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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Days%2C%20Alberta | Golden Days is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the northwestern shore of Pigeon Lake.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Golden Days had a population of 248 living in 117 of its 284 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 160. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Golden Days had a population of 160 living in 78 of its 293 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 141. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1965 establishments in Alberta
Edmonton Metropolitan Region
Leduc County
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewatha%20Beach | Mewatha Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the western shore of Skeleton Lake, east of Boyle.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Mewatha Beach had a population of 103 living in 57 of its 177 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 90. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Mewatha Beach had a population of 90 living in 48 of its 177 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 79. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1978 establishments in Alberta
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris%20Beach | Norris Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the southern shore of Pigeon Lake, along Highway 13.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Norris Beach had a population of 71 living in 34 of its 92 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 38. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Norris Beach had a population of 38 living in 19 of its 94 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 46. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1988 establishments in Alberta
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkland%20Beach%2C%20Alberta | Parkland Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the northern shore of Gull Lake, southeast of Rimbey.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Parkland Beach had a population of 168 living in 85 of its 232 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 153. Its population density in 2021 was 178.7/km2 (462.9/sq mi), with a land area of 0.94 km2 (0.36 sq mi).
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Parkland Beach had a population of 153 living in 68 of its 213 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 124. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1984 establishments in Alberta
Ponoka County
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas%20D.%20Alben | Silas D. Alben is an American mathematician. His is Professor of Mathematics and Director of the Applied and Interdisciplinary Mathematics Program at the University of Michigan. His research addresses problems from biology (especially biomechanics) and engineering that can be studied with the tools of applied mathematics and continuum mechanics.
Biography
Education
Silas Alben attended Harvard College where he received in 1999 A.B. degrees in Mathematics and Physics, magna cum laude. In 2000, he joined the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at New York University, where he received a Ph.D. in Mathematics in 2004. His thesis Drag Reduction by Self-Similar Bending and a Transition to Forward Flight by a Symmetry-Breaking Instability was advised by Michael Shelley.
Research
Alben's research focuses on problems arising in biomechanics, material science, and fluid mechanics. As a graduate student at NYU, Alben worked with Jun Zhang and Michael Shelley in investigating the dynamics of flexible structures and how such structures can become more aerodynamic by altering their shape. In this study, experiments visualized a short glass fiber deforming in fluid flow, and analysis showed how the fiber can reduce the drag force exerted by the fluid by changing its shape. This work was published 2002 in Nature under the title Drag Reduction Through Self-Similar Bending of a Flexible Body, and was the subject of various news articles in periodicals including The New York Times and others. As a Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard, Alben collaborated with Ernst A. van Nierop and Michael P. Brenner in a paper titled "How Bumps on Whale Flippers Delay Stall: An Aerodynamic Model". The paper gave a mathematical model for this hydrodynamic phenomenon. This result, featured in MIT's Technology Review and Nature, provides a theoretical basis for potential improvements in using bumps for more stable airplanes, more agile submarines, and more efficient turbine blades. In 2007, Alben investigated (with Michael P. Brenner) the self-assembly of a 3D structures from flat, elastic sheets. This experiment, featured on New Scientist, presented a new technique in nano construction; previously, the transformation of flat sheets to 3D structures were performed by random formation, but in this study, the addition of biases into the design of the sheets gave the possibility of predicting the resulting shape.
Honors and awards
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Research Fellow (2011)
References
External links
Homepage
U Michigan faculty profile
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Fluid dynamicists
20th-century American mathematicians
Georgia Tech faculty
The Harvard Crimson people
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences alumni
University of Michigan fellows
University of Michigan faculty
Harvard College alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy%20Beach%2C%20Alberta | Sandy Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on Sandy Lake, northwest from Edmonton along Highway 642.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Sandy Beach had a population of 278 living in 139 of its 258 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 278. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Sandy Beach had a population of 278 living in 126 of its 264 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 223. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1956 establishments in Alberta
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Beach%2C%20Alberta | Silver Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Pigeon Lake, west from Wetaskiwin.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Silver Beach had a population of 55 living in 31 of its 99 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 65. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Silver Beach had a population of 65 living in 31 of its 100 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 52. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1953 establishments in Alberta
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise%20Beach%2C%20Alberta | Sunrise Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the western shore of Sandy Lake, south of Sandy Beach.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Sunrise Beach had a population of 153 living in 86 of its 139 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 135. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Sunrise Beach had a population of 135 living in 69 of its 139 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 149. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1988 establishments in Alberta
Lac Ste. Anne County
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset%20Beach%2C%20Alberta | Sunset Beach is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Baptiste Lake.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Sunset Beach had a population of 55 living in 29 of its 92 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 49. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Sunset Beach had a population of 49 living in 25 of its 99 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 44. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1977 establishments in Alberta
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whispering%20Hills%2C%20Alberta | Whispering Hills is a summer village in Alberta, Canada. It is located on the eastern shore of Baptiste Lake.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Whispering Hills had a population of 128 living in 60 of its 134 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 142. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Summer Village of Whispering Hills had a population of 142 living in 62 of its 136 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 108. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.
See also
List of communities in Alberta
List of summer villages in Alberta
List of resort villages in Saskatchewan
References
External links
1983 establishments in Alberta
Summer villages in Alberta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristides%20Pertot | Arístides Pertot (born 24 September 1976 in Lanús) is a former Argentine footballer.
References
External links
Argentine Primera statistics
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Lanús
Argentine men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Veikkausliiga players
Deportivo Español footballers
Tampere United players
Turun Palloseura footballers
FC Inter Turku players
Club Atlético Temperley footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative%20number%20theory | Multiplicative number theory is a subfield of analytic number theory that deals with prime numbers and with factorization and divisors. The focus is usually on developing approximate formulas for counting these objects in various contexts. The prime number theorem is a key result in this subject. The Mathematics Subject Classification for multiplicative number theory is 11Nxx.
Scope
Multiplicative number theory deals primarily in asymptotic estimates for arithmetic functions. Historically the subject has been dominated by the prime number theorem, first by attempts to prove it and then by improvements in the error term. The Dirichlet divisor problem that estimates the average order of the divisor function d(n) and Gauss's circle problem that estimates the average order of the number of representations of a number as a sum of two squares are also classical problems, and again the focus is on improving the error estimates.
The distribution of primes numbers among residue classes modulo an integer is an area of active research. Dirichlet's theorem on primes in arithmetic progressions shows that there are an infinity of primes in each co-prime residue class, and the prime number theorem for arithmetic progressions shows that the primes are asymptotically equidistributed among the residue classes. The Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem gives a more precise measure of how evenly they are distributed. There is also much interest in the size of the smallest prime in an arithmetic progression; Linnik's theorem gives an estimate.
The twin prime conjecture, namely that there are an infinity of primes p such that p+2 is also prime, is the subject of active research. Chen's theorem shows that there are an infinity of primes p such that p+2 is either prime or the product of two primes.
Methods
The methods belong primarily to analytic number theory, but elementary methods, especially sieve methods, are also very important. The large sieve and exponential sums are usually considered part of multiplicative number theory.
The distribution of prime numbers is closely tied to the behavior of the Riemann zeta function and the Riemann hypothesis, and these subjects are studied both from a number theory viewpoint and a complex analysis viewpoint.
Standard texts
A large part of analytic number theory deals with multiplicative problems, and so most of its texts contain sections on multiplicative number theory. These are some well-known texts that deal specifically with multiplicative problems:
See also
Additive number theory
Analytic number theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostman%20lemma | In mathematics, and more specifically, in the theory of fractal dimensions, Frostman's lemma provides a convenient tool for estimating the Hausdorff dimension of sets.
Lemma: Let A be a Borel subset of Rn, and let s > 0. Then the following are equivalent:
Hs(A) > 0, where Hs denotes the s-dimensional Hausdorff measure.
There is an (unsigned) Borel measure μ on Rn satisfying μ(A) > 0, and such that
holds for all x ∈ Rn and r>0.
Otto Frostman proved this lemma for closed sets A as part of his PhD dissertation at Lund University in 1935. The generalization to Borel sets is more involved, and requires the theory of Suslin sets.
A useful corollary of Frostman's lemma requires the notions of the s-capacity of a Borel set A ⊂ Rn, which is defined by
(Here, we take inf ∅ = ∞ and = 0. As before, the measure is unsigned.) It follows from Frostman's lemma that for Borel A ⊂ Rn
Web pages
Illustrating Frostman measures
Further reading
Dimension theory
Fractals
Metric geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergodic%20process | In physics, statistics, econometrics and signal processing, a stochastic process is said to be in an ergodic regime if an observable's ensemble average equals the time average. In this regime, any collection of random samples from a process must represent the average statistical properties of the entire regime. Conversely, a process that is not in ergodic regime is said to be in non-ergodic regime.
Specific definitions
One can discuss the ergodicity of various statistics of a stochastic process. For example, a wide-sense stationary process has constant mean
and autocovariance
that depends only on the lag and not on time . The properties and
are ensemble averages (calculated over all possible sample functions ), not time averages.
The process is said to be mean-ergodic or mean-square ergodic in the first moment
if the time average estimate
converges in squared mean to the ensemble average as .
Likewise,
the process is said to be autocovariance-ergodic or d moment
if the time average estimate
converges in squared mean to the ensemble average , as .
A process which is ergodic in the mean and autocovariance is sometimes called ergodic in the wide sense.
Discrete-time random processes
The notion of ergodicity also applies to discrete-time random processes
for integer .
A discrete-time random process is ergodic in mean if
converges in squared mean
to the ensemble average ,
as .
Examples
Ergodicity means the ensemble average equals the time average. Following are examples to illustrate this principle.
Call centre
Each operator in a call centre spends time alternately speaking and listening on the telephone, as well as taking breaks between calls. Each break and each call are of different length, as are the durations of each 'burst' of speaking and listening, and indeed so is the rapidity of speech at any given moment, which could each be modelled as a random process.
Take N call centre operators (N should be a very large integer) and plot the number of words spoken per minute for each operator over a long period (several shifts). For each operator you will have a series of points, which could be joined with lines to create a 'waveform'.
Calculate the average value of those points in the waveform; this gives you the time average.
There are N waveforms and N operators. These N waveforms are known as an ensemble.
Now take a particular instant of time in all those waveforms and find the average value of the number of words spoken per minute. That gives you the ensemble average for that instant.
If ensemble average always equals time average, then the system is ergodic.
Electronics
Each resistor has an associated thermal noise that depends on the temperature. Take N resistors (N should be very large) and plot the voltage across those resistors for a long period. For each resistor you will have a waveform. Calculate the average value of that waveform; this gives you the time average. There are N waveforms as there are N |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead%20matrix | In the mathematical field of linear algebra, an arrowhead matrix is a square matrix containing zeros in all entries except for the first row, first column, and main diagonal, these entries can be any number. In other words, the matrix has the form
Any symmetric permutation of the arrowhead matrix, , where P is a permutation matrix, is a (permuted) arrowhead matrix. Real symmetric arrowhead matrices are used in some algorithms for finding of eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
Real symmetric arrowhead matrices
Let A be a real symmetric (permuted) arrowhead matrix of the form
where is diagonal matrix of order n−1,
is a vector and is a scalar. Let
be the eigenvalue decomposition of A, where
is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the eigenvalues of A, and
is an orthonormal matrix whose columns are the corresponding eigenvectors. The following holds:
If for some i, then the pair , where is the i-th standard basis vector, is an eigenpair of A. Thus, all such rows and columns can be deleted, leaving the matrix with all .
The Cauchy interlacing theorem implies that the sorted eigenvalues of A interlace the sorted elements : if (this can be attained by symmetric permutation of rows and columns without loss of generality), and if s are sorted accordingly, then .
If , for some , the above inequality implies that is an eigenvalue of A. The size of the problem can be reduced by annihilating with a Givens rotation in the -plane and proceeding as above.
Symmetric arrowhead matrices arise in descriptions of radiationless transitions in isolated molecules and oscillators vibrationally coupled with a Fermi liquid.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
A symmetric arrowhead matrix is irreducible if for all i and for all . The eigenvalues of an irreducible real symmetric arrowhead matrix are the zeros of the secular equation
which can be, for example, computed by the bisection method. The corresponding eigenvectors are equal to
Direct application of the above formula may yield eigenvectors which are not numerically sufficiently orthogonal.
The forward stable algorithm which computes each eigenvalue and each component of the corresponding eigenvector to almost full accuracy is described in. The Julia version of the software is available.
Inverses
Let A be an irreducible real symmetric arrowhead matrix. If for some i, the inverse is a permuted irreducible real symmetric arrowhead matrix:
where
If for all i, the inverse is a rank-one modification of a diagonal matrix (diagonal-plus-rank-one matrix or DPR1):
where
References
Matrices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burqa%2C%20Nablus | Burqa () is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the northern West Bank, located northwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the village had a population of 4,030 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 4,152 by 2017.
Location
Burqa is located northwest of Nablus. It is bordered by Beit Imrin and Nisf Jubeil to the east, Jaba’, Fandaqumiya, Silat ad-Dhahr, and Al ‘Attara to the north, ‘Anabta, Bizzariya and Ramin to the west, and Deir Sharaf and Sabastiya to the south.
History
Ceramics from the late Roman era have been found here, as has ceramics from the Byzantine era, and Early Muslim era.
Ottoman era
Burqa was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Jabal Sami, part of the Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 15 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, goats or beehives, a press for olives or grapes, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 5,132 akçe.
In 1838, Edward Robinson described Burqa as "a large village situated upon a sort of terrace on the side of the northern ridge, overlooking the whole basin of Sebustieh." He further noted that the village had a mixture of Greek Christians and Muslim inhabitants.
In 1863, Victor Guérin found the village to have one thousand inhabitants.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Wadi al-Sha'ir.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Burka as a "A large stone village on a terrace, with a good grove of olives and two springs to the west, and well to the south. The road ascends the pass through the village. There are cactus hedges round the gardens north of the village, and a large threshing-floor in the middle of the place which is built in a straggling manner along the hill-side. Some of its inhabitants are Greek Christians."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Burqa had a population of 1,688; 1,589 Muslims and 99 Christians, where the Christians were 56 Orthodox, 41 Roman Catholics and 2 Church of England. In the 1931 census it had 448 houses and a population of 1,890; 1,785 Muslims and 105 Christians.
In the 1945 statistics, Burqa had a population of 2,590; 2,410 Muslims and 180 Christians, with 18,486 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 2,451 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 8,283 used for cereals, while 173 dunams were built-up land.
There were Christians living in the village until 1946, when they moved to Haifa.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Burqa came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 3,352 inhabitants.
Post 1967
Since th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir%20Sharaf | Deir Sharaf () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located northwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,949 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Deir Sharaf is located northwest of Nablus. It is bordered by An Naqura, Beit Iba, and Sabastiya to the east, Burqa and Ramin to the north, Beit Lid to the west, and Qusin to the south.
History
Pottery sherds from the Iron Age II, Byzantine, early Muslim and Medieval era have been found here.
Ottoman era
Deir Sharaf, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami, which was part of the Sanjak of Nablus. The village had a population of 55 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, beehives and/or goats, in addition to occasional revenues, a press for olive oil or grape syrup, and a tax on Muslims in the Nablus area; a total of 9,372 akçe. The whole of the revenue went to a Waqf for the Madrasa of Ramla.
In 1838, Deir Sheraf was located in the Wady esh-Sha'ir District, west of Nablus.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted “a small square in front of the mosque paved by ancient slabs” in the village, which he called Deir Ech-Cheraf.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Wadi al-Sha'ir.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Deir Sheraf: "A village of small size, situate[d] in a hollow. Above it, beside the road on the east, is a good spring, apparently perennial, and round this are vegetable gardens irrigated with its waters. Figs and olives also grow in the vicinity."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Deir Sharaf had a population of 487, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 572, still all Muslim, in a total of 118 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Deir Sharaf had a population of 800, all Muslims, with 7,190 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 391 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 4,335 used for cereals, while 71 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Deir Sharaf came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,241 inhabitants in Deir Sharaf.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Deir Sharaf has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by Israel was 973, of whom 46 originated from the Israeli territory.
After the 1995 accords, 23% of village land was classified as Area B, the remaining 77% as Area C. 236 dunams Deir Sharaf’s land has been confiscated by the Israel for the Israeli settlement of Shavei Shomron, located just north of Deir Sharaf.
On 3 July 2014, Israeli authorities stated that they were confis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurish | Jurish () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 27 kilometers Southeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 1,541 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Jurish is a located southeast of Nablus. It is bordered by Tal al Khashabe to the east, Aqraba to the north, Qabalan to the north and west, Talfit to the west, and Qusra and Majdal Bani Fadil to the south.
History
Sherds from the Early Bronze, Middle Bronze, Iron Age I, IA II, Hellenistic and the Roman era have been found here.
It has been proposed to identify Jurish with Geresh, a Jewish village of the late Second Temple period mentioned by Josephus as the birthplace of the rebel leader Simeon Bar-Giora (a minority view identified Geresh with Jerash in modern-day Jordan). This identification is based on the name preservation and Bar Giora's activities in the toparchy of Acraba during the early phases of the First Jewish–Roman War. It has been also suggested that later the place was destroyed by the Roman general Vespasian.
Conder and Kitchener remarked that to the north-east of Jurish was "a sacred place," adding that the site "appears to be the ancient Capharetæa (Kefr 'Atya), a Samaritan town, mentioned by Justin Martyr. The two sites are, in fact, one, and the ruin apparently preserves the old name."
Sherds from the Umayyad/Abbasid and Mamluk eras have also been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Juris, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Qubal, part of Nablus Sanjak. The population was 16 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 2,000 akçe. In the same tax-records, nearby Kafr 'Atiyya (at grid 181/167) had a population of 40 Muslim households, and paid 9,000 akçe in revenue. Sherds from the early Ottoman era have also been found here.
In 1852, Edward Robinson, passing among "so much good land; so many fine and arable, though not large plains," noted Jurish on a southern hill. In the same year, van de Velde described land near Jurish as "exceedingly beautiful and fertile. I had here a ride of an hour through valleys of such rare beauty and natural richness, that I feel myself quite unable to give you an adequate conception of it." The village itself provided excellent accommodation and hospitality for visitors.
In 1870 Victor Guérin came from the north, noted first the ruins of Kefr A'athia, where corn was planted among the ruins. He then came to the spring Ain Jurish, where water was collected in a rectangular basin. He then continued to the top of the hill, where the village Jurish was situated. It had once been much larger, but was now reduced to about 20 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr%20Qallil | Kafr Qallil () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 3,029 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Kafr Qallil is located 4.30 km south of Nablus. It is bordered by Nablus to the north and east, and by Burin to the south and west.
History
Pottery sherds from the early and late Roman and Byzantine eras have been found here. In addition to ceramics, inscriptions dating to the Byzantine era have been found here. This place was mentioned in the Samaritan Chronicle, and was inhabited by the Samaritans in the 7th century CE.
Pottery from the Umayyad era has also been found here.
Ottoman era
Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of Palestine, in 1596 the village appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal, part of Nablus Sanjak. It had a population of 50 households and 11 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or syrup; a total of 15,000 akçe.
In 1838, Kefr Kullin was noted as a village on the side of Mount Gerizim, located in the District of Jurat 'Amra, south of Nablus.
In 1870, Victor Guérin described it as being a village of two hundred inhabitants, separated by a valley in two districts, one northern and the other southern. A few gardens adjoined it.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Kefr Kullin as "A small village at the foot of Gerizim, with a spring in it; it stands higher than the main road."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Qallil had a population of 298 Muslims, increasing at the time of the 1931 census to 332, still all Muslim, in 79 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Kafr Qallil (including Khirbat Sarin) had a population of 470, all Muslims, with 4,732 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 83 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,397 were used for cereals, while 39 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Kafr Qallil came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 749 inhabitants here.
1967, aftermath
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Kafr Qallil has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 Accords, 27% of the village land was classified as Area A, the remaining 73% as Area C.
Israel has confiscated hundreds of dunams of land from the village. Some has been used for Israeli military checkpoints, and 15 dunams went to the Israeli settlement of Har Brakha.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to Kafr Qallil
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Kafr Qallil Village Profi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osarin | Osarin () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 16 kilometers southeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,053 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Osarin is located south of Nablus. It is bordered by Aqraba to the east, Beita to the north and west, and Qabalan to the south.
History
Shards from Iron Age II, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have been found here.
Ottoman era
Shards from the early Ottoman era have been found here. In 1596 the village appeared in Ottoman tax registers under the name of ‘’Usarin’’, and as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 10 households and 4 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or syrup; a total of 2,900 Akçe.
In 1838, Ausarin was noted as a village in the District of El-Beitawy, east of Nablus.
In 1870 Victor Guérin noted the village, situated on a hill.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ausarin had a population of 87 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 122 Muslim, in 34 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Usarin had a population of 200 Muslim, with 2,185 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 347 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,098 were used for cereals, while 11 dunams were built-up land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Osarin came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 293 inhabitants in Usarin.
1967-present
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Osarin has been under Israeli occupation.
During the early months of the First Intifada, on 23 March 1898, Adli Maher Sa'id, aged 14, was shot dead. An Israeli citizen, Ovadia Saluni from Masua, was detained as a suspect,
After the 1995 accords, 83% of the village land is defined as Area B land, while the remaining 17% is Area C.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To 'Usarin
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 15: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Osarin Village profile, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Osarin, aerial photo, ARIJ
Development Priorities and Needs in Osarin, ARIJ
Towns in Nablus Governorate
Villages in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaryut | Qaryout () is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate in the northern West Bank, located southeast of Nablus.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Qaryut had a population of 2,560 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Qaryut is located 17 km south of Nablus. It is bordered by Duma and Jalud to the east, Qusra and Talfit to the north, As Sawiya to the west, and Turmus'ayya to the south.
History
Shards from the Iron Age II, Persian, Persian/Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk era have been found here.
Western travellers, like Edward Robinson, have suggested that Qaryut might be identical to ancient Coreae.
It has also been suggested that Qaryut is identical with Kariateri, a place mentioned in Crusader texts.
It has been noted that: "This place, being at the head of Wady Fusail, seems to have given rise to the mediaeval identification of that valley as the Brook Cherith (mentioned by Marino Sanuto in 1321)."
Ottoman period
Potsherds from the early Ottoman era have been found here.
In 1838, Kuriyet was noted as being located in El-Beitawy district, east of Nablus.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted: "This village is divided into two distinct districts, each under the jurisdiction of a particular Sheikh. Its population is seven hundred and fifty inhabitants. In the gardens around it grow fig trees, pomegranates and vines. Several old rock formations are currently dry, and women are forced to fetch water as far as Ain Siloun. In two houses, I notice some blocks with boss cut." Guérin also identified Qaryut with ancient Coreae.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine noted that Kuriyut was: "a small village, on the top of a high chain, with a spring between it and the ruin of Seilun (Shiloh)."
British Mandate
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qariut had a population of 530 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 732; 3 Christians and 729 Muslims, in 156 houses.
In the 1945 statistics Qaryut had a population of 930, all Muslims, with 7,491 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 2,611 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,803 were used for cereals, while 63 dunams were built-up land.
Jordanian period
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Qaryut came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,163 inhabitants.
1967, aftermath
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Qaryut has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 23% of village land is classified as Area B, the remaining 77% is Area C.
As of 2014, Israel has confiscated 2,221 dunams of Qaryat village land for 3 Israeli settlements: Eli, Shilo and Mizpe Rahel.
Israeli settlers from Eli have been blamed for uprooting more than 100 olive trees belonging to Qaryut village.
Notable people
Taysir Khalid (born 1941), Palestinian politician
References
Bibliography
E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf%20of%20Morrosquillo | {
"type": "FeatureCollection",
"features": [
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": {},
"geometry": {
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}The Gulf of Morrosquillo () is a gulf of the Caribbean Sea bounded by the Colombian Departments of Sucre and Córdoba. From West to East it runs approximately from Boca de Tinajones, mouth of Sinú River, in Córdoba, to Punta San Bernardo (San Bernardo Point) in Sucre.
Features
The coastline of the Gulf of Morrosquillo is shared by the departments of Sucre and Cordoba on the north of Colombia. The main city on the gulf is Tolú; five kilometers away from Tolú is "Las Playas del Francés" (French's Beaches) distinguished because of its wide white sand beaches.
Seventeen kilometers away from Tolú is located the tourist town of Coveñas, where besides the beautiful beaches it is possible to taste the local food and enjoy of the ecotourism by a canoe trip in La Cienaga La Caimanera, a relict of the native animals and plants.
It is an idyllic site with temperature ranging from 70 degrees - 90 degrees, water temperature will also range from 70 - 84. It is in the Caribbean and is hurricane free. The town of Tolu was founded in 1535 and has never been hit by a hurricane.
The Rio Sinu used to empty into the Gulf, but since about 1941, it changed course and the beaches are not as large as they had been. It is hoped that the departments of Sucre and Cordoba, the national government and Ecopetrol will dredge to replenish the beaches of Tolu and will change the course of the Sinu River so that the beaches can once again be self-sustaining.
References
ToluCaribe.com - Santiago de Tolú como eje central del Golfo de Morrosquillo.
Golfo de Morrosquillo on The Colombian Way
Morrosquillo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qusin | Qusin () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 8 kilometers West of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,251 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Qusin is located 7.7 km west of Nablus. It is bordered by Beit Iba to the east, Deir Sharaf to the north, Kafr Qaddum to the west, and Kafr Qaddum and Jit to the south.
History
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.
Yaqut (1179–1229) described Kusin as a "Village in the Filastin Province, so I believe."
Ottoman era
Qusin, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Nablus. The village had a population of 15 households and 7 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, beehives and/or goats, in addition to occasional revenues and a customary tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 6,300 akçe.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Wadi al-Sha'ir.
In 1882, in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine, Kusein was described as: "A village on the side of a ridge, apparently supplied by the water of the valley on the north, which has a flowing stream. A spring exists about three-quarters of a mile south-east in the valley." They further noted that: "The ruin shown near this place is merely a heap of stones."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Qusen had a population of 147 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 217 Muslims, in 48 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Qusin had a population of 310 Muslims while the total land area was 4,543 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.
Of this, 59 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 3,227 for cereals, while 21 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Qusin came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 494 inhabitants.
Post 1967
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Qusin came under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords 51% of village land is defined as Area B land, while the remaining 49% is defined as Area C. Israel has confiscated about 500 dunham of village land for future expansion of Israeli settlements, and additional land for Israeli bypass roads.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to Qusin
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Qusin Village Profile, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Qusin, aerial photo, ARIJ
Development Priorities and Needs in Qusin, ARIJ
Nablus Governorate
Villages in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talluza | Talluza () is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate in the northern West Bank, located northeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, it had a population of 2,375 in 2007 and 2,795 in 2017.
Location
Talluza is located north of Nablus. It is bordered by al-Badhan and Wadi al Far'a to the east, Yasid to the north, and ‘Asira ash Shamaliya to the west and south.
Etymology
Talluza may be identified with the Samaritan town of "Tur-Luzeh" (Tûr Lôzah), which according to Albright, is Aramaic for "almond mountain".
History
Pottery sherds from the Iron Age II and the Byzantine eras have been found here.
Robinson and Guérin suggested identifying Talluza with the ancient Canaanite and Israelite city of Tirzah, however, most scholars today identify Tirzah with the site of Tell el-Far'ah (North), 5km to the ENE.
Talluza may be identified with Tira Luzeh where the High Priest Baba Rabba erected a synagogue in the 4th century CE. The Jerusalem Talmud mentions the village as "Turluzeh" where the Romans burnt the sacred Hebrew scrolls. In 1941, a Greek inscription was found bearing the name of "Yosef Ben Ya'akov Zechariah", a Samaritan from the 4th–5th centuries. Later, in 1985 a rock-hewn Samaritan burial cave containing three coffins for members of the Samaritan Ptolemayos family was excavated. A handful of glass beads and an oil lamp were also found in the excavation.
A columbarium and Byzantine-period ceramics have been found in the village. Pottery remains have also been found from the early Islamic and medieval periods.
Inside the village is the maqam ("holy tomb") of Nabi Harun ("the Prophet Aaron") according to local tradition.
In 1322, the village was mentioned by Sir John Maundeville under the name of Deluze.
Ottoman era
In 1596, it appeared in Ottoman tax registers as "Talluza", a village in the nahiya of Jabal Sami in the liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 62 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats, and beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues" and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 9,902 akçe.
In 1838, Edward Robinson classified Talluza as being in the Haritheh district, north of Nablus. In 1852, he visited Talluza, noting "The town is of some size, and tolerably well-built. We saw no remains of antiquity, except for a few sepulchral excavations and some cisterns." Robinson further remarked the house of the village's sheikh was "built round a small court in which cattle and horses were stabled."
When Guérin visited Talluza in 1870, he described it as being a large village with 1,000–1,200 inhabitants. He also noted that many of the houses were partially destroyed, and that there were ancient cisterns there. The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine found in 1882 Talluza to be "A good-sized village, well-built, with a central Sheik's house. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeirogonal%20prism | In geometry, an apeirogonal prism or infinite prism is the arithmetic limit of the family of prisms; it can be considered an infinite polyhedron or a tiling of the plane.
Thorold Gosset called it a 2-dimensional semi-check, like a single row of a checkerboard.
If the sides are squares, it is a uniform tiling. If colored with two sets of alternating squares it is still uniform.
Related tilings and polyhedra
The apeirogonal tiling is the arithmetic limit of the family of prisms t{2, p} or p.4.4, as p tends to infinity, thereby turning the prism into a Euclidean tiling.
An alternation operation can create an apeirogonal antiprism composed of three triangles and one apeirogon at each vertex.
Similarly to the uniform polyhedra and the uniform tilings, eight uniform tilings may be based from the regular apeirogonal tiling. The rectified and cantellated forms are duplicated, and as two times infinity is also infinity, the truncated and omnitruncated forms are also duplicated, therefore reducing the number of unique forms to four: the apeirogonal tiling, the apeirogonal hosohedron, the apeirogonal prism, and the apeirogonal antiprism.
Notes
References
T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass,
Apeirogonal tilings
Euclidean tilings
Isogonal tilings
Prismatoid polyhedra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasid | Yasid () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 15 kilometers northeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,291 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 2,505 by 2017.
Location
Yasid is located 8.6 km north of Nablus. It is bordered by Wadi al Far’a to the east, the village of Siris to the north, Beit Imrin and Jaba’ to the west, and Talluza and ‘Asira ash Shamaliya villages to the south.
History
Sherds from Iron Age (I-II) Persian early and late Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic and Medieval periods have been found here.
Yasid was identified with Yaṣat or Yaset (), mentioned in the 9th-8th century BCE Samaria Ostraca (No. 9,-10, 19 and 47) and later in the 6th-7th century Mosaic of Reḥob as a Jewish village in the region of Sebastia which was inhabited mostly by non-Jews and, therefore, agricultural produce obtained from the area could be taken by Jews without the normal restrictions imposed during the Sabbatical years, or the need for tithing.
Ottoman era
Yasid, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Nablus. The village had a population of 47 households and 2 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, beehives and/or goats, in addition to occasional revenues and a tax on Muslims in the Nablus area; a total of 7,340 akçe.
In 1838, Yasid was located in the Haritheh District, north of Nablus.
In 1882, in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP), Yasid was described as "A village of moderate size on a knoll, with a few trees."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yasid had a population of 308 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 372; 369 Muslims and 3 Christians, in 67 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Yasid had a population of 480 Muslims while the total land area was 9,222 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.
Of this, 860 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 4,040 for cereals, while 43 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Yasid came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population was 714.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Yasid has been under Israeli occupation, and the same year the population was recorded as 816.
After the 1995 accords, all of the land in Yasid is classified as Area A land.
References
Bibliography
Perlmann, Joel: The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version. Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y.: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College. November 2011 – February 2012. [Digitized from: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeirogonal%20antiprism | In geometry, an apeirogonal antiprism or infinite antiprism is the arithmetic limit of the family of antiprisms; it can be considered an infinite polyhedron or a tiling of the plane.
If the sides are equilateral triangles, it is a uniform tiling. In general, it can have two sets of alternating congruent isosceles triangles, surrounded by two half-planes.
Related tilings and polyhedra
The apeirogonal antiprism is the arithmetic limit of the family of antiprisms sr{2, p} or p.3.3.3, as p tends to infinity, thereby turning the antiprism into a Euclidean tiling.
Similarly to the uniform polyhedra and the uniform tilings, eight uniform tilings may be based from the regular apeirogonal tiling. The rectified and cantellated forms are duplicated, and as two times infinity is also infinity, the truncated and omnitruncated forms are also duplicated, therefore reducing the number of unique forms to four: the apeirogonal tiling, the apeirogonal hosohedron, the apeirogonal prism, and the apeirogonal antiprism.
Notes
References
The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass,
T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
Apeirogonal tilings
Euclidean tilings
Isogonal tilings
Prismatoid polyhedra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarra%2C%20Nablus | Sarra () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 11 kilometers southwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 3,384 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Sarra is located 17.8 km west of Nablus. It is bordered by Nablus and Tell to the east, Beit Wazan and Beit Iba to the north, Jit to the west, and Tell to the south.
History
A grave, dating from the Roman Empire era in Palestine, was found looted just outside Serra.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and it appeared in the 1596 tax-records as Sarra, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Qubal of the Liwa of Nablus. The population was 19 households and 10 bachelor, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 1,549 akçe.
During the 1834 Peasants' revolt in Palestine, Musa Bek Toukan besieged Qasim al-Ahmad at Kuriet Surra, but Qasim al-Ahmad broke free, and pursued his besieging forces all the way back to Nablus.
In 1838, Surra was located in the District of Jurat 'Amra, south of Nablus.
In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to have 500 inhabitants.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village with a population of 62 households in the nahiya (sub-district) of Jamma'in al-Awwal, subordinate to Nablus.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Surra as: "A small village in a hollow, with a spring on the south east, surrounded by olives."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sarra had a population of 277 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 382 Muslims, in a total of 106 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 540 (all Muslim), while the total land area was 5,928 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.
Of this, 540 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 3,513 for cereals, while 34 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Surra came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 767 inhabitants.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Surra has been held under Israeli occupation along with the rest of the Palestinian territories.
After the 1995 accords 42% of the village land was classified as Area A, 43% classified as Area B, and the remaining 15% classified as Area C.
Sarra has suffered from several reported Israeli price tag attacks:
4 March 2011: Israeli settlers from Shvut Rachel damaged roughly 500 olive trees belonging to the village, and stoned homes, apparently in reprisal for the dismantling of several mobile homes.
25 July 2011: Settlers torched the farmlands of the village, after Israeli soldiers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20A.%20Choudum | Sheshayya A. Choudum (born 1947) was a professor and a former chair of the department of mathematics at IIT Madras. He has often worked in chromatic numbers, degree sequences, graph enumeration, and bivariegated graphs.
Choudum hails from Manvi, Raichur district, Karnataka. He completed a M.Sc., in Mathematics from Karnataka University, Dharwar and a Ph.D in 1975 from IIT Madras. From there, he came to the Department of Mathematics University of Mumbai. Prior to joining the Computer Science Department at IIT Madras, he was with the Department of Mathematics of Madurai Kamaraj University. While at Madurai, he visited the University of Reading to work with Crispin Nash-Williams. Choudum has guided 10 Ph.D students in graph theory.
Books
A First Course in Graph Theory by S.A. Choudum Macmillan, 1999
Graph Theory, by S.A. Choudum, NPTEL (IITM), India, 2011.
References
External links
Dr. Choudum's webpage at IIT Madras
1947 births
Kannada people
Living people
Graph theorists
People from Raichur
IIT Madras alumni
Academic staff of IIT Madras
Academic staff of Madurai Kamaraj University |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawata | Zawata () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 6 kilometers Northwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 2,537 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Zawata is located 4.4 km north of Nablus. It has Ijnisinya and ‘Asira ash Shamaliya to the east, Ijnisinya and An Naqura to the north, An Naqura and Beit Iba to the west, and Beit Iba and Nablus to the south.
History
Clermont-Ganneau found here tessera, probably from the Ptolemaic period.
Pottery sherds from the late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Medieval eras have been found here.
Ottoman era
Zawata, like all of Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In the 1596 tax registers, it was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami, part of the larger Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 11 households, all Muslims. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup, and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 6,944 akçe.
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Zawata ‘’on the hill-side,’’ part of the Jurat 'Amra district, south of Nablus.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted Zaouata as "a village on a high hill with white limestone slopes, some used for quarrying. The number of the inhabitants is 300. Below the hill a rich spring, 'Ain Zawata, supplies water to the village and irrigates a small valley. During our visit large herds of sheep were crowding around the spring."
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Wadi al-Sha'ir.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Zawata as: "a village of moderate size, on a hill, with springs in the valley to the north."
British mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zawata had a population of 214 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census, to 247 Muslims, in 73 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 330 Muslims, while the total land area was 3,558 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.
Of this, 13 dunams were for citrus and bananas, 334 for plantations and irrigable land, 1,842 for cereals, while 31 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Zawata came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population of Zawata was 466.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Zawata has been under Israeli occupation, and according to the Israeli census of that year, the population of Zawata stood at 591, of whom 28 were registered as having come from Israel.
After the 1995 accords, 31% of Zawata land is defined as Area A land, 32% is Area B land, while the remaining 37% is defined as Area C. Pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatma | Yatma () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located 15 kilometers south of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 3,363 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Yatma is located 12.4 km south of Nablus. It is bordered by Qabalan to the east and south, Beita to the north, Yasuf and As Sawiya to the west.
History
Pottery sherds from the Iron Age II, Persian, Hellenistic/Roman and the Crusader/Ayyubid eras have been found here.
It has been suggested that this was the place of origin of Dosthai of Kefar Iathma who is mentioned in the Mishnah as a disciple of the House of Shammai, and that it was the Eincheitem of the Crusader period.
Sherds from the Mamluk era has also been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Yitma, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Qubal of the Liwa of Nablus. The population was 10 households and 2 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, a press for olive oil or grape syrup, in addition to occasional revenues and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 1,800 akçe. Sherds from the early Ottoman era have also been found here.
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted it as part of Jurat Merda District, south of Nablus.
In 1850/1 de Saulcy noted Yatma on his travels in the region, as did
Victor Guérin in 1870.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Jamma'in al-Thani, subordinate to Nablus.
In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine Yetma was described as "A little village, on high ground, with olives round it."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yatma had a population of 242 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 325 Muslims, in 64 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 440 Muslims while the total land area was 3,777 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.
Of this, 1,214 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,741 for cereals, while 44 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Yatma came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 618 inhabitants.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Yatma has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 29% of village land is defined as Area B land, while the remaining 71% is defined as Area C land. Israel has also confiscated village land for Israeli bypass roads.
In 2011, two cars were set ablaze in Yatma and the village mosque was vandalised with Hebrew graffiti, reading "price tag" and "Migron", in what was assumed to be a price tag at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talfit | Talfit () is a Palestinian village in the Nablus Governorate in the northern West Bank, located southeast of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, it had a population of 3,591 in 2017.
Location
Talfit is located south Nablus. It is bordered by Jalud and Qusra to the east, Jurish and Qabalan to the north, Eli, Mateh Binyamin to the west, and Qaryut to the south.
History
Potsherds from the Iron Age II, Persian and Byzantine/Ayyubid eras have been found.
Röhricht suggested identifying Talfit with Tarphin, mentioned in a Crusader text from 1154, but a later author (Abel) preferred to locate it at Kh. Tarfein to the north of Bir Zeit. According to Finkelstein, Kh. Tarfein better fits the archaeological finds.
Potsherds from the Mamluk era has also been found.
Ottoman era
In 1596, Talfit appeared in Ottoman tax registers as a village in the Nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the Liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 12 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, summer crops, olives, and goats or beehives; a total of 1,500 akçe. Potsherds from the early Ottoman era has also been found here.
In 1838 Edward Robinson noted Telfit located in El-Beitawy district, east of Nablus.
The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine noted in 1882 that the place resembled Kabalan, the latter being described as a village of moderate size, on high ground, surrounded by olive trees. Talfit was supplied with water from a well called 'Ain Telfit.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Talfit had a population of 352, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 464, still all Muslim, in 116 occupied houses.
In the 1945 statistics, Telfit had a population of 610 Muslims, with 6,258 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 3,309 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,228 used for cereals, while 49 dunams were built-up land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Talfit came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 904 inhabitants.
1967-present
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Talfit has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 97% of the village land is classified as Area B land, while the remaining 3% is Area C.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Talfit
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Talfit Village Profile, Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Talfit, aerial photo, ARIJ
Nablus Governorate
Villages in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odala | Odala () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate in northern West Bank, located south of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 1,566 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Odala is located south of Nablus. It is bordered by Huwara to the west, Beita to the south and east, and ‘Awarta to the east and north.
History
Shards from Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk eras have been found here.
Ottoman era
Shards from the early Ottoman era have been found here.
In 1596 the village appeared in Ottoman tax registers under the name of ‘’Udala’’, and as being in the nahiya of Jabal Qubal in the liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 18 households and 2 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or syrup; a total of 3,000 akçe. One quarter of the revenue went to a Waqf.
In 1838, Haudela was noted as a village in the District of El-Beitawy, east of Nablus.
In 1870 Victor Guérin noted it as a village surrounded by olive and fig trees.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Audelah as a small hamlet, on the low hills east of the Mukhnah plain.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Audala had a population of 64 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 73 Muslim, in 17 houses.
In the 1945 statistics Odala together with Awarta had a population of 1,470, all Muslims, with 16,106 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 30 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 9,406 used for cereals, while 130 dunams were built-up land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Odala came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 179 inhabitants.
1967-present
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Odala has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 89% of the village land is defined as Area B land, while the remaining 11% is defined as Area C.
In May, 2021, the Israeli army shot and killed 16 year old Said Yousef Mohammad Odeh from Odala. There were
"confrontations" at the entrance at Odala at the time, but his family stated that the 10-grader was not involved, while the Israeli army stated that he was. The Defence for Children International - Palestine, stated: "Israeli forces reportedly confronted Palestinian youth at the village entrance prior to the shooting. Saeed was not involved in the confrontations at the time he was shot, according to information collected by our team.
"Israeli forces deployed in a nearby olive grove fired live ammunition at Saeed as he approached the village entrance. He sustained at least two gunshot wounds: in the back near his right shoulder and pelvi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%20al-Basha | Bir al-Basha () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 15 km southwest of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 1,307 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 1,725 by 2017.
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Bir al-Basha came under Jordanian rule.
It is adjacent to the archaeological site of Tel Dothan.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Bir al-Basha has been under Israeli occupation.
Footnotes
External links
Welcome To Beer al-Basha
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalqamus | Jalqamus () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 10 km southeast of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 1,867 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 2,624 by 2017.
History
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1517 Jalqamus was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed the Jezreel Valley, Mount Carmel, Beit She'an Valley, northern Samaria, Ramot Menashe, the northern part of the Sharon plain.
In 1838, during the Ottoman era, Jelkamus was noted as a village in the Haritheh area, north of Nablus.
In 1870, Jalqamus, called Djell Kamous, situated south of Deir Abu Da'if, was one of the villages Victor Guérin noted from Faqqua.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Qibly.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Jelkamus as "a small village on a hill-top, surrounded by plough-land, with a few olives, built of stone and mud, with rain-water cisterns."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jalqamus had a population of 124 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 150 Muslims, in a total of 31 houses.
In the 1944/5 statistics the population of Jalqamus was 220 Muslims, with 4,437 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 180 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 2,422 for cereals, while 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Jalqamus came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 435 inhabitants.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Jalqamus has been under Israeli occupation. Under the Oslo Accords, the town was assigned to Area A.
During the early months of the First Intifada, 17 May 1989, Omar Yusuf Bayer, aged 42, from Jalqamus, was shot dead while in Jenin. Yitzhak Rabin in a reply to a member of Knesset, August 1989, confirmed early reports that he had been shot by a civilian and therefor the Military Police Investigators were not investigating.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Jalqamus
Jalqamus, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalbun | Jalbun () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 13 km east of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 2,493 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 2,813 in 2017. The primary healthcare facilities for Jalbun are described by the Ministry of Health as level 2.
History
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1517 Jalbun was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.
In 1838 it was noted as an inhabited village, Jelbon, located in the District of Jenin, also called Haritheh esh-Shemaliyeh district.
In 1870 Victor Guérin found that Jalbun was divided into two quarters, with houses built of adobe. In the centre was an ancient mosque, situated east to west, which Guérin took to be a former church. There were ancient cisterns dug into rocks.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Qibly.
In 1882 Jalbun was described as a “small village in a remote position on one of the spurs of the Gilboa range. It is surrounded with plough-land, and built of mud and stone, and supplied by cisterns”," in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Jalbun had a population of 410; 405 Muslims and 5 Christians, where the Christians were all Orthodox. The population increased in the 1931 census to 564, all Muslim, in a total of 119 houses.
In the 1944/5 statistics the population of Jalbun, (including Kh. el Mujaddaa) was 610, all Muslims, with 33,959 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 243 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 19,104 for cereals, while 25 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Jalbun came under Jordanian rule.
Israeli forces attacked Jalbun village, with small arms, on the 5 December 1949, they then expelled the inhabitants from their village causing fatal casualties amongst the villagers. The Jordanian government strongly protested against unwarranted Israeli action and called the UN Secretary-General to notify the United Nations Security Council to take prompt and strict measures to return expelled Palestinians to their village, to hand back their looted belongings, and to compensate the villagers for all losses and damages.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 826 inhabitants.
post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Jalbun has been under Israeli occupation.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Jalbun, Palestine Remembered
Jalbun |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir%20Abu%20Da%27if | Deir Abu Da'if () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 6 km east of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 5,293 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 7,045 in 2017.
History
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Deir Abu Da'if as one of a range of villages round a height, the other villages being named as Beit Qad, Fuku'a, Deir Ghuzal and Araneh.
In 1870 Victor Guérin noted it as a small village, south of Beit Qad, but less important than it. Guérin called the village for Ed-Deir.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Qibly.
In 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it: "A small village near the edge of the hills, on rising ground. The water supply is from cisterns. Olive- gardens exist on the north. The houses are of mud and stone."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village had a population of 441; 434 Muslims and 7 Christians, where the Christians were all Orthodox, increasing in the 1931 census to 598; 593 Muslims and 5 Christians, with 136 houses.
In 1944/5 statistics the population was 850, all Muslims, with a total of 12,906 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,919 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 4,836 dunams were for cereals, while 30 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Deir Abu Da'if came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,191 inhabitants.
Post-1967
Deir Abu Da'if has been under Israeli occupation since the 1967 Six-Day War.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Dayr Abu Da'if
Deir Abu Da’if, welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Towns in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mughayyir%2C%20Jenin | al-Mughayyir () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 12 km Southeast of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 2,240 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 3,249 by 2017.
History
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described the village as "a small place on a rocky hill top. The water supply is by means of rain water cisterns. The houses are of stone and mud."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Mughair had a population 94 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 156 Muslim, in a total of 31 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 220 Muslims, with a total of 18,049 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 711 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 5,487 dunams were for cereals, while a total of 6 dunams were built-up, urban land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Mughayyir came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population was 390.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Al-Mughayyir has been under Israeli occupation.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To al-Mughaiyir
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufeirit | Kufeirit () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 16 km west of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 2,446 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 3,068 by 2017.
History
Pottery sherds from the Iron Age II, Persian, Hellenistic, early and late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Medieval eras have been found here.
Ottoman era
Kufeirit, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami which was under the administration of the liwa ("district") of Nablus. The village had a population of 29 households and 4 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3%, on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, beehives and/or goats, in addition to occasional revenues and a customary tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 10,000 akçe.
In 1838 the village (called Kufeireh) was noted as part of the esh–Sha'rawiyeh esh–Shurkiyeh ("the Eastern") District, north of Nablus.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted the village on his travels in the region, as being less significant than neighbouring Ya'bad.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of al-Sha'rawiyya al-Sharqiyya.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Kefreireh as: "a good sized village on a hill at the edge of the Plain of Arrabeh, with a well on the east and olives."
British mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufairat had a population of 113 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 154 Muslims in 28 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population of Kufeirat was 240 Muslims, with 732 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 241 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 200 dunams for cereals, while 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Kufeirit came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population was 457 persons.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Kufeirit has been under Israeli occupation. The population of Kufeirat in the 1967 census conducted by Israel was 583, of whom 109 originated from the Israeli territory.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Kufeirat
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafr%20Dan | Kafr Dan () is a Palestinian village in the Jenin Governorate, located 8 km northwest of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) census, the town had a population of 5,148 in 2007 and 6,591 in 2017.
Location
Kafr Dan is located north-west of Jenin; just east of Al-Yamun and north of Burqin.
History
Pottery remains from the Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic periods and the Middle Ages have been found here.
Palmer suggested to identify Kafr Dan with Capher Outheni (), a village mentioned in the Talmud.
Ottoman era
Kafr Dan, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.
In the census of 1596, Kafr Dan appeared as "Kafradan”, located in the nahiya of Sha'ara in the liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 9 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 6,000 akçe. Pottery remains from the Ottoman era have also been found here.
In 1838 Edward Robinson, calling it Kefr Adan, noted it among many other villages on the plain; Lajjun, Umm al-Fahm, Ti'inik, Silat al-Harithiya, Al-Yamun and el Barid, located in the District of Jenin, also called Haritheh esh-Shemaliyeh.
In 1870 Victor Guérin found at Kafr Dan “a broken column and a certain number of cut stones of ancient appearance.”
Guérin estimated that the village had 300 inhabitants.In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya of Shafa al-Gharby.
In 1882 the PEF’s Survey of Western Palestine described the area as a "village of moderate size on the slope of the hills, built of stone, with olives below, and a well on the west.” They called the village “Kefr Adan”.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufr Dan had a population of 486; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 603, still all Muslim, in a total of 135 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population was 850, all Muslims, with 7,328 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 5 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 2,680 for plantations and irrigable land, 3,799 for cereals, while 34 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Kafr Dan came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,262 inhabitants.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Kafr Dan has been under Israeli occupation.
In 2009, Kafr Dan Village Council was upgraded into a municipality. The mayor, Bilal Mer'i, joined with Prime Minist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummanah | Rummanah () is a Palestinian village located northwest of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 3,372 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.
History
The SWP found cisterns cut in the rock and a well. Dauphin described the place as being an ancient village on a hill slope, with traces of ancient remains, including cisterns and caves carved into rock.
Ottoman era
Rumana, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to the Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.
In the census of 1596, the village was located in the nahiya of Sara in the liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 12 households, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 9,000 akçe.
The Dutch lieutenant van der Velde travelled in the area in 1851–2. He noted that Scottish missionaries in 1839 had found many old wells and other old remains in the area. He also described the village (called Rumuni) as being small, and identified it with ancient Hadad-Rimon (see Zacahriah xii, 11).
French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863 and 1870, and described it as being reduced to "twenty miserable dwellings". He did not notice any traces of antiquity, except for a few cisterns in the rock and a working well. Guérin agreed that the village was Hadad-Rimon, but disagreed with Jeromes assertion that Hadad-Rimon was identical with Maximianopolis.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya of Shafa al-Gharby.
In the 1882 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP), the village (called Rummaneh) was described as: A small village of mud and stone, near the foot of the hills, with wells to the west and olives below. This village seems to mark the site of Maximianopolis, a town 20 Roman miles from Caesarea and 10 miles from Jezreel (Zer'in), the ancient name of Maximianopolis being, according to Jerome, "Hadad Rimmon".
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Rumaneh had a population of 548, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 644, still all Muslim, in 151 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population of Rummana (including Khirbat Salim) was 880 Muslims while the total land area was 21,676 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 2,876 dunams were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 10,507 for cereals, while 27 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Rummanah came under |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zububa | Zububa () is the northernmost Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 10 km Northwest of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had an estimated population of inhabitants in .
History
This place is marked under the name Sububa on the map of Marino Sanuto (1322 A.D.), and identified by him with Megiddo.
Ottoman era
In 1838 it was noted as a Muslim village called Ezbuba in the Jenin administrative region.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted it in the distance, as a small village on an oblong mound.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya of Shafa al-Gharby.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Ezbuba: "A village of mud, of moderate size, with wells and cisterns. It stands near the foot of the hills, and is probably an ancient site, having a sarcophagus, and a wine-press to the south."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Zebuba had a population 391 Muslims, decreasing in the 1931 census to 344 Muslim, in a total of 83 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population was 560 Muslims, with 13,843 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 209 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 13,054 dunams were for cereals, while a total of 16 dunams were built-up, urban land.
Jordanian era
Following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the subsequent 1949 Armistice Agreements, Zububa came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 683 inhabitants.
Israeli era
Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Zububa has been under Israeli rull In early 1980s, the town became governed by the Israeli Civil Administration system.
With the Oslo Accords, the town came under the direct control of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Zububa
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silat%20al-Harithiya | Silat al-Harithiya () is a Palestinian village in the Jenin Governorate of Palestine, located northwest of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics census, the town had a population of 9,422 in 2007 and 11,449 in 2017.
History
Pottery remains from the Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and the Middle Ages have been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1799, in the Ottoman era, men from Silat al-Harithiya fought Napoleon's invading forces in the Jezreel Valley plain. In 1838 Edward Robinson noted it among many other villages on the plain; Lajjun, Umm al-Fahm, Ti'inik, Kafr Dan, Al-Yamun and el Barid.
In 1870 Victor Guérin noted that Sileh was a large village of 1,000 inhabitants; it was surrounded by gardens planted with fig trees, pomegranates and some vines. In the valley that separated the two areas of which it was composed, there was a dedicated to Sheikh Hasan, with three palm trees in front.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya of Shafa al-Gharby.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "a good-sized village, well built of stone, with a spring and cisterns. There are rock-cut wine-presses on the west, and olives and figs round".
British Mandate period
Palestine, including Silat al-Harithiya, was captured by British forces during World War I and the country subsequently came under a British Mandate. In the 1922 census of Palestine, Selet al-Hartiyeh had a population of 1,041, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1,259 inhabitants, still all Muslims, living in 295 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Silat al-Harithiya was 1,860, all Muslims, with 8,931 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 2,534 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,140 dunams for cereals, while 80 dunams were built-up (urban) land and 3,179 dunams were classified as "non-cultivable".
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, the whole Jenin-area came under Jordanian rule, together with the rest of the West Bank.
In 1961, the population of Silet Harithiya was 2,566.
Post 1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Silat al-Harithiya has been under Israeli occupation.
The Israeli occupation led Abdullah Yusuf Azzam to leave his home in the village, and "never again set foot in Palestine." He was later cofounder of al-Qaeda.
Notable residents
Yusuf Abu Durra, Palestinian Arab rebel leader during 1936 revolt against British
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Sunni Islamic scholar and theologian and founding member of al-Qaeda
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to Silat al Harithiya
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Google map
Towns in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirka%2C%20Jenin | Mirka () is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located Southwest of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 1,555 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 2,203 by 2017.
History
Just southeast of the village (at grid 172/199) is a site where sherds mainly from the Persian era have been found.
Pottery sherds from the early and late Roman, Byzantine, early Muslim and Medieval eras have been found at the village site.
Ottoman era
Mirka, like all of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In the 1596 tax registers, it was part of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jabal Sami, part of the larger Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of 9 households, all Muslims. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, a press for olive oil or grape syrup, in addition to occasional revenues and a fixed tax for people of Nablus area; a total of 3,780 akçe.
In the 1882 PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP), Merkeh is described as: "a hamlet on the side of a bare hill."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Merka had a population 142 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 167 Muslim, in a total of 32 houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population was 230 Muslims, with a total of 4,396 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 546 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,300 dunams were for cereals, while a total of 26 dunams were built-up, urban land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Mirka came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population was 303.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Mirka has been under Israeli occupation, and according to the Israeli census of that year, the population of Mirka stood at 142, of whom 59 were registered as having come from Israel.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Mirka
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffa%2C%20Ramallah | Saffa () is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located west of Ramallah in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 4,374 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Saffa is located (in straight distance) west of Ramallah. It is bordered by Beit 'Ur at Tahta, Kafr Ni'ma and Deir Ibzi to the east, Bil'in, Ni'lin and Al Midya to the north, Israel to the west, and Beit 'Ur at Tahta and Beit Sira to the south.
History
It has been proposed identifying Saffa with Casale Saphet of the Crusader era.
Ottoman era
In the early Ottoman census of 1525-1526, it was not mentioned, but in 1538-1539, Saffa was located in the nahiya of Quds, and named as Mazra, or cultivated land.
In 1838 it was noted as a Muslim village, located in the Beni Harith district, west of Jerusalem.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted that: "This village occupies a high plateau; it contains four hundred inhabitants. Some stones, scattered or embedded in Arab buildings, and numerous excavations in the rock, such as cisterns, tombs, quarries and subterranean vaults, proves that the present Saffa succeeded an ancient locality." An Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Saffa had 200 inhabitants with 67 houses, though the population count included only the men.
In 1883 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Suffa: "A small village standing high on a ridge, with a well to the east and a sacred place to the south."
In 1896 the population of Safa was estimated to be about 564 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Saffa had a population of 495 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 644 Muslims, in 143 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 790 Muslims, while the total land area was 9,602 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 2,536 were used for plantations and irrigable land, 2,975 for cereals, while 99 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Saffa came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.
In 1961, the population of Saffa was 1,364.
1967-present
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Saffa has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 12.9% of village land was classified as Area B, and the remaining 87.1% as Area C.
Israel has confiscated land from Saffa in order to construct six Israeli settlements:
814 dunams for Kfar Rut,
781 dunams for Shilat,
682 dunams for Menora,
471 dunams for Makkabim,
441 dunams for Lapid, and
5 dunams for Hashmona'im.
References
Bibliography
(p. 109? )
External links
Welcome To Saffa
Saffa, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Saffa village (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Saffa village |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signomial | A signomial is an algebraic function of one or more independent variables. It is perhaps most easily thought of as an algebraic extension of multivariable polynomials—an extension that permits exponents to be arbitrary real numbers (rather than just non-negative integers) while requiring the independent variables to be strictly positive (so that division by zero and other inappropriate algebraic operations are not encountered).
Formally, a signomial is a function with domain which takes values
where the coefficients and the exponents are real numbers. Signomials are closed under addition, subtraction, multiplication, and scaling.
If we restrict all to be positive, then the function f is a posynomial. Consequently, each signomial is either a posynomial, the negative of a posynomial, or the difference of two posynomials. If, in addition, all exponents are non-negative integers, then the signomial becomes a polynomial whose domain is the positive orthant.
For example,
is a signomial.
The term "signomial" was introduced by Richard J. Duffin and Elmor L. Peterson in their seminal joint work on general algebraic optimization—published in the late 1960s and early 1970s. A recent introductory exposition involves optimization problems. Nonlinear optimization problems with constraints and/or objectives defined by signomials are harder to solve than those defined by only posynomials, because (unlike posynomials) signomials cannot necessarily be made convex by applying a logarithmic change of variables. Nevertheless, signomial optimization problems often provide a much more accurate mathematical representation of real-world nonlinear optimization problems.
See also
Posynomial
Geometric programming
References
External links
S. Boyd, S. J. Kim, L. Vandenberghe, and A. Hassibi, A Tutorial on Geometric Programming
Functions and mappings
Mathematical optimization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranah | ’Arrana () is a Palestinian village in the Jenin Governorate, located 4 kilometers Northeast of Jenin, in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 2,418 inhabitants in 2017.
History
It has been suggested that this was Aaruna in the list of places conquered by Thutmose III.
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.
Ottoman era
Arranah, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village appeared as 'Arrana, located in the nahiya of Sara in the liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 17 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 25 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 9,000 akçe.
In 1838, it was noted as a village in the Jenin district.
In 1870, Victor Guérin noted it on a small hilltop.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Arraneh as: "A small village, principally of mud, with a few stone houses, standing in the plain, surrounded by olive-yards. It is supplied with water from cisterns. A kubbeh exists about 1/4 mile north of the village."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village had a population of 216 Muslims, increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 267 Muslims, in 46 households.
In 1944/5 statistics the population was 320, all Muslim, with a total of 7,866 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 13 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 6,460 dunams for cereals, while 10 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Arranah came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 539 inhabitants.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Arranah has been under Israeli occupation.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To 'Arrana
Arrana, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302%20Aberdeen%20F.C.%20season |
Players
Squad
Statistics
Top scorers
Captains
Results and fixtures
Scottish Premier League
Final standings
Scottish League Cup
Scottish Cup
Squad
Appearances & Goals
Notes and references
AFC Heritage Trust
Aberdeen F.C. seasons
Aberdeen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir%20%27Ammar | Deir 'Ammar () is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located northwest of Ramallah in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 3,353 inhabitants in 2017.
Deir 'Ammar, together with Beitillu and Jammala, form the new town of Al-Ittihad.
Location of Al-Ittihad
Al-Itihad is located northwest of Ramallah. Al-Itihad is bordered by Kobar and Al-Zaytouneh to the east, Deir Abu Mash'al, Deir Nidham and 'Abud to the north, Shabtin and Deir Qaddis to the west, and Ras Karkar, Kharbatha Bani Harith, Al-Zaytouneh and Al Janiya to the south.
History
Potsherds from the Middle Bronze Age, Iron Age I, Iron Age II, Hellenistic, Roman and Mamluk eras have been found at Deir 'Ammar.
Just southwest of the village is the archeological site of Khirbet e-Shune, a large ruin from the Iron Age, Hellenistic and Early Roman periods that may be identified with the ancient town of Ramathaim, which was a capital of a toparchy under the Hasmonean kingdom.
Ottoman era
Dayr Ammar was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the nahiya of Al-Quds in the liwa of Al-Quds. It had a population of 33 household; who were all Muslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards/fruit trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 10,400 akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf. Potsherds from the early Ottoman era have also been found here.
In 1838 Deir Ammar was noted as Muslim village in the Beni Harith district, north of Jerusalem.
In May, 1870, Victor Guérin found the village to be of equal importance to Jammala, and that there was a stream between the two villages where the women went for water when their own cisterns went dry. An official Ottoman village list from about the same year, 1870, showed that Der Ammar had 35 houses and a population of 226, though the population count included only men.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described 'Deir Ammar as: "a village of medium size on a hill, with a well about 1/2 mile to the west."
In 1896 the population of Der Ammar was estimated to be about 357 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Dair 'Ammar had a population of 265 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 316 Muslims in 81 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 350 Muslims, while the total land area was 7,189 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 2,242 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 1,615 for cereals, while 15 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Deir 'Ammar came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.
The Jordanian |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative%20comparative%20analysis | In statistics, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a data analysis based on set theory to examine the relationship of conditions to outcome. QCA describes the relationship in terms of necessary conditions and sufficient conditions. The technique was originally developed by Charles Ragin in 1987 to study data sets that are too small for linear regression analysis but large for cross-case analysis.
Summary of technique
In the case of categorical variables, QCA begins by listing and counting all types of cases which occur, where each type of case is defined by its unique combination of values of its independent and dependent variables. For instance, if there were four categorical variables of interest, {A,B,C,D}, and A and B were dichotomous (could take on two values), C could take on five values, and D could take on three, then there would be 60 possible types of observations determined by the possible combinations of variables, not all of which would necessarily occur in real life. By counting the number of observations that exist for each of the 60 unique combination of variables, QCA can determine which descriptive inferences or implications are empirically supported by a data set. Thus, the input to QCA is a data set of any size, from small-N to large-N, and the output of QCA is a set of descriptive inferences or implications the data supports.
In QCA's next step, inferential logic or Boolean algebra is used to simplify or reduce the number of inferences to the minimum set of inferences supported by the data. This reduced set of inferences is termed the "prime implicates" by QCA adherents. For instance, if the presence of conditions A and B is always associated with the presence of a particular value of D, regardless of the observed value of C, then the value that C takes is irrelevant. Thus, all five inferences involving A and B and any of the five values of C may be replaced by the single descriptive inference "(A and B) implies the particular value of D".
To establish that the prime implicants or descriptive inferences derived from the data by the QCA method are causal requires establishing the existence of causal mechanism using another method such as process tracing, formal logic, intervening variables, or established multidisciplinary knowledge. The method is used in social science and is based on the binary logic of Boolean algebra, and attempts to ensure that all possible combinations of variables that can be made across the cases under investigation are considered.
Motivation
The technique of listing case types by potential variable combinations assists with case selection by making investigators aware of all possible case types that would need to be investigated, at a minimum, if they exist, in order to test a certain hypothesis or to derive new inferences from an existing data set. In situations where the available observations constitute the entire population of cases, this method alleviates the small N problem by allowing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir%20Ibzi | Deir Ibzi () is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located west of Ramallah in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 2,590 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Deir Ibzi is located (horizontally) west of Ramallah. It is bordered by Ein 'Arik to the south and east, Ein Qiniya to the east and north, Al-Janiya to the north, Kafr Ni'ma and Saffa to the west, and Beit Ur al-Tahta, Beit Ur al-Fauqa and Beitunia to the south.
History
It has been suggested that this was the place mentioned in Crusader sources as Zibi, but this is not supported by archeological evidence.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine and in the 1596 tax-records it was in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 25 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 3,290 akçe. Sherds from the early Ottoman era have been found here.
In 1838 it was noted as Deir Bezi'a, a Muslim village, located in the Beni Harith region, north of Jerusalem.
In 1870, Victor Guérin described the village, which he called Deir Ebzieh, as being: "situated on a summit of very difficult access and contains four hundred inhabitants, all Moslems; some houses are large and fairly well built. I notice with the medhafeh (guest house) a fragment of carved stone which carries the debris of a mutilated rosette." An Ottoman village list of about the same year, 1870, showed that der bezei had 239 inhabitants with 51 houses, though the population count included only the men. It further noted that the village was north of Bethoron, that is, north of Beit Ur al-Fauqa and Beit Ur al-Tahta.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Deir Ibzia as: "a village of moderate size on a ridge, with a well to the west, and surrounded by olives".
In 1896 the population of Der bezei was estimated to be about 279 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate of Palestine authorities, the village, named Dair Ibzie, had a population of 262, all Muslim, increasing in the 1931 census to 360, still all Muslim, in 90 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics, the population of Deir Ibzi was 410 Muslims, with of land under their jurisdiction, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 6,418 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,670 were for cereals, while were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Deir Ibzi came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 542 inhabitants in Deir Ibzi.
1967-present
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Deir Ibzi has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 cens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein%20%27Arik | Ein 'Arik () is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 7 kilometers west of Ramallah in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 1,567 inhabitants consisting of Muslims (65%) and Christians (35%) in 2007 and a population of 1,774 in 2017.
Location
Ein Arik is located north-east of Ramallah. It is bordered by Ein Qiniya to the east, Beituniya to the east and south, and Deir Ibzi to the west and north.
History
Some assume, that it is the place of the Archites, mentioned in the Bible as being located between Bethel and Bethoron.
Southwest of Ein 'Arik is Khirbet al-Hafi, where Byzantine pottery has been found, together with glass fragments and ancient agricultural terraces.
In the Crusader era Ein 'Arik was known as Bayt Arif, and already by the mid-eleventh century the village, together with another just north of Jerusalem, belonged to the Jacobite Church. By 1099 the estate was deserted, and was hence annexed by a Crusader, Geoffry of the Tower of David. In 1106, he was imprisoned in Egypt, and his nephew took over the estates. However, the Jacobite Church appealed to Queen Melisende to get their property back. This was finally granted in 1138.
Potsherds from the Crusader/Abbasid and early Ottoman period have also been found.
According to Conder and Kitchener, Ein 'Arik was mentioned in Marino Sanuto's Map of the Holy Land as Arecha.
Ottoman era
Ein Arik, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in 1596 'Ain 'Arik appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a total population of 24 households, 14 Muslim and 10 Christian. The villagers paid taxes on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 4,300 akçe.
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted it as a partly Christian village, with 25 Christian men, and the rest Muslims. It was located in the Beni Harith district, north of Jerusalem.
In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guérin found Ein 'Arik to have "forty small houses, inhabited by half Muslim, half Greek schismatics, who have a church." An Ottoman village list of about the same year, 1870, showed that Ein 'Arik had 41 houses with 179 Muslim men, and 24 houses with 80 Greek Christian men; a total of 65 houses with 259 men. The population count included men, only.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Ain' Arik as "A small stone hamlet in a deep valley with a Greek church, the inhabitants being Greek Christians. There is a good spring to the west with a small stream. The place is surrounded with olives, and there are lemons and other trees round the water in a thick
grove."
In 1896 the population of Ain arik was estimated to be about 471 persons; half Christian and half Muslim.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surda | Surda () is a Palestinian town in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located northeast of Ramallah in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 1,308 inhabitants in 2017.
Location
Surda is located north of Ramallah. It is bordered by Al-Bireh and Dura al-Qar' to the east, Jifna to the north, Abu Qash to the west, and Ramallah and Al Bireh to the south. Surda is 838 meters above sea level.
History
Pottery sherds from the Byzantine and the Mamluk eras have been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Surda, located in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 10 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 1,660 akçe. Pottery sherds from the early Ottoman era have also been fond here.
In 1838, it was noted as the village Surada, in the Beni Harith district.
An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 13 houses and a population of 63, though the population count included men, only.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Surdah as: "A small village on a hillside, with a garden to the south of it, and the spring 'Ain Jelazun on the east."
In 1896 the population of Surda was estimated to be about 108 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Surda had a population of 125 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 179 Muslims, in 43 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Surda was 250 Muslims, while the total land area was 3,726 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,002 dunums were used for plantations and irrigable land, 1,244 for cereals, while 20 dunams were classified as built-up areas.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Surda came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 415 inhabitants in Surda.
1967-present
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Surda has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 95.4% of village land has been defined as Area B land, while the remaining 4.6% is Area C.
Surda is the birthplace of the Palestinian diplomat Hasan Abdel Rahman.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Surda genealogy: Family frees, Surda.net
Welcome To Surda
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Surda (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Surda Village Profile, ARIJ
Surda (aerial photo), ARIJ
Locality Development Priorities and Needs in Surda Village, ARIJ
Villages in the West Bank
Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biddu%2C%20Jerusalem | Biddu () is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate, located 6 kilometers northwest of Jerusalem in the West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 8,231 in 2017. Biddu is at an altitude of 806m to 834m. Giv'on HaHadashah lies 2 km east of Biddu.
Location
Biddu is located (horizontally) north-west of Jerusalem. It is bordered by Beit Iksa to the east, Beit Ijza to the north, Al Qubeiba to the west, and Beit Surik to the south.
History
Bagatti suggested that several buildings in the town are from the 12th century. South-west of the centre is the ruined wali of Sheikh Abu Talal, which might have been a Crusader church.
Northeast of the village is the archeological site of Horvat Diab, which contains the remains of a Jewish farmhouse or estate of the Second Temple period, along with a few rock-cut tombs in the kokhim style, and the ruins of a public structure that possibly served as a synagogue.
Ottoman era
In the Ottoman tax records of the 1500s, Biddu was located in the nahiya of Jerusalem.
In 1738 Richard Pococke noted the village, as he passed between Biddu and Beit Surik.
In 1838 Edward Robinson noted the village during his travels in the area. It was described as a Muslim village, located in the Beni Malik area, west of Jerusalem.
In May 1863 Victor Guérin visited the village, called Biddou. He described it as being situated on a very high plateau, with some 150 inhabitants. Some houses seemed very old.
Socin, citing an official Ottoman village list compiled around 1870, noted that Biddu had 70 houses and a population of 247, though the population count included only men. It was further noted that “the village was once more important, also it has a cistern carved in the rock. The Crusader road from Ramle to Nabi Samwil ran through here.“ Hartmann found that Biddu had 71 houses.
In 1883 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "a village on a rocky hill, with a well to the north east. It is of moderate size."
In 1896 the population of Biddu was estimated to be about 546 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Biddu had a population 252, all Muslims. This had increased in the 1931 census to 399, still all Muslim, in 88 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Biddu consisted of 520 Muslims and the land area was 5,392 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 334 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,258 for cereals, while 19 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.
Jordanian era
On the night of 19 April 1948 the village was attacked by the Palmach. The attacking force was commanded by Yosef Tabenkin, based in Jerusalem. They were later to become the Harel Brigade of the Israeli army. The attack came from Beit Surik which had been captured earlier that night. Biddu was subjected to a short bombardment from a Davidka after which Palma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Duqqu | Beit Duqqu () is a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Governorate, located northwest of Jerusalem in the central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 1,754 in 2017.
Location
Beit Duqqu is located (horizontally) north-west of Jerusalem. It is bordered by Beit 'Anan to the east, At Tira to the north, Beit Ijza and Al Jib to the west, and Al Qubeiba to the south.
History
Local residents believe that their ancestors arrived in the early 14th century in Beit Duqqu from the village of Umm Walad, in the south of Syria. Villagers belong to the families of Badr, Ali Hussein, Rayyan, Morrar, Dawood and Muslih.
Ottoman era
In 1517, the village was included in the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Bayt Duqqu, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 3 households, all Muslim. They paid a tax rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, olive and fruit trees, goats and beehives in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 2,730 Akçe.
In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, located in the Beni Malik district, west of Jerusalem.
In 1870, Guérin described it as a "small village, situated on the top of a high hill." Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about the same year (1870) that Beit Duqqu had a population of 125, with a total of 36 houses, though the population count only included men.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as "A village of moderate size, standing high on a ridge, with a spring to the north-west and olives to the north. This was also a fief like [Beit 'Anan]."
In 1896, the population of Bet dukku was estimated to be about 114 persons.
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bait Duqu had a population of 254, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 328 Muslims, in 84 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics Beit Duqqu had a population of 420 Muslims, with 5,393 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,610 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,767 used for cereals, while 27 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Beit Duqqu came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, the population of Beit Duqqu was 537.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Beit Duqqu has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 438, of whom 16 were refugees.
After the 1995 accords, 10.6% of village land was classified as Area B, while the remaining 89.4% was classified as Area C. Israel has expropriated land from Beit Duqqu for the construction of the Israeli settlement Giv’at Ze’ev.
Beit Duqqu along with 9 other Palestinian villages, Biddu, Beit 'Anan, Beit Surik, Q |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Surik | Beit Surik () is a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Governorate, located 12 kilometers Northwest of Jerusalem in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 4,025 in 2017.
Location
Beit Surik is located (horizontally) north-west of Jerusalem. It is bordered by Beit Iksa to the east, Biddu to the north, Qatanna to the west, and Qalunya to the south.
History
Beit Surik is situated on an ancient site on top of a hill. Fragments of Corinthian columns have been found, and a mosaic floor, with dedicatory inscription in Greek and tabula ansata was excavated in part by LH Vincent in 1901.
The village was known as Beit Surie in the Crusader era. It was one of 21 villages given by King Godfrey as a fief to the canons of the Holy Sepulchre. The village was also mentioned in Crusader sources in the years 1152 and later.
By 1169, "Latin" (that is, Christian) settlers seems to have been established there. As typical Arab-names also appear in the Crusader sources about Beit Surik, it has been suggested that Crusaders settled in a Muslim village.
Ottoman era
The village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the located in the Nahiye of Jerusalem in the Sanjak of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. It had a population of 21 households, all Muslim. The inhabitants of the village paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on wheat, barley, olive trees, vineyards, fruit trees, grape syrup, molasse, and goats and/or beehives, a total of 2,000 Akçe.
In 1738 Richard Pococke noted the village, Bethsurick, as he passed between Biddu (Bedou) and Beit Surik.
In 1838 Beit Surik was noted as a Muslim village, located in the Beni Malik district, west of Jerusalem.
In 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin noticed there a "beautiful piece of antique wall", with several layers, formed of large stones.
An official Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that "Bet Surik" had a total of 32 houses and a population of 125, though the population count included only the men.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Beit Surik as a "small stone village on a hill-top. To the east in a flat valley is a spring with lemon and other trees. The place appears to be ancient, having rock-cut tombs near the spring."
In 1896 the population of Bet Surik was estimated to be about 264 persons.
British Mandate era
A shrine for Sheikh 'Abd el-'Aziz near Beit Surik was damaged during the fighting in WWI.
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bait Suriq had a total population of 352; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 432 Muslims, with 87 houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 480 Muslims, while the total land area was 6,879 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 581 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Judeira | Al-Judeira () is a Palestinian village in the Jerusalem Governorate of the State of Palestine, in the central West Bank.
According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 2,634 in 2017.
Toponymy
E. H. Palmer of the Palestine Exploration Fund wrote that Al-Judeira means "sheep-fold", after the , "fold".
Location
Al Judeira is located (horizontally) north-west of Jerusalem. To the east is Kalandia, Rafat is to the north, Al Jib is to the west, and Bir Nabala is to the south.
History
Ancient period
Several scholars have suggested that Judeira is the site of Gederah in Benjamin, which is mentioned in the Bible as home to Yozabad the Gederathite, a Benjaminite warrior who defected to David. It is mentioned shortly after the nearby sites of Azmaveth (identified with modern-day Hizme), Anathoth (probably 'Anata) and Gibeon (Al Jib).
Ottoman era
In the Ottoman census of the 1500s, Jadira was noted as a village located in the nahiya of Jerusalem.
In 1838 el-Jedireh was noted as a Muslim village, located north of Jerusalem.
In 1863 Guérin described it as a small village, with a mosque consecrated to a Sheikh Yassin. In the courtyard in front of this sanctuary, he noticed what was possibly an old Corinthian capital, which had been made into a mortar, where the villagers pounded coffee. An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that the village had a population of 40, in a total of 13 houses, though the population count only included men. It was also noted that it was located east of Al Jib.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described it as "a small village on a slope, surrounded by figs and olives, and with rock-cut tombs to the north."
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Ijdireh had a population of 122, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 139 Muslim inhabitants, in 31 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics Judeira had a population of 190 Muslims, with 2,044 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,314 used for cereals, while 7 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, al-Judeira came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 328 inhabitants in Judeira.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, al-Judeira has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 25.4% of the village’s land was classified as Area B, the remaining 74.6% is classified was Area C.
In 2005, Israel started the construction of a separation barrier around al-Judeira, Al Jib, Bir Nabala, Beit Hanina al-Balad and Kalandiya. The wall was built on Palestinian land seized by Military Orders. The wall completely surrounds the villages, forming an enclave.
References
Bibliography
(p. 43)
External links
Welcome To Judayra
Survey of Weste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition%20Component | The Ignition Component (IC) is a number which relates the probability that a fire will result if a firebrand is introduced into a fine fuel complex. It is a component of the NFDRS-National Fire Danger Rating System.
Ignition Component (IC)
(A component of the NFDRS-National Fire Danger Rating System)
The Ignition Component is a number which relates the probability that a fire will result if a firebrand is introduced into a fine fuel complex. The ignition component can range from 0 when conditions are cool and damp, to 100 on days when the weather is dry and windy.
Theoretically, on a day when the ignition component value is 0 a single firebrand will not start a Wildland fire requiring suppression action. A value of 50, there is a 50% probability a single firebrand could start a wildfire requiring suppression action. And when the value is 100, there is a 100% probability a wildfire will result from a single firebrand that will require suppression action to stop the fire from spreading in wildland fuels.
In relation to fire danger, IC of 100 means that every firebrand will cause an actionable fire if it contacts receptive fuel, extreme. Likewise, IC of 0 no firebrand would cause an actionable fire under those conditions, low fire danger.
References
Fire
Firefighting in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%27atara | Za'atara () is a Palestinian town located southeast of Bethlehem. The town is in the Bethlehem Governorate central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 7,849 in 2017.
History
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Za’atara came under Jordanian rule.
In 1961, under Jordanian rule, the population of Za'atara was 1,003.
Post−1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Za'atara has been held under Israeli occupation. 1,282 people were counted in the Israeli government's 1967 census.
After the 1995 accords, 0.9% of Za'atara land was classified as Area A, 44% classified as Area B, and 32.6% classified as Area C, while the remaining 22.5% is defined as "nature reserves". Israel has confiscated 20 dunams of village land for the Israeli settlement of El David and 10 dunams for an Israeli Military Base.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To Za'tara
Za’atara, Welcome to Palestine
Za'tara town (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Za'tara town profile, ARIJ
Za'tara aerial photo, ARIJ
The priorities and needs for development in Za'tara town based on the community and local authorities' assessment, ARIJ
Towns in the West Bank
Populated places in the Bethlehem Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubeidiya%2C%20West%20Bank | Al-Ubeidiya () is a Palestinian town located east of Bethlehem. The town is a part of the Bethlehem Governorate in the central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), al-Ubeidiya had a population of over 14,460 in 2017.
The Monastery of St. Theodosius, the Mar Saba Monastery and the 'Ayn Fashkhah tourist area are all on Al-Ubeidiya land.
Name
In 1881, Palmer called the place Kh. Deir Ibn Obeid, meaning "The ruin of the monastery of the son of Obeid; also called Mar Theodosius.
According to the Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ), Al-Ubeidiya is named after a certain Al-‘Ubeidi Faris of the Shammar tribe, who came to the area from the Arabian Peninsula.
History and archaeology
Background: Roman and Byzantine periods
A Roman period pool, built in order to collect water, is situated in the center of al-Ubeidiya.
Two Greek Orthodox monasteries were first established during the Byzantine period in the late fifth century, and are now standing within the municipal jurisdiction of Ubeidiya. The Monastery of St. Theodosius, known in Arabic as Deir Ibn 'Ubeid (lit. 'Monastery of the Son of 'Ubeid') or as Mar Dosi ('Saint Theodosius'), named after its founder; and Mar Saba Monastery, or simply Mar Saba, founded and named after Saint Sabbas ('Mar Saba').
Ottoman period: Ubeidiya
The area, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In 1596 Al-Ubeidiya appeared in Ottoman tax registers, called Dayr Bani 'Ubayd (lit. 'Monastery of the 'Ubayd clan'), being in the nahiya of Al-Quds (Jerusalem) in the liwa of Al-Quds. It had a population of 42 households and 6 bachelors, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3 % on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives; a total of 4,900 akçe.
Around 1740 Richard Pococke noted "We soon came to a ruin called Der Benalbede, which from the name seems to have been an old convent."
In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Deir ibn Obeid, not far from Mar Saba, on his travels in the region. He also met some of the fellahin from the village by the Dead Sea, where they collected salt for cooking.
In 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place, which he called Deir Dosi, and described the remains of the monastery. In 1883, the PEF's "Survey of Western Palestine" described there Kh. Deir Ibn Obeid as "Ruins of a modern village", but in 1899 Conrad Schick noted that "This [...] designation is not sufficient -the ruins are not those of a village, but of a former convent, and only in modern times used as a storehouse for grain by the wandering tribe Ubedieh." Schick notes that the "Badawin" (Bedouin) of the Ubedieh call the convent ruins by the name of their own tribe, and have a nearby maqam by the name of Sheikh Khalife where they worship.
Schick notes that in 1897, the Greek Orthodox Church had recovered the ruins of the former convent of Saint Theodosius from the Bedouin, and by the foll |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20C.%20Read | Ronald Cedric Read (19 December 1924 – 7 January 2019) was a British mathematician, latterly a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Waterloo, Canada. He published many books and papers, primarily on enumeration of graphs, graph isomorphism, chromatic polynomials, and particularly, the use of computers in graph-theoretical research. A majority of his later work was done in Waterloo.
Read received his Ph.D. (1959) in graph theory from the University of London.
Life and career
Ronald Read served in the Royal Navy during World War II, then completed a degree in mathematics at the University of Cambridge before joining the University College of the West Indies (later the University of the West Indies) in Jamaica as the second founding member of the Mathematics Department there. In 1970 he moved his family to Canada to take up a post as Professor of Mathematics at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
While in Jamaica he became interested in cave exploration, and in 1957 he founded the Jamaica Caving Club.
He had a lifelong interest in the making of string figures and is the inventor of the .
He was an accomplished musician and played many instruments including violin, viola, cello, double bass, piano, guitar, lute, and many early music instruments, some of which he also built. He had diplomas in Theory and in Composition from the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto, Canada, and composed four works for orchestra and several pieces for smaller groups. Read died in January 2019 at the age of 94.
Selected papers
An Introduction to Chromatic Polynomials. Journal of Combinatorial Theory 4 (1968) 52 - 71.
Every One A Winner; or How to avoid isomorphism search when cataloguing combinatorial configurations. Annals of Discrete Mathematics 2, North-Holland Publishing Company (1978) 107-120.
(With P. Rosenstiehl) On the Principal Edge Tripartition of a Graph. Annals of Discrete Mathematics 3, North-Holland Publishing Company, (1978) 195-226.
(With W. T. Tutte), Chromatic Polynomials. Selected Topics in Graph Theory, Vol. 3 (1988) 15-42.
(with G. F. Royle) Chromatic Roots of Families of Graphs. Graph Theory, Combinatorics and Applications. John Wiley (1991) 1009 - 1029
Prospects for Graph-theoretical Algorithms. Annals of Discrete Mathematics 55 (1993) 201 - 210.
Books
See also
List of University of Waterloo people
References
1924 births
2019 deaths
20th-century English mathematicians
Alumni of the University of London
British expatriate academics in Canada
Graph theorists
Academic staff of the University of Waterloo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir%20Sammit | Deir Sammit () is a Palestinian town located eight kilometers west of Hebron. The town is in the Hebron Governorate Southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 8,114 in 2017.
History
An amulet composed of a very thin copper sheet with a Christian Palestinian Aramaic inscription was discovered at Deir Sammit.
Ottoman period
In the early tax registers from the 1500s in the Ottoman Empire, Deir Sammit was noted as being cultivated by the villagers of Suba.
In 1838, it was noted as a place "in ruins or deserted," part of the area between Hebron and Gaza, but under the jurisdiction of Hebron.
In 1863, Victor Guérin called the place Khirbet Deir Samit.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Palestine noted "traces of ruins, caves, and cisterns" here.
British Mandate era
At the time of the 1931 census of Palestine the population of Deir Samit was counted under Dura.
Modern era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Deir Sammit came under Jordanian rule. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 808 inhabitants in Deir Sammit.
After the Six-Day War in 1967, Deir Sammit has been under Israeli occupation. Since 1995, it has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority as part of Area B of the West Bank.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Welcome to Dayr Samit
Deir Samet, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 21: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Deir Samit Village (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Deir Samit village profile, ARIJ
Deir Samit aerial photo, ARIJ
The priorities and needs for development in Deir Samit village based on the community and local authorities' assessment, ARIJ
Constructing the Segregation Wall are in Deir Samit village – Hebron, September 23, 2004, POICA
Towns in the West Bank
Hebron Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Rihiya | Ar-Rihiya () is a Palestinian town located six kilometers southwest of Hebron. The town is in the Hebron Governorate southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of over 5,754 in 2017.
History
Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.
Ottoman era
French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place in 1863, which he called Khirbet el-Harayeh. Local fellahins inhabited ancient underground storage areas.
In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described the place as being a "large ruin with caves and cisterns, appears to be an ancient site".
British Mandate era
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Al Rihiyeh had a population 231 inhabitants, all Muslims. This had increased slightly at the time of the 1931 census to 243 Muslims, in 38 inhabited houses.
In the 1945 statistics the population of Ar-Rihiya was 330 Muslims, who owned 2,659 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 136 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,093 for cereals, while 25 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Ar-Rihiya came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.
In 1961, the population of Rihiya was 555.
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Ar-Rihiya has been under Israeli occupation.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To al-Rihiya
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 21: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Ar Rihiya Village (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ
Ar Rihiya Village Profile, ARIJ
Ar Rihiya VillageArea Photo, ARIJ
The priorities and needs for development in Ar Rihiya village based on the community and local authorities’ assessment, ARIJ
Villages in the West Bank
Hebron Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-Tabaqa | at-Tabaqa () is a Palestinian village located seven kilometers west of Hebron. The town is in the Hebron Governorate Southern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 1,435 in mid-year 2006.
Footnotes
External links
Welcome To Kh. al-Tabaqa
At Tabaqa & Wadih Village (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ
At Tabaqa & Wadih village profile, ARIJ
At Tabaqa aerial photo, ARIJ
The priorities and needs for development in At Tabaqa & Wadih village based on the community and local authorities' assessment, ARIJ
Villages in the West Bank
Hebron Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdata | UNdata is an Internet search engine, retrieving data series from statistical databases provided by the UN System. UNdata was launched in February 2008. It is a product of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) developed in partnership with Statistics Sweden and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).
UNdata allows searching and downloading a variety of statistical resources covering the following areas: Education, Employment, Energy, Environment, Food and Agriculture, Health, Human Development, Industry, Information and Communication Technology, National Accounts, Population, Refugees, Trade and Tourism.
UNdata has been featured in CNET TV and listed as Best Of The Internet in PC Magazine.
UNdata is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org.
PET Lab
UNSD is the lead body for the Privacy-Enhancing Technologies Lab (PET Lab). The PET Lab together with the ITU AI for Good programme jointly organize the Trustworthy AI standardization PET programme of work.
References
External links
UNdata
United Nations Statistics Division
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
United Nations Economic and social development
United Nations Statistical Commission
Internet properties established in 2008
Statistics Division
Open data
Online databases
Knowledge graphs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82%20Hajduczek | Paweł Hajduczek (born 12 November 1982) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
References
External links
Profile on Official Tavriya website
Tavria statistics
1982 births
Living people
People from Jastrzębie-Zdrój
Footballers from Silesian Voivodeship
Men's association football midfielders
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's youth international footballers
AJ Auxerre players
Polonia Warsaw players
Znicz Pruszków players
GKS Jastrzębie players
Olympiacos Volos F.C. players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia players
Chojniczanka Chojnice players
FC Sioni Bolnisi players
ŁKS Łódź players
Ekstraklasa players
I liga players
II liga players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Erovnuli Liga players
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Expatriate men's footballers in Georgia (country)
Polish expatriate sportspeople in France
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Polish expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Polish expatriates in Georgia (country) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Arab%20al-Rashayida | Arab al-Rashayida () is a Palestinian village in the Bethlehem Governorate, central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 2,060 in 2017.
History
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Rashayida came under Jordanian rule.
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, the village has been under Israeli occupation.
After the 1995 accords, 5.7% of al-Rashayida's land was classified as Area A, 1.1% classified as Area B, 10.2% classified as Area C, while the remaining 83% is classified as "nature reserve".
Footnotes
External links
Welcome To Arab al-Rashaydih
'Arab ar Rashayida Village (fact sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ
'Arab ar Rashaiyda Village profile, ARIJ
'Arab ar Rashayida aerial photo, ARIJ
Villages in the West Bank
Bethlehem Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Shanks | Daniel Shanks (January 17, 1917 – September 6, 1996) was an American mathematician who worked primarily in numerical analysis and number theory. He was the first person to compute π to 100,000 decimal places.
Life and education
Shanks was born on January 17, 1917, in Chicago, Illinois. He is not related to the English mathematician William Shanks, who was also known for his computation of π. He earned his Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the University of Chicago in 1937, and a Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of Maryland in 1954. Prior to obtaining his PhD, Shanks worked at the Aberdeen Proving Ground and the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, first as a physicist and then as a mathematician. During this period he wrote his PhD thesis, which completed in 1949, despite having never taken any graduate math courses.
After earning his PhD in mathematics, Shanks continued working at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory and the Naval Ship Research and Development Center at David Taylor Model Basin, where he stayed until 1976. He spent one year at the National Bureau of Standards before moving to the University of Maryland as an adjunct professor. He remained in Maryland for the rest of his life. Shanks died on September 6, 1996.
Works
Shanks worked primarily in numerical analysis and number theory; however, he had many interests and also worked on black body radiation, ballistics, mathematical identities, and Epstein zeta functions.
Numerical analysis
Shanks's most prominent work in numerical analysis was a collaboration with John Wrench and others to compute the number π to 100,000 decimal digits on a computer. This was done in 1961 on an IBM 7090, and it was a major advancement over previous work.
Shanks was an editor of the Mathematics of Computation from 1959 until his death. He was noted for his very thorough reviews of papers, and for doing whatever was necessary to get the journal out.
Number theory
Shanks wrote the book Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, which mostly depended on quadratic residues and Pell's equation. The third edition of the book contains a long essay on judging conjectures, in which Shanks contended that unless there is a lot of evidence to suggest that something is true, it should not be classified as a conjecture, but rather as an open question. His essay provided many examples of bad thinking that were derived from premature conjecturing. Writing about the possible non-existence of odd perfect numbers, which had been checked to 1050, he famously remarked that "1050 is a long way from infinity."
Most of Shanks's number theory work was in computational number theory. He developed a number of fast computer factorization methods based on quadratic forms and the class number. His algorithms include: Baby-step giant-step algorithm for computing the discrete logarithm, which is useful in public-key cryptography; Shanks's square forms factorization, integer factorization method that generalizes Fermat's fac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 37th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1984, honoured the best films of 1983.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
56th Academy Awards
9th César Awards
36th Directors Guild of America Awards
41st Golden Globe Awards
4th Golden Raspberry Awards
10th Saturn Awards
36th Writers Guild of America Awards
1983 film awards
1984 in British cinema
037
1983 awards in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1992–93 season.
Overview
It was contested by 16 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
Teams
League standings
Results
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1992–93 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1993–94 season. It was contested by 16 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
League standings
Results
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1993–94 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1994–95 season.
Overview
It was contested by 14 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
League standings
Results
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1994–95 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division (soccer/football) for the 1995–96 season.
Overview
It was contested by 16 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
League standings
Results
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1995–96 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1996–97 season.
Overview
It was contested by 16 teams and Constructorul Chişinău won the championship.
League standings
Promoted: Sindicat Moldova-Gaz (Chișinău) and Roma (Bălți).
Results
Promotion play-off
Codru relegated, Stimold-MIF promoted.
Goalscorers
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1996–97 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1997–98 season.
Overview
It was contested by 14 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
League standings
Results
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1997–98 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1998–99 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
Fall season
Results
Spring season
Championship group
Results
Relegation group
Results
Goalscorers
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1998–99 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000%20Moldovan%20National%20Division | Statistics of Moldovan National Division for the 1999–2000 season.
Overview
It was contested by 10 teams and Zimbru Chişinău won the championship.
League standings
Results
First and second round
Third and fourth round
Goalscorers
References
Moldova - List of final tables (RSSSF)
Moldovan Super Liga seasons
1999–2000 in Moldovan football
Moldova |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Grimaldi | Ralph Peter Grimaldi (born January 1943) is an American mathematician specializing in discrete mathematics who is a full professor at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He is known for his textbook Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics: An Applied Introduction , first published in 1985 and now in its fifth edition, and his numerous research papers.
He was born and raised in New York City and graduated from what is now the State University of New York at Albany in 1964 (B.S.) and 1965 (M.S.), then earned his Ph.D. in Mathematical Sciences in 1972 at New Mexico State University under Ray Mines. He previously taught at the State University of New York at Oswego and has held sabbatical appointments at Clemson University and New Mexico State University, as well as in industry.
References
External links
Biography
Faculty page
Living people
1943 births
Scientists from New York City
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Mathematicians from New York (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 27th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1974, honoured the best films of 1973.
Winners and nominees
BAFTA Fellowship: David Lean
Statistics
See also
46th Academy Awards
26th Directors Guild of America Awards
31st Golden Globe Awards
26th Writers Guild of America Awards
027
1973 film awards
1974 in British cinema
1973 awards in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus%20field | In algebraic number theory, the genus field Γ(K) of an algebraic number field K is the maximal abelian extension of K which is obtained by composing an absolutely abelian field with K and which is unramified at all finite primes of K. The genus number of K is the degree [Γ(K):K] and the genus group is the Galois group of Γ(K) over K.
If K is itself absolutely abelian, the genus field may be described as the maximal absolutely abelian extension of K unramified at all finite primes: this definition was used by Leopoldt and Hasse.
If K=Q() (m squarefree) is a quadratic field of discriminant D, the genus field of K is a composite of quadratic fields. Let pi run over the prime factors of D. For each such prime p, define p∗ as follows:
Then the genus field is the composite
See also
Hilbert class field
References
Class field theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 26th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1973, honoured the best films of 1972.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
45th Academy Awards
25th Directors Guild of America Awards
30th Golden Globe Awards
25th Writers Guild of America Awards
026
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards
1972 awards in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 23rd British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1970, honoured the best films of 1969.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
42nd Academy Awards
22nd Directors Guild of America Awards
27th Golden Globe Awards
22nd Writers Guild of America Awards
References
023
1969 film awards
1970 in British cinema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 22nd British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1969, honored the best films of 1968.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
41st Academy Awards
21st Directors Guild of America Awards
26th Golden Globe Awards
21st Writers Guild of America Awards
022
1968 film awards
1969 in British cinema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 21st British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1968, honoured the best films of 1967.
Winners and nominees
Source:
Statistics
See also
40th Academy Awards
20th Directors Guild of America Awards
25th Golden Globe Awards
20th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
External links
"Film in 1968", BAFTA
021
1967 film awards
1968 in British cinema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 20th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1967, honoured the best films of 1966.
Winners and nominees
Statistics
See also
39th Academy Awards
19th Directors Guild of America Awards
24th Golden Globe Awards
19th Writers Guild of America Awards
References
020
British Academy Film Awards
British Academy Film Awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codes%20%28band%29 | Codes are an Irish indie electronic quartet from Dublin, consisting of Daragh Anderson, Eoin Stephens, Niall Woods and Raymond Hogge. Their debut album Trees Dream in Algebra was nominated for the 2010 Choice Music Prize.
History
Formation
Codes formed in late 2007 when all members – who had been friends for several years – found themselves available to compose and play music together. Previously, Daragh and former member Paul Reilly had played in an early version of the group, alongside Alan Greene and Stephen Burke. Raymond – who had just recently moved to Dublin left a band that he was involved with.
Debut album (2008–2010)
In early 2008, they released two independent singles –"This is Goodbye" and "Guided by Ghosts", that both entered the Irish top 50 at number 32 and number 43 respectively. Both singles were well received critically, helped towards a growing fan base and secured the band their first major shows, including a slot on the IMRO Showcase Tour and the Oxegen music festival in Ireland.
In late 2008, the band began to demo songs for their debut album. Not content with waiting for a record label to pick them up they decided to go ahead and record and finance their debut album themselves, resulting in each member taking out a loan to fund the recording. The album was recorded in November 2008 at Modern World Studios in Gloucestershire, UK, with Manic Street Preachers producer Greg Haver.
In early 2009, the band secured a short touring support slot with UK group Keane, culminating at the O2 Arena in Dublin. The band still cites these shows as the biggest they've played at the time, with over 10,000 people seeing them each night. The group had also begun to play their first headline shows in small venues in London shortly after.
Around the same time, the band were pitching their album 'Trees Dream in Algebra' to several labels before finally licensing it to EMI Ireland for a 1-year period in May 2009. Shortly after, it was announced that Codes' debut album 'Trees Dream in Algebra' would be released on 18 September 2009. Upon its release, the album was met with acclaim from critics and fans alike. It was nominated for the 2010 Choice Music Prize in Ireland, voted best Irish album of 2009 by Phantom FM and helped the band get noted as one of HMVs' "Next Big Thing for 2010".
Touring (2010–present)
Throughout 2010 the band toured extensively, playing festivals such as Oxegen, Castlepalooza, Sea Sessions as well as their first series of headline shows across Ireland, while also securing support slots with L.A. indie group The Airborne Toxic Event, in both the UK and Ireland. While promoting Trees Dream in Algebra in the United Kingdom, the group were also busy writing new material for their second album with some songs already being showcased at current shows.
Summer 2012 saw a change in the line-up of the band with the departure of Paul Reilly, for personal reasons, and the joining of Niall Woods.
In February 2013, the group upload |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Poincar%C3%A9%20algebra | In physics and mathematics, the κ-Poincaré algebra, named after Henri Poincaré, is a deformation of the Poincaré algebra into a Hopf algebra. In the bicrossproduct basis, introduced by Majid-Ruegg its commutation rules reads:
Where are the translation generators, the rotations and the boosts.
The coproducts are:
The antipodes and the counits:
The κ-Poincaré algebra is the dual Hopf algebra to the κ-Poincaré group, and can be interpreted as its “infinitesimal” version.
References
Hopf algebras
Mathematical physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 19th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1966, honoured the best films of 1965.
Winners and nominees
Source:
Statistics
References
019
British Academy
1966 in British cinema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th%20British%20Academy%20Film%20Awards | The 18th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1965, honoured the best films of 1964.
Winners and nominees
Source:
Statistics
References
018
1964 film awards
1965 in British cinema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological%20degree%20theory | In mathematics, topological degree theory is a generalization of the winding number of a curve in the complex plane. It can be used to estimate the number of solutions of an equation, and is closely connected to fixed-point theory. When one solution of an equation is easily found, degree theory can often be used to prove existence of a second, nontrivial, solution. There are different types of degree for different types of maps: e.g. for maps between Banach spaces there is the Brouwer degree in Rn, the Leray-Schauder degree for compact mappings in normed spaces, the coincidence degree and various other types. There is also a degree for continuous maps between manifolds.
Topological degree theory has applications in complementarity problems, differential equations, differential inclusions and dynamical systems.
Further reading
Topological fixed point theory of multivalued mappings, Lech Górniewicz, Springer, 1999,
Topological degree theory and applications, Donal O'Regan, Yeol Je Cho, Yu Qing Chen, CRC Press, 2006,
Mapping Degree Theory, Enrique Outerelo, Jesus M. Ruiz, AMS Bookstore, 2009,
Topology
Algebraic topology
Differential topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich%20Kohlenbach | Ulrich Wilhelm Kohlenbach (born 27 July 1962 in Frankfurt am Main) is a German mathematician and professor of algebra and logic at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. His research interests lie in the field of proof mining.
Kohlenbach was president of the German Association for Mathematical Logic and for Basic Research in the Exact Sciences (DVMLG) from 2008 to 2012 and president of the Association for Symbolic Logic from 2016 to 2018.
Life
He graduated ('Abitur') from Lessing-Gymnasium (High School) in 1980 and completed his studies of mathematics, philosophy, and linguistics with a diplom from the Goethe University Frankfurt. During his studies he received a scholarship from the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes. At the same university, he received his Ph.D. in 1990 under the supervision of Horst Luckhardt and passed his habilitation ('venia legendi') in mathematics five years later. During the academic year 1996/1997 he was a visiting assistant professor at the University of Michigan. In 1997, he became an associate professor at Aarhus University where he worked until 2004. Kohlenbach is now a full professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt.
He is married to Gabriele Bahl-Kohlenbach with whom he has a daughter.
In 2011, he received the prestigious Kurt Gödel Research Prize of the Kurt Gödel Society. He was an invited speaker at the 2018 International Congress of Mathematicians in Rio de Janeiro.
References
External links
at Technische Universität Darmstadt
Mathematical logicians
1962 births
Living people
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s%20theorem%20%28geometry%29 | Campbell's theorem, named after John Edward Campbell, also known as Campbell’s embedding theorem and the Campbell-Magaard theorem, is a mathematical theorem guaranteeing that any n-dimensional Riemannian manifold can be locally embedded in an (n + 1)-dimensional Ricci-flat Riemannian manifold.
Statement
Campbell's theorem states that any n-dimensional Riemannian manifold can be embedded locally in an (n + 1)-manifold with a Ricci curvature of R'a b = 0. The theorem also states, in similar form, that an n-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold can be both locally and isometrically embedded in an n(n + 1)/2-pseudo-Euclidean space.
Applications
Campbell’s theorem can be used to produce the embedding of numerous 4-dimensional spacetimes in 5-dimensional Ricci-flat spaces. It is also used to embed a class of n-dimensional Einstein spaces.
References
Theorems in geometry
Theoretical physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA%20Euro%202008%20statistics | These are the statistics for the Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland.
Goalscorers
Awards
UEFA Team of the Tournament
Golden Boot
David Villa (4 goals)
UEFA Player of the Tournament
Xavi
Scoring
Total number of goals scored: 77
Average goals per match: 2.48
Top scorer: David Villa (4 goals)
Most goals scored by a team: 12 – Spain
Fewest goals scored by a team: 1 – Romania, Austria, Poland, Greece, France
Most goals conceded by a team: 9 – Turkey
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 2 – Croatia
First goal of the tournament: Václav Svěrkoš against Switzerland
Last goal of the tournament: Fernando Torres against Germany
Fastest goal in a match: 4 minutes: Luka Modrić against Austria
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 120+2 minutes: Semih Şentürk against Croatia
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+3 minutes: Raul Meireles against Turkey
First hat-trick: David Villa against Russia
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 3 – David Villa against Russia
No own goals were scored during the tournament.
Attendance
Overall attendance: 1,140,902
Average attendance per match: 36,308
Wins and losses
Most wins: 5 – Spain
Fewest wins: 0 – Romania, Austria, Poland, France, Greece
Most losses: 3 – Greece
Fewest losses: 0 – Spain
Discipline
Sanctions against foul play at UEFA Euro 2008 are in the first instance the responsibility of the referee, but when he deems it necessary to give a caution, or dismiss a player, UEFA keeps a record and may enforce a suspension. Referee decisions are generally seen as final. However, UEFA's disciplinary committee may additionally penalise players for offences unpunished by the referee.
Overview
Red cards
A player receiving a red card is automatically suspended for the next match. A longer suspension is possible if the UEFA disciplinary committee judges the offence as warranting it. In keeping with the FIFA Disciplinary Code (FDC) and UEFA Disciplinary Regulations (UDR), UEFA does not allow for appeals of red cards except in the case of mistaken identity. The FDC further stipulates that if a player is sent off during his team's final Euro 2008 match, the suspension carries over to his team's next competitive international(s). For Euro 2008 these would be the qualification matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Any player who was suspended due to a red card that was earned in Euro 2008 qualifying is required to serve the balance of any suspension unserved by the end of qualifying either in the Euro 2008 finals (for any player on a team that qualified, whether he is selected to the final squad or not) or in World Cup qualifying (for players on teams that did not qualify). This provision affected Russian captain Andrei Arshavin who missed his team's first two group matches after getting sent off in Russia's final Euro 2008 qualifier.
Yellow cards
Any player receiving a single yellow card during two of the three group stage matches plus the quarter-final match is suspended for the next match. A single yel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification%20%28statistics%29 | In statistics, reification is the use of an idealized model of a statistical process. The model is then used to make inferences connecting model results, which imperfectly represent the actual process, with experimental observations.
Also, a process whereby model-derived quantities such as principal components, factors and latent variables are identified, named and treated as if they were directly measurable quantities.
Notes
References
Everitt, B.S. (2002) Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics (2nd Edition), CUP.
Multivariate statistics
Statistical models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic%20character | Generic character may refer to:
Generic character (fiction)
Generic character (mathematics), a character on a class group of binary quadratic forms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order-independent%20transparency | Order-independent transparency (OIT) is a class of techniques in rasterisational computer graphics for rendering transparency in a 3D scene, which do not require rendering geometry in sorted order for alpha compositing.
Description
Commonly, 3D geometry with transparency is rendered by blending (using alpha compositing) all surfaces into a single buffer (think of this as a canvas). Each surface occludes existing color and adds some of its own color depending on its alpha value, a ratio of light transmittance. The order in which surfaces are blended affects the total occlusion or visibility of each surface. For a correct result, surfaces must be blended from farthest to nearest or nearest to farthest, depending on the alpha compositing operation, over or under.
Ordering may be achieved by rendering the geometry in sorted order, for example sorting triangles by depth, but can take a significant amount of time,
not always produce a solution (in the case of intersecting or circularly overlapping geometry) and the implementation is complex.
Instead, order-independent transparency sorts geometry per-pixel, after rasterisation. For exact results this requires storing all fragments before sorting and compositing.
History
The A-buffer is a computer graphics technique introduced in 1984 which stores per-pixel lists of fragment data (including micro-polygon information) in a software rasteriser, REYES, originally designed for anti-aliasing but also supporting transparency.
More recently, depth peeling in 2001 described a hardware accelerated OIT technique. With limitations in graphics hardware the scene's geometry had to be rendered many times. A number of techniques have followed, to improve on the performance of depth peeling, still with the many-pass rendering limitation. For example, Dual Depth Peeling (2008).
In 2009, two significant features were introduced in GPU hardware/drivers/Graphics APIs that allowed capturing and
storing fragment data in a single rendering pass of the scene, something not previously possible.
These are, the ability to write to arbitrary GPU memory from shaders and atomic operations. With these features a new class
of OIT techniques became possible that do not require many rendering passes of the scene's geometry.
The first was storing the fragment data in a 3D array, where fragments are stored along the z dimension for each pixel x/y. In practice, most of the 3D array is unused or overflows, as a scene's depth complexity is typically uneven. To avoid overflow the 3D array requires large amounts of memory, which in many cases is impractical.
Two approaches to reducing this memory overhead exist.
Packing the 3D array with a prefix sum scan, or linearizing, removed the unused memory issue but requires an additional depth complexity computation rendering pass of the geometry. The "Sparsity-aware" S-Buffer, Dynamic Fragment Buffer, "deque" D-Buffer, Linearized Layered Fragment Buffer all pack fragment data with a prefix sum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form%20class | Form class may refer to:
Form classification, in paleontology
Homeroom, in schools
Part of speech, in grammar
See also
Class (disambiguation)
Form (disambiguation)
Class formation (mathematics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Menahem | Georges Menahem is a French sociologist and economist whose work employs methods drawn from economics, sociology and statistics. He is a Research Director in the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). Previously, he had been a senior research fellow in the Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics (IRDES), a French research institute specializing in health economics and health statistics.
Scientific biography
Georges Menahem began his university training at Grenoble University (France) where he graduated in mathematics and physics. After having performed his first experiments in the field of astrophysics (in Jodrell Bank Observatory and Nançay Decimetric Radio Telescope) and solid-state physics (in Grenoble University), his observations in social sciences led him to write his first book (1976) on the relationships between science and the military. In a subsequent shift in intellectual pursuits toward the social sciences, his research focused on the sociology of the labour knowledge and of the division of labour, on the sociology of the family, with the creation of a new typology of family organisation and an analysis of The Economic Rationales Within the Family, a topic which became the title of his PhD in Economics.
In the 1990s, as a sociologist searching for root causes of family behaviours, he discovered significant correlation between risky behaviours, vulnerability to illness and grave childhood traumatic events, findings that he explored in greater depth, first with data from INSEE, then with IRDES data. As an economist, he tried also to explain these findings with concepts from health economics and risk economics. Since 2003 he has focused on measuring social well-being by building economic security indices.
Activities
Since 1999, Menahem has been a member of the Scientific Advisory Council of ATTAC. Recently he published an analysis of the European process of militarization through its relationships with European foreign policy. In August 2008 and in August 2011, Menahem directed workshops on the European militarization: first, in the Attac European Summer University of Saarbrücken. and second in the Attac European Network Academy in Fribourg.
Since 2008, Menahem has also participated in the "Forum for Alternative Indicators of Riches" (FAIR more known according its French acronym) which was founded in order to monitor the activities of the "Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress" chaired by Joseph Stiglitz. Following this path, he has contributed to elaborate the critical analysis of the final report of this commission. In 2011, he published on the web-site of the UNCSD "Rio + 20 Conférence" a paper arguing to enlarge well-being indicators that the United Nations general secretary will have to implement after the Rio+20 Conference. In June 2012, he participated in the Rio+20 Summit, holding a side-event and two self-organized activities in the World People Summit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic%20combinatorics | In mathematics, arithmetic combinatorics is a field in the intersection of number theory, combinatorics, ergodic theory and harmonic analysis.
Scope
Arithmetic combinatorics is about combinatorial estimates associated with arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). Additive combinatorics is the special case when only the operations of addition and subtraction are involved.
Ben Green explains arithmetic combinatorics in his review of "Additive Combinatorics" by Tao and Vu.
Important results
Szemerédi's theorem
Szemerédi's theorem is a result in arithmetic combinatorics concerning arithmetic progressions in subsets of the integers. In 1936, Erdős and Turán conjectured that every set of integers A with positive natural density contains a k term arithmetic progression for every k. This conjecture, which became Szemerédi's theorem, generalizes the statement of van der Waerden's theorem.
Green–Tao theorem and extensions
The Green–Tao theorem, proved by Ben Green and Terence Tao in 2004, states that the sequence of prime numbers contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. In other words, there exist arithmetic progressions of primes, with k terms, where k can be any natural number. The proof is an extension of Szemerédi's theorem.
In 2006, Terence Tao and Tamar Ziegler extended the result to cover polynomial progressions. More precisely, given any integer-valued polynomials P1,..., Pk in one unknown m all with constant term 0, there are infinitely many integers x, m such that x + P1(m), ..., x + Pk(m) are simultaneously prime. The special case when the polynomials are m, 2m, ..., km implies the previous result that there are length k arithmetic progressions of primes.
Breuillard–Green–Tao theorem
The Breuillard–Green–Tao theorem, proved by Emmanuel Breuillard, Ben Green, and Terence Tao in 2011, gives a complete classification of approximate groups. This result can be seen as a nonabelian version of Freiman's theorem, and a generalization of Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth.
Example
If A is a set of N integers, how large or small can the sumset
the difference set
and the product set
be, and how are the sizes of these sets related? (Not to be confused: the terms difference set and product set can have other meanings.)
Extensions
The sets being studied may also be subsets of algebraic structures other than the integers, for example, groups, rings and fields.
See also
Additive number theory
Approximate group
Corners theorem
Ergodic Ramsey theory
Problems involving arithmetic progressions
Schnirelmann density
Shapley–Folkman lemma
Sidon set
Sum-free set
Sum-product problem
Notes
References
Additive Combinatorics and Theoretical Computer Science , Luca Trevisan, SIGACT News, June 2009
Open problems in additive combinatorics, E Croot, V Lev
From Rotating Needles to Stability of Waves: Emerging Connections between Combinatorics, Analysis, and PDE, Terence Tao, AMS Notices March |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive%20combinatorics | Additive combinatorics is an area of combinatorics in mathematics. One major area of study in additive combinatorics are inverse problems: given the size of the sumset A + B is small, what can we say about the structures of and ? In the case of the integers, the classical Freiman's theorem provides a partial answer to this question in terms of multi-dimensional arithmetic progressions.
Another typical problem is to find a lower bound for in terms of and . This can be viewed as an inverse problem with the given information that is sufficiently small and the structural conclusion is then of the form that either or is the empty set; however, in literature, such problems are sometimes considered to be direct problems as well. Examples of this type include the Erdős–Heilbronn Conjecture (for a restricted sumset) and the Cauchy–Davenport Theorem. The methods used for tackling such questions often come from many different fields of mathematics, including combinatorics, ergodic theory, analysis, graph theory, group theory, and linear algebraic and polynomial methods.
History of additive combinatorics
Although additive combinatorics is a fairly new branch of combinatorics (in fact the term additive combinatorics was coined by Terence Tao and Van H. Vu in their book in 2000's), an extremely old problem Cauchy–Davenport theorem is one of the most fundamental results in this field.
Cauchy–Davenport theorem
Suppose that A and B are finite subsets of the cyclic group for a prime , then the following inequality holds.
Vosper's theorem
Now we have the inequality for the cardinality of the sum set , it is natural to ask the inverse problem, namely under what conditions on and does the equality hold? Vosper's theorem answers this question. Suppose that (that is, barring edge cases) and
then and are arithmetic progressions with the same difference. This illustrates the structures that are often studied in additive combinatorics: the combinatorial structure of as compared to the algebraic structure of arithmetic progressions.
Plünnecke–Ruzsa inequality
A useful theorem in additive combinatorics is Plünnecke–Ruzsa inequality. This theorem gives an upper bound on the cardinality of in terms of the doubling constant of . For instance using Plünnecke–Ruzsa inequality, we are able to prove a version of Freiman's Theorem in finite fields.
Basic notions
Operations on sets
Let A and B be finite subsets of an abelian group, then the sum set is defined to be
For example, we can write . Similarly we can define the difference set of A and B to be
Here we provide other useful notations.
Not to be confused with
Doubling constant
Let A be a subset of an abelian group. The doubling constant measures how big the sum set is compared to its original size |A|. We define the doubling constant of A to be
Ruzsa distance
Let A and B be two subsets of an abelian group. We define the Ruzsa distance between these two sets to be the quantity
Ruzsa triangl |
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