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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability%20and%20susceptibility%20in%20conservation%20biology
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In conservation biology, susceptibility is the extent to which an organism or ecological community would suffer from a threatening process or factor if exposed, without regard to the likelihood of exposure. It should not be confused with vulnerability, which takes into account both the effect of exposure and the likelihood of exposure.
For example, a plant species may be highly susceptible to a particular plant disease, meaning that exposed populations invariably become extinct or decline heavily. However, that species may not be vulnerable if it occurs only in areas where exposure to the disease is unlikely, or if it occurs over such a wide distribution that exposure of all populations is unlikely. Conversely, a plant species may show low susceptibility to a disease, yet may be considered vulnerable if the disease is present in every population.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-canonical%20base%20pairing
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Non-canonical base pairs are planar hydrogen bonded pairs of nucleobases, having hydrogen bonding patterns which differ from the patterns observed in Watson-Crick base pairs, as in the classic double helical DNA. The structures of polynucleotide strands of both DNA and RNA molecules can be understood in terms of sugar-phosphate backbones consisting of phosphodiester-linked D 2’ deoxyribofuranose (D ribofuranose in RNA) sugar moieties, with purine or pyrimidine nucleobases covalently linked to them. Here, the N9 atoms of the purines, guanine and adenine, and the N1 atoms of the pyrimidines, cytosine and thymine (uracil in RNA), respectively, form glycosidic linkages with the C1’ atom of the sugars. These nucleobases can be schematically represented as triangles with one of their vertices linked to the sugar, and the three sides accounting for three edges through which they can form hydrogen bonds with other moieties, including with other nucleobases. The side opposite to the sugar linked vertex is traditionally called the Watson-Crick edge, since they are involved in forming the Watson-Crick base pairs which constitute building blocks of double helical DNA. The two sides adjacent to the sugar-linked vertex are referred to, respectively, as the Sugar and Hoogsteen (C-H for pyrimidines) edges.
Each of the four different nucleobases are characterized by distinct edge-specific distribution patterns of their respective hydrogen bond donor and acceptor atoms, complementarity with which, in turn, define the hydrogen bonding patterns involved in base pairing. The double helical structures of DNA or RNA are generally known to have base pairs between complementary bases, Adenine:Thymine (Adenine:Uracil in RNA) or Guanine:Cytosine. They involve specific hydrogen bonding patterns corresponding to their respective Watson-Crick edges, and are considered as Canonical Base Pairs. At the same time, the helically twisted backbones in the double helical duplex DNA form two grooves, ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Zelevinsky
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Andrei Vladlenovich Zelevinsky (; 30 January 1953 – 10 April 2013) was a Russian-American mathematician who made important contributions to algebra, combinatorics, and representation theory, among other areas.
Biography
Zelevinsky graduated in 1969 from the Moscow Mathematical School No. 2.
After winning a silver medal as a member of the USSR team at the International Mathematical Olympiad he was admitted without examination to the mathematics department of Moscow State University
where he obtained his PhD in 1978 under the mentorship of Joseph Bernstein,
Alexandre Kirillov and Israel Gelfand.
He worked in the mathematical laboratory of Vladimir Keilis-Borok at the Institute of Earth Science (1977–85), and at the Council for Cybernetics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (1985–90). In the early 1980s, at a great personal risk, he taught at the Jewish People's University, an unofficial organization offering first-class mathematics education to talented students denied admission to Moscow State University's math department.
In 1990–91, Zelevinsky was a visiting professor at Cornell University, and from 1991 until his death was on faculty at Northeastern University, Boston.
With his wife, Galina, he had a son and a daughter; he also had several grandchildren.
Zelevinsky is a relative of the physicists Vladimir Zelevinsky and Tanya Zelevinsky.
Research
Zelevinsky's most notable achievement is the discovery (with Sergey Fomin) of cluster algebras.
His other contributions include:
Bernstein–Zelevinsky classification of representations of p-adic groups;
introduction (jointly with Israel Gelfand and Mikhail Kapranov) of A-systems of hypergeometric equations (also known as GKZ-systems) and development of the theory of hyperdeterminants;
generalization of the Littlewood–Richardson rule and Robinson–Schensted correspondence using the combinatorics of "pictures";
work (jointly with Arkady Berenstein and Sergey Fomin) on total positivity;
work (with Sergey Fomin) on th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20sequencer
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A DNA sequencer is a scientific instrument used to automate the DNA sequencing process. Given a sample of DNA, a DNA sequencer is used to determine the order of the four bases: G (guanine), C (cytosine), A (adenine) and T (thymine). This is then reported as a text string, called a read. Some DNA sequencers can be also considered optical instruments as they analyze light signals originating from fluorochromes attached to nucleotides.
The first automated DNA sequencer, invented by Lloyd M. Smith, was introduced by Applied Biosystems in 1987. It used the Sanger sequencing method, a technology which formed the basis of the "first generation" of DNA sequencers and enabled the completion of the human genome project in 2001. This first generation of DNA sequencers are essentially automated electrophoresis systems that detect the migration of labelled DNA fragments. Therefore, these sequencers can also be used in the genotyping of genetic markers where only the length of a DNA fragment(s) needs to be determined (e.g. microsatellites, AFLPs).
The Human Genome Project spurred the development of cheaper, high throughput and more accurate platforms known as Next Generation Sequencers (NGS) to sequence the human genome. These include the 454, SOLiD and Illumina DNA sequencing platforms. Next generation sequencing machines have increased the rate of DNA sequencing substantially, as compared with the previous Sanger methods. DNA samples can be prepared automatically in as little as 90 mins, while a human genome can be sequenced at 15 times coverage in a matter of days.
More recent, third-generation DNA sequencers such as PacBio SMRT and Oxford Nanopore offer the possibility of sequencing long molecules, compared to short-read technologies such as Illumina SBS or MGI Tech's DNBSEQ.
Because of limitations in DNA sequencer technology, the reads of many of these technologies are short, compared to the length of a genome therefore the reads must be assembled into longer contigs. T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%20intelligence
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The difficulty of defining or measuring intelligence in non-human animals makes the subject difficult to study scientifically in birds. In general, birds have relatively large brains compared to their head size. The visual and auditory senses are well developed in most species, though the tactile and olfactory senses are well realized only in a few groups. Birds communicate using visual signals as well as through the use of calls and song. The testing of intelligence in birds is therefore usually based on studying responses to sensory stimuli.
The corvids (ravens, crows, jays, magpies, etc.) and psittacines (parrots, macaws, and cockatoos) are often considered the most intelligent birds, and are among the most intelligent animals in general. Pigeons, finches, domestic fowl, and birds of prey have also been common subjects of intelligence studies.
Studies
Bird intelligence has been studied through several attributes and abilities. Many of these studies have been on birds such as quail, domestic fowl, and pigeons kept under captive conditions. It has, however, been noted that field studies have been limited, unlike those of the apes. Birds in the crow family (corvids) as well as parrots (psittacines) have been shown to live socially, have long developmental periods, and possess large forebrains, all of which have been hypothesized to allow for greater cognitive abilities.
Counting has traditionally been considered an ability that shows intelligence. Anecdotal evidence from the 1960s has suggested that crows can count up to 3. Researchers need to be cautious, however, and ensure that birds are not merely demonstrating the ability to subitize, or count a small number of items quickly. Some studies have suggested that crows may indeed have a true numerical ability. It has been shown that parrots can count up to 6.
Cormorants used by Chinese fishermen were given every eighth fish as a reward, and found to be able to keep count up to 7. E.H. Hoh wrote in Natural Histo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyring%20equation
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The Eyring equation (occasionally also known as Eyring–Polanyi equation) is an equation used in chemical kinetics to describe changes in the rate of a chemical reaction against temperature. It was developed almost simultaneously in 1935 by Henry Eyring, Meredith Gwynne Evans and Michael Polanyi. The equation follows from the transition state theory, also known as activated-complex theory. If one assumes a constant enthalpy of activation and constant entropy of activation, the Eyring equation is similar to the empirical Arrhenius equation, despite the Arrhenius equation being empirical and the Eyring equation based on statistical mechanical justification.
General form
The general form of the Eyring–Polanyi equation somewhat resembles the Arrhenius equation:
where is the rate constant, is the Gibbs energy of activation, is the transmission coefficient, is the Boltzmann constant, is the temperature, and is the Planck constant.
The transmission coefficient is often assumed to be equal to one as it reflects what fraction of the flux through the transition state proceeds to the product without recrossing the transition state. So, a transmission coefficient equal to one means that the fundamental no-recrossing assumption of transition state theory holds perfectly. However, is typically not one because (i) the reaction coordinate chosen for the process at hand is usually not perfect and (ii) many barrier-crossing processes are somewhat or even strongly diffusive in nature. For example, the transmission coefficient of methane hopping in a gas hydrate from one site to an adjacent empty site is between 0.25 and 0.5. Typically, reactive flux correlation function (RFCF) simulations are performed in order to explicitly calculate from the resulting plateau in the RFCF. This approach is also referred to as the Bennett-Chandler approach, which yields a dynamical correction to the standard transition state theory-based rate constant.
It can be rewritten as:
One can put
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine%20phosphate%20shuttle
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The creatine phosphate shuttle is an intracellular energy shuttle which facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from muscle cell mitochondria to myofibrils. This is part of phosphocreatine metabolism. In mitochondria, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are very high as a result of glycolysis, TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation processes, whereas creatine phosphate levels are low. This makes conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine a highly favored reaction. Phosphocreatine is a very-high-energy compound. It then diffuses from mitochondria to myofibrils.
In myofibrils, during exercise (contraction) ADP levels are very high, which favors resynthesis of ATP. Thus, phosphocreatine breaks down to creatine, giving its inorganic phosphate for ATP formation. This is done by the enzyme creatine phosphokinase which transduces energy from the transport molecule of phosphocreatine to the useful molecule for contraction demands, ATP, an action performed by ATPase in the myofibril. The resulting creatine product acts as a signal molecule indicating myofibril contraction and diffuses in the opposite direction of phosphocreatine, back towards the mitochondrial intermembrane space where it can be rephosphorylated by creatine phosphokinase.
At the onset of exercise phosphocreatine is broken down to provide ATP for muscle contraction. ATP hydrolysis results in products of ADP and inorganic phosphate. The inorganic phosphate will be transported into the mitochondrial matrix, while the free creatine passes through the outer membrane where it will be resynthesised into PCr. The antiporter transports the ADP into the matrix, while transporting ATP out. Due to the high concentration of ATP around the mitochondrial creatine kinase, it will convert ATP into PCr which will then move back out into the cells cytoplasm to be converted into ATP (by cytoplasmic creatine kinase) to be used as energy for muscle contraction.
In some vertebrates, arginine phosphate plays a similar role.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20subgroups%20of%20SU%282%29
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In applied mathematics, finite subgroups of are groups composed of rotations and related transformations, employed particularly in the field of physical chemistry. The symmetry group of a physical body generally contains a subgroup (typically finite) of the 3D rotation group. It may occur that the group with two elements acts also on the body; this is typically the case in magnetism for the exchange of north and south poles, or in quantum mechanics for the change of spin sign. In this case, the symmetry group of a body may be a central extension of the group of spatial symmetries by the group with two elements. Hans Bethe introduced the term "double group" (Doppelgruppe) for such a group, in which two different elements induce the spatial identity, and a rotation of may correspond to an element of the double group that is not the identity.
The classification of the finite double groups and their character tables is therefore physically meaningful and is thus the main part of the theory of double groups. Finite double groups include the binary polyhedral groups.
In physical chemistry, double groups are used in the treatment of the magnetochemistry of complexes of metal ions that have a single unpaired electron in the d-shell or f-shell. Instances when a double group is commonly used include 6-coordinate complexes of copper(II), titanium(III) and cerium(III). In these double groups rotation by 360° is treated as a symmetry operation separate from the identity operation; the double group is formed by combining these two symmetry operations with a point group such as a dihedral group or the full octahedral group.
Definition and theory
Let be a finite subgroup of SO(3), the three-dimensional rotation group. There is a natural homomorphism of SU(2) onto SO(3) which has kernel {±I}. This double cover can be realised using the adjoint action of SU(2) on the Lie algebra of traceless 2-by-2 skew-adjoint matrices or using the action by conjugation of unit quaternions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leddar
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LEDDAR (Light-Emitting Diode Detection And Ranging) is a proprietary technology owned by LeddarTech. It uses the time of flight of light signals and signal processing algorithms to detect, locate, and measure objects in its field of view.
Technology
The Leddar technology is like a light-based radar that sends very short light pulses of invisible light about 100,000 times per second to actively illuminate an area of interest.
The sensor captures the light backscattered from objects (either fixed or moving) over its detection area, and processes the signals to precisely map their location and other attributes.
The data is compiled thousands of times per second, providing up to a few hundred frames per second and offering accurate and reliable information even in adverse weather and lighting conditions.
The multi-channel sensor also provides lateral discrimination of detected objects and this feature, with 3D measurements, provides the basis for object tracking.
Examples of Leddar Applications
Smart Cities
Traffic light and intersection management
Vehicle traffic flow monitoring
Parking space occupancy management
Automated highway toll
Vehicle size monitoring and profiling
Speed-limit enforcement
Water-level monitoring
Smart lighting applications
Public space and building security
Smart Vehicles
Collision warning and avoidance
Obstacle detection
Assisted driving (blind spots, parking, automatic cruise control)
Unmanned vehicles, drones and UAV navigation assistance
Heavy machinery and truck safety, as well as perimeter control
Transportation vehicles’ bulk material levels (solids, liquids)
Height and distance measurements
Smart Homes and Buildings
Indoor security and surveillance (presence, movement, intrusion)
Outdoor security and surveillance (perimeter intrusion)
Occupancy sensing
Touchless and remote controls (water faucets, lighting, etc.)
Presence detection in unauthorized areas
Autonomous robotic appliance navigation an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM%20serine/threonine%20kinase
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ATM serine/threonine kinase or Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, symbol ATM, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is recruited and activated by DNA double-strand breaks (canonical pathway), oxidative stress, topoisomerase cleavage complexes, splicing intermediates, R-loops and in some cases by single-strand DNA breaks. It phosphorylates several key proteins that initiate activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, leading to cell cycle arrest, DNA repair or apoptosis. Several of these targets, including p53, CHK2, BRCA1, NBS1 and H2AX are tumor suppressors.
In 1995, the gene was discovered by Yosef Shiloh who named its product ATM since he found that its mutations are responsible for the disorder ataxia–telangiectasia. In 1998, the Shiloh and Kastan laboratories independently showed that ATM is a protein kinase whose activity is enhanced by DNA damage.
Introduction
Throughout the cell cycle DNA is monitored for damage. Damages result from errors during replication, by-products of metabolism, general toxic drugs or ionizing radiation. The cell cycle has different DNA damage checkpoints, which inhibit the next or maintain the current cell cycle step. There are two main checkpoints, the G1/S and the G2/M, during the cell cycle, which preserve correct progression. ATM plays a role in cell cycle delay after DNA damage, especially after double-strand breaks (DSBs). ATM is recruited to sites of double strand breaks by DSB sensor proteins, such as the MRN complex. After being recruited, it phosphorylates NBS1, along other DSB repair proteins. These modified mediator proteins then amplify the DNA damage signal, and transduce the signals to downstream effectors such as CHK2 and p53.
Structure
The ATM gene codes for a 350 kDa protein consisting of 3056 amino acids. ATM belongs to the superfamily of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs). The PIKK superfamily comprises six Ser/Thr-protein kinases that show a sequence similarity to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor%20detection%20threshold
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The odor detection threshold is the lowest concentration of a certain odor compound that is perceivable by the human sense of smell. The threshold of a chemical compound is determined in part by its shape, polarity, partial charges, and molecular mass. The olfactory mechanisms responsible for a compound's different detection threshold is not well understood. As such, odor thresholds cannot be accurately predicted. Rather, they must be measured through extensive tests using human subjects in laboratory settings.
Optical isomers can have different detection thresholds because their conformations may cause them to be less perceivable for the human nose. It is only in recent years that such compounds were separated on gas chromatographs.
For raw water treatment and waste water management, the term commonly used is Threshold Odor Number (TON). For instance, the water to be supplied for domestic use in Illinois is 3 TON.
Values
The threshold value is the concentration at which an aroma or taste can be detected (air, water and fat).
The recognition threshold or arousal threshold of olfactory neurons is the concentration at which you can identify an odor (air, water and fat).
The odour activity value is the concentration divided by the threshold.
The flavor impact is the value the rate of change in perception with concentration.
The flavor contribution of an aroma component in a mixture to the total profile can be calculated from the total odor units and the number contributed by that aroma chemical.
Odor detection value
Odor threshold value (OTV) (also aroma threshold value (ATV), Flavor threshold) is defined as the most minimal concentration of a substance that can be detected by a human nose. Some substances can be detected when their concentration is only few milligrams per 1000 tonnes, which is less than a drop in an Olympic swimming pool. Odor threshold value can be expressed as a concentration in water or concentration in air.
Two major types of flavor thr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fractal%20Dimension%20of%20Architecture
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The Fractal Dimension of Architecture is a book that applies the mathematical concept of fractal dimension to the analysis of the architecture of buildings. It was written by Michael J. Ostwald and Josephine Vaughan, both of whom are architecture academics at the University of Newcastle (Australia); it was published in 2016 by Birkhäuser, as the first volume in their Mathematics and the Built Environment book series.
Topics
The book applies the box counting method for computing fractal dimension, via the ArchImage software system, to compute a fractal dimension from architectural drawings (elevations and floor plans) of buildings, drawn at multiple levels of detail. The results of the book suggest that the results are consistent enough to allow for comparisons from one building to another, as long as the general features of the images (such as margins, line thickness, and resolution), parameters of the box counting algorithm, and statistical processing of the results are carefully controlled.
The first five chapters of the book introduce fractals and the fractal dimension, and explain the methodology used by the authors for this analysis, also applying the same analysis to classical fractal structures including the Apollonian gasket, Fibonacci word, Koch snowflake, Minkowski sausage, pinwheel tiling, terdragon, and Sierpiński triangle. The remaining six chapters explain the authors' choice of buildings to analyze, apply their methodology to 625 drawings from 85 homes, built between 1901 and 2007, and perform a statistical analysis of the results.
The authors use this technique to study three main hypotheses, with a fractal structure of subsidiary hypotheses depending on them. These are
That the decrease in the complexity of social family units over the period of study should have led to a corresponding decrease in the complexity of their homes, as measured by a reduction in the fractal dimension.
That distinctive genres and movements in architecture can be charac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigu%20%28grain%20avoidance%29
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Bigu () is a Daoist fasting technique associated with achieving xian "transcendence; immortality". Grain avoidance is related to multifaceted Chinese cultural beliefs. For instance, bigu fasting was the common medical cure for expelling the sanshi "Three Corpses", the malevolent, grain-eating spirits that live in the human body (along with the hun and po souls), report their host's sins to heaven every 60 days, and carry out punishments of sickness and early death. Avoiding "grains" has been diversely interpreted to mean not eating particular foodstuffs (food grain, cereal, the Five Grains, wugu, or staple food), or not eating any food (inedia). In the historical context of traditional Chinese culture within which the concept of bigu developed, there was great symbolic importance connected with the five grains and their importance in sustaining human life, exemplified in various myths and legends from ancient China and throughout subsequent history. The concept of bigu developed in reaction to this tradition, and within the context of Daoist philosophy.
Terminology
The Chinese word bigu compounds bi "ruler; monarch; avoid; ward off; keep away" and gu or "cereal; grain; () millet". The bi meaning in bigu is a variant Chinese character for bi "avoid; shun; evade; keep away" (e.g., bixie or "ward off evil spirits; talisman; amulet"). The alternate pronunciation of pi "open up; develop; refute; eliminate" is a variant character for . The complex 14-stroke traditional Chinese character gu "grain" has a 7-stroke simplified Chinese character gu "valley; gorge." Although a few Chinese dictionaries gloss the pronunciation of bigu as pigu, the definitive Hanyu Da Cidian (1997) gives bigu.
English lexicographic translations of bigu are compared in this table.
Catherine Despeux lists synonyms for bigu "abstention from cereals": duangu "stopping cereals" (with duan "cut off; sever; break; give up"), juegu "discontinuing cereals" (jue "cut off; sever; refuse;
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue%20black%20hole
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A rogue black hole (also termed a free-floating, interstellar, nomad, orphan, unbound or wandering black hole) is an interstellar object without a host galactic group. They are caused by collisions between two galaxies or when the merging of two black holes is disrupted. It has been estimated that there could be 12 rogue black holes in the Milky Way galaxy.
OGLE-2011-BLG-0462/MOA-2011-BLG-191
In January 2022, a team of astronomers reported of OGLE-2011-BLG-0462 the first unambiguous detection and mass measurement of an isolated stellar black hole using the Hubble Space Telescope together with the Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA) and the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE). This black hole is located 5,000 light-years away, has a mass 7.1 times that of the Sun, and moves at about 45 km/s. While there have been other candidates, they have been detected more indirectly.
See also
Rogue planet
Black hole
Stellar black hole
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia
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Zoophilia is a paraphilia in which a person experiences a sexual fixation on non-human animals.
Bestiality instead refers to cross-species sexual activity between humans and non-human animals. Because of the lack of research on the subject, it is difficult to conclude how prevalent bestiality is. Zoophilia on the other hand, was estimated that to be prevalent in 2% of the population in 2021.
History
The historical perspective on zoophilia and bestiality varies greatly, from the prehistoric era, where depictions of bestiality appear in European rock art, to the Middle Ages, where bestiality was met with execution. In many parts of the world, bestiality is illegal under animal abuse laws or laws dealing with sodomy or crimes against nature.
Terminology
General
Three key terms commonly used in regards to the subject—zoophilia, bestiality, and zoosexuality—are often used somewhat interchangeably. Some researchers distinguish between zoophilia (as a persistent sexual interest in animals) and bestiality (as sexual acts with animals), because bestiality is often not driven by a sexual preference for animals. Some studies have found a preference for animals is rare among people who engage in sexual contact with animals. Furthermore, some zoophiles report they have never had sexual contact with an animal. People with zoophilia are known as "zoophiles", though also sometimes as "zoosexuals", or even very simply "zoos". Zooerasty, sodomy, and zooerastia are other terms closely related to the subject but are less synonymous with the former terms, and are seldom used. "Bestiosexuality" was discussed briefly by Allen (1979), but never became widely established. Ernest Bornemann coined the separate term zoosadism for those who derive pleasure – sexual or otherwise – from inflicting pain on animals. Zoosadism specifically is one member of the Macdonald triad of precursors to sociopathic behavior.
Zoophilia
The term zoophilia was introduced into the field of research on sexu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%20energy
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The Fermi energy is a concept in quantum mechanics usually referring to the energy difference between the highest and lowest occupied single-particle states in a quantum system of non-interacting fermions at absolute zero temperature.
In a Fermi gas, the lowest occupied state is taken to have zero kinetic energy, whereas in a metal, the lowest occupied state is typically taken to mean the bottom of the conduction band.
The term "Fermi energy" is often used to refer to a different yet closely related concept, the Fermi level (also called electrochemical potential).
There are a few key differences between the Fermi level and Fermi energy, at least as they are used in this article:
The Fermi energy is only defined at absolute zero, while the Fermi level is defined for any temperature.
The Fermi energy is an energy difference (usually corresponding to a kinetic energy), whereas the Fermi level is a total energy level including kinetic energy and potential energy.
The Fermi energy can only be defined for non-interacting fermions (where the potential energy or band edge is a static, well defined quantity), whereas the Fermi level remains well defined even in complex interacting systems, at thermodynamic equilibrium.
Since the Fermi level in a metal at absolute zero is the energy of the highest occupied single particle state,
then the Fermi energy in a metal is the energy difference between the Fermi level and lowest occupied single-particle state, at zero-temperature.
Context
In quantum mechanics, a group of particles known as fermions (for example, electrons, protons and neutrons) obey the Pauli exclusion principle. This states that two fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state. Since an idealized non-interacting Fermi gas can be analyzed in terms of single-particle stationary states, we can thus say that two fermions cannot occupy the same stationary state. These stationary states will typically be distinct in energy. To find the ground state of the whole sys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation%20through%20structure
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Backpropagation through structure (BPTS) is a gradient-based technique for training recursive neural nets (a superset of recurrent neural nets) and is extensively described in a 1996 paper written by Christoph Goller and Andreas Küchler.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv1.1
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Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 also known as Kv1.1 is a shaker related voltage-gated potassium channel that in humans is encoded by the KCNA1 gene. Isaacs syndrome is a result of an autoimmune reaction against the Kv1.1 ion channel.
Genomics
The gene is located on the Watson (plus) strand of the short arm of chromosome 12 (12p13.32). The gene itself is 8,348 bases in length and encodes a protein of 495 amino acids (predicted molecular weight 56.466 kiloDaltons).
Alternative names
The recommended name for this protein is potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 but a number of alternatives have been used in the literature including HuK1 (human K+ channel I), RBK1 (rubidium potassium channel 1), MBK (mouse brain K+ channel), voltage gated potassium channel HBK1, voltage gated potassium channel subunit Kv1.1, voltage-gated K+ channel HuKI and AEMK (associated with myokymia with periodic ataxia).
Structure
The protein is believed to have six domains (S1-S6) with the loop between S5 and S6 forming the channel pore. This region also has a conserved selectivity filter motif. The functional channel is a homotetramer. The N-terminus of the protein associates with β subunits. These subunits regulate channel inactivation as well as its expression. The C-terminus is associated with a PDZ domain protein involved in channel targeting.
Function
The protein functions as a potassium selective channel through which the potassium ion may pass in consensus with the electrochemical gradient. They play a role in repolarisation of membranes.
RNA editing
The pre-mRNA of this protein is subject to RNA editing.
Type
A to I RNA editing is catalyzed by a family of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) that specifically recognize adenosines within double-stranded regions of pre-mRNAs (e.g. Potassium channel RNA editing signal) and deaminate them to inosine. Inosines are recognised as guanosine by the cells translational machinery. There a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20ceremony
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In cryptography, a key ceremony is a ceremony held to generate or use a cryptographic key.
A public example is the signing of the DNS root zone for DNSSEC.
Root Key Signing Ceremony
In public-key cryptography and computer security, a root key ceremony is a procedure for generating a unique pair of public and private root keys. Depending on the certificate policy of a system, the generation of the root keys for that system may require notarization, legal representation, witnesses, or "key holders" to be present. A commonly recognized practice is to follow the SAS 70 standard for root key ceremonies.
At the heart of every certificate authority (CA) is at least one root key or root certificate and usually at least one intermediate root certificate. A "Root key" is a unique key that must be generated for secure server interaction with a protective network, usually called the root zone. Prompts for information from this zone can be made through a server. The keys and certificates serve as the credentials and safeguards for the system. These digital certificates are made from a public and a private key.
Examples
Example A: These passcodes are used for strong identification and non-repudiation for email and web access
Unless the information being accessed or transmitted is valued in terms of millions of dollars, it is generally adequate that the root key ceremony be conducted within the security of the vendor's laboratory. The customer may opt to have the root key stored in a hardware security module, but in most cases, the safe storage of the root key on a CD or hard disk is admissible. The root key is never stored on the CA server.
Example B: Machine Readable Travel Document [MRTD] ID Card or e-Passport
This type of environment requires a much higher level of security. When conducting the root key ceremony, the government or organization will require rigorous security checks on all personnel in attendance. Those normally required to attend the key ceremony inclu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20failed%20and%20overbudget%20custom%20software%20projects
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This is a list of notable custom software projects which have significantly failed to achieve some or all of their objectives, either temporarily or permanently, and/or have suffered from significant cost overruns. For a list of successful major custom software projects, see Custom software #Major project successes.
Note that failed projects, and projects running over budget, are not necessarily the sole fault of the employees or businesses creating the software. In some cases, problems may be due partly to problems with the purchasing organisation, including poor requirements, over-ambitious requirements, unnecessary requirements, poor contract drafting, poor contract management, poor end-user training, or poor operational management.
Permanent failures
Because software, unlike a major civil engineering construction project, is often easy and cheap to change after it has been constructed, a piece of custom software that fails to deliver on its objectives may sometimes be modified over time in such a way that it later succeeds—and/or business processes or end-user mindsets may change to accommodate the software. However, sometimes, for various reasons, neither approach succeeds (or is even tried), and this may be considered as another level of failure—a permanent failure.
Temporary issues and budget overruns
Projects with ongoing problems
Until the significant problems with these projects are resolved, or the projects cancelled, it is not yet possible to classify them into one of the above categories.
See also
Software crisis
Vaporware
Agile software development
Government waste
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Mars%20Science%20Laboratory
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The Mars Science Laboratory and its rover, Curiosity, were launched from Earth on November 26, 2011. As of , , Curiosity has been on the planet Mars for sols ( total days; ) since landing on August 6, 2012. (See Current status.)
Prelaunch (2004–2011)
In April 2004, the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) called for scientific experiments and instruments proposals for the Mars Science Laboratory and rover mission. Launch was proposed for September 2009. By December 14, 2004, eight proposals were selected, including instruments from Russia and Spain.
Testing of components also began in late 2004, including Aerojet's monopropellant engine with the ability to throttle from 15 to 100 percent thrust with a fixed propellant inlet pressure. By November 2008 most hardware and software development was complete, and testing continued. At this point, cost overruns were approximately $400 million. In December 2008, lift-off was delayed to November 2011 due to insufficient time for testing and integration.
Between March 23–29, 2009, the general public ranked nine finalist rover names (Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder, and Curiosity) through a public poll on the NASA website. On May 27, 2009, the winning name was announced to be Curiosity. The name had been submitted in an essay contest by Clara Ma, a then sixth-grader from Kansas.
Landing site selection
At the first MSL Landing Site workshop, 33 potential landing sites were identified. By the second workshop in late 2007, the list had grown to include almost 50 sites, and by the end of the workshop, the list was reduced to six; in November 2008, project leaders at a third workshop reduced the list to these four landing sites:
A fourth landing site workshop was held in late September 2010, and the fifth and final workshop May 16–18, 2011. On July 22, 2011, it was announced that Gale Crater had been selected as the landing site of the Mars Science Labora
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin
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Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative, more specifically, a DMT analog, related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of mushrooms, plants and toads, especially the skin.
The name bufotenin originates from the toad genus Bufo, which includes several species of psychoactive toads, most notably Incilius alvarius, that secrete bufotoxins from their parotoid glands. Bufotenin is similar in chemical structure to the psychedelics psilocin (4-HO-DMT), 5-MeO-DMT and DMT, chemicals which also occur in some of the same fungus, plant and animal species as bufotenin.
Nomenclature
Bufotenin (bufotenine) is also known by the chemical names 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT), N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, dimethyl serotonin, and mappine.
History
Bufotenin was isolated from toad skin, and named by the Austrian chemist Handovsky at the University of Prague during World War I. The structure of bufotenine was confirmed in 1934 by Heinrich Wieland's laboratory in Munich, and the first reported synthesis of bufotenine was by Toshio Hoshino and Kenya Shimodaira in 1935.
Sources
Toads
Bufotenin is found in the skin and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the genus Bufo, but is most concentrated in the Colorado River toad (formerly Bufo alvarius, now Incilius alvarius), the only toad species with enough bufotenin for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad toxin, containing bufotenin and other bioactive compounds, have been used in some traditional medicines such as ch'an su (probably derived from Bufo gargarizans), which has been used medicinally for centuries in China.
The toad was "recurrently depicted in Mesoamerican art", which some authors have interpreted as indicating that the effects of ingesting Bufo secretions have been known in Mesoamerica for many years; however, others doubt that this art provides sufficient "ethnohistorical evidence" to support the claim.
In addition to bufotenin, Bufo s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein%20geometry
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In mathematics, a Klein geometry is a type of geometry motivated by Felix Klein in his influential Erlangen program. More specifically, it is a homogeneous space X together with a transitive action on X by a Lie group G, which acts as the symmetry group of the geometry.
For background and motivation see the article on the Erlangen program.
Formal definition
A Klein geometry is a pair where G is a Lie group and H is a closed Lie subgroup of G such that the (left) coset space G/H is connected. The group G is called the principal group of the geometry and G/H is called the space of the geometry (or, by an abuse of terminology, simply the Klein geometry). The space of a Klein geometry is a smooth manifold of dimension
dim X = dim G − dim H.
There is a natural smooth left action of G on X given by
Clearly, this action is transitive (take ), so that one may then regard X as a homogeneous space for the action of G. The stabilizer of the identity coset is precisely the group H.
Given any connected smooth manifold X and a smooth transitive action by a Lie group G on X, we can construct an associated Klein geometry by fixing a basepoint x0 in X and letting H be the stabilizer subgroup of x0 in G. The group H is necessarily a closed subgroup of G and X is naturally diffeomorphic to G/H.
Two Klein geometries and are geometrically isomorphic if there is a Lie group isomorphism so that . In particular, if φ is conjugation by an element , we see that and are isomorphic. The Klein geometry associated to a homogeneous space X is then unique up to isomorphism (i.e. it is independent of the chosen basepoint x0).
Bundle description
Given a Lie group G and closed subgroup H, there is natural right action of H on G given by right multiplication. This action is both free and proper. The orbits are simply the left cosets of H in G. One concludes that G has the structure of a smooth principal H-bundle over the left coset space G/H:
Types of Klein geometries
Effective geo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialed%20Number%20Identification%20Service
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Dialed Number Identification Service (DNIS) is a service offered by telecommunications companies to corporate clients which identifies the originally dialed telephone number of an inbound call. The client may use this information for call routing to internal destinations or activation of special call handling.
For DNIS service, the telephone company sends a sequence of typically four to ten digits during call setup.
Direct inward dial (DID) service also provides DNIS.
For example, a company may have a different toll-free telephone number for each product line it sells, or for multilingual customer support. If a call center is handling calls for multiple product lines, the corporate telephone system that receives the call analyzes the DNIS signaling and may play an appropriate recorded greeting. For interactive voice response (IVR) systems, DNIS is used as routing information for dispatching purposes, to determine which script or service should be activated based on the number that was dialed to reach the IVR platform.
In the United States, DNIS is commonly provided for 800- and 900-services.
See also
Automatic number identification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maths%20Pathway
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Maths Pathway is an online educational website based in Melbourne, used in Australian schools to teach mathematics. It differs from traditional mathematics, as it is set up in a modular format, with students working on individual pieces of learning on a computer and worksheet. These tests are read on a laptop, and written on paper.
History
Maths Pathway was created in 2015 by Richard Wilson and Justin Matthys, who were concerned about a student decline in mathematics skills. The development started as a small website headquartered in a shed in Matthys' lawn. According to the website, it is featured in over 250 schools and used by 57,000 students.
Features
Maths Pathway uses a modular format where students select their work based on what proficiency level they are at, as opposed to every student completing the same tasks. Students are then required to be tested on what they have learned every fortnight. To use Maths Pathway, schools must pay a hefty fee for each student.
Criticism
Maths Pathway has been criticised for the ease at which students can cheat, doable by simply clicking to check your answer, leading to students not learning the modules that the software believes that they have learnt. At the beginning of 2023, in an effort to stop cheating, Maths Pathway launched a large update, which added Entrance Tickets, to review maths before you learn it, Exit Tickets, to prove that you learnt the module, and added a timer requiring questions to be answered after 5 seconds, to "ensure" that the student writes down their working, however this does not work as well as thought, as the student can still skip through modules, just slower.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20digital%20music%20stores
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Digital music stores sell copies of digital audio, for example in MP3 and WAV file formats. Unlike music streaming services, which typically charge a monthly subscription fee to stream digital audio, digital music stores download songs to the customer's hard disk drive of their device. The customer will have the copy of the song permanently on their disk, provided the track is not deleted by the customer, the disk does not get physically damaged, or suffers from being corrupted. Major examples of digital music stores include iTunes Store, Amazon Music, Bandcamp and 7digital.
Different platforms may offer a different selection of digital audio, for example, some may only sell music that is of a particular genre, or some may only feature independent content.
Comparison of digital music stores
Defunct retailers
MSN Music closed on November 14, 2006. Its DRM servers were originally scheduled to shutdown August 31, 2008, but they later relented and committed to keeping the DRM servers active through the end of 2011.
Yahoo! Music Unlimited ceased operating on September 30, 2008. Users' purchases were transferred to Rhapsody.
BuyMusic was a digital branch of Buy.com, launched around 2003, was later merged into the music section of Buy.com, and then shut down in late 2009.
Walmart.com operated an online music store, but discontinued it in 2011.
Puretracks operated an online music store, but discontinued it in 2013.
Pono Music closed in July 2016.
GhostTunes closed on March 3, 2017.
Microsoft's Zune Music Marketplace was rebranded as Xbox Music in 2012. In 2015, Xbox Music purchasing was folded into the Windows Store and Groove Music app. The Windows Store was rebranded as Microsoft Store in 2017, but then the Microsoft Store removed music sales from its store on December 31, 2017.
Technics Tracks, a reseller of 7digital's services in the UK and Germany, closed on June 30, 2018.
Onkyo Music, a reseller of 7digital's services, closed worldwide on October 6, 2019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20senior%20broadcast%20television%20engineer
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Certified Senior Broadcast Television Engineer (CSTE) is a title granted to an individual that successfully meets the experience and examination requirements of the certification. The certification is regulated by the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE). The CSTE title is protected by copyright laws. Individuals who use the title without consent from the Society of Broadcast Engineers could face legal action.
The SBE certifications were created to recognize individuals who practice in career fields which are not regulated by state licensing or Professional Engineering programs. Marine Radio and radar systems still require a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license apart from an SBE certification. Broadcast Engineering is regulated at the national level and not by individual states.
See also
List of post-nominal letters
External links
Certified Senior Broadcast Television Engineer (CSTE) Requirements & Application
SBE Official Website
Broadcast engineering
Professional certification in engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds
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In probability theory, odds provide a measure of the likelihood of a particular outcome. They are calculated as the ratio of the number of events that produce that outcome to the number that do not. Odds are commonly used in gambling and statistics.
Odds also have a simple relation with probability: the odds of an outcome are the ratio of the probability that the outcome occurs to the probability that the outcome does not occur. In mathematical terms, where is the probability of the outcome:
where is the probability that the outcome does not occur.
Odds can be demonstrated by examining rolling a six-sided die. The odds of rolling a 6 is 1 to 5 (abbreviated 1:5). This is because there is 1 event (rolling a 6) that produces the specified outcome of "rolling a 6", and 5 events that do not (rolling a 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5). The odds of rolling either a 5 or 6 is 2:4. This is because there are 2 events (rolling a 5 or 6) that produce the specified outcome of "rolling either a 5 or 6", and 4 events that do not (rolling a 1, 2, 3 or 4). The odds of not rolling a 5 or 6 is the inverse 4:2. This is because there are 4 events that produce the specified outcome of "not rolling a 5 or 6" (rolling a 1, 2, 3 or 4) and two that do not (rolling a 5 or 6).
The probability of an event is different, but related, and can be calculated from the odds, and vice versa. The probability of rolling a 5 or 6 is the fraction of the number of events over total events or 2/(2+4), which is 1/3, 0.33 or 33%.
When gambling, odds are often the ratio of winnings to the stake and you also get your wager returned. So wagering 1 at 1:5 pays out 6 (5 + 1). If you make 6 wagers of 1, and win once and lose 5 times, you will be paid 6 and finish square. Wagering 1 at 1:1 (Evens) pays out 2 (1 + 1) and wagering 1 at 1:2 pays out 3 (1 + 2). These examples may be displayed in different forms, explained later:
Fractional odds with a slash: 5 (5/1 against), 1/1 (Evens), 1/2 (on) (short priced horse). Fra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax
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Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.
Chemistry
Waxes are organic compounds that characteristically consist of long aliphatic alkyl chains, although aromatic compounds may also be present. Natural waxes may contain unsaturated bonds and include various functional groups such as fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and fatty acid esters. Synthetic waxes often consist of homologous series of long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons (alkanes or paraffins) that lack functional groups.
Plant and animal waxes
Waxes are synthesized by many plants and animals. Those of animal origin typically consist of wax esters derived from a variety of fatty acids and carboxylic alcohols. In waxes of plant origin, characteristic mixtures of unesterified hydrocarbons may predominate over esters. The composition depends not only on species, but also on geographic location of the organism.
Animal waxes
The best-known animal wax is beeswax, used in constructing the honeycombs of beehives, but other insects also secrete waxes. A major component of beeswax is myricyl palmitate which is an ester of triacontanol and palmitic acid. Its melting point is 62–65 °C. Spermaceti occurs in large amounts in the head oil of the sperm whale. One of its main constituents is cetyl palmitate, another ester of a fatty acid and a fatty alcohol. Lanolin is a wax obtained from wool, consisting of esters of sterols.
Plant waxes
Plants secrete waxes into and on the surface of their cuticles as a way to control evaporation, wettability and hydration. The epicuticular waxes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular%20organism
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A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, in contrast to unicellular organism. All species of animals, land plants and most fungi are multicellular, as are many algae, whereas a few organisms are partially uni- and partially multicellular, like slime molds and social amoebae such as the genus Dictyostelium.
Multicellular organisms arise in various ways, for example by cell division or by aggregation of many single cells. Colonial organisms are the result of many identical individuals joining together to form a colony. However, it can often be hard to separate colonial protists from true multicellular organisms, because the two concepts are not distinct; colonial protists have been dubbed "pluricellular" rather than "multicellular". There are also macroscopic organisms that are multinucleate though technically unicellular, such as the Xenophyophorea that can reach 20 cm.
Evolutionary history
Occurrence
Multicellularity has evolved independently at least 25 times in eukaryotes, and also in some prokaryotes, like cyanobacteria, myxobacteria, actinomycetes, Magnetoglobus multicellularis or Methanosarcina. However, complex multicellular organisms evolved only in six eukaryotic groups: animals, symbiomycotan fungi, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and land plants. It evolved repeatedly for Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), once for animals, once for brown algae, three times in the fungi (chytrids, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes) and perhaps several times for slime molds and red algae. The first evidence of multicellular organization, which is when unicellular organisms coordinate behaviors and may be an evolutionary precursor to true multicellularity, is from cyanobacteria-like organisms that lived 3.0–3.5 billion years ago. To reproduce, true multicellular organisms must solve the problem of regenerating a whole organism from germ cells (i.e., sperm and egg cells), an issue that is studied in evolutionary develop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modes%20of%20toxic%20action
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A mode of toxic action is a common set of physiological and behavioral signs that characterize a type of adverse biological response. A mode of action should not be confused with mechanism of action, which refer to the biochemical processes underlying a given mode of action. Modes of toxic action are important, widely used tools in ecotoxicology and aquatic toxicology because they classify toxicants or pollutants according to their type of toxic action. There are two major types of modes of toxic action: non-specific acting toxicants and specific acting toxicants. Non-specific acting toxicants are those that produce narcosis, while specific acting toxicants are those that are non-narcotic and that produce a specific action at a specific target site.
Types
Non-specific
Non-specific acting modes of toxic action result in narcosis; therefore, narcosis is a mode of toxic action. Narcosis is defined as a generalized depression in biological activity due to the presence of toxicant molecules in the organism. The target site and mechanism of toxic action through which narcosis affects organisms are still unclear, but there are hypotheses that support that it occurs through alterations in the cell membranes at specific sites of the membranes, such as the lipid layers or the proteins bound to the membranes. Even though continuous exposure to a narcotic toxicant can produce death, if the exposure to the toxicant is stopped, narcosis can be reversible.
Specific
Toxicants that at low concentrations modify or inhibit some biological process by binding at a specific site or molecule have a specific acting mode of toxic action. However, at high enough concentrations, toxicants with specific acting modes of toxic actions can produce narcosis that may or may not be reversible. Nevertheless, the specific action of the toxicant is always shown first because it requires lower concentrations.
There are several specific acting modes of toxic action:
Uncouplers of oxidative phosp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%20run%20%28testing%29
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A dry run (or practice run) is a software testing process used to make sure that a system works correctly and will not result in severe failure. For example, rsync, a utility for transferring and synchronizing data between networked computers or storage drives, has a "dry-run" option users can use to check that their command-line arguments are valid and to simulate what would happen when actually copying the data.
In acceptance procedures (such as factory acceptance testing, for example), a "dry run" is when the factory, a subcontractor, performs a complete test of the system it has to deliver before it is actually accepted by the customer.
Etymology
The term dry run appears to have originated from fire departments in the US. In order to practice, they would carry out dispatches of the fire brigade where water was not pumped. A run with real fire and water was referred to as a wet run. The more general usage of the term seems to have arisen from widespread use by the United States Armed Forces during World War II.
See also
Code review
Pilot experiment
Preview (computing)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root%20of%20the%20lung
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The root of the lung is a group of structures that emerge at the hilum of each lung, just above the middle of the mediastinal surface and behind the cardiac impression of the lung. It is nearer to the back (posterior border) than the front (anterior border). The root of the lung is connected by the structures that form it to the heart and the trachea. The rib cage is separated from the lung by a two-layered membranous coating, the pleura. The hilum is the large triangular depression where the connection between the parietal pleura (covering the rib cage) and the visceral pleura (covering the lung) is made, and this marks the meeting point between the mediastinum and the pleural cavities.
Location
The root of the right lung lies behind the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium, and below the azygos vein. That of the left lung passes beneath the aortic arch and in front of the descending aorta; the phrenic nerve, pericardiacophrenic artery and vein, and the anterior pulmonary plexus, lie in front of each, and the vagus nerve and posterior pulmonary plexus lie behind.
Structures
Neurovascular
The root is formed by the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the bronchial arteries and veins, the pulmonary plexuses of nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph nodes, and areolar tissue, all of which are enclosed by a reflection of the pleura. The chief structures composing the root of each lung are arranged in a similar manner from the front to the back on each side. This means that the upper of the two pulmonary veins are located anteriorly, the pulmonary artery is in the middle, and the bronchus and bronchial vessels are located posteriorly. The arrangement on the two sides is not symmetrical.
Right side: (superior to inferior) Eparterial bronchus, pulmonary artery, hyparterial bronchus, and inferior pulmonary vein.
Left Side: (superior to inferior) Pulmonary artery, main bronchus, and inferior pulmonary vein.
Lymphatic
On each hilum, th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant%20Software
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Eggplant Software, Inc., was a software testing and monitoring company. Eggplant was a global company that served more than 650 enterprise customers in over 30 countries.
Eggplant had offices in London, Boulder, Colorado, Philadelphia, and Berlin, Germany, with additional development centers and regional offices around the world. Eggplant was acquired by Keysight Technologies.
Products
Eggplant's products cover:
Automated, AI-driven functional and usability testing
Performance testing
Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
performance monitoring (real user and synthetic).
Many of these products work together. For example, real user journeys from monitoring can be used to build journeys for functional testing.
History
The Eggplant software test automation product was originally developed and sold beginning in 2002 by Redstone Software, a subsidiary of Gresham Computing. In 2008, the Eggplant software (and associated SenseTalk scripting language) was acquired by a group of investors who created a new company called TestPlant to continue the promotion and development of Eggplant. It was created to help organisations put users at the centre of software testing to create amazing digital experiences and drive user adoption, conversion, and retention. After an initial round of seed funding ($100,000), the company was able to invest in developing technologies ─ predominantly the Digital Automation Intelligence (DAI) suite ─ which interacts with software exactly like a real user does. In 2018, the company rebranded as Eggplant to align with expansion and growth in the US market.
On 28 March 2018 Eggplant announced the acquisition of NCC Group's Web Performance Division.
On 25 June 2020, Eggplant was acquired by Keysight Technologies for $330 million from the Carlyle Group.
Research
Eggplant has been named a Leader in Gartner's 2019 and 2018 Magic Quadrant for software test automation, and a leader in the Forrester Wave: Omnichannel Functional Test Automation, Q3 2018.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TauD%20protein%20domain
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In molecular biology, TauD refers to a protein domain that in many enteric bacteria is used to break down taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a source of sulfur under stress conditions. In essence, they are domains found in enzymes that provide bacteria with an important nutrient.
Function
This protein family consists of TauD/TfdA taurine catabolism dioxygenases. The Escherichia coli tauD gene is required for the utilization of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as a sulfur source and is expressed only under conditions of sulfate starvation. TauD is an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase catalyzing the oxygenolytic release of sulfite from taurine. The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase from Burkholderia sp. (strain RASC) also belongs to this family. TfdA from Ralstonia eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) is a 2,4-D monooxygenase.
Structure
This structure has a number of alpha helices and beta sheets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-related%20optical%20signal
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Event-related optical signal (EROS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses infrared light through optical fibers to measure changes in optical properties of active areas of the cerebral cortex. The fast optical signal (EROS) measures changes in infrared light scattering that occur with neural activity. Whereas techniques such as diffuse optical imaging (DOI) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measure optical absorption of hemoglobin, and thus are based on cerebral blood flow, EROS takes advantage of the scattering properties of the neurons themselves, and thus provide a much more direct measure of cellular activity.
Characteristics
EROS can pinpoint activity in the brain within millimeters and milliseconds, providing good spatial and temporal resolution at the same time. Currently, its biggest limitation is the inability to detect activity more than a few centimeters deep, which thus limits this fast optical imaging to the cerebral cortex.
EROS can be measured using photon delay or as an intensity signal. EROS can also be measured concurrently with other neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, fNIRS, or EEG.
History
EROS is a relatively new and inexpensive technique that is non-invasive to the test subject. It was developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory of Drs. Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani. EROS was first demonstrated in the visual cortex in 1995, and later in the motor cortex that same year.
See also
Optical imaging
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20myology
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Oral myology (also known as "orofacial myology") is the field of study that involves the evaluation and treatment (known as "orofacial myofunctional therapy") of the oral and facial musculature, including the muscles of the tongue, lips, cheeks, and jaw.
Use
Orofacial myofunctional therapy treatment is most commonly used to retrain oral rest posture, swallowing patterns in the oral phase, and speech.
Tongue thrust and thumb sucking
A major focus of the field of oral myology and treatment of orofacial myofunctional disorders include tongue posture and establishing equilibrium between the tongue, lips and the cheek muscles. Tongue exercise proved to be successful in treating tongue thrust. Tongue exercise alone was reported to be successful in cessation of thumb sucking and treatment of anterior open bite malocclusion. When the tongue rests against the palate it begins to expand the maxilla by applying a slow and consistent force to the lingual (tongue side) surfaces of the teeth. This may aid in the treatment of crooked teeth and under-developed face.
Sleep apnea and snoring
Oral myology plays also an important role in the management of patients with sleep breathing disorders and snoring where oropharyngeal exercises were found to reduce the severity and primary symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea. Poor positioning of the tongue affects breathing and allows a series of events to occur that can affect the orofacial complex. Patients with sleep apnea and other breathing difficulties usually have decreased tone and mobility in the cheek, tongue, lip, and soft palate, and sensory alterations due to a tendency to engage in mouth breathing rather than nasal breathing. In treatment of sleep apnea, oral myology therapy involves a series of exercises designed to improve tongue position and tongue function for a better control of the extrinsic tongue muscles and place the tongue in a ‘‘proper posture during function and at rest.’’
Dysphagia
Disruption of normal swallowi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taenia%20thalami
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In the front, superior surface of the thalamus but separate from the inner, medial surface by a salient margin is the taenia thalami (Latin for "flat band" of the thalamus). The bottom epithelial lining of the third ventricle is in between the tela choroidea and the taenia thalami.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso-damping
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Iso-damping is a desirable system property referring to a state where the open-loop phase Bode plot is flat—i.e., the phase derivative with respect to the frequency is zero, at a given frequency called the "tangent frequency", . At the "tangent frequency" the Nyquist curve of the open-loop system tangentially touches the sensitivity circle and the phase Bode is locally flat which implies that the system will be more robust to gain variations. For systems that exhibit iso-damping property, the overshoots of the closed-loop step responses will remain almost constant for different values of the controller gain. This will ensure that the closed-loop system is robust to gain variations.
The iso-damping property can be expressed as , or equivalently:
where is the tangent frequency and is the open-loop system transfer function.
Bode's ideal transfer function
In the middle of the 20th century, Bode proposed the first idea involving the use of fractional-order controllers in a feedback problem by what is known as Bode's ideal transfer function. Bode proposed that the ideal shape of the Nyquist plot for the open loop frequency response is a straight line in the complex plane, which provides theoretically infinite gain margin. Ideal open-loop transfer function is given by:
where is the desired gain cross over frequency and is the slope of the ideal cut-off characteristic.
The Bode diagrams of , , are very simple. The amplitude curve is a straight line of constant slope dB/dec, and the phase curve is a horizontal line at rad. The Nyquist curve consists of a straight line through the origin with rad.
The major benefit achieved through this structure is iso-damping, i.e. overshoot being independent of the payload or the system gain. The usage of fractional elements for description of ideal Bode's control loop is one of the most promising applications of fractional calculus in the process control field. Bode's ideal control loop frequency response has the fract
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solids%20with%20icosahedral%20symmetry
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Solids with full icosahedral symmetry
Platonic solids - regular polyhedra (all faces of the same type)
Archimedean solids - polyhedra with more than one polygon face type.
Catalan solids - duals of the Archimedean solids.
Platonic solids
Achiral Archimedean solids
Achiral Catalan solids
Kepler-Poinsot solids
Achiral nonconvex uniform polyhedra
Chiral Archimedean and Catalan solids
Archimedean solids:
Catalan solids:
Chiral nonconvex uniform polyhedra
See also
The Fifty Nine Icosahedra
Rotational symmetry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Networks%20in%20labor%20economics
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Networks in labor economics refers to the effect social networks have on jobseekers obtaining employment. Research suggests that around half of the employed workforce found their jobs through social contacts. It is believed that social networks not only contribute to the efficiency of job searching but can also explain, at least partly, wage differences and other inequalities in the workforce. Various models are used to quantify this effect, all having their own strengths and weaknesses. Models generally have to simplify the complex nature of social networks.
The model of Calvo-Armegnol and Jackson
In some economic models, the role of social networks in job searching often use exogenous job networks. Using this framework, Calvo-Armegnol and Jackson were able to point out some network related labor market issues.
The model
In their basic model, in which they attempt to formalize the transmission of job information among individuals, the agents can be either employed with some non-zero, or unemployed with zero wages. The agents can get information about a job, and when they do so, they can decide whether to keep that information for themselves or pass it to their contacts. In the other phase, employed agents can lose their job with a given probability.
Implications
Important indication of their model is that if someone who is employed has the information about a job, she will pass it to her unemployed acquaintances who will then become employed. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between labor outcomes of an individual and her contacts. On the other hand, it can also give an explanation for long term unemployment. If someone's acquaintances are unemployed as well, she has less chance to hear of some job opportunity. They also conclude that different initial wage and employment can cause different drop-outs rates from the labor market, thus, it can explain the existence of wage inequalities across social groups. Calvo-Armengol and Jackson prove that positio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9rewol
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The Guérewol (var. Guerewol, Gerewol) is an annual courtship ritual competition among the Wodaabe Fula people of Niger. Young men dressed in elaborate ornamentation and made up in traditional face painting gather in lines to dance and sing, vying for the attentions of marriageable young women. The Guérewol occurs each year as the traditionally nomadic Wodaabe cattle herders gather at the southern edge of the Sahara before dispersing south on their dry season pastures.
The most famous gathering point is In-Gall in northwest Niger, where a large festival, market and series of clan meetings take place for both the Wodaabe and the pastoral Tuareg people. The actual dance event is called the Yaake, while other less famous elements—bartering over dowry, competitions or camel races among suitors—make up the week-long Guérewol. The Guérewol is found wherever Wodaabe gather: from Niamey, to other places the Wodaabe travel in their transhumance cycle, as far afield as northern Cameroon and Nigeria.
Annual gathering
At the end of the rainy season in September, the Wodaabe travel to In-Gall to gather salt and participate at the Cure Salée festival, a meeting of several nomadic groups. Here the young Wodaabe men, with elaborate make-up, feathers and other adornments, perform dances and songs to impress women. The male beauty ideal of the Wodaabe stresses tallness, white eyes and teeth; the men will often roll their eyes and show their teeth to emphasize these characteristics. The Wodaabe clans will then join for their week-long Guérewol celebration, a contest where the young men's beauty is judged by young women.
Music and dance
The music and line dancing is typical of Fula traditions, which have largely disappeared among the vast diaspora of Fula people, many of whom are educated, Muslim, urbanites. This is characterized by group singing, accompanied by clapping, stomping and bells. The Wodaabe Guérewol festival is one of the more famous examples of this style of repeat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DasBoot
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DasBoot is a software utility produced by SubRosaSoft.com Inc. It allows the user to create a bootable Mac OS X USB device for Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier. It is a freeware product. This live USB device can be used for diagnostic, repair, and recovery of Mac OS X systems.
It won a Macworld UK Editor's Choice 5 star award.
Creating a DasBoot device
Creating a DasBoot device requires a few steps. In addition to the DasBoot application, the user needs a bootable CD or DVD and a FireWire or USB flash drive. Only Intel-powered Apple computers support booting via USB. USB and FireWire hard drives may also be used.
DasBoot only works with versions of Mac OS X prior to 10.6.
Bootable Mac OS X CD/DVDs are included with programs such as Drive Genius, DiskWarrior, FileSalvage, CopyCatX, and other software utilities. The bootable DVD used for the Mac OS X installer disc cannot be used as it lacks libraries required to create a bootable device.
By default, the following applications are installed on DasBoot devices:
Preview
Console
Disk Utility
System Profiler
Terminal
If they are also present in the user's Applications folder, the following applications are automatically included:
SubRosaSoft.com Inc.'s FileSalvage
SubRosaSoft.com Inc.'s CopyCatX
Prosoft Engineering's Drive Genius
Prosoft Engineering's Data Rescue
Alsoft's DiskWarrior
MacForensicsLab Inc.'s MacForensicsLab
Users can add additional applications to their DasBoot device by dragging and dropping the desired application into the Applications area of the DasBoot application. Users can also select and deselect included applications by simply clicking on their icon within the Applications section.
Once the user has selected the device they'd like to make bootable, selected the bootable disk to copy the required libraries and information from, and chosen the programs to include on the DasBoot device, clicking a single button starts the process of building the required information and copying it to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adherens%20junction
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Adherens junctions (or zonula adherens, intermediate junction, or "belt desmosome") are protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions. An adherens junction is defined as a cell junction whose cytoplasmic face is linked to the actin cytoskeleton.
They can appear as bands encircling the cell (zonula adherens) or as spots of attachment to the extracellular matrix (focal adhesion).
Adherens junctions uniquely disassemble in uterine epithelial cells to allow the blastocyst to penetrate between epithelial cells.
A similar cell junction in non-epithelial, non-endothelial cells is the fascia adherens. It is structurally the same, but appears in ribbonlike patterns that do not completely encircle the cells. One example is in cardiomyocytes.
Proteins
Adherens junctions are composed of the following proteins:
cadherins. The cadherins are a family of transmembrane proteins that form homodimers in a calcium-dependent manner with other cadherin molecules on adjacent cells.
p120 (sometimes called delta catenin) binds the juxtamembrane region of the cadherin.
γ-catenin or gamma-catenin (plakoglobin) binds the catenin-binding region of the cadherin.
α-catenin or alpha-catenin binds the cadherin indirectly via β-catenin or plakoglobin and links the actin cytoskeleton with cadherin. Significant protein dynamics are thought to be involved.
Models
Adherens junctions were, for many years, thought to share the characteristic of anchor cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments.
Adherens junctions may serve as a regulatory module to maintain the actin contractile ring with which it is associated in microscopic studies.
See also
Tight junction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20diagram%20software
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A number of tools exist to generate computer network diagrams. Broadly, there are four types of tools that help create network maps and diagrams:
Hybrid tools
Network Mapping tools
Network Monitoring tools
Drawing tools
Network mapping and drawing software support IT systems managers to understand the hardware and software services on a network and how they are interconnected. Network maps and diagrams are a component of network documentation. They are required artifacts to better manage IT systems' uptime, performance, security risks, plan network changes and upgrades.
Hybrid tools
These tools have capabilities in common with drawing tools and network monitoring tools. They are more specialized than general drawing tools and provide network engineers and IT systems administrators a higher level of automation and the ability to develop more detailed network topologies and diagrams. Typical capabilities include but not limited to:
Displaying port / interface information on connections between devices on the maps
Visualizing VLANs / subnets
Visualizing virtual servers and storage
Visualizing flow of network traffic across devices and networks
Displaying WAN and LAN maps by location
Importing network configuration files to generate topologies automatically
Network mapping tools
These tools are specifically designed to generate automated network topology maps. These visual maps are automatically generated by scanning the network using network discovery protocols. Some of these tools integrate into documentation and monitoring tools. Typical capabilities include but not limited to:
Automatically scanning the network using SNMP, SSH, WMI, etc.
Scanning Windows and Unix servers
Scanning virtual hosts
Scanning routing protocols
Performing scheduled scans
Tracking changes to the network
Notifying users of changes to the network
Network monitoring tools
Some network monitoring tools generate visual maps by automatically scanning the network using net
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singulisphaera%20rosea
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Singulisphaera rosea is a moderately acidophilic, mesophilic, aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Singulisphaera which has been isolated from Sphagnum peat from the Tver Region in Russia.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational%20Broadband%20Service
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The Educational Broadband Service (EBS) was formerly known as the Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS). ITFS was a band of twenty (20) microwave TV channels available to be licensed by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to local credit granting educational institutions. It was designed to serve as a means for educational institutions to deliver live or pre-recorded Instructional television to multiple sites within school districts and to higher education branch campuses. In recognition of the variety and quantity of video materials required to support instruction at numerous grade levels and in a range of subjects, licensees were typically granted a group of four channels. Its low capital and operating costs as compared to broadcast television, technical quality that compared favorably with broadcast television, and its multi-channel per licensees feature made ITFS an extremely cost effective vehicle for the delivery of Educational television materials.
The FCC changed the name of this service to the Educational Broadband Service (EBS) and changed the allocation so each licensee would not have four 6 MHz wide channels but instead would have one 6 MHz channel and one 15 MHz wide "channel" (three contiguous 5 MHz channels). There are currently several hundred EBS systems in operation delivering schedules of live and pre-recorded instruction.
History
Initial FCC authorization
The FCC initially authorized ITFS, in 1963, to operate using a one-way, analog, line-of-sight technology. Typical installations included up to four transmitters multiplexed through a single broadcast antenna with directional receive antennas at each receive site. Receive site installations included equipment to down convert the microwave channels for viewing on standard television receivers. In typical installations, the down converted ITFS signals were distributed to classrooms over multi-channel closed-circuit television systems.
FCC allows leasing
In the late 1970s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton%20%28global%20governance%29
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In futurology, a singleton is a hypothetical world order in which there is a single decision-making agency at the highest level, capable of exerting effective control over its domain, and permanently preventing both internal and external threats to its supremacy. The term was first defined by Nick Bostrom.
Overview
According to Nick Bostrom, a singleton is an abstract concept that could be implemented in various ways:
Bostrom argues that a superintelligence could form a singleton. Technologies for surveillance and mind control could also facilitate the creation of a singleton.
A singleton has both potential risks and potential benefits. Notably, a suitable singleton could solve world coordination problems that would not otherwise be solvable, opening up otherwise unavailable developmental trajectories for civilization. For example, Ben Goertzel, an AGI researcher, suggests humans may instead decide to create an "AI Nanny" with "mildly superhuman intelligence and surveillance powers", to protect the human race from existential risks like nanotechnology and to delay the development of other (unfriendly) artificial intelligences until and unless the safety issues are solved. A singleton could set "very strict limitations on its own exercise of power (e.g. punctiliously confining itself to ensuring that certain treaty-specified international rules—or libertarian principles—are respected)". Furthermore, Bostrom suggests that a singleton could hold Darwinian evolutionary pressures in check, preventing agents interested only in reproduction from coming to dominate.
Yet Bostrom also regards the possibility of a stable, repressive, totalitarian global regime as a serious existential risk. The very stability of a singleton makes the installation of a bad singleton especially catastrophic, since the consequences can never be undone. Bryan Caplan writes that "perhaps an eternity of totalitarianism would be worse than extinction".
Similarly Hans Morgenthau stressed that the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%20Svea
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Mother Svea or Mother Swea (Swedish: Moder Svea) is the female personification of Sweden and a patriotic emblem of the Swedish nation.
Background
Mother Svea is normally depicted as a powerful female warrior, valkyrie or shieldmaiden, frequently holding a shield and standing beside a lion. Svea is a Swedish female personal name which derives from svea, an old plural genitive form meaning "of the Swedes" or the Swea. It appears in Svea rike, a translation of the old Swedish word Sverige, the Swedish name for Sweden.
The popular image is considered to have been created by Swedish writer, (1649–1725) when first introduced in his poem Svea Lycksaligheets Triumph (1672).
As a patriotic symbol, Moder Svea gained widespread popularity in Kunga Skald (1697), written by Swedish poet Gunno Eurelius (1661–1709) in honor of King Charles XI of Sweden. Eurelius was later ennobled with the name of Dahlstjerna.
Mother Svea appeared frequently as a national symbol in 19th-century Swedish literature and culture. She appeared on various Swedish banknotes for over seventy years, such as both the 5-kronor banknote printed between 1890–1952 and the 5-kronor banknote printed between 1954–1963.
Swedish singer Lena Philipsson and composer Torgny Söderberg wrote a song entitled Moder Swea which was introduced in the 1995 album Lena Philipsson.
See also
Flag of Sweden
National anthem of Sweden
National personification
Three Crowns
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor%20cognition
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The concept of motor cognition grasps the notion that cognition is embodied in action, and that the motor system participates in what is usually considered as mental processing, including those involved in social interaction. The fundamental unit of the motor cognition paradigm is action, defined as the movements produced to satisfy an intention towards a specific motor goal, or in reaction to a meaningful event in the physical and social environments. Motor cognition takes into account the preparation and production of actions, as well as the processes involved in recognizing, predicting, mimicking, and understanding the behavior of other people. This paradigm has received a great deal of attention and empirical support in recent years from a variety of research domains including embodied cognition, developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and social psychology.
Perception-action coupling
The idea of a continuity between the different aspects of motor cognition is not new. In fact, this idea can be traced to the work of the American psychologist William James and more recently, American neurophysiologist and Nobel prize winner Roger Sperry. Sperry argued that the perception-action cycle is the fundamental logic of the nervous system. Perception and action processes are functionally intertwined: perception is a means to action and action is a means to perception. Indeed, the vertebrate brain has evolved for governing motor activity with the basic function to transform sensory patterns into patterns of motor coordination.
More recently, there is growing empirical evidence from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive science, as well as social psychology which demonstrates that perception and action share common computational codes and underlying neural architectures. This evidence has been marshaled in the "common coding theory" put forward by Wolfgang Prinz and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Human
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Samoan%20flags
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The following is a list of flags used in both Samoa and American Samoa. For more information about the national flag and the territory flag, Please see The Flag of Samoa and The Flag of American Samoa
National Flag
Territory Flag
Historical Flags
See also
Flag of Samoa
Coat of arms of Samoa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus%20variipes
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Boletus variipes is a species of mycorrhizal bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae, native to North America. It was originally described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1888.
A 2010 paper analyzing the genetic relationships within Boletus found that what was classified at the time as B. variipes was not monophyletic. Populations from east of the Rocky Mountains were sister to B. hiratsukae of Japan, with those from Central America and southeastern North America were sister to that combined lineage. This required the latter group to be renamed. A third population—from the Philippines—that has been known as B. variipes was more distantly related.
Description
Boletus variipes is closely related to Boletus edulis, and is a dry, velvety to patchy tan or brown-gray mushroom with frequently prominent white to off-white reticulation on its darker brown stipe. It is often found under oaks (Quercus) and in mixed deciduous forests of aspen, maple and beech in eastern North America.
Taxonomy
First described by C. H. Peck in 1888, with Boletus variipes var. fagicola described by Smith and Thiers in 1971.
Identification
Boletus variipes has a broad, convex to almost flat cap between 6 and 20 cm, with a tendency to become cracked or finely patched in maturity, the flesh is white underside pore surface is white with pores which appear full when young, yellowing to olive as spores mature with a density of 1 to 2 pores per mm. The stipe is between 8 and 15 cm long and from 1 to 3.5 cm thick with slightly narrower ends or a widening base. The flesh of the cap and stipe does not discolor when cut or bruised. Spore prints are olive/brown.
Distribution
It is common throughout eastern North America and has been documented in Costa Rica.
Edibility
While its odor and taste are mild, the species is a choice edible mushroom.
See also
List of Boletus species
List of North American boletes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20works%20by%20Petr%20Van%C3%AD%C4%8Dek
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This is the list of works by Petr Vaníček.
Remarks
B Book
TB Textbook
LN Lecture Notes
PR Paper in a Refereed Journal
R Research Paper
C Critique, Reference Paper
IP Invited Paper to a Meeting
NP Paper Read at a Meeting
TH Thesis
RT Report (non-technical)
RW Review Paper (technical)
List of works
Sources
Works about mathematics
Geodesy
Geophysics
University of New Brunswick
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Boy%20Standing%20by%20the%20Crematory
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The Boy Standing by the Crematory (alternatively The Standing Boy of Nagasaki) is a historic photograph taken in Nagasaki, Japan, in September of 1945, shortly after the atomic bombing of that city on August 9, 1945. The photograph is of a boy of about 10 with his dead baby brother strapped to his back, waiting for his turn at the crematorium.
The photograph was taken by Joe O'Donnell, then working for the United States Marine Corps.
O'Donnell made personal copies of his Nagasaki photographs and kept them hidden in a trunk until 1989, when he put together a traveling exhibit and a book. O'Donnell's Japan 1945, Images From the Trunk was published in Japan in 1995 and read widely.
Efforts to determine the boy's identity
In 1979, Yoshitoshi Fukahori, who had been near the bombing and was still haunted by trauma from the events, began a lifelong effort of collecting photographs of the immediate aftermath. When he saw the photograph of the boy, Fukahori began an effort to determine the boy's identity. He ultimately failed, but the photograph was also seen by one Masanori Muraoka.
Muraoka believed that he recognized the boy as a childhood playmate, although he had forgotten or never knew the boy's name. He also believed that he had met the boy after the bombing, carrying his dead brother on his back, and explaining "My mother isn't here". Muraoka undertook his own investigation to determine the boy's identity. Muraoka found a few minor possible clues, but he also failed, although he kept an extensive notebook of his efforts.
A 50-minute documentary film, Searching for the Standing Boy of Nagasaki ('焼き場に立つ少年'をさがして), was produced by NHK and released on August 8, 2020. The film described these efforts (as well as the experiences of "atomic bomb orphans" generally). In 2021, the film was distributed in America by American Public Television.
Further reading
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocycle
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In mathematics a cocycle is a closed cochain. Cocycles are used in algebraic topology to express obstructions (for example, to integrating a differential equation on a closed manifold). They are likewise used in group cohomology. In autonomous dynamical systems, cocycles are used to describe particular kinds of map, as in the Oseledets theorem.
Definition
Algebraic Topology
Let X be a CW complex and be the singular cochains with coboundary map . Then elements of are cocycles. Elements of are coboundaries. If is a cocycle, then , which means cocycles vanish on boundaries.
See also
Čech cohomology
Cocycle condition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume%20fraction
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In chemistry and fluid mechanics, the volume fraction φi is defined as the volume of a constituent Vi divided by the volume of all constituents of the mixture V prior to mixing:
Being dimensionless, its unit is 1; it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18. It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is expressed with a denominator of 100, e.g., 18%.
The volume fraction coincides with the volume concentration in ideal solutions where the volumes of the constituents are additive (the volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of its ingredients).
The sum of all volume fractions of a mixture is equal to 1:
The volume fraction (percentage by volume, vol%) is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture with a dimensionless quantity; mass fraction (percentage by weight, wt%) and mole fraction (percentage by moles, mol%) are others.
Volume concentration and volume percent
Volume percent is the concentration of a certain solute, measured by volume, in a solution. It has as a denominator the volume of the mixture itself, as usual for expressions of concentration, rather than the total of all the individual components’ volumes prior to mixing:
Volume percent is usually used when the solution is made by mixing two fluids, such as liquids or gases. However, percentages are only additive for ideal gases.
The percentage by volume (vol%) is one way of expressing the composition of a mixture with a dimensionless quantity; mass fraction (percentage by weight, wt%) and mole fraction (percentage by moles, mol%) are others.
In the case of a mixture of ethanol and water, which are miscible in all proportions, the designation of solvent and solute is arbitrary. The volume of such a mixture is slightly less than the sum of the volumes of the components. Thus, by the above definition, the term "40% alcohol by volume" refers to a mixture of 40 volume units of ethanol with enough water to make a final volume of 100 units, rather than a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation%20response
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Oxidation response is stimulated by a disturbance in the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant responses, known as oxidative stress. Active species of oxygen naturally occur in aerobic cells and have both intracellular and extracellular sources. These species, if not controlled, damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids and DNA. Hence cells need to maintain a strong defense against the damage.
The following table gives an idea of the antioxidant defense system in bacterial system.
Stress response
Small changes in cellular oxidant status can be sensed by specific proteins which regulate a set of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes. Such a global response induces an adaptive metabolism including ROS elimination, the bypass of injured pathways, reparation of oxidative damages and maintenance of reducing power.
Peroxide and superoxide are the two major active oxygen species. It is found that the peroxide and superoxide stress responses are distinct in bacteria. The exposure of microorganisms to low sublethal concentrations of oxidants leads to the acquisition of cellular resistance to a subsequent lethal oxidative stress.
Peroxide stress response
In response to an increased flux of hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide, peroxide stimulon gets activated. Studies of E. coli response to H2O2 have shown that exposure to H2O2 elevated mRNA levels of 140 genes, of which 30 genes are members of the OxyR regulon. The genes include many genes coding for metabolic enzymes and antioxidant enzymes demonstrating the role of these enzymes in reorganization of metabolism under stress conditions.
Superoxide stress response
When stressed under elevated levels of the superoxide radical anion O2−, bacteria respond by invoking the superoxide stimulon. Superoxide-generating compounds activate SoxR regulator by the one-electron oxidation of the 2Fe-2S clusters. Oxid
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MonRoi
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MonRoi, Inc. is a Montreal-based company that created a system to allow the recording of chess games in an electronic format. The system also allows for games to be broadcast via MonRoi's World Databank of Chess in realtime, as the games are being played.
MonRoi is one of five electronic scorekeeping devices that are approved for use during USCF rated games. The other four are the DGT Electronic Chessboard the eNotate computer program running on a Windows Mobile PDA, Plycounter, and ChessNoteR which uses the Android operating system and repurposes a Motorola Nexus 6 device to deliver its software.
The MonRoi system uses the Personal Chess Manager (PCM) to input moves on an electronic screen, similar to PDA's, rather than using the paper score sheet to record moves. The PCM stores the games for future retrieval or for downloading to a computer via a memory card. The system also allows for the Professional Tournament Manager (PTM) to be connected to a computer, allowing chess arbiters and organizers to monitor all the devices, collect the games for publication and to broadcast hundreds of games simultaneously on the Internet.
The MonRoi system has been approved for use by FIDE, the European Chess Union and the United States Chess Federation.
The MonRoi system was invented and patented by Brana Malobabic-Giancristofaro, an electrical engineer whose credentials include developing new technologies at Nortel Networks.
MonRoi, Inc. launched the first MonRoi International Women's Grand Prix, recognizing women in chess. The company collaborated with the European Chess Union, the Continental Chess Association, the Quebec Chess Federation, the Chess'n Math Association, the Susan Polgar Foundation and the Association of Chess Professionals. The Grand-Prix Finale was an eight-player round robin format tournament held in Montreal in July 2007. The host countries for the qualification events included Canada, Croatia, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, Liechtenstein, and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winged%20sun
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The winged sun is a solar symbol associated with divinity, royalty, and power in the Ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia).
Ancient Egypt
In ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC ), often flanked on either side with a uraeus.
Behdety
In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behdety represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Horakhty. It is sometimes depicted on the neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including Khepri. The name "Behdety" means the inhabitant of Behdet.
He was the sky god of the region called Behdet in the Nile basin.
His image was first found in the inscription on a comb's body, as a winged solar panel. The period of the comb is about 3000 BC. Such winged solar panels were later found in the funeral picture of Pharaoh Sahure of the fifth dynasty. Behdety is seen as the protector of Pharaoh. On both sides of his picture are seen the Uraeus, which a symbol for the cobra headed goddess Wadjet.
He resisted the intense heat of Egyptian sun with his two wings.
Mesopotamia
From roughly 2000 BCE, the symbol also appears in Mesopotamia. It appears in reliefs with Assyrian rulers as a symbol for royalty, transcribed into Latin as (literally, "his own self, the Sun", i.e. "His Majesty").
Iran
In Zoroastrian Persia, the symbol of the winged sun became part of the iconography of the Faravahar, the symbol of the divine power and royal glory in Persian culture.
Israel and Judah
From around the 8th century BC, the winged solar disk appears on Hebrew seals connected to the royal house of the Kingdom of Judah. Many of these are seals and jar handles from Hezekiah's reign, together with the inscription l'melekh ("belonging to the king"). Typically, Hezekiah's royal seals feature two downward-pointing wings and six rays emanating from the central sun disk
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%20network%20process
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The analytic network process (ANP) is a more general form of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) used in multi-criteria decision analysis.
AHP structures a decision problem into a hierarchy with a goal, decision criteria, and alternatives, while the ANP structures it as a network. Both then use a system of pairwise comparisons to measure the weights of the components of the structure, and finally to rank the alternatives in the decision.
Hierarchy vs. network
In the AHP, each element in the hierarchy is considered to be independent of all the others—the decision criteria are considered to be independent of one another, and the alternatives are considered to be independent of the decision criteria and of each other. But in many real-world cases, there is interdependence among the items and the alternatives. ANP does not require independence among elements, so it can be used as an effective tool in these cases.
To illustrate this, consider a simple decision about buying an automobile. The decision maker may want to decide among several moderately-priced full-size sedans. He might choose to base his decision on only three factors: purchase price, safety, and comfort. Both the AHP and ANP would provide useful frameworks to use in making his decision.
The AHP would assume that purchase price, safety, and comfort are independent of one another, and would evaluate each of the sedans independently on those criteria.
The ANP would allow consideration of the interdependence of price, safety, and comfort. If one could get more safety or comfort by paying more for the automobile (or less by paying less), the ANP could take that into account. Similarly, the ANP could allow the decision criteria to be affected by the traits of the cars under consideration. If, for example, all the cars are very, very safe, the importance of safety as a decision criterion could appropriately be reduced.
Literature and community
Academic articles about ANP appear in journals dealing with the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20invariants
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Phylogenetic invariants are polynomial relationships between the frequencies of various site patterns in an idealized DNA multiple sequence alignment. They have received substantial study in the field of biomathematics, and they can be used to choose among phylogenetic tree topologies in an empirical setting. The primary advantage of phylogenetic invariants relative to other methods of phylogenetic estimation like maximum likelihood or Bayesian MCMC analyses is that invariants can yield information about the tree without requiring the estimation of branch lengths of model parameters. The idea of using phylogenetic invariants was introduced independently by James Cavender and Joseph Felsenstein and by James A. Lake in 1987.
At this point the number of programs that allow empirical datasets to be analyzed using invariants is limited. However, phylogenetic invariants may provide solutions to other problems in phylogenetics and they represent an area of active research for that reason. Felsenstein stated it best when he said, "invariants are worth attention, not for what they do for us now, but what they might lead to in the future." (p. 390)
If we consider a multiple sequence alignment with t taxa and no gaps or missing data (i.e., an idealized multiple sequence alignment), there are 4t possible site patterns. For example, there are 256 possible site patterns for four taxa (fAAAA, fAAAC, fAAAG, … fTTTT), which can be written as a vector. This site pattern frequency vector has 255 degrees of freedom because the frequencies must sum to one. However, any set of site pattern frequencies that resulted from some specific process of sequence evolution on a specific tree must obey many constraints. and therefore have many fewer degrees of freedom. Thus, there should be polynomials involving those frequencies that take on a value of zero if the DNA sequences were generated on a specific tree given a particular substitution model.
Invariants are formulas in the expected patte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constrictive%20pericarditis
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Constrictive pericarditis is a medical condition characterized by a thickened, fibrotic pericardium, limiting the heart's ability to function normally. In many cases, the condition continues to be difficult to diagnose and therefore benefits from a good understanding of the underlying cause.
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are consistent with the following: fatigue, swollen abdomen, difficulty breathing (dyspnea), swelling of legs and general weakness. Related conditions are bacterial pericarditis, pericarditis and pericarditis after a heart attack.
Causes
The cause of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world are idiopathic in origin, though likely infectious in nature. In regions where tuberculosis is common, it is the cause in a large portion of cases.
Causes of constrictive pericarditis include:
Tuberculosis
Incomplete drainage of purulent pericarditis
Fungal and parasitic infections
Chronic pericarditis
Postviral pericarditis
Postsurgical
Following MI, post-myocardial infarction
In association with pulmonary asbestos
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiological characteristics of constrictive pericarditis are due to a thickened, fibrotic pericardium that forms a non-compliant shell around the heart. This shell prevents the heart from expanding when blood enters it. As pressure on the heart increases, the stroke volume decreases as a result of a reduction in the diastolic expansion in the chambers. This results in significant respiratory variation in blood flow in the chambers of the heart.
During inspiration, pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases but is not relayed to the left atrium, subsequently a reduction in flow to the left atrium and ventricle happens. During diastole, less blood flow in left ventricle allows for more room for filling in right ventricle and therefore a septal shift occurs.
During expiration, the amount of blood entering the left ventricle will increase, allowing the interventricul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor%20marking%20tape
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Floor marking tapes are adhesive tapes used to mark hazards, divide spaces, create aisles, or provide directions. They are commonly used in industrial and manufacturing facilities for floor marking. They are made of multiple different materials, including PVC and vinyl, and vary in thickness from 5-mils to 55-mils for a wide range of durability options for manufacturing facility floor marking. The best floor marking tapes are usually 50 to 60 mils thick. Most tapes come in a variety of color options and even hazard patterns to meet U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration/ANSI requirements and other safety standards. Some tapes are made with higher reflectivity and may even glow in the dark.
Floor marking tapes can also be useful for helping workers put materials and equipment back in the right place, making it a key 5S, Lean manufacturing implementation tools. Creating distinctions between finished goods, raw goods, to-be-repaired goods, and equipment ensures mistakes are minimized and productivity and safety are both at the highest levels.
Usage
5S and Lean manufacturing
Floor markings are an important part of step 2 of 5S, Set In Order (Seiton), organizing workspaces by denoting walkways, work spaces and storage spaces. In addition, floor markings are used to denote requirements to keep the area in front of fire extinguishers, fire hoses, first aid equipment and exits clear.
Hiroyuki Hirano's 5 Pillar of the Visual Workplace, proposed a scheme for markings that used not only color, but the size of the line and if the line was solid or broken, to convey meaning, expanding the possible messages that could be communicate, with only three colors.
Building evacuation
Starting in 2009, the International Fire Code required structures over to have exit paths and stairway steps marked by a luminous path to guide people evacuating to the exit. A way of satisfying this requirement is photoluminescent tape, which glows in darkness without any external power
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev%20T.%20Perelman
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Lev T. Perelman is an American biological physicist and bioengineer at Harvard. He holds the Mary Tolan and Edward Grzelakowski Endowed Chair, is a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, and is the Director of the Center for Advanced Biomedical Imaging and Photonics at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He is known for his work on biomedical light scattering spectroscopy and application of optics and spectroscopy to life sciences and developmental and cell biology.
Background and education
Perelman is the son of theoretical physicist Theodore L. Perelman, who solved the Conjugate convective heat transfer problem and made contributions in the development of a two-temperature model that describes electron and phonon temperature distributions in metals heated by ultrashort-pulsed lasers.
Perelman completed his undergraduate degree in theoretical physics from Belarus University and doctoral degree in physics from Institute of Physics in Minsk in 1989. He joined MIT in 1992 as a postdoctoral fellow in biological physics.
Career
Perelman was appointed a principal scientist at MIT in 1995. He joined Harvard faculty in 2000 where he is currently a professor.
Perelman was a member of the United States Department of Health and Human Services Joint Working Group charged with setting up funding priorities in oncologic imaging in the U.S.
Research
Perelman with Vadim Backman, an HST graduate student, introduced biomedical light scattering spectroscopy (LSS) in 1998. This approach was later applied for detection of precancer in esophagus, colon, urinary bladder and oral cavity, cervix, pancreatic cysts, and bile duct. This technique was later extended to subcellular scales with development of confocal light absorption and scattering spectroscopic microscopy for label-free subcellular functional imaging, sensing chromatin packing in live cells, and demonstrating that exosomes promote tumorigenesis.
Perelman's other contributions include demonstration of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeosaurus
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Palaeosaurus (or Paleosaurus) is a genus of indeterminate archosaur known from two teeth found in the Bromsgrove Sandstone Formation and also either the Magnesian Conglomerate or the Avon Fissure Fill of Clifton, Bristol, England (originally Avon). It has had a convoluted taxonomic history.
Richard Owen's mistake of associating prosauropod skeletal remains with the carnivorous teeth which Riley and Stutchbury called Palaeosaurus, combined with Friedrich von Huene's Teratosaurus minor, which was also a combination of carnivore and prosauropod remains, led paleontologists to view prosauropods as carnivorous animals for quite a long time. This error made it into several textbooks and other dinosaur reference works.
History and classification
Nineteenth century
In the autumn of 1834, surgeon Henry Riley (1797–1848) and the curator of the Bristol Institution, Samuel Stutchbury (15 January 1798 – 12 February 1859), began to excavate "saurian remains" at the quarry of Durdham Down, at Clifton, presently a part of Bristol, which is part of the Magnesian Conglomerate. In 1834 and 1835, they briefly reported on the finds. They provided their initial description in 1836, naming two new genera: Palaeosaurus and Thecodontosaurus. In 1836 Riley and Stutchbury briefly and informally published on two new fossil teeth (the holotype tooth of P. platyodon is listed under BRSMG *Ca7448/3 and the holotype tooth of P. cylindrodon is listed under BRSMG *Ca7449/4. Both are now listed under the latter species) found in or near the city of Bristol, England, which they called Palaeosaurus cylindrodon and Palaeosaurus platyodon. Riley and Stutchbury did not mean to assign these species to Saint-Hilaire's genus of teleosaurids; they simply did not know the name had been used. Thecodontosaurus was also named in this publication. Only in 1840 do Riley and Stutchbury fully describe their two species of Palaeosaurus, each based on a single sharp tooth from the Late Triassic Period. The spelling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centered%20set
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In mathematics, in the area of order theory, an upwards centered set S is a subset of a partially ordered set, P, such that any finite subset of S has an upper bound in P. Similarly, any finite subset of a downwards centered set has a lower bound. An upwards centered set can also be called a consistent set.
Any directed set is necessarily centered, and any centered set is a linked set.
A subset B of a partial order is said to be σ-centered if it is a countable union of centered sets.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria%20monocytogenes
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Listeria monocytogenes is the species of pathogenic bacteria that causes the infection listeriosis. It is a facultative anaerobic bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. It can grow and reproduce inside the host's cells and is one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens: 20 to 30% of foodborne listeriosis infections in high-risk individuals may be fatal. In the European Union, listeriosis follows an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 confirmed cases and 210 reported deaths in 2014, 16% more than in 2013. Listeriosis mortality rates are also higher in the EU than for other foodborne pathogens. Responsible for an estimated 1,600 illnesses and 260 deaths in the United States annually, listeriosis ranks third in total number of deaths among foodborne bacterial pathogens, with fatality rates exceeding even Salmonella spp. and Clostridium botulinum.
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, in the phylum Bacillota, named after Joseph Lister. Its ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0 °C permits multiplication at typical refrigeration temperatures, greatly increasing its ability to evade control in human foodstuffs. Motile via flagella at 30 °C and below, but usually not at 37 °C, L. monocytogenes can instead move within eukaryotic cells by explosive polymerization of actin filaments (known as comet tails or actin rockets)..Once Listeria monocytogenes enters the host cytoplasm, multiple changes in bacterial metabolism and gene expression help to complete the metamorphosis of its from soil dweller to intracellular pathogen.
Studies suggest up to 10% of human gastrointestinal tracts may be colonized by L. monocytogenes. Nevertheless, clinical diseases due to L. monocytogenes are more frequently recognized by veterinarians, especially as meningoencephalitis in ruminants. See: listeriosis in animals.
Due to its frequent pathogenicity, causing meningitis in newborns (acquired transvaginally), pregnant mothers are oft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersley%E2%80%93Clifford%20theorem
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The Hammersley–Clifford theorem is a result in probability theory, mathematical statistics and statistical mechanics that gives necessary and sufficient conditions under which a strictly positive probability distribution (of events in a probability space) can be represented as events generated by a Markov network (also known as a Markov random field). It is the fundamental theorem of random fields. It states that a probability distribution that has a strictly positive mass or density satisfies one of the Markov properties with respect to an undirected graph G if and only if it is a Gibbs random field, that is, its density can be factorized over the cliques (or complete subgraphs) of the graph.
The relationship between Markov and Gibbs random fields was initiated by Roland Dobrushin and Frank Spitzer in the context of statistical mechanics. The theorem is named after John Hammersley and Peter Clifford, who proved the equivalence in an unpublished paper in 1971. Simpler proofs using the inclusion–exclusion principle were given independently by Geoffrey Grimmett, Preston and Sherman in 1973, with a further proof by Julian Besag in 1974.
Proof outline
It is a trivial matter to show that a Gibbs random field satisfies every Markov property. As an example of this fact, see the following:
In the image to the right, a Gibbs random field over the provided graph has the form . If variables and are fixed, then the global Markov property requires that: (see conditional independence), since forms a barrier between and .
With and constant, where and . This implies that .
To establish that every positive probability distribution that satisfies the local Markov property is also a Gibbs random field, the following lemma, which provides a means for combining different factorizations, needs to be proved:
Lemma 1
Let denote the set of all random variables under consideration, and let and denote arbitrary sets of variables. (Here, given an arbitrary set of variables
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbering%20%28computability%20theory%29
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In computability theory a numbering is the assignment of natural numbers to a set of objects such as functions, rational numbers, graphs, or words in some formal language. A numbering can be used to transfer the idea of computability and related concepts, which are originally defined on the natural numbers using computable functions, to these different types of objects.
Common examples of numberings include Gödel numberings in first-order logic, the description numbers that arise from universal Turing machines and admissible numberings of the set of partial computable functions.
Definition and examples
A numbering of a set is a surjective partial function from to S (Ershov 1999:477). The value of a numbering ν at a number i (if defined) is often written νi instead of the usual .
Examples of numberings include:
The set of all finite subsets of has a numbering , defined so that and so that, for each finite nonempty set , where (Ershov 1999:477). This numbering is a (partial) bijection.
A fixed Gödel numbering of the computable partial functions can be used to define a numbering W of the recursively enumerable sets, by letting by W(i) be the domain of φi. This numbering will be surjective (like all numberings) but not injective: there will be distinct numbers that map to the same recursively enumerable set under W.
Types of numberings
A numbering is total if it is a total function. If the domain of a partial numbering is recursively enumerable then there always exists an equivalent total numbering (equivalence of numberings is defined below).
A numbering η is decidable if the set is a decidable set.
A numbering η is single-valued if η(x) = η(y) if and only if x=y; in other words if η is an injective function. A single-valued numbering of the set of partial computable functions is called a Friedberg numbering.
Comparison of numberings
There is a preorder on the set of all numberings. Let and be two numberings. Then is reducible to , written
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triune%20ethics%20theory
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The triune ethics theory (TET) is a metatheory in the field of moral psychology, proposed by Darcia Narvaez and inspired by Paul MacLean's triune brain model of brain development. TET highlights the relative contributions of biological inheritance (including human evolutionary adaptations), environmental influences on neurobiology, and culture to moral development and reasoning. TET proposes three ethics that are the foundation or motivation for all ethics: security (or safety), engagement, and imagination. They differ not only in the recency of evolutionary development but also in their relative capacity to override one another.
The three ethics
Security
The security ethic is based in the oldest part of the brain, involving the R-complex or the extrapyramidal system. The security ethic is triggered stressors that activate primal instincts and fight-or-flight responses. These are concerned or centered on safety, survival, and thriving in an environment (or biological system). With these systems present at birth, the security ethic is conditioned during sensitive periods of development (such as infancy), life experience, and trauma. Studies have shown that a dearth of touch in early years result in an underdevelopment of serotonin receptors. Children with faulty serotonin receptors are susceptible to somatosensory affectional deprivation, a condition related to depression, violent behavior, and stimulus seeking. As an adult, if serotonin receptors are not properly functioning, an individual is more prone to depression and anxiety. If receptors are damaged, and one becomes fixated at this ethic, they can be seen as cold, closed-minded, and aggressive. This ethic is most responsible for racism and hate towards outside groups.
Engagement
The ethic of engagement is centered in the upper limbic system or the visceral-emotional nervous system. The limbic system allows for external and internal emotional signaling and is critical to emotion, identity, memory for ongoing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20flags%20with%20blue%2C%20red%2C%20and%20white%20stripes
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Flags of white, red and blue stripes (bands) are closely associated with independence and the French Revolution. It can often signal the relationships of some nations with other nations (for instance, the flag of the Netherlands and flags of its former colonies).
The Dutch tricolor, the first known example of the tricolor, stood for liberty and republicanism, and the Netherlands flag influenced the tricolour flags of France and Russia.
The flag model was put forward in the French Revolution with the tricolore, a term which to this day, can refer to the flag of France directly, rather than all tricolors. The French Tricolour has become one of the most influential flags in history, with its three-colour scheme being adopted by many other nations, both in Europe and the rest of the world, and, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica has historically stood "in symbolic opposition to the autocratic and clericalist royal standards of the past".
The British Union Jack was drawn up to represent the union of England and Scotland. The American flag or Stars and Stripes made a major contribution to the modern flag tradition and the idea of a flag representing both population and government, like the French flag after the Revolution.
The various blue, white, and red striped banners were adopted, somewhat changing the order and position of stripes (vertical and horizontal). The Russian flag was adopted by Peter the Great based on the Dutch flag, during his effort to build a Western-oriented navy.
They also became the Pan-Slavic colors, particularly Austro-Slavism in countries that became independent from the Austro-Hungarian monarchy.
Dual bands
, national, cantoned
, national, pall fesswise
, within USA, cantoned
, within USA, cantoned
Lubbock, within USA, charged
Murphy, within USA, charged
, within Argentina, charged
Kansas City, Missouri, within USA, charged
Triband
Five bands
More than five bands
, national, cantoned
, within USA, cantoned
, nation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobes%20of%20liver
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In human anatomy, the liver is divided grossly into four parts or lobes: the right lobe, the left lobe, the caudate lobe, and the quadrate lobe. Seen from the front – the diaphragmatic surface – the liver is divided into two lobes: the right lobe and the left lobe. Viewed from the underside – the visceral surface – the other two smaller lobes, the caudate lobe and the quadrate lobe, are also visible. The two smaller lobes, the caudate lobe and the quadrate lobe, are known as superficial or accessory lobes, and both are located on the underside of the right lobe.
The falciform ligament, visible on the front of the liver, makes a superficial division of the right and left lobes of the liver. From the underside, the two additional lobes are located on the right lobe. A line can be imagined running from the left of the vena cava and all the way forward to divide the liver and gallbladder into two halves. This line is called Cantlie's line and is used to mark the division between the two lobes.
Other anatomical landmarks exist, such as the ligamentum venosum and the round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres), which further divide the left side of the liver in two sections. An important anatomical landmark, the porta hepatis, also known as the transverse fissure of the liver, divides this left portion into four segments, which can be numbered in Roman numerals starting at the caudate lobe as I in an anticlockwise manner. From this parietal view, seven segments can be seen, because the eighth segment is only visible in the visceral view.
Structure
Segments
The lobes of the liver are further divided into eight liver segments in the Couinaud system. These are also known as hepatic segments that are surgically resectable.
Left lobe
The left lobe is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric, and left hypochondriac regions of the abdomen. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is moulded on to the diaphragm; its under surface pres
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials%20Science%20Laboratory
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The Materials Science Laboratory (MSL) of the European Space Agency is a payload on board the International Space Station for materials science experiments in low gravity.
It is installed in NASA's first Materials Science Research Rack which is placed in the Destiny laboratory on board the ISS. Its purpose is to process material samples in different ways: directional solidification of metals and alloys, crystal growth of semi-conducting materials, thermo-physical properties and diffusion experiments of alloys and glass-forming materials, and investigations on polymers and ceramics at the liquid-solid phase transition.
MSL was built for ESA by EADS Astrium in Friedrichshafen, Germany. It is operated and monitored by the Microgravity User Support Center (MUSC) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne, Germany.
Mission summary
MSL was launched with Space Shuttle Discovery on its STS-128 mission at the end of August 2009. It was transferred from the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module to the Destiny Laboratory shortly after the shuttle docked at the International Space Station some two days after launch.
After that the commissioning activities started to check out first the functionality of the Materials Science Research Rack and MSL inside MSRR. The commissioning included the processing of the first two samples which took place at the beginning of November. After bringing those two samples back to ground for analysis by the scientists the rest of the samples from batch 1 will be processed in early 2010.
Core facility
The Materials Science Laboratory (MSL) facility is the contribution of the European Space Agency to NASA's MSRR-1. It occupies one half of an International Standard Payload Rack.
The MSL consists of a Core Facility, together with associated support sub-systems. The Core Facility consists mainly of a vacuum-tight stainless steel cylinder (Process Chamber) capable of accommodating different individual Furnace Inserts (FIs), within which sample proces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon
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Radeon () is a brand of computer products, including graphics processing units, random-access memory, RAM disk software, and solid-state drives, produced by Radeon Technologies Group, a division of AMD. The brand was launched in 2000 by ATI Technologies, which was acquired by AMD in 2006 for US$5.4 billion.
Radeon Graphics
Radeon Graphics is the successor to the Rage line. Three different families of microarchitectures can be roughly distinguished, the fixed-pipeline family, the unified shader model-families of TeraScale and Graphics Core Next. ATI/AMD have developed different technologies, such as TruForm, HyperMemory, HyperZ, XGP, Eyefinity for multi-monitor setups, PowerPlay for power-saving, CrossFire (for multi-GPU) or Hybrid Graphics. A range of SIP blocks is also to be found on certain models in the Radeon products line: Unified Video Decoder, Video Coding Engine and TrueAudio.
The brand was previously only known as "ATI Radeon" until August 2010, when it was renamed to increase AMD's brand awareness on a global scale. Products up to and including the HD 5000 series are branded as ATI Radeon, while the HD 6000 series and beyond use the new AMD Radeon branding.
On 11 September 2015, AMD's GPU business was split into a separate unit known as Radeon Technologies Group, with Raja Koduri as Senior Vice President and chief architect.
Radeon Graphics card brands
AMD does not distribute Radeon cards directly to consumers (though some exceptions can be found). Instead, it sells Radeon GPUs to third-party manufacturers, who build and sell the Radeon-based video cards to the OEM and retail channels. Manufacturers of the Radeon cards—some of whom also make motherboards—include ASRock, Asus, Biostar, Club 3D, Diamond, Force3D, Gainward, Gigabyte, HIS, MSI, PowerColor, Sapphire, VisionTek, and XFX.
Graphics processor generations
Early generations were identified with a number and major/minor alphabetic prefix. Later generations were assigned code names. New or hea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary%20arteries
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The coronary arteries are the arterial blood vessels of coronary circulation, which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body.
The coronary arteries wrap around the entire heart. The two main branches are the left coronary artery and right coronary artery. The arteries can additionally be categorized based on the area of the heart for which they provide circulation. These categories are called epicardial (above the epicardium, or the outermost tissue of the heart) and microvascular (close to the endocardium, or the innermost tissue of the heart).
Reduced function of the coronary arteries can lead to decreased flow of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. Not only does this affect supply to the heart muscle itself, but it also can affect the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Therefore, any disorder or disease of the coronary arteries can have a serious impact on health, possibly leading to angina, a heart attack, and even death.
Structure
The coronary arteries are mainly composed of the left and right coronary arteries, both of which give off several branches, as shown in the 'coronary artery flow' figure.
Aorta
Left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
Left circumflex artery
Posterior descending artery
Ramus or intermediate artery
Right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior descending artery
The left coronary artery arises from the aorta within the left cusp of the aortic valve and feeds blood to the left side of the heart. It branches into two arteries, the left anterior descending and the left circumflex. The left anterior descending artery perfuses the interventricular septum and anterior wall of the left ventricle. The left circumflex artery perfuses the left ventricular free wall. In approximately 33% of individuals, the left coronary artery gives rise to the posterior descending artery wh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%27s%20theorem
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In group theory, Cayley's theorem, named in honour of Arthur Cayley, states that every group is isomorphic to a subgroup of a symmetric group.
More specifically, is isomorphic to a subgroup of the symmetric group whose elements are the permutations of the underlying set of .
Explicitly,
for each , the left-multiplication-by- map sending each element to is a permutation of , and
the map sending each element to is an injective homomorphism, so it defines an isomorphism from onto a subgroup of .
The homomorphism can also be understood as arising from the left translation action of on the underlying set .
When is finite, is finite too. The proof of Cayley's theorem in this case shows that if is a finite group of order , then is isomorphic to a subgroup of the standard symmetric group . But might also be isomorphic to a subgroup of a smaller symmetric group, for some ; for instance, the order 6 group is not only isomorphic to a subgroup of , but also (trivially) isomorphic to a subgroup of . The problem of finding the minimal-order symmetric group into which a given group embeds is rather difficult.
Alperin and Bell note that "in general the fact that finite groups are imbedded in symmetric groups has not influenced the methods used to study finite groups".
When is infinite, is infinite, but Cayley's theorem still applies.
History
While it seems elementary enough, at the time the modern definitions did not exist, and when Cayley introduced what are now called groups it was not immediately clear that this was equivalent to the previously known groups, which are now called permutation groups. Cayley's theorem unifies the two.
Although Burnside
attributes the theorem
to Jordan,
Eric Nummela
nonetheless argues that the standard name—"Cayley's Theorem"—is in fact appropriate. Cayley, in his original 1854 paper,
showed that the correspondence in the theorem is one-to-one, but he failed to explicitly show it was a homomorphism (and thus a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC%2060870-5
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IEC 60870 part 5 is one of the IEC 60870 set of standards which define systems used for telecontrol (supervisory control and data acquisition) in electrical engineering and power system automation applications. Part 5 provides a communication profile for sending basic telecontrol messages between two systems, which uses permanent directly connected data circuits between the systems. The IEC Technical Committee 57 (Working Group 03) have developed a protocol standard for telecontrol, teleprotection, and associated telecommunications for electric power systems. The result of this work is IEC 60870-5. Five documents specify the base IEC 60870-5:
IEC 60870-5-1 Transmission Frame Formats
IEC 60870-5-2 Data Link Transmission Services
IEC 60870-5-3 General Structure of Application Data
IEC 60870-5-4 Definition and Coding of Information Elements
IEC 60870-5-5 Basic Application Functions
IEC 60870-5-6 Guidelines for conformance testing for the IEC 60870-5 companion standards
IEC TS 60870-5-7 Security extensions to IEC 60870-5-101 and IEC 60870-5-104 protocols (applying IEC 62351)
The IEC Technical Committee 57 has also generated companion standards:
IEC 60870-5-101 Transmission Protocols - Companion standards especially for basic telecontrol tasks
IEC 60870-5-102 Transmission Protocols - Companion standard for the transmission of integrated totals in electric power systems (this standard is not widely used)
IEC 60870-5-103 Transmission Protocols - Companion standard for the informative interface of protection equipment
IEC 60870-5-104 Transmission Protocols - Network access for IEC 60870-5-101 using standard transport profiles
IEC TS 60870-5-601 Transmission protocols - Conformance test cases for the IEC 60870-5-101 companion standard
IEC TS 60870-5-604 Conformance test cases for the IEC 60870-5-104 companion standard
IEC 60870-5-101/102/103/104 are companion standards generated for basic telecontrol tasks, transmission of integrated totals, data exchange fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopia%20%28medicine%29
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In medicine, heterotopia is the presence of a particular tissue type at a non-physiological site, but usually co-existing with original tissue in its correct anatomical location. In other words, it implies ectopic tissue, in addition to retention of the original tissue type.
Examples
In neuropathology, for example, gray matter heterotopia is the presence of gray matter within the cerebral white matter or ventricles. Heterotopia within the brain is often divided into three groups: subependymal heterotopia, focal cortical heterotopia and band heterotopia. Another example is a Meckel's diverticulum, which may contain heterotopic gastric or pancreatic tissue.
In biology specifically, heterotopy refers to an altered location of trait expression. In her book Developmental Plasticity and Evolution, Mary-Jane West Eberhard has a cover art of the sulphur crested cockatoo and comments on the back cover "Did long crest[head] feathers evolve by gradual modification of ancestral head feathers? Or are they descendants of wing feathers, developmentally transplanted onto the head". This idea sets the tone for the rest of her book which goes into depth about developmental novelties and their relation to evolution. Heterotopy is a somewhat obscure but well demonstrated example of how developmental change can lead to novel forms. The central concept is that a feature seen in one area of an organism has had its location changed in evolutionary lineages.
Heterotopy in molecular biology
Heterotopy in molecular biology is the name given to the expression or placement of a gene product from what is typically found in one area to another area. It can also be further expanded to a subtle form of exaptation where a gene product used for one underlying purpose in a diverse group of organisms can re-emerge repeatedly to produce seemingly paraphyletic distributions of traits. But actual phylogenetic analysis supports a monophyletic model as does evolutionary theory. Heterotopy is used to ex
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneofibular%20ligament
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The calcaneofibular ligament is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the tip of the lateral malleolus of the fibula downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is part of the lateral collateral ligament, which opposes the hyperinversion of the subtalar joint, as in a common type of ankle sprain.
It is covered by the tendons of the fibularis longus and brevis muscles.
Clinical significance
The calcaneofibular ligament is commonly sprained ligament in ankle injuries. It may be injured individually, or in combination with other ligaments such as the anterior talofibular ligament and the posterior talofibular ligament.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronovision
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Electronovision was a process used by producer and entrepreneur H. William "Bill" Sargent, Jr. to produce a handful of motion pictures, theatrical plays, and specials in the 1960s and early 1970s using a high-resolution videotape process for production, later transferred to film via kinescope for theatrical release.
Releases
More than half a dozen films were produced in this fashion, including the production of Richard Burton in Hamlet (1964), the concert film The TAMI Show (1964), and the Magna Film production of Harlow (1965), starring actress Carol Lynley as Jean Harlow.
Process background
Electronovision was an entirely separate and more advanced process from the earlier Electronicam, used by the DuMont Television Network in the 1950s to telecast live TV shows with electronic cameras, while simultaneously filming the production with a film camera attached to the side of the video camera. That process had been used on TV series broadcast by DuMont as well as the "Classic 39" half-hour version of The Honeymooners that aired on CBS in the 1955–56 television season, allowing the producers to archive a high-quality film negative for reruns.
While the press releases on Electronovision were deliberately vague, perhaps to add more mystique to the process, it used conventional analog Image Orthicon video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard. This standard was used as Ampex high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) were able to record it when equipped with proper version of Intersync module.
The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20accuracy
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In numerical analysis, order of accuracy quantifies the rate of convergence of a numerical approximation of a differential equation to the exact solution.
Consider , the exact solution to a differential equation in an appropriate normed space . Consider a numerical approximation , where is a parameter characterizing the approximation, such as the step size in a finite difference scheme or the diameter of the cells in a finite element method.
The numerical solution is said to be th-order accurate if the error is proportional to the step-size to the th power:
where the constant is independent of and usually depends on the solution . Using the big O notation an th-order accurate numerical method is notated as
This definition is strictly dependent on the norm used in the space; the choice of such norm is fundamental to estimate the rate of convergence and, in general, all numerical errors correctly.
The size of the error of a first-order accurate approximation is directly proportional to .
Partial differential equations which vary over both time and space are said to be accurate to order in time and to order in space.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Brownell
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Frederick Gordon Brownell (8 March 1940 – 10 May 2019) was a South African herald, vexillologist, and genealogist.
He designed the flags of Namibia and South Africa.
Family and early life
Brownell was born in Bethlehem, in what was then the Orange Free State province in South Africa on 8 March 1940. He matriculated from St. Andrew's School in Bloemfontein in 1957. He undertook his voluntary military service at the Air Force Gymnasium with 1 Motorboat Squadron (Air-Sea rescue) before going to Rhodes University in Grahamstown to read for a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and Social Anthropology, which he obtained in 1961. He subsequently completed an Honours degree in history at the University of South Africa in 1965 and was awarded a Master of Arts degree (with distinction) from the same university in 1977 for a dissertation entitled "British Immigration to South Africa 1946 – 1970".
He married Christine de Villiers, whom he met whilst at Rhodes University, on 29 September 1962 in Pretoria and together they had three daughters.
Career
Brownell joined the Department of Immigration on 2 January 1962 as an Administrative Officer. His responsibilities included a tour of duty as Assistant Attache (Immigration) and Consul to the South African Embassy in London between 1965 and 1969.
He then joined the Department of National Education / later Arts, Culture, Science and Technology as Assistant State Herald in the Bureau of Heraldry on 1 August 1977. He was promoted to State Herald on 1 May 1982 and retired from that position in 2002.
Brownell designed many coats of arms, badges and flags, including the arms and the flag of Namibia in 1990. In 1993/1994, he designed the current South African flag, with a three-armed converging cross of the sort called a pall in heraldry, to symbolise the convergence of different cultures into one for the future South Africa. He later designed arms for the new provincial governments in South Africa. He was awarded the Order fo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Beer%20Flood
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The London Beer Flood was an accident at Meux & Co's Horse Shoe Brewery, London, on 17 October 1814. It took place when one of the wooden vats of fermenting porter burst. The escaping liquid dislodged the valve of another vessel and destroyed several large barrels: between 128,000 and 323,000 imperial gallons (580,000–1,470,000 L; 154,000–388,000 US gal) of beer were released in total.
The resulting wave of porter destroyed the back wall of the brewery and swept into an area of slum dwellings known as the St Giles rookery. Eight people were killed, five of them mourners at the wake being held by an Irish family for a two-year-old boy. The coroner's inquest returned a verdict that the eight had lost their lives "casually, accidentally and by misfortune". The brewery was nearly bankrupted by the event; it avoided collapse after a rebate from HM Excise on the lost beer. The brewing industry gradually stopped using large wooden vats after the accident. The brewery moved in 1921, and the Dominion Theatre is now where the brewery used to stand. Meux & Co went into liquidation in 1961.
Background
In the early nineteenth century the Meux Brewery was one of the two largest in London, along with Whitbread. In 1809 Sir Henry Meux purchased the Horse Shoe Brewery, at the junction of Tottenham Court Road and Oxford Street. Meux's father, Sir Richard Meux, had previously co-owned the Griffin Brewery in Liquor-Pond Street (now Clerkenwell Road), in which he had constructed the largest vat in London, capable of holding 20,000 imperial barrels.
Henry Meux emulated his father's large vat, and constructed a wooden vessel tall and capable of holding 18,000 imperial barrels. of iron hoops were used to strengthen the vat. Meux brewed only porter, a dark beer that was first brewed in London and was the most popular alcoholic drink in the capital. Meux & Co brewed 102,493 imperial barrels in the twelve months up to July 1812. Porter was left in the large vessels to mature for severa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Weber%20%28engineer%29
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Ernst Weber (September 6, 1901 in Vienna, Austria – February 16, 1996 in Columbus, North Carolina), Austria-born American electrical engineer, was a pioneer in microwave technologies and played an important role in the history of the New York University Tandon School of Engineering, where in 1945 he founded the Microwave Research Institute (later renamed the Weber Research Institute in his honor). Weber was also the first president of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and one of the founders of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE).
Education and early years in Austria and Germany
Weber was born in Vienna, Austria. In 1924 he graduated with an engineering degree, and started working for the Siemens-Schuckert company as electrical engineer, initially in Vienna. In the meantime he studied further and earned two doctorates, a Ph.D. in 1926 from the University of Vienna and a Sc.D. in 1927 from the Technical University of Vienna. Early 1929 he moved to Siemens-Schuckert headquarters in Berlin, Germany and started teaching at the Technical University of Berlin.
Awards and honors
Ernst Weber received several awards and honors, including:
The U.S. President's Certificate of Merit from President Harry S. Truman in 1948
The AIEE Education Medal in 1960, "for excellence as a teacher in science and electrical engineering, for creative contributions in research and development, for broad professional and administrative leadership and in all for a considerate approach to human relations"
Eta Kappa Nu naming him an Eminent Member in 1962
The IEEE Founders Medal in 1971, "for leadership in the advancement of the electrical and electronics engineering profession in the fields of education, engineering societies, industry and government"
The Microwave Career Award from the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society in 1977
The U.S. National Medal of Science from President Ronald Reagan in 1987
To honor him, IEEE renamed in 1996 the IEEE
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comdb2
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Comdb2 is an open source, highly available clustered RDBMS developed by Bloomberg LP, built on optimistic concurrency control techniques. It provides multiple isolation levels, including Snapshot and Serializable Isolation. Read/Write transactions run on any node, with the client library transparently negotiating connections to lowest cost (latency) node which is available. Comdb2 implements queues for publisher-to-subscriber message delivery. Queues can be combined with table triggers for time-consistent log distribution.
Comdb2 supports the SQLite dialect of SQL with some modifications, and embeds the Lua scripting language. Comdb2 maintains a fork of Berkeley DB to provide the key–value database backend to SQLite.
Comdb2 architecture was described in detail in this 2016 technical paper.
See also
Comparison of relational database management systems
Multi-master replication
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis
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Diagnosis (: diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon. Diagnosis is used in many different disciplines, with variations in the use of logic, analytics, and experience, to determine "cause and effect". In systems engineering and computer science, it is typically used to determine the causes of symptoms, mitigations, and solutions.
Computer science and networking
Bayesian network
Complex event processing
Diagnosis (artificial intelligence)
Event correlation
Fault management
Fault tree analysis
Grey problem
RPR problem diagnosis
Remote diagnostics
Root cause analysis
Troubleshooting
Unified Diagnostic Services
Mathematics and logic
Bayesian probability
Block Hackam's dictum
Occam's razor
Regression diagnostics
Sutton's law
Medicine
Medical diagnosis
Molecular diagnostics
Methods
CDR computerized assessment system
Computer-aided diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Retrospective diagnosis
Tools
DELTA (taxonomy)
DXplain
List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
Organizational development
Organizational diagnostics
Systems engineering
Five whys
Eight disciplines problem solving
Fault detection and isolation
Problem solving
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20G.%20Krantz
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Steven George Krantz (born February 3, 1951) is an American scholar, mathematician, and writer. He has authored more than 350 research papers and published more than 150 books. Additionally, Krantz has edited journals such as the Notices of the American Mathematical Society and The Journal of Geometric Analysis.
Early life and education
Steven Krantz grew up in Redwood City, California and graduated from Sequoia High School in class of 1967.
Krantz was an undergraduate at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), graduating with summa cum laude in 1971. In the math department at UCSC his teachers included Nick Burgoyne, Marvin Greenberg, Ed Landesman, and Stan Philipp. Krantz obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1974 under the direction of Elias M. Stein and Joseph J. Kohn. Other influencers included Fred Almgren, Robert Gunning, and Ed Nelson.
Biography
Among Krantz's research interests include: several complex variables, harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, differential geometry, interpolation of operators, Lie theory, smoothness of functions, convexity theory, the corona problem, the inner functions problem, Fourier analysis, singular integrals, Lusin area integrals, Lipschitz spaces, finite difference operators, Hardy spaces, functions of bounded mean oscillation, geometric measure theory, sets of positive reach, the implicit function theorem, approximation theory, real analytic functions, analysis on the Heisenberg group, complex function theory, and real analysis.
He applied wavelet analysis to plastic surgery, creating software for facial recognition. Krantz has also written software for the pharmaceutical industry.
Krantz has worked on the inhomogeneous Cauchy–Riemann equations (he obtained the first sharp estimates in a variety of nonisotropic norms), on separate smoothness of functions (most notably with hypotheses about smoothness along integral curves of vector fields), on analysis on the Heisenberg gr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20flow%20microperfusion
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Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, membrane-free probe with macroscopic openings. Thus, the entire biochemical information of the ISF becomes accessible regardless of the analyte's molecular size, protein-binding property or lipophilicity.
OFM is capable of sampling lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds, protein bound and unbound drugs, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies, nanoparticles and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles.
Method
The OFM probes are perfused with a physiological solution (the perfusate) which equilibrates with the ISF of the surrounding tissue. Operating flow rates range from 0.1 to 10 μL/min. OFM allows unrestricted exchange of compounds via an open structure across the open exchange area of the probe. This exchange of compounds between the probe’s perfusate and the surrounding ISF is driven by convection and diffusion, and occurs non-selectively in either direction (Figure 1).
The direct liquid pathway between the probe’s perfusate and the surrounding fluid results in collection of ISF samples. These samples can be collected frequently and are then subjected to bioanalytical analysis to enable monitoring of substance concentrations with temporal resolution during the whole sampling period.
The concentric OFM probe (Figure 2) works according to the same principle. The perfusate is pumped to the tip of the OFM probe through the inner, thin lumen and exits beyond the Open Exchange Area, where it then mixes with exogenous substances present in the ISF before being withdrawn through the outer, thick lumen.
History
The first OFM sampling probe to be used as an alternative to microdialysis was described in an Austrian patent application filed by Falko
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause%20%28medicine%29
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Cause, also known as etiology () and aetiology, is the reason or origination of something.
The word etiology is derived from the Greek , aitiologia, "giving a reason for" (, aitia, "cause"; and , -logia).
Description
In medicine, etiology refers to the cause or causes of diseases or pathologies. Where no etiology can be ascertained, the disorder is said to be idiopathic.
Traditional accounts of the causes of disease may point to the "evil eye".
The Ancient Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro put forward early ideas about microorganisms in a 1st-century BC book titled On Agriculture.
Medieval thinking on the etiology of disease showed the influence of Galen and of Hippocrates. Medieval European doctors generally held the view that disease was related to the air and adopted a miasmatic approach to disease etiology.
Etiological discovery in medicine has a history in Robert Koch's demonstration that species of the pathogenic bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the disease tuberculosis; Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, and Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. This line of thinking and evidence is summarized in Koch's postulates. But proof of causation in infectious diseases is limited to individual cases that provide experimental evidence of etiology.
In epidemiology, several lines of evidence together are required to for causal inference. Austin Bradford Hill demonstrated a causal relationship between tobacco smoking and lung cancer, and summarized the line of reasoning in the Bradford Hill criteria, a group of nine principles to establish epidemiological causation. This idea of causality was later used in a proposal for a Unified concept of causation.
Disease causative agent
The infectious diseases are caused by infectious agents or pathogens. The infectious agents that cause disease fall into five groups: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (worms).
The term can also refer to a toxin or toxic chemical that causes illness.
Chain of causatio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan%20Institute%20of%20Virology
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The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; ) is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China. The institute is one of nine independent organisations in the Wuhan Branch of the CAS. Located in Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei, it was founded in 1956 and opened mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory in 2018. The institute has collaborated with the Galveston National Laboratory in the United States, the Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie in France, and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada. The institute has been an active premier research center for the study of coronaviruses.
History
The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). It was established by scientists Gao Shangyin, a graduate of Soochow University (Suzhou), and Chen Huagui. In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.
In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. In 2014, the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was built at a cost of 300 million yuan (US$44 million), in collaboration and with assistance from the French government's CIRI lab). The new laboratory building has 3000 m2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 BSL-2 and two BSL-3 laboratories. The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017, with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018. The highest level biosafety installation is ne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPLaR
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Electronics on Plastic by Laser Release (EPLaR) is a method for manufacturing flexible electrophoretic displays using conventional AM-LCD manufacturing equipment, avoiding the need to build new factories. The technology can also be used to manufacture flexible OLED displays using standard OLED fabrication facilities.
The technology was developed by Philips Research and uses standard display glass as used in TFT-LCD processing plants. It is coated with a layer of polyimide using a standard spin-coating procedure used in the production of AM-LCD displays. This polyimide coating can now have a regular TFT matrix formed on top of it in a standard TFT processing plant to form the plastic display, which can then be removed using a laser to finish the display and the glass reused, thus lowering the total cost of manufacture.
The EPLaR process is licensed by Philips for use by Taiwan's Prime View International in its TFT manufacturing plants for manufacture of flexible plastic displays.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen%20and%20yuan%20sign
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The yen and yuan sign (¥) is a currency sign used for the Japanese yen and the Chinese yuan currencies when writing in Latin scripts. This character resembles a capital letter Y with a single or double horizontal stroke. The symbol is usually placed before the value it represents, for example: ¥50, or JP¥50 and CN¥50 when disambiguation is needed. When writing in Japanese and Chinese, the Japanese kanji and Chinese character is written following the amount, for example in Japan, and or in China.
History
Japan
After the institution of Japan’s New Currency Act, from 1871 through the early 20th century, the yen was either referred to (in documents printed in Latin script) by its full name yen, or abbreviated with a capital "Y". One of the earliest uses of can be found in J. Twizell Wawn’s "Japanese Municipal Government With an Account of the Administration of the City of Kobe", published in 1899. Usage of the sign increased in the early 20th century, primarily in Western English-speaking countries, but has become commonly used in Japan as well.
Code points
The Unicode code point is . Additionally, there is a full width character, , at code point for use with wide fonts, especially East Asian fonts.
There was no code-point for any ¥ symbol in the original (7-bit) US-ASCII and consequently many early systems reassigned (allocated to the backslash (\) in ASCII) to the yen sign. With the arrival of 8-bit encoding, the ISO/IEC 8859-1 ("ISO Latin 1") character set assigned code point to the ¥ in 1985; Unicode continues this encoding.
In JIS X 0201, of which Shift JIS is an extension, assigns code point to the Latin-script yen sign: as noted above, this is the code used for the backslash in ASCII and also subsequently in Unicode. The JIS X 0201 standard was widely adopted in Japan.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft adopted the ISO code in Windows-1252 for the Americas and Western Europe but Japanese-language locales of Microsoft operating systems use the code page
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory%20processing%20disorder
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Auditory processing disorder (APD), rarely known as King-Kopetzky syndrome or auditory disability with normal hearing (ADN), is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the way the brain processes sounds. Individuals with APD usually have normal structure and function of the outer, middle, and inner ear (peripheral hearing). However, they cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do, which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds, especially the sounds composing speech. It is thought that these difficulties arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system. This is, in part, essentially a failure of the cocktail party effect found in most people.
The American Academy of Audiology notes that APD is diagnosed by difficulties in one or more auditory processes known to reflect the function of the central auditory nervous system. It can affect both children and adults. Although the actual prevalence is currently unknown, it has been estimated to impact 2–7% in children in US and UK populations. APD can continue into adulthood. It has been reported that males are twice as likely to be affected by the disorder as females.
Neurodevelopmental forms of APD are differentiable from aphasia in that aphasia is by definition caused by acquired brain injury, but acquired epileptic aphasia has been viewed as a form of APD.
Signs and symptoms
Many people experience problems with learning and day-to-day tasks with difficulties over time. Individuals with this disorder may experience the signs and symptoms below;
talk louder than necessary
talk softer than necessary
have trouble remembering a list or sequence
often need words or sentences repeated
have poor ability to memorize information learned by listening
interpret words too literally
need assistance hearing clearly in noisy environments
rely on accommodation and modification strategies
find or request a quiet work space away from others
request written material when atten
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented%20Lagrangian%20method
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Augmented Lagrangian methods are a certain class of algorithms for solving constrained optimization problems. They have similarities to penalty methods in that they replace a constrained optimization problem by a series of unconstrained problems and add a penalty term to the objective, but the augmented Lagrangian method adds yet another term designed to mimic a Lagrange multiplier. The augmented Lagrangian is related to, but not identical with, the method of Lagrange multipliers.
Viewed differently, the unconstrained objective is the Lagrangian of the constrained problem, with an additional penalty term (the augmentation).
The method was originally known as the method of multipliers and was studied in the 1970s and 1980s as a potential alternative to penalty methods. It was first discussed by Magnus Hestenes and then by Michael Powell in 1969. The method was studied by R. Tyrrell Rockafellar in relation to Fenchel duality, particularly in relation to proximal-point methods, Moreau–Yosida regularization, and maximal monotone operators; these methods were used in structural optimization. The method was also studied by Dimitri Bertsekas, notably in his 1982 book, together with extensions involving non-quadratic regularization functions (e.g., entropic regularization). This combined study gives rise to the "exponential method of multipliers" which handles inequality constraints with a twice-differentiable augmented Lagrangian function.
Since the 1970s, sequential quadratic programming (SQP) and interior point methods (IPM) have been given more attention, in part because they more easily use sparse matrix subroutines from numerical software libraries, and in part because IPMs posses proven complexity results via the theory of self-concordant functions. The augmented Lagrangian method was rejuvenated by the optimization systems LANCELOT, ALGENCAN and AMPL, which allowed sparse matrix techniques to be used on seemingly dense but "partially-separable" problems. The me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20nanotubes%20in%20interconnects
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In nanotechnology, carbon nanotube interconnects refer to the proposed use of carbon nanotubes in the interconnects between the elements of an integrated circuit. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be thought of as single atomic layer graphite sheets rolled up to form seamless cylinders. Depending on the direction on which they are rolled, CNTs can be semiconducting or metallic. Metallic carbon nanotubes have been identified as a possible interconnect material for the future technology generations and to replace copper interconnects. Electron transport can go over long nanotube lengths, 1 μm, enabling CNTs to carry very high currents (i.e. up to a current density of 109 A∙cm−2) with essentially no heating due to nearly one dimensional electronic structure. Despite the current saturation in CNTs at high fields, the mitigation of such effects is possible due to encapsulated nanowires.
Carbon nanotubes for interconnects application in Integrated chips have been studied since 2001, however the extremely attractive performances of individual tubes are difficult to reach when they are assembled in large bundles necessary to make real via or lines in integrated chips. Two proposed approaches to overcome the to date limitations are either to make very tiny local connections that will be needed in future advanced chips or to make carbon metal composite structure that will be compatible with existing microelectronic processes.
Hybrid interconnects that employ CNT vias in tandem with copper interconnects may offer advantages in reliability and thermal-management. In 2016, the European Union has funded a four million euro project over three years to evaluate manufacturability and performance of composite interconnects employing both CNT and copper interconnects. The project named CONNECT (CarbON Nanotube compositE InterconneCTs) involves the joint efforts of seven European research and industry partners on fabrication techniques and processes to enable reliable carbon nanotubes for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variegation%20%28histology%29
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In histology, variegation is the property of having discrete markings of different colors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-MAC
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B-MAC is a form of analog video encoding, specifically a type of Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC) encoding. MAC encoding was designed in the mid 80s for use with Direct Broadcast Satellite systems. Other analog video encoding systems include NTSC, PAL and SECAM. Unlike the FDM method used in those, MAC encoding uses a TDM method. B-MAC was a proprietary MAC encoding used by Scientific-Atlanta for encrypting broadcast video services; the full name was "Multiple Analogue Component, Type B".
B-MAC uses teletext-style non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling with a capacity of 1.625 Mbit/s. The video and audio/data signals are therefore combined at baseband.
Both PAL (626/50) and NTSC (525/60) versions of B-MAC were developed and used.
User base (PAL/NTSC zones)
This system was used in South Africa and Australia (for TVRO until 2000).
B-MAC was used for satellite broadcasts of the American Forces Radio and Television Service from the early 1980s until 1996-1997 when the analogue standard was replaced by the digital PowerVu system.
B-MAC has not been used for DTH applications since Primestar switched to an all-digital delivery system in the mid-1990s.
Technical details
MAC transmits luminance and chrominance data separately in time rather than separately in frequency (as other analog television formats do, such as composite video).
Audio and Scrambling (selective access)
Audio, in a format similar to NICAM was transmitted digitally rather than as an FM subcarrier.
The MAC standard included a standard scrambling system, EuroCrypt, a precursor to the standard DVB-CSA encryption system.
See also
Analog high-definition television systems
PAL, what MAC technology tried to replace
SECAM, what MAC technology tried to replace
A-MAC
B-MAC
C-MAC
D-MAC
E-MAC
S-MAC
D2-MAC
HD-MAC, an early high-definition television standard allowing for 2048x1152 resolution.
DVB-S, MAC technology was replaced by this standard
DVB-T, MAC technology was replaced by th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Obsession
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Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics (2003) is a historical book on mathematics by John Derbyshire, detailing the history of the Riemann hypothesis, named for Bernhard Riemann, and some of its applications.
The book was awarded the Mathematical Association of America's inaugural Euler Book Prize in 2007.
Overview
The book is written such that even-numbered chapters present historical elements related to the development of the conjecture, and odd-numbered chapters deal with the mathematical and technical aspects. Despite the title, the book provides biographical information on many iconic mathematicians including Euler, Gauss, and Lagrange.
In chapter 1, "Card Trick", Derbyshire introduces the idea of an infinite series and the ideas of convergence and divergence of these series. He imagines that there is a deck of cards stacked neatly together, and that one pulls off the top card so that it overhangs from the deck. Explaining that it can overhang only as far as the center of gravity allows, the card is pulled so that exactly half of it is overhanging. Then, without moving the top card, he slides the second card so that it is overhanging too at equilibrium. As he does this more and more, the fractional amount of overhanging cards as they accumulate becomes less and less. He explores various types of series such as the harmonic series.
In chapter 2, Bernhard Riemann is introduced and a brief historical account of Eastern Europe in the 18th Century is discussed.
In chapter 3, the Prime Number Theorem (PNT) is introduced. The function which mathematicians use to describe the number of primes in N numbers, π(N), is shown to behave in a logarithmic manner, as so:
where log is the natural logarithm.
In chapter 4, Derbyshire gives a short biographical history of Carl Friedrich Gauss and Leonard Euler, setting up their involvement in the Prime Number Theorem.
In chapter 5, the Riemann Zeta Function is introduced:
In cha
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism%20extension%20theorem
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In field theory, a branch of mathematics, the isomorphism extension theorem is an important theorem regarding the extension of a field isomorphism to a larger field.
Isomorphism extension theorem
The theorem states that given any field , an algebraic extension field of and an isomorphism mapping onto a field then can be extended to an isomorphism mapping onto an algebraic extension of (a subfield of the algebraic closure of ).
The proof of the isomorphism extension theorem depends on Zorn's lemma.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave%20spectroscopy
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Microwave spectroscopy is the spectroscopy method that employs microwaves, i.e. electromagnetic radiation at GHz frequencies, for the study of matter.
History
The ammonia molecule NH3 is shaped like a pyramid 0.38 Å in height, with an equilateral triangle of hydrogens forming the base.The nitrogen situated on the axis has two equivalent equilibrium positions above and below the triangle of hydrogens, and this raises the possibility of the nitrogen tunneling up and down, through the plane of the H-atoms. In 1932 Dennison et al. ... analyzed the vibrational energy of this molecule and concluded that the vibrational energy would be split into pairs by the presence of these two equilibrium positions. The next year Wright and Randall observed ... a splitting of 0.67 cm–1 in far infrared lines, corresponding to a frequency of 20 GHz, the value predicted by theory. In 1934 Cleeton and Williams ... constructed a grating echelle spectrometer in order to measure this splitting directly, thereby beginning the field of microwave spectroscopy. They observed a somewhat asymmetric absorption line with a maximum at 24 GHz and a full width at half height of 12 GHz.
In molecular physics
In the field of molecular physics, microwave spectroscopy is commonly used to probe the rotation of molecules.
In condensed matter physics
In the field of condensed matter physics, microwave spectroscopy is used to detect dynamic phenomena of either charges or spins at GHz frequencies (corresponding to nanosecond time scales) and energy scales in the µeV regime. Matching to these energy scales, microwave spectroscopy on solids is often performed as a function of temperature (down to cryogenic regimes of a few K or even lower) and/or magnetic field (with fields up to several T).
Spectroscopy traditionally considers the frequency-dependent response of materials, and in the study of dielectrics microwave spectroscopy often covers a large frequency range. In contrast, for conductive samples as well as
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