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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20London%20Underground%20accidents | The London Underground network carries more than a billion passengers a year. It has one fatal accident for every 300 million journeys. Five accidents causing passenger deaths have occurred due to train operation in nearly 80 years since the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, the last being at Moorgate in 1975; other fatalities have been due to wartime and terrorist bombings and station fires.
Up to World War II
Charing Cross
Two accidents occurred near Charing Cross (now Embankment) in 1938. The accidents on separate lines were caused by wrong-side failures of the signals due to signal linesmen's wiring errors.
On 10 March, two Northern line trains collided between Waterloo and the station, with 12 passengers suffering minor injuries.
On 17 May, two District line trains collided near the station, killing 6.
World War II
Bounds Green
On the night of 13 October 1940 a German bomb fell at Bounds Green station killing 16 people.
Balham
On 14 October 1940, during World War II, a bomb fell in the road above Balham station, with the blast penetrating into the tunnel 9 metres below. The water mains and sewage pipes were broken, causing flooding and the loss of 68 lives – 64 shelterers and 4 railway staff. The station and the tracks between Clapham South and Tooting Bec (then called Trinity Road, Tooting Bec) were closed until January 1941.
Bank
On 11 January 1941 during World War II the Central line ticket hall of Bank station suffered a direct hit from a German bomb. The roadway collapsed into the subways and station concourse, killing 56 people.
The Bethnal Green crush
On 3 March 1943 a crowd of people were entering what was to become Bethnal Green station, which was being used at the time as an air-raid shelter. An anti-aircraft battery, a few hundred yards away in Victoria Park, launched a salvo of a new type of anti-aircraft rockets, causing the crowd to surge forward. A woman tripped on the stairs causing many others to fall. Three hundred people were crushed into the stairwell, 173 died at the scene.
After World War II
Northwood crash
On 31 December 1945, two Metropolitan line trains collided in fog on an open-air section near Northwood. The driver of the second train had passed a danger signal under the "Stop and Proceed" rule but did not see the preceding train soon enough to stop. A fire was started by electrical arcing. 3 people were killed.
Edgware buffer stop collision
On 27 July 1946, a Northern line train hit the buffers at Edgware. No passengers were killed; the driver died, but it was shown that he had suffered a heart attack at the controls before the collision. It appeared that the dead man's handle had been disabled while the train was still moving.
Stratford crash
On 8 April 1953 two Central line trains collided in a tunnel section during disruption caused by a signal failure, killing 12 people.
Holland Park and Redbridge fires
Two train fires occurred on the Central line in 1958 and 1960, due t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca%20InterSystems | Ithaca InterSystems, Inc., originally Ithaca Audio and often shortened to InterSystems, was an American computer company active in the 1970s and 1980s and based in Ithaca, New York. The company both manufactured microcomputers and peripherals and developed its own software.
History
Ithaca InterSystems was founded in Ithaca, New York, in March 1977 and formally incorporated in April 1978. Steven Edelman, the company's principal founder, incorporated it with two of his friends. For the first two years of its existence, the company was named Ithaca Audio—an homage to Edelman's original business of reselling Hi-Fi audio gear to his fellow peers at his alma mater of Cornell University in the early 1970s. After graduating from Cornell University with a degree in electrical engineering in 1976, he briefly worked as an engineer at NCR Corporation, working at the latter company's microcomputer research and development laboratory before quitting, citing disagreement with his managers. Edelmen and two others founded InterSystems with $6,000 in startup capital; its initial headquarters was a small rented space in Sheldon Court, within the Collegetown neighborhood adjacent to Cornell University's main campus. In the summer of 1979, the company leased a 8,300-square-foot building off Hanshaw Road, quickly filling it with manufacturing equipment. By the end of 1979, InterSystems had 34 full-time employees on its payroll.
InterSystems' first complete computer system was the DPS-1, a Z80-based, S-100 bus microcomputer, released in 1979. The computer sold very well, the company soon earning big-name customers such as Bank of America, CBS, General Electric, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and NASA. Its success threatened to overload the company's sole manufacturing facility, and in mid-1980 the company began eyeing real estate elsewhere in the city before getting a grant from the local government to expand their presence on Hanshaw Road. The year 1981 saw the company's workforce grow to 75 employees.
Struggling with cash flow in 1980, InterSystems was able to raise venture capital in multiple rounds, with Olivetti S.p.A. of Italy and Oak Management of Connecticut. However, Edelman soon found himself fighting with management in these companies, who demanded an increasingly controlling stake in InterSystems. He left the company on amicable terms in early 1981, taking a sabbatical for the next three years before founding SuperMac Technology, a hardware vendor for Macintosh computers, in 1984. Meanwhile, immediately following his leave, InterSystems began developing a larger minicomputer, eventually released as the DPS-8000 in September 1981. The DPS-8000 was based on Zilog's 16-bit Z8002 processor and used the Coherent Unix-like operating system from the Mark Williams Company. In June 1982, InterSystems laid off 20 of their 90 employees, or 22 percent of the total workforce, management citing effects of the early 1980s recession.
The year 1983 started off promising |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori%20Television | , also known as ATV, is a Japanese broadcast network affiliated with the Japan News Network. Their headquarters are located in Aomori Prefecture.
The broadcaster (alongside RAB) also air certain programs from Fuji TV as the prefecture doesn't have a FNN/FNS affiliate.
History
December 1, 1969 : It was set up as Aomori Prefecture's second broadcasting station.
July 1, 2006 : its Aomori main station started their first Digital terrestrial television broadcasts.
July 24, 2011 : All-analog TV stations were abolished.
Stations
Analog stations
Aomori(Main Station) JOAI-TV 38ch 10kw
Tappi-Utetsu 38ch 0.1w
Hachinohe 33ch 1 kw
Kamikita 55ch 100w
Kinobe 55ch 1w
Ikokuma 55ch 3w
Owani 22ch 30w
Mutsu 58ch 100w
San'nohe-Nambu 42ch 10w
Kasose 42ch 10w
Tsugaru-Oguni 42ch 0.1w
Imabetsu 56ch 10w
Asamushi 56ch 0.5w
West-Towada 56ch 3w
Gonohe 56ch 10w
Digital stations(ID:6)
Aomori(Main Station) JOAI-DTV 30ch 1 kW
Programs
Syndicated from Fuji TV:
One Piece (Sunday Morning, 5:15)
Rival stations
Aomori Broadcasting Corporation(RAB)
Asahi Broadcasting Aomori(ABA)
Aomori FM Broadcasting(AFB)
Other Links
ATV Official Site
Japan News Network
Television stations in Japan
Television channels and stations established in 1969
Mass media in Aomori (city) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation%20error | Compilation error or compile error refers to a state when a compiler fails to compile a piece of computer program source code, either due to errors in the code, or, more unusually, due to errors in the compiler itself. A compilation error message often helps programmers debugging the source code. Although the definitions of compilation and interpretation can be vague, generally compilation errors only refer to static compilation and not dynamic compilation. However, dynamic compilation can still technically have compilation errors, although many programmers and sources may identify them as run-time errors. Most just-in-time compilers, such as the Javascript V8 engine, ambiguously refer to compilation errors as syntax errors since they check for them at run time.
Examples
Common C++ compilation errors
Undeclared identifier, e.g.:
doy.cpp: In function `int main()':
doy.cpp:25: `DayOfYear' undeclared (first use this function)
This means that the variable "DayOfYear" is trying to be used before being declared.
Common function undeclared, e.g.:
xyz.cpp: In function `int main()': xyz.cpp:6: `cout' undeclared (first use this function)
This means that the programmer most likely forgot to include iostream.
Parse error, e.g.:
somefile.cpp:24: parse error before `something'
This could mean that a semi-colon is missing at the end of the previous statement.
Internal Compiler Errors
An internal compiler error (commonly abbreviated as ICE) is an error that occurs not due to erroneous source code, but rather due to a bug in the compiler itself. They can sometimes be worked around by making small, insignificant changes to the source code around the line indicated by the error (if such a line is indicated at all), but sometimes larger changes must be made, such as refactoring the code, to avoid certain constructs. Using a different compiler or different version of the compiler may solve the issue and be an acceptable solution in some cases. When an internal compiler error is reached many compilers do not output a standard error, but instead output a shortened version, with additional files attached, which are only provided for internal compiler errors. This is in order to insure that the program doesn't crash when logging the error, which would make solving the error nigh impossible. The additional files attached for internal compiler errors usually have special formats that they save as, such as .dump for Java. These formats are generally more difficult to analyze than regular files, but can still have very helpful information for solving the bug causing the crash.
Example of an internal compiler error:
somefile.c:1001: internal compiler error: Segmentation fault
Please submit a full bug report,
with preprocessed source if appropriate.
See <http://bugs.gentoo.org/> for instructions.
References
Debugging
Computer errors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20computing | Peptide computing is a form of computing which uses peptides, instead of traditional electronic components. The basis of this computational model is the affinity of antibodies towards peptide sequences. Similar to DNA computing, the parallel interactions of peptide sequences and antibodies have been used by this model to solve a few NP-complete problems. Specifically, the hamiltonian path problem (HPP) and some versions of the set cover problem are a few NP-complete problems which have been solved using this computational model so far. This model of computation has also been shown to be computationally universal (or Turing complete).
This model of computation has some critical advantages over DNA computing. For instance, while DNA is made of four building blocks, peptides are made of twenty building blocks. The peptide-antibody interactions are also more flexible with respect to recognition and affinity than an interaction between a DNA strand and its reverse complement. However, unlike DNA computing, this model is yet to be practically realized. The main limitation is the availability of specific monoclonal antibodies required by the model.
See also
Biocomputers
Computational gene
Computational complexity theory
DNA computing
Molecular electronics
Parallel computing
Unconventional computing
Molecular logic gate
References
Classes of computers
Models of computation
Molecular biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook | Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American technology giant Meta Platforms. Created in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with four other Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, its name derives from the face book directories often given to American university students. Membership was initially limited to Harvard students, gradually expanding to other North American universities. Since 2006, Facebook allows everyone to register from 13 years old (or older), except in the case of a handful of nations, where the age limit is 14 years. , Facebook claimed 3 billion monthly active users, and ranked third worldwide among the most visited websites. It was the most downloaded mobile app of the 2010s.
Facebook can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity, such as personal computers, tablets and smartphones. After registering, users can create a profile revealing information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their "friend" or, with different privacy settings, publicly. Users can also communicate directly with each other with Messenger, join common-interest groups, and receive notifications on the activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow.
The subject of numerous controversies, Facebook has often been criticized over issues such as user privacy (as with the Cambridge Analytica data scandal), political manipulation (as with the 2016 U.S. elections) and mass surveillance. Facebook has also been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction and low self-esteem, and various controversies over content such as fake news, conspiracy theories, copyright infringement, and hate speech. Commentators have accused Facebook of willingly facilitating the spread of such content, as well as exaggerating its number of users to appeal to advertisers.
History
2003–2006: Thefacebook, Thiel investment, and name change
Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 while attending Harvard University. The site was comparable to Hot or Not and used "photos compiled from the online face books of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the "hotter" person". Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours. The site was sent to several campus group listservs, but was shut down a few days later by Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged with breaching security, violating copyrights and violating individual privacy. Ultimately, the charges were dropped. Zuckerberg expanded on this project that semester by creating a social study tool. He uploaded art images, each accompanied by a comments section, to a website he shared with his classmates.
A "face book" is a student directory featuring photos and personal information. In 2003, Harvard had only a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%20with%20Rachel%27s%20Other%20Sister | "The One With Rachel's Other Sister" is the eighth episode of Friends ninth season. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on November 21, 2002. The episode received renewed attention in October 2023 after the death of Matthew Perry, particularly in the scene where his character Chandler jokes "I guess I'll be the one who dies first".
Plot
Rachel's other sister Amy unexpectedly turns up at Ross and Rachel's apartment for Thanksgiving. Initially, Amy turned up to borrow a hair straightener but ends up spending Thanksgiving with the gang after her married boyfriend cancels dinner on her.
Things do not get off to a good start with Amy and the gang following numerous misunderstandings, for instance referring to Emma as "Emmet", mistaking Phoebe's name as a "funny noise" and her comments that the makers of Days of Our Lives must "put a lot of make-up" on Joey.
Once things have seemingly calmed down, Amy brings up the issue of who gets custody of Emma in the event of Ross and Rachel's death. Amy thinks that she should get custody, however she is surprised to find out that custody would go to Chandler and Monica. This conversation escalates further at the dinner table when Chandler finds out that he would have to give Emma up in the event of Monica's death but Monica would not have to give up Emma in the event of Chandler's death. This leads Chandler to believe that he would be an unfit single parent.
After dinner, Amy is still angry at Ross and Rachel's decision and a fight breaks out between Amy and Rachel. Surprisingly, Chandler swoops in to calm things down between the two sisters. Ross becomes impressed with Chandler's abilities and he decides that Chandler would indeed be fit enough to raise Emma alone if Monica died.
Reception
In its original broadcast, the episode was viewed by 25.43 million people and had a rating of 12.1/30. For her performance in this episode, Christina Applegate won an Emmy for "Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series" in 2003. In 2019, Collider picked this episode as the best of its season.
References
External links
2002 American television episodes
Friends (season 9) episodes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpakailanman | () is a Philippine television drama anthology series broadcast by GMA Network. Hosted by Mel Tiangco, it premiered on December 2, 2002. The show concluded on December 27, 2007. It was replaced by the E.S.P. in its timeslot. The show returned on November 17, 2012 on the network's Sabado Star Power sa Gabi line up.
Overview
The show was originally created by GMA Entertainment TV Group as a limited drama special intended for the celebration of World Meeting of Families on January 23–24, 2003. Vilma Santos was offered to host the show but turned it down. Mel Tiangco was later hired to host and the show later became a regular show in GMA Network. On December 27, 2007, the show was canceled.
In November 2012, the show was revived by GMA Network, with Tiangco reprising her role as the host. In March 2020, principal photography was halted due to the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The show resumed its programming on July 18, 2020.
Episodes
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of the second run of earned a 20.6% rating.
Accolades
References
External links
2002 Philippine television series debuts
Filipino-language television shows
GMA Network original programming
Philippine anthology television series
Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Television series revived after cancellation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Jones | Cliff or Clifford Jones may refer to:
Cliff Jones (computer scientist) (born 1944), British computer scientist
Cliff Jones (English footballer), footballer for Gainsborough Trinity and Burnley
Cliff Jones (Welsh footballer) (born 1935), Wales international footballer
Cliff Jones (rugby union) (1914–1990), Wales rugby international captain
Cliff Jones (musician) (born 1968), British music producer and lead singer of Gay Dad
Clifford A. Jones (1912–2001), Lieutenant Governor of Nevada
Clifford L. Jones (1927–2008), Pennsylvania Republican Party chairman
A. Clifford Jones (1921–1996), American politician in Missouri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20Media%20Markup%20Language | Continuous Media Markup Language (CMML) is to audio or video what HTML is to text. CMML is essentially a timed text codec. It allows file creators to structure a time-continuously sampled data file by dividing it into temporal sections (also called clips), and provides these clips with some additional information. This information is HTML-like and is essentially a textual representation of the audio or video file. CMML enables textual searches on these otherwise binary files.
CMML is appropriate for use with all Ogg media formats, to provide subtitles and timed metadata.
CMML is deprecated; Xiph.Org Foundation recommends use Kate instead.
Example of CMML Content
<cmml>
<stream timebase="0">
<import src="galaxies.ogv" contenttype="video/ogg"/>
</stream>
<head>
<title>Hidden Galaxies</title>
<meta name="author" content="CSIRO"/>
</head>
<clip id="findingGalaxies" start="15">
<a href="http://www.aao.gov.au/galaxies.anx#radio">
Related video on detection of galaxies
</a>
<img src="galaxy.jpg"/>
<desc>What's out there?</desc>
<meta name="KEYWORDS" content="Radio Telescope"/>
</clip>
</cmml>
References
External links
CMML Overview
The origin of the CMML document, along with further documentation and standards can be found at Annodex CMML Standard Version 2.1
Open formats
XML-based standards
Xiph.Org projects
Subtitle file formats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello%20Kitty%20no%20Hanabatake | is a children's platform game developed by Character Soft, a video game publishing subsidiary of Sanrio, for the Nintendo Family Computer. It was released on December 11, 1992 exclusively in Japan.
Gameplay
Players control Hello Kitty who must water all flowers in each stage. Hello Kitty must avoid animals and insects who block her way, though she can defend herself with the use of a large mallet. Money may be collected for the cash register, which adds to the player's score.
Running into enemies and allowing the time limit to expire will cause the player to lose a life. If the player loses all their lives it is game over and the score resets, though that is the only penalty as there are infinite continues.
There are 18 stages in total, with the second half of the game being more difficult than the first nine levels.
External links
Japanese-to-English title translation at SuperFamicom.org
Hello Kitty's Flower Garden at FC no Game Seiha Shimasho
1992 video games
Character Soft games
Hello Kitty video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Platformers
Side-scrolling video games
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20information%20technology | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to information technology:
Information technology (IT) – microelectronics based combination of computing and telecommunications technology to treat information, including in the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information. It is defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) as "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly toward software applications and computer hardware."
Different names
There are different names for this at different periods or through fields. Some of these names are:
ICT – Information and communication technologies
IT – Information technology
DCT – Data Communication & technology
CDT – Creative digital technology
DT – Design & technology
Communication technology
Underlying technology
MOSFET (MOS transistor)
Semiconductor device fabrication
PMOS (p-type MOS)
NMOS (n-type MOS)
CMOS (complementary MOS)
Floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS)
Silicon-gate transistor (SGT)
Power MOSFET
Multi-gate field-effect transistor (MuGFET)
FinFET (fin field-effect transistor)
Thin-film transistor (TFT)
Integrated circuit (IC)
Hybrid integrated circuit (HIC)
Monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip
Planar process
MOS integrated circuit (MOS IC)
Silicon-gate technology (SGT) MOS IC
Three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC)
Computer memory
Semiconductor memory
Random-access memory (RAM)
Static random-access memory (SRAM)
Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
Nonvolatile memory (NVM)
Read-only memory (ROM)
Programmable ROM (PROM)
Floating-gate memory
EPROM (erasable PROM)
EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)
Flash memory
Magnetic-core memory
Microprocessor
Central processing unit (CPU)
Graphics processing unit (GPU)
Digital signal processor (DSP)
Image signal processor (ISP)
History of information technology
History of computing
History of computing, by subject
History of computing hardware
History of computing hardware (1960s–present)
History of computer hardware in Eastern Bloc countries
History of artificial intelligence
History of computer science
History of operating systems
History of programming languages
History of software engineering
History of the graphical user interface
History of the Internet
History of personal computers
History of laptops
History of video games
History of the World Wide Web
Timeline of computing
Timeline of computing hardware 2400 BC–1949
Timeline of computing 1950–1979
Timeline of computing 1980–1989
Timeline of computing 1990–1999
Timeline of computing 2000–2009
Information technology education and certification
IT degrees
BSIT or B.Sc IT – Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
M.Sc. IT, MSc IT or MSIT – Master of Science in Information Technology
BCA – Bachelor of Computer Applications
MCA – Master of Computer Applications
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Suit%20Z%20Gundam%3A%20Hot%20Scramble | known outside Japan as Mobile Suit Z Gundam: Hot Scramble, is a 1986 rail shooter video game developed by Game Studio and published by Bandai for the Family Computer (also known as Famicom in Japan and Nintendo Entertainment System internationally). It is based on the anime Mobile Suit Z Gundam, and is one of the first Gundam video games.
The game sold over 400,000 copies, helping to launch the Gundam video game franchise. Aside from the much later Famicom Mini release, there were two versions of the game: the original release; and a special release of the central location test version, sometimes dubbed Final Version. Only 1,000 copies of this second version were ever released, making it among the rarest video games in history.
Gameplay
The first two parts are forward scrolling, the first taking place on earth, the second in open space and ending with either a boss battle, ranging from a Musai to the Jupitris, Paptimus Scirocco's flagship, or simply a colony or asteroid (Gryps, Axis, etc.). During these levels, player's gun is visible on screen, and can aim at and lock-on to enemies while shooting. Following this is a standard platforming section which concludes the destruction of the ship, colony, or base's reactor. Three power ups in the game include a shield, which prevents some damage, a beam rifle, which allows penetrating shots on the platformer portion, and health.
Hot Scramble consists of 16 primary levels, with enemy MS appearing in order roughly corresponding to their appearance chronologically in Zeta Gundam television series. After the 16th level is beaten, another series of levels loops endlessly, however if the 16th level is cleared, a game over will display credits with a looping sprite of Zeta pilot Fa Yuiry running, the rebuilt Haro bouncing at her side, as in the show's ending.
Similar to boss fights, at certain stages, Mobile Suits such as the Psyco Gundam, Psyco Gundam MkII, Pallas Athena, or Qubeley will appear and must be destroyed (one shot, unlike bosses which take multiple hits) for the player to proceed from either the ground phase to the space phase or, during the space phase, to the boss fight.
Development
Mobile Suit Z Gundam: Hot Scramble was developed by Game Studio and published by Bandai for the Family Computer. The game was designed by Game Studio founder Masanobu Endō, who had previously worked for Namco and created widely-successful games such as Xevious and The Tower of Druaga. When the Gundam franchise was rising in popularity by the mid-1980's, Bandai commissioned Game Studio to develop a Gundam game for the Family Computer, the most popular video game console in Japan at the time. Hot Scramble is based on Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam, the sequel anime series to the original Mobile Suit Gundam. Endō was a fan of Gundam and its mecha designer Mamoru Nagano, and specifically chose to base it off of Zeta due to its popularity. Endo approached Namco about publishing the game, who denied the offer after their v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhah%20ben%20Samuel%20of%20Vitry | Simhah ben Samuel of Vitry (; died 1105) was a French Talmudist of the 11th and 12th centuries, pupil of Rashi, and the compiler of Machzor Vitry. He lived in Vitry-le-François.
Machzor Vitry
Machzor Vitry contains decisions and rules concerning religious practise, besides responsa by Rashi and other authorities, both contemporary and earlier. The work is cited as early as the 12th century in Jacob Tam's Sefer ha-Yashar (No. 620) as having been compiled by Simchah; and the sources from which the compiler took his material—the Seder Rav Amram, the Halachot Gedolot, and others—also are mentioned. Isaac ben Samuel, a grandson of Simchah, also refers to Machzor Vitry compiled by his grandfather.
Various additions were afterward made to this machzor, a large proportion of which, designated by the letter (= "tosafot"), are by Isaac ben Dorbolo. The latter often appends his name to such additions; and in one place he says plainly: "These explanations were added by me, Isaac b. Dorbolo; but the following is from the Machzor of R. Simchah of Vitry himself". Other additions are by Abraham ben Nathan, author of Ha-Manhig, and are designated by the letters , his initials.
Extant manuscripts of the Machzor
Several manuscripts of Machzor Vitry are extant, the oldest of which, according to Abraham Berliner is from Isaac Samuel Reggio, currently in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America library (NY JTS 8092). It contains Machzor Vitry proper without any additions. A second manuscript, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford (Neubauer, Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS. No. 1100), is said to have marginal annotations by Eleazar ben Judah, author of the Sefer ha-Rokeach (Michael, Or ha-Chayim. No. 1214). The third manuscript is in the British Library (Cod. Add. Nos. 27,200 and 27,201), and contains still other additions; this manuscript served as basis for S. Hurwitz's edition of Machzor Vitry published by the Meḳiẓe Nirdamim Society (Berlin, 1893). The edition is very faulty, as the editor used no critical judgment in his work; instead of the original treatises it contains some from the Sefer ha-Terumah of Baruch ben Isaac and from the Eshkol of Ravad. A fourth manuscript is in Parma - Biblioteca Palatina Parm. 2574 (DeRossi cat. no. 159), which appears to be of similar age to the Reggio manuscript.
Two recently published papers suggest that another manuscript (MS ex- Sassoon 535) is earlier (mid-12th century),
and that there are in fact a corpus of thirteen extant Mahzor Vitry manuscripts.
Only the British Library (Cod. Add. Nos. 27,200 and 27,201), JTS (NY JTS 8092), and Paris (AIU H133) manuscripts are digitized and available online. The others are found in libraries, except for MS ex-Sassoon 535 (Sassoon-Klagsbald 535), which was anonymously purchased from Sassoon in 1975 and has since been inaccessible in a private collection.
Additions to the Machzor proper
Machzor Vitry contains many prayers and liturgical poems (piyyutim), which are distributed throughout the wo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family%20Television%20Network | FamilyTV is a television broadcast network in New Zealand.
External links
Official Website
Television stations in New Zealand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor%20Notes | Labor Notes is an American non-profit organization and network for rank-and-file union members and grassroots labor activists. Though officially titled the Labor Education and Research Project, the project is best known by the title of its monthly magazine. The magazine reports news and analysis about labor activity or problems facing the labor movement. In its pages it advocates for a revitalization of the labor movement through Social Movement Unionism and union democracy. Labor Notes is based out of Detroit, Michigan, with an East Coast office located in Brooklyn, New York.
Labor Notes is the product of a strategy by labor activists seeking to make grassroots connections across unions and industries. Labor Notes sought to bridge the gap between isolated rank-and-file caucuses and reform groups (the most notable being Teamsters for a Democratic Union) in major unions such as the Teamsters, the Steelworkers, the United Auto Workers, the Communications Workers of America, the American Federation of Teachers, and others.
History
Labor Notes was launched as an attempt to help further those linkages, following the Bituminous Coal Strike of 1977–1978 and the wide-scale cross-union solidarity and energy it produced.
The hope was that these reform efforts would strengthen and consolidate the more widespread waves of union militancy found earlier in the decade. Headlines in the first year of Labor Notes had themes like, "Teamster Steelhaulers Show Muscle in Three Week Wildcat Strike".
The Reagan-era rollbacks on labor law protections put the labor movement on the defensive. Fledgling rank-and-file groups and Labor Notes began to refocus on how labor leaders seemed incapable of addressing the free fall for unions and working people in this decade.
As the fight against the employers’ offensive gathered force, Labor Notes provided information and arguments over concessions. In 1982, the first Labor Notes conference — Organizing Against Concessions — attracted hundreds of activists. Shortly after, in 1983, Labor Notes published one of its first books, Concessions and How to Beat Them by Jane Slaughter.
Though these trends continued in the 1990s, there were also seen some signs of hope for labor. The AFL-CIO’s leadership changed hands and the federation began devoting more resources to organizing new members, including Latino and other immigrant workers that the labor movement had traditionally ignored. Reformers briefly took control of the Teamsters union and led the 1997 strike at UPS, one of the largest and most successful strikes in recent memory.
Throughout the 1990s, Labor Notes focused on issues like cross-border organizing and free trade. Labor Notes came out strongly against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), publishing Unions and Free Trade by Kim Moody and Mary McGinn in 1992.
The year 2000 saw the flowering of the Global Justice Movement at massive protests against corporate globalization in Seattle, Quebec, and around the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-V | In computing, Control-V is a key stroke with a variety of uses including generation of a control character in ASCII code, also known as the synchronous idle (SYN) character. The key stroke is generated by pressing the key while holding down the key on a computer keyboard. For MacOS based systems, which lack a key, the common replacement of the key works.
Usage
In many GUI environments, including Microsoft Windows and most desktop environments based on the X Window System, and in applications such as word processing software running in those environments, control-V can be used to paste text or other content (if supported) from the clipboard at the current cursor position. Control-V was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing.
Unix interactive terminals use Control-V to mean "the next character should be treated literally" (the mnemonic here is "V is for verbatim"). This allows a user to insert a literal Control-C or Control-H or similar control characters that would otherwise be handled by the terminal. This behavior was copied by text editors like vi and Unix shells like bash and tcsh, which offer text editing on the command line.
Representation
The ASCII and Unicode representation of "Synchronous Idle" is 22 in decimal, which is 26 in octal and 16 in hexadecimal.
See also
Control-C
Control-X
Keyboard shortcut
References
Computer keys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-X | In computing, is the key combination of the control key and a key usually labeled "x" (lower-case letter ex), typically used to cut selected text and save it to the clipboard ready to paste elsewhere. Conventionally, the key combination is produced by holding down and simultaneously. To avoid having to press multiple keys simultaneously, the key combination is, on some systems, entered by first pushing the control key and then the X key.
Text editing
In many software applications on Windows and the X Window System can be used to cut highlighted mutable text to the clipboard. On Mac OS X has an analogous function. The key combination was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing.
For historical reasons, the control character CAN may be referred to as .
Interaction style
In computer science, this style of interaction is referred to as indirect manipulation, a human–computer interaction style, as opposed to direct manipulation. Direct manipulation is a term introduced by Ben Shneiderman in 1982 within the context of office applications and the desktop metaphor.
Indirect manipulation has a higher level of abstraction compared to direct manipulation, because first one must select the item (such as character, word, paragraph or icon) that one wants to edit and then give the command; in this case, the cut command by pressing the key combination
References
See also
Control-C
Control-V
Control-Z
Keyboard shortcut
Computer keys |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtargeting | Microtargeting is the use of online data to tailor advertising messages to individuals, based on the identification of recipients’ personal vulnerabilities. Such tactics can be used for promoting a product or a political candidate. Direct marketing datamining techniques that are used often involve predictive market segmentation (aka cluster analysis). Microtargeting's tactics rely on transmitting a tailored message to a subgroup on the basis of unique information about that subgroup.
Microtargeting is increasingly used by political parties and in election campaigns, including Australia, the United States Republican and Democratic political parties, as well as candidates who track individual voters and identify potential supporters. They use various means of communication such as direct mail, phone calls, home visits, television, radio, web advertising, email, and text messaging, among others, to communicate with voters, crafting messages to build support for fundraising, campaign events, volunteering, and eventually to turn them out to the polls on the election day.
Microtargeting can also be used, sometimes by foreign actors, to spread disinformation about political candidates and events among target groups. For example, during the 2016 U.S. election, Russian disinformation campaigns targeted Facebook followers and now-defunct Cambridge Analytica exploited their data. Concerns about the legality and restriction of microtargeting have been raised in both Europe and the United States.
History
Although some of the tactics of microtargeting had been used in California since 1992, it really started to be used nationally only in 2004. In that year, Karl Rove, along with Blaise Hazelwood at the Republican National Committee, used it to reach voters in 18 states that George W. Bush's reelection campaign was not able to reach by other means. The results were greater contacts with likely Bush voters. For example, in Iowa the campaign was able to reach 92% of eventual Bush voters (compared to 50% in 2000) and in Florida it was able to reach 84% (compared to 50% in 2000). Much of this pioneering work was done by Alex Gage and his firm, TargetPoint Consulting.
Also in 2004, Jeff Ballabon, a senior executive at niche content publisher and Internet giant Primedia, Inc., owner of About.com, independently engaged in a form of microtargeting for the Jewish vote. "According to people familiar with the campaign, he advised the White House on how to reach each of the dozens of distinct Orthodox communities-Syrian and Hungarian, Hasidic and Haredi." Ballabon's efforts also succeeded, with The Forward reporting that Ballabon "basically created a new demographic this election cycle...he helped put his fellow Orthodox Jews on the map as a separate Republican Party constituency. He — or rather, President Bush — was rewarded royally when as many as 80% of Orthodox Jews nationally gave their vote to the GOP ticket."
Democrats did limited microtargeting in 2004, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL%20Replay | NFL Replay is a program that airs on the official television channel of the National Football League, NFL Network.
This is not to be confused with NFL Films Game of the Week, which aired on NFL Network each Friday night in 2006. That one-hour program, which only used footage from NFL Films, has been canceled by the network, but aired on ION Television in 2007.
Four of the week's games, as selected by network representatives, are rebroadcast in an edited format with the following schedule:
Game 1: Tuesday, 8 p.m. and 1 a.m. (early Wednesday)
Game 2: Tuesday, 9:30 p.m.
Game 3: Wednesday, 8 p.m. and 1 a.m. (early Thursday)
Game 4: Wednesday, 9:30 p.m.
All times are Eastern.
Format
Games are compressed into fast-paced 1½-hour programs. In addition to the original Fox, CBS, NBC, ESPN, or NFL Network broadcast, NFL Replay shows camera angles of certain plays as captured by NFL Films, as well as sound from players and coaches before, during, and after each game.
Program history
The first episode was a rebroadcast of the Pittsburgh Steelers' win over the Miami Dolphins. The game took place on September 7, 2006 and was re-aired on September 9.
When the show debuted, GMC sponsored the NFL Films camera angle replays.
On October 19, 2006, NFL Replay presented a fifth game for the first time. It was the Chicago Bears defeating the Arizona Cardinals, 24-23. The Bears were the first team in NFL history to win a game after trailing by 20 points at any point despite not scoring an offensive touchdown in the entire game. This was also the first re-broadcast of a Monday night game in this manner. Chicago scored two defensive touchdowns and then added the game winner on a Devin Hester game winning punt return for a touchdown. The postgame featured Cardinals head coach Dennis Green's famous "They're who we thought they were" rant.
The show was advertised with a light-hearted campaign which features a number of NFL players singing, dancing, with cheerleaders. The players were Chad Johnson, Tony Gonzalez, Willis McGahee, Clinton Portis, Warren Sapp, Ray Lewis, Keyshawn Johnson and Jeremy Shockey.
Originally, NFL Replay consisted of four episodes per week. As of Oct. 19, a fifth weekly episode was added, bumping NFL Cheerleader Playoffs to Saturday afternoons. This fifth showing continued until Run to the Playoffs, the first live NFL game action, debuted on November 23.
Around New Year's Day 2007, NFL Replay added analysis by Brian Baldinger and Solomon Wilcots using the "Playbook" feature.
For the 2007 season, a fifth game was added to the regular schedule. Previously, a fifth game aired occasionally; if it were added, it was shown on Thursday nights. Also, the show no longer used an on-camera host, which had usually been Fran Charles, and the Playbook segments were removed as that show was restored to the network's lineup. Some elements are now handled by an off-camera narrator.
In 2008, NFL Network removed the Monday game from the schedule and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR%20315 | The NCR 315 Data Processing System, released in January 1962 by NCR, is a second-generation computer. All printed circuit boards use resistor–transistor logic (RTL) to create the various logic elements. It uses 12-bit slab memory structure using magnetic-core memory. The instructions can use a memory slab as either two 6-bit alphanumeric characters or as three 4-bit BCD digits. Basic memory is 5000 "slabs" (10,000 characters or 15,000 decimal digits) of handmade core memory, which is expandable to a maximum of 40,000 slabs (80,000 characters or 120,000 decimal digits) in four refrigerator-size cabinets. The main processor includes three cabinets and a console section that houses the power supply, keyboard, output writer (an IBM electric typewriter), and a panel with lights that indicate the current status of the program counter, registers, arithmetic accumulator, and system errors. Input/Output is by direct parallel connections to each type of peripheral through a two-cable bundle with 1-inch-thick cables. Some devices like magnetic tape and the CRAM are daisy-chained to allow multiple drives to be connected.
The central processor (315 Data Processor) weighed about .
Later models in this series include the 315-100 and the 315-RMC (Rod Memory Computer).
Memory organization
The addressable unit of memory on the NCR 315 series is a "slab", short for "syllable", consisting of 12 data bits and a parity bit. Its size falls between a byte and a typical word (hence the name, 'syllable'). A slab may contain three digits (with at sign, comma, space, ampersand, point, and minus treated as digits) or two alphabetic characters of six bits each. A slab may contain a decimal value from -99 to +999.
A numeric value contains up to eight slabs. If the value is negative then the minus sign is the leftmost digit of this row. There are instructions to transform digits to or from alphanumeric characters. These commands use the accumulator, which has a maximum length of eight slabs. To accelerate the processing the accumulator works with an effective length.
NCR 315-100
The NCR 315-100 is the second version of the original 315. It too has a 6-microsecond clock cycle, and from 10,000 to 40,000 slabs of memory. The 315-100 series console I/O incorporates a Teletype printer and keyboard in place of the original 315's IBM typewriter.
The primary difference between the older NCR 315 and the 315-100 was the inclusion of the Automatic Recovery Option (ARO). One of the problems with early generation of computers was that when a memory or program error occurred, the system would simply turn on a red light and halt. The normal recovery process was to copy all register and counter setting from the console light panel, and to restart the program that was running at the time of the error, usually from the very beginning of the program.
The upgrade to the 315 required the removal of approximate 1800 wire-wrapped connection on the backplane, and the installation of appro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford%20Nass | Clifford Ivar Nass (April 3, 1958 – November 2, 2013) was a professor of communication at Stanford University, co-creator of The Media Equation theory, and a renowned authority on human-computer interaction (HCI). He was also known for his work on individual differences associated with media multitasking. Nass was the Thomas M. Storke Professor at Stanford and held courtesy appointments in Computer Science, Education, Law, and Sociology. He was also affiliated with the programs in Symbolic Systems and Science, Technology, and Society.
Nass was the director of the Communication between Humans and Interactive Media (CHIMe) Lab, co-director of Kozmetsky Global Collaboratory (KGC) and its Real-time Venture Design Laboratory (ReVeL), and a co-founder of TeachAids.
Early life and education
Nass was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and raised in Teaneck, the son of Florence and Jules Nass. His parents formed New Jersey's first Mothers Against Drunk Driving chapter after Nass's older brother was killed by a drunk driver in 1981.
Nass graduated cum laude with an A.B. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1981 after completing a senior thesis, titled "PASCGRAF and the Haloed line effect", under the supervision of Arthur Appel. He then conducted research in the areas of computer graphics, data structures and database design for IBM and Intel before returning to Princeton to pursue graduate studies. He received a Ph.D. in sociology from Princeton in 1986 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled "Society as computer: the structure and skill of information work in the United States, 1900-1980." He then joined the faculty at Stanford University.
Nass died, age 55, of a heart attack in November 2013.
Research and Books
He was the author of three books: The Media Equation, Wired for Speech, and The Man Who Lied to His Laptop. He has also published over 150 papers in the areas of human-computer interaction, statistical methodology, and organizational theory. He was credited with the founding of the Computers are Social Actors paradigm. Nass consulted on the design of over 250 media products and services for companies including Microsoft, Toyota, Philips, BMW, Hewlett-Packard, AOL, Sony, and Dell.
Early HCI Work
Nass’ early work was primarily in exploring ways people interacted with computers, particularly how those interactions are “fundamentally social” in nature. By identifying a social theme in people's interaction with computers, he was able to observe that humans project “agency” on computers, and thus people will interact with computers in the same ways as interacting with people.
For example, he showed how people will observe the “politeness norm” and focus on the first application they are interacting with if another application interrupts them (such as a pop-up window). He also showed how computer users engender computers and interact with them differently based on whether the computer is perceived as male or female – preferring to he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed%20radiography | Computed radiography may refer to:
Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate-based radiography. This is the subject most commonly referred to by the term.
Computed tomography, using computer processing to generate 3D-images from multiple projectional radiographs
Digital radiography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Blaine | Barbara Ann Blaine (July 6, 1956 – September 24, 2017) was the founder in 1988 and president until February 2017 of Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP), a national advocacy group in the United States for survivors of clerical sexual abuse. It has been involved in the efforts by survivors to gain compensation and action by the Catholic Church and other religious organizations to end clergy abuse and acknowledge past cover-ups.
Based in Chicago, Illinois, until its 2016 relocation to St. Louis, SNAP expanded to having chapters in numerous US cities, as well as organizations in other countries. In 2017 its website said it had 20,000 members.
Life
Blaine was born on July 6, 1956, to a Catholic family in Toledo, Ohio. She earned a bachelor's degree from Saint Louis University, a master's degree in social work from the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, and a Juris Doctor degree from DePaul University College of Law. She later resided and worked in Chicago.
Blaine worked as a lay missionary in Jamaica before moving to Chicago's Edgewater neighborhood in 1983 to take a job with Pax Christi, an international Catholic peace movement. For a decade, she worked with the Catholic Worker, a social service agency. Blaine also opened a homeless facility in a former convent at the now-shuttered Little Flower Catholic Church on the South Side. In 2002 she also worked as an assistant Cook County public guardian under Patrick Murphy.
In the late 1980s Blaine was coming to terms with having been sexually abused as a teenager by a priest. More reporting was being done about other abuse victims, as some refused to keep quiet about their treatment in the church and efforts to suppress information through settlements.
In 1988 Blaine founded Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP), an organization to support those who had been abused by priests. She served as founding president until February 2017. Based in Chicago, SNAP has since enlarged its support to victims of other clergy, and there are sub-groups related to specific religious cultures.
Blaine said in 1989 that she had struggled herself to deal with having been abused for several years as a young teenager, beginning in junior high.
In August 2016, SNAP moved the home office from Chicago to St. Louis and Blaine began negotiations for her departure form SNAP. Blaine resigned from SNAP effective February 3, 2017, and started a new international organization, The Accountability Project (TAP) with a goal to end sexual abuse in the Catholic Church by putting together activists from all parts of the world to confront the Pope and the Vatican.
In August 2017, an organizing meeting with representatives from several nations took place in Washington, D.C. TAP's first meeting with 12 countries represented was planned for Poland in November 2017 when Blaine suddenly died in September. TAP's mission has continued under the name Ending Clergy Abuse (ECA) and it held the Pol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaro%20Silva | Amaro Silva (September 9, 1957 – March 27, 2015) was a municipal politician in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He served on the Winnipeg City Council from 1992 to 1998.
Silva was a computer operator, architectural draftsman and consultant. He was a member of the Liberal Party, and was listed as thirty-eight years old in a 1995 newspaper article.
First term
Silva was first elected to the Winnipeg City Council in the 1992 municipal election, defeating incumbent councillor Donovan Timmers in the inner-city Daniel McIntyre ward. He was considered to be a "swing vote" on council during his first term. He described himself as a progressive, although he supported the council's conservative faction on key matters in return for their support on issues of concern to his ward. He was appointed as chair of the civic protection, parks and culture committee in October 1993.
Late in 1993, Silva provided crucial support on council for the construction of a bridge in Charleswood. He supported an early to community policing in the same period, and expressed concerns about the use of pepper spray by city police. He later called for a comprehensive review of the city's police force, after four officers were charged with corruption. Silva also suggested that Winnipeg consider "tasteful" advertising on police cruisers and ambulances as a means of generating revenue.
As the representative of an inner-city ward, Silva was frequently involved in debates about urban renewal. He opposed a private-sector core renewal project in 1995, arguing that it would provide financial benefits to the city and province but would do nothing to help the area targeted for improvement. Silva initially opposed public financing for a new area that was proposed by the Manitoba Entertainment Complex in 1994, as a means of keeping the Winnipeg Jets hockey franchise in the city. He later changed his position, and indicated that he would support a plan to fund the arena. The plan was ultimately unsuccessful, and the Jets left the city.
Silva supported the extension of same-sex benefits to municipal workers in 1994.
He was asked to run for the Manitoba Liberal Party in the 1995 provincial election, but declined.
Second term
Silva was re-elected over former New Democratic Party Member of Parliament Cyril Keeper in the 1995 municipal election. His primary concern in this campaign was public safety, while Keeper criticized Silva for having supported the bridge and arena proposals. Silva was appointed chair of the planning and community services community after the election, and also served on the civic executive policy committee. He generally voted with Mayor Susan Thompson and the right-wing of council.
In late 1995, Silva called for the federal government to reconsider its planned cuts to social assistance recipients. He later supported a law giving the city power to shut down massage parlours and other businesses that violate zoning bylaws, and unsuccessfully called for a yout |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanao%20Araki | is a female Japanese manga artist.
Works
Futakoi Alternative
Mahō no Jyumon
Otome wa Boku ni Koishiteru
External links
Kanao Araki at Media Arts Database
Manga artists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido%20Broadcasting | , also known as HBC, is a Japanese broadcast network affiliated with the Japan News Network (JNN). Their headquarters are located in Hokkaidō.
HBC was established on November 30, 1951; radio broadcasts officially commenced on March 10, 1952 and TV broadcasts commenced on April 1, 1957, as the first commercial television station in Hokkaido.
History
After the passage of the Three Radio Acts (Radio Act, Broadcasting Act, and Act on the Establishment of Radio Supervisory Board) in 1950, there was a movement to apply for the establishment of private broadcasting in Hokkaido. On April 21, 1951, Hokkaido Broadcasting was granted the preparatory license and became one of the first 16 private broadcasters to receive a broadcasting license. On November 30 of the same year, Hokkaido Broadcasting was officially registered as a company with its headquarters in the Daimaru Building (which was the headquarters for the wholesale company, Daimaru Corporation).
On March 10 of the following year, HBC started radio broadcasting operating for at least 16 hours every day (06:00 to 22:30).
In 1953, Hokkaido Broadcasting began to apply for a TV broadcasting license. In July 1954, Hokkaido Broadcasting tried to broadcast TV signals at the Hokuto Expo held in Hakodate City, becoming the second private TV station in Japan to broadcast TV signals. In the following year, Hokkaido Broadcasting also launched experimental TV broadcasting in Sapporo. In October 1956, the technicians of Hokkaido Broadcasting went to China to participate in the Japanese product exhibition held in Beijing, and conducted a three-week experimental TV broadcast in China. At the same time, Hokkaido Broadcasting decided not to participate in the construction of the Sapporo TV tower led by NHK , but to build a signal transmission tower on the top of Mount Teine. On November 29, 1956, Hokkaido Broadcasting obtained a TV preparatory license. The next day, Hokkaido Broadcasting completed the 36-meter-high iron tower built on the top of Mount Teine, which gave Hokkaido Broadcasting the largest single-signal station TV signal coverage in Japan at that time. At that time, the U.S. military stationed in Japan returned the right to use VHF channels 1 and 2. Hokkaido Broadcasting hoped to obtain channel 1, but NHK strongly opposed it. NHK believed that private TV stations should not use a channel number smaller than NHK (NHK was channel 3), and Hokkaido Broadcasting should use channel 4 instead. At Hokkaido Broadcasting's insistence, the postal ministry agreed to Hokkaido Broadcasting's use of channel 1. On March 1, 1957, Hokkaido Broadcasting began to broadcast test signals, and obtained a formal license on March 15. Relying on the height advantage of the Teineyama signal transmitting station, Hokkaido Broadcasting can cover about 90% of Hokkaido's area when it starts broadcasting. On March 23, Hokkaido Broadcasting began a trial broadcast.
On April 1, 1957, Hokkaido Broadcasting's television service offi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Modular%20Datacenter | Sun Modular Datacenter (Sun MD, known in the prototype phase as Project Blackbox) is a portable data center built into a standard 20-foot intermodal container (shipping container) manufactured and marketed by Sun Microsystems (acquired in 2010 by Oracle Corporation). An external chiller and power were required for the operation of a Sun MD. A data center of up to 280 servers could be rapidly deployed by shipping the container in a regular way to locations that might not be suitable for a building or another structure, and connecting it to the required infrastructure. Sun stated that the system could be made operational for 1% of the cost of building a traditional data center.
History
The prototype was first announced as "Project Blackbox" in October 2006; the official product was announced in January 2008.
A Project Blackbox with 1088 Advanced Micro Devices Opteron processors ranked #412 on the June 2007 TOP500 list.
The Sun Modular Datacenter, aka: Project Blackbox, was a concept design between MIT alums, Greg Papadopoulos and Dave Douglas from Sun Labs and Danny Hillis from Applied Minds to determine what is the largest possible “thumb drive” that can still be easily transported worldwide by truck, rail, and air. Their decision was a 20 foot standard shipping container would be ideal as transportation methods exist in near every country around the world. Internally the 20 foot container was highly modified to hold 8ea 40RU compute racks of servers and/or storage. Initial target audience was for secure portable DC and for disaster relief to allow internet access for email and insurance forms.
Prototype build occurred remotely at Applied Minds facility, managed by Adam Yates from Applied Minds and Russ Rinfret from Sun.
The team behind Project Blackbox:
Marketing
Darlene Yaplee, Sr Director
Michael Bohlig
Cheryl Martin
Bob Schiolmueller, Technical Marketing
Joe Carvalho, Technical Marketing
Engineering
Jud Cooley, Sr Director for Project
Chuck Perry, Software and Environmental Systems Design
Russ Rinfret, Mechanical Engineering Manager
Lee Follmer
Tim Jolly
Alex Barandian
Chris Wooley
Chris Spect
Carl Meske
Supply and Vendor Mgmt
Jeff Galloway
Customers
On 14 July 2007, the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) deployed a Sun MD containing 252 Sun Fire X2200 compute nodes as a compute farm. Other customers include Radboud University.
In March 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its digital archive into a Sun MD, hosted at Sun's Santa Clara headquarters campus, a realization of a paper written by Archive employees in late 2003 proposing "an outdoor petabyte JBOD NAS box" of sufficient capacity to store the then-current Archive in a 40' shipping container.
See also
Google Modular Data Center
References
External links
Sun Modular Datacenter S20 Product Library Documentation
Project Blackbox Blog
Sun Microsystems hardware
Intermodal containers
Data centers
Modular datacenter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%2C%20You%20and%20Him | Me, You and Him is a British television sitcom, that aired on ITV from 30 July to 3 September 1992. It was made for the ITV network by Thames.
It was written by and starred Hugh Dennis, Nick Hancock and Steve Punt, all previously known - though particularly, Punt and Dennis - for their work on the alternative comedy and satirical circuit, especially through the BBC Radio 1 sketch show The Mary Whitehouse Experience, which had transferred to television and made Dennis and Punt into household names.
The plot centred on Hancock's character, John Hanley, a teacher of physical education who lived happily and lazily alone in a flat in the fictional area of Southbridge, London, until his old school friend, ambitious and obnoxious businessman Harry Dunstan (played by Dennis), returns from working in France and moves in with him. Punt's character, the unemployed but intelligent Mark Prior, lives nearby but was forever visiting the others after arguing with his parents.
The six-part series was continuous in its plot, with Harry trying to win back the affections of girlfriend Clare (played by Adie Allen) with whom he had declined to keep in touch while in France. The other regular characters were Hanley's upstairs neighbours Helen and Todd (played by Harriet Thorpe and Ron Donachie), a reformed but still scary ex-convict and his wife, who was his probation officer. A running theme is Harry's discomfort with Todd living above due to his prejudice against criminals, even reformed ones.
Ultimately, the series ended with Harry and Clare reuniting cautiously and Mark deciding to break from his parents' apron strings. The show was deemed a success for ITV and was largely enjoyed by critics but did not appear for a second series.
It gave pre-watershed audiences their first glimpses of Dennis, Hancock and Punt (beyond their numerous appearances on television advertisements) and also featured a guest appearance by Danny Baker, an old friend of Hancock's, parodying his own Daz detergent commercials.
When first promoted by Thames TV in a season preview the title of the show was Letting Go, but this was changed before transmission.
References
External links
1992 British television series debuts
1992 British television series endings
1990s British sitcoms
English-language television shows
ITV sitcoms
Television series by Fremantle (company)
Television shows produced by Thames Television
Television shows set in London |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek%20to%20Coast | Creek to Coast is a Queensland-based lifestyle program screening on the Seven Network on Saturdays at 5:30pm. The show is produced by 7 Productions Queensland.
Each week a number of segments are presented on topics such as camping, boating, fishing, four wheel driving, water sports and other outdoor and adventure attractions around Australia. The show celebrated its 20th birthday in 2019
Hosted by fishing personality, Scotty Hillier, Creek to Coast has a raft of presenters, all professionals in their own fields.
In November 2019, the Seven Network announced the show had been axed. However, after community outcry, the show was reinstated as well as a refreshed show combining Queensland Weekender and The Great Day Out, now known as WEEKENDER.
References
External links
Seven Network original programming
Australian non-fiction television series
Australian travel television series
2002 Australian television series debuts
2010s Australian television series
Television shows set in Queensland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20cascading | In computer science, fractional cascading is a technique to speed up a sequence of binary searches for the same value in a sequence of related data structures. The first binary search in the sequence takes a logarithmic amount of time, as is standard for binary searches, but successive searches in the sequence are faster. The original version of fractional cascading, introduced in two papers by Chazelle and Guibas in 1986 (; ), combined the idea of cascading, originating in range searching data structures of and , with the idea of fractional sampling, which originated in . Later authors introduced more complex forms of fractional cascading that allow the data structure to be maintained as the data changes by a sequence of discrete insertion and deletion events.
Example
As a simple example of fractional cascading, consider the following problem. We are given as input a collection of ordered lists of numbers, such that the total length of all lists is , and must process them so that we can perform binary searches for a query value in each of the lists. For instance, with and ,
= 24, 64, 65, 80, 93
= 23, 25, 26
= 13, 44, 62, 66
= 11, 35, 46, 79, 81
The simplest solution to this searching problem is just to store each list separately. If we do so, the space requirement is , but the time to perform a query is , as we must perform a separate binary search in each of lists. The worst case for querying this structure occurs when each of the lists has equal size , so each of the binary searches involved in a query takes time .
A second solution allows faster queries at the expense of more space: we may merge all the lists into a single big list , and associate with each item of a list of the results of searching for in each of the smaller lists . If we describe an element of this merged list as where is the numerical value and , , , and are the positions (the first number has position 0) of the next element at least as large as in each of the original input lists (or the position after the end of the list if no such element exists), then we would have
= 11[0,0,0,0], 13[0,0,0,1], 23[0,0,1,1], 24[0,1,1,1], 25[1,1,1,1], 26[1,2,1,1],
35[1,3,1,1], 44[1,3,1,2], 46[1,3,2,2], 62[1,3,2,3], 64[1,3,3,3], 65[2,3,3,3],
66[3,3,3,3], 79[3,3,4,3], 80[3,3,4,4], 81[4,3,4,4], 93[4,3,4,5]
This merged solution allows a query in time : simply search for in and then report the results stored at the item found by this search. For instance, if , searching for in finds the item 62[1,3,2,3], from which we return the results , (a flag value indicating that is past the end of ), , and . However, this solution pays a high penalty in space complexity: it uses space as each of the items in must store a list of search results.
Fractional cascading allows this same searching problem to be solved with time and space bounds meeting the best of both worlds: query time , and space .
The fractional cascading solution is to store a new sequence of lists . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial%20PC | An industrial PC is a computer intended for industrial purposes (production of goods and services), with a form factor between a nettop and a server rack. Industrial PCs have higher dependability and precision standards, and are generally more expensive than consumer electronics. They often use complex instruction sets, such as x86, where reduced instruction sets such as ARM would otherwise be used.
History
IBM released the 5531 Industrial Computer in 1984, arguably the first "industrial PC". The IBM 7531, an industrial version of the IBM AT PC was released May 21, 1985. Industrial Computer Source first offered the 6531 Industrial Computer in 1985. This was a proprietary 4U rackmount industrial computer based on a clone IBM PC motherboard.
Applications
Industrial PCs are primarily used for process control and/or data acquisition. In some cases, an industrial PC is simply used as a front-end to another control computer in a distributed processing environment. Software can be custom written for a particular application or an off-the-shelf package such as TwinCAT, Wonder Ware, Labtech Notebook or LabView can be used to provide a base level of programming.
Analog Devices got exclusive sales for OEM European industrial market and provided MACSYM 120 combined IBM 5531 and MACBASIC a multitasking basic running on C/CPM from Digital Research. Analog and digital I/O cards plugged inside PC and/or extension rack made MAC120 as one of the most powerful and easy to use controller for plant applications at this date.
An application may simply require the I/O such as the serial port offered by the motherboard. In other cases, expansion cards are installed to provide analog and digital I/O, specific machine interface, expanded communications ports, and so forth, as required by the application.
Industrial PCs offer different features than consumer PCs in terms of reliability, compatibility, expansion options and long-term supply.
Industrial PCs are typically characterized by being manufactured in lower volumes than home or office PCs. A common category of industrial PC is the 19-inch rackmount form factor. Industrial PCs typically cost considerably more than comparable office style computers with similar performance. Single-board computers and back planes are used primarily in industrial PC systems. However, the majority of industrial PCs are manufactured with COTS motherboards.
A subset of industrial PCs is the Panel PC where a display, typically an LCD, is incorporated into the same enclosure as the motherboard and other electronics. These are typically panel mounted and often incorporate touch screens for user interaction. They are offered in low cost versions with no environmental sealing, heavier duty models sealed to IP67 standards to be waterproof at the front panel and including models which are explosion proof for installation into hazardous environments.
Construction and features
Virtually all industrial PCs share an underlying design ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate%20Broadcasting%20Company | , also known as IBC, is a Japanese television and radio station affiliated with the Japan News Network (JNN). Their headquarters are located in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture.
Network
TV: Japan News Network (JNN)
RADIO: Japan Radio Network (JRN), National Radio Network (NRN)
Stations
Analog TV
Morioka (Main Station) JODF-TV 6ch (ceased broadcasting on March 31, 2012)
Digital TV(ID:6)
Morioka (Main Station) JODF-DTV 16ch
RADIO
Morioka (Main Station) JODF 684 kHz; 90.6 MHz FM
Rival Stations
Television Iwate (TVI)
Iwate Menkoi Television (MIT)
Iwate Asahi Television (IAT)
External links
Iwate Broadcasting Company
Japan News Network
Television stations in Japan
Radio in Japan
Mass media in Morioka, Iwate
Television channels and stations established in 1959 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20component%20model | Fractal is a modular and extensible component model that can be used with various programming languages to design, implement, deploy and reconfigure various systems and applications, from operating systems to middleware platforms and to graphical user interfaces.
The goal of Fractal is to reduce the development, deployment and maintenance costs of software systems in general, and of OW2 projects in particular. The Fractal model already uses some well known design patterns, such as separation of interface and implementation and, more generally, separation of concerns, in order to achieve this goal. There is also ongoing research work to get even closer to this goal.
Fractal is hosted and developed by the OW2 consortium. It is distributed under the LGPL open-source license.
Sub Projects
The Fractal Project is made of four sub projects:
The Component Model sub project deals with the definition of the Fractal component model specification. The main characteristics of this model are recursivity (components can be nested in composite components - hence the "Fractal" name) and reflexivity (components have full introspection and intercession capabilities). The Fractal model is also language independent, and fully modular and extensible.
The Implementations sub project deals with the implementation of Fractal component platforms, which allow the creation, configuration and reconfiguration of Fractal components. Julia, the reference implementation, is developed in this sub project.
The Component Libraries sub project deals with the implementation of reusable, ready to use Fractal components, such as protocol or Swing components.
The Tools sub project deals with the implementation of Fractal-based applications dedicated to Fractal, such as tools to define and manage component configurations .
Implementations
Besides Julia , the reference implementation in Java maintained in the ObjectWeb Fractal project, there are several other implementations of the Fractal component model in other projects, including non ObjectWeb projects:
AOKell is a Java implementation similar to Julia, but based on AspectJ instead of mixins. It can execute the same applications as Julia, including Fractal RMI, Fractal ADL, Fractal Explorer.
FracTalk is a SmallTalk implementation of the Fractal component model.
FractNet is a .Net implementation of the Fractal component model.
Plasma is a C++ implementation of Fractal, geared at multimedia applications.
ProActive is a distributed and asynchronous implementation of Fractal geared at Grid Computing.
Think is a C implementation of Fractal geared at operating system development.
Cecilia is another C implementation of Fractal, forked from Think v3.
Tools
The currently available Fractal tools are listed below:
Fractal ADL parser is a tool made of several Fractal components that can describe and parse Fractal ADL architecture definitions, and instantiate the corresponding components.
Fractal GUI editor is a tool mad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie%20Hammer | Bonnie Hammer (born 1950) is an American network and studio executive. , her title is vice-chairman, NBCUniversal.
Early life
Born to a Jewish family in 1950, Bonnie Hammer was raised in Queens, New York, the youngest of three children. Hammer's mother was a full-time mom; her dad, a Russian immigrant, started his own pen company. Intending to become a photojournalist, Hammer enrolled at Boston University College of Communication, earning a bachelor's degree in communications in 1971 and later a master's degree in Media Technology from the Boston University School of Education in 1975.
Career
Hammer began her career in television at WGBH-TV, the public television station in Boston, where she produced This Old House, Infinity Factory and ZOOM for PBS. She later executive-produced Good Day! for Boston's ABC affiliate, WCVB-TV.
Hammer first established herself professionally in New York as an original programming executive at Lifetime Television Network, where she executive produced several award-winning documentaries for the network's acclaimed Signature Series; she was honored with the Lillian Gish Award, several Cine Golden Eagles and the National Association for Youth's Mentor Award.
In 1989 Hammer joined Universal Television as a programming executive. Here, Hammer partnered with Vince McMahon to transform the WWF franchise into a cultural phenomenon. During the Monday Night Wars WWF ratings slump, Hammer was influential in stalling plans to cancel WWF Raw, and a cancellation was ultimately prevented after Barry Diller, a mentor to Hammer, acquired the USA Network before Raw's contract with the network could expire in May 1998. Hammer also spearheaded the launch of the successful “Sci Fi Prime,” the channel's first full night of original programming, as well as the “I am Sci-Fi” messaging effort which redefined how viewers related to the channel and its programming.
When Hammer took on the role of Sci-Fi president, she brought to network a mini-series in partnership with Steven Spielberg called, Steven Spielberg Presents: Taken. The project, a twenty-hour miniseries about alien abductions, garnered the best ratings Sci-Fi had seen to date and earned the channel its first major Emmy. During the six years Hammer presided over Sci-Fi, the channel's audience doubled and Sci-Fi ranked in cable's top 10 among adults 25 to 54 and 18 to 49.
In 2004 Universal Television merged with NBC and Hammer became president of USA in addition to Sci-Fi. As she had done at Sci-Fi, Hammer rebranded USA with “Characters Welcome,” – conveying the message that people, and “wacky but memorable characters” were at the heart of the channel's programming. USA has ranked #1 among cable networks for a record-setting eight years. After her success at Sci-Fi and USA, Hammer was named the most influential woman in cable by CableWorld magazine.
In March 2008, Hammer took leadership at the new studio Universal Cable Productions. At the same time she became head of the d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20object | In computer science, a value object is a small object that represents a simple entity whose equality is not based on identity: i.e. two value objects are equal when they have the same value, not necessarily being the same object.
Examples of value objects are objects representing an amount of money or a date range.
Being small, one can have multiple copies of the same value object that represent the same entity: it is often simpler to create a new object rather than rely on a single instance and use references to it.
Value objects should be immutable: this is required for the implicit contract that two value objects created equal, should remain equal. It is also useful for value objects to be immutable, as client code cannot put the value object in an invalid state or introduce buggy behaviour after instantiation.
Value objects are among the building blocks of DDD.
Implementation
Due to the nuances of various object-oriented programming languages, each has its own methods and patterns for implementing and using value objects.
C#
In C#, a class is a reference type while a struct (concept derived from the struct in C language) is a value type.
Hence an instance derived from a class definition is an object while an instance derived from a struct definition is said to be a value object (to be precise a struct can be made immutable to represent a value object declaring attributes as readonly).
The following procedure can be carried out to add value object properties to a C# class:
Override the method to ensure the object is compared using business logic
Operator overload the default behavior of and to use the method.
Override the method and ensure that the hash is same for the objects who have same equality.
Make the class immutable by removing any property setters and only passing member values through the constructors.
Example:
public record StreetAddress(string Street, string City);
C++
In C++, a value object can be built by overloading the assignment operator and using appropriate constness constraints on the fields (that will be evaluated once by the initializer list of the constructor) and on the methods of the class.
However, if the fields themselves are declared const (rather than use non-const fields while only exposing "getter" accessors), then it won't be possible to fully overwrite such a value object with another ().
Python
Python have data classes which provides equality testing and can be made immutable using the frozen parameter.
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class StreetAddress:
"""Represents a street address."""
street: str
city: str
Java
Unlike C# and C++, Java has no support for custom value types at the language level. Every custom type is a reference type, and therefore has identity and reference semantics, though extending support for custom value types is being considered.
Java programmers therefore emulate value objects by creating immutable objects, because i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK%20General%20TV | , abbreviated on-screen as NHK G, is the main television service of NHK, the Japanese public broadcaster. Its programming includes news, drama, quiz/variety shows, music, sports, anime, and specials which compete directly with the output of its commercial counterparts. The channel is well known for its nightly newscasts, regular documentary specials, and popular historical dramas. Among the programs NHK General TV broadcasts are the annual New Year's Eve spectacular Kōhaku Uta Gassen, the year-long Taiga drama, and the daytime Asadora.
The name is often abbreviated in Japanese to ("GTV" and "NHK G" are also used). The word Sōgō (general) serves to differentiate the channel from NHK's other television services, NHK Educational TV, NHK BS 1, NHK BS 2 (closed in 2011) and NHK BS HI (changed to BS Premium).
Launched on 1 February 1953, NHK was Japan's only television channel prior to the launch of Nippon TV on 28 August 1953.
NHK's programs are produced in accordance with the Japan Broadcasting Corporation Broadcasting Code.
Overview
Opened in Tokyo on February 1, 1953. This channel is Japan's first TV channel. The common name general television was given because of its generalist status in contrast to NHK Educational Television (commonly known as E-tele since 2011), which is also broadcast on terrestrial waves.
Compared to ETV, which organizes programs that are almost unified throughout Japan, General Television has different programming for each region. Therefore, wide-area broadcasting in the analog phase was only in the Kanto wide area (1 metropolitan area and 6 prefectures), and the other 40 prefectures had prefectural broadcasting. In the digital phase, Ibaraki Prefecture moved to prefectural broadcasting in 2004, and Tochigi and Gunma prefectures moved to prefectural broadcasting in 2012, leaving only four prefectures in Southern Kanto for wide-area broadcasting.
At the beginning of General TV's broadcasting, it was far from popular with general households , and it was difficult to produce TV programs independently, so it was decided to relay popular NHK radio programs on the channel.
General TV's all-day audience rating in the Kanto area (surveyed by Video Research) was ranked first in a row for 24 years from 1963 to 1986, pushing out each commercial key station. However, in 1987, it handed over the all-day viewer rating to Fuji TV, and regained it in 1988 and 1989, but it has been far from that position since 1989.
History
NHK conducted experimental broadcasts in 1939-1940 (interrupted due to its entry in the war), the callsign of the station in Tokyo was J2PQ, video frequency 4.5 MHz, output 500W.
In 1950, following the end of occupation, an experimental VHF service started in Tokyo on channel 3 (similar experiments were also carried out in Nagoya and Osaka) one hour a day, three days a week.
The first regular broadcast was carried out on February 1, 1953 from Tokyo, under the JOAK-TV callsign. The first stations outside Tokyo to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK%20Radio%201 | is Japan's oldest radio station operated by the public broadcaster, NHK. Its programming output, which consists of news, current affairs, and information is broadly similar to the BBC's Radio 4 in the United Kingdom, Radio National in Australia, CBC Radio One in Canada and Radyo 1 in Turkey . NHK Radio 1 is available mainly on AM. The callsign is JOAK in Tokyo. It began broadcasting on March 22, 1925. During World War II, it often broadcast official announcements.
Frequencies and other means of reception
See also
NHK Radio 2
NHK General TV
NHK FM Broadcast
References
NHK
Broadcasting in Japan
Publicly funded broadcasters
Radio stations established in 1925
1925 establishments in Japan
Japanese radio networks
News and talk radio stations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK%20Radio%202 | is a Japanese radio station operated by the public broadcaster, NHK. Its output consists of education and culture programming where NHK Radio 2 is regarded as the radio version of NHK Educational TV and is broadly similar to South Korea's EBS FM. NHK Radio 2 is available mainly on AM. It began broadcasting on April 6, 1931.
Frequencies
See also
NHK Radio 1
NHK Educational TV
NHK FM Broadcast
References
NHK
Broadcasting in Japan
Publicly funded broadcasters
Radio stations established in 1931
1931 establishments in Japan
Japanese radio networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid%20Lands%20Information%20Network | Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN) is a Kenya-based non-governmental organisation that seeks to exchange ideas and experiences among "grassroots change agents". It sees its goal as enabling such grassroot change agents to learn from one another, through capacity-building and what it terms the "innovative use of information and communication technologies (ICTs)."
ALIN
Known as the Arid Lands Information Network (ALIN), this organisation describes itself as "a non-profit, non-political NGO". Its focus of work is on the arid and semi-arid lands (also referred to as the ASALs) within the African Great Lakes region.
Membership
ALIN is a network of over 2,000 grassroots Community Development Workers (CDWs) drawn from non-governmental organisations and community- based organisations as well as government departments. The members of the network offer a form of extension service in their fields of expertise.
To promote local level networking, ALIN has clustered members in the same geographical regions into grassroots networking nodes known as focal groups. These groups form the entry points of ALIN into the community. The network works through 15 focal groups spread out across the African Great Lakes region, in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.
Maarifa Centres
In collaboration with other partners, ALIN has established and equipped Maarifa Centres (MCs) with ICT equipment. The centres act as access and dissemination points for information, content creation and skills development among the rural communities. There are MCs in all three Great Lakes countries. Partners of the MCs include Oxfam Novib, Ford Foundation, Communication Commission of Kenya (CCK), the Royal Danish Embassy and the Embassy of Finland among others. The centres are manned by Communication Information Volunteers (CIVs) who are hired on a one-year basis as young and fresh graduates from reputable institutions of higher learning and are then posted to the various Maarifa centres.
History
It was earlier known as the Reseau d'Information des Terres Arides - Arid Lands Information Network (RITA-ALIN).
Publications
ALIN is involved in the production of several publications. The Baobab Journal is ALIN's flagship journal. It has been in circulation since 1998. Baobab acts a platform for CDWs to share information and experiences on sustainable livelihoods.
ALIN also produces the LEISA (Low External Input in Sustainable Agriculture) magazine for Eastern Africa which is named Kilimo Endelevu Afrika (Sustainable Agriculture in Africa). This magazine aims to identify promising technologies for small-scale farmers.
Joto Afrika (loosely translated as "Africa is feeling the heat") is the third major publication and is produced in collaboration with the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). It is a new series of printed briefings and online resources. The publication focuses on climate change adaptation and developments in sub-Saharan Africa and is published in both English and French.
External |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR-340 | The NCR-340 was NCR's first line "High Speed" 300-line-per-minute computer printer. It used a drum made up of 120 (later 132) hardened steel discs with the upper-case alphabet, the numbers 0-9 and a few special symbols. The discs were keyed on an armature, but could be changed if a character were damaged.
The drum sat above an ink ribbon. Below the ribbon the green-bar continuous form paper was moved into and out of the printer head on four tractor assemblies. Below the paper path were a set of 120 or 132 “hammers” that were triggered by electric solenoids.
Each line of a report was sent from the 315 to the printer and loaded into a buffer. As the print drum spun, a glass timing disc on one end would indicate to the internal logic that a character was in position to be printed. All of the “A” characters in the buffer would trigger the appropriate hammer to fire. The hammer would force the paper up against the ribbon, and hit the “A” character on the spinning drum for its position in the line. This would continue for one revolution of the drum printing.
The printer could print up to eight copies of a report by using carbon paper between each layer of paper. There was a whole industry and series of auxiliary machine ( collators) that would separate the different copies of the report and remove the carbons. Then the continuous reports were sent through a burster to separate individual pages.
References
Impact printers
NCR Corporation products |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR%20Century%20100 | The NCR Century 100 was NCR's first all integrated circuit computer built in 1968. All logic gates were created by wire-wrapping NAND gates together to form flip-flops and other complex circuits. The console of the system had only 18 lights and switches and allowed entry of a boot routine, or changes to loaded programs or data in memory. A typewriter console was also available.
Peripherals
The 615-100 Series integrated a complete data processing system that had 16KB or 32KB of short rod memory, an 80-column punched card reader or paper tape reader, two 5MB removable disk drives, and a 600-line-per-minute line printer. The system could be provided with a punched paper tape reader, or an external card reader/punch, and also allowed for the attachment of multiple 9-track, 1/2-inch, reel-to-reel magnetic tape drives. Two more disk drives could be attached to the system.
The Century series used an instruction set with two instruction lengths: 4 bytes (32 bits) and 8 bytes (64 bits).
Rod memory
The memory of the Century Series computers used machine-made, short, iron-oxide-coated ceramic rods— long and approximately the diameter of a human hair— as their random access memories, instead of the hand-labor-intensive core memories that were used by other computers of the time. The economy of machine assembly was augmented by selling rod memory without paying patent royalties on core memory to NCR's competitor, IBM. Each 16K memory module consisted of two stacks, each stack containing sixteen planes of 4608 rods.
Disk drives
The Model 655 disk drive used a removable disk pack. It was the first by NCR to employ floating or flying heads with 12 read/write heads per surface. This reduced track-to-track movement and thus access times. However, this meant that there were 12 times more heads per drive, increasing the likelihood of head crashes. These flying heads were moved using a 16 position magnetic actuator. The actuator used four different magnets to create the 16 positions. The magnetic actuators were later replaced with hydraulic actuators, and later yet the hydraulic actuators were replaced with voice coil actuators. In 1972 NCR sold its disk drive business to Magnetics Peripherals, Inc., a joint venture with CDC and thereafter used disk drives from the joint venture.
Programming languages
The NCR Century 100 supported several programming languages: NEAT/3 (National's Easy Auto-coding Technique, a later version of the NEAT/1 language that ran on the NCR 315 computer system), COBOL, FORTRAN, RPG-II, NEAT/AM, and BASIC.
Hardware
The system had 39 hardware instructions. Early versions of the hardware did not have hardware multiply or divide instructions; they were instead emulated using software. The machine used ASCII 8-bit code. It also supported packed decimal fields with or without a "sign". Without a sign, a (positive) number could be stored in just two bytes, with each of the 8 bits of the character holding 2 digits, such as 0001 0010 0011 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camara%20%28social%20enterprise%29 | Camara is a social enterprise that sends refurbished computers and provides digital literacy training to schools and other educational institutions in Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia, Lesotho, Tanzania and Ireland.
History
Camara was founded in 2005 by Cormac Lynch, a former engineer and investment banker, who after a visit to Ethiopia saw an opportunity to use technology to enhance education in some of the world's most disadvantaged communities. Lynch heard from schools that computers were what were needed most. On his return to Dublin he saw a skip-load of discarded PCs, when an idea struck, which would see Camara give end of life computers a new lease of life and benefit school children in disadvantaged communities.
The name 'Camara' comes from a west African Bantu dialect and means 'teacher' or 'one who teaches with experience'. Many people read it as 'Camera' and pronounce it as such, however the correct pronunciation is . The organisation's logo, the ANANSE NTONTAN ("spider's web"), comes from the adinkra symbols found in Ghana and historically used by the Asante tribe on cloth, walls and in pottery.
Ninth President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins is one of the organisation's patrons, as is British film producer and educator Lord David Puttnam.
Awards
In 2018 Camara Education won the Good Governance Award for their Annual Report and Financial Statements.
In 2016 Camara Education received an Innovative Programme of the Year 2016 Dóchas Award with the iMlango programme in Kenya.
In 2013 Camara Education received an ICT Excellence award for Best Use of Technology in Education or Training.
In 2012 Camara Education received the Lord Mayor's Award, this honoured Camara for its special contribution to Dublin and its citizens.
In 2012 Camara Education ranked 32nd at the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 Award that honours business growth, technological innovation and entrepreneurial spirit.
In 2012 Camara Rwanda, a Hub of Camara Education, received the 'Japanese Award for most Innovative Development Project' at the 12th annual Global Development Network conference in January 2011.
In 2011 Camara Education reached the 15th place of the Deloitte Technology Fast 50 Award.
In 2010 Camara received the Arthur Guinness Fund award.
See also
Computer recycling
Electronic waste by country
Computer technology for developing areas
References
External links
Camara
Development charities based in the Republic of Ireland
Information technology charities
Computer recycling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20spatial%20automaton | In automata theory (a subfield of computer science), continuous spatial automata, unlike cellular automata, have a continuum of locations, while the state of a location still is any of a finite number of real numbers. Time can also be continuous, and in this case the state evolves according to differential equations.
One important example is reaction–diffusion textures, differential equations proposed by Alan Turing to explain how chemical reactions could create the stripes on zebras and spots on leopards. When these are approximated by CA, such CAs often yield similar patterns. Another important example is neural fields, which are the continuum limit of neural networks where average firing rates evolve based on integro-differential equations. Such models demonstrate spatiotemporal pattern formation, localized states and travelling waves. They have been used as models for cortical memory states and visual hallucinations.
MacLennan considers continuous spatial automata as a model of computation, and demonstrated that they can implement Turing-universality.
See also
Analog computer
Coupled map lattice
References
Cellular automata |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Makeover%20Story | A Makeover Story is a reality show on TLC Network in the United States. Each episode ran for 30 minutes and featured two people who get makeovers including clothes, hairstyling, and makeup. Richard Monahan was the executive producer of the premier season, which was the #1 rated daytime series for TLC. The show ran for five seasons and is the original of the "makeover show" formats.
In its later seasons, "A Makeover Story" added hosts in the form of fashion experts, featuring fashion consultant Dan Brickley, costume designer Alison Freer, hairstylist Moses Jones, and salon owner Gretchen Monahan.
References
Fashion-themed reality television series
TLC (TV network) original programming
Discovery Channel original programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacker%27s%20Delight | Hacker's Delight is a software algorithm book by Henry S. Warren, Jr. first published in 2002. It presents fast bit-level and low-level arithmetic algorithms for common tasks such as counting bits or improving speed of division by using multiplication.
Background
The author, an IBM researcher working on systems ranging from the IBM 704 to the PowerPC, collected what he called "programming tricks" over the course of his career. These tricks concern efficient low-level manipulation of bit strings and numbers. According to the book's foreword by Guy L. Steele, the target audience includes compiler writers and people writing high-performance code.
Summary
Programming examples are written in C and assembler for a RISC architecture similar, but not identical to PowerPC. Algorithms are given as formulas for any number of bits, the examples usually for 32 bits.
Apart from the introduction, chapters are independent of each other, each focusing on a particular subject. Many algorithms in the book depend on two's complement integer numbers.
The subject matter of the second edition of the book includes algorithms for
Basic algorithms for manipulating individual bits, formulas for identities, inequalities, overflow detection for arithmetic operations and shifts
Rounding up and down to a multiple of a known power of 2, the next power of 2 and for detecting if an operation crossed a power-of-2 boundary
Checking bounds
Counting total, leading and trailing zeros
Searching for bit strings
Permutations of bits and bytes in a word
Software algorithms for multiplication
Integer division
Efficient integer division and calculating of the remainder when the divisor is known
Integer square and cube roots
Unusual number systems, including base -2
Transfer of values between floating point and integer
Cyclic redundancy checks, error-correcting codes and Gray codes
Hilbert curves including a discussion of applications
Style
The style is that of an informal mathematical textbook. Formulas are used extensively. Mathematical proofs are given for some non-obvious algorithms, but are not the focus of the book.
Reception
Overall reception has been generally positive.
Publication history
The book was published by Addison-Wesley Professional. The first edition was released in 2002 and the second in 2013.
See also
HAKMEM
Popcount
Find first set
References
Further reading
External links
Archive of Hacker's Delight website
2002 non-fiction books
2013 non-fiction books
Computer programming books
Addison-Wesley books
Computer science books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Argentine%20provinces%20by%20Human%20Development%20Index | The following table presents a listing of Argentina's provinces and its autonomous city, ranked in order of their Human Development Index. The last report is from 2022 and covers data from 2021. It is elaborated by the United Nations Development Programme.
Provinces
See also
List of Argentine provinces by gross domestic product
References
External links
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo en Argentina
Revista Regional sobre Desarrollo Humano
eleconomista.com.ar
Provinces
Human Development Index
Argentina
Argentina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGDC | AGDC can refer to:
Alaska Gasline Development Corp
Alaska Geographic Data Committee
Alaska Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
Advanced General Dentistry Clinic
American Gage Design Committee
Antarctic Glaciological Data Center
Australian Game Developers Conference
Australian Geoscience Data Cube
Automatic Garbage Detection and Collection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha%20MU-series | The Yamaha MU-series is a line of sound modules built by Yamaha. All sound modules except MU5 support Yamaha XG. The sound modules were commonly used when computers had slower processors. The computer could send MIDI commands to the sound module, acting as an external sound generation device. Later MU sound modules feature A/D inputs that allow direct input from microphones and guitars.
The MU-series product line superseded the company's previous TG-series modules, the TG100 and TG300. Although the majority of Yamaha's MU-series modules were meant for the home user, the company also made rack-mount versions of the MU90 and MU100 called the MU90R and MU100R, respectively, for professional use.
Compatibility
MU50 and higher end models typically offer the following compatibility modes:
XG mode, also used for General MIDI
TG300B mode offers compatibility with Roland GS. In the MU1000EX and MU2000EX replaced by a licensed GS mode.
C/M mode offers limited compatibility with the Roland MT-32 and the CM-32L.
Yamaha Disk Orchestra Collection mode
The unit will automatically switch between XG and TG300B modes as required. C/M mode has to be enabled manually.
List of MU-series sound modules
References
Further reading
External links
Yamaha Manual Library
Sealed's Deep Synthesis Page - MU10 Related Models (archive)
Sound modules
MU-series
Samplers (musical instrument) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey%20Canal%20railway%20station | Surrey Canal railway station (formerly New Bermondsey and Surrey Canal Road) is a proposed station on the South London Line of the London Overground network. It is on its main line (from to which opened in December 2012).
The site is on Surrey Canal Road where Bermondsey, New Cross and Deptford meet. The station will be adjacent to Millwall Football Club's ground and will mean more routes and trains for match-day crowds other than through South Bermondsey and Surrey Quays stations.
History
Surrey Canal Road overlies the former Grand Surrey Canal which linked the Tideway's Surrey Commercial Docks at Rotherhithe to wharves at Camberwell and Peckham. Vessels principally carried timber to the docks from the mid-19th century until their closure in the late 1960s. The canal was infilled for safety and disuse in the mid-1970s and turned into the road linking Ilderton Road, SE16, with Trundleys Road, SE8. This area known as the 'Surrey Canal Triangle' was from its early decades by some residents and businesses named the Surrey Canal neighbourhood. The county of Surrey has been reduced to a semi-rural rump of about 70% of its original size in 1965, as the County of London was expanded and reconstituted as Greater London, however this part, for many miles around, had already been part of that London forerunner, which was unchanged in size since its 1889 inception.
Funding doubt and promise
It was announced in February 2009 that the line extension would be built but that funding for such a station might not be available.
Lewisham Council agreed in principle in January 2010 to provide the missing funding to complete the station. Transport for London is committed to building the foundations for the station building and platforms to enable construction to take place readily should funding be found. In September 2010, the Department for Transport refused to provide £7 million for building the station as it would not provide good value for money.
Renewal proposal
In 2014, the developers, Renewal, working in partnership with TfL proposed a re-brand of the area to "New Bermondsey", the name of which was be used by the station and as the name for a whole new district of London. In 2015, TfL confirmed that the area of major development surrounding the station would be named "New Bermondsey" and that the station would have the same name, and in February 2015, Surrey Canal was renamed New Bermondsey and designated a Housing Zone by the GLA. In December 2015, Section 73 planning consent was granted.
2016–present
In September 2016, Lewisham Council's mayor and cabinet voted for use of its purchase order powers at New Bermondsey. In February 2017, an independent inquiry ran to investigate allegations made by Millwall Football Club about New Bermondsey and the Surrey Canal Sports Foundation. In November 2017 the legal experts of the inquiry made their report. It concluded that there was no wrongdoing on the part of Renewal or Lewisham Council.
Amid rising Londo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoTrac | InfoTrac is a family of full-text databases of content from academic journals and general magazines, of which the majority are targeted to the English-speaking North American market. As is typical of online proprietary databases, various forms of authentication are used to verify affiliation with subscribing academic, public, and school libraries. InfoTrac databases are published by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning.
InfoTrac was first publicly presented in January 1985 by Information Access Company (IAC) to library professionals at the American Library Association's annual conference in Washington, D.C. IAC began to roll out the system to subscribing libraries in the spring of 1985.
As of June 1987, the first-generation InfoTrac system cost about $20,000 and its database came on a 12-inch LaserDisc which was supposed to be updated every month. The original InfoTrac system was an immediate success at most of the libraries that tried it. One notable exception was the University of Wyoming, which tried the system for a few months and then returned it. Apart from frequent hardware and software crashes, the original InfoTrac software could only search Library of Congress subject headings (that is, it could not run a global search for keywords across all text on the disc), and the lack of a standard LaserDisc digital data format meant that the system would be rendered obsolete by the creation of such a format. By January 1988, the second-generation InfoTrac II system cost only $4,000 (for optical disc equipment, computer, monitor, and printer) and its database came on a CD-ROM.
As of 1994, InfoTrac databases continued to be published on CD-ROMs which were mailed to subscribing libraries at regular intervals. In that era, when personal computers were still relatively new, many publishers were not yet licensing full text of their articles, so most publications were represented only by article abstracts. This meant the InfoTrac family of products at their inception were primarily bibliographic databases as opposed to full-text databases. Furthermore, the personal computers typically used as InfoTrac terminals operated only in text mode, meaning that "full text" meant only text and not the article as originally published with photos and illustrations.
However, InfoTrac databases were published in coordination with various microfilm products from IAC which came on sequentially numbered auto-loading cartridges, on which individual frames were also individually numbered. Most InfoTrac abstracts and full-text articles from the 1980s and 1990s have a location code at the end of the article which points to the exact frame on a microfilm cartridge where the story begins, which a library user could use to obtain a copy of the article as originally published.
With each microfilm product subscription, IAC included a large rotating carousel with slots in which the cartridges could be stored for easy access, and also sold proprietary microfilm readers for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20CMMI%20Appraisal%20Method%20for%20Process%20Improvement | The Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process Improvement (SCAMPI) is the official Software Engineering Institute (SEI) method to provide benchmark-quality ratings relative to Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) models. SCAMPI appraisals are used to identify strengths and weaknesses of current processes, reveal development/acquisition risks, and determine capability and maturity level ratings. They are mostly used either as part of a process improvement program or for rating prospective suppliers. The method defines the appraisal process as consisting of preparation; on-site activities; preliminary observations, findings, and ratings; final reporting; and follow-on activities.
Class A, B, and C Appraisals
The suite of documents associated with a particular version of the CMMI includes a requirements specification called the Appraisal Requirements for CMMI (ARC), which specifies three levels of formality for appraisals: Class A, B, and C. Formal (Class A) SCAMPIs are conducted by SEI-authorized Lead Appraisers who use the SCAMPI A Method Definition Document (MDD) to conduct the appraisals.
Class A, the most formal, is required to achieve a rating (Level 1 (lowest) to Level 5 (highest)), using the Staged Representation, for public record or for response to U.S. Department of Defense requirements.
See also
Anti-pattern
Capability Maturity Model
Capability Maturity Model Integration (newer)
People Capability Maturity Model
ISO/IEC 29110: Software Life Cycle Profiles and Guidelines for Very Small Entities (VSEs)
References
Maturity models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimann%20station | Freimann is a railway station in the German city of Munich. It is part of the Munich U-Bahn network and lies on the U6 line in the borough of Schwabing-Freimann.
Notable places nearby
Zenith
References
External links
Munich U-Bahn stations
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1971
1971 establishments in West Germany |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS%204 | AmigaOS 4 (abbreviated as OS4 or AOS4) is a line of Amiga operating systems which runs on PowerPC microprocessors. It is mainly based on AmigaOS 3.1 source code developed by Commodore, and partially on version 3.9 developed by Haage & Partner. "The Final Update" (for OS version 4.0) was released on 24 December 2006 (originally released in April 2004) after five years of development by the Belgian company Hyperion Entertainment under license from Amiga, Inc. for AmigaOne registered users.
History
During the five years of development, purchasers of AmigaOne machines could download pre-release versions of AmigaOS 4.0 from Hyperion's repository as long as these were made available.
On 20 December 2006, Amiga, Inc. terminated the contract with Hyperion Entertainment to produce or sell AmigaOS 4. Nevertheless, AmigaOS 4.0 was released commercially for Amigas with PowerUP accelerator cards in November 2007 (having been available only to developers and beta-testers until then). The Italian computer company ACube Systems has announced Sam440ep and Sam440ep-flex motherboards, which are AmigaOS 4 compatible. Also, a third party bootloader, known as the "Moana", was released by Acube on torrent sites; it allows installation of the Sam440ep version of OS4 to Mac Mini G4s. However this is both unofficial and unsupported as of today, and very incomplete, especially regarding drivers. During the judicial procedure (between Hyperion and Amiga, Inc.), OS4 was still being developed and distributed.
On 30 September 2009, Hyperion Entertainment and Amiga, Inc. reached a settlement agreement where Hyperion is granted an exclusive right to AmigaOS 3.1 and market AmigaOS 4 and subsequent versions of AmigaOS (including AmigaOS 5 without limitation). Hyperion has assured the Amiga community that it will continue the development and the distribution of AmigaOS 4.x (and beyond), as it has done since November 2001.
Description
AmigaOS 4 can be divided into two parts: the Workbench and the Kickstart.
Workbench
The Workbench is the GUI of OS4, a graphical interface file manager and application launcher for the Operating System. It also includes some general purpose tools and utility programs such as a Notepad for typing text, MultiView for viewing images and Amigaguide documents, Unarc for unpacking Archives, a PDF reader, a number of small preferences programs for changing settings of the GUI and OS, among other programs.
Kickstart
The Kickstart contains many of the core components of the OS. Prior to version 4 of AmigaOS the Kickstart had been released mostly on a ROM (hardware included with the computer). In OS4 the Kickstart is instead stored on the hard disk. It consists mainly of:
ExecSG, a preemptive multitasking kernel. ExecSG was licensed to Hyperion Entertainment by Thomas and Hans-Jörg Frieden.
Intuition, a windowing system API.
AmigaDOS and AmigaShell: AmigaDOS is the disk operating system for the OS, whereas AmigaShell is the integrated Command Line In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Gozzano | Guido Gustavo Gozzano (19 December 1883 – 9 August 1916) was an Italian poet and writer.
Biography
He was born in Turin, the son of Fausto Gozzano, an engineer, and of Diodata Mautino, the daughter of Senator Mautino, patriot and supporter of Giuseppe Mazzini and Massimo D'Azeglio. He spent his life in Turin and in Agliè (in the Canavese area), where his family owned several buildings and a large estate: Villa Il Meleto.
Of delicate health (but nevertheless practicing sports such as ice-skating, cycling, and swimming), he completed primary school with mediocre results, and attended Liceo classico Cavour; in 1903, after secondary school, he studied law at the University of Turin but never graduated, preferring to attend the crepuscolari torinesi, i.e. literature lessons by poet Arturo Graf, who was well liked by the young men of letters.
Graf exercised great influence over Gozzano. His Leopardi-inspired pessimism was mitigated by a spiritualistic form of socialism, a combination which young Turinese intellectuals (who saw in his thought an "antidote" to the style of Gabriele D'Annunzio) particularly favoured. Graf helped Gozzano depart from D'Annunzio's canon, which imbued his early work, by "going back to the sources" and devoting himself to a thorough study of the poetry of Dante Alighieri and Francesco Petrarca, which helped refine his poetic sensibility.
In May 1907 Gozzano's weak health suddenly worsened due to severe pleurisy, which forced the poet to spend the remainder of his solitary life on the Italian Riviera (mostly San Giuliano d'Albaro) and in mountain towns (Ceresole Reale, Ronco, Bertesseno, Fiery).
1907 was also the year when his affair with young poet Amalia Guglielminetti began, originally as an exchange of letters—the two had originally met while attending the Società di Cultura.
Their love letters, exchanged in 1907-1909 but first published in 1951 as Lettere, reveal a profoundly tender love, which Gozzano at times tried to shirk away from, preferring a safer "literary comradeship".
In the same year Gozzano's first collection of poems (written between 1904 and 1907), La via del rifugio, appeared under the imprint of the Turin publisher Streglio.
In 1909 Gozzano gave up law studies altogether and devoted himself completely to poetry. Two years later, he published his opus magnum, the book I colloqui (literally "Conversations"), with the Milanese publisher Treves. The poems therein are in three sections, titled Il giovenile errore (lit. "The youthful error"), Alle soglie (lit. "At the threshold"), and Il reduce (lit. "The survivor"). "I colloqui" met much success with critics and readers, and prompted several offers of collaboration with important magazines and newspapers, among which were La Stampa, La Lettura, and La Donna. The latter provided Gozzano with a fertile forum to publish both prose and poetry.
"I Colloqui” includes “La signorina Felicita ovvero la Felicità”, probably the most renowned work ever written by G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede%20Anhanguera%20de%20Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o | Rede Anhanguera de Comunicação (Anhanguera Communication Network) is an important private holding companies of mass media in the São Paulo state. It is headquartered in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
The company has the following assets:
Newspapers:
Correio Popular, Campinas
Diário do Povo, Campínas
Notícia Já, Campinas
Gazeta do Cambuí, Campinas
Gazeta de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto
Gazeta de Piracicaba, Piracicaba
Magazines:
Metrópole, Campinas
Datacorp, a polling and research company
Grafcorp, a printing office
Agência Anhanguera de Notícias, a news agency
Websites:
Cosmo On-Line
RAC's CEO and main shareholder is Silvino de Godoy Neto.
References
External links
Correio Popular
Diário do Povo
Notícia Já
Gazeta do Cambui
Gazeta de Piracicaba
Gazeta de Ribeirão Preto
Metrópole
Datacorp
Agência Anhangüera de Notícias
Cosmo On-Line
Mass media in Campinas
Mass media companies of Brazil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane%2C%20Doune%20and%20Callander%20Railway | The Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railway was opened in 1858 to connect Callander and Doune with the Scottish railway network. When promoters wished to make a connection to Oban, Callander was an obvious place to start, and from 1880 Callander was on the main line to Oban. The railway network was reduced in the 1960s and the line closed in 1965. Oban is now served by a different route.
History
The Scottish Central Railway obtained its Act of Incorporation on 1 July 1845, the same day as the Caledonian Railway. The two railways connected end-on at Greenhill Junction, and together (when they were completed) would connect Carlisle and Perth, and with other railways London and Aberdeen were to be brought into the network.
During the long process of planning their lines, the promoters came to see that extension of their railways would be beneficial, and lucrative, and already in 1845 there was talk of extending through Callander to Dalwhinnie. In the same year the Stirling, Callander and Tillicoultry Railway published a prospectus, with glowing and exaggerated descriptions of the towns this ambitious east–west line would serve, but it came to nothing.
The benefits to townspeople of a railway connection were plain to see, in greatly reduced cost of commodities like coal and lime (for agriculture) and for the delivery of manufactured products, and the residents of Doune and Callander—a weaving village with a population of 1,671 in 1861—considered how they could get a railway branch line. The topography was well suited for that: the Royal Burgh of Dunblane lay ten miles (16 km) to the east along the valley of the River Teith.
In 1846 the Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railway was promoted, with a more moderate line from Dunblane. This scheme obtained its Act of Parliament on 16 July 1846, with authorised capital of £80,000, and power to lease the line to the Scottish Central. However the year 1846 was a time when capital for railway schemes suddenly became impossible to find, and notwithstanding support from local business people, not enough money was put forward to make the line, and the scheme was dropped.
The Dunblane, Doune and Callander Railway scheme was revived in 1856, when an Act of 21 July authorised the scheme, this time with capital of £60,000. The Scottish Central was anxious to encourage a line that might be a launching pad for entry to the highland areas as yet unserved by railway connection, and it subscribed £13,400.
The line opened to traffic on 1 July 1858. The significance of tourism to the line is indicated by the fact that the train service was five trains a day in summer and two a day in winter.
The line was worked by the Scottish Central Railway.
The company was absorbed by the Scottish Central Railway by Act of 29 June 1865, and amalgamated with the Caledonian Railway by Act of 5 July 1865.
On to Oban
If the earlier proposal to launch from Callander into the Highlands of Scotland seemed fanciful, the years following the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport%20in%20Greater%20Kuala%20Lumpur | Transport in Greater Kuala Lumpur includes a road network, a railway network, airports, and other modes of public transport. The Klang Valley is an urban conglomeration consisting of the city of Kuala Lumpur, as well as surrounding towns and cities in the state of Selangor. The Klang Valley has the country's largest airport, the Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), as well as the country's largest intermodal transport hub and railway station, Kuala Lumpur Sentral.
There are multiple modes of public transport, including buses, rail, taxis, and motor-taxis, serving the region. However Kuala Lumpur, with a population of 1.79 million in the city and six million in its metropolitan area, is experiencing the effects and challenges of rapid urbanisation and urban planning issues. To resolve these issues, the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) has plans to initiate programmes that would improve the public transportation system and increase its sustainability and decrease its environmental impact in the Klang Valley. The Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020, in particular, intends to address the unprecedented growth and changes in Kuala Lumpur's urban transportation landscape.
History of public transport in Kuala Lumpur
In the 19th century and early 20th century, most Kuala Lumpur citizens and tin miners used rickshaws, elephants, sampans, and bull- or horse-drawn carriages as basic public transportation (as in transport by means not owned by persons being transported).
Rail transit in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor began in 1886 when a railway line from Kuala Lumpur to Bukit Kuda (just outside Klang) was opened. The line remains operational to this day as the Port Klang Line.
From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Mini-Bus Service or Bas Mini was popular.
Kuala Lumpur's (and by extension Malaysia's) first metro line, the Ampang Line, opened in December 1996.
Regulation
The public transport system is regulated by various authorities, including the Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (CVLB) of the Ministry of Entrepreneur and Co-operative Development, the Ministry of Transport and local governments such as the Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur and the other city and municipal councils.
There is no single body that regulates the whole sector.
The Integration and Restructuring of the Public Transport System in the Klang Valley (Inspak) steering committee, established in July 2003, is tasked with encouraging greater use of public transportation to reduce traffic congestion and initiate the establishment of the Klang Valley Urban Transport Authority as the regulatory authority for public transportation in the Klang Valley. Little has been said about the establishment of this authority ever since.
Rapid KL was established in 2004 by the Ministry of Finance to provide an integrated public transport system in the Klang Valley incorporating rail and bus services as part of Inspak. It holds quasi-regulatory powers in the sense that unlike other bus operators, it has much grea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lansdown | Robert John Lansdown (2 January 1929 – 17 February 1999) was a British computer graphics pioneer, polymath and Professor Emeritus at Middlesex University Lansdown Centre for Electronic Arts, which was renamed in his honour in 2000.
Lansdown was born in Cardiff. As early as 1960, when he was a successful architect with offices in Russell Square, central London, Lansdown was a believer in the potential for computers for architecture and other creative activities. He pioneered the use of computers as an aid to planning; making perspective drawings on an Elliott 803 computer in 1963, modelling a building's lifts and services, plotting the annual fall of daylight across its site, as well as authoring his own computer aided design applications.
Lansdown joined the ACM in 1972 and Eurographics in 1983. From the early 1970s to the 1990s, he had influential roles in several professional bodies, and chaired the Science Research Council's Computer Aided Building Design Panel, through which he implemented a world leading strategy for developing computer aided architectural design in British universities. He had enormous influence as one of the founders and as secretary of the Computer Arts Society (1968–1991). He was on 10 editorial boards and chaired and organised many international conferences – Event One at the Royal College of Art (1969) and Interact at the Edinburgh Festival (1973) were seminal events in establishing the use of computers for the creation of art works.
In 1977, Lansdown became chairman of System Simulation Ltd the software company which, amongst other pioneering activities, had played a key role in the creation and development of the Computer Arts Society. System Simulation had been applying computer graphics techniques in TV and film applications following collaborative research work at the Royal College of Art. At System Simulation Lansdown then played a leading role in several pioneering animation projects, contributing to the flight deck instrumentation readouts on the Nostromo space ship for Ridley Scott's Alien, many advertising sequences and latterly, working with Tony Pritchett, producing the 3D wireframe drawings from which Martin Lambie-Nairn's original Channel 4 logo was rendered.
Lansdown left the architectural practice in 1982 and split his time between System Simulation and a Senior Research Fellowship at the Royal College of Art before becoming a full-time academic in 1988 as Professor and head of the Centre for Computer Aided Art & Design at Middlesex University, then as Dean of the Department of Art, Design and Performing Arts then, finally, as Pro Vice-Chancellor of the University. He was also Senior Visiting Fellow at the Department of Architectural Science, University of Sydney from 1983. He relinquished these roles on formal retirement in 1995, but continued to be very active and influential as Emeritus Professor in the Centre for Electronic Arts. He continued to advise System Simulation and to work on the develo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-80%20SoftCard | The Z-80 SoftCard is a plug-in Apple II processor card developed by Microsoft to turn the computer into a CP/M system based upon the Zilog Z80 central processing unit (CPU). Becoming the most popular CP/M platform and Microsoft's top revenue source for 1980, it was eventually renamed the Microsoft SoftCard, and was succeeded by Microsoft's Premium Softcard IIe for the Apple IIe.
Overview
Introduced in 1980 as Microsoft's first hardware product, and bundled with the Microsoft BASIC programming language, the Z-80 SoftCard is an Apple II processor card that enables the Apple II to run CP/M, an operating system from Digital Research. This gives Apple II users access to many more business applications, including compilers and interpreters for several high-level languages. CP/M, one of the earliest cross-platform operating systems, is easily adaptable to a wide range of auxiliary chips and peripheral hardware, but it requires an Intel 8080-compatible CPU, which the Zilog Z80 is, but which the Apple's CPU, the MOS Technology 6502, is not. The SoftCard has a Zilog Z80 CPU plus some 74LS00 series TTL chips to adapt that processor's bus to the Apple bus. As CP/M requires contiguous memory from address zero, which the Apple II doesn't have; addresses are translated in order to move non-RAM areas to the top of memory.
History
The SoftCard was Paul Allen's idea. Its original purpose was to simplify porting Microsoft's computer-language products to the Apple II. The SoftCard was developed by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP). SCP built prototypes, Don Burtis of Burtronix redesigned the card, and California Computer Systems manufactured it for Microsoft. Unsure whether the card would sell, Microsoft first demonstrated it publicly at the West Coast Computer Faire in March 1980.
Microsoft also released a version for the Apple IIe, the Premium Softcard IIe. The card has functionality equivalent to the Extended 80-Column Text Card, including its 64 kB RAM, so would save money for users who wanted CP/M capability, additional memory, and 80-column text.
Reception
Sales
The SoftCard's immediate success surprised Microsoft. Although unprepared to take orders at the West Coast Computer Faire, a Microsoft executive accepted 1,000 business cards from interested parties on the first day; Compute! reported that the company was "inundated" with orders. The SoftCard became the company's largest revenue source in 1980, selling 5,000 units in three months at $349 each, with high sales continued for several years. The SoftCard was the single most-popular platform to run CP/M, and Z-80 cards became very popular Apple II peripherals. By 1981 Microsoft, Lifeboat Associates, and Peachtree Software published their CP/M software on Apple-format disks.
Critical reception
Compute! witnessed the SoftCard's debut in March 1980 at the West Coast Computer Faire, calling it "an Apple breakthru". InfoWorld in 1981 called the SoftCard "a fascinating piece of hardware". Whil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waf%20%28build%20system%29 | Waf is a build automation tool designed to assist in the automatic compilation and installation of computer software. It is written in Python and maintained by Thomas Nagy.
Waf's source code is open source software, released under the terms of the New BSD License, though its accompanying documentation is under the CC-BY-NC-ND license, which forbids both modification and commercial redistribution: this prevents vendors such as the Debian project from including Waf documentation in their distributions.
History
Thomas Nagy created a build automation tool called BKsys which was designed to sit on top of SCons, providing higher-level functionality similar to that of Autotools. This was part of an effort for switching KDE away from Autotools to a more modern build system in the beginning stages of the KDE 4 development cycle. BKsys/SCons was chosen by the KDE community as their new standard build system. When Thomas Nagy decided that SCons's fundamental issues (most notably the poor scalability) were too complex and time-consuming to fix, he started a complete rewrite which he named Waf. With BKsys being recognized as a dead end, KDE decided to switch to CMake instead; however, Waf continued to be maintained as an individual project and has since seen prolific development and adoption by other communities.
Features
Waf features:
Portable to Unix and non-Unix systems
Lightweight
Offers a Turing-complete programming language (similar to SCons)
Support for standard targets: configure, build, clean, , install, and uninstall
Parallel builds
Colored output and progress bar display
Scripts are Python modules
XML script front-end and a dedicated, easy-to-parse "IDE output" mode to ease the interaction with integrated development environments
Modular configuration scheme with customizable command-line parsing
Daemon mode for background recompilation
Find source files intelligently (glob()-like) to ease script maintenance
Support for global object cache to avoid unnecessary recompilations
Support for unit tests run on programs at the end of builds
Waf supports:
A C/C++ preprocessor for computing dependencies
Fortran is supported with automated detection of Module dependencies
Support for OCaml and hybrid programs, and for GNOME programs
Support for the D programming language (both gdc and dmd are supported)
Support for C#, Java, Python project
Provides various tools for processing DocBook, man pages,
Waf is written in Python. Rather than being intended to be installed as a prerequisite piece of system software, as with build systems such as GNU make, it is distributed as a script including an embedded archive file, intended to be run to unpack the Waf sources within a project's own source tree.
License
Waf's source code is released under the terms of the New BSD License. However, Nagy's intent is that Waf is to be included as part of an individual software project rather than installed as a system-wide build system. To that effec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Fujitsu%20products | Fujitsu, a multinational computer hardware and IT services company, provides services and consulting as well as a range of products including computing products, software, telecommunications, microelectronics, and more. Fujitsu also offers customized IT products that go beyond the off-the shelf products listed below.
Products and services
References
Fujitsu products
Products
Fujitsu products |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMRIB%20Software%20Library | The FMRIB Software Library, abbreviated FSL, is a software library containing image analysis and statistical tools for functional, structural and diffusion MRI brain imaging data.
FSL is available as both precompiled binaries and source code for Apple and PC (Linux) computers. It is freely available for non-commercial use.
FSL Functionality
History and development
FSL is written mainly by members of the FMRIB (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain) Analysis Group, Oxford
University, UK. The first release of FSL was in 2000; there has been
approximately one major new release each year to date. The FMRIB
Analysis Group is primarily funded by the Wellcome Trust and the UK EPSRC and
MRC Research Councils.
See also
AFNI
FreeSurfer
SPM
Neuroimaging
External links
FSL website
FMRIB Analysis Group
References
Computing in medical imaging
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Information technology organisations based in the United Kingdom
Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging software
Organisations associated with the University of Oxford
Wellcome Trust
Organizations established in 2012
2012 establishments in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearfield%20Creek | Clearfield Creek is a <ref
name=NHD>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map , accessed August 8, 2011</ref> tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Cambria and Clearfield counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
Clearfield Creek rises in woodlands near Loretto, Pennsylvania, initially running generally eastward. After being dammed to form Cresson Lake, it flows generally northeast or north-northeast, receiving tributaries from both east and west. Paralleled along much of its length by Pennsylvania Route 53, it passes through small towns such as Ashville, Coalport, and Glen Hope, joining the West Branch Susquehanna River near the community of Clearfield. Its valley was used by the Pennsylvania Railroad as a railroad corridor, climbing from Clearfield to a wye junction in Cresson. The Cresson–Flinton section is still used by the R.J. Corman Railroad/Pennsylvania Lines.
Clearfield Creek was named for the clear fields cut down by grazing buffalo.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
External links
U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
Clearfield Creek Watershed Association (C.C.W.A.)
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the West Branch Susquehanna River
Rivers of Cambria County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Clearfield County, Pennsylvania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote%20%28disambiguation%29 | A zygote is a fertilized biological cell.
Zygote may also refer to:
Zygote (album), the first solo album from John Popper
Zygote (software), a software component of the Android operating system
Zygote Media Group, a high-end 3D rendering and animation software company
Zygote in My Coffee, an underground magazine in the United States published 2003–2010
Zygote (2017), a short SF/horror movie created by Oats Studios |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%20for%20Bhopal | Students for Bhopal (SfB) is an international network of students and supporters working in solidarity with the survivors of the Bhopal disaster – the world's worst-ever industrial catastrophe - in their struggle for justice. Through education, grassroots organizing and non-violent direct action, SfB builds pressure against Dow Chemical and the Indian Government to uphold the Bhopalis' demand for justice, and their fundamental human right to live free of chemical poison. It was coordinated by Ryan Bodanyi, who founded the organization in 2003.
Relationship with survivors
Students for Bhopal is guided by the demands, campaigns and vision of the survivors themselves. SfB was founded as the "student wing" of the International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal (ICJB), an international coalition of organizations and institutions dedicated to supporting the campaign of the Bhopal survivors. Four grassroots Bhopali organizations form the core of ICJB - Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Stationery Karmchari Sangh, Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Purush Sangharsh Morcha, Bhopal Group for Information and Action and Bhopal ki Awaaz – and provide the guidance and inspiration for its work around the globe, including the work of Students for Bhopal.
Campaigns
Students for Bhopal volunteers work within their own institutions and communities to build pressure on against Dow Chemical and the Indian Government to meet the demands of the Bhopali survivors. These campaigns can take a variety of forms, but often start with education and awareness-raising efforts. These not only lay the groundwork for future campaigns, but also create new advocates and volunteers as well.
Students have advocated for universities and colleges which own stock in Dow Chemical to either divest from the company, or support a shareholder resolution which requests that Dow report on the threat its inaction may pose to the company. Some universities and colleges do not hold stock in Dow Chemical, but do accept funding from them. In such cases Students for Bhopal chapters have demanded that their schools should reject funding from Dow until the corporation resolves its outstanding liabilities in Bhopal.
Many universities and colleges also serve as recruiting grounds for Dow Chemical. Students for Bhopal volunteers have instead worked to educate their fellow students about Dow's legacy of contamination and environmental damage, urging them to sign a pledge not to work for Dow until it addresses its outstanding responsibilities in Bhopal.
Students for Bhopal has also worked to engage Dow's Board of Directors. As Dow's ultimate decision-making authority, SfB volunteers have continued to ask Dow's Board members to take responsibility for Bhopal through letter writing campaigns, fax and email actions, phone calls, personal visits and protests.
The Government of India has also been a target of the survivors’ demands, and Students for Bhopal members have echoed survivors' requests for safe drinking water, soci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopia | Scopia, within the computer networking and telecommunications fields, is a series of unified communications products that provide meet-me, videoconferencing and online collaboration. The Scopia products include the Scopia XT Telepresence, Scopia XT7100 Room System (supporting also the H.265 standard), Scopia XT5000 Room System, Scopia XT4300 Room System, SCOPIA XT1000 Piccolo, XT Meeting Center Room System, Scopia Firewall Traversal, Multipoint control units, Gateways, Scopia Control, Scopia Desktop Video Conferencing, and Scopia Mobile HD Video Conferencing. The Scopia products are developed and sold by Avaya and their Business Partner network.
History
On 30 April 2012 shareholders approved the acquisition of Radvision by Avaya for about $230 million.
Plans were announced in June to integrate Radvision products with the Avaya Aura Unified Communication systems.
XT5000 room systems
The Scopia XT5000 is a unified communication video conferencing system with many video conferencing endpoint options. The system is capable of dual 1080p/60fps live video content, HD Audio, H.264, Scalable Video Coding (SVC), along with iPad multi-touch control. The XT5000 system also automatically scales bandwidth in unpredictable network environments during the video conferencing. The Scopia XT5000 systems include the 5200 Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture (ATCA) carrier grade systems (5230 and 5215 systems), and the XT5100 systems (5120, 5115, 5110, and 5105).
Awards
Editor’s Choice Award for achievement in 2009 from industry analyst Telepresence and Videoconferencing Insight Newsletter
2012 Frost & Sullivan New Product Innovation Award
JITC Certified
XT4200 room system
High Definition video communications. The features include 720p/60fps live video and content, HD audio, H.264 High Profile and Scalable Video Coding, dual display support and a wide angle Pan–tilt–zoom (PTZ) camera.
Desktop and mobile
The desktop software is compatible with both Microsoft Windows and Mac systems, and works with the web browsers: Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Google Chrome. The system uses H.323 and SIP standards to inter-operate with other video conferencing systems. Scalable Video Coding insures performance over congested networks without affecting other users. The Scopia Content Slider feature allows users of Scopia Desktop and Scopia Mobile clients to individually review already presented content (slides, annotated whiteboards etc.) during a presentation.
Scopia Mobile allows HD video conferencing from mobile devices such as the iPad, iPhone iPod and Android Wireless connection speeds over cell systems varies greatly and NetSense optimizes the conference session as it monitors the connection quality, dynamically changing from HD video to whatever the connection can support as needed.
No client is known to work under other operating systems (Linux, for example). A cross-platform WebRTC endpoint is available only on select Scopia server |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDL | UDL may refer to:
Universal Data Link, a file format storing information about database connections
Universal Design for Learning, an educational framework
University of Lleida (Universitat de Lleida), a university in Lleida, Spain
Urban debate league, a high school debate teams group in the United States
User defined literals, ways to customize literals in C++ programming language since C++11. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacbase | IBM VisualAge Pacbase is a code-switching structured programming language that is developed and maintained by IBM. VisualAge Pacbase runs on both IBM and non-IBM mainframes and integrates with IBM WebSphere Studio Application Developer. When compiling Pacbase code it is first translated into COBOL and then compiled to binary.
PACBASE was an early advanced computer-aided software engineering (CASE) software for mainframes and Unix systems from CGI (Compagnie Générale d'Informatique, a French software house) that supported a wide variety of databases, including DB2 and Oracle. PACBASE generated COBOL code for the servers, and Visual Age for PACBASE was used to create the client side. IBM purchased CGI in the early 1990s and absorbed the code-generating tools into its other offerings.
Pacbase is now considered a legacy system; its main remaining use is in Francophone markets. IBM supported Pacbase through 2015.
More details on the French page of VisualAge Pacbase.
References
External links
IBM VisualAge Pacbase Overview
PCMAG Definition of PACBASE
European Users Club of VisualAge Pacbase
PTF is an HP offer, complete and highly automated processing transforming Pacbase into structured COBOL
RPPz : replacement solution for VisualAge Pacbase from IBM
Raincode Labs PACBASE Migration: an automated service to convert PACBASE systems to maintainable native COBOL
PTF - Program Transformation Factory: Euraxiel (founded by CGI Systems experts) and HP have partnered to offer an end-to-end fully automated PACBASE to maintainable native COBOL transformation service
IBM software
IBM mainframe software
Fourth-generation programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PipeRench | The PipeRench Reconfigurable Computing Project is a project from the Carnegie Mellon University intended to improve reconfigurable computing systems. It aims to allow hardware virtualization through high-speed reconfiguration, in order to minimize resource constraints in FPGAs and similar systems.
The project has already succeeded in manufacturing a chip and testing it. PipeRench has been licensed by a start-up—Rapport and is the basis of their Kilocore chip.
External links
PipeRench official site
Reconfigurable computing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Software%20Systems | The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) is a computer science research institute co-located in Saarbrücken and Kaiserslautern, Germany. The institute is chartered to conduct basic research in all areas related to the design, analysis, modelling, implementation and evaluation of complex software systems. Particular areas of interest include programming systems, distributed and networked systems, embedded and autonomous systems, as well as crosscutting aspects like formal modelling and analysis of software systems, security, dependability and software engineering. It joins over 80 other institutes run by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, which conduct world-class basic research in medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, technology and the humanities.
One of the two bases of the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems is located on the Saarland Informatics Campus, itself based on the campus of the Saarland University, a cluster of research institutes working in the field of computer science and informatics. Located immediately adjacent to the Saarbrücken base is the MPI for Informatics (MPII) for which the institute works closely and shares core IT and administrative services. The institutes other base is on the campus of the University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, working in co-operation with its computer science department and the Fraunhofer Institutes for Experimental Software Engineering and for Industrial Mathematics.
Research School
The International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science (IMPRS-CS) was the graduate school of the MPI-SWS and the MPII. It was operational between 2000 and 2019 and offered a fully funded PhD-Program (in cooperation with Saarland University). The spokesperson was Prof. Dr. Gerhard Weikum.
It was succeeded by the International Max Planck Research School on Trustworthy Computing (in cooperation with Computer Science Department at Saarland University, and the Computer Science Department at TU Kaiserslautern). The spokesperson is Anja Feldmann.
Organization
The institute was founded in November 2004, and ever since is actively seeking to augment its plant of researchers. Summing up both locations, the institute has a total capacity of 5 directors, 12 tenure-track or tenured faculty members, and approximately 100 postdocs and doctoral students.
Currently, the institute comprises the following directors:
Peter Druschel, head of the Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Group.
Derek Dreyer, head of the Foundations of Programming Group.
Paul Francis, head of the Large Scale Internet Systems Group.
Krishna Gummadi, head of the Networked Systems Group.
Rupak Majumdar, head of the Rigorous Software Engineering Group.
Joël Ouaknine, head of the Foundations of Algorithmic Verification Group.
and the following tenured or tenure-track faculty members:
Bjorn Brandenburg, head of the Real-Time Systems Group.
Deepak Garg, head of the Foundations of Computer Security Group.
Manuel Gomez Rodri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20scheduling | Interval scheduling is a class of problems in computer science, particularly in the area of algorithm design. The problems consider a set of tasks. Each task is represented by an interval describing the time in which it needs to be processed by some machine (or, equivalently, scheduled on some resource). For instance, task A might run from 2:00 to 5:00, task B might run from 4:00 to 10:00 and task C might run from 9:00 to 11:00. A subset of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap on the machine/resource. For example, the subset {A,C} is compatible, as is the subset {B}; but neither {A,B} nor {B,C} are compatible subsets, because the corresponding intervals within each subset overlap.
The interval scheduling maximization problem (ISMP) is to find a largest compatible set, i.e., a set of non-overlapping intervals of maximum size. The goal here is to execute as many tasks as possible, that is, to maximize the throughput. It is equivalent to finding a maximum independent set in an interval graph.
A generalization of the problem considers machines/resources. Here the goal is to find compatible subsets whose union is the largest.
In an upgraded version of the problem, the intervals are partitioned into groups. A subset of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap, and moreover, no two intervals belong to the same group (i.e., the subset contains at most a single representative of each group). Each group of intervals corresponds to a single task, and represents several alternative intervals in which it can be executed.
The group interval scheduling decision problem (GISDP) is to decide whether there exists a compatible set in which all groups are represented. The goal here is to execute a single representative task from each group. GISDPk is a restricted version of GISDP in which the number of intervals in each group is at most k.
The group interval scheduling maximization problem (GISMP) is to find a largest compatible set - a set of non-overlapping representatives of maximum size. The goal here is to execute a representative task from as many groups as possible. GISMPk is a restricted version of GISMP in which the number of intervals in each group is at most k. This problem is often called JISPk, where J stands for Job.
GISMP is the most general problem; the other two problems can be seen as special cases of it:
ISMP is the special case in which each task belongs to its own group (i.e. it is equal to GISMP1).
GISDP is the problem of deciding whether the maximum exactly equals the number of groups.
All these problems can be generalized by adding a weight for each interval, representing the profit from executing the task in that interval. Then, the goal is to maximize the total weight.
All these problems are special cases of single-machine scheduling, since they assume that all tasks must run on a single processor. Single-machine scheduling is a special case of optimal job scheduling.
Single-Interval Scheduling Maximiza |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20isolation | In computer science, temporal isolation is the capability of a set of processes running on the same system to run without interferences concerning their temporal constraints among each other.
Specifically, there is temporal isolation among processes whenever the ability for each process to respect its own timing constraints (e.g. terminating a computation within a specified time) does not depend on the temporal behavior of other unrelated processes running on the same system, thus sharing with it a set of resources such as the CPU, disk, network, etc.
Operating systems able to provide such guarantees to running processes are suitable for hosting real-time applications.
See also
References
Computing terminology
Computer science articles needing expert attention
Real-time computing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry%20Blossoms%20%28marriage%20agency%29 | Cherry Blossoms is the oldest and one of the largest international social networking companies. It was established in 1974 as a catalog specializing in women from Asia. The agency printed catalogs of "personals" listings, selling addresses to customers who were then able to correspond directly with the women. Eventually, photographs supplemented text listings, then color photographs were added. As of 2001, Cherry Blossoms had evolved entirely to a web-based format.
History
According to company president Mike Krosky, Cherry Blossoms operates in over a hundred countries, with a focus on China, South America, and Southeast Asia (especially the Philippines). The company is often mentioned in news articles about the "mail order bride" industry.
Cases of abuse and murder involving couples who met via Cherry Blossoms include the case of Jack Reeves, who was convicted of murdering two of his wives.
References
External links
Alexa Page Rank for Cherry Blossoms
Organizations established in 1974 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber%20tapping | Fiber tapping uses a network tap method that extracts signal from an optical fiber without breaking the connection. Tapping of optical fiber allows diverting some of the signal being transmitted in the core of the fiber into another fiber or a detector. Fiber to the home (FTTH) systems use beam splitters to allow many users to share one backbone fiber connecting to a central office, cutting the cost of each connection to the home. Test equipment can simply put a bend in the fiber and extract sufficient light to identify a fiber or determine if a signal is present.
Similar techniques can surreptitiously tap fiber for surveillance, although this is rarely done where electronic equipment used in telecommunication is required to allow access to any phone line for tapping by legal authorization. Tapping the fiber means that all signals from every communications source being routed through the fiber are presented and must be sorted for relevant data, an immense task when thousands of sources of data or voice may be present.
According to reports, the US government used fiber tapping for surveillance following the September 11, 2001 attacks. Also the USS Jimmy Carter, a nuclear submarine, was modified to allow tapping undersea communication cables.
Detecting fiber taps
One way to detect fiber tapping is by noting increased attenuation added at the point of tapping. Some systems can detect sudden attenuation on a fiber link and will automatically raise an alarm. There are, however, tappers which allow tapping without significant added attenuation.
In either case, there should be a change of scattering pattern in that point in line, which potentially can be detectable. However, once the tapper has been detected, it may be too late since a part of the information has already been eavesdropped on.
Countermeasures
One countermeasure of fiber tapping is encryption, to make the intercepted data unintelligible to the thief. Another is to deploy a fiber-optic sensor into the existing raceway, conduit, or armored cable. In this scenario, it can be detected if someone attempts to physically access the data (copper or fiber infrastructure). A small number of alarm systems manufacturers provide a simple way to monitor the optical fiber for physical intrusion. There is also a proven solution that utilizes existing unused fiber (dark fiber) in a multi-strand cable for the purpose of creating an alarm system.
In the alarmed cable scenario, the sensing mechanism uses optical interferometry in which modally dispersive coherent light traveling through the multi-mode fiber mixes at the fiber's terminus, resulting in a characteristic pattern of light and dark splotches called a speckle pattern. The laser speckle is stable as long as the fiber remains immobile, but flickers when the fiber is vibrated. A fiber-optic sensor works by measuring the time dependence of this speckle pattern and applying digital signal processing to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Business%20%28TV%20series%29 | The Business is a Canadian television series, which airs on The Movie Network in Canada and IFC in the United States.
The show centres on Vic Morgan (Rob Deleeuw), an adult film director of a low-budget softcore pornographic series similar to Girls Gone Wild. He attempts to become a legitimate film maker after having converted to Judaism to be successful in the entertainment industry. Season one depicts the production of his first independent film and the difficulties along the way with an undisciplined production staff, poorly skilled actors, and an eccentric Japanese investor. Season two follows the company following the success of its first film as they search for a follow-up project.
The series is filmed and produced in Montreal by Philms Pictures, and has a predominantly Canadian cast.
Characters
Main
Recurring
Kaela Bahrey as Vic's daughter Beatrice Morgenstein.
Matt Silver as Terrence von Holtzen, the freshly promoted Associate Co-head of the Animation and Historical Adaptation Department.
Nobuya Shimamoto as Vic's former brother-in-law and film investor, Kenji Nakamura.
Ellen David as Vic's Flicks brutally honest secretary, Shelley Baker.
Glenda Braganza as new employee Nancy Drake.
Neil Napier as greasy accountant Wendell Cooper.
Sophie Grégoire as Brooke Fairchild.
Claire Brosseau as eccentric interior decorator Rhonda Goldenblatt.
Karen Cliche as Scarlet Saint-James, star of Vic's legitimate indie-thriller.
Episodes
Series overview
Season 1 (2006)
Season 2 (2007)
Premiered Sun, August 5, 2007 @ 11:00pm ET/PT on IFC
Notes
This series airs on IFC in a paired timeslot where The Minor Accomplishments of Jackie Woodman, starring Laura Kightlinger airs in the last half-hour of the hour-long timeslot.
References
External links
2006 Canadian television series debuts
2007 Canadian television series endings
2000s Canadian sitcoms
2006 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
Television shows set in Montreal
IFC (American TV channel) original programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWoz | iWoz: From Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It is a 2006 New York Times bestselling autobiography by computer engineer and programmer Steve Wozniak. It was co-authored by writer Gina Smith and published by W. W. Norton & Company.
In iWoz, Wozniak gives a short history of his life, the founding of Apple Computer and some of his other ventures. Near the end of the book, Wozniak explains that he wrote the book in order to dispel some misconceptions that have been spread about him, his relationship with Steve Jobs and his relationship with and feelings towards Apple. Wozniak presents his story in short vignettes, never longer than a few pages, and most no longer than just a few paragraphs.
The photo plates of the book use several images from Wikimedia Commons.
Synopsis
Wozniak starts his autobiography with a description of his parents, some of their history, and describes how his father had a top secret job involving electronics. He goes on to describe how his father took the time to describe to him, in detail, how electronic components work. He cites this as a major reason for his later success.
Wozniak discusses how he decided to enroll at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Because of the high tuition, and an inadvertent expense he had incurred for the university's computer department, he was unable to attend for a second year and instead enrolled in the local junior college, De Anza College.
Wozniak describes his encounter with the first successful video arcade game, Pong, at a bowling alley with Alice (then his fiancée). He describes just staring at it, amazed that computers could be used in such a way. He went home and recreated the game on his own, using a standard television for the display (which in itself, took some doing). He even added some features not found on the commercial game, such as displaying the score onscreen and displaying four-letter exclamations when missing a ball. Once while visiting Jobs, he showed it to one of the top executives of Atari, Inc., Al Alcorn (who was also the designer of the original game), who was so impressed that he offered Wozniak a job right on the spot. Wozniak declined, however, explaining that he could never leave Hewlett-Packard (HP) where he was currently employed.
While still with HP, Wozniak describes his moonlighting development, with Jobs, of the prototype of the arcade game Breakout for Atari, Inc. in only four days. He also describes, without bitterness, how Jobs shortchanged him on the job. Jobs, who worked for Atari Inc., said he would give Wozniak half of "whatever they paid him" for development of the game. Jobs subsequently gave Wozniak $375, saying Atari Inc. paid him $750 for the game. Wozniak later found out that Atari Inc. actually paid Jobs $5,000 for the game.
Right after designing the Apple I (1976), Wozniak set about designing the Apple II (1977). He says that all the ideas for improving the co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diplomatic%20missions%20of%20Liechtenstein | This is a list of diplomatic missions of Liechtenstein, excluding honorary consulates. Owing to its size and population, the Principality of Liechtenstein maintains a very small network of diplomatic missions; four embassies in Central Europe, and one embassy in North America.
Since 1919, Switzerland has represented Liechtenstein in those countries wherein Liechtenstein itself does not maintain consular representation.
America
Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
Europe
Vienna (Embassy)
Brussels (Embassy)
Berlin (Embassy)
Bern (Embassy)
Multilateral organisations
Brussels (Mission to the European Union)
Geneva (Mission to the multilateral institutions in that city)
New York (Mission to the United Nations)
Strasbourg (Mission to the Council of Europe)
Gallery
See also
Foreign relations of Liechtenstein
List of diplomatic missions in Liechtenstein
List of diplomatic missions of Switzerland
References
External links
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Principality of Liechtenstein.
Foreign relations of Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein
Diplomatic missions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma%20Wyman | Irma M. Wyman (January 31, 1928 - November 17, 2015) was an early computer engineer and the first woman to become vice president of Honeywell, Inc. She was a systems thinking tutor and was the first female CIO of Honeywell.
Academic life
In 1945, Wyman received a Regents Scholarship and was accepted into the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan as one of seven female students. To supplement her scholarship, she worked as a switchboard operator and waitress.
At the time, women in engineering programs received little encouragement and support. While her grades qualified her for membership in Tau Beta Pi, the engineering honor society, she received only a "Women's Badge", since the society did not admit women at the time. Wyman graduated with a Bachelor of Science/EM degree in 1949.
Career
Computing Future Thought Leadership
While still a junior in college, Wyman worked on a missile guidance project at the Willow Run Research Center. To calculate trajectory, they used mechanical calculators. She visited the U.S. Naval Proving Ground where Grace Hopper was working on similar problems and discovered they were using a prototype of a programmable Mark II computer developed at Harvard University. She became interested in computers and later recalled that "I became an enthusiastic pioneer in this new technology and it led to my life's career."
After graduation, she joined a start-up company that was eventually acquired by Honeywell Information Systems. She moved to Minneapolis and began a long management career at Honeywell, eventually serving as chief information officer. She became vice president of Honeywell Corporate Information Management (CIM) before retiring in 1990.
Wyman then began a second career as archdeacon in the Minnesota Diocese of the Episcopal Church where she coached servant leadership, retiring again after ten years as Archdeacon of the Diocese of Minnesota.
Wyman supported research and planning as a thought leader in futures studies. As an aside to this, she contended to an interviewer in 1979, that
it's just as important to know when to ignore all the careful planning and seize an opportunity.
Wyman endowed the Irma M. Wyman Scholarship at the University of Michigan's Center for the Education of Women to support women in engineering, computer science and related fields. Irma's persistent advocacy for women in computer science reflects those of her early career mentor:
Awards and honors
Michigan Engineering Alumni Society Medal - 2001
Honorary Doctor of Engineering, University of Michigan - 2007
Quote
We never get a second chance to make a first impression. (1983–1987)
When sponsoring Honeywell's innovative Corporate Information Management Information Security Awareness Program (ISAP).
See also
Harvard Mark II
Women in computing
Women in engineering
References
External links
Scientists from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
1928 births
2015 death |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diplomatic%20missions%20of%20San%20Marino | The Republic of San Marino maintains a small network of diplomatic missions owing to its diminutive size.
Furthermore, San Marino maintains an extensive network of honorary consulates.
Asia
Jakarta (Embassy)
Tokyo (Embassy)
Europe
Tirana (Embassy)
Vienna (Embassy)
Brussels (Embassy)
Sarajevo (Embassy)
Paris (Embassy)
Rome (Embassy)
Rome (Embassy)
Madrid (Embassy)
Multilateral organisations
Geneva (Delegation to the International Committee of the Red Cross and Mission to the UN bodies in Geneva)
New York City (Mission to the United Nations)
Paris (Mission to UNESCO)
Strasbourg (Mission to the Council of Europe)
Gallery
See also
Foreign relations of San Marino
List of diplomatic missions in San Marino
Notes
References
San Marino
Foreign relations of San Marino
Diplomatic missions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Odessa%20File%20%28film%29 | The Odessa File is an 1974 thriller film, adapted from the 1972 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth, about a reporter's investigation of a neo-Nazi political-industrial network in post-Second World War West Germany. The film stars Jon Voight, Mary Tamm, Maximilian Schell and Maria Schell and was directed by Ronald Neame, with a score by Andrew Lloyd Webber. It was the only film that the Schell siblings made together.
Plot
On 22 November 1963, the day of the John F. Kennedy assassination in Dallas, Peter Miller (Jon Voight), a young freelance reporter in Hamburg, West Germany, pulls his car over to the kerb to listen to a radio report of the event. As a result, he happens to be stopped at a traffic signal as an ambulance passes by on a highway.
He follows the ambulance and discovers it is en route to pick up the body of an elderly man who has committed suicide, leaving behind no family. Peter obtains the man's diary and learns the man was Salomon Tauber (Towje Kleiner), a Jewish Holocaust survivor. Salomon's diary details information on his life in the Riga Ghetto during World War II, including the name of the SS officer who ran the camp, Eduard Roschmann (Maximilian Schell). Salomon's diary catalogues all of Roschmann's crimes including the murder of a highly decorated Wehrmacht officer (Oskar Werner) while attempting to flee at the end of the war.
Peter is filled with a determination to hunt Roschmann down and he sets out to meet famed Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal, who informs him about ODESSA, a secret organization for former members of the SS which is developing a missile guidance system for Nasserist Egypt. Wiesenthal explains that most of the West Berlin Police are members of ODESSA and not to be trusted. As Peter leaves he is accosted by Israeli Mossad agents who suspect Peter of trying to harm Wiesenthal. Peter manages to convince the men that his true mission is to find and bring Roschmann to justice. The Israelis propose to send Peter deep undercover in the ODESSA. Peter agrees to the mission and with the help of the Israelis, they provide him with a cover identity. Peter is to be a former SS soldier who died recently in a nearby hospital. Before going under cover, Peter then leaves his girlfriend Sigi (Mary Tamm).
The Israelis drill Peter on all details of his cover identity in preparation of meeting with ODESSA. Complete with a new cover identity, Peter gains access to the inner ranks of the ODESSA. After getting through his first test he is sent to get a fake passport from a forger who is working for ODESSA. While awaiting his train, Peter blunders by making a call to Sigi to assure her that he is OK. Thinking he is safe, he boards the train. Meanwhile, the ODESSA report back that Peter has made a call and they work out that Peter is not who he says he is. An assassin is dispatched to kill him. Peter meets with the forger Klaus Wenzer (Derek Jacobi) a shy insecure young man living with his mother. After taking passport ph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20complex%20processing | Online complex processing (OLCP) is a class of realtime data processing involving complex queries, lengthy queries and/or simultaneous reads and writes to the same records.
Sources
http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=online+complex+processing&i=48345,00.asp
See also
Online transaction processing
OLAP
Transaction processing
Data management
Databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keycap | A keycap is a small cover of plastic, metal, or other material placed over the keyswitch of a computer keyboard. Keycaps are often illustrated to indicate the key function or alphanumeric character they correspond to. Early keyboards were manufactured with the keyswitch and keycap integrated in one unit; keycaps separate from the switch were introduced to facilitate the production of different keyboard layouts.
History
Typical keycaps in the 1970s and 1980s were produced using two-shot molding, with the markings molded into each keycap in a different color of plastic. This eventually fell out of favor, as it was more expensive (particularly in tooling costs), and tended to produce keycaps more durable than the equipment on which they were mounted. Modern keycaps are usually labelled by stamping or laser engraving. However, two-shot molding ("doubleshot") keycaps are still available today, known for their feel and general durability.
Modern keycaps
Keycaps can be bought in replacement sets for a keyboard. Notably, replacement sets are frequently sold for keyboards that use Cherry MX-style stems. Custom sets are bought and sold within the enthusiast communities, and artisan keycaps can be purchased individually. Some artisan keycaps are cast into unique shapes such as LEGO
Keycaps are sold in printed and unprinted varieties. The unprinted variety, known as "Blank Keycaps," is said to promote touch typing and help build muscle memory because the user is forced to rely on motion rather than visuals. There are many designs for you to choose from. From anime design, bi-color design, game-based design, and even custom keycap as you wish. However, within the modern mechanical keyboard community, unprinted caps are typically chosen for their visual appeal.
The most common plastics used are ABS, PBT and POM (see the materials section).
The top of most keycaps may be described as cylinder-shaped (curving to the sides as if a fat cylinder was resting on it), flat or spherical (curving to the top, bottom and sides as if a large sphere was resting on it). The modern preference is for cylinder-shaped keycaps rather than spherical ones, but laptop keys are often flat.
Construction
Materials
Keycaps materials vary among the brands and provide different feels, durability, damage resistance, and other properties.
Printing of characters
Printing of numbers, letters, and symbols on the keycaps is done using pad printing, laser etching, or dye sublimation.
Key profile
As its name suggests, the easiest way to compare key profiles is to look at them from the side. The keyboard profile refers to the profile shapes of each row of keycaps. With different profiles, keys can vary in size, shape, and thickness. When (most) modern key sets vary in profile from row to row, this is called a sculpted profile.
OEM
Cherry
Apple
Tai Hao
Alps
Laser
DCS
SA
SA-P
DSA
HSA
XDA
MT3
Further reading
References
Computer keyboards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20supply%20unit%20%28computer%29 | A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer. Modern personal computers universally use switched-mode power supplies. Some power supplies have a manual switch for selecting input voltage, while others automatically adapt to the main voltage.
Most modern desktop personal computer power supplies conform to the ATX specification, which includes form factor and voltage tolerances. While an ATX power supply is connected to the mains supply, it always provides a 5-volt standby (5VSB) power so that the standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are powered. ATX power supplies are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard. They also provide a signal to the motherboard to indicate when the DC voltages are in spec, so that the computer is able to safely power up and boot. The most recent ATX PSU standard is version 3.0 as of mid-2022.
Functions
The desktop computer power supply converts the alternating current (AC) from a wall socket of mains electricity to a low-voltage direct current (DC) to operate the motherboard, processor and peripheral devices. Several direct-current voltages are required, and they must be regulated with some accuracy to provide stable operation of the computer. A power supply rail or voltage rail refers to a single voltage provided by a PSU.
Some PSUs can also supply a standby voltage, so that most of the computer system can be powered off after preparing for hibernation or shutdown, and powered back on by an event. Standby power allows a computer to be started remotely via wake-on-LAN and Wake-on-ring or locally via Keyboard Power ON (KBPO) if the motherboard supports it. This standby voltage may be generated by a small linear power supply inside the unit or a switching power supply, sharing some components with the main unit to save cost and energy.
History
First-generation microcomputer and home computer power supply units used a heavy step-down transformer and a linear power supply, as used, in for example, the Commodore PET introduced in 1977. The Apple II, also introduced in 1977, was noted for its switched-mode power supply, which was lighter and smaller than an equivalent linear power supply would have been, and which had no cooling fan. The switched-mode supply uses a ferrite-cored high frequency transformer and power transistors that switch thousands of times per second. By adjusting the switching time of the transistor, the output voltage can be closely controlled without dissipating energy as heat in a linear regulator. The development of high-power and high-voltage transistors at economical prices made it practical to introduce switch mode supplies, that had been used in aerospace, mainframes, minicomputers and color television, into desktop personal computers. The Apple II design by Atari engineer Rod Holt was awarded a patent, and was in the vanguard of modern computer power supply design. Now all modern computer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version%20space%20learning | Version space learning is a logical approach to machine learning, specifically binary classification. Version space learning algorithms search a predefined space of hypotheses, viewed as a set of logical sentences. Formally, the hypothesis space is a disjunction
(i.e., either hypothesis 1 is true, or hypothesis 2, or any subset of the hypotheses 1 through ). A version space learning algorithm is presented with examples, which it will use to restrict its hypothesis space; for each example , the hypotheses that are inconsistent with are removed from the space. This iterative refining of the hypothesis space is called the candidate elimination algorithm, the hypothesis space maintained inside the algorithm its version space.
The version space algorithm
In settings where there is a generality-ordering on hypotheses, it is possible to represent the version space by two sets of hypotheses: (1) the most specific consistent hypotheses, and (2) the most general consistent hypotheses, where "consistent" indicates agreement with observed data.
The most specific hypotheses (i.e., the specific boundary SB) cover the observed positive training examples, and as little of the remaining feature space as possible. These hypotheses, if reduced any further, exclude a positive training example, and hence become inconsistent. These minimal hypotheses essentially constitute a (pessimistic) claim that the true concept is defined just by the positive data already observed: Thus, if a novel (never-before-seen) data point is observed, it should be assumed to be negative. (I.e., if data has not previously been ruled in, then it's ruled out.)
The most general hypotheses (i.e., the general boundary GB) cover the observed positive training examples, but also cover as much of the remaining feature space without including any negative training examples. These, if enlarged any further, include a negative training example, and hence become inconsistent. These maximal hypotheses essentially constitute a (optimistic) claim that the true concept is defined just by the negative data already observed: Thus, if a novel (never-before-seen) data point is observed, it should be assumed to be positive. (I.e., if data has not previously been ruled out, then it's ruled in.)
Thus, during learning, the version space (which itself is a set – possibly infinite – containing all consistent hypotheses) can be represented by just its lower and upper bounds (maximally general and maximally specific hypothesis sets), and learning operations can be performed just on these representative sets.
After learning, classification can be performed on unseen examples by testing the hypothesis learned by the algorithm. If the example is consistent with multiple hypotheses, a majority vote rule can be applied.
Historical background
The notion of version spaces was introduced by Mitchell in the early 1980s as a framework for understanding the basic problem of supervised learning within the context of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto%20Fernandez%20%28diplomat%29 | Alberto Miguel Fernandez (born 1958) is a Cuban-American former diplomat. He was the head of the Middle East Broadcasting Networks (MBN), which includes Alhurra. Fernandez is currently vice president of the Middle East Media Research Institute, a position he held 2015-2017. He is a member of the Madrid Forum, an international group of right-wing and far-right individuals organized by Vox.
Career
He is a Non-Resident Fellow in Middle East Politics and Media at the TRENDS Research and Advisory center in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He is also on the Board of Advisors of the International Center for the Study of Violent Extremism (ICSVE) IDC (In Defense of Christians) and the Philos Project. He was a member of the Council of Executives of the Center for Cyber and Homeland Security at Auburn University.
He was the Coordinator for Strategic Counterterrorism Communications (CSCC) at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C. from March 2012 to February 2015. CSCC was set up in September 2011 by White House Executive Order 13584 to combat the propaganda of Al-Qaida, its allies and adherents. He was US Ambassador to Equatorial Guinea, Africa's third largest oil producer and only Spanish speaking country, from January 2010. Before that he was Chargé d'affaires of the U.S. Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan from 2007 to 2009. In Sudan, he worked to maintain the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Accords between the NCP government and the rebels of the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) and to bring humanitarian relief to war-torn Darfur.
Fernandez was the director of the office of press and public diplomacy in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs at the United States Department of State from August 2005 to May 2007. As one of the few to speak fluent Arabic at the U.S. State Department, he was the mouthpiece for U.S. policy in the Middle East. A Newsweek profile started that he gave an average of about 200 interviews a year.
Fernandez has also served in senior US embassy positions, as Counselor for Public Affairs, in Kabul, Amman, Guatemala City, and Damascus. Earlier in his career, he served at the US Embassy in Kuwait (Public Affairs Officer), Managua (Press Attache and Spokesman), Santo Domingo (Director of the Dominican American Cultural Institute, ICDA), and Abu Dhabi.
2006 Al-Jazeera interview
In an Arabic-language interview on Al-Jazeera on October 21, 2006, Fernandez made statements translated as, "I think there is great room for strong criticism, because without doubt, there was arrogance and stupidity by the United States in Iraq."
The State Department reacted by denying that he had made the comments, claiming that they had been "mistranslated." After independent translators confirmed the translation as being correct, a news release issued by the State Department quoted an apology from Fernandez: "Upon reading the transcript of my appearance on Al-Jazeera, I realized that I seriously misspoke by using the phrase 'there has been arrogance and st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20Advanced%20Technology%20Group | The Advanced Technology Group (ATG) was a corporate research laboratory at Apple Computer from 1986 to 1997. ATG was an evolution of Apple's Education Research Group (ERG) and was started by Larry Tesler in October 1986 to study long-term research into future technologies that were beyond the time frame or organizational scope of any individual product group. Over the next decade, it was led by David Nagel, Richard LeFaivre, and Donald Norman. It was known as Apple Research Labs during Norman's tenure as VP of the organization. Steve Jobs closed the group when he returned to Apple in 1997.
ATG had research efforts in both hardware and software, with groups focused on such areas as Human-Computer Interaction, Speech Recognition (by Kai-Fu Lee), Educational Technology, Networking, Information Access, Distributed Operating systems, Collaborative Computing, Computer Graphics, and Language/action perspective. Many of these efforts are described in a special issue of the ACM SIGCHI Bulletin which provided a retrospective of the ATG work after the lab was shut down. ATG was also home to four Apple Fellows: Al Alcorn, object-oriented software pioneer; Alan Kay; Bill Atkinson; Donald Norman; and laser printer inventor Gary Starkweather. Further, ATG funded university research and, starting in 1992, held an annual design competition for teams of students.
Apple's ATG was the birthplace of Color QuickDraw, QuickTime, QuickTime VR, QuickDraw 3D, QuickRing, 3DMF the 3D metafile graphics format, ColorSync, HyperCard, Apple events, SK8, AppleScript, Apple's PlainTalk speech recognition software, the 1986 Möbius ARM based computer prototype, Apple Data Detectors, the V-Twin software for indexing, storing, and searching text documents, Macintalk Pro Speech Synthesis, the Newton handwriting recognizer, the component software technology leading to OpenDoc, MCF, HotSauce, Squeak, and the children's programming environment Cocoa (a trademark Apple later reused for its otherwise unrelated Cocoa application frameworks).
References
External links
SIGCHI: The Apple Advanced Technology Group
Advanced Technology Group
Research institutes in California
Information technology research institutes
Research institutes established in 1986
1986 establishments in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESOMAR | ESOMAR is a membership organization for market, social, opinion, and data analytics professionals and researchers that was founded in 1947. The name ESOMAR is an abbreviation of their original name, the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research, which reflects the original catchment of the organisation. ESOMAR has published an ethics and guidance code for its members since 1948, with a joint code being published with the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) since 1977.
History
ESOMAR was founded in 1947. In 1948 the first version of code of practice for members was published. In 1976 ESOMAR and the ICC determined a single code of practice would be preferable and the first joint code of practice was published in 1977, with revisions in 1986, 1994 and 2007. From the revision in 2016 the title and content was changed to include data analytics.
Activities
ESOMAR produces information about market, opinion, and social research as well as data analytics. An annual multi-day congress is held in-person, except in 2020 and 2021 when it was held as a virtual "Insights Festival".
Research World is a online platform that publishes non-commercial, original content submissions about research and practical issues relevant to marketing and business.
Until 2019, ESOMAR produced the Research World magazine bi-monthly, with publisher Wiley Online Library claiming a worldwide circulation of close to 20,000 with the majority of the readers in Europe.
As the charity arm of ESOMAR, the ESOMAR Foundation helps non-profit organisations through research, supports market research education in developing countries and students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, and provide financial help to researchers in need.
Notes, references and sources
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
See also
Insights Association
American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR)
World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR)
European Survey Research Association (ESRA)
Professional associations based in the Netherlands
Pan-European trade and professional organizations
Market research organizations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20William%20Davidson%20Faculty%20of%20Industrial%20Engineering%20%26%20Management | The Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences is an academic faculty of the Technion and the oldest such department in Israel. The department is currently headed by Prof. Rann Smorodinsky and is based in the Cooper and Bloomfield buildings at Technion City. The department employs 52 faculty members, who as of 2023 served a total of 500 graduate and 1000 undergraduate students.
History
IE&M (Industrial Engineering & Management) was launched as a Technion academic Department in 1958. The Department grew under the visionary leadership of the late Professor Pinchas Naor, who served as its founding Dean. In a more traditional disciplinary model, which is still quite common today, Industrial Engineering (IE), which is typically associated with an engineering school, is separated from management programs that are taught in business schools. In contrast, Naor's vision was to combine IE with management by creating a large, inherently multi-disciplinary unit covering a wide spectrum of activities, from applied engineering to mathematical modeling; from economics and behavioral sciences to operations research and statistics. Prof. Naor saw all of these areas, and more, working in harmony to produce graduates who would form a highly skilled managerial elite for Israeli industry, as well as graduates who would pursue research careers to further enrich the academic community from which they graduated.
The faculty changed its name to "Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences" on January 1st, 2023.
Academics
Undergraduate degree programs
The faculty offers three programs of study toward the undergraduate degree.
Industrial engineering and management
Three main areas of study are offered from which each student chooses one:
Manufacturing and Services Systems Engineering.
Enterprise Information System Engineering. Emphasizes the aspect of information technology and its use in the varied areas of industrial engineering and management. This area of concentration trains students in the use of basic computer science tools (databases and algorithms, internet systems) and system analysis. Here too, special emphasis is put on advance subjects such as management of organizations – customer relations, electronic commerce and knowledge management.
Economics. The planning, evaluation and marketing aspects of economics systems associated with the various areas in industrial engineering and management are explored.
Information systems engineering
Data science and engineering
Graduate programs
The Faculty of Data and Decision Sciences offers five research and two non-research graduate programs:
Information Management Engineering
The graduate program in Information Management Engineering, in designed to provide the knowledge needed by today's and tomorrow's professionals for understanding and developing intelligent and complex information systems with emphasis on the technological-engineering side. The program emphasizes research and focuses on development, implementation an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico-media%20complex | The politico-media complex (PMC, also referred to as the political-media complex) is a name given to the network of relationships between a state's political and ruling classes and its media industry. It may also encompass other interest groups, such as law (and its enforcement), corporations and multinationals. The term PMC is used as a pejorative, to refer to the collusion between governments, individual politicians, and the media industry.
Early media institutions
Before Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in 1450, most information was delivered by town criers, ministers from the pulpit, or bartenders. Town criers spread information and news including royal edicts, police regulations, important community events and war news. These early methods of communication were often delivered by messengers on foot and could be easily controlled by the ruling class. With the invention of the printing press, written news began to spread. Corantos, which were semi-regular pamphlets that reported the news, are an example of the early politico-media complex. Popular in England, corantos reported mostly foreign news as the royal government attempted to control what domestic news reached the masses. Corantos eventually would become regular periodicals that were subject to less political control and mark one of the earlier forms of industrialized media.
Print
Global print media
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers".
Although print media in the West has suffered from declining advertising trends, many newspapers and magazines in the Middle East continue to publish well. For countries in which the majority of the population does not have easy access to the Internet or television, newspapers and magazines are some ways to get the news. However, the independence from political influence and dependability of newsprint is questionable in many countries. The Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index, an index measuring the amount of press freedom in the world implies that in Western first world countries, the rights of the press are not fully respected, and that the press is not completely free to investigate or criticize the government. However, the index also reports the situation is worse in politically unstable nations.
The West
Newspapers and magazines open two-way dialogues between readers and journalists. Some studies have shown that the print media are more likely to reinforce existing political attitudes of the masses than change them.
Reporters Without Borders, an international non-governmental organization that promotes freedom of the press, produces an annual Press Freedom Index assessing countries' press freedom. Reporters Without Borders secretary-general Jean-François Julliard said at the release of the 2009 Press Freedom Ind |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss%20Network | The Kiss Network is a network of radio stations in the United Kingdom, owned by Bauer Media Audio UK, focusing on the 15-34 age group.
According to RAJAR, the network broadcasts to a combined weekly audience of 4.4 million with a listening share of 2.1% as of September 2023.
Stations
Radio:
Kerrang! Radio Unleashed and Klassic Kerrang! Radio were initially available at no cost, as were the other web streamed stations launched around that time, but since 2022 they have been available only to subscribers of the Kerrang! Radio Premium paid-for service.
Television:
Former stations
See also
Kiss Does... Rave
References
External links
KISS at Bauer's Planet Radio
- RadioToday article from 2019 on the initial suite of Kiss, Kerrang! and Heat siblings (the Heat spinoffs have since ceased)
Kiss Network
Bauer Radio
British radio networks
Bauer Group (UK) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD | FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993. In 2005, FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system, accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed and permissively licensed BSD systems.
FreeBSD has similarities with Linux, with two major differences in scope and licensing: FreeBSD maintains a complete system, i.e. the project delivers a kernel, device drivers, userland utilities, and documentation, as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers, and relying on third-parties for system software; FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license, as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux.
The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution. A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed from binary packages using the pkg package management system or from source via FreeBSD Ports, or by manually compiling source code.
Much of FreeBSD's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems such as Darwin (the basis for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and tvOS), TrueNAS (an open-source NAS/SAN operating system), and the system software for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 game consoles. The other BSD systems (OpenBSD, NetBSD, and DragonFly BSD) also contain a large amount of FreeBSD code, and vice-versa.
History
Background
In 1974, Professor Bob Fabry of the University of California, Berkeley, acquired a Unix source license from AT&T. Supported by funding from DARPA, the Computer Systems Research Group started to modify and improve AT&T Research Unix. They called this modified version "Berkeley Unix" or "Berkeley Software Distribution" (BSD), implementing features such as TCP/IP, virtual memory, and the Berkeley Fast File System. The BSD project was founded in 1976 by Bill Joy. But since BSD contained code from AT&T Unix, all recipients had to first get a license from AT&T in order to use BSD.
In June 1989, "Networking Release 1" or simply Net-1 – the first public version of BSD – was released. After releasing Net-1, Keith Bostic, a developer of BSD, suggested replacing all AT&T code with freely-redistributable code under the original BSD license. Work on replacing AT&T code began and, after 18 months, much of the AT&T code was replaced. However, six files containing AT&T code remained in the kernel. The BSD developers decided to release the "Networking Release 2" (Net-2) without those six files. Net-2 was released in 1991.
Birth of FreeBSD
In 1992, several months after the release of Net-2, William and Lynne Jolitz wrote replacements for the six AT&T files, ported BSD to Intel 80386-based microprocessors, and called their new operating system 386BSD. They released 386BSD via an anonymous FTP server. The development flow of 386BSD was slow, and after a period of neglect, a group o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket%2007 | Cricket 07 is a 2006 cricket simulation computer game developed by EA Canada and HB Studios and published by EA Sports. It is available for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 2. The game was released on 26 November 2006 in Europe and in Australia on 14 November 2006. The cover art for Cricket 07 features English cricketer Andrew Flintoff. This is the last cricket game published by EA Sports. This game has garnered massive popularity among the cricket playing nations and many patches have been produced to update the game.
Gameplay options
Cricket 07 features a number of game types, including limited overs matches (50, 20, 10 or 5 overs), 4-day first-class matches and full-length test matches (5 days). You may select different pitches and different weather conditions in different venues. Several international venues are available, including the Eden Gardens in India and Lord's in England. The venues vary in conditions and pitch type, and these can be changed by the player.
The game gives players the option of entering different international and national contests, including full seasons and tournaments.
Expanded features of EA Sports Cricket 2007 include improved player control and easy stroke play, along with the introduction of the Ashes section. There was also an addition on commentary as Mark Nicholas joined Richie Benaud. The game gives players the option of entering different international and national contests, including full seasons and tournaments:
World Championship: Control up to 16 international teams playing Limited Overs cricket for the World Cup trophy.
World Series: Control three to five teams playing in a day/night tournament in venues around Australia.
Knockout Cup: Control eight teams playing in a limited over tournament to win the trophy.
Test Series: Choose two teams to contest a series of one to six Test matches.
Tour: Select a team and engage in a series of Tour, One Day, and Test matches with the host nation's teams. The tours are
Long Australia Tour
Long England Tour
Short Australia Tour
Short England Tour
Sub-Continent Tour
Caribbean Tour
South African Tour
New Zealand and Zimbabwe Tour
One-Day Circuit Tour
Australian State
State Season: The six state sides compete over an entire season.
Pura Cup: Australia's four-day, two-innings tournament.
One Day Domestic Series: Australia's 50-over One Day competition.
KFC Twenty20 Big Bash: Australia's Twenty20 competition, where teams are divided into two pools of three.
English County
County Season: The 18 county teams play a full season of first-class cricket featuring all four competitions.
Liverpool Victoria County Championship: England's four-day, two-innings, divisional tournament.
NatWest Pro40: England's 40-over, One Day tournament between two divisions.
C&G Trophy: A Limited Overs tournament with the winners of the North and South divisions playing for the trophy.
Twenty20 Cup: England's Twenty20 competition.
The Ashes
Players can compete f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR%20D%20class%20%281874%29 | NZR D class steam tank locomotives operated on New Zealand's national railway network. The first entered service in 1874 all had been withdrawn by the end of 1927, which allowed the D classification to be used again in 1929.
Introduction
The boiler and cylinders were the same as the slightly earlier C class, but its driving wheels had a larger diameter and it was aesthetically different from the C. The class was ordered in a number of batches: eight from Neilson and Company in 1874, five from Dübs and Company and four from Neilson in 1878, seven from Neilson in 1880, ten from Scott Brothers in 1887, and the final D from Scott Brothers in 1890. The order with Scott Brothers, placed in 1884, was the first large-scale construction of locomotives in New Zealand.
Names
Four of the 1874 locomotives were named:
D 143: Trout
D 144: Kingfisher
D 169: Possum
D 240: Snapper
Operation
The class was not particularly powerful and was employed on light duties, sometimes achieving speeds of 72.4 km/h (45 mph) on a level grade. They often saw service on commuter trains between Christchurch and Lyttelton until superior locomotives took their place, and they were utilised at other major locations on the South Island's east coast. In the North Island, D 137 was used in 1905 as part of a "railcar" trial service between Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, hauling a carriage that seated 24 first class passengers, 48 second class passengers, and had a guard's compartment. It was inspired by locomotive/carriage combinations the General Manager of NZR witnessed in the eastern United States. The combination was overpowered and uneconomic and did not last long in service.
Withdrawal
The first D to leave NZR's service went to the Public Works Department in 1899, and three more followed in the next two years, one to the PWD and the other two to private businesses. The rest of the class continued to operate for over a decade. Withdrawal began during World War I; the class had long since been superseded by newer and more powerful engines, but they were ideally sized for private sidings and bush tramways, so many were sold rather than scrapped. Only eight remained in service at the start of 1920, and the last left NZR in May 1927. The PWD and private industries continued to use them for decades - a few examples survived into the 1960s. This included D 137, which operated until 1963 on the truncated portion of the Hutt Valley Line that remained as an industrial rail siding for the Gear Meat Preserving and Freezing Company.
Preservation
Seven locomotives have been preserved, with two operational.
The first to be returned to operational condition was D 16, owned by the Pleasant Point Museum and Railway,.
Next was D 140 at the Ferrymead Railway.
D 6 is owned by the Ocean Beach Railway and is to be restored by Bulleid Engineering in Winton for static display at Lumsden.
D 137 and D 143 are awaiting restoration at the Silver Stream Railway.
D 170 is on static disp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiportal | In computer-generated imagery and real-time 3D computer graphics, antiportal rendering is a way to reduce overdraw (the rendering of detail which will not be in the final image), and in this way to optimize draw speed. Antiportals are the inverse of portals.
An antiportal (or occluder) works by defining a plane or volume which can never be seen through, normally by placing it within an opaque object. The renderer uses this to quickly calculate which objects/faces/vertices lie behind the antiportal, and so are out of line of sight, so do not need to be rendered.
Many video games and 3D graphics programs use this technique for speed rendering. Unreal Tournament 2004, among many other games, uses this technique.
See also
Portal rendering
References
Computer graphics
Unreal (video game series) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Steinbuch | Karl W. Steinbuch (June 15, 1917 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – June 4, 2005 in Ettlingen) was a German computer scientist, cyberneticist, and electrical engineer. He was an early and influential researcher of German computer science, and was the developer of the Lernmatrix, an early implementation of artificial neural networks. Steinbuch also wrote about the societal implications of modern media.
Biography
Steinbuch studied at the University of Stuttgart and in 1944 he received his PhD in physics. In 1948 he joined Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL, part of the ITT group) in Stuttgart, as a computer design engineer and later as a director of research and development, where he filed more than 70 patents. There Steinbuch completed the first European fully transistorized computer, the ER 56 marketed by SEL. In 1958 he became professor and director of the institute of technology for information processing (ITIV) of the University of Karlsruhe, where he retired in 1980.
In 1967 he began publishing books, in which he tried to influence German education policy. Together with books from colleagues like Jean Ziegler from Switzerland, Eric J. Hobsbawm from UK, and John Naisbitt his books predicted what he regarded as the coming education disaster of the emerging civic lobby society.
In 1957, together with Helmut Gröttrup, Steinbuch coined the term Informatik, the German word for computer science, which gave informatics, and the term kybernetische Anthropologie ().
Awards and recognition
Wilhelm-Boelsche award - medal in Gold
German non-fiction book award
Gold medal award of the XXI. International Congresses on Aerospace Medicine
Konrad Adenauer award of science
Jakob Fugger award medal
Medal of merit of the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg
member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
member, International Academy of Science, Munich.
grants from a state government grants program, named "Karl-Steinbuch-Stipendium"
at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology named after him
Books
Steinbuch wrote several books and articles, including:
1957 Informatik: Automatische Informationsverarbeitung ("Informatics: automatic information processing").
1963 Learning matrices and their applications (together with U. A. W. Piske)
1965 A critical comparison of two kinds of adaptive classification networks (together with Bernard Widrow)
1966 (1969): Die informierte Gesellschaft. Geschichte und Zukunft der Nachrichtentechnik (The informed society. History and Future of telecommunications)
1989: Die desinformierte Gesellschaft (The disinformed society)
1968: Falsch programmiert. Über das Versagen unserer Gesellschaft in der Gegenwart und vor der Zukunft und was eigentlich geschehen müßte. (as a bestseller listet in: Der Spiegel) (Programmed falsely. About our society's failure in the present and with respect to the future and what should be done.)
1969: Programm 2000. (as a bestseller listet in: Der Spiegel)
1971: Automat und Mensch. Auf dem Weg zu einer kybernetischen An |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQX | The SQX-Archiver is an open and free data compression and archival format. It can be used in one's own applications free of charge (license and royalty free). The homepage provides an SDK, with source and compiled DLLs which are likewise unencumbered by license costs.
The format was designed by Speedproject for Squeez and it is also supported by TUGZip.
The main advantages of SQX format are
Main compressor is an LZH variant supporting LZ dictionaries from 32K up to 4096K
Ultra compression mode with dictionary up to 32768K
Several compressor extensions to handle multimedia data
High-speed audio (WAV) compressor
Special compressor stage for IA32 executables
Solid and non-solid archives support
Strong 128/256-bit AES encryption (Rijndael) for file data
Independent encryption of archive directories
Internal and external data recovery records
Full support for 64-bit file systems (the size of archives and archive volumes is limited only by the OS)
Support for digitally signed archives (envelope up to 512 bit, encrypted with 2 * 1024 bit)
SFX modules for DOS (32-bit protected mode), Win32 and x64. All SFX modules support multi-volume archives
Archive and file comments
External links
Windows compression software
Archive formats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernmatrix | Lernmatrix, an associative-memory-like architecture of an artificial neural network, invented around 1960 by Karl Steinbuch.
External links
A new theoretical framework for the Steinbuch's Lernmatrix
Pattern recognition and classification using weightless neural networks (WNN) and Steinbuch Lernmatrix
DARPA project will study neural network processes
Artificial neural networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Rush%20%282005%20TV%20series%29 | Sugar Rush is an American cooking television program that aired on the Food Network from 2005 to 2007.
It was hosted by Warren Brown, a former lawyer who decided to become a pastry chef. Brown, who ran a pastry shop, Cake Love, and cafe, Love Cafe in Washington, DC, meets other pastry chefs and dessert makers and cooks with them. The show was described Brown "travel[ing] the country in search of interesting, outrageous desserts." Food Network staff said it was the first show featuring a Washington, DC-area food personality.
It had a 13-episode first season and was picked up for a second season. A total of two seasons aired on the Food Network with a total of 26 episodes.
The show originally aired at 9:30pm on Wednesdays and included guests such as TV baker Duff Goldman and celebrity chef Jose Andres.
It is currently available on Amazon Prime and Sflix.
References
External links
Warren Brown profile
2000s American cooking television series
2005 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
Food Network original programming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter%20machine | A counter machine is an abstract machine used in a formal logic and theoretical computer science to model computation. It is the most primitive of the four types of register machines. A counter machine comprises a set of one or more unbounded registers, each of which can hold a single non-negative integer, and a list of (usually sequential) arithmetic and control instructions for the machine to follow. The counter machine is typically used in the process of designing parallel algorithms in relation to the mutual exclusion principle. When used in this manner, the counter machine is used to model the discrete time-steps of a computational system in relation to memory accesses. By modeling computations in relation to the memory accesses for each respective computational step, parallel algorithms may be designed in such a matter to avoid interlocking, the simultaneous writing operation by two (or more) threads to the same memory address.
Basic features
For a given counter machine model the instruction set is tiny—from just one to six or seven instructions. Most models contain a few arithmetic operations and at least one conditional operation (if condition is true, then jump). Three base models, each using three instructions, are drawn from the following collection. (The abbreviations are arbitrary.)
CLR (r): CLeaR register r. (Set r to zero.)
INC (r): INCrement the contents of register r.
DEC (r): DECrement the contents of register r.
CPY (rj, rk): CoPY the contents of register rj to register rk leaving the contents of rj intact.
JZ (r, z): IF register r contains Zero THEN Jump to instruction z ELSE continue in sequence.
JE (rj, rk, z): IF the contents of register rj Equals the contents of register rk THEN Jump to instruction z ELSE continue in sequence.
In addition, a machine usually has a HALT instruction, which stops the machine (normally after the result has been computed).
Using the instructions mentioned above, various authors have discussed certain counter machines:
set 1: { INC (r), DEC (r), JZ (r, z) }, (Minsky (1961, 1967), Lambek (1961))
set 2: { CLR (r), INC (r), JE (rj, rk, z) }, (Ershov (1958), Peter (1958) as interpreted by Shepherdson-Sturgis (1964); Minsky (1967); Schönhage (1980))
set 3: { INC (r), CPY (rj, rk), JE (rj, rk, z) }, (Elgot-Robinson (1964), Minsky (1967))
The three counter machine base models have the same computational power since the instructions of one model can be derived from those of another. All are equivalent to the computational power of Turing machines. Due to their unary processing style, counter machines are typically exponentially slower than comparable Turing machines.
Alternative names, alternative models
The counter machine models go by a number of different names that may help to distinguish them by their peculiarities. In the following the instruction "JZDEC ( r )" is a compound instruction that tests to see if a register r is empty; if so then jump to instruction Iz, else if not then |
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