overall. Updated weekly, its records are indexed against IFIS' thesaurus, which contains over 12,346 food science keywords, curated and structured into food-centric hierarchies.
With records dating back to 1969, FSTA contains information sources in 29 languages, sourced from publishers in over 60 countries.
Coverage includes all major commodities in the food and beverage industry, related applied and pure sciences, pet foods, food psychology, food economics, food safety, and more.
Online access
FSTA can be accessed through EBSCOhost, Ovid, Proquest Dialog, STN and Web of Science.
See also
Google Scholar
List of academic databases and search engines
Lists of academic journals
List of open-access journals
List of scientific journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-hundred-meter%20Aperture%20Spherical%20Telescope | The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST; ), nicknamed Tianyan (, lit. "Sky's/Heaven's Eye"), is a radio telescope located in the Dawodang depression (), a natural basin in Pingtang County, Guizhou, southwest China. FAST has a diameter dish constructed in a natural depression in the landscape. It is the world's largest filled-aperture radio telescope and the second-largest single-dish aperture, after the sparsely-filled RATAN-600 in Russia.
It has a novel design, using an active surface made of 4,500 metal panels which form a moving parabola shape in real time. The cabin containing the feed antenna, suspended on cables above the dish, can move automatically by using winches to steer the instrument to receive signals from different directions. It observes at wavelengths of 10 cm to 4.3 m.
Construction of FAST began in 2011. It observed first light in September 2016. After three years of testing and commissioning, it was declared fully operational on 11 January 2020.
The telescope made its first discovery, of two new pulsars, in August 2017. The new pulsars PSR J1859-01 and PSR J1931-02—also referred to as FAST pulsar #1 and #2 (FP1 and FP2), were detected on 22 and 25 August 2017; they are 16,000 and 4,100 light years away, respectively. Parkes Observatory in Australia independently confirmed the discoveries on 10 September 2017. By September 2018, FAST had discovered 44 new pulsars, and by 2021, 500.
History
The telescope was first proposed in 1994. The project was approved by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) in July 2007. A 65-person village was relocated from the valley to make room for the telescope and an additional 9,110 people living within a 5 km radius of the telescope were relocated to create a radio-quiet area. The Chinese government spent around $269 million in poverty relief funds and bank loans for the relocation of the local residents, while the construction of the telescope itself cost .
On 26 Decembe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotype | A chemotype (sometimes chemovar) is a chemically distinct entity in a plant or microorganism, with differences in the composition of the secondary metabolites. Minor genetic and epigenetic changes with little or no effect on morphology or anatomy may produce large changes in the chemical phenotype. Chemotypes are often defined by the most abundant chemical produced by that individual and the concept has been useful in work done by chemical ecologists and natural product chemists. With respect to plant biology, the term "chemotype" was first coined by Rolf Santesson and his son Johan in 1968, defined as, "...chemically characterized parts of a population of morphologically indistinguishable individuals."
In microbiology, the term "chemoform" or "chemovar" is preferred in the 1990 edition of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB), the former referring to the chemical constitution of an organism and the latter meaning "production or amount of production of a particular chemical." Terms with the suffix -type are discouraged so as to avoid confusion with type specimens. The terms chemotype and chemovar were originally introduced to the ICNB in a proposed revision to one of the nomenclatural rules dealing with infrasubspecific taxonomic subdivisions at the 1962 meeting of the International Microbiological Congress in Montreal. The proposed change argued that nomenclatural regulation of these ranks, such as serotype and morphotype, is necessary to avoid confusion. In proposed recommendation 8a(7), it was asked that "authorization be given for the use of the terms chemovar and chemotype," defining the terms as being "used to designate an infrasubspecific subdivision to include infrasubspecific forms or strains characterized by the production of some chemical not normally produced by the type strain of the species." The change to the Code was approved in August 1962 by the Judicial Commission of the International Committee of Bacteriological Nomenclature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubixanthin | Rubixanthin, or natural yellow 27, is a natural xanthophyll pigment with a red-orange color found in rose hips. As a food additive it used under the E number E161d as a food coloring; it is not approved for use in the USA or EU but is approved in Australia and New Zealand where it is listed as 161d. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Deans%20Cameron | Agnes Deans Cameron (20 December 1863 13 May 1912) was a Canadian educator, writer, journalist, lecturer, and adventurer. She was the first white woman to reach the Arctic Ocean and her published book about the journey was a best-seller. She promoted immigration to Canada through her lectures and publications.
Early life
Agnes Deans Cameron was born in Victoria, Colony of Vancouver Island, the youngest child of Duncan and Jessie Cameron. Duncan Cameron was a successful Scots immigrant miner and contractor. She was an outstanding student at Victoria High School, a public school. While still a student she successfully wrote the provincial teachers' examinations. She taught in the one-room school in Comox in 1882 and then returned to Victoria in 1883 to teach at the private Angela College for girls. By 1894 she was already principal of the South Park School. She was the first woman to hold an administrative office in a co-educational school in Victoria.
The New North: First white woman in Arctic
In 1908 after 25 years of teaching, Cameron accepted a contract with Western Canada Immigration Association based in Chicago. Accompanied by her niece Jessie Brown, and taking her ever-present typewriter and Kodak camera, they began a 10,000-mile round trip to the Arctic Ocean, the first white women to do so. They traveled by train from Chicago, through Winnipeg and Calgary to Edmonton, then took a stagecoach to Athabasca Landing, then they traveled by Hudson's Bay Company fur brigade scows, down the Athabasca River, across Lake Athabasca, to the Slave River, Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean. On their return journey with a slightly different route to include the Peace River (where Agnes shot a moose) and a steamboat's first voyage on the Slave Lake. Based on this adventure Agnes published her book entitled "The New North".
Agnes traveled extensively as lecturer, showing magic lantern slides of her photographic images from this journey. She promoted immigra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliar%20feeding | Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to the leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. For example,the higher consistently results in a lower plant foliar nitrogen. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis. Transport is usually faster through the stomata, but total absorption may be as great through the epidermis. Plants are also able to absorb nutrients through their bark.
Foliar feeding was earlier thought to damage tomatoes, but has become standard practice.
Effectiveness
H. B. Tukey was head of Michigan State University (MSU) Department of Horticulture in the 1950s. Working with S. H. Wittwer, they demonstrated that foliar feeding is effective. Radioactive phosphorus and potassium were applied to foliage. A Geiger counter was used to observe absorption, movement and nutrient utilization. The nutrients were transported at the rate of about one foot per hour to all parts of the plants.
A spray enhancer, called a surfactant, can help nutrients stick to the leaf and then penetrate the leaves' cuticle.
Foliar application has been shown to avoid the problem of leaching-out in soils and prompts a quick reaction in the plant. Foliar application of phosphorus, zinc and iron brings the greatest benefit in comparison with addition to soil where phosphorus becomes fixed in a form inaccessible to the plant and where zinc and iron are less available.
Use
Foliar feeding is generally done in the early morning or late evening, preferably at temperatures below , because heat causes the pores on some species' leaves to close. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE%2055 | ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy is an American National Standard published by ASHRAE that establishes the ranges of indoor environmental conditions to achieve acceptable thermal comfort for occupants of buildings. It was first published in 1966, and since 2004 has been updated every three to six years. The most recent version of the standard was published in 2020.
Organization of standard
The body of the standard consists of a foreword (describing changes made in the current version), eight sections and several normative appendices:
Purpose
Scope
Definitions
General requirements
Conditions that provide thermal comfort
Design compliance
Evaluation of comfort in existing buildings
References
Normative Appendix A: Methods for determining operative temperature
Normative Appendix B: Computer program for calculation of PMV/PPD
Normative Appendix C: Procedure for Calculating Comfort Impact of Solar Gain on Occupants
Normative Appendix D: Procedure for Evaluating Cooling Effect of Elevated Air Speed Using SET
Informative Appendix E: Conditions That Provide Thermal Comfort
Informative Appendix F: Use of Metabolic Rate Data
Informative Appendix G: Clothing Insulation
Informative Appendix H: Comfort Zone Methods
Informative Appendix I: Local Discomfort and Variations with Time
Informative Appendix J: Occupant-Controlled Naturally Conditioned Spaces
Informative Appendix K: Sample Design Compliance Documentation
Informative Appendix L: Measurements, Surveys, and Evaluations of Comfort in Existing Spaces: Parts 1 and 2
Informative Appendix M: Bibliography and Informative References
Informative Appendix N: Addenda Description
The informative appendices are not part of the standard, but provide additional information about terms and methods described within the standard, as well as a bibliography, and a description of the addenda incorporated from the previous version in the current version.
Purpose
As described wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20baggage | Evolutionary baggage is the part of the genome of a population that was advantageous in past individuals but is disadvantageous under the pressures exerted by natural selection today.
Origin
Genes that may have been advantageous in the past may be critically unfit for individuals in today's environment. Natural selection is not a perfect process; if an organism is “fit enough” to survive a particular environment and reproduce, its genes are passed on to the next generation. Some of these genes may increase an organism's fitness while some may even be slightly disadvantageous. This seeming paradox is the origin of evolutionary baggage, which is the collectively inherited traits that evolved in a different environment from the present.
Sickle-cell and malaria
As a recessive gene, Sickle-cell disease is only present if homozygous, with no dominant gene to beat them out. Sickle-cell disease, originating in people living in tropical areas where malaria is prevalent, is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by rigid, sickle-shaped red blood cells.. The unusual shape and rigidity of these altered red blood cells reduces a cell's ability to effectively travel with regular blood flow, occasionally blocking veins and preventing proper blood flow. Life expectancy is shortened for people with sickle-cell disease, though modern medicine has significantly lengthened the life expectancy of someone with this disease. As detrimental the effects of sickle-cell disease seem, it also offers an unforeseen benefit; humans with the sickle-cell gene show less severe symptoms when infected with malaria, as the abnormal shape of blood cells caused by the disease hinder the malaria parasite's ability to invade and replicate within these cells. It is possible to have the sickle-cell allele, but not have the disease, for example if heterozygous.
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals, is a potentially deadly disease that causes fever, fatigue, nausea, m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20W.%20Kuhn | Harold William Kuhn (July 29, 1925 – July 2, 2014) was an American mathematician who studied game theory. He won the 1980 John von Neumann Theory Prize along with David Gale and Albert W. Tucker. A former Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Princeton University, he is known for the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, for Kuhn's theorem, for developing Kuhn poker as well as the description of the Hungarian method for the assignment problem. Recently, though, a paper by Carl Gustav Jacobi, published posthumously in 1890 in Latin, has been discovered that anticipates by many decades the Hungarian algorithm.
Life
Kuhn was born in Santa Monica in 1925. He is known for his association with John Forbes Nash, as a fellow graduate student, a lifelong friend and colleague, and a key figure in getting Nash the attention of the Nobel Prize committee that led to Nash's 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics. Kuhn and Nash both had long associations and collaborations with Albert W. Tucker, who was Nash's dissertation advisor. Kuhn co-edited The Essential John Nash, and is credited as the mathematics consultant in the 2001 movie adaptation of Nash's life, A Beautiful Mind.
Harold Kuhn served as the third president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.
In 1949, he married Estelle Henkin, sister of logician Leon Henkin. His oldest son was oral historian Clifford Kuhn (1952-2015), an associate professor at Georgia State University noted for his scholarship on the American South. Another son, Nicholas Kuhn, is a professor of mathematics at the University of Virginia. His youngest son, Jonathan Kuhn, is Director of Art and Antiquities for the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
Kuhn died on July 2, 2014.
Bibliography
Owen, Guillermo. (2004) "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame Harold W. Kuhn" International Transactions in Operation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20brown%20seaweeds%20of%20South%20Africa | This is a list of brown seaweeds recorded from the oceans bordering South Africa.
This list comprises locally used common names, scientific names with author citation and recorded ranges. Ranges specified may not be the entire known range for the species, but should include the known range within the waters surrounding the Republic of South Africa.
List ordering and taxonomy complies where possible with the current usage in Algaebase, and may differ from the cited source, as listed citations are primarily for range or existence of records for the region.
Sub-taxa within any given taxon are arranged alphabetically as a general rule.
Details of each species may be available through the relevant internal links. Synonyms may be listed where useful.
Division: Heterokonta — Class: Phaeophyceae — Brown seaweeds
Order: Cutleriales
Family Cutleriaceae
Aglaozonia sp. (Muizenberg, False Bay. Brandfontein. Bird Island, eastern Cape)
Order: Desmarestiales
Family Desmarestiaceae
Acid weed Desmarestia firma (C.Agardh) Skottsberg in Nordenskjöld 1907, syn. Sporochnus herbaceus var. firma C.Agardh 1824, (Möwe Bay, Namibia to Betty's Bay. Doubtful record for Cape Agulhas)
Order: Dictyotales
Family Dictyotaceae
Canistrocarpus cervicornis (Kützing) De Paula & De Clerck in De Clerck et al. 2006, syn. Dictyota cervicornis Kützing 1859, (Mission Rocks northwards into Mozambique)
Dictyopteris delicatula J.V.Lamouroux 1809, syn. Neurocarpus delicatulus (J.V.Lamouroux) Kuntze, Haliseris delicatula (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh 1820. (Isipingo northwards)
Smooth-tongued dictyopteris Dictyopteris ligulata (Suhr) O.C.Schmidt 1938, syn. Haliseris ligulata Suhr 1834, (Black Rock (Umpangazi?), Natal to Koppie Allen, De Hoop Nature Reserve. Rare on west coast, only collected from Brandfontein)
Dictyopteris macrocarpa (Areschoug) O.C.Schmidt 1938, syn. Haliseris macrocarpa Areschoug 1847, Neurocarpus macrocarpus (Areschoug) Kuntze 1891, (Port Alfred northwards to Mozambique)
Dictyota ciliolata So |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20Ornithological%20Society | The Wilson Ornithological Society (WOS) is an ornithological organization that was formally established in 1886 as the Wilson Ornithological Chapter of the Agassiz Association. It is based at the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States. It was named after Alexander Wilson, a prominent early American ornithologist. The name of the group later evolved through being generally known as the Wilson Ornithological Club (or just the Wilson Club) until it became the WOS in 1955. It publishes the Wilson Journal of Ornithology (previously the Wilson Bulletin). It is a member of the Ornithological Council.
Awards
The premier award made by WOS is the Margaret Morse Nice Medal, first awarded in 1997, commemorating notable ornithologist Margaret Morse Nice. The recipient gives the Plenary lecture at the WOS Annual Meeting. Additional awards from WOS are William and Nancy Klamm Service Award, Edwards Prize, Olson Prize, Early Professional Avian Conservation and Community Impact Award, and Student Presentation Awards (Alexander Wilson Prize, Lynds Jones Prize, and Nancy Klamm Undergraduate Presentation Awards). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnadata%20Group | Magnadata Group, also known as Magnadata International, was a printing company based in Boston in Lincolnshire, specialising in the development and manufacture of security and access control media including magnetic smart tickets and tags. It was placed into administration in 2015, and was subsequently sold to Paragon Group.
History
Norprint
Norcros was founded on 29 May 1956. The name Norcros came from Normanby, North Lincolnshire, home of Normanby Hall. A Director of the company was John Vincent Sheffield, former High Sheriff of Lincolnshire from 1944-5, and great-uncle of the wife of David Cameron. Other members of the Sheffield family - Edmund and George - were directors.
Norprint International was based on Norfolk Street in Boston. It had a division on Valley Road in Dovercourt on the Essex coast with 550 staff. Norprint also made ticket printing machines. Norprint claimed to be Europe's largest producer of industrial and retail labelling systems, and the largest in the world outside of America.
In early 1968 it helped to start the I'm Backing Britain campaign, by running off the promotional stickers for free. Before the days of barcodes in supermarkets, Norprint made hand-held price labellers, used by the main supermarkets; these were made in Harwich.
In April 1989 it received a Queen's Award for Technological Achievement for its magnetic striped and encoded tickets and payment tokens.
Norprint produced tickets for airlines and the London Underground. It was owned by Norcros plc.
On 25 June 1998 Norcros put Norprint up for sale. In July 1998 Norprint was bought by a management buyout (MBO) for £7.9 million. After the buyout it was known as Norprint Labelling Systems.
In 2005 it developed the Nortag, a small inconspicuous RFID label on products to combat shoplifting, which won The Queen's Award for Enterprise: Innovation (Technology) in April 2005. It is known as electronic article surveillance (EAS). The Nortag took seven years to develop.
Magnadata
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell%20316 | The Honeywell 316 was a popular 16-bit minicomputer built by Honeywell starting in 1969. It is part of the Series 16, which includes the Models 116 (1965, discrete), 316 (1969), 416 (1966), 516 (1966) and DDP-716 (1969). They were commonly used for data acquisition and control, remote message concentration, clinical laboratory systems, Remote Job Entry and time-sharing. The Series-16 computers are all based on the DDP-116 designed by Gardner Hendrie at Computer Control Company, Inc. (3C) in 1964.
The 516 and later the 316 were used as Interface Message Processors (IMP) for the American ARPANET and the British NPL Network.
History
Computer Control Company developed a computer series named Digital Data Processor, of which it built two models:
DDP-116 - the first of the Series 16
DDP-124 - part of a trio of 24-bit systems: DDP-24, 124, 224.
Honeywell bought the company after the 24 trio, and built the balance of the Series 16.
The H-316 was used by Charles H. Moore to develop the first complete, stand-alone implementation of Forth at NRAO. The Honeywell 516 was used in the NPL network, and the 516 and later the 316 were used as Interface Message Processors (IMP) for the ARPANET. It could also be configured as a Terminal IMP (TIP), which added support for up to 63 teletype machines through a multi-line controller.
The original Prime computers were designed to be compatible with the Series-16 minicomputers.
The Honeywell 316 also had industrial applications. A 316 was used at Bradwell nuclear power station in Essex as the primary reactor temperature-monitoring computer until summer 2000, when the internal 160k disk failed. Two PDP-11/70s, which had previously been secondary monitors, were moved to primary.
Hardware description
The 316 succeeded the earlier DDP-516 model and was promoted by Honeywell as suitable for industrial process control, data-acquisition systems, and as a communications concentrator and processor. The computer processor was made from small- |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre%20Computer%20Project | The Libre Computer Project is an effort initiated by Shenzhen Libre Technology Co., Ltd., with the goal of producing standards-compliant single-board computers (SBC) and upstream software stack to power them.
Hardware
Libre Computer Project uses crowd-funding on Indiegogo and Kickstarter to market their SBC designs. The delivery and after-sales support was poor resulting in lots of complaints and dissatisfied funders.
Active Libre Computer SBC designs include:
ROC-RK3328-CC (Renegade)
The ROC-RK3328-CC "Renegade" board was funded on Indiegogo and features the following specifications:
Rockchip RK3328 SoC
4 ARM Cortex-A53 @ 1.4GHz
Cryptography Extensions
2G + 2P ARM Mali-450 @ 500MHz
OpenGL ES 1.1 / 2.0
OpenVG 1.1
Multi-Media Processor
Decoders
VP9 P2 4K60
H.265 M10P @ L5.1 4K60
H.264 H10P @ L5.1 4K60
JPEG
Encoders
H.265 1080P30 or 2x H.264 720P30
H.264 1080P30 or 2x H.264 720P30
Up to 4GB DDR4-2133 SDRAM
2 USB 2.0 Type A
1 USB 3.0 Type A
Gigabit Ethernet
3.5mm TRRS AV Jack
HDMI 2.0
MicroUSB Power In
MicroSD Card Slot with UHS support
eMMC Interface with 5.x support
IR Receiver
U-Boot Button
40 Pin Low Speed Header (PWM, I2C, SPI, GPIO)
ADC Header
Power Enable/On Header
AML-S905X-CC (Le Potato)
The AML-S905X-CC "Le Potato" board was funded on Kickstarter on 24 July 2017 and features the following specifications:
Amlogic S905X SoC
4 ARM Cortex-A53 @ 1.512GHz
Cryptography Extension
2G + 3P ARM Mali-450 @ 750MHz
OpenGL ES 1.1 / 2.0
OpenVG 1.1
Amlogic Video Engine 10
Decoders
VP9 P2 4K60
H.265 MP10@L5.1 4K60
H.264 HP@L5.1 4K30
JPEG / MJPEG
Encoders
H.264 1080P60
JPEG
Up to 2GB DDR3 SDRAM
4 USB 2.0 Type A
100 Mb Fast Ethernet
3.5mm TRRS AV Jack
HDMI 2.0
MicroUSB Power In
MicroSD Card Slot
eMMC Interface
IR Receiver
U-Boot Button
40 Pin Low Speed Header (PWM, I2C, SPI, GPIO)
Audio Headers (I2S, ADC, SPDIF)
UART Header
NOTE: GPIO Header Pin 11 or HDMI CEC is selectable by onboard jumper. They can not b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional%20mathematics | Traditional mathematics (sometimes classical math education) was the predominant method of mathematics education in the United States in the early-to-mid 20th century. This contrasts with non-traditional approaches to math education. Traditional mathematics education has been challenged by several reform movements over the last several decades, notably new math, a now largely abandoned and discredited set of alternative methods, and most recently reform or standards-based mathematics based on NCTM standards, which is federally supported and has been widely adopted, but subject to ongoing criticism.
Traditional methods
The topics and methods of traditional mathematics are well documented in books and open source articles of many nations and languages. Major topics covered include:
Elementary arithmetic
Addition
Carry
Subtraction
Multiplication
Multiplication table
Division
Long division
Arithmetic with fractions
Lowest common denominator
Arithmetic mean
Volume
In general, traditional methods are based on direct instruction where students are shown one standard method of performing a task such as decimal addition, in a standard sequence. A task is taught in isolation rather than as only a part of a more complex project. By contrast, reform books often postpone standard methods until students have the necessary background to understand the procedures. Students in modern curricula often explore their own methods for multiplying multi-digit numbers, deepening their understanding of multiplication principles before being guided to the standard algorithm. Parents sometimes misunderstand this approach to mean that the children will not be taught formulas and standard algorithms and therefore there are occasional calls for a return to traditional methods. Such calls became especially intense during the 1990s. (See Math wars.)
A traditional sequence early in the 20th century would leave topics such as algebra or geometry entirely for high school, and statistic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional%20Red%20List | A Regional Red List is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale. Regional Red Lists assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit and therefore may feed directly into national and regional planning. This project is coordinated by the Zoological Society of London, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and partners in national governments, universities and organizations throughout the world.
Regional Red Lists may assist countries or regions in:
Determining the conservation status and trends of species
Identifying species or ecosystems under greatest threat
Informing conservation planning and priority setting
Raising awareness of threatened species
Assessing extinction risk on a regional scale
The IUCN Categories and Criteria were initially designed to assess the conservation status of species globally, however there was a demand for guidelines to apply the system at the regional level. In 2003, IUCN developed a set of transparent, quantitative criteria to assess the conservation status of species at the regional and national level. This approach is now being applied in many countries throughout the world.
Recently, Regional Red Lists have been completed for Mongolian Mammals and Fishes. These have also been accompanied by Summary Conservation Action Plans, detailing recommended conservation measures for each threatened species.
Creating a Regional Red List
A Regional Red List may be created by any country or organisation by following the clear, repeatable protocol. The process is as follows:
All information relevant to a species conservation status is collected, including species distribution, population trend information, habitat, ecology and life history information, threats to the species and conservation measures currently in place.
A conservation assess |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1-morph | An V1-morph is an organism that changes in shape during growth such that its surface area is proportional to its volume. In most cases both volume and surface area are proportional to length
The reason the concept is important in the context of the Dynamic Energy Budget theory is that food (substrate) uptake is proportional to surface area, and maintenance to volume. The surface area that is of importance is that part that is involved in substrate uptake. Since uptake is proportional to maintenance for V1-morphs, there is no size control, and an organism grows exponentially at constant food (substrate) availability.
Filaments, such as fungi that form hyphae growing in length, but not in diameter, are examples of V1-morphs. Sheets that extend, but do not change in thickness, like some colonial bacteria and algae, are another example.
An important property of V1-morphs is that the distinction between the individual and the population level disappears; a single long filament grows as fast as many small ones of the same diameter and the same total length.
See also
Dynamic Energy Budget
V0-morph
isomorph
shape correction function |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNJ14 | Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 14 (KCNJ14), also known as Kir2.4, is a human gene.
Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and inward-rectifier type potassium channel, and probably has a role in controlling the excitability of motor neurons. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
See also
Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum%20compaction | The momentum compaction or momentum compaction factor is a measure for the momentum dependence of the recirculation path length for an object that is bound in cyclic motion (closed orbit). It is used in the calculation of particle paths in circular particle accelerators (like synchrotrons), and for astronomical objects that are bound by gravitation.
For a perturbed orbit, the momentum compaction factor is defined as the derivative of normalized path length difference to normalized momentum
.
Furthermore, the momentum compaction is closely connected to the so-called slip-factor with the horizontal dispersion and the gyroradius
wherein is the Lorentz factor. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsky%20phenomenon | In mathematics, the Pinsky phenomenon is a result in Fourier analysis. This phenomenon was discovered by Mark Pinsky of Northwestern University. It involves the spherical inversion of the Fourier transform.
The phenomenon involves a lack of convergence at a point due to a discontinuity at boundary.
This lack of convergence in the Pinsky phenomenon happens far away from the boundary of the discontinuity, rather than at the discontinuity itself seen in the Gibbs phenomenon. This non-local phenomenon is caused by a lensing effect.
Prototypical example
Let a function g(x) = 1 for |x| < c in 3 dimensions, with g(x) = 0 elsewhere. The jump at |x| = c will cause an oscillatory behavior of the spherical partial sums, which prevents convergence at the center of the ball as well as the possibility of Fourier inversion at x = 0. Stated differently, spherical partial sums of a Fourier integral of the indicator function of a ball are divergent at the center of the ball but convergent elsewhere to the desired indicator function. This prototype example was coined the ”Pinsky phenomenon” by Jean-Pierre Kahane, CRAS, 1995.
Generalizations
This prototype example can be suitably generalized to Fourier integral expansions in higher dimensions, both in Euclidean space and other non-compact rank-one symmetric spaces.
Also related are eigenfunction expansions on a geodesic ball in a rank-one symmetric space, but one must consider boundary conditions. Pinsky and others also represent some results on the asymptotic behavior of the Fejer approximation in one dimension, inspired by work
of Bump, Persi Diaconis, and J. B. Keller. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20potential | The effective potential (also known as effective potential energy) combines multiple, perhaps opposing, effects into a single potential. In its basic form, it is the sum of the 'opposing' centrifugal potential energy with the potential energy of a dynamical system. It may be used to determine the orbits of planets (both Newtonian and relativistic) and to perform semi-classical atomic calculations, and often allows problems to be reduced to fewer dimensions.
Definition
The basic form of potential is defined as:
where
L is the angular momentum
r is the distance between the two masses
μ is the reduced mass of the two bodies (approximately equal to the mass of the orbiting body if one mass is much larger than the other); and
U(r) is the general form of the potential.
The effective force, then, is the negative gradient of the effective potential:
where denotes a unit vector in the radial direction.
Important properties
There are many useful features of the effective potential, such as
To find the radius of a circular orbit, simply minimize the effective potential with respect to , or equivalently set the net force to zero and then solve for :
After solving for , plug this back into to find the maximum value of the effective potential .
A circular orbit may be either stable or unstable. If it is unstable, a small perturbation could destabilize the orbit, but a stable orbit would return to equilibrium. To determine the stability of a circular orbit, determine the concavity of the effective potential. If the concavity is positive, the orbit is stable:
The frequency of small oscillations, using basic Hamiltonian analysis, is
where the double prime indicates the second derivative of the effective potential with respect to and it is evaluated at a minimum.
Gravitational potential
Consider a particle of mass m orbiting a much heavier object of mass M. Assume Newtonian mechanics, which is both classical and non-relativistic. The conservation of energy and angul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downy%20mildew | Downy mildew refers to any of several types of oomycete microbes that are obligate parasites of plants. Downy mildews exclusively belong to the Peronosporaceae family. In commercial agriculture, they are a particular problem for growers of crucifers, grapes and vegetables that grow on vines. The prime example is Peronospora farinosa featured in NCBI-Taxonomy and HYP3. This pathogen does not produce survival structures in the northern states of the United States, and overwinters as live mildew colonies in Gulf Coast states. It progresses northward with cucurbit production each spring. Yield loss associated with downy mildew is most likely related to soft rots that occur after plant canopies collapse and sunburn occurs on fruit. Cucurbit downy mildew only affects leaves of cucurbit plants.
Symptoms
Initial symptoms include large, angular or blocky, yellow areas visible on the upper surface. They can also be distinguished by their sporadic yellow patch appearance. As lesions mature, they expand rapidly and turn brown. The under surface of infected leaves appears watersoaked. Upon closer inspection, a purple-brown mold (see arrow) becomes apparent. Small spores shaped like footballs can be observed among the mold with a 10x hand lens. As a result of numerous infectious sites, leaves might show a blighted appearance if the disease continues to spread. In disease-favorable conditions (cool nights with long dew periods), downy mildew will spread rapidly, destroying leaf tissue without affecting stems or petioles.
Treatment and management
Cultural options
Because the downy mildew pathogen does not overwinter in midwestern fields, crop rotations and tillage practices do not affect disease development. The pathogen tends to become established in late summer. Therefore, planting early season varieties may further reduce the already minor threat posed by downy mildew. When downy mildew does pose a threat, the removal and destruction of plants displaying symptoms is good pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20point | A code point, codepoint or code position is a unique position in a quantized n-dimensional space that has been assigned a semantic meaning.
In other words, a code point is a particular position in a table, where the position has been assigned a meaning. The table has discrete positions (1, 2, 3, 4, but not fractions) and may be one dimensional (a column), two dimensional (like cells in a spreadsheet), three dimensional (sheets in a workbook), etc... in any number of dimensions.
Code points are used in a multitude of formal information processing and telecommunication standards. For example ITU-T Recommendation T.35 contains a set of country codes for telecommunications equipment (originally fax machines) which allow equipment to indicate its country of manufacture or operation. In T.35, Argentina is represented by the code point 0x07, Canada by 0x20, Gambia by 0x41, etc.
In character encoding
Code points are commonly used in character encoding, where a code point is a numerical value that maps to a specific character. In character encoding code points usually represent a single grapheme—usually a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or whitespace—but sometimes represent symbols, control characters, or formatting. The set of all possible code points within a given encoding/character set make up that encoding's codespace.
For example, the character encoding scheme ASCII comprises 128 code points in the range 0hex to 7Fhex, Extended ASCII comprises 256 code points in the range 0hex to FFhex, and Unicode comprises code points in the range 0hex to 10FFFFhex. The Unicode code space is divided into seventeen planes (the basic multilingual plane, and 16 supplementary planes), each with (= 216) code points. Thus the total size of the Unicode code space is 17 × = .
In Unicode
For Unicode, the particular sequence of bits is called a code unit – for the UCS-4 encoding, any code point is encoded as 4-byte (octet) binary numbers, while in the UTF-8 encoding, different code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwi%20Farms | Kiwi Farms, formerly known as CWCki Forums ( ), is a web forum that facilitates the discussion and harassment of online figures and communities. Their targets are often subject to organized group trolling and stalking, as well as doxxing and real-life harassment. These actions have tied Kiwi Farms to the suicides of three people targeted by members of the forum.
Kiwi Farms' connection to several controversies and harassment campaigns has caused the forum to be blocked by Internet service providers or refused service by companies. After the Christchurch mosque shootings, some Internet service providers in New Zealand blocked the site. In 2021, after the suicide of Near, a non-binary software developer who was subject to targeted and organised group harassment by members of the site, DreamHost stopped providing their domain registration services to Kiwi Farms. In September 2022, Kiwi Farms was blocked by Cloudflare due to "an imminent and emergency threat to human life". Following intermittent availability, The Daily Dot confirmed VanwaTech was providing content delivery network services to the site, which brought it back online.
In September 2022, Kiwi Farms suffered a data breach; the site operator told users to assume that IP addresses, email addresses, and passwords had been leaked.
History
Kiwi Farms was founded in 2013 by Joshua Conner Moon (known as "Null" on the website), a former 8chan administrator. It was originally launched as a forum website to troll and harass a webcomic artist who was first noticed in 2007 on the Something Awful forums. Eventually, an Encyclopedia Dramatica page was created about the artist. A dedicated wiki, titled "CWCki" based on the artist's initials, was created by people who felt that the Encyclopedia Dramatica entry was not detailed or accurate enough. Kiwi Farms was originally called "CWCki Forums" before "Kiwi Farms" was coined in 2014. It now hosts threads targeting many individuals, including minorities, women, LGBT peop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense%20irregular%20connective%20tissue | Dense irregular connective tissue has fibers that are not arranged in parallel bundles as in dense regular connective tissue.
Dense irregular connective tissue consists of mostly collagen fibers. It has less ground substance than loose connective tissue. Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type, scattered sparsely across the tissue.
Function
This type of connective tissue is found mostly in the reticular layer (or deep layer) of the dermis. It is also in the sclera and in the deeper skin layers. Due to high portions of collagenous fibers, dense irregular connective tissue provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions.
Dense irregular connective tissue also makes up submucosa of the digestive tract, lymph nodes, and some types of fascia. Other examples include periosteum and perichondrium of bones, and the tunica albuginea of testis. In the submucosa layer, the fiber bundles course in varying planes allowing the organ to resist excessive stretching and distension. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioiodinated%20serum%20albumin | Radioiodinated serum albumin, abbreviated RISA, is a marker used in identifying blood plasma via the dilution method in renal physiology. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutch%20%28animal%20cage%29 | A hutch is a type of cage used typically for housing domestic rabbits. Other small animals can also be housed in hutches such as guinea pigs, ferrets, and hamsters.
Most hutches have a frame constructed of wood, including legs to keep the unit off the ground. The floor may be wood, wire mesh, or some combination of the two. Wire mesh is very bad for rabbits' feet and can cause sore hocks. One or more walls of the hutch are also wire mesh to allow for ventilation. Some hutches have built-in nest boxes and shingled roofs—these are generally intended to be placed directly outside rather than inside another shelter such as a barn. Some hutches have a felt roof. In any case it is important that the hutch is draft-free and provides a shelter in case the animal is scared and wants to retreat to a safe haven. Not only will this help protect your pet from harsh weather conditions, but also predator attacks.
The generally accepted minimum hutch size is 10 square feet for a 4 kg medium-sized breed. If the animal is very protective or even aggressive, this is generally a sign that the hutch is too small. However, it has in the past decade, become unacceptable for people who are more knowledgeable about rabbits' needs that they should live in a hutch of this size, or any small cage for that matter. Rabbits love to run and jump and need space. For many animal rescues, now a predator safe run must be attached to, or contain the hutch; the run must be at least 10 ft x 6 ft with a run height of 3 ft, or in metric, 3m x 2m and a run height of 1m. (Rabbit Welfare Association and Trust, 2018) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell%20PowerConnect | The current portfolio of PowerConnect switches are now being offered as part of the Dell Networking brand: information on this page is an overview of all current and past PowerConnect switches as per August 2013, but any updates on current portfolio will be detailed on the Dell Networking page.
PowerConnect was a Dell series of network switches. The PowerConnect "classic" switches are based on Broadcom or Marvell Technology Group fabric and firmware. Dell acquired Force10 Networks in 2011 to expand its data center switch products.
Dell also offers the PowerConnect M-series which are switches for the M1000e blade-server enclosure and the PowerConnect W-series which is a Wi-Fi platform based on .
Starting in 2013 Dell will re-brand their networking portfolio to Dell Networking which covers both the legacy PowerConnect products as well as the Force10 products.
Product line
The Dell PowerConnect line is marketed for business computer networking. They connect computers and servers in small to medium-sized networks using Ethernet. The brand name was first announced in July 2001, as traditional personal computer sales were declining.
By September 2002 Cisco Systems cancelled a reseller agreement with Dell.
Previously under storage business general manager Darren Thomas, in September 2010 Dario Zamarian was named to head networking platforms within Dell.
PowerConnect switches are available in pre-configured web-managed models as well as more expensive managed models.
there is not a single underlying operating system: the models with a product-number up to 5500 run on a proprietary OS made by Marvell while the Broadcom powered switches run on an OS based on VxWorks. With the introduction of the 8100 series the switches will run on DNOS or Dell Networking Operating System which is based on a Linux kernel for DNOS 5.x and 6.x.
Via PowerConnect W-series Dell offers a range of Aruba WiFi products.
The Powerconnect-J (Juniper Networks) and B (Brocade) series are not longer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative%20apparent%20synapomorphy%20analysis | Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis, or RASA, is a method that aims to determine whether a given character is shared between taxa due to shared ancestry or due to convergence. A synapomorphy is a shared trait found among two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor, whose ancestor in turn does not possess the trait. RASA assigns a score to the character based on its potential to be informative.
Limitations
The method performs poorly when used to select an outgroup taxon, to quantify the amount of phylogenetic signal present, or to identify taxa that may be prone to long branch attraction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOP1 | Ribosome biogenesis protein BOP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BOP1 gene. It is a WD40 repeat-containing nucleolar protein involved in rRNA processing, thereby controlling the cell cycle. It is required for the maturation of the 25S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs. It may serve as an essential factor in ribosome formation that coordinates processing of the spacer regions in pre-rRNA.
Function
The Pes1-Bop1 complex has several components: BOP1, GRWD1, PES1, ORC6L, and RPL3 and is involved in ribosome biogenesis and altered chromosome segregation. The overexpression of BOP1 increases the percentage of multipolar spindles in human cells. Deregulation of the BOP1 pathway may contribute to colorectal tumourigenesis in humans. Elevated levels of Bop1 induces Bop1/WDR12 and Bop1/Pes1 subcomplexes and the assembly and integrity of the PeBoW complex is highly sensitive to changes in Bop1 protein levels.
Nop7p-Erb1p-Ytm1p, found in yeast, is potentially the homologous complex of Pes1-Bop1-WDR12 as it is involved in the control of ribosome biogenesis and S phase entry. The integrity of the PeBoW complex is required for ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation in mammalian cells. In Giardia, the species specific cytoskeleton protein, beta-giardin, interacts with Bop1.
Structure
BOP1 contains a conserved N-terminal domain, BOP1NT. |
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