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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic%20metamaterial
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An acoustic metamaterial, sonic crystal, or phononic crystal is a material designed to control, direct, and manipulate sound waves or phonons in gases, liquids, and solids (crystal lattices). Sound wave control is accomplished through manipulating parameters such as the bulk modulus β, density ρ, and chirality. They can be engineered to either transmit, or trap and amplify sound waves at certain frequencies. In the latter case, the material is an acoustic resonator. Acoustic metamaterials are used to model and research extremely large-scale acoustic phenomena like seismic waves and earthquakes, but also extremely small-scale phenomena like atoms. The latter is possible due to band gap engineering: acoustic metamaterials can be designed such that they exhibit band gaps for phonons, similar to the existence of band gaps for electrons in solids or electron orbitals in atoms. That has also made the phononic crystal an increasingly widely researched component in quantum technologies and experiments that probe quantum mechanics. Important branches of physics and technology that rely heavily on acoustic metamaterials are negative refractive index material research, and (quantum) optomechanics.
History
Acoustic metamaterials have developed from the research and findings in metamaterials. A novel material was originally proposed by Victor Veselago in 1967, but not realized until some 33 years later. John Pendry produced the basic elements of metamaterials in the late 1990s. His materials were combined, with negative index materials first realized in 2000, broadening the possible optical and material responses. Research in acoustic metamaterials has the same goal of broader material responses with sound waves.
Research employing acoustic metamaterials began in 2000 with the fabrication and demonstration of sonic crystals in a liquid. This was followed by transposing the behavior of the split-ring resonator to research in acoustic metamaterials. After this, double negative
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20and%20territories%20with%20the%20Union%20Jack%20displayed%20on%20their%20flag
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This is a list of current countries and territories with a flag that incorporates the Union Flag. Five Commonwealth nations have the Union Flag on their national flag. The first Commonwealth country to drop the Union Flag was Canada in 1965, after adopting a new national flag. The most recent country to drop the Union Flag from its flag was South Africa in 1994, after adopting a new national flag. The only overseas territory without the Union Flag on its current flag is Gibraltar.
The list also includes overseas territories, provinces and states.
Current
Commonwealth nations
The Union Flag is an official ceremonial flag of Canada known as the Royal Union Flag.
Overseas territories
Federal provinces, territories and states
Cities
Other
Former
Countries
Overseas Territories
Settlement
See also
List of United Kingdom flags
Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories
Notes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20battery
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Structural batteries are multifunctional materials or structures, capable of acting as an electrochemical energy storage system (i.e. batteries) while possessing mechanical integrity.
They help save weight and are useful in transport applications such as electric vehicles and drones, because of their potential to improve system efficiencies. Two main types of structural batteries can be distinguished: embedded batteries and laminated structural electrodes.
Embedded batteries
Embedded batteries represent multifunctional structures where lithium-ion battery cells are efficiently embedded into a composite structure, and more often sandwich structures. In a sandwich design, state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries are embedded forming a core material and bonded in between two thin and strong face sheets (e.g. aluminium). In-plane and bending loads are carried by face sheets while the battery core takes up transverse shear and compression loads as well as storing the electrical energy. The multifunctional structure can then be used as a load-bearing as well as an energy storage material.
Laminated structural electrodes
In laminated structural electrodes the electrode material possesses an intrinsic load-bearing and energy storage function. Such batteries are also called massless batteries, since in theory vehicle body parts could also store energy thus not adding any additional weight to the vehicle as additional batteries would not be needed. An example for such batteries are those based on a zinc anode, manganeseoxide cathode and a fiber/ polymer composite electrolyte. The structural electrolyte enables stable charge and discharge performance. This assembly has been demonstrated in an unmanned aerial vehicle. A commonly proposed structural battery is based on a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) concept. Here, carbon fibers serve simultaneously as electrodes and structural reinforcement. The lamina is composed of carbon fibers that are embedded in a matrix ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shide%20%28Shinto%29
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are zigzag-shaped paper streamers, often seen attached to or to demarcate holy spaces, and used in Shinto rituals in Japan. They are usually found adorning doorways, shrine buildings, and kamidana.
The origins of shide are traced to the yūshide, a thread made from the bark of Broussonetia x kazinoki mentioned in the Kojiki. There are different styles of folding shide. One method requires placing the paper zigzags in a cut slit on a stick, creating a ritual object known as a gohei or heihaku. A gohei is an offering to kami that can be seen on kamidana altars and inside the main building of a Shinto shrine.
A common purification ritual uses a , a wooden stick with linen or paper shide attached at the top. A Shinto priest waves the over a person, item, or newly bought property, such as a building or a car. The wand is waved at a slow and rhythmic pace, but with a little force so that the strips make a rustling noise on each pass of the wand. For new properties, a similar ritual known as (lit. "calming the land") is performed with a within an enclosed part of the land (enclosed by ).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphate
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A polyphosphate is a salt or ester of polymeric oxyanions formed from tetrahedral PO4 (phosphate) structural units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms. Polyphosphates can adopt linear or a cyclic ring structures. In biology, the polyphosphate esters ADP and ATP are involved in energy storage. A variety of polyphosphates find application in mineral sequestration in municipal waters, generally being present at 1 to 5 ppm. GTP, CTP, and UTP are also nucleotides important in the protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism, respectively.
Polyphosphates are also used as food additives, marked E452.
Structure
The structure of tripolyphosphoric acid illustrates the principles which define the structures of polyphosphates. It consists of three tetrahedral PO4 units linked together by sharing oxygen centres. For the linear chains, the end phosphorus groups share one oxide and the others phosphorus centres share two oxide centres. The corresponding phosphates are related to the acids by loss of the acidic protons. In the case of the cyclic trimer each tetrahedron shares two vertices with adjacent tetrahedra.
Sharing of three corners is possible. This motif represents crosslinking of the linear polymer. Crosslinked polyphosphates adopt the sheet-structure Phyllosilicates, but such structures occur only under extreme conditions.
Formation and synthesis
Polyphosphates arise by polymerization of phosphoric acid derivatives. The process begins with two phosphate units coming together in a condensation reaction.
2 H(PO4)2− (P2O7)4− + H2O
The condensation is shown as an equilibrium because the reverse reaction, hydrolysis, is also possible. The process may continue in steps; at each step another (PO3)− unit is added to the chain, as indicated by the part in brackets in the illustration of polyphosphoric acid. P4O10 can be seen as the end product of condensation reactions, where each tetrahedron shares three corners with the others. Conversely, a co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border%20area
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The border area is the area immediately adjacent to the border of a country. In addition to the informal definition, a border area may have a legal definition and delineation, both domestically and due to bilateral agreements. Reasons for legal definition of a border area include enhanced security and special provisions for the residents of border areas to cross the border (local border traffic).
China
In China, during the Chinese Civil War, many of the areas controlled by the communists were called 'Border Areas', because they were in remote districts on the borders of two or more provinces. They are also known by the names of 'Border Regions' and 'Liberated Areas' in English. Examples include the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region and the neighbouring 晋-察-冀 Jin-Cha-Ji (short for Shanxi Province, Chahar Province and Hebei Province) Border Area in North China.
European Union
In Germany, within the framework of the European Union Customs Union, the border area () extends on the German part of the customs border of the Community to a depth of 30 kilometers, from the seaward border of the customs territory of the Community to a depth of 50 kilometers.
For Schengen States, a regulation for local border traffic at external borders define a border area which may extend to a maximum of on either side of the border. An exception is made for Kaliningrad Oblast, see "Poland–Russia border" article for details.
Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the regime of the use of land, water, forests, entrails, other arable lands, navigation, fishing, rafting and other works is defined by the border area regime. If necessary, a border zone is established within the administrative unit (city, region, settlement, village) within the territory adjacent to the USSR state border or the coast guard by border troops, where a special border regime is introduced. The border troops carry out tasks of guarding the state border in that zone. In addition, along the USSR state border, on its land or bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoregion%20%28geomorphology%29
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In some geomorphological taxonomies, a mesoregion is a natural region of intermediate size.
Mesoregions may be defined on the basis of morpholithogenic conditions and spatial connection. A mesoregion is used in the regionalization of the area, it is a physical and geographic division unit, it is part of a macroregion, and consists of microregions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxifraga%20oppositifolia
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Saxifraga oppositifolia, the purple saxifrage or purple mountain saxifrage, is a species of plant that is very common in the high Arctic and also some high mountainous areas further south, including northern Britain, the Alps and the Rocky Mountains.
Saxifraga oppositifolia grows at a latitude of 83°40'N on Kaffeklubben Island, making it one of the northernmost plants in the world.
Description
Saxifraga oppositifolia is a low-growing, densely or loosely matted plant growing up to high, with somewhat woody branches of creeping or trailing habit close to the surface. The leaves are small, rounded, scale-like, opposite in four rows with ciliated margins. The flowers are solitary on short stalks, petals purple or lilac, much longer than the calyx lobes. It is one of the first spring flowers, continuing to flower during the whole summer in localities where the snow melts later. The flowers grow to about in diameter.
Ecology
Habitat
Saxifraga oppositifolia grows in all kinds of cold temperate to Arctic habitats, usually found from sea level up to , in many places colouring the landscape. Its native habitats include tundra, arctic coastal bluffs, alpine scree, and rock crevices.
Swiss botanist Christian Körner found the plant growing at an elevation of in the Swiss alps, making it the highest elevation angiosperm in Europe. It is even known to grow on Kaffeklubben Island in north Greenland, at , the most northerly plant locality in the world.
Species interactions
The flowers of Saxifraga oppositifolia may be consumed by certain animal species, such as the caterpillars of the cold-adapted Gynaephora groenlandica, the Arctic woolly-bear caterpillar.
Uses
Saxifraga oppositifolia is a popular plant in alpine gardens, though difficult to grow in warm climates.
The edible flower petals are eaten, particularly in parts of Nunavut without abundant berries. They are bitter at first but, after about one second, they become sweet. (They are also slightly sticky.) It is kno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elxsi
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Elxsi Corporation was a minicomputer manufacturing company established in the late 1970s in Silicon Valley, US, along with a host of competitors (Trilogy Systems, Sequent, Convex Computer). The Elxsi processor was an Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) design that featured a 50-nanosecond clock, a 25-nanosecond back panel bus, IEEE floating-point arithmetic and a 64-bit architecture. It allowed multiple processors to communicate over a common bus called the Gigabus, believed to be the first company to do so. The operating system was a message-based operating system called EMBOS. The Elxsi CPU was a microcoded design, allowing custom instructions to be coded into microcode.
History
Elxsi was founded in 1979 by Joe Rizzi (previously a manager at Intersil) and Thampy Thomas (who would go on to found NexGen Microsystems). It is believed that Elxsi was the first startup founded by an Indian in Silicon Valley. Much of the architecture of the Elxsi machine was designed by former Stanford University professors Len Shar and Balasubrimanian Kumar. Another key contributor to the design was Harold (Mac) McFarland, who was also a key designer on the team that created the PDP-11. George Taylor (on the IEEE standard committee and a student of UC Berkeley Professor William Kahan) provided a key design for the IEEE floating-point unit.
Elxsi was bought out by Gene Amdahl in 1985 with money that was leftover from the Trilogy venture. Venture investors in Elxsi included Tata Group (India) and Arthur Rock. In 1989, however, Elxsi left the computer business because of the general shift away from the use of mainframes in the global computer industry and the advent of the personal computer. The Tata Group kept the name Tata Elxsi but it now belongs to the Tata group of companies.
The original Elxsi Corporation, however, remained in business as a going concern. In 1989, the company sold its computer maintenance business to National Computer Systems. In 1991, the company entered two entire
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly%20R.%20Morris
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Molly R. Morris is an American behavioral ecologist who has worked with treefrogs and swordtail fishes in the areas of alternative reproductive tactics and sexual selection.
Morris received a Bachelor of Arts from Earlham College and a PhD from Indiana University. As a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas at Austin, her work with Mike Ryan demonstrated equal fitnesses between alternative reproductive tactics in a species of swordtail fish. She joined the faculty at Ohio University in 1997, where she is now a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences. She is also the Associate Editor for the journal Behavior. Her publication credits include multiple papers on Animal behavior and Ecology. Her current research relates to diabetes, as well as behavioral ecology, using the swordtail fish Xiphophorus as a model organism.
Personal life
Morris is married to Kevin de Queiroz, an evolutionary biologist at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History.
Selected works
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20performance%20positioning%20system
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A high performance positioning system (HPPS) is a type of positioning system consisting of a piece of electromechanics equipment (e.g. an assembly of linear stages and rotary stages) that is capable of moving an object in a three-dimensional space within a work envelope. Positioning could be done point to point or along a desired path of motion. Position is typically defined in six degrees of freedom, including linear, in an x,y,z cartesian coordinate system, and angular orientation of yaw, pitch, roll. HPPS are used in many manufacturing processes to move an object (tool or part) smoothly and accurately in six degrees of freedom, along a desired path, at a desired orientation, with high acceleration, high deceleration, high velocity and low settling time. It is designed to quickly stop its motion and accurately place the moving object at its desired final position and orientation with minimal jittering.
HPPS requires a structural characteristics of low moving mass and high stiffness. The resulting system characteristic is a high value for the lowest natural frequency of the system. High natural frequency allows the motion controller to drive the system at high servo bandwidth, which means that the HPPS can reject all motion disturbing frequencies, which act at a lower frequency than the bandwidth. For higher frequency disturbances such as floor vibration, acoustic noise, motor cogging, bearing jitter and cable carrier rattling, HPPS may employ structural composite materials for damping and isolation mounts for vibration attenuation. Unlike articulating robots, which have revolute joints that connect their links, HPPS links typically consists of sliding joints, which are relatively stiffer than revolute joints. That is the reason why high performance positioning systems are often referred to as cartesian robots.
Performance
HPPS, driven by linear motors, can move at a combined high velocity on order of 3-5 m/s, high accelerations of 5-7 g, at micron or sub micron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doce%20de%20gila
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is a Portuguese fruit preserve made from the pulp of the . It can be used as jam or as an ingredient in various desserts and pastries.
Background
The is native to the Americas and was brought to Portugal a result of the Columbian Exchange. The name "" is derived from the Nahuatl name "chilacayohtli" (), a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family which includes cucumbers, melons, squashes, and pumpkins. It is similar to (spaghetti squash), which is a common substitution for .
Preparation
Rather than cutting it open with a knife, the squash is traditionally thrown on the ground to break it open. It is then rinsed several times. The rough chunks of squash are parboiled in water until the flesh is able to be removed from its skin. The skin is discarded while the pulp is drained. A syrup is made with water and sugar in a separate pot. A stick of cinnamon, and sometimes lemon or orange peel, is often added to the syrup to scent the preserve. The drained pulp is added to the syrup and cooked until it reaches 116°C or has the consistency of marmalade. The mixture is cooled before bottling or used in another application.
Uses
is made throughout Portugal and is often used as a jam on toast. In Alentejo, it became a common staple ingredient in many traditional conventual sweets such as , , , , and . It is also found in desserts in Sri Lanka such as "love cake".
Gallery
See also
Cabello de ángel
Conventual sweets
Pão de rala
Portuguese cuisine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Congress%20of%20Conservation%20Biology
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The European Congress of Conservation Biology (ECCB) is a series of professional meetings organised by the Society for Conservation Biology – Europe Section. The aim of ECCBs is to facilitate the exchange on conservation science and nature conservation practice and policy with the aim of promoting conservation of biological diversity in Europe. The congresses are opened by the environmental minister of the host country, attended by high level policy makers from the EC, and by prominent scientists, including Fellows of the Royal Society.
Past and future meetings
1st ECCB − 2006, Eger, Hungary. Held with 1000 participants. Its subject "Diversity for Europe" reflecting the variability of Europe’s biology and culture, and also the diversity of ways nature conservation acts.
2nd ECCB − 2009, Prague, Czech Republic. Held with 1200 participants. Its main theme was "Conservation biology and beyond: from science to practice".
3rd ECCB − 2012, Glasgow, UK. Its main theme will be "Conservation on the Edge".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Portuguese%20municipal%20flags
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The Portuguese municipalities are entitled to use a local flag with a coat of arms.
Rules regarding Portuguese vexillology and heraldry are quite strict (Law no. 53/91 of August 7th, 1991).
The colour(s) of the flag are defined in regulations published in the official journal and correspond to one or two most important tinctures used in the coat of arms.
Flags could be plain (one single colour) just with the coat of arms in the centre (used by municipalities headquartered both in cities and towns), quartered with two colours (used only by municipalities whose seat is a town) or gyronny with two colours (meaning that the seat of the municipality has the status of city).
The single exception to this rule can be found in the flag of the Lagos municipality, which is quartered diagonally (Portuguese franchado, or quartered per saltire), reflecting the association of the city with King Manuel I of Portugal, whose personal standard was also quartered per saltire.
See also
List of Portuguese flags
Portuguese vexillology
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20scale
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Spatial scale is a specific application of the term scale for describing or categorizing (e.g. into orders of magnitude) the size of a space (hence spatial), or the extent of it at which a phenomenon or process occurs.
For instance, in physics an object or phenomenon can be called microscopic if too small to be visible. In climatology, a micro-climate is a climate which might occur in a mountain, valley or near a lake shore. In statistics, a megatrend is a political, social, economical, environmental or technological trend which involves the whole planet or is supposed to last a very large amount of time. The concept is also used in geography, astronomy, and meteorology.
These divisions are somewhat arbitrary; where, on this table, mega- is assigned global scope, it may only apply continentally or even regionally in other contexts. The interpretations of meso- and macro- must then be adjusted accordingly.
See also
Astronomical units of length
Cosmic distance ladder
List of examples of lengths
Orders of magnitude (length)
Scale (analytical tool)
Scale (geography)
Scale (map)
Scale (ratio)
Location of Earth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta%20Biodiversity%20Monitoring%20Institute
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Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) is an agency that monitors and reports on biodiversity status throughout the province of Alberta, Canada, that is funded equally by the government of Alberta and the oil and gas industry. The Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute is based in Edmonton, Alberta. According to Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures (AITF), a key partner in the ABMI, the ABMI, which acts as "an early warning system by monitoring the cumulative effects of biodiversity change in regions throughout Alberta" is "the largest project of its kind ever attempted in Canada." Collaborating agencies include the government-industry research agency Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, the University of Alberta, University of Calgary and the Royal Alberta Museum. Along with the Alberta Forest Management Planning Standard, the ABMI are key components to implementing resource planning based on ecosystem management principles. Alberta Environment and Parks consults the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Agency's reports in monitoring and preservation of species, setting benchmarks for biodiversity for land use plans. If industry contributes to the endangerment of a species that falls below these benchmarks, the Government of Alberta can order remedial action.
Location
The ABMI Science Centres are located at the University of Alberta, Alberta Innovates and the University of Calgary. Their Processing Centre is at the Royal Alberta Museum and their Information and Application Centre is at the University of Alberta. The ABMI Monitoring Centre is located at Alberta Innovates Technology Futures offices in Vegreville. Dan Farr has been Director at the Application Centre since April 2010.
History
Since the 1990s it was recognized that Alberta needed a comprehensive provincial biodiversity monitoring program but at that time the province did not have the capacity to conduct such a program.
Phase 1 (1998-2002) of what was then called Alberta Biodiversity Monito
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual%20tonsils
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The lingual tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue located in the lamina propria of the root of the tongue. This lymphatic tissue consists of the lymphatic nodules rich in cells of the immune system (immunocytes). The immunocytes initiate the immune response when the lingual tonsils get in contact with invading microorganisms (pathogenic bacteria, viruses or parasites).
Structure
Microanatomy
Lingual tonsils are covered externally by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium that invaginates inward forming crypts. Beneath the epithelium is a layer of lymphoid nodules containing lymphocytes. Mucous glands located at the root of tongue are drained through several ducts into the crypt of lingual tonsils. Secretions of these mucous glands keep the crypt clean and free of any debris.
Blood supply
Lingual tonsils are located on posterior aspect of tongue which is supplied through:
Lingual artery, branch of external carotid artery
Tonsillar branch of facial artery
Ascending and descending palatine arteries
Ascending pharyngeal branch of external carotid artery
Nerve supply
Lingual tonsils are innervated by tonsillar nerves from the tonsilar plexus, formed by the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
Function
Like other lymphatic tissues, the function of lingual tonsils is to prevent infections. These tonsils contain B and T lymphocytes which get activated when harmful bacteria and viruses come in contact with tonsils. B lymphocytes kill pathogens by producing antibodies against them, while T lymphocytes directly kill them releasing cytotoxic substances or indirectly by stimulating other cells of the immune system.
Clinical significance
Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of neoplasm that can affect lingual tonsils.
Sleep apnea
Enlarged or hypertrophic lingual tonsils have the potential to cause or exacerbate sleep apnea.
Additional images
External links
Pictures at usc.edu
(labeled as 'lymphoid tissue')]
Lingual Tonsil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20sum
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In mathematics, an exponential sum may be a finite Fourier series (i.e. a trigonometric polynomial), or other finite sum formed using the exponential function, usually expressed by means of the function
Therefore, a typical exponential sum may take the form
summed over a finite sequence of real numbers xn.
Formulation
If we allow some real coefficients an, to get the form
it is the same as allowing exponents that are complex numbers. Both forms are certainly useful in applications. A large part of twentieth century analytic number theory was devoted to finding good estimates for these sums, a trend started by basic work of Hermann Weyl in diophantine approximation.
Estimates
The main thrust of the subject is that a sum
is trivially estimated by the number N of terms. That is, the absolute value
by the triangle inequality, since each summand has absolute value 1. In applications one would like to do better. That involves proving some cancellation takes place, or in other words that this sum of complex numbers on the unit circle is not of numbers all with the same argument. The best that is reasonable to hope for is an estimate of the form
which signifies, up to the implied constant in the big O notation, that the sum resembles a random walk in two dimensions.
Such an estimate can be considered ideal; it is unattainable in many of the major problems, and estimates
have to be used, where the o(N) function represents only a small saving on the trivial estimate. A typical 'small saving' may be a factor of log(N), for example. Even such a minor-seeming result in the right direction has to be referred all the way back to the structure of the initial sequence xn, to show a degree of randomness. The techniques involved are ingenious and subtle.
A variant of 'Weyl differencing' investigated by Weyl involving a generating exponential sum
was previously studied by Weyl himself, he developed a method to express the sum as the value , where 'G' can be defined via a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrap%20Studio
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Bootstrap Studio is a proprietary web design and development application. It offers a large number of components for building responsive pages including headers, footers, galleries and slideshows along with basic elements, such as spans and divs.
The program can be used for building websites and prototypes. It is built on the popular Electron framework, and is cross-platform.
History
Bootstrap Studio was launched on October 19, 2015 with a post on Product Hunt where it reached number 4 in the Product of the Day category. Version 2.0 of the software was released on January 22, 2016 and brought JavaScript editing, multi-page support and improved the CSS support. Version 4.0 was launched on November 1, 2017. The release added support for the Bootstrap 4 framework and CSS grid, filters, position sticky and blend mode CSS properties. On August 22, 2019, Bootstrap Studio was officially introduced into the GitHub Student Pack, making it available to students from around the world.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcolemma
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The sarcolemma (sarco (from sarx) from Greek; flesh, and lemma from Greek; sheath) also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte.
It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin outer coat of polysaccharide material (glycocalyx) that contacts the basement membrane. The basement membrane contains numerous thin collagen fibrils and specialized proteins such as laminin that provide a scaffold to which the muscle fiber can adhere. Through transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane, the actin skeleton inside the cell is connected to the basement membrane and the cell's exterior. At each end of the muscle fiber, the surface layer of the sarcolemma fuses with a tendon fiber, and the tendon fibers, in turn, collect into bundles to form the muscle tendons that adhere to bones.
The sarcolemma generally maintains the same function in muscle cells as the plasma membrane does in other eukaryote cells. It acts as a barrier between the extracellular and intracellular compartments, defining the individual muscle fiber from its surroundings. The lipid nature of the membrane allows it to separate the fluids of the intra- and extracellular compartments, since it is only selectively permeable to water through aquaporin channels. As in other cells, this allows for the compositions of the compartments to be controlled by selective transport through the membrane. Membrane proteins, such as ion pumps, may create ion gradients with the consumption of ATP, that may later be used to drive transport of other substances through the membrane (co-transport) or generate electrical impulses such as action potentials.
A special feature of the sarcolemma is that it invaginates into the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell, forming membranous tubules radially and longitudinally within the fiber called T-tubules or transverse tubules. On either side of the transverse tubules are terminal cisternal enlargements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (termed endop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20wavefunction
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The universal wavefunction or the wavefunction of the universe is the wavefunction or quantum state of the entire universe. It is regarded as the basic physical entity in the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and finds applications in quantum cosmology. It evolves deterministically according to a wave equation.
The concept of universal wavefunction was introduced by Hugh Everett in his 1956 PhD thesis draft The Theory of the Universal Wave Function, It later received investigation from James Hartle and Stephen Hawking who derived the Hartle–Hawking solution to the Wheeler–deWitt equation to explain the initial conditions of the Big Bang cosmology.
Role of observers
Hugh Everett's universal wavefunction supports the idea that observed and observer are all mixed together:
Eugene Wigner and John Archibald Wheeler take issue with this stance. Wigner writes
Wheeler says:
See also
Heisenberg cut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin%20Laboratory%2C%20University%20of%20Cambridge
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The Godwin Laboratory is a research facility at the University of Cambridge. It was originally set up to investigate radiocarbon dating and its applications, and was one of the first laboratories to determine a radiocarbon calibration curve. The lab is named after the English scientist Harry Godwin.
History
With the late Professor Sir Nicholas Shackleton in charge, the focus of research shifted to marine isotope records, which document changes in the size of polar ice sheets and temperature changes. This research helped to establish the Milankovitch Theory as the most plausible explanation of glacial/interglacial changes over the past million years, and was continued to develop much more extensive geological timescales, covering the last 30 million years, on the basis of this hypothesis. Other areas researched by members of the laboratory include pollen records and tree rings as a proxy for past climate. The laboratory changed principal allegiance from the Department of Plant Sciences to the Department of Earth Sciences around 1995.
In 2005, after Nick Shackleton's retirement, the laboratory was incorporated into the building housing the Department of Earth Sciences, where it continues to operate. It is part of the inter-departmental Godwin Institute for Quaternary Research, a loose collection of Cambridge University research facilities and workers focused on research particularly addressing the history of the last 1.8 million years.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown%20University%20Complementary%20and%20Alternative%20Medicine%20Program
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The Complementary and Alternative Medicine Program was created in 2003 by Georgetown University Medical Center in response to a nationwide NIH-funded educational initiative to incorporate CAM into medical and graduate school curricula. This program is focused on training students to objectively assess the safety and efficacy of various CAM modalities such as acupuncture, massage, herbs and supplements, and mind-body interactions and introducing scientific rigor to much needed research in this field.
History
In Fall 2003, Georgetown University Medical Center (GUMC) introduced the first CAM-oriented, science-based Master of Science program at a US Medical Center. In 2010, over 90% of the 2004 graduates had started their residency programs or were in the process of completing their medical school.
In Fall 2005, the Georgetown University School of Medicine (GUSOM) launched a 5-year MD/MS track, with the CAM MS course of study followed by the 4-year medical curriculum. The program was the first to implement the national initiative to integrate the critical scientific evaluation of CAM with medical education.
Philosophy and Mission
The American public's use of CAM therapeutic modalities, herbal medicines, and supplements has grown exponentially. Georgetown University Medical Center recognizes the need to train a new generation of healthcare providers that has a grasp of what is called "integrative medicine" (medicine that incorporates beneficial evidence-based practices from CAM as well as mainstream medicine). The faculty of Georgetown University School of Medicine has made this institution one of the leaders in this field, by incorporating CAM into the education of medical students and into the graduate research programs. Physiology is the study of integrated function of the body, and trained physiologists are uniquely able to address, in their research and teaching, issues of biological and health-related effects of new or previously uninvestigated agents or treatme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20phycology
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The history of phycology is the history of the scientific study of algae. Human interest in plants as food goes back into the origins of the species, and knowledge of algae can be traced back more than two thousand years. However, only in the last three hundred years has that knowledge evolved into a rapidly developing science.
Early days
The study of botany goes back into pre-history, as plants have been eaten since the beginning of the human race. The first attempts at plant cultivation are believed to have been made shortly before 10,000 BC in Western Asia (Morton, 1981) and the first references to algae are to be found in early Chinese literature. Records as far back as 3000 BC indicate that algae were used by the emperor of China as food (Huisman, 2000 p. 13). The use of Porphyra in China dates back to at least AD 533–544 (Mumfard and Miura, 1988); there are also references in Roman and Greek literature. The Greek word for algae was phycos whilst in Latin the name became fucus. There are early references to the use of algae for manure. The first coralline algae to be recognized as living organisms were probably Corallina, by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century AD (Irvine and Chamberlain, 1994 p. 11).
The classification of plants suffered many changes since Theophrastus (372–287 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) grouped them as "trees", "shrubs" and "herbs" (Smith, 1955 p. 1).
Little is known of botany during the Middle Ages — it was the Dark Ages of botany.
The development of the study of phycology runs in a pattern comparable with, and parallel to, other biological fields but at a different rate. After the invention of the printing-press in the 15th century education enabled people to read and knowledge to spread.
Exploration of the world and the advance of knowledge
Written accounts of the algae of South Africa were made by the Portuguese explorers of the 15th and 16th centuries; however it is not clear to which species they refer. (Huisman, 2000 p. 7)
17
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladdbarn
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"Sladdbarn" is a Swedish term to refer to a child who is born much later than their other siblings. The terms differ from the colloquial English expression "oops baby" which simply refers to any unplanned birth. There are similar terms for the concept in many other Nordic languages and some others.
Definition
There are many opinions about how far apart it should be for the child to considered a sladdbarn. If it has been at least six years between siblings, the younger child can be regarded as a sladdbarn according to the behavioral pedagogue Elisabeth Schönbeck. Another opinion is that it is when the difference between the infant and the second youngest is greater than the difference between the second youngest and the eldest child. A commonly held rule of thumb is that it should be 10 years between the children. Another criterion may be that the child is born long after the first clutch of children and thus is not part of the companionship of their older siblings, missing out on the sibling bonding stage during childhood, developing more as a single child.
Causes
Sladdbarn can be born because the parents mistakenly believe that they can no longer have children due to their age and stop using contraceptives. Another reason for a much later sibling is due to the parents feeling that their first group of children are getting older and they miss having small children around. Sometimes older couples with a more unstable relationship have yet another child in later life due to feeling a need to keep the relationship together when their older children start becoming independent, thus losing the so-called "glue" that kept them from growing apart.
Effects
During the early 20th century having a sladdbarn was considered shameful in the country, as it was considered to imply that the parents were overly sexually active in old age. In Sweden in the 1960s having a sladdbarn was considered a major economic setback for a working-class family but a status symbol for the richer w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS
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In cryptography, PKCS (Public Key Cryptography Standards) are a group of public key cryptography standards devised and published by RSA Security LLC, starting in the early 1990s. The company published the standards to promote the use of the cryptography techniques to which they had patents, such as the RSA algorithm, the Schnorr signature algorithm and several others. Though not industry standards (because the company retained control over them), some of the standards have begun to move into the "standards track" processes of relevant standards organizations in recent years, such as the IETF and the PKIX working group.
See also
Cryptographic Message Syntax
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger%20protein%20347
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Zinc finger protein 347 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF347 gene.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemke%E2%80%93Howson%20algorithm
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The Lemke–Howson algorithm is an algorithm that computes a Nash equilibrium of a bimatrix game, named after its inventors, Carlton E. Lemke and J. T. Howson. It is said to be "the best known among the combinatorial algorithms for finding a Nash equilibrium", although more recently the Porter-Nudelman-Shoham algorithm has outperformed on a number of benchmarks.
Description
The input to the algorithm is a 2-player game . Here, is represented by two game matrices and , containing the payoffs for players 1 and 2 respectively, who have and pure strategies respectively. In the following, one assumes that all payoffs are positive. (By rescaling, any game can be transformed into a strategically equivalent game with positive payoffs.)
has two corresponding polytopes (called the best-response polytopes) and , in dimensions and dimensions respectively, defined as follows:
is in ; let denote the coordinates. is defined by inequalities , for all , and a further inequalities for all .
is in ; let denote the coordinates. is defined by inequalities , for all , and a further inequalities for all .
Here, represents the set of unnormalized probability distributions over player 1's
pure strategies, such that player 2's expected payoff is at most 1. The first constraints require the probabilities to be non-negative, and the other constraints require each of the pure strategies of player 2 to have an expected payoff of at most 1. has a similar meaning, reversing the roles of the players.
Each vertex of is associated with a set of labels from the set
as follows. For vertex gets the label if at vertex .
For , vertex gets the label if
Assuming that is nondegenerate, each vertex is incident to facets of and has labels. Note that the origin, which is a vertex of , has the labels .
Each vertex of is associated with a set of labels from the set
as follows. For , vertex gets the label if at vertex . For , vertex gets the label if
Assuming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium%20phosphate
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Disodium phosphate (DSP), or disodium hydrogen phosphate, or sodium phosphate dibasic, is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2HPO4. It is one of several sodium phosphates. The salt is known in anhydrous form as well as forms with 2, 7, 8, and 12 hydrates. All are water-soluble white powders; the anhydrous salt being hygroscopic.
The pH of disodium hydrogen phosphate water solution is between 8.0 and 11.0, meaning it is moderately basic:
HPO42− + H2O H2PO4− + OH−
Production and reactions
It can be generated by neutralization of phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide:
H3PO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2HPO4 + 2 H2O
Industrially It is prepared in a two-step process by treating dicalcium phosphate with sodium bisulfate, which precipitates calcium sulfate:
CaHPO4 + NaHSO4 → NaH2PO4 + CaSO4
In the second step, the resulting solution of monosodium phosphate is partially neutralized:
NaH2PO4 + NaOH → Na2HPO4 + H2O
Uses
It is used in conjunction with trisodium phosphate in foods and water softening treatment. In foods, it is used to adjust pH. Its presence prevents coagulation in the preparation of condensed milk. Similarly, it is used as an anti-caking additive in powdered products. It is used in desserts and puddings, e.g. Cream of Wheat to quicken cook time, and Jell-O Instant Pudding for thickening. In water treatment, it retards calcium scale formation. It is also found in some detergents and cleaning agents.
Heating solid disodium phosphate gives the useful compound tetrasodium pyrophosphate:
2 Na2HPO4 → Na4P2O7 + H2O
Laxative
Monobasic and dibasic sodium phosphate are used as a saline laxative to treat constipation or to clean the bowel before a colonoscopy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAD750
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The RAD750 is a radiation-hardened single-board computer manufactured by BAE Systems Electronics, Intelligence & Support. The successor of the RAD6000, the RAD750 is for use in high-radiation environments experienced on board satellites and spacecraft. The RAD750 was released in 2001, with the first units launched into space in 2005.
Technology
The CPU has 10.4 million transistors, an order of magnitude more than the RAD6000 (which had 1.1 million). It is manufactured using either 250 or 150 nm photolithography and has a die area of 130 mm2. It has a core clock of 110 to 200 MHz and can process at 266 MIPS or more. The CPU can include an extended L2 cache to improve performance.
The CPU can withstand an absorbed radiation dose of 2,000 to 10,000 grays (200,000 to 1,000,000 rads), temperatures between −55 °C and 125 °C, and requires 5 watts of power. The standard RAD750 single-board system (CPU and motherboard) can withstand 1,000 grays (100,000 rads), temperatures between −55 °C and 70 °C, and requires 10 watts of power.
The RAD750 system has a price that is comparable to the RAD6000, the latter of which as of 2002 was listed at US$200,000 (). Customer program requirements and quantities, however, greatly affect the final unit costs.
The RAD750 is based on the PowerPC 750. Its packaging and logic functions are completely compatible with the PowerPC 7xx family.
The term RAD750 is a registered trademark of BAE Systems Information and Electronic Systems Integration Inc.
Deployment
In 2010, it was reported that there were over 150 RAD750s used in a variety of spacecraft. Notable examples, in order of launch date, include:
Deep Impact comet-chasing spacecraft, launched in January 2005 first to use the RAD750 computer.
XSS 11, small experimental satellite, launched 11 April 2005.
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched 12 August 2005.
SECCHI (Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation) instrument package on each of the STEREO spacecraft, launched
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20structure%20reconstruction
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Protein structure reconstruction refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of a protein structure from incomplete coarse-grained representations like, for example, protein contact maps, positions of alpha carbon atoms only or backbone chain atoms only. There are many computational tools for protein structure reconstruction that are usually focused on specific reconstruction tasks which include: backbone reconstruction from alpha carbons, side-chains reconstruction from backbone chain atoms, hydrogen atoms reconstruction from heavy atoms positions and recovery of protein structure from contact maps.
Software
Backbone reconstruction
Pulchra
BBQ
PD2
Side chain reconstruction
Pulchra
SCWRL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine%20Taxonomic%20Initiative
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The Philippine Taxonomic Initiative (PTI) is a private Philippine research institute and non-profit organization founded in 2018, located in the Philippines.
Publications
Publications:
M.R.B. Altamirano, M.C.D. Malay, & R.A.A. Bustamante. Check List 18(4): 829-837 (2022). New distribution record of Habenaria gibsonii var. foetida Blatt. & McCann (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) from Panay Island, Philippines, with notes on allied taxa, ecology, and conservation
C.J.P. Dela Cruz, S.R. Concepcion, & Y.P. Ang. Taiwaniana 67(2): 223‒228 (2022). Begonia francisabuidii, (section Baryandra, Begoniaceae) a new species endemic to Albay, Luzon Island, Philippines
J.A. Mansibang, & T.L.P. Senarillos. Philippine Journal of Science, 151(1), 497-501 (2022). Naked-faced Spiderhunter (Arachnothera clarae): a Flower Visitor and a Potential Pollinator of the Genus Aeschynanthus
R.A.A. Bustamante, & P.B. Pelser. Blumea 67 (1): 15–19 (2022). A new Philippine species of Ridsdalea (Rubiaceae, Ixoroideae) from karst vegetation in Palawan
L.M. Camangeg, W. Cabanillas, M.N. Tamayo, V.C. Mangussad, Y.P. Ang, & M.A.K. Pranada. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, 73, 399-412 (2021). Two endemic new species of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Palawan, Philippines
L.M. Magtoto, M.N. Tamayo, L. Udasco, Jr., & R.A.A. Bustamante. Phytotaxa, 525(4), 295(300) (2021). Ardisia kalimbahin (Primulaceae, Myrsinoideae), a new species from the Philippines
K.R.F. Mazo, J. Mansibang, L.G. Aribal, & M.N. Tamayo. Webbia. Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Geography 76(2), 203-212 (2021). You ‘Sau’ Me! A new species and a rediscovery in the genus Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) from Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao Island, Philippines
R.A.A. Bustamante, C. Claudel, J.C. Altomonte, L. Udasco Jr., & M.N. Tamayo. Nordic Journal of Botany, 39(8) (2021). Amorphophallus minimus (Araceae), a new species from the montane forest of Nueva Ecija, Luzon island, Philippines
K.R.F. Mazo, L.G. Aribal, R.A.A. Bustamante, & Y.P. Ang. Phytotaxa, 516(1), 101–1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Lipschitz
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Rudolf Otto Sigismund Lipschitz (14 May 1832 – 7 October 1903) was a German mathematician who made contributions to mathematical analysis (where he gave his name to the Lipschitz continuity condition) and differential geometry, as well as number theory, algebras with involution and classical mechanics.
Biography
Rudolf Lipschitz was born on 14 May 1832 in Königsberg. He was the son of a landowner and was raised at his father's estate at Bönkein which was near Königsberg. He entered the University of Königsberg when he was 15, but later moved to the University of Berlin where he studied with Gustav Dirichlet. Despite having his studies delayed by illness, in 1853 Lipschitz graduated with a PhD in Berlin.
After receiving his PhD, Lipschitz started teaching at local Gymnasiums. In 1857 he married Ida Pascha, the daughter of one of the landowners with an estate near to his father's, and earned his habilitation at the University of Bonn, where he remained as a privatdozent. In 1862 Lipschitz became an extraordinary professor at the University of Breslau where he spent the following two years. In 1864 Lipschitz moved back to Bonn as a full professor. He was the first Jewish full professor at the University of Bonn. He was appointed Bonn's first chair of Mathematics in 1869. He remained there for the rest of his career. Here he examined the dissertation of Felix Klein. Lipschitz died on 7 October 1903 in Bonn.
Rediscovery of Clifford algebra
Lipschitz discovered Clifford algebras in 1880, two years after William K. Clifford (1845–1879) and independently of him, and he was the first to use them in the study of orthogonal transformations. Up to 1950, people mentioned "Clifford–Lipschitz numbers" when they referred to this discovery of Lipschitz. Yet Lipschitz's name suddenly disappeared from the publications involving Clifford algebras; for instance Claude Chevalley (1909–1984) gave the name "Clifford group" to an object that is never mentioned in Clifford's works, but st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20binding%20factor
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The Core binding factor (CBF) is a group of heterodimeric transcription factors.
Core binding factors are composed of:
a non-DNA-binding CBFβ chain (CBFB)
a DNA-binding CBFα chain (RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Com%203c509
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3Com 3c509 is a line of Ethernet IEEE 802.3 network cards for the ISA, EISA, MCA and PCMCIA computer buses. It was designed by 3Com, and put on the market in 1994.
Features
The 3Com 3c5x9 family of network controllers has various interface combinations of computer bus including ISA, EISA, MCA and PCMCIA. For network connection, 10BASE-2, AUI and 10BASE-T are used.
B = On ISA and PCMCIA adapter numbers indicates that these adapters are part of the second generation of the Parallel Tasking EtherLink III technology.
The DIP-28 (U1) EPROM for network booting may be 8, 16 or 32 kByte size. This means EPROMs of type 64, 128, 256 kbit (2^10) are compatible, like the 27C256.
Boot ROM address is located between 0xC0000 - 0xDE000.
Teardown example, the 3c509B-Combo
The Etherlink III 3C509B-Combo is registered with the FCC ID DF63C509B. The main components on the card is Y1: crystal oscillator 20 MHz, U50: coaxial transceiver interface DP8392, U4: main controller 3Com 9513S (or 9545S etc.), U6: 70 ns CMOS static RAM, U1: DIP-28 27C256 style EPROM for boot code, U3: 1024 bit 5V CMOS Serial EEPROM (configuration).
Label:
Etherlink III
(C) 1994 3C509B-C
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ASSY 03-0021-001 REV-A
FCC ID: DF63C509B
Barcode:
EA=0020AFDCC34C
SN=6AHDCC34C
MADE IN U.S.A.
R = Resistor
C = Capacitor
L = Inductance
Q = Transistor
CR = Transistor
FL = Transformer
T = Transformer
U = Integrated circuit
J = Jumper or connector
VR
F
FL70: Pulse transformer
bel9509 A
0556-3873-03
* HIPOTTED
Y1: 20 MHz crystal
20.000M
652DA
U50:
P9512BR
DP8392CN
Coaxial Transceiver Interface
T50: Pulse transformer, pinout: 2x8
VALOR
ST7033
x00: Pulse transformer
VALOR
PT0018
CHINA M
9449 C
U4: Plastic package 33x33 pins
Parallel Tasking TM
3Com
40-0130-002
9513S 22050553
AT&T 40-01302
Another chip with the same function:
40-0130-003
9545S 48324401
AT&T 40-01303
U6: 8192 x 8-bit 70 ns CMOS static RAM
HY 6264A
LJ-70
9509B KOR
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAG%20domain
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In molecular biology, BAG domains are protein domains found in proteins which are modulators of chaperone activity, they bind to HSP70/HSC70 proteins and promote substrate release. The proteins have anti-apoptotic activity and increase the anti-cell death function of BCL-2 induced by various stimuli. BAG-1 binds to the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 or Hsc70/Hsp70 in a mutually exclusive interaction. BAG-1 promotes cell growth by binding to and stimulating Raf-1 activity. The binding of Hsp70 to BAG-1 diminishes Raf-1 signalling and inhibits subsequent events, such as DNA synthesis, as well as arrests the cell cycle. BAG-1 has been suggested to function as a molecular switch that encourages cells to proliferate in normal conditions but become quiescent under a stressful environment .
BAG-family proteins contain a single BAG domain, except for human BAG-5 which has four BAG repeats. The BAG domain is a conserved region located at the C terminus of the BAG-family proteins that binds the ATPase domain of Hsc70/Hsp70. The BAG domain is evolutionarily conserved, and BAG domain containing proteins have been described and/or proven in a variety of organisms including Mus musculus (Mouse), Xenopus spp., Drosophila spp., Bombyx mori (Silk moth), Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast), and Arabidopsis thaliana (Mouse-ear cress).
The BAG domain has 110-124 amino acids and is composed of three anti-parallel alpha-helices, each approximately 30-40 amino acids in length. The first and second helices interact with the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 and the second and third helices are the sites of the BAG domain interaction with the ATPase domain of Hsc70/Hsp70. Binding of the BAG domain to the ATPase domain is mediated by both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in BAG-1 and is energy requiring.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible%20Human%20Project
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The Visible Human Project is an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body, in order to facilitate anatomy visualization applications. It is used as a tool for the progression of medical findings, in which these findings link anatomy to its audiences. A male and a female cadaver were cut into thin slices, which were then photographed and digitized. The project is run by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) under the direction of Michael J. Ackerman. Planning began in 1986; the data set of the male was completed in November 1994 and the one of the female in November 1995. The project can be viewed today at the NLM in Bethesda, Maryland. There are currently efforts to repeat this project with higher resolution images but only with parts of the body instead of a cadaver.
Data
The male cadaver was encased and frozen in a gelatin and water mixture in order to stabilize the specimen for cutting. The specimen was then "cut" in the axial plane at 1-millimeter intervals. Each of the resulting 1,871 "slices" was photographed in both analog and digital, yielding 15 gigabytes of data. In 2000, the photos were rescanned at a higher resolution, yielding more than 65 gigabytes. The female cadaver was cut into slices at 0.33-millimeter intervals, resulting in some 40 gigabytes of data.
The term "cut" is a bit of a misnomer, yet it is used to describe the process of grinding away the top surface of a specimen at regular intervals. The term "slice", also a misnomer, refers to the revealed surface of the specimen to be photographed; the process of grinding the surface away is entirely destructive to the specimen and leaves no usable or preservable "slice" of the cadaver.
The data are supplemented by axial sections of the whole body obtained by computed tomography, axial sections of the head and neck obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and coronal sections of the rest of the body also obtained by MRI.
The scanning,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20reception%20system
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An integrated reception system (IRS) provides broadcast signals from multiple sources (typically terrestrial television, FM radio, DAB digital radio and satellite TV) to multiple outlets, via a single aerial cluster and signal booster-distributor. The most obvious use for such a system is in communal housing blocks, where one aerial cluster can replace many aerials serving individual dwellings (e.g. flats or apartments). The predecessor to IRS was MATV- master aerial television- which provided communal housing with terrestrial TV signals only. Because the booster-distributor boxes within such systems usually need replacing to cope with digital terrestrial TV signals, many landlords are opting to replace the entire system with IRS at the time of digital terrestrial TV switchover, thereby reducing the clutter of (in particular) satellite TV dishes which have appeared on many communal housing blocks since the 1990s.
Unfortunately, because satellite transmissions use extremely high broadcast frequencies, they tend to "leak" from long cables, so IRS requires installation of very high quality cabling, in addition to the aerial cluster and sophisticated booster-distributor box. To cover the high cost of installation and maintenance of such a sensitive system, the annual charge levied by landlords for communal aerial provision is likely to increase substantially.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel
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A roundel is a circular disc used as a symbol. The term is used in heraldry, but also commonly used to refer to a type of national insignia used on military aircraft, generally circular in shape and usually comprising concentric rings of different colours. Other symbols also often use round shapes.
Heraldry
In heraldry, a roundel is a circular charge. Roundels are among the oldest charges used in coats of arms, dating from at least the twelfth century. Roundels in British heraldry have different names depending on their tincture. Thus, while a roundel may be blazoned by its tincture, e.g., a roundel vert (literally "a roundel green"), it is more often described by a single word, in this case pomme (literally "apple", from the French) or, from the same origins, pomeis—as in "Vert; on a cross Or five pomeis".
One special example of a named roundel is the fountain, depicted as a roundel barry wavy argent and azure, that is, containing alternating horizontal wavy bands of blue and silver (or white).
Military aircraft
The French Air Service originated the use of roundels on military aircraft during the First World War. The chosen design was the French national cockade, whose colours are the blue-white-red of the flag of France. Similar national cockades, with different ordering of colours, were designed and adopted as aircraft roundels by their allies, including the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, and (in the last few months of the war) the United States Army Air Service. After the First World War, many other air forces adopted roundel insignia, distinguished by different colours or numbers of concentric rings.
The term "roundel" is often used even for those military aircraft insignia that are not round, like the Iron Cross-Balkenkreuz symbol of the Luftwaffe or the red star of the Russian Air Force.
Flags
Among national flags which display a roundel are the flags of Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, Dominica, Ethiopia, Grenada, India, Japan, La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra%20Network%20Technologies
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Ultra Network Technologies (previously called Ultra Corporation) was a networking company. It offered high-speed network products for the scientific computing market as well as some commercial companies. It was founded in 1986 by James N. Perdue (formerly of NASA, Ames Research Center), Drew Berding, and Wes Meador (of Control Data Corporation) to provide higher speed connectivity and networking for supercomputers and their peripherals and workstations. At the time, the only other companies offering high speed networking and connectivity for the supercomputer and high-end workstation market was Network Systems Corporation (NSC) and Computer Network Technology Corporation (CNT). They both offered 50 megabytes per second (MB/s) bandwidth between controllers but at that time, their architecture was not implemented using standard networking protocols and their applications were generally focused on supporting connectivity at high speed between large mainframes and peripherals, often only implementing only point-to-point connections. Ethernet was available in 1986 and was used by most computer centers for general networking purposes. Its bandwidth was not high enough to manage the high data rate required by the 100 MB/s supercomputer channels and 4 MB/s VMEbus channels on workstations.
Ultra's first customer, Apple Computer, purchased a system to connect their Cray 1 supercomputer to a high speed graphics framebuffer so that Apple could simulate new personal computers on the Cray Research computer (at the hardware level) and use the framebuffer as the simulated computer display device. Although not a networking application, this first contract allowed Ultra to demonstrate the basic technologies and gave them capital to continue development on a true networking processor.
In 1988, Ultra introduced ISO TP4 (level 4 networking protocol) as part of their controllers and implemented a type of star configuration network using coax and fiber optic connections. They c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novae%20Hollandiae%20Plantarum%20Specimen
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Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen is a two-volume work describing the flora of Australia. Facsimiles of the originals can be found in the online Biodiversity Heritage Library (Vol.1) and Vol 2).
The author was the French botanist Jacques Labillardière, who visited the region in 1792 with the d'Entrecasteaux expedition. Published between 1804 and 1806, it is one of the earliest works to describe the plants of the continent; according to Denis and Maisie Carr, "[i]n practical terms, this was the first general flora of Australia."
The work describes the botanical collections made by himself and his companion on the d'Entrecasteaux expedition, Charles Riche, and the unattributed and later collections of Nicolas Baudin's expedition. Labillardière's collections were seized by the English, but were returned to him in France at the intervention of Joseph Banks. He made his collections at Observatory Island and other locations at the Archipelago of the Recherche. Extensive collection were also made at Recherche Bay, during his two visits to Tasmania.
The preface describes the journey "from Cape of Good Hope to Australia", an example of the continent being named as 'Australia' before its popularisation by Flinders' use in A Voyage to Terra Australis. The work includes 256 black-and-white botanical illustrations, including contributions by Pierre-Joseph Redouté. Copper plates drawn by Pierre Antoine Poiteau and engraved by Auguste Plée were produced for other illustrations.
Labillardière had named and described more Australian flora than any other botanist of the day; the work was the most comprehensive until Robert Brown published his Prodromus. This work featured the first descriptions of Cephalotus follicularis, a carnivorous plant, and species Adenanthos obovatus and Gahnia trifida from the southern coast. The collections made at southwest Australia also produced new genera Adenanthos (Proteaceae) and Calytrix (Myrtaceae), species Astartea fascicularis, Hakea clavat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVR1
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Activin A receptor, type I (ACVR1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACVR1 gene; also known as ALK-2 (activin receptor-like kinase-2). ACVR1 has been linked to the 2q23-24 region of the genome. This protein is important in the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) pathway which is responsible for the development and repair of the skeletal system. While knock-out models with this gene are in progress, the ACVR1 gene has been connected to fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, a very rare progressive genetic disease characterized by heterotopic ossification of muscles, tendons and ligaments. It is a bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type 1.
Function
Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I ( I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. This gene encodes activin A type I receptor which signals a particular transcriptional response in concert with activin type II receptors.
Signaling
ACVR1 transduces signals of BMPs. BMPs bind either ACVR2A/ACVR2B or a BMPR2 and then form a complex with ACVR1. These go on to recruit the R-SMADs SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD3 or SMAD6.
Clinical significance
Gain-of-function mutations in the gene ACVR1/ALK2 is responsible for the genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. The typical FOP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS%20statistical%20regions%20of%20Switzerland
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The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) is a geocode standard for referencing the subdivisions of Switzerland for statistical purposes. As a member of EFTA Switzerland is included in the NUTS standard, although the standard is developed and regulated by the European Union, an organization that Switzerland does not belong to. The NUTS standard is instrumental in delivering the European Union's Structural Funds. The NUTS code for Switzerland is CH and a hierarchy of three levels is established by Eurostat. Below these is a further levels of geographic organisation - the local administrative unit (LAU). In Switzerland, the LAUs are districts (LAU-1) and municipalities (LAU-2).
Overall
The three NUTS levels are:
NUTS codes
The NUTS codes are as follows:
Local Administrative Units
Below the NUTS levels, there are two Local Administrative Units (LAU) levels
LAU-1: Districts
LAU-2: Municipalities
Notes and references
See also
Subdivisions of Switzerland
ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland
FIPS region codes of Switzerland
Comparison of ISO, FIPS, and NUTS codes of the cantons of Switzerland
List of regions of Switzerland by Human Development Index
External links
Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe
Overview map of EFTA countries - Statistical regions at level 1
SCHWEIZ/SUISSE/SVIZZERA - Statistical regions at level 2
SCHWEIZ/SUISSE/SVIZZERA - Statistical regions at level 3
Correspondence between the regional levels and the national administrative units
Cantons of Switzerland, Statoids.com
Switzerland
Subdivisions of Switzerland
Regions of Switzerland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping%20%28debugging%29
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Program animation or stepping refers to the debugging method of executing code one instruction or line at a time. The programmer may examine the state of the program, machine, and related data before and after execution of a particular line of code. This allows the programmer to evaluate the effects of each statement or instruction in isolation, and thereby gain insight into the behavior (or misbehavior) of the executing program. Nearly all modern IDEs and debuggers support this mode of execution.
History
Instruction stepping or single cycle originally referred to the technique of stopping the processor clock and manually advancing it one cycle at a time. For this to be possible, three things are required:
A control that allows the clock to be stopped (e.g. a "Stop" button).
A second control that allows the stopped clock to be manually advanced by one cycle (e.g. An "instruction step" switch and a "Start" button).
Some means of recording the state of the processor after each cycle (e.g. register and memory displays).
On the IBM System 360 processor range announced in 1964, these facilities were provided by front panel switches, buttons and banks of neon lights. Other systems, such as the PDP-11, provided similar facilities.
On newer processors, which may not support physically stopping the clock and have too much internal state to reasonably display on a panel, similar functionality may be provided via a trap flag, which when enabled instructs the processor to stop after each instruction in a similar manner to a breakpoint.
As multiprocessing became more commonplace, such techniques would have limited practicality, since many independent processes would be stopped simultaneously. This led to the development of proprietary software from several independent vendors that provided similar features but deliberately restricted breakpoints and instruction stepping to particular application programs in particular address spaces and threads. The program state (as ap
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose%20paradox
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The glucose paradox was the observation that the large amount of glycogen in the liver was not explained by the small amount of glucose absorbed. The explanation was that the majority of glycogen is made from a number of substances other than glucose. The glucose paradox was first formulated by biochemists J. Denis McGarry and Joseph Katz in 1984.
The glucose paradox demonstrates the importance of the chemical compound lactate in the biochemical process of carbohydrate metabolism. The paradox is that the large amount of glycogen (10%) found in the liver cannot be explained by the liver's small absorption of glucose. After the body's digestion of carbohydrates and the entering the circulatory system in the form of glucose, some will be absorbed directly into the muscle tissue and will be converted into lactic acid throughout the anaerobic energy system, rather than going directly to the liver and being converted into glycogen. The lactate is then taken and converted by the liver, forming the material for liver glycogen. The majority of the body's liver glycogen is produced indirectly, rather than directly from glucose in the blood. Under normal physiological conditions, glucose is a poor precursor compound and use by the liver is limited.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%A9%20Chatzidakis
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Zoé Maria Chatzidakis is a mathematician who works as a director of research at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, France. Her research concerns model theory and difference algebra. She was invited to give the Tarski Lectures in 2020, though the lectures were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Education and employment
Chatzidakis earned her Ph.D. in 1984 from Yale University, under the supervision of Angus Macintyre, with a dissertation on the model theory of profinite groups. She is Senior researcher and team director in Algebra and Geometry in the Département de mathématiques et applications de l'École Normale Supérieure.
Honors and awards
She was the 2013 winner of the Leconte Prize, and was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2014. She was named MSRI Chern Professor for Fall 2020.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20%28physics%29
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In theoretical physics, an invariant is an observable of a physical system which remains unchanged under some transformation. Invariance, as a broader term, also applies to the no change of form of physical laws under a transformation, and is closer in scope to the mathematical definition. Invariants of a system are deeply tied to the symmetries imposed by its environment.
Invariance is an important concept in modern theoretical physics, and many theories are expressed in terms of their symmetries and invariants.
Examples
In classical and quantum mechanics, invariance of space under translation results in momentum being an invariant and the conservation of momentum, whereas invariance of the origin of time, i.e. translation in time, results in energy being an invariant and the conservation of energy. In general, by Noether's theorem, any invariance of a physical system under a continuous symmetry leads to a fundamental conservation law.
In crystals, the electron density is periodic and invariant with respect to discrete translations by unit cell vectors. In very few materials, this symmetry can be broken due to enhanced electron correlations.
Another examples of physical invariants are the speed of light, and charge and mass of a particle observed from two reference frames moving with respect to one another (invariance under a spacetime Lorentz transformation), and invariance of time and acceleration under a Galilean transformation between two such frames moving at low velocities.
Quantities can be invariant under some common transformations but not under others. For example, the velocity of a particle is invariant when switching coordinate representations from rectangular to curvilinear coordinates, but is not invariant when transforming between frames of reference that are moving with respect to each other. Other quantities, like the speed of light, are always invariant.
Physical laws are said to be invariant under transformations when their predictions r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20research
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Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as experimental medicine, encompasses a wide array of research, extending from "basic research" (also called bench science or bench research), – involving fundamental scientific principles that may apply to a preclinical understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials. Within this spectrum is applied research, or translational research, conducted to expand knowledge in the field of medicine.
Both clinical and preclinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industry's drug development pipelines, where the clinical phase is denoted by the term clinical trial. However, only part of the clinical or preclinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanism-based understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapies means that pharmaceutical research is only a small part of medical research.
The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be significantly attributed to advances resulting from medical research. Among the major benefits of medical research have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic.
Most of the research in the field is pursued by biomedical scientists, but significant contributions are made by other type of biologists. Medical research on humans has to strictly follow the medical ethics sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki and hospital review boar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreen%20Murray
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Noreen Elizabeth, Lady Murray (; 26 February 1935 – 12 May 2011) was an English molecular geneticist who helped pioneer recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) by creating a series of bacteriophage lambda vectors into which genes could be inserted and expressed in order to examine their function. During her career she was recognised internationally as a pioneer and one of Britain's most distinguished and highly respected molecular geneticists. Until her 2001 retirement she held a personal chair in molecular genetics at the University of Edinburgh. She was president of the Genetical Society, vice president of the Royal Society, and a member of the UK Science and Technology Honours Committee.
Education
Noreen Parker was brought up in the village of Read, Lancashire, then from the age of five in Bolton-le-Sands. She was educated at Lancaster Girls' Grammar School, at King's College London (BSc), and received her PhD from the University of Birmingham in 1959.
Career
Murray was a committed researcher. She worked at Stanford University, University of Cambridge, and the Medical Research Council (UK) before first joining the University of Edinburgh faculty in 1967. She briefly moved to the European Molecular Biology Laboratory from 1980 to 1982, but returned to Edinburgh, where she was awarded a personal chair of molecular genetics in 1988. At Edinburgh, she produced a considerable body of work focused on uncovering the mechanisms and biology of restriction enzymes, and their adaptation as tools underpinning modern biological research. It is notable that she has many single author publications; she was generally the main instigator and sole technical contributor. In 1968 Noreen had become interested in the phenomenon of host-controlled restriction (the ability of bacterial cells to "restrict" foreign DNA) and decided to study this phenomenon in Escherichia coli using bacteriophage lambda and her knowledge of bacteriophage genetics.
She was married to Sir Kenne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20theory%20for%20photon%20transport%20in%20tissue
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Within physics, the Hybrid Theory for photon transport in tissue uses the advantages and eliminates the deficiencies of both the Monte Carlo method and the diffusion theory for photon transport to model photons traveling through tissue both accurately and efficiently.
MCML (Monte Carlo Modeling of Light Transportation in Multi-Layered Medium)
The MCML is a numerical way to simulate photon transport in biological tissue. Each photon packet follows a random walk with persistence, where the direction of each step dependent on the direction of the previous step. By averaging multiple independent random walks, MCML estimates the ensemble-averaged quantities such as reflectance, transmittance, absorption, and fluence.
Briefly, a packet of photon is first launched into the biological tissue. The parameters of photon transport, including the step size and deflection angle due to scattering, are determined by random sampling from probability distributions. A fraction of weight, determined by the scattering and absorption coefficients is deposited at the interaction site. The photon packet continues propagating until the weight left is smaller than a certain threshold. If this packet of photon hits the boundary during the propagation, it is either reflected or transmitted, determined by a pseudorandom number. Statistically sufficient numbers of photon packets must be simulated to obtain the expected values accurately.
Advantages and Disadvantages
This Monte Carlo method is rigorous and flexible. However, because of its statistical nature, this method requires tracking a large number of photon packets, making it computationally expensive.
Diffusion Theory
The Diffusion Theory is an approximation of the radiative transfer equation (RTE), and an analytical way to simulate photon transport. As such, it has the ability to model photon propagation through tissue quickly.
As an example, one way to attain a solution for a pencil beam that is vertically incident on a semi-infi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca%20eradication
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Coca eradication is a strategy promoted by the United States government starting in 1961 as part of its "War on Drugs" to eliminate the cultivation of coca, a plant whose leaves are not only traditionally used by indigenous cultures but also, in modern society, in the manufacture of cocaine. The strategy was adopted in place of running educational campaigns against drug usage. The prohibitionist strategy is being pursued in the coca-growing regions of Colombia (Plan Colombia), Peru, and formerly Bolivia, where it is highly controversial because of its environmental, health and socioeconomic impact. Furthermore, indigenous cultures living in the Altiplano, such as the Aymaras, use the coca leaf (which they dub the "millenary leaf") in many of their cultural traditions, notably for its medicinal qualities in alleviating the feeling of hunger, fatigue and headaches symptomatic of altitude sicknesses. The growers of coca are named Cocaleros and part of the coca production for traditional use is legal in Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
Environmental impact
Plots denuded of coca plants by mechanical means (burning or cutting) or chemical herbicides, such as glyphosate, are abandoned and cause serious problems with erosion in seasonal rains. Because of the continuous high demand for coca, once a plot is destroyed the planters simply move further into the forest, clearing new lands for coca production. It is this vicious cycle of unsustainable cultivation-eradication that has caused the environment in coca producing zones to suffer substantial decline.
Aerial spraying of glyphosate herbicide, one of the most controversial methods of coca eradication, has taken place in Colombia exclusively because of that government's willingness to cooperate with the United States in the militarized eradication of coca after signing Plan Colombia in 2000. In many cases the spraying is carried out by American contractors, such as DynCorp, using planes and helicopters to spray glyphosate on coca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L27%20domain
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The L27 domain is a protein domain that is found in receptor targeting proteins Lin-2 and Lin-7 (LIN7A, LIN7B, LIN7C), as well as some protein kinases and human MPP2 protein. The L27 domain is a protein interaction module that exists in a large family of scaffold proteins, functioning as an organisation centre of large protein assemblies required for the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity. L27 domains form specific heterotetrameric complexes, in which each domain contains three alpha-helices.
The L27_2 domain is a protein-protein interaction domain capable of organising scaffold proteins into supramolecular assemblies by formation of heteromeric L27_2 domain complexes. L27_2 domain-mediated protein assemblies have been shown to play essential roles in cellular processes including asymmetric cell division, establishment and maintenance of cell polarity, and clustering of receptors and ion channels. Members of this family form specific heterotetrameric complexes, in which each domain contains three alpha-helices. The two N-terminal helices of each L27_2 domain pack together to form a tight, four-helix bundle in the heterodimer, whilst the third helix of each L27_2 domain forms another four-helix bundle that assembles the two units of the heterodimer into a tetramer.
The L27_N domain is often found at the N-terminus of the L27 domain. It plays a role in the biogenesis of tight junctions and in the establishment of cell polarity in epithelial cells. Each L27_N domain consists of three alpha-helices, the first two of which form an antiparallel coiled-coil. Two L27 domains come together to form a four-helical bundle with the antiparallel coiled-coils formed by the first two helices. The third helix of each domain forms another coiled-coil packing at one end of the four-helix bundle, creating a large hydrophobic interface: the hydrophobic interactions are the major force that drives heterodimer formation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20translation
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Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping.
Initiation
Translation initiation is the process by which the ribosome and its associated factors bind to an mRNA and are assembled at the start codon. This process is defined as either cap-dependent, in which the ribosome binds initially at the 5' cap and then travels to the stop codon, or as cap-independent, where the ribosome does not initially bind the 5' cap.
Cap-dependent initiation
Initiation of translation usually involves the interaction of certain key proteins, the initiation factors, with a special tag bound to the 5'-end of an mRNA molecule, the 5' cap, as well as with the 5' UTR. These proteins bind the small (40S) ribosomal subunit and hold the mRNA in place. eIF3 is associated with the 40S ribosomal subunit and plays a role in keeping the large (60S) ribosomal subunit from prematurely binding. eIF3 also interacts with the eIF4F complex, which consists of three other initiation factors: eIF4A, eIF4E, and eIF4G. eIF4G is a scaffolding protein that directly associates with both eIF3 and the other two components. eIF4E is the cap-binding protein. Binding of the cap by eIF4E is often considered the rate-limiting step of cap-dependent initiation, and the concentration of eIF4E is a regulatory nexus of translational control. Certain viruses cleave a portion of eIF4G that binds eIF4E, thus preventing cap-dependent translation to hijack the host machinery in favor of the viral (cap-independent) messages. eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that aids the ribosome by resolving certain secondary structures formed along the mRNA transcript.
The poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) also associates with the eIF4F complex via eIF4G, and binds the poly-A tail of most eukaryotic mRNA molecules. This protein has been implicated in playing a role in circularization of the mRNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning%20joule%20expansion%20microscopy
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In microscopy, scanning joule expansion microscopy (SJEM) is a form of scanning probe microscopy heavily based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) that maps the temperature distribution along a surface. Resolutions down to 10 nm have been achieved and 1 nm resolution is theoretically possible. Thermal measurements at the nanometer scale are of both academic and industrial interest, particularly in regards to nanomaterials and modern integrated circuits.
Basic Principles
Scanning joule expansion microscopy is based on the contact operation model of atomic force microscopy. During the operation, the tip on the cantilever is brought into contact with the surface of the sample. AC or pulsed electrical signal is applied to the sample creating Joule heating and resulting in periodic thermal expansion. At the same time, the laser, which is focused on the top surface of the cantilever and the photodiode of the equipment, detects the displacement of the cantilever. The detecting photodiode is composed of two segments, which normalizes the incoming signal deflected from the cantilever. This differential signal is proportional to the cantilever deflection.
The deflection signals are caused not only by sample topography, but also by the thermal expansion caused by Joule heating. Since AFM has feedback controller with a bandwidth, for example 20 kHz (different AFM may have different bandwidths), the signal below 20 kHz is captured and processed by the feedback controller which then adjusts the z-piezo to image surface topography. Joule heating frequency is kept well above 20 kHz to avoid feedback response and to separate topological and thermal effects. The upper limit of the frequency is limited by the decrease of thermoelastic expansion with the inverse power of the modulation frequency and the frequency characteristics of the cantilever arrangement. A lock-in amplifier is specially tuned to the Joule heating frequency for detecting only the expansion signal and provides the i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation
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ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis.
Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.
History
The first suggestion of ADP-ribosylation surfaced during the early 1960s. At this time, Pierre Chambon and coworkers observed the incorporation of ATP into hen liver nuclei extract. After extensive studies on the acid insoluble fraction, several different research laboratories were able to identify ADP-ribose, derived from NAD+, as the incorporated group. Several years later, the enzymes responsible for this incorporation were identified and given the name poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Originally, this group was thought to be a linear sequence of ADP-ribose units covalently bonded through a ribose glycosidic bond. It was later reported that branching can occur every 20 to 30 ADP residues.
The first appearance of mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation occurred a year later during a study of toxins: the diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae was shown to be dependent on NAD+ in order for it to be completely effective, leading to the discovery of enzymatic conjugation of a single ADP-ribose group by mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase.
It was initially thought that ADP-ribosylation was a post translational modification involved solely in gene regulation. However, as more enzymes with the ability to ADP-ribosylate proteins were discovered, the multifunctional nature of ADP-ribosylation became apparent. The first mammalian enzyme with poly(ADP-ribose)transferase activity was discovered during the late 1980s. For the next 15 years, it was thought to be the only enzyme capable of adding a chain of ADP-ribose in mammalian cells. During the late 1980s, ADP
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelic%20non-determinism
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In computer science, angelic non-determinism is the execution of a nondeterministic algorithm where particular choices are declared to always favor a desired result, if that result is possible.
For example, in halting analysis of a Nondeterministic Turing machine, the choices would always favor termination of the program.
The "angelic" terminology comes from the Christian religious conventions of angels being benevolent and acting on behalf of an omniscient God.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20balance
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In physics, a mass balance, also called a material balance, is an application of conservation of mass to the analysis of physical systems. By accounting for material entering and leaving a system, mass flows can be identified which might have been unknown, or difficult to measure without this technique. The exact conservation law used in the analysis of the system depends on the context of the problem, but all revolve around mass conservation, i.e., that matter cannot disappear or be created spontaneously.
Therefore, mass balances are used widely in engineering and environmental analyses. For example, mass balance theory is used to design chemical reactors, to analyse alternative processes to produce chemicals, as well as to model pollution dispersion and other processes of physical systems. Closely related and complementary analysis techniques include the population balance, energy balance and the somewhat more complex entropy balance. These techniques are required for thorough design and analysis of systems such as the refrigeration cycle.
In environmental monitoring, the term budget calculations is used to describe mass balance equations where they are used to evaluate the monitoring data (comparing input and output, etc.). In biology, the dynamic energy budget theory for metabolic organisation makes explicit use of mass and energy balance.
Introduction
The general form quoted for a mass balance is The mass that enters a system must, by conservation of mass, either leave the system or accumulate within the system.
Mathematically the mass balance for a system without a chemical reaction is as follows:
Strictly speaking the above equation holds also for systems with chemical reactions if the terms in the balance equation are taken to refer to total mass, i.e. the sum of all the chemical species of the system. In the absence of a chemical reaction the amount of any chemical species flowing in and out will be the same; this gives rise to an equation for each sp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author%20citation%20%28botany%29
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In botanical nomenclature, author citation is the way of citing the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). In cases where a species is no longer in its original generic placement (i.e. a new combination of genus and specific epithet), both the authority for the original genus placement and that for the new combination are given (the former in parentheses).
In botany, it is customary (though not obligatory) to abbreviate author names according to a recognised list of standard abbreviations.
There are differences between the botanical code and the normal practice in zoology. In zoology, the publication year is given following the author names and the authorship of a new combination is normally omitted. A small number of more specialized practices also vary between the recommendations of the botanical and zoological codes.
Introduction
In biological works, particularly those dealing with taxonomy and nomenclature but also in ecological surveys, it has long been the custom that full citations to the place where a scientific name was published are omitted, but a short-hand is used to cite the author of the name, at least the first time this is mentioned. The author name is frequently not sufficient information, but can help to resolve some difficulties. Problems include:
The name of a taxon being referred to is ambiguous, as in the case of homonyms such as Ficus L., the fig tree genus, vs. Ficus Röding, 1798, a genus of molluscs.
The publication of the name may be in a little-known journal or book. The author name may sometimes help to resolve this.
The name may not have been validly published, but the supposed author name may be helpful to locate the publication or manuscript in which it was listed.
Rules and recommendations for author citations in botany are covered by Ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-ImmSim
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C-ImmSim started, in 1995, as the C-language "version" of IMMSIM, the IMMune system SIMulator, a program written back in 1991 in APL-2 (APL2 is a Registered Trademark of IBM Corp.) by the astrophysicist Phil E. Seiden together with the immunologist Franco Celada to implement the Celada-Seiden model. The porting was mainly conducted and further developed by Filippo Castiglione with the help of few other people.
The Celada-Seiden model
The Celada-Seiden model is a logical description of the mechanisms making up the adaptive immune humoral and cellular response to a genetic antigen at the mesoscopic level.
The computational counterpart of the Celada-Seiden model is the IMMSIM code.
The Celada-Seiden model, as well as C-ImmSim, is best viewed as a collection of models in a single program. In fact, there are various components realising a particular function which can be turned on or off. At its current stage, C-ImmSim incorporates the principal "core facts" of today's immunological knowledge, e.g.
the diversity of specific elements,
MHC restriction,
clonal selection by antigen affinity,
thymic education of T cells, antigen processing and presentation (both the cytosolic and endocytic pathways are implemented,
cell-cell cooperation,
homeostasis of cells created by the bone marrow,
hypermutation of antibodies,
maturation of the cellular and humoral response and memory.
Besides, an antigen can represent a bacterium, a virus or an allergen or a tumour cell.
The high degree of complexity of the Celada-Seiden model makes it suitable to simulate different immunological phenomena, e.g., the hypermutation of antibodies, the germinal centre reaction (GCR), immunization, Thymus selection, viral infections, hypersensitivity, etc.
Since the first release of C-ImmSim, the code has been modified many times. The actual version now includes features that were not in the original Celada-Seiden model.
C-ImmSim has been recently customised to simulate the HIV-1 infection.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mahashabdkosh
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e-mahashabdkosh () is an online dictionary website which is hosted and maintained by Department of Official Language, India. This website is intended for general public use.
About the site
e-mahashabdkosh is an online bilingual-bidirectional Hindi–English pronunciation dictionary. In this dictionary, basic meaning, synonyms, word usage and usage of words in special domain are included. This dictionary has the facility of search of Hindi and English words. The purpose of this dictionary is to provide a complete, correct, compact meaning and definition of a word.
Development
During the year 2011–12, the work for the development of E-Mahashabdkosh for 12 work areas has been completed. During the year 2011–12, the work has been completed in additional four areas such as education, sports, culture and railways.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%20I%20Lay%20Me%20Down%20to%20Sleep
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Now I lay me down to sleep is a Christian children's bedtime prayer from the 18th century.
Text
Perhaps the earliest version was written by George Wheler in his 1698 book The Protestant Monastery, which reads:
Upon lying down, and going to sleep.
Here I lay me down to sleep.
To thee, O Lord, I give my Soul to keep,
Wake I ever, Or, Wake I never;
To thee O Lord, I give my Soul to keep for ever.
A later version printed in The New England Primer goes:
Now I lay me down to sleep,
I pray the Lord my Soul to keep[;]
If I should die before I 'wake,
I pray the Lord my Soul to take.
Other versions
Grace Bridges, 1932:
Now I lay me down to sleep,
I pray my lord my soul to keep,
In the morn when I awake
Please teach me the path of life to take.
Now I lay me down to sleep,
I pray the Lord my soul to keep;
His Love to guard me through the night,
And wake me in the morning's light amen.
Now I lay me down to sleep,
I pray the Lord my soul to keep;
Please angels watch me through the night,
And keep me safe till morning light.
Now I lay me down to sleep,
I pray the Lord my soul to keep;
Angels watch me through the night,
And wake me with the morning light.
Amen
Now I wake to see the light,
As God has kept me through the night;
And now I lift my voice to pray,
That Thou wilt keep me through the day.
Now I lay me down to sleep,
I pray the Lord my soul to keep,
See me safely through the night,
And wake me with the morning light. Amen.
It is sometimes combined with the "Black Paternoster", one version of which goes:
Matthew, Mark, Luke and John,
Bless the bed that I lie on.
Four corners to my bed,
Four angels round my head;
One to watch and one to pray
And two to bear my soul away.
In popular culture
Music
Musician Will Wood uses the line "As I lay me down to sleep" in their song "Tomcat Disposables"
American thrash metal band Megadeth uses this prayer in their 1991 song "Go to Hell".
The final verse of Ron Miller's "Heaven Help Us All", first recorded and released by S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprobe
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A microprobe is an instrument that applies a stable and well-focused beam of charged particles (electrons or ions) to a sample.
Types
When the primary beam consists of accelerated electrons, the probe is termed an electron microprobe, when the primary beam consists of accelerated ions, the term ion microprobe is used. The term microprobe may also be applied to optical analytical techniques, when the instrument is set up to analyse micro samples or micro areas of larger specimens. Such techniques include micro Raman spectroscopy, micro infrared spectroscopy and micro LIBS. All of these techniques involve modified optical microscopes to locate the area to be analysed, direct the probe beam and collect the analytical signal.
A laser microprobe is a mass spectrometer that uses ionization by a pulsed laser and subsequent mass analysis of the generated ions.
Uses
Scientists use this beam of charged particles to determine the elemental composition of solid materials (minerals, glasses, metals). The chemical composition of the target can be found from the elemental data extracted through emitted X-rays (in the case where the primary beam consists of charged electrons) or measurement of an emitted secondary beam of material sputtered from the target (in the case where the primary beam consists of charged ions).
When the ion energy is in the range of a few tens of keV (kilo-electronvolt) these microprobes are usually called FIB (Focused ion beam). An FIB makes a small portion of the material into a plasma; the analysis is done by the same basic techniques as the ones used in mass spectrometry.
When the ion energy is higher, hundreds of keV to a few MeV (mega-electronvolt) they are called nuclear microprobes. Nuclear microprobes are extremely powerful tools that utilize ion beam analysis techniques as microscopies with spot sizes in the micro-/nanometre range. These instruments are applied to solve scientific problems in a diverse range of fields, from microelectronics to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital%20process%20of%20palatine%20bone
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The orbital process of the palatine bone is placed on a higher level than the sphenoidal, and is directed upward and lateralward from the front of the vertical part, to which it is connected by a constricted neck. It presents five surfaces, which enclose an air cell. Of these surfaces, three are articular and two non-articular.
The articular surfaces are:
the anterior or maxillary, directed forward, lateralward, and downward, of an oblong form, and rough for articulation with the maxilla
the posterior or sphenoidal, directed backward, upward, and medialward; it presents the opening of the air cell, which usually communicates with the sphenoidal sinus; the margins of the opening are serrated for articulation with the sphenoidal concha
the medial or ethmoidal, directed forward, articulates with the labyrinth of the ethmoid.
In some cases the air cell opens on this surface of the bone and then communicates with the posterior ethmoidal cells. More rarely it opens on both surfaces, and then communicates with the posterior ethmoidal cells and the sphenoidal sinus.
The non-articular surfaces are:
the superior or orbital, directed upward and lateralward; it is triangular in shape, and forms the back part of the floor of the orbit; and
the lateral, of an oblong form, directed toward the pterygopalatine fossa; it is separated from the orbital surface by a rounded border, which enters into the formation of the inferior orbital fissure.
Additional images
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal%20Behavior
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Verbal Behavior is a 1957 book by psychologist B. F. Skinner, in which he describes what he calls verbal behavior, or what was traditionally called linguistics. Skinner's work describes the controlling elements of verbal behavior with terminology invented for the analysis - echoics, mands, tacts, autoclitics and others - as well as carefully defined uses of ordinary terms such as audience.
Origins
The origin of Verbal Behavior was an outgrowth of a series of lectures first presented at the University of Minnesota in the early 1940s and developed further in his summer lectures at Columbia and William James lectures at Harvard in the decade before the book's publication.
Research
Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior drew heavily on methods of literary analysis. This tradition has continued. The book Verbal Behavior is almost entirely theoretical, involving little experimental research in the work itself. Many research papers and applied extensions based on Verbal Behavior have been done since its publication.
Functional analysis
Skinner's Verbal Behavior also introduced the autoclitic and six elementary operants: mand, tact, audience relation, echoic, textual, and intraverbal. For Skinner, the proper object of study is behavior itself, analyzed without reference to hypothetical (mental) structures, but rather with reference to the functional relationships of the behavior in the environment in which it occurs. This analysis extends Ernst Mach's pragmatic inductive position in physics, and extends even further a disinclination towards hypothesis-making and testing. Verbal Behavior is divided into 5 parts with 19 chapters. The first chapter sets the stage for this work, a functional analysis of verbal behavior. Skinner presents verbal behavior as a function of controlling consequences and stimuli, not as the product of a special inherent capacity. Neither does he ask us to be satisfied with simply describing the structure, or patterns, of behavior. Skinner deals w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Altizer
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Sonia M. Altizer (born 1970) is the Georgia Athletic Association Professor of Ecology in the University of Georgia, Odum School of Ecology.
Early life
Altizer was born as the daughter of Jim and Chris Altizer of Watkinsville, Georgia. She grew up in York, Pennsylvania. Her passion for biology and the natural world began when she received a gift of a microscope and a grow-your-own-butterflies kit on her twelfth birthday.
Education
Altizer received a B.S. from Duke University in 1992 and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1998. She also did a postdoctoral work at Princeton University and Cornell University.
Career
For 20 years since a graduate student of the University of Minnesota, Altizer traveled the world to study monarch butterfly migration, ecology, and interactions with a protozoan parasite. She has researched how seasonal migration of these butterflies affects parasite transmission, and also developed collaborative databases of mammalian infectious diseases, on host behavior, ecology, and life history interact with global-scale patterns of parasitism. She also focused her research on songbird-pathogen dynamics, including studies of house finch conjunctivitis, West Nile virus, and salmonellosis. Altizer has published several publications and she recently co-edited a book that would be published in 2015, titled Monarchs in a Changing World: Biology and Conservation of an Iconic Insect. She also and participated in high-level task forces dedicated to monarch butterfly conservation. A citizen science project called Monarch Health is run by her students at University of Georgia, which is now the eighth year. There are hundreds of volunteers across North America in sampling wild monarchs for a debilitating disease.
Altizer held a number of administrative positions in the Odum School of Ecology, including Associate Dean for Academic Affairs (2012-2017), Academic Coordinator (2017-2019), Promotion and Tenure Chair (2020), and Associate Dean for Research a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-stability%20of%20Fano%20varieties
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In mathematics, and in particular algebraic geometry, K-stability is an algebro-geometric stability condition for projective algebraic varieties and complex manifolds. K-stability is of particular importance for the case of Fano varieties, where it is the correct stability condition to allow the formation of moduli spaces, and where it precisely characterises the existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics.
K-stability was first defined for Fano manifolds by Gang Tian in 1997 in response to a conjecture of Shing-Tung Yau from 1993 that there should exist a stability condition which characterises the existence of a Kähler–Einstein metric on a Fano manifold. It was defined in reference to the K-energy functional previously introduced by Toshiki Mabuchi. Tian's definition of K-stability was reformulated by Simon Donaldson in 2001 in a purely algebro-geometric way.
K-stability has become an important notion in the study and classification of Fano varieties. In 2012 Xiuxiong Chen, Donaldson, and Song Sun and independently Gang Tian proved that a smooth Fano manifold is K-polystable if and only if it admits a Kähler–Einstein metric. This was later generalised to singular K-polystable Fano varieties due to the work of Berman–Boucksom–Jonsson and others. K-stability is important in constructing moduli spaces of Fano varieties, where observations going back to the original development of geometric invariant theory show that it is necessary to restrict to a class of stable objects to form good moduli. It is now known through the work of Chenyang Xu and others that there exists a projective coarse moduli space of K-polystable Fano varieties of finite type. This work relies on Caucher Birkar's proof of boundedness of Fano varieties, for which he was awarded the 2018 Fields medal. Due to the reformulations of the K-stability condition by Fujita–Li and Odaka, the K-stability of Fano varieties may be explicitly computed in practice. Which Fano varieties are K-stable is well understood
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise%20trap
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A Malaise trap is a large, tent-like structure used for trapping, killing, and preserving flying insects, particularly Hymenoptera and Diptera. The trap is made of a material such as PET (polyester) netting and can be various colours. Insects fly into the tent wall and are funneled into a collecting vessel attached to its highest point. It was invented by René Malaise in 1934.
Structure
Many versions of the Malaise trap are used, but the basic structure consists of a tent with a large opening at the bottom for insects to fly into and a tall central wall that directs the flying insects upward to a cylinder containing a killing agent. The chemical varies according to purpose and access. Conventionally, cyanide was used inside the jar with an absorbent material.
However, due to restrictions, many people use ethanol. Ethanol damages some flying insects such as lepidopterans, but most people use the malaise trap primarily for hymenopterans and dipterans. In addition, the ethanol keeps the specimens preserved for a longer period of time. Other dry killing agents including no-pest strips (dichlorvos) and ethyl acetate need to be checked more regularly.
Design details
Cylinder
When choosing a Malaise trap design, the types of insects to catch must be considered. The opening to the cylinder is of key importance. Typically, the opening is around , and can vary according to the size of insect desired. If using a dry agent, a smaller hole results in a faster death, limiting the amount of damage a newly caught insect can inflict on older, fragile specimens. In ethanol, this is less of a concern. Larger holes potentially allow in more butterflies, moths, and dragonflies.
Location
Placement of the trap is very important. It should be positioned to maximize the number of flying insects that pass through the opening. This is determined by the natural features of the site. One should evaluate topography, vegetation, wind, and water. For example, if a wide corridor in a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick%20Collins
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Warwick Collins (born 14 December 1948 – 10 February 2013) was a British novelist, screenwriter, yacht designer, and evolutionary theorist.
Collins was born in Johannesburg to English-speaking parents. His father, Robin Collins, was a novelist who wrote under the nom-de-plume Robin Cranford. Robin Collins's novels were written from a liberal perspective and one of them, My City Fears Tomorrow, was banned by the South African apartheid regime. When Warwick Collins was eleven, his family moved to England, and Collins entered The King's School, Canterbury. He continued his education at the University of Sussex, where he read Biology. He lived for many years in the Hampshire town of Lymington where he set two of his novels.
His early poetry was featured in Encounter between 1968 and 1971.
A Silent Gene Theory of Evolution
Collins studied biology at The University of Sussex, where his tutor was the leading theoretical biologist John Maynard Smith. In 1975 Collins voiced to Maynard Smith the view that natural selection could not drive evolution because it always acted to reduce variation in favour of an optimum type for any environment, whereas the central story of evolution was that of increasing variation and complexity. Collins quoted Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species ("... unless profitable variations do occur, natural selection can do nothing."), and argued that if variation must always occur before natural selection can act, then variation, and not natural selection, drives evolution. He asked Maynard Smith whether he could search for a "strong" theory of variation. Maynard Smith warned Collins that he could not support his efforts to pursue a rival theory to the theory that natural selection drives evolution. Collins replied that he thought the object of science was to question and examine everything, including hallowed theories such as the theory of natural selection. Maynard Smith asserted that, on the contrary, the strength of science was its capacity t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien%20Doligez
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Damien Doligez is a French academic and programmer. He is best known for his role as a developer of the OCaml system, especially its garbage collector. He is a research scientist (chargé de recherche) at the French government research institution INRIA.
Activities
In 1990, Doligez and Xavier Leroy built an implementation of Caml (called Caml Light) based on a bytecode interpreter with a fast, sequential garbage collector, and began to extend it with support for concurrency. In 1996, Doligez was part of the team that built the first version of OCaml, and has been a core maintainer of the language since (as of April 2023).
In 1994, Hal Finney issued a challenge on the cypherpunk mailing to read an encrypted SSLv2 session. Doligez used spare computers at Inria, ENS and École polytechnique to break it after scanning half the key space in 8 days. He came in a close second in the competition, with the winning team announcing their result just two hours earlier.
Since 2006, Doligez has co-developed the Zenon theorem prover for first-order classic logic with equality. Zenon is the engine that drives the Focalize programming environment which can design and develop certified programs.
The environment is based on a functional language with some object-oriented features, allowing programmers to write the formal specification and the
proofs of their code within the same setting. Proof generation is assisted using Zenon and results are formally machine checked using the Coq proof checker.
In 2008, Doligez worked with Leslie Lamport and others to build the TLA+ proof manager which supports the incremental development and checking of hierarchically structured computer-assisted proofs. The proof manager project remains actively maintained and developed as of 2022.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball%20bonding
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Ball bonding is a type of wire bonding, and is the most common way to make the electrical interconnections between a bare silicon die and the lead frame of the package it is placed in during semiconductor device fabrication.
Gold or copper wire can be used, though gold is more common because its oxide is not as problematic in making a weld. If copper wire is used, nitrogen must be used as a cover gas to prevent the copper oxides from forming during the wire bonding process. Copper is also harder than gold, which makes damage to the surface of the chip more likely. However copper is cheaper than gold and has superior electrical properties, and so remains a compelling choice.
Almost all modern ball bonding processes use a combination of heat, pressure, and ultrasonic energy to make a weld at each end of the wire. The wire used can be as small as 15 µm in diameter—such that several welds could fit across the width of a human hair.
A person upon first seeing a ball bonder will usually compare its operation to that of a sewing machine. In fact there is a needle-like disposable tool called the capillary, through which the wire is fed. A high-voltage electric charge is applied to the wire. This melts the wire at the tip of the capillary. The tip of the wire forms into a ball because of the surface tension of the molten metal.
The ball quickly solidifies, and the capillary is lowered to the surface of the chip, which is typically heated to at least 125°C. The machine then pushes down on the capillary and applies ultrasonic energy with an attached transducer. The combined heat, pressure, and ultrasonic energy create a weld between the copper or gold ball and the surface of the chip—which is usually copper or aluminum. This is the so-called ball bond that gives the process its name. (All-aluminum systems in semiconductor fabrication eliminate the "purple plague"—a brittle gold-aluminum intermetallic compound—sometimes associated with pure gold bonding wire. This property
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%20extension
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Sign extension (sometimes abbreviated as sext, particularly in mnemonics) is the operation, in computer arithmetic, of increasing the number of bits of a binary number while preserving the number's sign (positive/negative) and value. This is done by appending digits to the most significant side of the number, following a procedure dependent on the particular signed number representation used.
For example, if six bits are used to represent the number "00 1010" (decimal positive 10) and the sign extend operation increases the word length to 16 bits, then the new representation is simply "0000 0000 0000 1010". Thus, both the value and the fact that the value was positive are maintained.
If ten bits are used to represent the value "11 1111 0001" (decimal negative 15) using two's complement, and this is sign extended to 16 bits, the new representation is "1111 1111 1111 0001". Thus, by padding the left side with ones, the negative sign and the value of the original number are maintained.
In the Intel x86 instruction set, for example, there are two ways of doing sign extension:
using the instructions cbw, cwd, cwde, and cdq: convert byte to word, word to doubleword, word to extended doubleword, and doubleword to quadword, respectively (in the x86 context a byte has 8 bits, a word 16 bits, a doubleword and extended doubleword 32 bits, and a quadword 64 bits);
using one of the sign extended moves, accomplished by the movsx ("move with sign extension") family of instructions.
Zero extension
A similar concept is zero extension (sometimes abbreviated as zext). In a move or convert operation, zero extension refers to setting the high bits of the destination to zero, rather than setting them to a copy of the most significant bit of the source. If the source of the operation is an unsigned number, then zero extension is usually the correct way to move it to a larger field while preserving its numeric value, while sign extension is correct for signed numbers.
In the x86
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20differentiation
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In numerical analysis, numerical differentiation algorithms estimate the derivative of a mathematical function or function subroutine using values of the function and perhaps other knowledge about the function.
Finite differences
The simplest method is to use finite difference approximations.
A simple two-point estimation is to compute the slope of a nearby secant line through the points and . Choosing a small number , represents a small change in , and it can be either positive or negative. The slope of this line is
This expression is Newton's difference quotient (also known as a first-order divided difference).
The slope of this secant line differs from the slope of the tangent line by an amount that is approximately proportional to . As approaches zero, the slope of the secant line approaches the slope of the tangent line. Therefore, the true derivative of at is the limit of the value of the difference quotient as the secant lines get closer and closer to being a tangent line:
Since immediately substituting 0 for results in indeterminate form, calculating the derivative directly can be unintuitive.
Equivalently, the slope could be estimated by employing positions and .
Another two-point formula is to compute the slope of a nearby secant line through the points and . The slope of this line is
This formula is known as the symmetric difference quotient. In this case the first-order errors cancel, so the slope of these secant lines differ from the slope of the tangent line by an amount that is approximately proportional to . Hence for small values of this is a more accurate approximation to the tangent line than the one-sided estimation. However, although the slope is being computed at , the value of the function at is not involved.
The estimation error is given by
where is some point between and .
This error does not include the rounding error due to numbers being represented and calculations being performed in limited precision.
The symmet
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TvOS
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tvOS (formerly known as Apple TV Software) is an operating system developed by Apple Inc. for the Apple TV, a digital media player. In the first-generation Apple TV, Apple TV Software was based on Mac OS X. Starting with the second-generation, it is based on the iOS operating system and has many similar frameworks, technologies, and concepts.
The second- and third-generation Apple TV have several built-in applications, but do not support third-party applications.
On September 9, 2015, at a media event, Apple announced the fourth generation Apple TV, with support for third-party applications. Apple changed the name of the Apple TV operating system to tvOS, adopting the camel case nomenclature that they were using for their other operating systems, iOS and watchOS.
History
On October 30, 2015, the fourth generation Apple TV became available, and shipped with tvOS 9.0. On November 9, 2015, tvOS 9.0.1 was released, primarily an update to address minor issues.
tvOS 9.1 was released on December 8, 2015 along with OS X 10.11.2, iOS 9.2, and watchOS 2.1. Along with these updates, Apple also updated the Remote apps on iOS and watchOS, allowing for basic remote functionality for the fourth generation Apple TV (previously, said app only worked with past versions of Apple TV).
On November 25, 2015, Facebook debuted their SDK for tvOS, allowing applications to log into Facebook, share to Facebook, and use Facebook Analytics in the same way that iOS applications can.
On December 2, 2015, Twitter debuted their login authentication service for tvOS – "Digits" – allowing users to log into apps and services with a simple, unique code available online.
On June 13, 2016, at WWDC 2016, Apple SVP of Internet Services Eddy Cue announced the next major version of tvOS, tvOS 10. tvOS 10 brought new functionality, such as Siri search enhancements, single sign on for cable subscriptions, a dark mode, and a new Remote application for controlling the Apple TV and was officially released
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20Absorbency%20Garment
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A Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) is an adult-sized diaper with extra absorption material that NASA astronauts wear during liftoff, landing, and extra-vehicular activity (EVA) to absorb urine and feces. It is worn by both male and female astronauts. Astronauts can urinate into the MAG, and usually wait to defecate when they return to the spacecraft. However, the MAG is rarely used for this purpose, since the astronauts use the facilities of the station before EVA and also time the consumption of the in-suit water. Nonetheless, the garment provides peace of mind for the astronauts.
The MAG was developed because astronauts cannot remove their space suits during long operations, such as spacewalks that usually last for several hours. Generally, three MAGs were given during space shuttle missions, one for launch, reentry, and an extra for spacewalking or for a second reentry attempt. Astronauts drink about of salty water before reentry since less fluid is retained in zero G. Without the extra fluids, the astronauts might faint in Earth's gravity, further highlighting the potential necessity of the MAGs. It is worn underneath the Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG).
History
During the Apollo era, astronauts used urine and fecal containment systems worn under spandex trunks. The fecal containment device (FCD) was a bag attached directly to the body with an adhesive seal, and the urine collection device (UCD) had a condom-like sheath attached to a tube and pouch. Women joined the astronaut corps in 1978 and required devices with similar functions. However, the early attempts to design feminized versions of the male devices were unsuccessful. In the 1980s, NASA designed space diapers which were called Disposable Absorption Containment Trunks (DACTs). These addressed the women's needs since it was comfortable, manageable, and resistant to leaks. These diapers were first used in 1983, during the first Challenger mission.
Disposable underwear, first introduced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Miescher%20Laboratory%20of%20the%20Max%20Planck%20Society
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The Friedrich Miescher Laboratory (FML) of the Max Planck Society is a biological research institute located on the Society's campus in Tübingen, Germany, named after Friedrich Miescher, founded in 1969 to offer highly qualified junior scientists in biology an opportunity to establish independent research groups and pursue their own line of research within a five-year period.
There are currently four research groups studying evolutionary genetics, systems biology of development, and the biochemistry of meiotic recombination.
Profile
The Friedrich Miescher Laboratory (FML) of the Max Planck Society is a biological research institute located on the Society's campus in Tübingen, Germany, named after Friedrich Miescher. It was founded in 1969 to offer highly qualified junior scientists in the area of biology an opportunity to establish independent research groups and pursue their own line of research within a five-year period.
The FML was a bold experiment by the Max Planck Society, in response to the brain drain, to place more resources in the hands of junior scientists and make Germany a more attractive research destination.
Group Leaders
The group leaders are elected by a committee of scientists from diverse areas and institutions on the basis of a public tendering procedure.
Since 2005 the FML has been represented by a managing director in order to relieve the group leaders of administrative burdens and to allow them even more time to focus on their research.
There is no specification as to which kind of biological research should be conducted at the FML, and the focus of research changes with the appointment of each new group leader. While at the FML, they can use modern, well-equipped laboratories and work in teams tailored to their ideas. Each group leader is free to allocate their resources as they choose, and in addition there is a central budget for the FML, managed jointly by the group leaders.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bcl-2-like%20protein%201
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Bcl-2-like protein 1 is a protein encoded in humans by the BCL2L1 gene. Through alternative splicing, the gene encodes both of the human proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-xS.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The proteins encoded by this gene are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane, and have been shown to regulate outer mitochondrial membrane channel (voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) opening. VDACs regulate mitochondrial membrane potential, and thus controls the production of reactive oxygen species and release of cytochrome C by mitochondria, both of which are the potent inducers of cell apoptosis. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode distinct isoforms, have been reported. The longer isoform (Bcl-xL) acts as an apoptotic inhibitor and the shorter form (Bcl-xS) acts as an apoptotic activator.
Interactions
BCL2-like 1 (gene) has been shown to interact with:
APAF1,
BAK1,
BCAP31,
BCL2L11,
BNIP3,
BNIPL,
BAD,
BAX,
BIK,
Bcl-2,
HRK,
IKZF3,
Noxa,
PPP1CA,
PSEN2
RAD9A,
RTN1,
RTN4, and
VDAC1.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript
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Ghostscript is a suite of software based on an interpreter for Adobe Systems' PostScript and Portable Document Format (PDF) page description languages. Its main purposes are the rasterization or rendering of such page description language files, for the display or printing of document pages, and the conversion between PostScript and PDF files.
Features
Ghostscript can be used as a raster image processor (RIP) for raster computer printers—for instance, as an input filter of line printer daemon—or as the RIP engine behind PostScript and PDF viewers. It can also be used as a file format converter, such as PostScript to PDF converter. The ps2pdf conversion program comes with the Ghostscript distribution.
Ghostscript can also serve as the back-end for PDF to raster image (png, tiff, jpeg, etc.) converter; this is often combined with a PostScript printer driver in "virtual printer" PDF creators. As it takes the form of a language interpreter, Ghostscript can also be used as a general purpose programming environment.
Ghostscript has been ported to many operating systems, including Unix-like systems, classic Mac OS, OpenVMS, Microsoft Windows, Plan 9, MS-DOS, FreeDOS, OS/2, ArcaOS, Atari TOS, RISC OS and AmigaOS.
History
Ghostscript was originally written by L. Peter Deutsch for the GNU Project, and released under the GNU General Public License in 1988. At the time of the initial release there was a similar commercial software product named GoScript from LaserGo. Later, Deutsch formed Aladdin Enterprises to dual-license Ghostscript also under a proprietary license with an own development fork: Aladdin Ghostscript under the Aladdin Free Public License (which, despite the name, is not a free software license, as it forbids commercial distribution) and GNU Ghostscript distributed with the GNU General Public License. With version 8.54 in 2006, both development branches were merged again, and dual-licensed releases were still provided.
Ghostscript is currently owned by Ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4x4%20Off-Road%20Racing
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4x4 Off-Road Racing is a video game of the racing genre released in 1988 by Epyx and developed by Ogdan Micro Design Inc. The four maps consist of Mud, Ice, Desert and Mountains.
Reception
Compute! called the game "an enjoyable drive".
The Spanish magazine Microhobby valued the game with the following scores: Originality: 50% Graphics: 50% Motion: 60% Sound: 50% Difficulty: 70% Addiction: 40%
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desulfovibrio%20gracilis
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Desulfovibrio gracilis is a moderately halophilic bacteria. It is sulfate-reducing, mesophilic and motile. Its type strain is SRL6146T (=DSM 16080T =ATCC BAA-904T).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20rings
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Newton's rings is a phenomenon in which an interference pattern is created by the reflection of light between two surfaces, typically a spherical surface and an adjacent touching flat surface. It is named after Isaac Newton, who investigated the effect in 1666. When viewed with monochromatic light, Newton's rings appear as a series of concentric, alternating bright and dark rings centered at the point of contact between the two surfaces. When viewed with white light, it forms a concentric ring pattern of rainbow colors because the different wavelengths of light interfere at different thicknesses of the air layer between the surfaces.
History
The phenomenon was first described by Robert Hooke in his 1665 book Micrographia. Its name derives from the mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton, who studied the phenomenon in 1666 while sequestered at home in Lincolnshire in the time of the Great Plague that had shut down Trinity College, Cambridge. He recorded his observations in an essay entitled "Of Colours". The phenomenon became a source of dispute between Newton, who favored a corpuscular nature of light, and Hooke, who favored a wave-like nature of light. Newton did not publish his analysis until after Hooke's death, as part of his treatise "Opticks" published in 1704.
Theory
The pattern is created by placing a very slightly convex curved glass on an optical flat glass. The two pieces of glass make contact only at the center. At other points there is a slight air gap between the two surfaces, increasing with radial distance from the center, as shown in Fig. 3.
Consider monochromatic (single color) light incident from the top that reflects from both the bottom surface of the top lens and the top surface of the optical flat below it. The light passes through the glass lens until it comes to the glass-to-air boundary, where the transmitted light goes from a higher refractive index (n) value to a lower n value. The transmitted light passes through this bou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocolitis
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Enterocolitis is an inflammation of the digestive tract, involving enteritis of the small intestine and colitis of the colon. It may be caused by various infections, with bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or other causes. Common clinical manifestations of enterocolitis are frequent diarrheal defecations, with or without nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, chills, and alteration of general condition. General manifestations are given by the dissemination of the infectious agent or its toxins throughout the body, or – most frequently – by significant losses of water and minerals, the consequence of diarrhea and vomiting.
Signs and symptoms
Cause
Among the causal agents of acute enterocolitis are:
bacteria: Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Campylobacter etc.
viruses: enteroviruses, rotaviruses, Norovirus, adenoviruses
fungi: candidiasis, especially in immunosuppressed patients or who have previously received prolonged antibiotic treatment
parasites: Giardia lamblia (with a high frequency of infestation in the population, but not always with clinical manifestations), Balantidium coli, Blastocystis homnis, Cryptosporidium (diarrhea in people with immunosuppression), Entamoeba histolytica (produces amebian dysentery, common in tropical areas).
Diagnosis
Types
Specific types of enterocolitis include:
necrotizing enterocolitis (most common in premature infants)
pseudomembranous enterocolitis (also called "Pseudomembranous colitis")
Treatment
Treatment depends on aetiology e.g. Antibiotics such as metronidazole for bacterial infection, antiviral drug therapy for viral infection and
anti-helminths for parasitic infections
See also
Gastroenteritis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium%20mining
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Uranium mining is the process of extraction of uranium ore from the ground. Over 50 thousand tons of uranium were produced in 2019. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia were the top three uranium producers, respectively, and together account for 68% of world production. Other countries producing more than 1,000 tons per year included Namibia, Niger, Russia, Uzbekistan, the United States, and China. Nearly all of the world's mined uranium is used to power nuclear power plants. Historically uranium was also used in applications such as uranium glass or ferrouranium but those applications have declined due to the radioactivity of uranium and are nowadays mostly supplied with a plentiful cheap supply of depleted uranium which is also used in uranium ammunition. In addition to being cheaper, depleted uranium is also less radioactive due to a lower content of short-lived and than natural uranium.
Uranium is mined by in-situ leaching (57% of world production) or by conventional underground or open-pit mining of ores (43% of production). During in-situ mining, a leaching solution is pumped down drill holes into the uranium ore deposit where it dissolves the ore minerals. The uranium-rich fluid is then pumped back to the surface and processed to extract the uranium compounds from solution. In conventional mining, ores are processed by grinding the ore materials to a uniform particle size and then treating the ore to extract the uranium by chemical leaching. The milling process commonly yields dry powder-form material consisting of natural uranium, "yellowcake," which is nowadays commonly sold on the uranium market as U3O8. While some nuclear power plants – most notably heavy water reactors like the CANDU – can operate with natural uranium (usually in the form of uranium dioxide), the vast majority of commercial nuclear power plants and many research reactors require uranium enrichment, which raises the content of from the natural 0.72% to 3–5% (for use in light water reacto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient
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A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excreted by cells to create non-cellular structures, such as hair, scales, feathers, or exoskeletons. Some nutrients can be metabolically converted to smaller molecules in the process of releasing energy, such as for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and fermentation products (ethanol or vinegar), leading to end-products of water and carbon dioxide. All organisms require water. Essential nutrients for animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants require more diverse minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed through leaves. Fungi live on dead or living organic matter and meet nutrient needs from their host.
Different types of organisms have different essential nutrients. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is essential, meaning it must be consumed in sufficient amounts, to humans and some other animal species, but some animals and plants are able to synthesize it. Nutrients may be organic or inorganic: organic compounds include most compounds containing carbon, while all other chemicals are inorganic. Inorganic nutrients include nutrients such as iron, selenium, and zinc, while organic nutrients include, among many others, energy-providing compounds and vitamins.
A classification used primarily to describe nutrient needs of animals divides nutrients into macronutrients and micronutrients. Consumed in relatively large amounts (grams or ounces), macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water) are primarily used to generate energy or to incorporate into tissues for growth and repair. Micronutrients are needed in smaller amounts (milligrams or micrograms); they have subtle biochemical and physiologi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hfr%20cell
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A high-frequency recombination cell (Hfr cell) (also called an Hfr strain) is a bacterium with a conjugative plasmid (for example, the F-factor) integrated into its chromosomal DNA. The integration of the plasmid into the cell's chromosome is through homologous recombination. A conjugative plasmid capable of chromosome integration is also called an episome (a segment of DNA that can exist as a plasmid or become integrated into the chromosome). When conjugation occurs, Hfr cells are very efficient in delivering chromosomal genes of the cell into recipient F− cells, which lack the episome.
History
The Hfr strain was first characterized by Luca Cavalli-Sforza. William Hayes also isolated another Hfr strain independently.
Transfer of bacterial chromosome by Hfr cells
An Hfr cell can transfer a portion of the bacterial genome. Despite being integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the bacteria, the F factor of Hfr cells can still initiate conjugative transfer, without being excised from the bacterial chromosome first. Due to the F factor's inherent tendency to transfer itself during conjugation, the rest of the bacterial genome is dragged along with it. Therefore, unlike a normal F+ cell, Hfr strains will attempt to transfer their entire DNA through the mating bridge, in a fashion similar to the normal conjugation. In a typical conjugation, the recipient cell also becomes F+ after conjugation as it receives an entire copy of the F factor plasmid; but this is not the case in conjugation mediated by Hfr cells. Due to the large size of bacterial chromosome, it is very rare for the entire chromosome to be transferred into the F − cell as time required is simply too long for the cells to maintain their physical contact. Therefore, as the conjugative transfer is not complete (the circular nature of plasmid and bacterial chromosome requires complete transfer for the F factor to be transferred as it may be cut in the middle), the recipient F− cells do not receive the complete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20antigens%20recognized%20by%20T%20lymphocytes
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T lymphocytes are cells of the immune system that attack and destroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells and cells from transplanted organs. This occurs because each T cell is endowed with a highly specific receptor that can bind to an antigen present at the surface of another cell. The T cell receptor binds to a complex formed by a surface protein named "MHC" (major histocompatibility complex) and a small peptide of about 9 amino-acids, which is located in a groove of the MHC molecule. This peptide can originate from a protein that remains within the cell (Fig. 1). Whereas each T cell recognizes a single antigen, collectively the T cells are endowed with a large diversity of receptors targeted at a wide variety of antigens. T cells originate in the thymus. There a process named central tolerance eliminates the T cells that have a receptor recognizing an antigen present on normal cells of the organism. This enables the T cells to eliminate cells with "foreign" or "abnormal" antigens without harming the normal cells.
It has long been debated whether cancer cells were bearing "tumor-specific" antigens, absent from normal cells, which could in principle cause the elimination of the tumor by the immune system. It is now proven that tumor-specific antigens exist and that patients mount spontaneous T cell responses against such antigens. Unfortunately, it is clear that in many and perhaps most instances this response is insufficient to prevent cancer progression and metastasis. The purpose of T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy is to reactivate these responses to a degree that results in tumor destruction without causing harmful effects on normal cells.
Processes leading to the presence of tumor-specific antigens on cancer cells
Gene mutations
As cancer progresses, the genome of cancer cells accumulates point mutations and other genetic abnormalities. Some point mutations result in an amino-acid change in a protein. This can result in the presentation of a new peptide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARITH%20Symposium%20on%20Computer%20Arithmetic
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The IEEE International Symposium on Computer Arithmetic (ARITH) is a conference in the area of computer arithmetic.
The symposium was established in 1969, initially as three-year event, then as a
biennial event, and, finally, from 2015 as an annual symposium.
ARITH topics span from theoretical aspects and algorithms for operations, to hardware implementations of arithmetic units and applications of computer arithmetic.
ARITH symposia are sponsored by IEEE Computer Society. They have been described as one of "the most prestigious forums for computer arithmetic" by researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, as the main conference forum for new research publications in computer arithmetic by , and as a forum for interacting with the "international community of arithmeticians" by participants Peter Kornerup and David W. Matula.
List of ARITH symposia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista%20de%20esp%C3%A9cies%20da%20flora%20do%20Brasil
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Lista de espécies da flora do Brasil (List of species of the flora of Brazil, "The Brazilian List"), first produced in 2010 provides a list of species of plants found in Brazil. At that time it listed a total of 40,982 species, including 3,608 fungi, 3,495 algae, 1,521 bryophytes, 1,176 pteridophytes, 26 gymnosperms and 31,156 angiosperm species. The list is constantly updated with more than 400 taxonomists working on the online database.
Description
In addition to the accepted scientific names, the database provides information on geographic distribution, habitat, life forms and images of herbarium specimens and plants in their natural habitats. The species list covers all seven Brazilian biomes:
Amazônia (Amazon tropical rain forest)
Caatinga (Thorny scrub)
Campos Sulinos (Pampa or grassland)
Cerrado (Savanna)
Manguezal (Mangrove)
Mata Atlântica Atlantic tropical semideciduous forest)
Pantanal (Wetlands)
History
The Brazilian Flora has been recognized as the richest in the world. Brazil is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which implemented the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), whose goals include the development of "An online flora of all known plants" (Target 1). The Ministério do Meio Ambiente (Ministry of the Environment) then appointed the Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro) to coordinate the preparation of such a list.
In September 2008 a meeting was held in the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, in which 17 taxonomists from different institutions across the country participated. At this meeting, the organizing committee was established and the coordinators of each taxonomic group appointed. The first version of this list was then published in 2010. The first phase was completed in November 2015. it is being replaced by a new system known as The Brazilian Flora 2020 project with nearly 700 scientists and institutions world wide as part of the Reflora programme to create a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondoviridae
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Redondoviruses (members of the Redondoviridae) are a family of human-associated DNA viruses. Their name derives from the inferred circular structure of the viral genome (“” means round in Spanish). Redondoviruses have been identified in DNA sequence based surveys of samples from humans, primarily samples from the oral cavity and upper airway.
Virology
Taxonomy
Redondoviruses are assigned to a new family by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the Redondoviridae.
Classification
The family Redondoviridae is divided into two species, Brisavirus and Vientovirus. The names derive from the words for breeze and wind in Spanish (“” and “”), denoting the association with the human airway. Multiple strains have been proposed on the basis of viral genome structure.
The redondoviruses are members of the Circular Rep-Containing Single Stranded (CRESS) DNA Virus group.
Phylum: Cressdnaviricota
Class: Arfiviricetes (Ar from arginine; fi from finger; describes a feature of the Rep protein conserved among viruses in this class)
Order: Recrevirales (Re from redondoviruses; cre from CRESS)
Genome
The redondovirus genome is circular, and by analogy to other CRESS viruses likely single stranded. Genomes range in size from about 3.0 to 3.1 kilobases. The genome encodes three inferred proteins:
A Rep protein that likely initiates rolling-circle DNA replication.
A Cap protein that likely self-assembles to yield icosahedral particles.
An ORF3 protein of unknown function. ORF3 is entirely encoded within the Cap coding region in a different reading frame.
Epidemiology
Distribution
Redondovirus genomes have been reported primarily from human samples surveyed using metagenomic DNA sequencing. They have been found primarily in oral and airway specimens.In some human populations, oral samples can show up to 80% Redondovirus positivity.
Analysis of a variety of human-derived sample types showed a strong positive correlation of Redondovirus DNA and DNA of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Laporte%20Award
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The Otto Laporte Award (1972–2003) was an annual award by the American Physical Society (APS) to "recognize outstanding contributions to fluid dynamics" and to honour Otto Laporte (1902–1971). It was established as the Otto Laporte Memorial Lectureship by the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics in 1972, and became an APS award in 1985. The Otto Laporte Award was merged into the Fluid Dynamics Prize in 2004, in order to obtain one major prize in fluid dynamics by the APS.
Recipients
2003: Norman J. Zabusky
2002: Andrea Prosperetti
2001: John Kim
2000: Hassan Aref
1999: Eli Reshotko
1998: David G. Crighton
1997: Marvin Emanuel Goldstein
1996: Donald Coles
1995: Katepalli R. Sreenivasan
1994: Philip G. Saffman
1993: Robert Kraichnan
1992: William C. Reynolds
1991: Steven A. Orszag
1990: Tony Maxworthy
1989: Chia-Shun Yih
1988: Akiva Yaglom
1987: John Trevor Stuart
1986: Milton Van Dyke
1985: Hans W. Liepmann
1984: Sir James Lighthill
1983: John W. Miles
1982: Peter Wegener
1981: H. W. Emmons
1980: R. Byron Bird
1979: Stanley Corrsin
1978: Cecil E. Leith, Jr.
1977: Y. C. Fung
1976: George F. Carrier
1975: Russell J. Donnelly
1974: J. M. Burgers
1973: Chia C. Lin
1972: Richard G. Fowler
See also
List of physics awards
External links
Otto Laporte Award, American Physical Society
Awards of the American Physical Society
Fluid dynamics
Awards established in 1972
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroviral%20aspartyl%20protease
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Retroviral aspartyl proteases or retropepsins are single domain aspartyl proteases from retroviruses, retrotransposons, and badnaviruses (plant dsDNA viruses). These proteases are generally part of a larger pol or gag polyprotein. Retroviral proteases are homologous to a single domain of the two-domain eukaryotic aspartyl proteases such as pepsins, cathepsins, and renins (; MEROPS A1). Retropepsins are members of MEROPS A2, clan AA. All known members are endopeptidases.
The enzyme is only active as a homodimer, as each one corresponds to half of the eukaryotic two-lobe enzyme. The two parts each contribute one catalytic aspartyl residue.
Retroviral aspartyl protease is synthesised as part of the pol polyprotein that contains an aspartyl protease, a reverse transcriptase, RNase H and integrase. pol polyprotein undergoes specific enzymatic cleavage to yield the mature proteins.
Not all retroviral aspartyl proteases generated from pol are retropepsins in the strict sense. Spumapepsin from foamy virus is divergent enough to get its own family, MEROPS A9. Many other examples are found in clan AA.
Human proteins containing this domain
DDI1; DDI2; ERVK6;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indium%20gallium%20zinc%20oxide
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Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is a semiconducting material, consisting of indium (In), gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O). IGZO thin-film transistors (TFT) are used in the TFT backplane of flat-panel displays (FPDs). IGZO-TFT was developed by Hideo Hosono's group at Tokyo Institute of Technology and Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) in 2003 (crystalline IGZO-TFT) and in 2004 (amorphous IGZO-TFT). IGZO-TFT has 20–50 times the electron mobility of amorphous silicon, which has often been used in liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and e-papers. As a result, IGZO-TFT can improve the speed, resolution and size of flat-panel displays. It is currently used as the thin-film transistors for use in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) TV displays.
IGZO-TFT and its applications are patented by JST. They have been licensed to Samsung Electronics (in 2011) and Sharp (in 2012).
In 2012, Sharp was first to start production of LCD panels incorporating IGZO-TFT. Sharp uses IGZO-TFT for smartphones, tablets, and 32" LCDs. In these, the aperture ratio of the LCD is improved by up to 20%. Power consumption is improved by LCD idling stop technology, which is possible due to the high mobility and low off current of IGZO-TFT. Sharp has started to release high pixel-density panels for notebook applications. IGZO-TFT is also employed in the 14" 3,200x1,800 LCD of an ultrabook PC supplied by Fujitsu, also used in the Razer Blade 14" (Touchscreen Variant) Gaming Laptop and a 55" OLED TV supplied by LG Electronics.
IGZO's advantage over zinc oxide is that it can be deposited as a uniform amorphous phase while retaining the high carrier mobility common to oxide semiconductors. The transistors are slightly photo-sensitive, but the effect becomes significant only in the deep violet to ultra-violet (photon energy above 3 eV) range, offering the possibility of a fully transparent transistor.
The current impediment to large-scale IGZO manufacturing is the synthesis method. The most wid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalized%20frequency%20%28signal%20processing%29
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In digital signal processing (DSP), a normalized frequency is a ratio of a variable frequency () and a constant frequency associated with a system (such as a sampling rate, ). Some software applications require normalized inputs and produce normalized outputs, which can be re-scaled to physical units when necessary. Mathematical derivations are usually done in normalized units, relevant to a wide range of applications.
Examples of normalization
A typical choice of characteristic frequency is the sampling rate () that is used to create the digital signal from a continuous one. The normalized quantity, , has the unit cycle per sample regardless of whether the original signal is a function of time or distance. For example, when is expressed in Hz (cycles per second), is expressed in samples per second.
Some programs (such as MATLAB toolboxes) that design filters with real-valued coefficients prefer the Nyquist frequency () as the frequency reference, which changes the numeric range that represents frequencies of interest from cycle/sample to half-cycle/sample. Therefore, the normalized frequency unit is obviously important when converting normalized results into physical units.
A common practice is to sample the frequency spectrum of the sampled data at frequency intervals of , for some arbitrary integer (see ). The samples (sometimes called frequency bins) are numbered consecutively, corresponding to a frequency normalization by . The normalized Nyquist frequency is with the unit th cycle/sample.
Angular frequency, denoted by and with the unit radians per second, can be similarly normalized. When is normalized with reference to the sampling rate as , the normalized Nyquist angular frequency is π radians/sample.
The following table shows examples of normalized frequency for = 1 kHz, = 44100 samples/second (often denoted by 44.1 kHz), and 4 normalization conventions:
See also
Prototype filter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping%20planning
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Coping planning is an approach to supporting people who are distressed. It is part of a biopsychosocial approach to mental health and well-being that comprises healthy environments, responsive parenting, belonging, healthy activities, coping, psychological resilience and treatment of illness. Coping planning normalises distress as a universal human experience. It draws on a health-focused approach to coping, to improve emotion regulation and decrease the memory of unpleasant emotions. Coping planning interventions are effective when people are supported in the process of forming coping plans.
Approach
Coping planning aims to meet the needs of people who ask for help with distress, including suicidal ideation. By addressing why someone asks for help, the focus stays on what the person needs rather than on what the helper wants to do. It provides an alternative to the widely used, but non-evidence-based risk-assessment approach to suicide prevention. Needs assessment and support focuses on the individual needs of each person. They are rated as low (coping independently), moderate (may need additional low-intensity professional support), or high (needs immediate high-intensity professional support).
Applications
In addition to suicide prevention training for health professionals, coping planning has been used to train journalists, and to help a range of people cope better, including carers, university students, and with children to improve emotional regulation.
In suicide prevention
Coping planning is designed to contribute to suicide prevention in a number of ways. Firstly, it provides a framework to support people whenever they seek help, rather than waiting until they are considered high-risk for death by suicide. Secondly, it aims to focus on helping people to cope, rather than to stay safe from suicide, which, according to ironic process theory, makes it more likely that people will think about suicide. Healthy coping strategies improve overall wellbeing and re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20model
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In computing, the chaos model is a structure of software development. Its creator, who used the pseudonym L.B.S. Raccoon, noted that project management models such as the spiral model and waterfall model, while good at managing schedules and staff, didn't provide methods to fix bugs or solve other technical problems. At the same time, programming methodologies, while effective at fixing bugs and solving technical problems, do not help in managing deadlines or responding to customer requests. The structure attempts to bridge this gap. Chaos theory was used as a tool to help understand these issues.
Software development life cycle
The chaos model notes that the phases of the life cycle apply to all levels of projects, from the whole project to individual lines of code.
The whole project must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
Systems must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
Modules must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
Functions must be defined, implemented, and integrated.
Lines of code are defined, implemented and integrated.
One important change in perspective is whether projects can be thought of as whole units, or must be thought of in pieces. Nobody writes tens of thousands of lines of code in one sitting. They write small pieces, one line at a time, verifying that the small pieces work. Then they build up from there. The behavior of a complex system emerges from the combined behavior of the smaller building blocks.
Chaos strategy
The chaos strategy is a strategy of software development based on the chaos model. The main rule is always resolve the most important issue first.
An issue is an incomplete programming task.
The most important issue is a combination of big, urgent, and robust.
Big issues provide value to users as working functionality.
Urgent issues are timely in that they would otherwise hold up other work.
Robust issues are trusted and tested when resolved. Developers can then safely focus their attention elsewhere.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxococcus%20llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogochensis
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Myxococcus is a gram-negative, rod-shaped species of myxobacteria found in soil. It is a predator on other bacteria.
The ends of the rod-shaped vegetative cells taper slightly. The colonies are usually pale brown and show swarming motility. It produces orange, roughly spherical fruiting bodies. A draft sequence of its genome showed significant differences from all previously known species of the genus Myxococcus.
The species was isolated from soil collected near the village of Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, on the island of Anglesey in North Wales, and its specific name was given after the settlement's 58-character lengthened name (), which is the longest in Europe.
The scientific name of this bacterial species is considered the longest name in the binomial nomenclature system, bearing 73 letters in total.
See also
List of long species names
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searching%20for%20Whitopia
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Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America is a 2009 non-fiction book by Rich Benjamin.
In May 2010, Benjamin briefly summarized his experiences in a TED talk.
Overview
African American journalist Rich Benjamin documents his journeys to find out why more and more white Americans move to small towns and areas that are, for the most part, white, and to explain why Whitopias are growing and what it means for the United States.
Benjamin mounted a two-year tour of the United States, covering 26,907 miles (43,303 km), looking for "Whitopias", which he defined as:
an area which has experienced at least 6% growth rate since 2000;
the great majority of that growth consists of white persons;
the area has a pleasant look, feel, ambiance, or charm.
He spent several months in three such areas: St. George, Utah, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and Forsyth County, Georgia. In each case, he generated a master plan to thoroughly immerse himself in the community's core, with lists of the power brokers, the important groups, and the significant events. He tried to volunteer or involve himself with those people and groups.
Author's experiences
In St. George, Benjamin rented a house over the telephone in a gated community, La Entrada.
He took up golfing, fishing and Texas hold 'em. He was generally welcomed in every instance, and learned that the dominant topic in St. George was illegal immigration; a local group had been organized to fight immigration, and they held regular rallies.
In Idaho, Benjamin rented a resort cabin at Lake Coeur d'Alene. He found a significant number of retired LAPD officers living there, and also found a significant number of gun owners where he learned to shoot a pistol at the local gun range.
He spent time at a retreat, the only non-white journalist in the group, at the Council of Aryan Nations compound. He was told that the group is not "white-supremacy"; they are "white-segregation" - they merely don't want to live in close p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20quantization
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In theoretical physics, stochastic quantization is a method for modelling quantum mechanics, introduced by Edward Nelson in 1966, and streamlined by Parisi and Wu.
Details
Stochastic quantization serves to quantize Euclidean field theories, and is used for numerical applications, such as numerical simulations of gauge theories with fermions. This serves to address the problem of fermion doubling that usually occurs in these numerical calculations.
Stochastic quantization takes advantage of the fact that a Euclidean quantum field theory can be modeled as the equilibrium limit of a statistical mechanical system coupled to a heat bath. In particular, in the path integral representation of a Euclidean quantum field theory, the path integral measure is closely related to the Boltzmann distribution of a statistical mechanical system in equilibrium. In this relation, Euclidean Green's functions become correlation functions in the statistical mechanical system. A statistical mechanical system in equilibrium can be modeled, via the ergodic hypothesis, as the stationary distribution of a stochastic process. Then the Euclidean path integral measure can also be thought of as the stationary distribution of a stochastic process; hence the name stochastic quantization.
See also
Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics
Stochastic quantum mechanics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage-associated%20molecular%20pattern
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Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules within cells that are a component of the innate immune response released from damaged or dying cells due to trauma or an infection by a pathogen. They are also known as danger signals, and alarmin because they serve as a warning sign for the organism to alert it of any damage or infection to its cells. DAMPs are endogenous danger signals that are discharged to the extracellular space in response to damage to the cell from mechanical trauma or a pathogen. Once a DAMP is released from the cell, it promotes a noninfectious inflammatory response by binding to a pattern-recognition receptor. Inflammation is a key aspect of the innate immune response; it is used to help mitigate future damage to the organism by removing harmful invaders from the affected area and start the healing process. As an example, the cytokine IL-1α is a DAMP that originates within the nucleus of the cell which, once released to the extracellular space, binds to the PRR IL-1R, which in turn initiates an inflammatory response to the trauma or pathogen that initiated the release of IL-1α. In contrast to the noninfectious inflammatory response produced by DAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns initiate and perpetuate the infectious pathogen-induced inflammatory response. Many DAMPs are nuclear or cytosolic proteins with defined intracellular function that are released outside the cell following tissue injury. This displacement from the intracellular space to the extracellular space moves the DAMPs from a reducing to an oxidizing environment, causing their functional denaturation, resulting in their loss of function. Outside of the aforementioned nuclear and cytosolic DAMPs, there are other DAMPs originated from different sources, such as mitochondria, granules, the extracellular matrix, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the plasma membrane.
Overview
DAMPs and their receptors are characterized as:
History
Two papers appearing in 1994 an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate-Phase%20Return-to-Zero
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Alternate-Phase Return-to-Zero (APRZ) is an optical line code.
In APRZ the field intensity drops to zero between consecutive bits, and the field phase alternates between neighbouring bits, so that if the phase of the signal is, for example, 0 in even bits (bit number 2n), the phase in odd bit slots (bit number 2n+1) will be ΔΦ, the phase alternation amplitude.
Special cases
Return-to-zero can be seen as a special case of APRZ in which ΔΦ=0, while Carrier-Suppressed Return-to-Zero (CSRZ) can be viewed as a special case of APRZ in which ΔΦ=π (and the duty cycle is 67%, at least in the standard form of CSRZ).
APRZ can be used to generate specific optical modulation formats, for example, APRZ-OOK, in which data is coded on the intensity of the signal using a binary scheme (light on=1, light off=0). APRZ is often used to designate APRZ-OOK.
Characteristics
The characteristic properties of an APRZ signal are those to have a spectrum similar to that of an RZ signal, except that frequency peaks at a spacing of BR/2 as opposed to BR are observed (where BR is the bit rate).
Line codes
Fiber-optic communications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20priority%20item%20allocation
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Random priority (RP), also called Random serial dictatorship (RSD), is a procedure for fair random assignment - dividing indivisible items fairly among people.
Suppose partners have to divide (or fewer) different items among them. Since the items are indivisible, some partners will necessarily get the less-preferred items (or no items at all). RSD attempts to insert fairness into this situation in the following way. Draw a random permutation of the agents from the uniform distribution. Then, let them successively choose an object in that order (so the first agent in the ordering gets first pick and so on).
Properties
RSD is a truthful mechanism when the number of items is at most the number of agents, since you only have one opportunity to pick an item, and the obviously dominant strategy in this opportunity is to pick the best available item.
RSD always yields an ex-post Pareto efficient (PE) outcome. Moreover, in an assignment problem, every deterministic PE assignment is the outcome of SD for some ordering of the agents.
However, RSD is not ex-ante PE when the agents have Von Neumann-Morgenstern utilities over random allocations, i.e., lotteries over objects (Note that ex-ante envy-freeness is weaker than ex-post envy-freeness, but ex-ante Pareto-efficiency is stronger than ex-post Pareto-efficiency). As an example, suppose there are three agents, three items and the VNM utilities are:
RSD gives a 1/3 chance of every object to each agent (because their preferences over sure objects coincide), and a profile of expected utility vector (0.6, 0.4, 0.4). But assigning item y to Alice for sure and items x,z randomly between Bob and Carl yields the expected utility vector (0.8, 0.5, 0.5). So the original utility vector is not Pareto efficient.
Moreover, when agents have ordinal rankings, RSD fails even the weaker property of sd-efficiency.
When the rankings of the agents over the objects are drawn uniformly at random, the probability that the allocation given
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