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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinimidyl%204-%28N-maleimidomethyl%29cyclohexane-1-carboxylate
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Succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) is a heterobifunctional amine-to-sulfhydryl crosslinker, which contains two reactive groups at opposite ends: N-hydroxysuccinimide-ester and maleimide, reactive with amines and thiols respectively. SMCC is often used in bioconjugation to link proteins with other functional entities (fluorescent dyes, tracers, nanoparticles, cytotoxic agents). For example, a targeted anticancer agent – trastuzumab emtansine (antibody-drug conjugate containing an antibody trastuzumab chemically linked to a highly potent drug DM-1) – is prepared using SMCC reagent.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIAA0895
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KIAA0895 is a protein that in Homo sapiens is encoded by the KIAA0895 gene. The gene encodes a protein commonly known as the KIAA0895 protein. It's aliases include hypothetical protein LOC23366, OTTHUMP00000206979, OTTHUMP00000206980, 9530077C05Rik, and 1110003N12Rik. It is located at 7p14.2.
Research into the KIAA proteins has shown that they are similar to known genes with functions related to cell signaling/communication, cell structure/motility and nucleic acid management.
Gene
Locus
The KIAA0895 gene is located at 7p14.2. The genomic DNA is 65,976 base pairs long, while the longest mRNA that it produces is 4463 bases long.
It can be transcribed into 15 transcript variants, which in turn can produce 13 different isoforms of the protein.
Gene Neighborhood
KIAA0895 is surrounded by the following genes on chromosome 7:
EEPD1
MARK2P7
ANLN
LOC111365168
AOAH
Size of gene
The gene encoded for the KIAA0895 protein is 65,975 nucleotides long, from nucleotides 36324150 to 36390125, with seven exons.
mRNA
There are ten different isoforms for KIAA0895.
NP_001093895.1
EAW94064.1
NP_056129.2
NP_001186636.1
NP_001186635.1
XP_005249746.1
EAW94065.1
XP_024302470.1
NP_001186637.1
NP_001287885.1
Protein
The longest protein isoform that is produced by the KIAA0895 gene is termed LOC23366 isoform 1 and is 520 amino acids long. The predicted molecular weight is 61kDa. Additionally, the theoretical isoelectric point is 10.
Amino acid composition
KIAA0895 is a lysine and arginine semi-enriched protein. KIAA0895 is semi-enriched in positively charged lysine and arginine groups, and positively and negatively charged lysine, arginine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid groups. However, KIAA0895 is semi-depleted in non-polar alanine, glycine and proline groups.
The charge distribution analysis shows that there are no negative or mixed charge clusters. However, there is one positive charge cluster from amino acids 12 to 36.
Regions
LOC23366 contains a protein domain of unkno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring%20%28software%29
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Wiring is an open-source electronics prototyping platform composed of a programming language, an integrated development environment (IDE), and a single-board microcontroller. It was developed starting in 2003 by Hernando Barragán.
Barragán started the project at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea. The project is currently developed at the School of Architecture and Design at the Universidad de Los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia.
Wiring builds on Processing, an open project initiated by Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry, both formerly of the Aesthetics and Computation Group at the MIT Media Lab.
Project experts, intermediate developers, and beginners from around the world share ideas, knowledge and their collective experience as a project community. Wiring makes it easy to create software for controlling devices attached to the electronics board to create various interactive devices. The concept of developing is to write a few lines of code, connect a few electronic components to the Wiring hardware and observe, for example, that a motion sensor controls a light when a person approaches it, write a few more lines, add another sensor, and see how this light changes when the illumination level in a room decreases. This process is called sketching with hardware; explore ideas quickly, select the more interesting ones, refine and produce prototypes in an iterative process.
Software
The Wiring IDE is a cross-platform application written in Java which is derived from the IDE made for the Processing programming language. It is designed to introduce programming and sketching with electronics to artists and designers. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click.
The Wiring IDE includes a C/C++ library called "Wiring", which makes common input/output operations much easier. Wiring programs are written in C++. A minimal program require
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20receptor
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Outer membrane receptors, also known as TonB-dependent receptors, are a family of beta barrel proteins named for their localization in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. TonB complexes sense signals from the outside of bacterial cells and transmit them into the cytoplasm, leading to transcriptional activation of target genes.
TonB-dependent receptors in gram-negative bacteria are associated with the uptake and transport of large substrates such as iron siderophore complexes and vitamin B12.
TonB interactions with other proteins
In Escherichia coli, the TonB protein interacts with outer membrane receptor proteins that carry out high-affinity binding and energy-dependent uptake of specific substrates into the periplasmic space. These substrates are either poorly transported through non-specific porin channels or are encountered at very low concentrations. In the absence of TonB, these receptors bind their substrates but do not carry out active transport. TonB-dependent regulatory systems consist of six protein protein components.
The proteins that are currently known or presumed to interact with TonB include BtuB, CirA, FatA, FcuT, FecA, FhuA, FhuE, FepA, FptA, HemR, IrgA, IutA, PfeA, PupA, LbpA and TbpA. The TonB protein also interacts with some colicins. Most of these proteins contain a short conserved region at their N-terminus.
TonB-dependent receptor plug domain
TonB-dependent receptors include a plug domain, an independently folding subunit that acts as the channel gate, blocking the pore until the channel is bound by ligand. At this point it undergoes conformational changes, opening the channel.
TonB as phage receptor
TonB also acts as a receptor for Salmonella bacteriophage H8. In fact, H8 infection is TonB dependent.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis%20in%20lichens
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Symbiosis in lichens is the mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship of green algae and/or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) living among filaments of a fungus, forming lichen.
Living as a symbiont in a lichen appears to be a successful way for a fungus to derive essential nutrients, as about 20% of all fungal species have adopted this mode of life. The autotrophic symbionts occurring in lichens are a wide variety of simple, photosynthetic organisms commonly and traditionally known as “algae”. These symbionts include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
Overview of lichens
"Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture" — Trevor Goward
A lichen is a combination of fungus and/or algae and/or cyanobacteria that has a very different form (morphology), physiology, and biochemistry than any of the constituent species growing separately. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit their fungal partner by producing organic carbon compounds through photosynthesis. In return, the fungal partner benefits the algae or cyanobacteria by protecting them from the environment by its filaments, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it.
The majority of the lichens contain eukaryotic autotrophs belonging to the Chlorophyta (green algae) or to the Xanthophyta (yellow-green algae). About 90% of all known lichens have a green alga as a symbiont. Among these, Trebouxia is the most common genus, occurring in about 20% of all lichens. The second most commonly represented green alga genus is Trentepohlia. Overall, about 100 species are known to occur as autotrophs in lichens. All the algae and cyanobacteria are believed to be able to survive separately, as well as within the lichen; that is, at present no algae or cyanobacteria are known which can only survive naturally as part of a lichen. Common algal partners are Trebouxia, Pseudotrebouxia, or Myrmecia.
The prokaryotes belong to the Cyanobacteria, which are often called
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laves%20graph
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In geometry and crystallography, the Laves graph is an infinite and highly symmetric system of points and line segments in three-dimensional Euclidean space, forming a periodic graph. Three equal-length segments meet at 120° angles at each point, and all cycles use ten or more segments. It is the shortest possible triply periodic graph, relative to the volume of its fundamental domain. One arrangement of the Laves graph uses one out of every eight of the points in the integer lattice as its points, and connects all pairs of these points that are nearest neighbors, at distance . It can also be defined, divorced from its geometry, as an abstract undirected graph, a covering graph of the complete graph on four vertices.
named this graph after Fritz Laves, who first wrote about it as a crystal structure in 1932. It has also been called the K4 crystal, (10,3)-a network, diamond twin, triamond, and the srs net. The regions of space nearest each vertex of the graph are congruent 17-sided polyhedra that tile space. Its edges lie on diagonals of the regular skew polyhedron, a surface with six squares meeting at each integer point of space.
Several crystalline chemicals have known or predicted structures in the form of the Laves graph. Thickening the edges of the Laves graph to cylinders produces a related minimal surface, the gyroid, which appears physically in certain soap film structures and in the wings of butterflies.
Constructions
From the integer grid
As describes, the vertices of the Laves graph can be defined by selecting one out of every eight points in the three-dimensional integer lattice, and forming their nearest neighbor graph. Specifically, one chooses the points
and all the other points formed by adding multiples of four to these coordinates. The edges of the Laves graph connect pairs of points whose Euclidean distance from each other is the square root of two, , as the points of each pair differ by one unit in two coordinates, and are the same in the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical%20aptamer-based%20biosensors
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An electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) biosensor has the ability to generate an electrochemical signal in response to specific target binding in vivo The signal is measured by a change in Faradaic current passed through an electrode. E-AB sensors are advantageous over previously reported aptamer-based sensors, such as fluorescence generating aptamers, due to their ability to detect target binding in vivo with real-time measurements. An E-AB sensor is composed of a three-electrode cell: an interrogating electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. A signal is generated within the electrochemical cell then measured and analyzed by a potentiostat. There are several biochemical and electrochemical parameters to optimize signal gain for E-AB biosensors. The density packing of DNA or RNA aptamers, the ACV frequency administered by the potentiostat, and the chemistry of the SAM are all factors that determine signal gain as well as the signal to noise ratio of target binding. E-AB biosensors provide a promising mechanism for in-situ sensing and feedback-controlled drug administration.
Signal generation
The DNA or RNA aptamers are fixed on the interrogating electrode, where a redox reaction is reported by a redox tag. Gold is often used as the probe surface for interrogating electrodes. The surface of the gold electrode is packed with redox-tagged DNA or RNA aptamers. The redox reporter is often methylene blue. Upon target binding, the aptamer changes structure by folding, bringing the redox reporter closer to the gold electrode. This increase in proximity from the redox-reporter to the electrode enables faster electron transfer from the redox tag to the gold electrode. The increase in speed of electron transfer contributes to a change in Faradaic current that is detected by the potentiostat.
The reference electrode is the site of a known chemical reaction that has a known redox potential. For example, a reference electrode that harbors the reaction of silv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer%20membrane%20protein%20W%20family
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Outer membrane protein W (OmpW) family is a family of evolutionarily related proteins from the bacterial outer membrane.
This family includes outer membrane protein W (OmpW) proteins from a variety of bacterial species. This protein may form the receptor for S4 colicins in Escherichia coli.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceAtHome
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ScienceAtHome is a team of scientists, game developers, designers and visual artists based at Aarhus University, Denmark. ScienceAtHome does research on quantum physics, citizen science and gamification. ScienceAtHome also develops games that contribute to scientific research, and studies how humans interpret information to achieve results superior to some algorithmic approaches.
Most ScienceAtHome games are casual games and require no formal scientific training. Over 150,000. people have contributed to ScienceAtHome citizen science projects by playing games. Research games are also part of a much larger movement of creating serious games that go beyond mere entertainment.
The premise behind such games is that humans are better than computers at performing certain tasks, because of their intuition and superior visual processing. Video games are now being used to channel these abilities to solve problems in quantum physics.
History
The idea of computer players solving quantum problems came to Jacob Sherson's mind while he was doing research at Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, in the group of Prof. Immanuel Bloch. The first form of ScienceAtHome was announced in 2012 based on the idea that computer game players could solve quantum problems. It was then called CODER – "Pilot Center for Community-driven Research: Game Assisted Quantum Computing". CODER later grew and evolved into ScienceAtHome with the first game born in 2012 called Quantum Moves.
ScienceAtHome is now part of the Center for Hybrid Intelligence situated at the Department of Management at Aarhus BSS.
Publications
Jacob Sherson gave a speech at TEDxAarhus 2016 called "How to become a quantum physicist in five minutes".
Pinja Haikka, Postdoctoral Researcher in Theoretical Physics, also introduced ScienceAtHome at Women in Science event at Aarhus University, which was published on local television ITV OJ.
ScienceAtHome has been featured in a number of journals such as PNAS and Physical Review Res
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity%20%28networks%29
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Modularity is a measure of the structure of networks or graphs which measures the strength of division of a network into modules (also called groups, clusters or communities). Networks with high modularity have dense connections between the nodes within modules but sparse connections between nodes in different modules. Modularity is often used in optimization methods for detecting community structure in networks. Biological networks, including animal brains, exhibit a high degree of modularity. However, modularity maximization is not statistically consistent, and finds communities in its own null model, i.e. fully random graphs, and therefore it cannot be used to find statistically significant community structures in empirical networks. Furthermore, it has been shown that modularity suffers a resolution limit and, therefore, it is unable to detect small communities.
Motivation
Many scientifically important problems can be represented and empirically studied using networks. For example, biological and social patterns, the World Wide Web, metabolic networks, food webs, neural networks and pathological networks are real world problems that can be mathematically represented and topologically studied to reveal some unexpected structural features. Most of these networks possess a certain community structure that has substantial importance in building an understanding regarding the dynamics of the network. For instance, a closely connected social community will imply a faster rate of transmission of information or rumor among them than a loosely connected community. Thus, if a network is represented by a number of individual nodes connected by links which signify a certain degree of interaction between the nodes, communities are defined as groups of densely interconnected nodes that are only sparsely connected with the rest of the network. Hence, it may be imperative to identify the communities in networks since the communities may have quite different properties such as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathnium
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Deathnium is a name given by early electronic engineers to a trap in semiconductors that reduces the lifetime of both electron and hole charge carriers. It is considered the fifth of the imperfections that must be considered in semiconductor crystals to understand semiconductor effects along with holes, electrons, donors, and acceptors. Deathnium hastens the establishment of equilibrium between holes and electrons. This condition was not anticipated but it emerged during the invention of bipolar junction transistor after the influence of deep-trap impurities introduced by contamination of the manufacturing machinery, which reduced the lifetime of semiconductor.
Research in the early 1950s eventually revealed that "deathnium" was usually copper.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20continuity
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The law of continuity is a heuristic principle introduced by Gottfried Leibniz based on earlier work by Nicholas of Cusa and Johannes Kepler. It is the principle that "whatever succeeds for the finite, also succeeds for the infinite". Kepler used the law of continuity to calculate the area of the circle by representing it as an infinite-sided polygon with infinitesimal sides, and adding the areas of infinitely many triangles with infinitesimal bases. Leibniz used the principle to extend concepts such as arithmetic operations from ordinary numbers to infinitesimals, laying the groundwork for infinitesimal calculus. The transfer principle provides a mathematical implementation of the law of continuity in the context of the hyperreal numbers.
A related law of continuity concerning intersection numbers in geometry was promoted by Jean-Victor Poncelet in his "Traité des propriétés projectives des figures".
Leibniz's formulation
Leibniz expressed the law in the following terms in 1701:
In any supposed continuous transition, ending in any terminus, it is permissible to institute a general reasoning, in which the final terminus may also be included (Cum Prodiisset).
In a 1702 letter to French mathematician Pierre Varignon subtitled “Justification of the Infinitesimal Calculus by that of Ordinary Algebra," Leibniz adequately summed up the true meaning of his law, stating that "the rules of the finite are found to succeed in the infinite."
The law of continuity became important to Leibniz's justification and conceptualization of the infinitesimal calculus.
See also
Transcendental law of homogeneity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-replication
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Geo-replication systems are designed to provide improved availability and disaster tolerance by using geographically distributed data centers. This is intended to improve the response time for applications such as web portals. Geo-replication can be achieved using software, hardware or a combination of the two.
Software
Geo-replication software is a network performance-enhancing technology that is designed to provide improved access to portal or intranet content for uses at the most remote parts of large organizations. It is based on the principle of storing complete replicas of portal content on local servers, and then keeping the content on those servers up-to-date using heavily compressed data updates.
Portal acceleration
Geo-replication technologies are used to provide replication of the content of portals, intranets, web applications, content and data between servers, across wide area networks WAN to allow users at remote sites to access central content at LAN speeds.
Geo-replication software can improve the performance of data networks that suffer limited bandwidth, latency and periodic disconnection. Terabytes of data can be replicated over a wide area network, giving remote sites faster access to web applications.
Geo-replication software uses a combination of data compression and content caching technologies. differencing technologies can also be employed to reduce the volume of data that has to be transmitted to keep portal content accurate across all servers. This update compression can reduce the load that portal traffic place on networks, and improve the response time of a portal.
Portal replication
Remote users of web portals and collaboration environments will frequently experience network bandwidth and latency problems which will slow down their experience of opening and closing files, and otherwise interacting with the portal. Geo-replication technology is deployed to accelerate the remote end user portal performance to be equivalent to that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%208279
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The Intel 8279 is a keyboard and display controller developed for interfacing to Intel 8085, 8086 and 8088 microprocessors. The industrial version of ID8279 was available for USD $30.70 in quantities of 100. Its important features are:
Simultaneous keyboard and display operations.
Scanned keyboard mode.
Scanned sensor mode.
8-character keyboard FIFO.
Right or left entry 16-byte display RAM.
Programmable scan timing.
Used for Interaction between keyboard and different microprocessor.
Keyboard section:
The keyboard section consists of eight return lines RL0 - RL7 that can be used to form the columns of a keyboard matrix.
It has two additional inputs : shift and control/strobe. The keys are automatically debounced.
The two operating modes of keyboard section are 2-key lockout and n-key rollover.
In the 2-key lockout mode, if two keys are pressed simultaneously, only the first key is recognized.
In the N-key rollover mode, simultaneous keys are recognized and their codes are stored in FIFO.
The keyboard section also has an 8 x 8 FIFO (First In First Out) RAM.
The FIFO can store eight key codes in the scan keyboard mode. The status of the shift key and control key are also stored along with key code. The 8279 generates an interrupt signal when there is an entry in FIFO.
In sensor matrix mode, the state (i.e., open/close status) of 64 switches is stored in FIFO RAM. If the state of any of the switches changes, then the 8279 asserts IRQ as high to interrupt the processor.
Display section:
The display section has eight output lines divided into two groups A0-A3 and B0-B3.
The output lines can be used either as a single group of eight lines or as two groups of four lines, in conjunction with the scan lines for a multiplexed display.
The output lines are connected to the anodes through driver transistors in case of common cathode 7-segment LEDs.
The cathodes are connected to scan lines through driver transistors.
The display can be blanked by BD (low)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%208%20receptor%2C%20beta
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Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor. IL8RB is also known as CXCR2, and CXCR2 is now the IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug classification-recommended name.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. This protein is a receptor for interleukin 8 (IL8). It binds to IL8 with high affinity, and transduces the signal through a G-protein-activated second messenger system (Gi/o-coupled). This receptor also binds to chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1/MGSA), a protein with melanoma growth stimulating activity, and has been shown to be a major component required for serum-dependent melanoma cell growth. In addition, it binds ligands CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL5.
The angiogenic effects of IL8 in intestinal microvascular endothelial cells are found to be mediated by this receptor. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this receptor controls the positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration. IL8RB, IL8RA, which encodes another high affinity IL8 receptor, and IL8RBP, a pseudogene of IL8RB, form a gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q33-q36.
Mutations in CXCR2 cause hematological traits.
Senescence
Knock-down studies involving the chemokine receptor CXCR2 alleviates both replicative and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) and diminishes the DNA-damage response. Also, ectopic expression of CXCR2 results in premature senescence via a p53-dependent mechanism.
See also
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha
Interleukin 8
Interleukin
Interleukin receptor
Cluster of differentiation
G protein-coupled receptor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan%27s%20Canon
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Morgan's Canon, also known as Lloyd Morgan's Canon, Morgan's Canon of Interpretation or the principle or law of parsimony, is a fundamental precept of comparative (animal) psychology, coined by 19th-century British psychologist C. Lloyd Morgan. In its developed form it states that:
In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development.
Morgan's explanation illustrates the supposed fallacy in anthropomorphic approaches to animal behaviour. He believed that people should only equate the actions of animals to human states, such as emotions, intents, or conscious awareness, if a less advanced description of the behaviour cannot be posed. Alternatively, animal behaviours can be justified as complex when the animal's initiative involves procedures beyond instinctual practice (i.e. the animal is consciously aware of their own natural behaviours). This explanation can be used to understand the context under which the canon was studied, as well as its praises and criticisms. Several real world applications involving mating, competition and cognition exemplify Morgan's preference to simplify animal behaviour as it relates to these processes.
Context
Morgan's canon was derived after questioning previous interpretations of animal behaviour, specifically the anecdotal approach of George Romanes that he deemed excessively anthropomorphic. Its prestige is partly credited to Morgan's behavioural descriptions, where those initially interpreted as using higher mental processes could be better explained by simple trial-and-error learning (what is now called operant conditioning). One famous observation involves Morgan's terrier Tony, who, after many attempts, had successfully opened a garden gate. Though the final result could easily be seen as an insightful act, Lloyd Morgan had watched and recorded the approximation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGABA
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In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a cipher machine used by the United States for message encryption from World War II until the 1950s. The machine was also known as the SIGABA or Converter M-134 by the Army, or CSP-888/889 by the Navy, and a modified Navy version was termed the CSP-2900.
Like many machines of the era it used an electromechanical system of rotors to encipher messages, but with a number of security improvements over previous designs. No successful cryptanalysis of the machine during its service lifetime is publicly known.
History
It was clear to US cryptographers well before World War II that the single-stepping mechanical motion of rotor machines (e.g. the Hebern machine) could be exploited by attackers. In the case of the famous Enigma machine, these attacks were supposed to be upset by moving the rotors to random locations at the start of each new message. This, however, proved not to be secure enough, and German Enigma messages were frequently broken by cryptanalysis during World War II.
William Friedman, director of the US Army's Signals Intelligence Service, devised a system to correct for this attack by truly randomizing the motion of the rotors. His modification consisted of a paper tape reader from a teletype machine attached to a small device with metal "feelers" positioned to pass electricity through the holes. When a letter was pressed on the keyboard the signal would be sent through the rotors as it was in the Enigma, producing an encrypted version. In addition, the current would also flow through the paper tape attachment, and any holes in the tape at its current location would cause the corresponding rotor to turn, and then advance the paper tape one position. In comparison, the Enigma rotated its rotors one position with each key press, a much less random movement. The resulting design went into limited production as the M-134 Converter, and its message settings included the position of the tape and the settings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILLIAC%20II
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The ILLIAC II was a revolutionary super-computer built by the University of Illinois that became operational in 1962.
Description
The concept, proposed in 1958, pioneered Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) circuitry, pipelining, and transistor memory with a design goal of 100x speedup compared to ILLIAC I.
ILLIAC II had 8192 words of core memory, backed up by 65,536 words of storage on magnetic drums. The core memory access time was 1.8 to 2 µs. The magnetic drum access time was 8.5ms. A "fast buffer" was also provided for storage of short loops and intermediate results (similar in concept to what is now called cache). The "fast buffer" access time was 0.25 µs.
The word size was 52 bits.
Floating point numbers used a format with seven bits of exponent (power of 4) and 45 bits of mantissa.
Instructions were either 26 bits or 13 bits long, allowing packing of up to four instructions per memory word.
Rather than naming the pipeline stages, "Fetch, Decode, and Execute" (as on Stretch), the pipelined stages were named, "Advanced Control, Delayed Control, and Interplay".
Innovation
The ILLIAC II was one of the first transistorized computers. Like the IBM Stretch computer, ILLIAC II was designed using "future transistors" that had not yet been invented.
The ILLIAC II project was proposed before, and competed with IBM's Stretch project, and several ILLIAC designers felt that Stretch borrowed many of its ideas from ILLIAC II, whose design and documentation were published openly as University of Illinois Tech Reports. Members of the ILLIAC II team jokingly referred to the competing IBM Project as "St. Retch".
The ILLIAC II had a division unit designed by faculty member James E. Robertson, a co-inventor of the SRT Division algorithm.
The ILLIAC II was one of the first pipelined computers, along with IBM's Stretch Computer. The pipelined control was designed by faculty member Donald B. Gillies. The pipeline stages were named Advanced Control, Delayed Control, and Inte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Fisheries%20Society
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The American Fisheries Society (established 1870 in New York City), is the "world’s oldest and largest organization dedicated to strengthening the fisheries profession, advancing fisheries science, and conserving fisheries resources." It is a member-driven 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization governed by an executive director, a governing board, and officers who are guided by the AFS's organizational documents, a constitution, and a set of rules. Their stated mission is "to improve the conservation and sustainability of fishery resources and aquatic ecosystems by advancing fisheries and aquatic science and promoting the development of fisheries professionals." AFS publishes five peer-reviewed fish journals, books, and the magazine Fisheries, organizes seminars and workshops that promote scientific research and fisheries management, and encourages fisheries education through 58 university-based student subunits. AFS has 48 chapters comprising four geographic regions in North America — North Central, Northeastern, Southern, and Western — and includes two "bi‐national" chapters (the Atlantic International and Washington‐British Columbia chapters) and a Mexico chapter.
Publications
Journals
AFS publishes five peer-reviewed journals including:
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society - features papers on basic fisheries science;
North American Journal of Fisheries Management - covers research, experiences and recommendations regarding fisheries management;
North American Journal of Aquaculture - coverage of breeding and raising aquatic animals;
Journal of Aquatic Animal Health - coverage relating to fisheries health maintenance and the treatment of diseases;
Marine and Coastal Fisheries - covers marine, coastal, and estuarine fisheries.
Books
By the end of 2017, AFS had published 185 books. A limited selection of titles follows:
Neil Fisher, Patrice LeBlanc, C. Alwyn Rose, and Barry Sadler, editors (June 2015). "Managing the Impacts of Human Activities on Fish Habi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylvanillin
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Ethylvanillin is the organic compound with the formula (C2H5O)(HO)C6H3CHO. This colorless solid consists of a benzene ring with hydroxyl, ethoxy, and formyl groups on the 4, 3, and 1 positions, respectively. It is a homologue of vanillin, differing on the 3 position.
Preparation
Ethylvanillin is prepared from catechol, beginning with ethylation to give guaethol (1). This ether condenses with glyoxylic acid to give the corresponding mandelic acid derivative (2), which by oxidation (3) and decarboxylation, gives ethylvanillin (4).
Application
As a flavorant, ethylvanillin is about three times as potent as vanillin and is used in the production of chocolate.
The molecule revolutionized both the design and aesthetics of olfactory art; artist Jacques Guerlain added a large quantity of it to a bottle of Jicky (1889) perfume, creating the main accord for the perfume house's flagship fragrance, Shalimar (perfume) (1925). This is one of the earliest uses of synthetic molecules that freed scent artists from the limits of natural materials.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable%20operation%20%28amateur%20radio%29
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Amateur radio operators take part in portable operations using radio equipment when traveling. "Portable" equipment indicates a configuration that allows for relatively rapid collection, transportation, and deployment of amateur radio gear. A portable station can be anything from a small QRP (Low Power) radio and antenna, to a large transceiver. On long-distance expeditions, such equipment allows them to report progress, arrivals and sometimes exchanging safety messages along the way.
Portable operations
'Portable' operation is usually signified by amateur radio operators appending the suffix '/P' to their callsign. Operating '/P' normally means that stations are operating away from their licensed station address.
The advantages of /P operation include the use of large empty spaces where full size beam and wire antennas can be erected on tall trailer mounted masts. If operating on VHF/UHF, this can mean a location on the top of a hill or cliff, with clear line of sight to the horizon. The main disadvantage is normally the power supply available. As normal mains grid power is unavailable, the /P operator may have to resort to batteries, portable generators, solar panels. and wind turbines.
Operating amateur radio at sea is known as 'maritime mobile', as is signified by the suffix '/MM' on the call.
Operating amateur radio from a vehicle is known as 'Mobile', as is signified by the suffix '/M' on the call.
A popular pastime for portable operation is the Summits on the Air programme, part of which involves portable operation from a worldwide list of over 73,500 summits.
Some countries allow the direct connection of amateur transceivers to telephone lines called "phone patching". Thus, a traveler may be able to call another amateur station and, via a phone patch, speak directly with someone else by telephone.
Notes
Portable electronics
Amateur radio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC12%20minicomputer
|
PC12 by Artronix was a minicomputer built with 7400-series TTL technology and ferrite core memory. Computers were manufactured at the Artronix facility in suburban St. Louis, Missouri.
The instruction set architecture was adapted from the LINC, the only significant change was to
expand addressable memory to 4K, which required addition of an origin register. It was an accumulator machine with 12-bit addresses to manipulate 12-bit data. Later versions included "origin registers" that were used to extend the addressability of memory. Arithmetic was one's complement.
For mass storage it had a LINCtape dual unit. It also used a Tektronix screen with tube memory and an ADC/DAC to capture and display images. There was an optional plotter to draw the results. To speed up the calculations it had a separate floating point unit that interfaced like any other peripheral.
It ran an operating system LAP6-PC with support for assembly language and Fortran programming and usually came with end user software for Radiation Treatment Planning (RTP), for use by a radiation therapist or radiation oncologist, and Hospital Patient Records. Software for implant dosimetry was available for the PC12. With extended hardware it became a multiuser system running MUMPS.
Latter additions included an 8" floppy disk and hard disk of larger capacity.
The PC12 initially controlled the Artronix brain scanner (computed axial tomography), but this was for prototyping.
The PC12 was also the core of an ultrasound system and a gamma camera system.
The PC12 was eventually superseded by the "Modulex" system built by Artronix around the 16-bit Lockheed SUE processor, roughly around 1976. The PC12 continued in production, but was phased out over time.
Sites which used the Artronix PC12 included the Lutheran Hospital Cancer Center in Moline, Illinois, where it was used to store the medical records of patients undergoing treatment for cancer. A 1974 paper describes the use of a PC-12 as a frontend to an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Million%20African%20Genomes
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Three Million African Genomes (3MAG) is a human genetics project inaugurated by Ambroise Wonkam of Cape Town University in South Africa. The project's aim is to correct for the systemic shortfall in the collection and analysis of genomic data of Africans, who have the widest genetic variation among human populations, via sequencing to capture "the full scope of variation to improve health care, equity and medical research globally". Three million is the initial rough estimate of the sample size required to capture the variation.
See also
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed%20product
|
In mathematics, and more specifically in the theory of von Neumann algebras, a crossed product
is a basic method of constructing a new von Neumann algebra from
a von Neumann algebra acted on by a group. It is related to
the semidirect product construction for groups. (Roughly speaking, crossed product is the expected structure for a group ring of a semidirect product group. Therefore crossed products have a ring theory aspect also. This article concentrates on an important case, where they appear in functional analysis.)
Motivation
Recall that if we have two finite groups and N with an action of G on N we can form the semidirect product . This contains N
as a normal subgroup, and the action of G on N is given by conjugation in the semidirect product. We can replace N by its complex group algebra C[N], and again form a product in a similar way; this algebra is a sum of subspaces gC[N] as g runs through the elements of G, and is the group algebra of .
We can generalize this construction further by replacing C[N]
by any algebra A acted on by G to get a crossed product
, which is the sum of subspaces
gA and where the action of G on A is given by conjugation in the crossed product.
The crossed product of a von Neumann algebra by a group G acting on it is similar except that we have to be more careful about topologies, and need to construct a Hilbert space acted on by the crossed product. (Note that the von Neumann algebra crossed product is usually larger than the algebraic crossed product discussed above; in fact it is some sort of completion of the algebraic crossed product.)
In physics, this structure appears in presence of the so called gauge group of the first kind. G is the gauge group, and N the "field" algebra. The observables are then defined as the fixed points of N under the action of G. A result by Doplicher, Haag and Roberts says that under some assumptions the crossed product can be recovered from the algebra of observables.
Construction
Suppose th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DORIS%20%28satellite%20system%29
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DORIS is a French satellite system used for the determination of satellite orbits (e.g. TOPEX/Poseidon) and for positioning.
The name is an acronym of "Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite" or, in French, Détermination d'Orbite et Radiopositionnement Intégré par Satellite.
Principle
Ground-based radio beacons emit a signal which is picked up by receiving satellites. This is in reverse configuration to other GNSS, in which the transmitters are space-borne and receivers are in majority near the surface of the Earth. A frequency shift of the signal occurs that is caused by the movement of the satellite (Doppler effect). From this observation satellite orbits, ground positions, as well as other parameters can be derived.
Organization
DORIS is a French system which was initiated and is maintained by the French Space Agency (CNES). It is operated from Toulouse.
Ground segment
The ground segment includes about 50-60 ground stations, equally distributed over the Earth and ensure a good coverage for orbit determination. For the installation of a beacon only electricity is required because the station only emits a signal but does not receive any information. DORIS beacons transmit to the satellites on two UHF frequencies, 401.25 MHz and 2036.25 MHz.
Australian ground segments
There are two active DORIS stations in Australia:
Yatharagga - active
Orroral Valley Tracking Station - no longer active
Mount Stromlo Observatory - currently active, replaced Orroral Valley Tracking station installation
Space segment
The best known satellites equipped with DORIS receivers are the altimetry satellites TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, OSTM/Jason-2, Jason-3, and Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich. They are used to observe the ocean surface as well as currents or wave heights. DORIS contributes to their orbit accuracy of about 2 cm.
Other DORIS satellites are the Envisat, SPOT, HY-2A and CryoSat-2 satellites.
Positioning
Apart from orbit determination, the DOR
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20genetic%20clustering
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Human genetic clustering refers to patterns of relative genetic similarity among human individuals and populations, as well as the wide range of scientific and statistical methods used to study this aspect of human genetic variation.
Clustering studies are thought to be valuable for characterizing the general structure of genetic variation among human populations, to contribute to the study of ancestral origins, evolutionary history, and precision medicine. Since the mapping of the human genome, and with the availability of increasingly powerful analytic tools, cluster analyses have revealed a range of ancestral and migratory trends among human populations and individuals. Human genetic clusters tend to be organized by geographic ancestry, with divisions between clusters aligning largely with geographic barriers such as oceans or mountain ranges. Clustering studies have been applied to global populations, as well as to population subsets like post-colonial North America. Notably, the practice of defining clusters among modern human populations is largely arbitrary and variable due to the continuous nature of human genotypes; although individual genetic markers can be used to produce smaller groups, there are no models that produce completely distinct subgroups when larger numbers of genetic markers are used.
Many studies of human genetic clustering have been implicated in discussions of race, ethnicity, and scientific racism, as some have controversially suggested that genetically derived clusters may be understood as proof of genetically determined races. Although cluster analyses invariably organize humans (or groups of humans) into subgroups, debate is ongoing on how to interpret these genetic clusters with respect to race and its social and phenotypic features. And, because there is such a small fraction of genetic variation between human genotypes overall, genetic clustering approaches are highly dependent on the sampled data, genetic markers, and statistical
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation%20function
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Activation function of a node in an artificial neural network is a function that calculates the output of the node (based on its inputs and the weights on individual inputs). Nontrivial problems can be solved only using a nonlinear activation function. Modern activation functions include the smooth version of the ReLU, the GELU, which was used in the 2018 BERT model, the logistic (sigmoid) function used in the 2012 speech recognition model developed by Hinton et al, the ReLU used in the 2012 AlexNet computer vision model and in the 2015 ResNet model.
Comparison of activation functions
Aside from their empirical performance, activation functions also have different mathematical properties:
Nonlinear When the activation function is non-linear, then a two-layer neural network can be proven to be a universal function approximator. This is known as the Universal Approximation Theorem. The identity activation function does not satisfy this property. When multiple layers use the identity activation function, the entire network is equivalent to a single-layer model.
Range When the range of the activation function is finite, gradient-based training methods tend to be more stable, because pattern presentations significantly affect only limited weights. When the range is infinite, training is generally more efficient because pattern presentations significantly affect most of the weights. In the latter case, smaller learning rates are typically necessary.
Continuously differentiable This property is desirable (ReLU is not continuously differentiable and has some issues with gradient-based optimization, but it is still possible) for enabling gradient-based optimization methods. The binary step activation function is not differentiable at 0, and it differentiates to 0 for all other values, so gradient-based methods can make no progress with it.
These properties do not decisively influence performance, nor are they the only mathematical properties that may be useful. For ins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SweClockers.com
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SweClockers.com is a Swedish online magazine about computers and computer hardware, founded in 1999, with about 270,000 unique visitors per week and 200,000 registered users, as of August 2017. The website has one of Sweden's largests forums which is focused on computer hardware, software, modding and overclocking. Folding@SweClockers.com is the most successful Nordic team in the distributed computing project Folding@Home and has its own forum on the website.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inequity%20aversion%20in%20animals
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Inequity aversion in animals is the willingness to sacrifice material pay-offs for the sake of greater equality, something humans tend to do from early age. It manifests itself through negative responses when rewards are not distributed equally between animals. In controlled experiments it has been observed, to varying degrees, in capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, macaques, marmosets, dogs, wolves, rats, crows and ravens. No evidence of the effect was found in tests with orangutans, owl monkeys, squirrel monkeys, tamarins, kea, and cleaner fish. Based on mixed results in experimental studies it may be concluded that some bonobos, baboons, gibbons, and gorillas are inequity averse.
Disadvantageous inequity aversion, which occurs when the animal protests as it gets a lesser reward than another animal, is most common. But advantageous inequity aversion has been observed as well, in chimpanzees, baboons and capuchins: the animal protests when it gets a better reward. Scientists believe that sensitivity to inequity co-evolved with the ability to cooperate, as it helps to sustain benefitting from cooperation. There is little evidence for inequity aversion in non-cooperative species.
The first researchers to discover inequity aversion in animals were Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal, in an experiment with five capuchins, described in a 2003 article in Nature. The monkeys tended to refuse to participate in a food-for-token exchange task once they saw another monkey get rewarded more desirable food for equal effort. On some occasions they threw the food back at the experimenter.
Dozens of studies have been undertaken since. A few experimental paradigms have been used to test inequity aversion. The exchange is most common. Here animals need to hand over a token to the experimenter in exchange for a food reward. The results and findings are mixed. In terms of refusal rates being higher in inequity conditions than equity, there is substantial variation across species, across stu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes%20anserine%20bursitis
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Pes anserine bursitis is an inflammatory condition of the medial (inner) knee at the anserine bursa, a sub muscular bursa, just below the pes anserinus.
Pathology
The pes anserinus is where the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus join at the medial knee, into the anteromedial proximal tibia.
Pes anserine bursitis may result from stress, overuse, obesity and trauma to this area. An occurrence of pes anserine bursitis commonly is characterized by pain at the medial knee and upper tibial region, especially when climbing stairs, tenderness, and local swelling.
Pathophysiology
The etymology of the name relates to the insertion of the conjoined tendons into the anteromedial proximal tibia. From anterior to posterior, the pes anserinus is made up of the tendons of the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus muscles. The tendon's name, which literally means "goose's foot," was inspired by the pes anserinus's webbed, footlike structure. The conjoined tendon lies superficial to the tibial insertion of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee.
Muscles involved
Sartorius aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing; abducts and laterally rotates thigh; innervated by the femoral nerve.
Gracilis adducts the hip; flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee; innervated by the obturator nerve.
Semitendinosus flexes knee; medially rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed; medially rotates femur when hip is extended; counteracts forward bending at hips; innervated by tibial nerve and common fibular nerve.
Diagnosis
Patients will typically present with pain at the medial knee when climbing stairs, rising from chairs or sitting with legs crossed. The site is sometimes swollen, but not always. The likelihood of per anserine bursitis is increased in patients with osteoarthritis. Sometimes they report weakness or decreased range of motion. The physician examines the knee in full extension, looking for tenderness in the medial knee joint and acr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteon%20WebSystems
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Alteon WebSystems, originally known as Alteon Networks, is a division of Radware that produces application delivery controllers.
Alteon was acquired by Nortel Networks on October 4, 2000.
On February 22, 2009 Nortel Networks sold the Alteon application switching line to Radware.
History
Alteon Networks was founded in 1996 by Mark Bryers, John Hayes, Ted Schroeder and Wayne Hathaway. Initial venture capital investors were Matrix Partners and Sutter Hill Ventures. Dominic Orr became chief executive in October 1996.
Alteon introduced innovative products such as the ACEswitch 180, which was the first network switch to deliver Ethernet with selectable speed, 10/100 or 1000 Mbit/s, on every port via autonegotiation. Their ACEdirector Layer 4-7 switch was designed as an integrated services front-end and server load balancer. They also introduced Jumbo Frames (up to 9,000 bytes) with their ACEnic adapters, and supported by their switches.
In addition to server switches, Alteon produced the first network interface controller (NIC) in 1997 that used Gigabit Ethernet (demonstrated at the Networld + Interop trade show in September 1996).
Alteon's third generation Gigabit Ethernet NIC (code named "Tigon") became the basis for Broadcom's family of Ethernet controllers (series BCM570x) and has shipped over 60 million copies. It was used in low-cost adapters from vendors such as 3Com.
In July 2000, Nortel Networks announced it was buying Alteon for US$6 billion in stock. The deal had originally been announced with a value of $7.8 billion, but the stock market plummeted before the deal closed in October.
Nortel rolled the ACEDirector and ACESwitch products into its Personal Internet product line, but one year later sales had slowed down.
On February 22, 2009 Nortel Networks announced they would sell the Alteon application switching line to Radware, for $17.65 million.
In November 2013, Radware announced the Alteon NG, marketed as an application delivery controller.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20average
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In applied statistics, Vincentization was described by Ratcliff (1979), and is named after biologist S. B. Vincent (1912), who used something very similar to it for constructing learning curves at the beginning of the 1900s. It basically consists of averaging subjects' estimated or elicited quantile functions in order to define group quantiles from which can be constructed.
To cast it in its greatest generality, let represent arbitrary (empirical or theoretical) distribution functions and define their corresponding quantile functions by
The Vincent average of the 's is then computed as
where the non-negative numbers have a sum of .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental%20microbiome
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The placental microbiome is the nonpathogenic, commensal bacteria claimed to be present in a healthy human placenta and is distinct from bacteria that cause infection and preterm birth in chorioamnionitis. Until recently, the healthy placenta was considered to be a sterile organ but now genera and species have been identified that reside in the basal layer.
It should be stressed that the evidence for a placental microbiome is controversial. Most studies supporting the existence of a placental microbiome lack the appropriate experimental controls, and it has been found that contamination is most likely responsible for reports of a placental microbiome.
The placental microbiome more closely resembles that of the oral microbiome than either the vaginal or rectal microbiome.
Bacterial species and genera
Culturable and non-culturable bacterial species in the placenta obtained following normal term pregnancy have been identified.
In a healthy placental microbiome, the diversity of the species and genera is extensive. A change in the composition of the microbiota in the placenta is associated with excess gestational weight gain, and pre-term birth.
The placental microbiota varies between low birth weight infants and those infants with normal birth weights.
While bacteria are often found in the amniotic fluid of failed pregnancies, they are also found in particulate matter that is found in about 1% of healthy pregnancies.
In non-human animals, part of the microbiome is passed onto offspring even before the offspring are born. Bacteriologists assume that the same probably holds true for humans.
Research
The fact that germ free animals can be routinely generated by sterile cesarean section provides strong experimental evidence for the sterile womb hypothesis.
Future research may find that the microbiota of the female reproductive tract may be related to pregnancy, conception, and birth. Animal studies have been used to investigate the relationship between oral micr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundt%20spacetime
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In mathematical physics, Kundt spacetimes are Lorentzian manifolds admitting a geodesic null congruence with vanishing optical scalars (expansion, twist and shear). A well known member of Kundt class is pp-wave. Ricci-flat Kundt spacetimes in arbitrary dimension are algebraically special. In four dimensions Ricci-flat Kundt metrics of Petrov type III and N are completely known. All VSI spacetimes belong to a subset of the Kundt spacetimes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidogen
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Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina of parahoxozoans. Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2). Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either identified nidogen. In contrast, those lacking both nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 typically die prematurely during embryonic development as a result of defects existing in the heart and lungs. Nidogen have been shown to play a crucial role during organogenesis in late embryonic development, particularly in cardiac and lung development. From an evolutionary perspective, nidogens are highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, retaining their ability to bind laminin.
In nematodes, nidogen-1 is necessary for axon guidance, but not for basement membrane assembly.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay%20Protected%20Memory%20Block
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A Replay Protected Memory Block (RPMB) is provided as a means for a system to store data to the specific memory area in an authenticated and replay protected manner, and can only be read and written via successfully authenticated read and write accesses. The data may be overwritten by the host, but can never be erased.
Use in computing systems
Since RPMB is tamper-resistant, it can be used as a storage medium for a variety of data-critical purposes on an embedded system:
A place to write "permanent" and/or "pre-programmed" data on a system without any programmable ROM storage, or if the data is too large for it.
Along with encryption and hardware fuses, it can also be used to build a trusted storage solution for a trusted execution environment
Anti-rollback protection for versioned data (keys, encrypted files, software, etc).
Storage for a Trusted Application
Some operating systems, such as Linux may provide a generic driver for accessing an RPMB device attached to an eMMC. However, in other cases the access to RPMB is controlled through a proprietary driver; this may require use of a Trusted Application instead of a normal application to access the data.
Logical unit addressing
The UFS specification allocates a "Well-Known LUN" identifier of 44h for the RPMB device. This can be represented as:
UFS LUN: WLUN_ID (80h) | UNIT_NUMBER_ID = C4h
64-bit SCSI LUN: WLUN_ID (C1h) | UNIT_NUMBER_ID = C1h 44h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h 00h
Memory layout
An RPMB device supplies the following memory sections:
* This is the minimum defined by the specification, the actual block size depends on the flash vendor's implementation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemerocallis%20middendorffii
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Hemerocallis middendorffii, known as Amur daylily, is a plant species in the subfamily Hemerocallidoideae of the family Asphodelaceae of the order Asparagales. It is native to the Russian Far East, northwest China, Korea, and Japan. It grows in meadows, mountain slopes, open woods, and scrub. It is cultivated in Asia for its edible flowers.
Description
Herbaceous perennial with linear arching leaves to . Flower scapes . Flowers 5–6, golden yellow to clear orange, large in a terminal head. Flowers in July for 2–3 weeks and often reblooms in September.
Four varieties are recognized:
H. middendorffii var. middendorfii: To . Flowers orange, odorless with elliptic to spathulate tepals. Bracts ovate, . The range of the species.
H. middendorffii var. esculenta (Koidz.) Ohwi: Japan
H. middendorffii var. exaltata (Stout) M.Hotta: Japan
H. middendorffii var. longibracteata Xiong: . Flowers yellow, fragrant with lanceolate tepals. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, . Endemic to China.
Cultivation
Easily cultivated on moist soil in a sunny site, but can tolerate poor soil and partial shade. Propagated by division and by seed. Takes 2–3 years to flower from seed.
Plants prefer a neutral to slightly acid soil and will suffer in very acid or alkaline soils. Generally free from pests and diseases. Hardy to USDA zone 4.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus%20augustus
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Agaricus augustus, known commonly as the prince, is a basidiomycete fungus of the genus Agaricus.
Taxonomy
According to Heinemann's (1978) popular division of Agaricus, A. augustus belongs to section Arvenses. The system proposed by Wasser (2002) classifies A. augustus within subgenus Flavoagaricus, section Majores, subsection Flavescentes. Moreover, there have been attempts to recognise distinct varieties, namely A. augustus var. augustus Fr., and A. augustus var. perrarus (Schulzer) Bon & Cappelli. The specific epithet augustus is a Latin adjective meaning noble.
Description
The fruiting bodies of Agaricus augustus are large and distinctive agarics. The cap shape is hemispherical during the so-called button stage, and then expands, becoming convex and finally flat, with a diameter from . The cap cuticle is dry, and densely covered with concentrically arranged, brown-coloured scales on a white to yellow background.
The flesh is thick, firm and white and may discolour yellow when bruised. The gills are crowded and pallid at first, and turn pink then dark brown with maturity. The gills are not attached to the stem—they are free. Immature specimens bear a delicate white partial veil with darker-coloured warts, extending from the stem to the cap periphery.
The stem is clavate and tall, and thick. In mature specimens, the partial veil is torn and left behind as a pendulous ring adorning the stem. Above the ring, the stem is white to yellow and smooth. Below, it is covered with numerous small scales. Its flesh is thick, white and sometimes has a narrow central hollow. The stem base extends deeply into the substrate.
The mushroom's odour is strong and sweet, similar to almond extract, marzipan or maraschino cherry, due to the presence of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. Its taste has been described as not distinctive.
Under a microscope, the ellipsoid-shaped spores are seen characteristically large at 7–10 by 4.5–6.5 μm. The basidia are 4-spored. The spore mass
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCOA5
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Nuclear receptor coactivator 5 (NCOA5), also known as coactivator independent of AF-2 function (CIA), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA5 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a coregulator for the alpha and beta estrogen receptors and the orphan nuclear receptor Rev-ErbA beta. The protein localizes to the nucleus, and is thought to have both coactivator and corepressor functions. Its interaction with nuclear receptors is independent of the AF2 domain on the receptors, which is known to regulate interaction with other coreceptors. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants for this gene have been described. However, the full length nature of one of the variants has not been determined.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorana%20fermion
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A Majorana fermion (), also referred to as a Majorana particle, is a fermion that is its own antiparticle. They were hypothesised by Ettore Majorana in 1937. The term is sometimes used in opposition to a Dirac fermion, which describes fermions that are not their own antiparticles.
With the exception of neutrinos, all of the Standard Model fermions are known to behave as Dirac fermions at low energy (lower than the electroweak symmetry breaking temperature), and none are Majorana fermions. The nature of neutrinos is not settled – they may turn out to be either Dirac or Majorana fermions.
In condensed matter physics, quasiparticle excitations can appear like bound Majorana fermions. However, instead of a single fundamental particle, they are the collective movement of several individual particles (themselves composite) which are governed by non-Abelian statistics.
Theory
The concept goes back to Majorana's suggestion in 1937 that electrically neutral spin- particles can be described by a real-valued wave equation (the Majorana equation), and would therefore be identical to their antiparticle, because the wave functions of particle and antiparticle are related by complex conjugation, which leaves the Majorana wave equation unchanged.
The difference between Majorana fermions and Dirac fermions can be expressed mathematically in terms of the creation and annihilation operators of second quantization: The creation operator creates a fermion in quantum state (described by a real wave function), whereas the annihilation operator annihilates it (or, equivalently, creates the corresponding antiparticle). For a Dirac fermion the operators and are distinct, whereas for a Majorana fermion they are identical. The ordinary fermionic annihilation and creation operators and can be written in terms of two Majorana operators and by
In supersymmetry models, neutralinos – superpartners of gauge bosons and Higgs bosons – are Majorana fermions.
Identities
Another common c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLIC6
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Chloride intracellular channel protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLIC6 gene.
The CLIC6 gene encodes a member of the chloride intracellular channel family of proteins. The gene is part of a large triplicated region found on chromosomes 1, 6, and 21. An alternatively spliced transcript variant has been described, but its biological validity has not been determined.
Interactions
CLIC6 has been shown to interact with Dopamine receptor D3.
See also
Chloride channel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20comparisons%20problem
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In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or infers a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values.
The more inferences are made, the more likely erroneous inferences become. Several statistical techniques have been developed to address that problem, typically by requiring a stricter significance threshold for individual comparisons, so as to compensate for the number of inferences being made.
History
The problem of multiple comparisons received increased attention in the 1950s with the work of statisticians such as Tukey and Scheffé. Over the ensuing decades, many procedures were developed to address the problem. In 1996, the first international conference on multiple comparison procedures took place in Tel Aviv.
Definition
Multiple comparisons arise when a statistical analysis involves multiple simultaneous statistical tests, each of which has a potential to produce a "discovery". A stated confidence level generally applies only to each test considered individually, but often it is desirable to have a confidence level for the whole family of simultaneous tests. Failure to compensate for multiple comparisons can have important real-world consequences, as illustrated by the following examples:
Suppose the treatment is a new way of teaching writing to students, and the control is the standard way of teaching writing. Students in the two groups can be compared in terms of grammar, spelling, organization, content, and so on. As more attributes are compared, it becomes increasingly likely that the treatment and control groups will appear to differ on at least one attribute due to random sampling error alone.
Suppose we consider the efficacy of a drug in terms of the reduction of any one of a number of disease symptoms. As more symptoms are considered, it becomes increasingly likely that the drug will appear to be an improvement over e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Chiral%20phosphine
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P-Chiral phosphines are organophosphorus compounds of the formula PRR′R″, where R, R′, R″ = H, alkyl, aryl, etc. They are a subset of chiral phosphines, a broader class of compounds where the stereogenic center can reside at sites other than phosphorus. P-chirality exploits the high barrier for inversion of phosphines, which ensures that enantiomers of PRR'R" do not racemize readily. The inversion barrier is relatively insensitive to substituents for triorganophosphines. By contrast, most amines of the type NRR′R″ undergo rapid pyramidal inversion.
Research themes
Most chiral phosphines are C2-symmetric diphosphines. Famous examples are DIPAMP and BINAP. These chelating ligands support catalysts used in asymmetric hydrogenation and related reactions. DIPAMP is prepared by coupling the P-chiral methylphenylanisylphosphine.
P-Chiral phosphines are of particular interest in asymmetric catalysis. P-Chiral phosphines have been investigated for two main applications, as ligands for asymmetric homogeneous catalysts and as nucleophiles in organocatalysis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array%20factor
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An array is simply a group of objects, and the array factor is a measure of how much a specific characteristic changes because of the grouping. This phenomenon is observed when antennas are grouped together. The radiation (or reception) pattern of the antenna group is considerably different from that of a single antenna. This is due to the constructive and destructive interference properties of radio waves. A well designed antenna array, allows the broadcast power to be directed to where it is needed most.
These antenna arrays are typically one dimensional, as seen on collinear dipole arrays, or two dimensional as on military phased arrays.
In order to simplify the mathematics, a number of assumptions are typically made:
1. all radiators are equal in every respect
2. all radiators are uniformly spaced
3. the signal phase shift between radiators is constant.
The array factor is the complex-valued far-field radiation pattern obtained for an array of isotropic radiators located at coordinates , as determined by:
where are the complex-valued excitation coefficients, and is the direction unit vector. The array factor is defined in the transmitting mode, with the time convention . A corresponding expression can be derived for the receiving mode, where a negative sign appears in the exponential factors, as derived in reference.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaprekar%20number
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In mathematics, a natural number in a given number base is a -Kaprekar number if the representation of its square in that base can be split into two parts, where the second part has digits, that add up to the original number. The numbers are named after D. R. Kaprekar.
Definition and properties
Let be a natural number. We define the Kaprekar function for base and power to be the following:
,
where and
A natural number is a -Kaprekar number if it is a fixed point for , which occurs if . and are trivial Kaprekar numbers for all and , all other Kaprekar numbers are nontrivial Kaprekar numbers.
For example, in base 10, 45 is a 2-Kaprekar number, because
A natural number is a sociable Kaprekar number if it is a periodic point for , where for a positive integer (where is the th iterate of ), and forms a cycle of period . A Kaprekar number is a sociable Kaprekar number with , and a amicable Kaprekar number is a sociable Kaprekar number with .
The number of iterations needed for to reach a fixed point is the Kaprekar function's persistence of , and undefined if it never reaches a fixed point.
There are only a finite number of -Kaprekar numbers and cycles for a given base , because if , where then
and , , and . Only when do Kaprekar numbers and cycles exist.
If is any divisor of , then is also a -Kaprekar number for base .
In base , all even perfect numbers are Kaprekar numbers. More generally, any numbers of the form or for natural number are Kaprekar numbers in base 2.
Set-theoretic definition and unitary divisors
We can define the set for a given integer as the set of integers for which there exist natural numbers and satisfying the Diophantine equation
, where
An -Kaprekar number for base is then one which lies in the set .
It was shown in 2000 that there is a bijection between the unitary divisors of and the set defined above. Let denote the multiplicative inverse of modulo , namely the least positive int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-loss%20expectancy
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Single-loss expectancy (SLE) is the monetary value expected from the occurrence of a risk on an asset. It is related to risk management and risk assessment.
Single-loss expectancy is mathematically expressed as:
Where the exposure factor is represented in the impact of the risk over the asset, or percentage of asset lost. As an example, if the asset value is reduced by two thirds, the exposure factor value is 0.66. If the asset is completely lost, the exposure factor is 1.
The result is a monetary value in the same unit as the single-loss expectancy is expressed (euros, dollars, yens, etc.):
exposure factor is the subjective, potential percentage of loss to a specific asset if a specific threat is realized. The exposure factor is a subjective value that the person assessing risk must define.
See also
Information assurance
Risk assessment
Annualized loss expectancy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin%205%20receptor
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Melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. It is located on the chromosome 18 in the human genome. When the MC5R was disrupted in transgenic mice, it induced disruption of their exocrine glands and resulted in decreased production of sebum.
Physiology
MC5R is necessary for normal sebum production. Stimulation of MC5R promotes fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle and lypolysis in adipocytes. MC5R is essential for erythrocyte differentiation. MC5R is involved in inflammation. MC5R helps maintain thermal homeostasis.
MC5R is expressed in the brain at different levels depending on physical activity.
Pheromones
MC5R is heavily expressed in the preputial gland in mice (a modified sebaceous gland involved in pheromone production). MC5R deficiency in male mice decreases aggressive behavior, promotes defensive behavior and encourages other male mice to attack MC5R-deficient males through pheromonal signals.
MRAP
Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) traps MC5R protein inside cells.
See also
Melanocortin receptor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networked%20Readiness%20Index
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The Networked Readiness Index is an index published annually by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with INSEAD, as part of their annual Global Information Technology Report. It aims to measure the degree of readiness of countries to exploit opportunities offered by information and communications technology. The Networked Readiness Index was first conceived of and constructed by Geoffrey Kirkman, Jeffrey Sachs and Carlos Osorio in 2002 at Harvard University.
The 2016 edition covers 139 nations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Biodiversity%20Information%20Forum
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Pacific Biodiversity Information Forum or PBIF, is a regional, non-governmental, scholarly organization that seeks to provide a multilateral venue to support knowledge transfer and information access in the Pacific Islands.
Establishment
PBIF was established in 2003 under the auspices of the Pacific Science Association. Preliminary discussions to create the forum began in 2001 at the third Global Biodiversity Information Facility meeting and an initial planning session convened in 2002. In 2004, a workshop took place to 1) further refine the PBIF concept as a vehicle for collaboration and innovation; 2) explore ways to make biodiversity data more fully available to the Pacific Basin and rim nations; and 3) to identify potential pilot projects that would further biodiversity efforts in the Pacific. The workshop attendees, Asia/Oceania-based governmental, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations, embraced PBIF as a vehicle to provide access to credible scientific information that is both easy to find and targeted to specific needs of the people in the region.
Activities
Whereas many current regional informatics initiatives focus much of their attention on information management of non-living resources, PBIF invests wholly in the information management of Pacific island organisms. PBIF is designed to aggregate, organize, and disseminate available biodiversity data in an electronically accessible information system. The PBIF effort is not intended to replace any existing activity, but to complement, link and strengthen current regional activities.
Mission statement
The Pacific Biodiversity Information Forum seeks to develop a complete, scientifically sound, and electronically accessible Pacific biological knowledge base and make it widely available to local, national, regional and global users for decision-making.
Scope
Geographic- Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Southeast Asia
Thematic- Taxonomy, Invasive Species, Threatened and Endangered S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathMagic
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MathMagic is a mathematical WYSIWYG equation editor.
History
In June 2012, "MathMagic Lite Edition" was introduced for macOS platforms, with some limited features.
In 2013, Adobe bundled a custom version of MathMagic to Adobe Captivate 7 for both macOS and Windows.
In September 2014, "MathMagic Lite for Windows" was released.
In 2022, the 64-bit versions of MathMagic for macOS were released in Universal binary format for both Intel Macs and M1 Apple silicon Macs.
Features
MathMagic supports MathML, LaTeX, Plain TeX, SVG, MathType equations, and others.
MathMagic does not support computation.
See also
Formula editor
MathML
LaTeX
ASCIIMathML
MathType
Microsoft Word 2007 equation editor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical%20roller%20thrust%20bearing
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A spherical roller thrust bearing is a rolling-element bearing of thrust type that permits rotation with low friction, and permits angular misalignment. The bearing is designed to take radial loads, and heavy axial loads in one direction. Typically these bearings support a rotating shaft in the bore of the shaft washer that may be misaligned in respect to the housing washer. The misalignment is possible due to the spherical internal shape of the house washer.
Construction
Spherical roller thrust bearings consist of a shaft washer (for radial bearings often called "inner ring"), a housing washer (for radial bearings often called "outer ring"), asymmetrical rollers and a cage. There are also bearing units available that can take axial loads in two directions.
History
The spherical roller thrust bearing was introduced by SKF in 1939. The design of the early bearings is similar to the design that is still in use in modern machines.
Designs
The internal design of the bearing is not standardised by ISO, so it varies between different manufacturers and different series. Some of the design parameters are:
Roller shape and dimensions
Flange design
Non-rotational notches in house washer
The spherical roller thrust bearings have the highest load rating density of all thrust bearings.
Dimensions
External dimensions of spherical roller bearings are standardised by ISO in the standard ISO 104:2015.
Some common series of spherical roller bearings are:
292
293
294
Materials
Bearing rings and rolling elements can be made of a number of different materials, but the most common is "chrome steel", a material with approximately 1.5% chrome content. Such "chrome steel" has been standardized by a number of authorities, and there are therefore a number of similar materials, such as: AISI 52100 (USA), 100CR6 (Germany), SUJ2 (Japan) and GCR15 (China).
Some common materials for bearing cages:
Sheet steel (stamped or laser-cut)
Brass (stamped or machined)
Steel (machined)
Th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20electronics%20brands
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This list of electronics brands is specialized as the list of brands of companies that provide electronics equipment.
Categories
Electronics equipment includes the following categories (abbreviations used in parentheses):
audio system (AS) (includes home audio)
avionics (AV)
car audio (CA)
car navigation (CN)
copy machine (CM)
computer (CP) (except personal computer (PC))
digital camera (DC)
display device (DD)
digital video camera (DVC)
digital video player (DVP)
digital video recorder (DVR)
fax (FAX)
global positioning system (GPS)
hard disk drive (HDD)
multifunction printer (MFP)
mechatronics (MN)
mobile phone (MP)
list of video game companies (VG/Electronics)
network device (NW)
personal computer (PC)
portable media player (PMP)
printer (PR)
semiconductor (SC)
video cassette recorder (VHS)
video game (VG)
video game developer (VGD)
video game publisher (VGP)
indie game developer (IGD)
transportation electronics system (TES)
television (TV)
wireless devices (WD)
other electronics equipment (OEE)
Other indications:
( )company name
(( ))parent company name
< >previous company name
<< >>company name in local language
Asia
Bangladesh
BMTF
Doel
Jamuna
Walton
Minister
Marcel
Rangs
Transcom
Butterfly Group
Fair Group
China
Aigo (Beijing Huaqi Information Digital Technology Co. Ltd.)
Amoi
BYD Electronic
Changhong
Gionee
Haier
Hasee
Hisense
Huawei
Konka Group
Meizu
Ningbo Bird
Oppo
Panda
Skyworth
TCL
TP-Link/intex
Vivo Electronics
Zopo Mobile
ZTE
Xiaomi
OnePlus
Hong Kong
Lenovo
India
Amkette
Beetel
Bharat Electronics
BPL
Celkon
Electronics Corporation of India
Godrej
HCL
Havells
IBALL
Intex
Karbonn
Micromax
Myzornis
Moser Baer
Notion Ink
Onida
Surya Roshni Limited
Simmtronics
Sterlite Technologies
Voltas
Videocon
Videotex
Wipro
Indonesia
Axioo
Maspion
Nexian
Zyrex
Iran
Maadiran Group
Snowa
Japan
Allied TelesisNW, OEE
AlpineCA, CN
Atari
Brother IndustriesCM, CP, FAX, MFP, PR, OEE
Buffalo (Melco)HDD, NW, OEE
CanonCM, DC, DVC, FAX, MFP, PR, OEE
C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal%20gait%20cycle
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A (bipedal) gait cycle is the time period or sequence of events or movements during locomotion in which one foot contacts the ground to when that same foot again contacts the ground, and involves propulsion of the centre of gravity in the direction of motion. A gait cycle usually involves co-operative movements of both the left and right legs and feet. A single gait cycle is also known as a stride.
Each gait cycle or stride has two major phases:
Stance Phase, the phase during which the foot remains in contact with the ground, and the
Swing Phase, the phase during which the foot is not in contact with the ground.
Components of gait cycle
A gait cycle consists of stance phase and swing phase. Considering the number of limb supports, the stance phase spans from initial double-limb stance to single-limb stance and terminal double-limb stance. The swing phase corresponds to the single-limb stance of the opposite leg. The stance and swing phases can further be divided by seven events into seven smaller phases in which the body postures are specific. For analyzing gait cycle one foot is taken as reference and the movements of the reference foot are studied.
Phases and events
Stance Phase: Stance phase is that part of a gait cycle during which the foot remains in contact with the ground. It constitutes 60% of the gait cycle (10% for initial double-limb stance, 40% for single-limb stance and 10% for terminal double-limb stance). Stance phase consists of four events and four phases:
Initial Contact (Heel Strike): The heel of the reference foot touches the ground in front of the body. The respective knee is extended while the hip is extending from flexed position, bringing the torso to the lowest vertical position. This event marks the initiation of stance phase.
Loading Response (Foot Flat) Phase: Loading response phase begins immediately after the heel strikes the ground. In loading response phase, the weight is transferred onto the referenced leg. It is important
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscale%20thermophoresis
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Microscale thermophoresis (MST) is a technology for the biophysical analysis of interactions between biomolecules. Microscale thermophoresis is based on the detection of a temperature-induced change in fluorescence of a target as a function of the concentration of a non-fluorescent ligand. The observed change in fluorescence is based on two distinct effects. On the one hand it is based on a temperature related intensity change (TRIC) of the fluorescent probe, which can be affected by binding events. On the other hand, it is based on thermophoresis, the directed movement of particles in a microscopic temperature gradient. Any change of the chemical microenvironment of the fluorescent probe, as well as changes in the hydration shell of biomolecules result in a relative change of the fluorescence detected when a temperature gradient is applied and can be used to determine binding affinities. MST allows measurement of interactions directly in solution without the need of immobilization to a surface (immobilization-free technology).
Applications
Affinity
between any kind of biomolecules including proteins, DNA, RNA, peptides, small molecules, fragments and ions
for interactions with high molecular weight complexes, large molecule assemblies, even with liposomes, vesicles, nanodiscs, nanoparticles and viruses
in any buffer, including serum and cell lysate
in competition experiments (for example with substrate and inhibitors)
Stoichiometry
Thermodynamic parameters
MST has been used to estimate the enthalpic and entropic contributions to biomolecular interactions.
Additional information
Sample property (homogeneity, aggregation, stability)
Multiple binding sites, cooperativity
Technology
MST is based on the quantifiable detection of a fluorescence change in a sample when a temperature change is applied. The fluorescence of a target molecule can be extrinsic or intrinsic (aromatic amino acids) and is altered in temperature gradients due to two distinct effec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FaceFX
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FaceFX is a Facial animation software developed by OC3 Entertainment. It was designed to create realistic Lip synchronization from audio files in computer games. It was used in Bethesda games such as the Elder Scrolls series and Fallout.
Description
The central component of the program is the face graph. It combines bone poses and morph targets to a single target which is driven by animation curves. These are created by a speech recognition system but can also be manually edited. The facial animation is then outputted to the game engine either as bone transformation or morph target frame by frame.
To create a realistic animation curve, the program recognizes 42 phonemes and tries to take co-articulation rules into account. It also tries to create head movement, blinks, and eyebrow raises from emphasis points in the audio file.
See also
3D computer graphics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impredicativity
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In mathematics, logic and philosophy of mathematics, something that is impredicative is a self-referencing definition. Roughly speaking, a definition is impredicative if it invokes (mentions or quantifies over) the set being defined, or (more commonly) another set that contains the thing being defined. There is no generally accepted precise definition of what it means to be predicative or impredicative. Authors have given different but related definitions.
The opposite of impredicativity is predicativity, which essentially entails building stratified (or ramified) theories where quantification over lower levels results in variables of some new type, distinguished from the lower types that the variable ranges over. A prototypical example is intuitionistic type theory, which retains ramification so as to discard impredicativity.
Russell's paradox is a famous example of an impredicative construction—namely the set of all sets that do not contain themselves. The paradox is that such a set cannot exist: If it would exist, the question could be asked whether it contains itself or not — if it does then by definition it should not, and if it does not then by definition it should.
The greatest lower bound of a set , , also has an impredicative definition: if and only if for all elements of , is less than or equal to , and any less than or equal to all elements of is less than or equal to . This definition quantifies over the set (potentially infinite, depending on the order in question) whose members are the lower bounds of , one of which being the glb itself. Hence predicativism would reject this definition.
History
The terms "predicative" and "impredicative" were introduced by , though the meaning has changed a little since then.
Solomon Feferman provides a historical review of predicativity, connecting it to current outstanding research problems.
The vicious circle principle was suggested by Henri Poincaré (1905-6, 1908) and Bertrand Russell in the wake of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesis%20of%20precious%20metals
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The synthesis of precious metals involves the use of either nuclear reactors or particle accelerators to produce these elements.
Precious metals occurring as fission products
Ruthenium and rhodium are precious metals produced as a small percentage of the fission products from the nuclear fission of uranium. The longest half-lives of the radioisotopes of these elements generated by nuclear fission are 373.59 days for ruthenium and 45 days for rhodium. This makes the extraction of the non-radioactive isotope from spent nuclear fuel possible after a few years of storage, although the extract must be checked for radioactivity from trace quantities of other elements before use.
Ruthenium
Each kilogram of the fission products of 235U will contain 63.44 grams of ruthenium isotopes with halflives longer than a day. Since a typical used nuclear fuel contains about 3% fission products, one ton of used fuel will contain about 1.9 kg of ruthenium. The 103Ru and 106Ru will render the fission ruthenium very radioactive. If the fission occurs in an instant then the ruthenium thus formed will have an activity due to 103Ru of 109 TBq g−1 and 106Ru of 1.52 TBq g−1. 103Ru has a half-life of about 39 days meaning that within 390 days it will have effectively decayed to the only stable isotope of rhodium, 103Rh, well before any reprocessing is likely to occur. 106Ru has a half-life of about 373 days, meaning that if the fuel is left to cool for 5 years before reprocessing only about 3% of the original quantity will remain; the rest will have decayed. To put the values in the table into perspective, the activity in natural potassium (due to naturally occurring ) is about 30 Bq per gram.
Rhodium
It is possible to extract rhodium from used nuclear fuel: 1 kg of fission products of 235U contains 13.3 grams of 103Rh. At 3% fission products by weight, one ton of used fuel will contain about 400 grams of rhodium. The longest lived radioisotope of rhodium is 102mRh with a half-life of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodestone
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Lodestones are naturally magnetized pieces of the mineral magnetite. They are naturally occurring magnets, which can attract iron. The property of magnetism was first discovered in antiquity through lodestones. Pieces of lodestone, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses, and their importance to early navigation is indicated by the name lodestone, which in Middle English means "course stone" or "leading stone",
from the now-obsolete meaning of lode as "journey, way".
Lodestone is one of only a very few minerals that is found naturally magnetized. Magnetite is black or brownish-black, with a metallic luster, a Mohs hardness of 5.5–6.5 and a black streak.
Origin
The process by which lodestone is created has long been an open question in geology. Only a small amount of the magnetite on the Earth is found magnetized as lodestone. Ordinary magnetite is attracted to a magnetic field like iron and steel is, but does not tend to become magnetized itself; it has too low a magnetic coercivity (resistance to demagnetization) to stay magnetized for long. Microscopic examination of lodestones has found them to be made of magnetite (Fe3O4) with inclusions of maghemite (cubic Fe2O3), often with impurity metal ions of titanium, aluminium, and manganese. This inhomogeneous crystalline structure gives this variety of magnetite sufficient coercivity to remain magnetized and thus be a permanent magnet.
The other question is how lodestones get magnetized. The Earth's magnetic field at 0.5 gauss is too weak to magnetize a lodestone by itself. The leading theory is that lodestones are magnetized by the strong magnetic fields surrounding lightning bolts. This is supported by the observation that they are mostly found near the surface of the Earth, rather than buried at great depth.
History
One of the earliest known references to lodestone's magnetic properties was made by 6th century BC Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus, whom the ancient Greeks cre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP%20note
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The SOAP note (an acronym for subjective, objective, assessment, and plan) is a method of documentation employed by healthcare providers to write out notes in a patient's chart, along with other common formats, such as the admission note. Documenting patient encounters in the medical record is an integral part of practice workflow starting with appointment scheduling, patient check-in and exam, documentation of notes, check-out, rescheduling, and medical billing. Additionally, it serves as a general cognitive framework for physicians to follow as they assess their patients.
The SOAP note originated from the problem-oriented medical record (POMR), developed nearly 50 years ago by Lawrence Weed, MD. It was initially developed for physicians to allow them to approach complex patients with multiple problems in a highly organized way. Today, it is widely adopted as a communication tool between inter-disciplinary healthcare providers as a way to document a patient's progress.
SOAP notes are commonly found in electronic medical records (EMR) and are used by providers of various backgrounds. Generally, SOAP notes are used as a template to guide the information that physicians add to a patient's EMR. Prehospital care providers such as emergency medical technicians may use the same format to communicate patient information to emergency department clinicians. Due to its clear objectives, the SOAP note provides physicians a way to standardize the organization of a patient's information to reduce confusion when patients are seen by various members of healthcare professions. Many healthcare providers, ranging from physicians to behavioral healthcare professionals to veterinarians, use the SOAP note format for their patient's initial visit and to monitor progress during follow-up care.
Components
The four components of a SOAP note are Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan. The length and focus of each component of a SOAP note vary depending on the specialty; for instance,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive%20force
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In electromagnetism and electronics, electromotive force (also electromotance, abbreviated emf, denoted or ) is an energy transfer to an electric circuit per unit of electric charge, measured in volts. Devices called electrical transducers provide an emf by converting other forms of energy into electrical energy. Other electrical equipment also produce an emf, such as batteries, which convert chemical energy, and generators, which convert mechanical energy. This energy conversion is achieved by physical forces applying physical work on electric charges. However, electromotive force itself is not a physical force, and ISO/IEC standards have deprecated the term in favor of source voltage or source tension instead (denoted ).
An electronic–hydraulic analogy may view emf as the mechanical work done to water by a pump, which results in a pressure difference (analogous to voltage).
In electromagnetic induction, emf can be defined around a closed loop of a conductor as the electromagnetic work that would be done on an elementary electric charge (such as an electron) if it travels once around the loop.
For two-terminal devices modeled as a Thévenin equivalent circuit, an equivalent emf can be measured as the open-circuit voltage between the two terminals. This emf can drive an electric current if an external circuit is attached to the terminals, in which case the device becomes the voltage source of that circuit.
Although an emf gives rise to a voltage and can be measured as a voltage and may sometimes informally be called a "voltage", they are not the same phenomenon (see ).
Overview
Devices that can provide emf include electrochemical cells, thermoelectric devices, solar cells, photodiodes, electrical generators, inductors, transformers and even Van de Graaff generators. In nature, emf is generated when magnetic field fluctuations occur through a surface. For example, the shifting of the Earth's magnetic field during a geomagnetic storm induces currents in an electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotonin-protein%20kinase
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Myotonin-protein kinase (MT-PK) also known as myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (MDPK) or dystrophia myotonica protein kinase (DMPK) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DMPK gene.
The dmpk gene product is a Ser/Thr protein kinase homologous to the MRCK p21-activated kinases and Rho kinase family. Data obtained by using antibodies that detect specific isoforms of DMPK indicate that the most abundant isoform of DMPK is an 80-kDa protein expressed almost exclusively in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscles. This kinase exists both as a membrane-associated and as a soluble form in human left ventricular samples. The different C termini of DMPK that arise from alternative splicing determine its localization to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, or cytosol in transfected COS-1 cells. Among the substrates for DMPK proposed by in vitro studies are phospholemman, the dihydropyridine receptor, and the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit. However, an in vivo demonstration of the phosphorylation of these substrates by DMPK remains to be established, and a link between these substrates and the clinical manifestations of myotonic dystrophy (DM) is unclear.
Function
Myotonin-protein kinase is a serine-threonine kinase that is closely related to other kinases that interact with members of the Rho family of small GTPases. Substrates for this enzyme include myogenin, the beta-subunit of the L-type calcium channels, and phospholemman. Although the specific function of this protein is unknown, it appears to play an important role in muscle, heart, and brain cells. This protein may be involved in communication within cells. It also appears to regulate the production and function of important structures inside muscle cells by interacting with other proteins. For example, myotonic dystrophy protein kinase has been shown to turn off (inhibit) part of a muscle protein called myosin phosphatase. Myosin phosphatase is an enzyme that plays a role in muscle tensing (contrac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenloft
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Ravenloft is a campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. It is an alternate time-space existence known as a pocket dimension or demiplane, called the Demiplane of Dread, which consists of a collection of land pieces called "domains", brought together by a mysterious force known only as the Dark Powers. Each domain is tailored to and mystically ruled by a being called a Darklord who is forever trapped and surrounded by magical mists surrounding the domain. Strahd von Zarovich, a vampire in the original AD&D Ravenloft I6 module 1983, became the first Darklord, both ruler and prisoner of his own personal domain of Barovia. The story of how Count von Zarovich became darklord of Barovia was detailed in the 1993 novel I, Strahd: The Memoirs of a Vampire. As originally established in the Ravenloft: Realm of Terror boxed set known as "the Black Box" released in 1990, the Ravenloft campaign setting was located in the Ethereal Plane. As a physical manifestation of that plane, lands, monsters and even people were created out of the mysterious mists, and the realm acted as a prison where one could enter or be transported, but means of escape were few. Other Ravenloft Domains and Darklords were eventually added in various AD&D 2nd edition (and then later in 3rd edition) products establishing a core continent attached around Barovia which could be traveled to by others if their respective lords allowed entering or leaving their borders; while some Domains remained isolated in the mists and were referred to as Islands.
Creative origins
In 1978, Tracy and Laura Hickman wrote adventures that would eventually be published as the Dungeon & Dragons modules Pharaoh and Ravenloft. Strahd von Zarovich was created by the Hickmans "after Tracy returned home from a disappointing session of D&D. Back in First Edition, the game was less of a storytelling game. [...] It didn't make sense to [Tracy] why a creature like a vampire was just sitting around in a random dungeon w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves%27%20ophthalmopathy
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Graves’ ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness (erythema), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos). It occurs most commonly in individuals with Graves' disease, and less commonly in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, or in those who are euthyroid.
It is part of a systemic process with variable expression in the eyes, thyroid, and skin, caused by autoantibodies that bind to tissues in those organs. The autoantibodies target the fibroblasts in the eye muscles, and those fibroblasts can differentiate into fat cells (adipocytes). Fat cells and muscles expand and become inflamed. Veins become compressed and are unable to drain fluid, causing edema.
Annual incidence is 16/100,000 in women, 3/100,000 in men. About 3–5% have severe disease with intense pain, and sight-threatening corneal ulceration or compression of the optic nerve. Cigarette smoking, which is associated with many autoimmune diseases, raises the incidence 7.7-fold.
Mild disease will often resolve and merely requires measures to reduce discomfort and dryness, such as artificial tears and smoking cessation if possible. Severe cases are a medical emergency, and are treated with glucocorticoids (steroids), and sometimes ciclosporin. Many anti-inflammatory biological mediators, such as infliximab, etanercept, and anakinra are being tried. In January 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration approved teprotumumab-trbw for the treatment of Graves’ ophthalmopathy.
Signs and symptoms
In mild disease, patients present with eyelid retraction. In fact, upper eyelid retraction is the most common ocular sign of Graves' orbitopathy. This finding is associated with lid lag on infraduction (Von Graefe's sign), eye globe lag on supraduction (Kocher's sign), a widened palpebral fissure during fixation (Dalrymple's sign) and an incapacity of clos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniFLEX
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UniFLEX is a Unix-like operating system developed by Technical Systems Consultants (TSC) for the Motorola 6809 family which allowed multitasking and multiprocessing.
It was released for DMA-capable 8" floppy, extended memory addressing hardware (software controlled 4KiB paging of up to 768 KiB RAM), Motorola 6809 based computers. Examples included machines from SWTPC, Gimix and Goupil (France). On SWTPC machines, UniFLEX also supported a 20 MB, 14" hard drive (OEM'd from Century Data Systems) in 1979. Later on, it also supported larger 14" drives (up to 80 MB), 8" hard drives, and 5-1/4" floppies. In 1982 other machines also supported the first widely available 5-1/4" hard disks using the ST506 interface such as the 5 MB BASF 6182 and the removable SyQuest SQ306RD of the same capacity.
Due to the limited address space of the 6809 (64 kB) and hardware limitations, the main memory space for the UniFLEX kernel as well as for any running process had to be smaller than 56 kB (code + data)(processes could be up to 64K minus 512 bytes). This was achieved by writing the kernel and most user space code entirely in assembly language, and by removing a few classic Unix features, such as group permissions for files. Otherwise, UniFLEX was very similar to Unix Version 7, though some command names were slightly different. There was no technical reason for the renaming apart from achieving some level of command-level compatibility with its single-user sibling FLEX. By simply restoring the Unix style names, a considerable degree of "Unix Look & Feel" could be established, though due to memory limitations the command line interpreter (shell) was less capable than the Bourne Shell known from Unix Version 7. Memory management included swapping to a dedicated portion of the system disk (even on floppies) but only whole processes could be swapped in and out, not individual pages. This caused swapping to be a very big hit on system responsiveness, so memory had to be sized appropriate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20noise%20machine
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A white noise machine is a device that produces a noise that calms the listener, which in many cases sounds like a rushing waterfall or wind blowing through trees, and other serene or nature-like sounds. Often such devices do not produce actual white noise, which has a harsh sound, but pink noise, whose power rolls off at higher frequencies, or other colors of noise.
Use
White noise devices are available from numerous manufacturers in many forms, for a variety of different uses, including audio testing, sound masking, sleep-aid, and power-napping. Sleep-aid and nap machine products may also produce other soothing sounds, such as music, rain, wind, highway traffic and ocean waves mixed with—or modulated by—white noise. Electric fans are a common alternative, although some Asian communities historically avoided using fans due to the superstition that a fan could suffocate them while sleeping. White noise generators are often used by people with tinnitus to mask their symptoms. The sounds generated by digital machines are not always truly random. Rather, they are short prerecorded audio-tracks which continuously repeat at the end of the track.
Manufacturers of sound-masking devices recommend that the volume of white noise machines be initially set at a comfortable level, even if it does not provide the desired level of privacy. As the ear becomes accustomed to the new sound and learns to tune it out, the volume can be gradually increased to increase privacy. Manufacturers of sleeping aids and power-napping devices recommend that the volume level be set slightly louder than normal music listening level, but always in a comfortable listening range.
Sound and noise have their own measurement and color coding techniques, which allows specialized users to identify noise and sound according to their respective needs and utilization. These specialized needs are dependent on certain professions and needs, e.g. a psychiatrist who needs certain sounds for therapies and trea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer%27s%20ear
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Surfer's ear is the common name for an exostosis or abnormal bone growth within the ear canal. Surfer's ear is not the same as swimmer's ear, although infection can result as a side effect.
Irritation from cold wind and water exposure causes the bone surrounding the ear canal to develop lumps of new bony growth which constrict the ear canal. Where the ear canal is actually blocked by this condition, water and wax can become trapped and give rise to infection. The condition is so named due to its prevalence among cold water surfers. Warm water surfers are also at risk for exostosis due to the evaporative cooling caused by wind and the presence of water in the ear canal.
Most avid surfers have at least some mild bone growths (exostoses), causing little to no problems. The condition is progressive, making it important to take preventive measures early, preferably whenever surfing.
The condition is not limited to surfing and can occur in any activity with cold, wet, windy conditions such as windsurfing, kayaking, sailing, jet skiing, kitesurfing, and diving.
Signs and symptoms
In general, one ear will be somewhat worse than the other due to the prevailing wind direction of the area surfed or the side that most often strikes the wave first.
Decreased hearing or hearing loss, temporary or ongoing
Increased prevalence of ear infections, causing ear pain
Difficulty evacuating debris or water from the ear causing a plugging sensation
Cause
The majority of patients present in their mid-30s to late 40s. This is likely due to a combination of the slow growth of the bone and the decreased participation in activities associated with surfer's ear past the 30s. However, surfer's ear is possible at any age and is directly proportional to the amount of time spent in cold, wet, windy weather without adequate protection.
The normal ear canal is approximately 7 mm in diameter and has a volume of approximately 0.8 ml (approximately one-sixth of a teaspoon). As the condition progr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20integration
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System integration is defined in engineering as the process of bringing together the component sub-systems into one system (an aggregation of subsystems cooperating so that the system is able to deliver the overarching functionality) and ensuring that the subsystems function together as a system, and in information technology as the process of linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally, to act as a coordinated whole.
The system integrator integrates discrete systems utilizing a variety of techniques such as computer networking, enterprise application integration, business process management or manual programming.
System integration involves integrating existing, often disparate systems in such a way "that focuses on increasing value to the customer" (e.g., improved product quality and performance) while at the same time providing value to the company (e.g., reducing operational costs and improving response time). In the modern world connected by Internet, the role of system integration engineers is important: more and more systems are designed to connect, both within the system under construction and to systems that are already deployed.
Methods of integration
Vertical integration (as opposed to "horizontal integration") is the process of integrating subsystems according to their functionality by creating functional entities also referred to as silos. The benefit of this method is that the integration is performed quickly and involves only the necessary vendors, therefore, this method is cheaper in the short term. On the other hand, cost-of-ownership can be substantially higher than seen in other methods, since in case of new or enhanced functionality, the only possible way to implement (scale the system) would be by implementing another silo. Reusing subsystems to create another functionality is not possible.
Star integration, also known as spaghetti integration, is a process of systems integration where ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20object%20middleware
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Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) is a type of infrastructure that allows remote access to remote objects transparently. It is based on the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) mechanism. Some DOM systems also enable objects on different platforms to interact, for example, CORBA. Other examples of DOM systems include Microsoft's Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle Corporation).
Middleware
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd%20das%20Brot
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Bernd das Brot () is a puppet character, star mascot and pop cultural icon of the German children's television channel KiKA, currently featured in the programs Bernd das Brot, Bravo Bernd, and the KiKA late night loop programme. He is primarily characterised by his chronic depression.
Role on KiKA
Bernd is a depressed and curmudgeonly loaf of pullman bread speaking in a deep, gloomy baritone. He is small, rectangular and golden brown with hands directly attached to his body, rings around his eyes and a thin-lipped mouth. According to himself, he belongs to the species homo brotus depressivus. His favourite activities include staring at his south wall at home, learning the pattern of his woodchip wallpaper by heart, reading his favourite magazine The Desert and You, and enlarging his collection of the most boring railway tracks on video. Bernd sympathizes firstly with himself, and is bad-tempered and fatalistic.
His favorite expression is Mist., used in much the same way as the English "crap". His other catchphrases are: "I would like to be left alone," "I would like to leave this show," and "My life is hell."
According to his in-universe backstory, the short-armed bread character made his first appearance as part of an advertising campaign for a bakery chain. When the campaign turned out unsuccessful, Bernd was forced to apply for job at the KiKA (more specifically, the MDR member of the ARD) which is also the reason for his permanent scowl. Bernd himself does not want to appear on television and thinks it is a "dirty business".
Bernd interacts with two co-main characters. One is the chatty Chili das Schaf ("Chili the sheep"), a female, yellow sheep with flaming red hair. Chili, the show's Gastgeberin (hostess), is a Stuntschaf (stuntsheep) who finds it exciting to have close calls with accidents. The other main character is the show's technical expert, the always pleasant Briegel der Busch (Briegel the Bush), a green, bespectacled bush with flowers and leaves
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascendency
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Ascendency or ascendancy is a quantitative attribute of an ecosystem, defined as a function of the ecosystem's trophic network. Ascendency is derived using mathematical tools from information theory. It is intended to capture in a single index the ability of an ecosystem to prevail against disturbance by virtue of its combined organization and size.
One way of depicting ascendency is to regard it as "organized power", because the index represents the magnitude of the power that is flowing within the system towards particular ends, as distinct from power that is dissipated naturally. Almost half a century earlier, Alfred J. Lotka (1922) had suggested that a system's capacity to prevail in evolution was related to its ability to capture useful power. Ascendency can thus be regarded as a refinement of Lotka's supposition that also takes into account how power is actually being channeled within a system.
In mathematical terms, ascendency is the product of the aggregate amount of material or energy being transferred in an ecosystem times the coherency with which the outputs from the members of the system relate to the set of inputs to the same components (Ulanowicz 1986). Coherence is gauged by the average mutual information shared between inputs and outputs (Rutledge et al. 1976).
Originally, it was thought that ecosystems increase uniformly in ascendency as they developed, but subsequent empirical observation has suggested that all sustainable ecosystems are confined to a narrow "window of vitality" (Ulanowicz 2002). Systems with relative values of ascendency plotting below the window tend to fall apart due to lack of significant internal constraints, whereas systems above the window tend to be so "brittle" that they become vulnerable to external perturbations.
Sensitivity analysis on the components of the ascendency reveals the controlling transfers within the system in the sense of Liebig (Ulanowicz and Baird 1999). That is, ascendency can be used to identify
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal%20dynamical%20triangulation
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Causal dynamical triangulation (abbreviated as CDT), theorized by Renate Loll, Jan Ambjørn and Jerzy Jurkiewicz, is an approach to quantum gravity that, like loop quantum gravity, is background independent.
This means that it does not assume any pre-existing arena (dimensional space) but, rather, attempts to show how the spacetime fabric itself evolves.
There is evidence
that, at large scales, CDT approximates the familiar 4-dimensional spacetime but shows spacetime to be 2-dimensional near the Planck scale, and reveals a fractal structure on slices of constant time. These interesting results agree with the findings of Lauscher and Reuter, who use an approach called Quantum Einstein Gravity, and with other recent theoretical work.
Introduction
Near the Planck scale, the structure of spacetime itself is supposed to be constantly changing due to quantum fluctuations and topological fluctuations. CDT theory uses a triangulation process which varies dynamically and follows deterministic rules, to map out how this can evolve into dimensional spaces similar to that of our universe.
The results of researchers suggest that this is a good way to model the early universe, and describe its evolution. Using a structure called a simplex, it divides spacetime into tiny triangular sections. A simplex is the multidimensional analogue of a triangle [2-simplex]; a 3-simplex is usually called a tetrahedron, while the 4-simplex, which is the basic building block in this theory, is also known as the pentachoron. Each simplex is geometrically flat, but simplices can be "glued" together in a variety of ways to create curved spacetimes. Whereas previous attempts at triangulation of quantum spaces have produced jumbled universes with far too many dimensions, or minimal universes with too few, CDT avoids this problem by allowing only those configurations in which the timelines of all joined edges of simplices agree.
Derivation
CDT is a modification of quantum Regge calculus wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo%20DSi%20system%20software
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The Nintendo DSi system software is a set of updatable firmware versions, and a software frontend on the Nintendo DSi (including its XL variant) video game console. Updates, which are downloaded via the system's Internet connection, allow Nintendo to add and remove features and software. All updates also include all changes from previous updates.
Technology
User interface
The user interface of the Nintendo DSi has been redesigned from the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite. The DSi's user interface is a single row of icons which can be navigated by sliding the stylus across them. When you take a picture using L/R, it is then displayed on the home menu's top screen. From the home menu, the user can take a picture at any time by pressing the shoulder buttons. While the system is on, the power button acts as a soft reset button that returns the user to the home menu.
The Nintendo DSi provides some built-in applications. Initially, users are able to access five programs from the main menu: DSi Camera, DSi Sound, DSi Shop, PictoChat, and Download Play. The DSi's menu is akin to the Channel interface of the Nintendo Wii in that new programs can be downloaded and added to the interface. The DSi Camera application allows for taking images and applying various filters. The DSi Sound application is thematically similar to DSi Camera, serving as a sound recorder and editor (along with a low bitrate AAC music player). Features include themed equalizers and modulators that modify a user's voice to sound similar to a robot or parakeet (Toy Story 3 is the only DSi enhanced game to use the DSi's audio modulator engine). The DSi Shop would serve as the DS version of the Wii Shop Channel.
Multimedia features
Unlike Nintendo's previous handheld consoles such as the Nintendo DS and Nintendo DS Lite, the Nintendo DSi has built in music playback support. The DSi Music program is split into two modes: voice recording and music playback. Both offer plenty of entertainment value because
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20G.%20Kirkpatrick
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David Galer Kirkpatrick is a Professor Emeritus of computer science at the University of British Columbia. He is known for the Kirkpatrick–Seidel algorithm and his work on polygon triangulation, and for co-inventing α-shapes and the β-skeleton. He received his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1974.
Works
Dissertation: Topics in the Complexity of Combinatorial Algorithms, University of Toronto 1974
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20cycle
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The hydrogen cycle consists of hydrogen exchanges between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) sources and sinks of hydrogen-containing compounds.
Hydrogen (H) is the most abundant element in the universe. On Earth, common H-containing inorganic molecules include water (H2O), hydrogen gas (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and ammonia (NH3). Many organic compounds also contain H atoms, such as hydrocarbons and organic matter. Given the ubiquity of hydrogen atoms in inorganic and organic chemical compounds, the hydrogen cycle is focused on molecular hydrogen, H2.
As a consequence of microbial metabolisms or naturally occurring rock-water interactions, hydrogen gas can be created. Other bacteria may then consume free H2, which may also be oxidised photochemically in the atmosphere or lost to space. Hydrogen is also thought to be an important reactant in pre-biotic chemistry and the early evolution of life on Earth, and potentially elsewhere in the Solar System.
Abiotic cycles
Sources
Abiotic sources of hydrogen gas include water-rock and photochemical reactions. Exothermic serpentinization reactions between water and olivine minerals produce H2 in the marine or terrestrial subsurface. In the ocean, hydrothermal vents erupt magma and altered seawater fluids including abundant H2, depending on the temperature regime and host rock composition. Molecular hydrogen can also be produced through photooxidation (via solar UV radiation) of some mineral species such as siderite in anoxic aqueous environments. This may have been an important process in the upper regions of early Earth's Archaean oceans.
Sinks
Because H2 is the lightest element, atmospheric H2 can readily be lost to space via Jeans escape, an irreversible process that drives Earth's net mass loss. Photolysis of heavier compounds not prone to escape, such as CH4 or H2O, can also liberate H2 from the upper atmosphere and contribute to this process. Another major sink of free atmospheric H2 is photochemical oxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Piranian
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George Piranian (; May 2, 1914 – August 31, 2009) was a Swiss-American mathematician. Piranian was internationally known for his research in complex analysis, his association with Paul Erdős, and his editing of the Michigan Mathematical Journal.
Early life and education
Piranian was born in Thalwil outside Zürich, Switzerland. His father, Patvakan Piranian, was originally from Armenia. George and his brother David at home were called Gevorg and Davit, the Armenian versions of their names. His family immigrated to Logan, Utah, in 1929. Piranian received a B.Sc. in agriculture and M.Sc. in botany (1937) at Utah State University. As a Rhodes scholar, Piranian first "tasted blood" in mathematics at Hertford College, Oxford.
After returning to the United States, Piranian earned his Ph.D. in mathematics under Szolem Mandelbrojt at Rice University (1943). Piranian's dissertation was entitled A Study of the Position and Nature of the Singularities of Functions Given by Their Taylor Series.
Piranian joined the faculty at University of Michigan in 1945.
Michigan Mathematical Journal
In 1952, Piranian, along with Paul Erdős, Fritz Herzog and Arthur J. Lohwater, founded the Michigan Mathematical Journal; leadership in editing was assumed by Piranian in 1954. Piranian co-authored a research paper with Erdős and Herzog; as a consequence he has an Erdős number of one.
Piranian's editing was renowned in mathematics.
Teaching
Piranian's teaching captivated several future research mathematicians. Piranian also was an advisor with the Honors Program at the College of Literature, Science and the Arts at the University of Michigan.
Teaching of Theodore Kaczynski
In the 1960s, Piranian taught and advised Theodore Kaczynski, who was a Ph.D. student in mathematics. In the 1990s, Kaczynski was convicted of the Unabomber crimes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Smallpox%20Hospital
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The London Smallpox Hospital, sometimes known as the Middlesex County Hospital for Smallpox and Inoculation, was established in 1745–6 and was said to be the first establishment of its type in Europe. The earliest buildings were in the West End of London, Finsbury and Bethnal Green, but in 1752 it moved to the house formerly occupied by Sir John Oldcastle in Coldbath Fields, admitting patients from 1753.
A new hospital in St Pancras was opened in 1793–4 and the Coldbath Fields building demolished in the 1860s. The Hospital in Saint Pancras near Battle Bridge, was demolished to make way for St Pancras railway station. The Hospital was replaced by the Highgate Smallpox and Vaccination Hospital, erected in 1848–1850.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl
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Tcl (pronounced "tickle" or as an initialism) is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. It was designed with the goal of being very simple but powerful. Tcl casts everything into the mold of a command, even programming constructs like variable assignment and procedure definition. Tcl supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented, imperative, functional, and procedural styles.
It is commonly used embedded into C applications, for rapid prototyping, scripted applications, GUIs, and testing. Tcl interpreters are available for many operating systems, allowing Tcl code to run on a wide variety of systems. Because Tcl is a very compact language, it is used on embedded systems platforms, both in its full form and in several other small-footprint versions.
The popular combination of Tcl with the Tk extension is referred to as Tcl/Tk (pronounced "tickle teak" or as an initialism) and enables building a graphical user interface (GUI) natively in Tcl. Tcl/Tk is included in the standard Python installation in the form of Tkinter.
History
The Tcl programming language was created in the spring of 1988 by John Ousterhout while he was working at the University of California, Berkeley. Originally "born out of frustration", according to the author, with programmers devising their own languages for extending electronic design automation (EDA) software and, more specifically, the VLSI design tool Magic, which was a professional focus for John at the time. Later Tcl gained acceptance on its own. Ousterhout was awarded the ACM Software System Award in 1997 for Tcl/Tk.
The name originally comes from Tool Command Language, but is conventionally written Tcl rather than TCL.
Tcl conferences and workshops are held in both the United States and Europe.
Features
Tcl's features include
All operations are commands, including language structures. They are written in prefix notation.
Commands commonly accept a variable number of arg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal%20provocation%20test
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The Nasal Provocation Test (NPT or nasal challenge test) is a medical procedure indicated for help the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis. NPT may be monitored by clinical scores, rhinomanometry, acoustic rhinometry, nasal smear cytology and/or spirometry.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar%20mass%20constant
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The molar mass constant, usually denoted by Mu, is a physical constant defined as one twelfth of the molar mass of carbon-12: Mu = M(12C)/12. The molar mass of any element or compound is its relative atomic mass (atomic weight) multiplied by the molar mass constant.
The mole and the relative atomic mass were originally defined in the International System of Units (SI) in such a way that the constant was exactly . That is, the numerical value of the molar mass of an element, in grams per mole of atoms, was equal to its atomic mass relative to the atomic mass constant, mu. Thus, for example, the average atomic mass of chlorine is approximately , making the mass of one mole of chlorine atoms approximately .
On 20 May 2019, the SI definition of mole changed in such a way that the molar mass constant remains nearly but no longer exactly . However, the difference is insignificant for all practical purposes. According to the SI, the value of Mu now depends on the mass of one atom of carbon-12, which must be determined experimentally. As of that date, the 2018 CODATA recommended value of Mu is
The molar mass constant is important in writing dimensionally correct equations. While one may informally say "the molar mass of an element M is the same as its atomic weight A", the atomic weight (relative atomic mass) A is a dimensionless quantity, whereas the molar mass M has the units of mass per mole. Formally, M is A times the molar mass constant Mu.
Prior to 2019 redefinition
The molar mass constant was unusual (but not unique) among physical constants by having an exactly defined value rather than being measured experimentally. From the old definition of the mole, the molar mass of carbon 12 was exactly 12 g/mol. From the definition of relative atomic mass, the relative atomic mass of carbon 12, that is the atomic weight of a sample of pure carbon 12, is exactly 12. The molar mass constant was thus given by
The molar mass constant is related to the mass of a carbon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark%20Electronics
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Benchmark Electronics Inc is an EMS, ODM, and OEM company based in Tempe, Arizona in the Phoenix metropolitan area. It provides contract manufacturing services.
History
Initially a subsidiary of Intermedics, a medical implant manufacturer, Benchmark was sold to Electronic Investors Corporation in 1986.
The company made an IPO in 1990.
In 2007 Benchmark Electronics acquired Pemstar Inc, another contract manufacturer.
In December 2011, founder and chairman Cary Fu promoted Gayla Delly to CEO in December 2011.
On September 16, 2016, Benchmark named Paul J. Tufano president and chief executive officer, effective immediately. He replaced Gayla Delly, who had been with Benchmark since 1996.
Tufano stepped down from his position as president and CEO on March 18, 2019 and is replaced by Jeff Benck.
Benchmark ranked as the 18th largest EMS/ODM company worldwide in the CIRCUITS ASSEMBLY Top 50 for 2019.
In June 2020, the company announced plans to shutter its factory in Angleton, TX.
Customers
Benchmark Electronics's customers have included Sun Microsystems, Medtronic, EMC Corporation, iRobot, and Silicon Graphics.
Services
While basic computing-related products made up the majority of its earlier product lines, the company also manufactures telecommunications equipment and medical devices. Benchmark has also expanded its business into precision technologies, providing extensive precision mechanical manufacturing capabilities.
Production bases and facilities
Benchmark Electronics has operations in eight countries and has 24 sites.
The company has production bases in Almelo, Netherlands; Angleton, TX; Bangkok, Thailand; Brasov, Romania; Guadalajara, Mexico; Tempe, Arizona; Tijuana, Mexico; Huntsville, AL; Penang, Malaysia; Nashua, NH; Singapore; Suzhou, China.; and Winona & Rochester, MN.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocation%20centre
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A colocation center (also spelled co-location, or shortened to colo) or "carrier hotel", is a type of data centre where equipment, space, and bandwidth are available for rental to retail customers. Colocation facilities provide space, power, cooling, and physical security for the server, storage, and networking equipment of other firms and also connect them to a variety of telecommunications and network service providers with a minimum of cost and complexity.
Configuration
Many colocation providers sell to a wide range of customers, ranging from large enterprises to small companies. Typically, the customer owns the information technology (IT) equipment and the facility provides power and cooling. Customers retain control over the design and usage of their equipment, but daily management of the data center and facility are overseen by the multi-tenant colocation provider.
Cabinets – A cabinet is a locking unit that holds a server rack. In a multi-tenant data center, servers within cabinets share raised-floor space with other tenants, in addition to sharing power and cooling infrastructure.
Cages – A cage is dedicated server space within a traditional raised-floor data center; it is surrounded by mesh walls and entered through a locking door. Cages share power and cooling infrastructure with other data center tenants.
Suites – A suite is a dedicated, private server space within a traditional raised-floor data center; it is fully enclosed by solid partitions and entered through a locking door. Suites may share power and cooling infrastructure with other data center tenants, or have these resources provided on a dedicated basis.
Modules – data center modules are purpose-engineered modules and components to offer scalable data center capacity. They typically use standardized components, which make them easily added, integrated or retrofitted into existing data centers, and cheaper and easier to build. In a colocation environment, the data center module is a data ce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential%20space
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In anatomy, a potential space is a space between two adjacent structures that are normally pressed together (directly apposed). Many anatomic spaces are potential spaces, which means that they are potential rather than realized (with their realization being dynamic according to physiologic or pathophysiologic events). In other words, they are like an empty plastic bag that has not been opened (two walls collapsed against each other; no interior volume until opened) or a balloon that has not been inflated. The pleural space, between the visceral and parietal pleura of the lung, is a potential space. Though it only contains a small amount of fluid normally, it can sometimes accumulate fluid or air that widens the space. The pericardial space is another potential space that may fill with fluid (effusion) in certain disease states (e.g. pericarditis; a large pericardial effusion may result in cardiac tamponade).
Examples
costodiaphragmatic recess
pericardial cavity
epidural space (within the skull)
subdural space
peritoneal cavity
buccal space
See also
Fascial spaces of the head and neck
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmos
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Desmos is an advanced graphing calculator implemented as a web application and a mobile application written in TypeScript and JavaScript.
History
Desmos was founded by Eli Luberoff, a math and physics double major from Yale University, and was launched as a startup at TechCrunch's Disrupt New York conference in 2011. , it had received around 1 million US dollars of funding from Kapor Capital, Learn Capital, Kindler Capital, Elm Street Ventures and Google Ventures.
The name Desmos came from the Greek word which means a bond or a tie.
In May 2022, Amplify acquired the Desmos curriculum and teacher.desmos.com. Some 50 employees joined Amplify. Desmos Studio was spun off as a separate public benefit corporation focused on building calculator products and other math tools.
In May 2023, Desmos released a beta for a remade Geometry Tool. In it, geometrical shapes can be made, as well as expressions from the normal graphing calculator, with extra features. In September 2023, Desmos released a beta for a 3D calculator, which added features on top of the 2D calculator, including cross products, partial derivatives and double-variable parametric equations.
Features
In addition to graphing both equations and inequalities, it also features lists, plots, regressions, interactive variables, graph restriction, simultaneous graphing, piece wise function graphing, polar function graphing, two types of graphing grids – among other computational features commonly found in a programmable calculator. It can also be used in several languages. Calculus operations such as derivatives and integrals are also available, although direct limits are currently absent. Integrations to positive and negative infinity are supported, and series can also be raised to sufficiently high iterations. Other functions like trigonometric and other transcendental functions, as well as the error function, factorial, statistical operations such as the normal distribution, chi-squared, the aforementioned
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument%20principle
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In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) relates the difference between the number of zeros and poles of a meromorphic function to a contour integral of the function's logarithmic derivative.
Specifically, if f(z) is a meromorphic function inside and on some closed contour C, and f has no zeros or poles on C, then
where Z and P denote respectively the number of zeros and poles of f(z) inside the contour C, with each zero and pole counted as many times as its multiplicity and order, respectively, indicate. This statement of the theorem assumes that the contour C is simple, that is, without self-intersections, and that it is oriented counter-clockwise.
More generally, suppose that f(z) is a meromorphic function on an open set Ω in the complex plane and that C is a closed curve in Ω which avoids all zeros and poles of f and is contractible to a point inside Ω. For each point z ∈ Ω, let n(C,z) be the winding number of C around z. Then
where the first summation is over all zeros a of f counted with their multiplicities, and the second summation is over the poles b of f counted with their orders.
Interpretation of the contour integral
The contour integral can be interpreted as 2πi times the winding number of the path f(C) around the origin, using the substitution w = f(z):
That is, it is i times the total change in the argument of f(z) as z travels around C, explaining the name of the theorem; this follows from
and the relation between arguments and logarithms.
Proof of the argument principle
Let zZ be a zero of f. We can write f(z) = (z − zZ)kg(z) where k is the multiplicity of the zero, and thus g(zZ) ≠ 0. We get
and
Since g(zZ) ≠ 0, it follows that g' (z)/g(z) has no singularities at zZ, and thus is analytic at zZ, which implies that the residue of f′(z)/f(z) at zZ is k.
Let zP be a pole of f. We can write f(z) = (z − zP)−mh(z) where m is the order of the pole, and
h(zP) ≠ 0. Then,
and
similarly as
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20YM2610
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The YM2610, a.k.a. OPNB, is a sound chip developed by Yamaha. It is a member of Yamaha's OPN family of FM synthesis chips, and related to the YM2608.
The YM2610 was used in Taito's arcade system boards from 1987, including the Taito Z System. It was most notably used in SNK's Neo Geo arcade and home video game systems from 1990, along with other arcade game systems.
The YM2610 has the following features:
Four concurrent FM synthesis channels (voices)
Four operators per channel
Two interval timers
A low frequency oscillator (LFO)
Three SSG square wave tone/noise channels: compatible with YM2149
Seven adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (PCM) channels:
ADPCM-A: Six ADPCM channels, fixed pitch, 18.5 kHz sampling rate at 12-bit from 4-bit data
ADPCM-B: One ADPCM channel, variable pitch, 2–55.5 kHz sampling rate at 16-bit from 4-bit data
The YM2610B variant added two extra FM channels for a total of six, but was identical in every other feature. The YM2610 is used in conjunction with a YM3016 stereo DAC.
See also
Yamaha YM2149
Yamaha YM2203
Yamaha YM2608
Yamaha YM2612
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20ratio
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In music, an interval ratio is a ratio of the frequencies of the pitches in a musical interval. For example, a just perfect fifth (for example C to G) is 3:2 (), 1.5, and may be approximated by an equal tempered perfect fifth () which is 27/12 (about 1.498). If the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the perfect fifth above it would be E, at (440*1.5=) 660 Hz, while the equal tempered E5 is 659.255 Hz.
Ratios, rather than direct frequency measurements, allow musicians to work with relative pitch measurements applicable to many instruments in an intuitive manner, whereas one rarely has the frequencies of fixed pitched instruments memorized and rarely has the capabilities to measure the changes of adjustable pitch instruments (electronic tuner). Ratios have an inverse relationship to string length, for example stopping a string at two-thirds (2:3) its length produces a pitch one and one-half (3:2) that of the open string (not to be confused with inversion).
Intervals may be ranked by relative consonance and dissonance. As such ratios with lower integers are generally more consonant than intervals with higher integers. For example, 2:1 (), 4:3 (), 9:8 (), 65536:59049 (), etc.
Consonance and dissonance may more subtly be defined by limit, wherein the ratios whose limit, which includes its integer multiples, is lower are generally more consonant. For example, the 3-limit 128:81 () and the 7-limit 14:9 (). Despite having larger integers 128:81 is less dissonant than 14:9, as according to limit theory.
For ease of comparison intervals may also be measured in cents, a logarithmic measurement. For example, the just perfect fifth is 701.955 cents while the equal tempered perfect fifth is 700 cents.
Usage
Frequency ratios are used to describe intervals in both Western and non-Western music. They are most often used to describe intervals between notes tuned with tuning systems such as Pythagorean tuning, just intonation, and meantone temperament, the size of which can be expresse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestinotrema%20portoricense
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Clandestinotrema portoricense is a rare species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae. Found in Puerto Rico, it was described as a new species in 2014. It is characterised by its white, slightly shiny thallus that can span several centimetres in diameter, and its rounded that are immersed in the thallus. Unlike most of its genus counterparts, C. portoricense possesses septated (partitioned) spores and a carbonised (blackened) and , effectively distinguishing it from similar species.
Taxonomy
Clandestinotrema portoricense was first formally described by lichenologists Joel Mercado-Díaz, Robert Lücking, and Sittiporn Parnmen. The holotype, the initial specimen that serves as the basis for its description, was discovered by the first author in Canóvanas, Puerto Rico. The species name, portoricense, pays homage to the island of Puerto Rico, the locale of its discovery.
Description
The thallus, or body, of Clandestinotrema portoricense, can span up to in diameter. The thallus, which can be either thinly epiperidermal or partially endoperidermal, is white, slightly shiny, and smooth to uneven in texture. No prothallus is present in this species. The lichen's , responsible for photosynthesis, is a green alga from genus Trentepohlia, with cells that are rounded to irregular in outline and grouped together in a yellowish-green colour.
What makes this species unique are the ascomata – reproductive structures where spores are produced – that are rounded and immersed with a lateral . The are 3-septate to often somewhat , with an additional, longitudinal septum in the upper segment. They are hyaline, and with diamond-shaped .
No substances were detected in this species using thin-layer chromatography.
Similar species
While most species of Clandestinotrema have regularly (sub-)muriform ascospores, C. portoricense stands out due to its seemingly 3-septate ascospores that may form an additional, longitudinal septum in the thicker pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20evolution%20strategy
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Natural evolution strategies (NES) are a family of numerical optimization algorithms for black box problems. Similar in spirit to evolution strategies, they iteratively update the (continuous) parameters of a search distribution by following the natural gradient towards higher expected fitness.
Method
The general procedure is as follows: the parameterized search distribution is used to produce a batch of search points, and the fitness function is evaluated at each such point. The distribution’s parameters (which include strategy parameters) allow the algorithm to adaptively capture the (local) structure of the fitness function. For example, in the case of a Gaussian distribution, this comprises the mean and the covariance matrix. From the samples, NES estimates a search gradient on the parameters towards higher expected fitness. NES then performs a gradient ascent step along the natural gradient, a second order method which, unlike the plain gradient, renormalizes the update with respect to uncertainty. This step is crucial, since it prevents oscillations, premature convergence, and undesired effects stemming from a given parameterization. The entire process reiterates until a stopping criterion is met.
All members of the NES family operate based on the same principles. They differ in the type of probability distribution and the gradient approximation method used. Different search spaces require different search distributions; for example, in low dimensionality it can be highly beneficial to model the full covariance matrix. In high dimensions, on the other hand, a more scalable alternative is to limit the covariance to the diagonal only. In addition, highly multi-modal search spaces may benefit from more heavy-tailed distributions (such as Cauchy, as opposed to the Gaussian). A last distinction arises between distributions where we can analytically compute the natural gradient, and more general distributions where we need to estimate it from samples.
Search gra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright%20symbol
|
The copyright symbol, or copyright sign, (a circled capital letter C for copyright), is the symbol used in copyright notices for works other than sound recordings. The use of the symbol is described by the Universal Copyright Convention. The symbol is widely recognized but, under the Berne Convention, is no longer required in most nations to assert a new copyright.
US law
In the United States, the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, effective March 1, 1989, removed the requirement for the copyright symbol from U.S. copyright law, but its presence or absence is legally significant on works published before that date, and it continues to affect remedies available to a copyright holder whose work is infringed.
History
Prior symbols indicating a work's copyright status are seen in Scottish almanacs of the 1670s; books included a printed copy of the local coat-of-arms to indicate their authenticity.
A copyright notice was first required in the U.S. by the Copyright Act of 1802. It was lengthy: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington." In general, this notice had to appear on the copyrighted work itself, but in the case of a "work of the fine arts", such as a painting, it could instead be inscribed "on the face of the substance on which [the work of art] shall be mounted". The Copyright Act was amended in 1874 to allow a much shortened notice: "Copyright, 18, by A. B."
The copyright symbol was introduced in the United States in section 18 of the Copyright Act of 1909, and initially applied only to pictorial, graphic and sculptural works. The Copyright Act of 1909 was meant to be a complete rewrite and overhaul of existing copyright law. As originally proposed in the draft of the bill, copyright protection required putting the word "copyright" or a sanctioned abbreviation on the work of art itself. This included paintings, the argument being that the frame was detachable. In co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maconochie
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Maconochie was a British stew of sliced turnips, carrots, potatoes, onions, haricot beans, and beef in a thin broth, named after the Aberdeen-based Maconochie Company that produced it. It gained recognition as a widely-issued military ration for British soldiers during the Boer War and World War I. There was also a French version called Maconóochie.
Though the stew was tolerable, most soldiers detested it. As one soldier put it, "warmed in the tin, Maconochie was edible; cold, it was a man-killer." Others complained about how the potatoes appeared to be unidentifiable black lumps. The congelation of fat above indistinguishable chunks of meat and vegetables led one reporter to describe it as "an inferior grade of garbage". A soldier named Calcutt claimed "the Maconochie's stew ration gave the troops flatulence of a particularly offensive nature."
Some product versions that contained turnips were said to possess an unpleasant smell when combined with beans. Barbara Buchan from the Fraserburgh Heritage Centre confirmed that their records contain only a single positive response to the product.
See also
List of stews
Potted meat food product
Notes and references
External links
Trench Food
Glossary of Australian military jargon of World War I
Replicas of World War I artifacts, including cans of Maconochie
Military food of the United Kingdom
Military food
Canned food
Meat stews
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering%20equivalence
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In theoretical computer science, stuttering equivalence, a relation written as
,
can be seen as a partitioning of paths and into blocks, so that states in the block of one path are labeled () the same as states in the block of the other path. Corresponding blocks may have different lengths.
Formally, this can be expressed as two infinite paths and being stuttering equivalent () if there are two infinite sequences of integers and such that for every block holds .
Stuttering equivalence is not the same as bisimulation, since bisimulation cannot capture the semantics of the 'eventually' (or 'finally') operator found in linear temporal/computation tree logic (branching time logic)(modal logic). So-called branching bisimulation has to be used.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba%20TLCS
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TLCS is a prefix applied to microcontrollers made by Toshiba. The product line includes multiple families of CISC and RISC architectures. Individual components generally have a part number beginning with "TMP". E.g. the TMP8048AP is a member of the TLCS-48 family.
TLCS-12
The TLCS-12 was a 12-bit microprocessor and central processing unit manufactured by Toshiba. It began development in 1971, and was completed in 1973. It was a 32mm² MOS integrated circuit chip with about 2,800 silicon gates, fabricated on a 6 µm process with NMOS logic. It was used in the Ford EEC engine control unit system, which began production in 1974 and went into mass production in 1975. The system memory included 512-bit RAM, 2kb ROM and 2kb EPROM.
TLCS-47 family
The microcontrollers in the TLCS-47 category are 4-bit systems. These are no longer advertised on the Toshiba website.
TLCS-48 family
The TLCS-48 family were clones of the Intel MCS-48 (8048) microcontroller.
TLCS-Z80 family
These were a series of Zilog Z80 compatible microcontrollers.
TLCS-90 family
The microcontrollers in the TLCS-90 family use a 8-bit/16-bit architecture reminiscent of the Z80. These are no longer advertised on the Toshiba website.
The TLCS-90 inherits most Z80 features, such as:
seven 8-bit registers (A, B, C, D, E, H and L),
six 16-bit registers (BC, DE, HL, IX, IY, and SP), three of which are 8-bit register pairs,
the combined parity/overflow flag,
the , and 16-bit exchange instructions, and
the and memory copy instructions.
There are, however, significant differences. It omits the separate I/O address space of the Z80, but adds more flexibility to operand combinations, some new operations (notably multiply and divide), and several additional addressing modes:
and indexed modes operating similarly to and
single-byte "zero page" addressing of memory from FF00–FFFF16
and addressing without a displacement, enabling a single byte of machine code to be saved and the execution time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel%20Scrutton
|
Nigel Shaun Scrutton (born 2 April 1964) is a British biochemist and biotechnology innovator known for his work on enzyme catalysis, biophysics and synthetic biology. He is Director of the UK Future Biomanufacturing Research Hub, Director of the Fine and Speciality Chemicals Synthetic Biology Research Centre (SYNBIOCHEM), and Co-founder, Director and Chief Scientific Officer of the 'fuels-from-biology' company C3 Biotechnologies Ltd. He is Professor of Enzymology and Biophysical Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Manchester. He is former Director of the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) (2010 to 2020).
Early life and education
Scrutton was born in Batley, West Riding of Yorkshire and was brought up in Cleckheaton where he went to Whitcliffe Mount School. Scrutton graduated from King's College London with a first class Bachelor of Science degree in Biochemistry in 1985. He was a Benefactors' Scholar at St John's College, Cambridge where he completed his doctoral research (PhD) in 1988 supervised by Richard Perham. He was a Research Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge (1989–92) and a Fellow / Director of Studies at Churchill College, Cambridge (1992–95). He was awarded a Doctor of Science (ScD) degree in 2003 by the University of Cambridge.
Career and research
Following his PhD, Scrutton was appointed as Lecturer (1995), then Reader (1997) and Professor (1999) at the University of Leicester before being appointed Professor at the University of Manchester in 2005. He has held successive research fellowships over 29 years from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 (1851 Research Fellowship), St John's College, Cambridge, the Royal Society (Royal Society University Research Fellow and Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award), the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). He has been V
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorhythm%20%28pseudoscience%29
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The biorhythm theory is the pseudoscientific idea that peoples' daily lives are significantly affected by rhythmic cycles with periods of exactly 23, 28 and 33 days, typically a 23-day physical cycle, a 28-day emotional cycle, and a 33-day intellectual cycle. The idea was developed by Wilhelm Fliess in the late 19th century, and was popularized in the United States in the late 1970s. The proposal has been independently tested and, consistently, no validity for it has been found.
According to the notion of biorhythms, a person's life is influenced by rhythmic biological cycles that affect his or her ability in various domains, such as mental, physical, and emotional activity. These cycles begin at birth and oscillate in a steady (sine wave) fashion throughout life, and by modeling them mathematically, it is suggested that a person's level of ability in each of these domains can be predicted from day to day. It is built on the idea that the biofeedback chemical and hormonal secretion functions within the body could show a sinusoidal behavior over time.
Most biorhythm models use three cycles: a 23-day physical cycle, a 28-day emotional cycle, and a 33-day intellectual cycle. Although the 28-day cycle is the same length as the average woman's menstrual cycle and was originally described as a "female" cycle (see below), the two are not necessarily in synchronization. Each of these cycles varies between high and low extremes sinusoidally, with days where the cycle crosses the zero line described as "critical days" of greater risk or uncertainty.
The numbers from +100% (maximum) to -100% (minimum) indicate where on each cycle the rhythms are on a particular day. In general, a rhythm at 0% is crossing the midpoint and is thought to have no real impact on one's life, whereas a rhythm at +100% (at the peak of that cycle) would give one an edge in that area, and a rhythm at -100% (at the bottom of that cycle) would make life more difficult in that area. There is no particul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20equations%20of%20addition
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In cryptography, differential equations of addition (DEA) are one of the most basic equations related to differential cryptanalysis that mix additions over two different groups (e.g. addition modulo 232 and addition over GF(2)) and where input and output differences are expressed as XORs.
Examples
Differential equations of addition (DEA) are of the following form:
where and are -bit unknown variables and , and are known variables. The symbols and denote addition modulo and bitwise exclusive-or respectively. The above equation is denoted by .
Let a set
for integer denote a system of DEA where is a polynomial in . It has been proved that the satisfiability of an arbitrary set of DEA is in the complexity class P when a brute force search requires an exponential time.
In 2013, some properties of a special form of DEA were reported by Chengqing Li et al., where and is assumed known. Essentially, the special DEA can be represented as . Based on the found properties, an algorithm for deriving was proposed and analyzed.
Applications
Solution to an arbitrary set of DEA (either in batch and or in adaptive query model) was due to Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel. The solution techniques have been used to attack the stream cipher Helix.
Further reading
Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel, Solving Systems of Differential Equations of Addition, ACISP 2005. Full version (PDF)
Souradyuti Paul and Bart Preneel, Near Optimal Algorithms for Solving Differential Equations of Addition With Batch Queries, Indocrypt 2005. Full version (PDF)
Helger Lipmaa, Johan Wallén, Philippe Dumas: On the Additive Differential Probability of Exclusive-Or. FSE 2004: 317-331.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRB3
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB3 gene. It is located within the 15q12 region in the human genome and spans 250kb. This gene includes 10 exons within its coding region. Due to alternative splicing, the gene codes for many protein isoforms, all being subunits in the GABAA receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel. The beta-3 subunit is expressed at different levels within the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, olivary body and piriform cortex of the brain at different points of development and maturity. GABRB3 deficiencies are implicated in many human neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes such as Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, nonsyndromic orofacial clefts, epilepsy and autism. The effects of methaqualone and etomidate are mediated through GABBR3 positive allosteric modulation.
Gene
The GABRB3 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 15, within the q12 region in the human genome. It is located in a gene cluster, with two other genes, GABRG3 and GABRA5. GABRB3 was the first gene to be mapped to this particular region. It spans approximately 250kb and includes 10 exons within its coding region, as well as two additional alternative first exons that encode for signaling peptides. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding isoforms with distinct signal peptides have been described. This gene is located within an imprinting region that spans the 15q11-13 region. Its sequence is considerably longer than the two other genes found within its gene cluster due to a large 150kb intron it carries. A pattern is observed in GABRB3 gene replication, in humans the maternal allele is replicated later than the paternal allele. The reasoning and implications of this pattern are unknown.
When comparing the human beta-3 subunit's genetic sequence with other vertebrate beta-3 subunit sequences, there is a high level of genetic conservation. In mice the Gabrb3 gene is located on c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemmix
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Zemmix was a trade mark and brand name of the South Korean electronics company Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd. It was an MSX-based video game console brand whose name is no longer in use.
Under the name Zemmix, Daewoo released a series of gaming consoles compatible with the MSX home computer standards. The consoles were in production between 1985 and 1995. The consoles were not sold outside South Korea.
Hardware
Console Models
All consoles were designed to broadcast standard NTSC, have low and high outputs for connecting to a TV and have a universal adapter for connection to the mains 120/230 volts.
The consoles also had a letter coming after the serial number. These letters indicated the color combination of the console. The key is as follows.
W - white and silver colors
R - red and black colors
B - yellow, blue and black colors
For example, CPC 51W would be a white or silver Zemmix V (see below).
Consoles compatible with the MSX standard
CPC-50 (Zemmix)
CPC-51 (Zemmix V)
Consoles compatible with the MSX2 standard
CPC-61 (Zemmix Super V)
Consoles compatible with the MSX2+ standard
CPG-120 (Zemmix Turbo)
FPGA based MSX2+ compatible console
Zemmix Neo (by Retroteam Neo)
Zemmix Neo Lite (by Retroteam Neo)
Raspberry PI based MSX2+ (Turbo R) compatible console
CPC-Mini (Licensed)- Zemmix Mini (by Retroteam Neo)
Peripherals
Other Zemmix products:
By Daewoo
CPJ-905: MSX joystick for Zemmix CPC-51 console
CPJ-600: MSX joypad for Zemmix CPC-61 console
CPK-30: keyboard for Zemmix CPC-61
CPJ-102K: joystick for CPC-330
CPK-31K: input device for CPC-330
By Zemina
A Keyboard & Cartridge port divider
The Zemina Music Box
An MSX2 Upgrade Kit
A Zemmix PC card
MSX RAM expansion cards
A 'Family Card' that allows the user to play Famicom games on the Zemmix
Software
Korean software companies that produced software for the Zemmix gaming console:
Aproman
Boram
Clover
Daou Infosys
FA Soft
Mirinae
Prosoft
Screen
Topia
Uttum
Zemina
Most Zemmix software wor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromodomain%20helicase%20DNA-binding%20%28CHD%29%20subfamily
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Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) proteins is a subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes (remodelers). All remodelers fall under the umbrella of RNA/DNA helicase superfamily 2. In yeast, CHD complexes are primarily responsible for nucleosome assembly and organization. These complexes play an additional role in multicellular eukaryotes, assisting in chromatin access and nucleosome editing.
Functions of CHD subfamily proteins
Similar to the imitation switch (ISWI) subfamily of ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, CHD complexes regulate the assembly and organization of mature nucleosomes along the DNA. Histones are removed during DNA replication; following behind the replisome, histones start to assemble as immature pre-nucleosomes on nascent DNA. With the help of CHD complexes, histone octamers can mature into native nucleosomes. Following nucleosome formation, CHD complexes organize nucleosomes by regularly spacing them apart along the DNA.
Additionally, CHDs in higher-order organisms can slide/eject nucleosomes or histone dimers to allosterically regulate DNA accessibility. Specific CHD complexes, such as the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) complex in C. elegans, can expose binding sites for transcriptional repressors along the chromatin by interacting with highly-modular histone tails; deacetylation of the histone residue H3K9ac is an example of how the NuRD complex can downregulate gene expression and affect DNA topology.
The final mechanism of this subfamily of ATP-dependent remodelers is nucleosome editing. Drosophila dCHD1 can edit nucleosomes by swapping out histone H3 for the variant H3.3. Binding of dCHD1 near the nucleosome causes tension in the DNA. To relieve this tension, an upstream H3 dimer is displaced from the nucleosome, allowing for its replacement by histone variant H3.3. The addition of H3.3 into the nucleosomes is an epigenetic way to keep the chromatin in an accessible, transcription-ready, state. Incorporati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162nd%20meridian%20east
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The meridian 162° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 162nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 18th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 162nd meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | East Siberian Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing between the Medvyezhi Islands, Sakha Republic, (at )
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Sakha Republic Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — from Magadan Oblast — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sea of Okhotsk
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Penzhin Bay
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Kamchatka Krai — Kamchatka Peninsula
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Kamchatka Krai — Kamchatka Peninsula
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Enewetak atoll, (at ) Passing just east of the island of Ulawa, (at ) Passing just east of the island of Malaupaina, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Island of Makira
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Coral Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SlimRoms
|
SlimRoms (also Slim7, Slim6, SlimLP, SlimKat or SlimBean) is an Android custom ROM. Its main feature is the many setting options of the user interface.
Since September 2, 2015 SlimRoms is an LTD in Great Britain, after having previously been an e. V. in Germany.
Features
The name of the current SlimRoms version is usually composed of Slim and the code name of the Android version used. An exception is the current version called Slim6 (Android version: Marshmallow).
Some of these features are no longer included in SlimRoms since SlimLP. In most cases the reason is the change of the user interface of Android with the introduction of the material design for Android 5.0 and upwards.
Features no longer available since SlimLP
TRDS
With "the real dark Slim" option (TRDS) dark backgrounds in the menu of the versions SlimKat and SlimBean were coloured deep black and not dark grey like e.g. Stock-Android. Furthermore, some Google Apps were partially inverted. The light backgrounds became black and the font turned white. This option could optionally be adjusted automatically depending on the lighting conditions.
SlimPie
With SlimPIE there was a customizable menu based on CyanogenMod's CM Pie, which appeared semicircular when touched at the edge of the screen. This allowed shortcuts to apps or functions without navigating through menus.
Dialer
The dialer of SlimRom allows you to browse telephone books and additionally displays corresponding telephone book entries for incoming calls. However, this function is only available in Canada and the USA.
Shake Events
Shake events allowed the user to start certain apps or lock the device when shaking it. Here it could be set whether a distinction should be made between horizontal and vertical shaking.
Camera
The camera has been enhanced with SmartCapture and TrueView functions. The former is intended to enable particularly short shutter release times, the latter is intended to display the entire area captured by the camera
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