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Flip a keypoint vertically around the x-axis.
def keypoint_vflip(kp, rows, cols):
"""Flip a keypoint vertically around the x-axis."""
x, y, angle, scale = kp
c = math.cos(angle)
s = math.sin(angle)
angle = math.atan2(-s, c)
return [x, (rows - 1) - y, angle, scale] |
Flip a keypoint either vertically, horizontally or both depending on the value of `d`.
Raises:
ValueError: if value of `d` is not -1, 0 or 1.
def keypoint_flip(bbox, d, rows, cols):
"""Flip a keypoint either vertically, horizontally or both depending on the value of `d`.
Raises:
ValueError: if value of `d` is not -1, 0 or 1.
"""
if d == 0:
bbox = keypoint_vflip(bbox, rows, cols)
elif d == 1:
bbox = keypoint_hflip(bbox, rows, cols)
elif d == -1:
bbox = keypoint_hflip(bbox, rows, cols)
bbox = keypoint_vflip(bbox, rows, cols)
else:
raise ValueError('Invalid d value {}. Valid values are -1, 0 and 1'.format(d))
return bbox |
Rotates a keypoint by 90 degrees CCW (see np.rot90)
Args:
keypoint (tuple): A tuple (x, y, angle, scale).
factor (int): Number of CCW rotations. Must be in range [0;3] See np.rot90.
rows (int): Image rows.
cols (int): Image cols.
def keypoint_rot90(keypoint, factor, rows, cols, **params):
"""Rotates a keypoint by 90 degrees CCW (see np.rot90)
Args:
keypoint (tuple): A tuple (x, y, angle, scale).
factor (int): Number of CCW rotations. Must be in range [0;3] See np.rot90.
rows (int): Image rows.
cols (int): Image cols.
"""
if factor < 0 or factor > 3:
raise ValueError('Parameter n must be in range [0;3]')
x, y, angle, scale = keypoint
if factor == 1:
keypoint = [y, (cols - 1) - x, angle - math.pi / 2, scale]
if factor == 2:
keypoint = [(cols - 1) - x, (rows - 1) - y, angle - math.pi, scale]
if factor == 3:
keypoint = [(rows - 1) - y, x, angle + math.pi / 2, scale]
return keypoint |
Scales a keypoint by scale_x and scale_y.
def keypoint_scale(keypoint, scale_x, scale_y, **params):
"""Scales a keypoint by scale_x and scale_y."""
x, y, a, s = keypoint
return [x * scale_x, y * scale_y, a, s * max(scale_x, scale_y)] |
Crop a keypoint using the provided coordinates of bottom-left and top-right corners in pixels and the
required height and width of the crop.
def crop_keypoint_by_coords(keypoint, crop_coords, crop_height, crop_width, rows, cols):
"""Crop a keypoint using the provided coordinates of bottom-left and top-right corners in pixels and the
required height and width of the crop.
"""
x, y, a, s = keypoint
x1, y1, x2, y2 = crop_coords
cropped_keypoint = [x - x1, y - y1, a, s]
return cropped_keypoint |
Unified rounding in all python versions.
def py3round(number):
"""Unified rounding in all python versions."""
if abs(round(number) - number) == 0.5:
return int(2.0 * round(number / 2.0))
return int(round(number)) |
Args:
factor (int): number of times the input will be rotated by 90 degrees.
def apply(self, img, factor=0, **params):
"""
Args:
factor (int): number of times the input will be rotated by 90 degrees.
"""
return np.ascontiguousarray(np.rot90(img, factor)) |
Normalize coordinates of a bounding box. Divide x-coordinates by image width and y-coordinates
by image height.
def normalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols):
"""Normalize coordinates of a bounding box. Divide x-coordinates by image width and y-coordinates
by image height.
"""
if rows == 0:
raise ValueError('Argument rows cannot be zero')
if cols == 0:
raise ValueError('Argument cols cannot be zero')
x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = bbox[:4]
normalized_bbox = [x_min / cols, y_min / rows, x_max / cols, y_max / rows]
return normalized_bbox + list(bbox[4:]) |
Denormalize coordinates of a bounding box. Multiply x-coordinates by image width and y-coordinates
by image height. This is an inverse operation for :func:`~albumentations.augmentations.bbox.normalize_bbox`.
def denormalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols):
"""Denormalize coordinates of a bounding box. Multiply x-coordinates by image width and y-coordinates
by image height. This is an inverse operation for :func:`~albumentations.augmentations.bbox.normalize_bbox`.
"""
if rows == 0:
raise ValueError('Argument rows cannot be zero')
if cols == 0:
raise ValueError('Argument cols cannot be zero')
x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = bbox[:4]
denormalized_bbox = [x_min * cols, y_min * rows, x_max * cols, y_max * rows]
return denormalized_bbox + list(bbox[4:]) |
Normalize a list of bounding boxes.
def normalize_bboxes(bboxes, rows, cols):
"""Normalize a list of bounding boxes."""
return [normalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols) for bbox in bboxes] |
Denormalize a list of bounding boxes.
def denormalize_bboxes(bboxes, rows, cols):
"""Denormalize a list of bounding boxes."""
return [denormalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols) for bbox in bboxes] |
Calculate the area of a bounding box in pixels.
def calculate_bbox_area(bbox, rows, cols):
"""Calculate the area of a bounding box in pixels."""
bbox = denormalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols)
x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = bbox[:4]
area = (x_max - x_min) * (y_max - y_min)
return area |
Filter bounding boxes and return only those boxes whose visibility after transformation is above
the threshold and minimal area of bounding box in pixels is more then min_area.
Args:
original_shape (tuple): original image shape
bboxes (list): original bounding boxes
transformed_shape(tuple): transformed image
transformed_bboxes (list): transformed bounding boxes
threshold (float): visibility threshold. Should be a value in the range [0.0, 1.0].
min_area (float): Minimal area threshold.
def filter_bboxes_by_visibility(original_shape, bboxes, transformed_shape, transformed_bboxes,
threshold=0., min_area=0.):
"""Filter bounding boxes and return only those boxes whose visibility after transformation is above
the threshold and minimal area of bounding box in pixels is more then min_area.
Args:
original_shape (tuple): original image shape
bboxes (list): original bounding boxes
transformed_shape(tuple): transformed image
transformed_bboxes (list): transformed bounding boxes
threshold (float): visibility threshold. Should be a value in the range [0.0, 1.0].
min_area (float): Minimal area threshold.
"""
img_height, img_width = original_shape[:2]
transformed_img_height, transformed_img_width = transformed_shape[:2]
visible_bboxes = []
for bbox, transformed_bbox in zip(bboxes, transformed_bboxes):
if not all(0.0 <= value <= 1.0 for value in transformed_bbox[:4]):
continue
bbox_area = calculate_bbox_area(bbox, img_height, img_width)
transformed_bbox_area = calculate_bbox_area(transformed_bbox, transformed_img_height, transformed_img_width)
if transformed_bbox_area < min_area:
continue
visibility = transformed_bbox_area / bbox_area
if visibility >= threshold:
visible_bboxes.append(transformed_bbox)
return visible_bboxes |
Convert a bounding box from a format specified in `source_format` to the format used by albumentations:
normalized coordinates of bottom-left and top-right corners of the bounding box in a form of
`[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]` e.g. `[0.15, 0.27, 0.67, 0.5]`.
Args:
bbox (list): bounding box
source_format (str): format of the bounding box. Should be 'coco' or 'pascal_voc'.
check_validity (bool): check if all boxes are valid boxes
rows (int): image height
cols (int): image width
Note:
The `coco` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, width, height]`, e.g. [97, 12, 150, 200].
The `pascal_voc` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]`, e.g. [97, 12, 247, 212].
Raises:
ValueError: if `target_format` is not equal to `coco` or `pascal_voc`.
def convert_bbox_to_albumentations(bbox, source_format, rows, cols, check_validity=False):
"""Convert a bounding box from a format specified in `source_format` to the format used by albumentations:
normalized coordinates of bottom-left and top-right corners of the bounding box in a form of
`[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]` e.g. `[0.15, 0.27, 0.67, 0.5]`.
Args:
bbox (list): bounding box
source_format (str): format of the bounding box. Should be 'coco' or 'pascal_voc'.
check_validity (bool): check if all boxes are valid boxes
rows (int): image height
cols (int): image width
Note:
The `coco` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, width, height]`, e.g. [97, 12, 150, 200].
The `pascal_voc` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]`, e.g. [97, 12, 247, 212].
Raises:
ValueError: if `target_format` is not equal to `coco` or `pascal_voc`.
"""
if source_format not in {'coco', 'pascal_voc'}:
raise ValueError(
"Unknown source_format {}. Supported formats are: 'coco' and 'pascal_voc'".format(source_format)
)
if source_format == 'coco':
x_min, y_min, width, height = bbox[:4]
x_max = x_min + width
y_max = y_min + height
else:
x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = bbox[:4]
bbox = [x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max] + list(bbox[4:])
bbox = normalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols)
if check_validity:
check_bbox(bbox)
return bbox |
Convert a bounding box from the format used by albumentations to a format, specified in `target_format`.
Args:
bbox (list): bounding box with coordinates in the format used by albumentations
target_format (str): required format of the output bounding box. Should be 'coco' or 'pascal_voc'.
rows (int): image height
cols (int): image width
check_validity (bool): check if all boxes are valid boxes
Note:
The `coco` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, width, height]`, e.g. [97, 12, 150, 200].
The `pascal_voc` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]`, e.g. [97, 12, 247, 212].
Raises:
ValueError: if `target_format` is not equal to `coco` or `pascal_voc`.
def convert_bbox_from_albumentations(bbox, target_format, rows, cols, check_validity=False):
"""Convert a bounding box from the format used by albumentations to a format, specified in `target_format`.
Args:
bbox (list): bounding box with coordinates in the format used by albumentations
target_format (str): required format of the output bounding box. Should be 'coco' or 'pascal_voc'.
rows (int): image height
cols (int): image width
check_validity (bool): check if all boxes are valid boxes
Note:
The `coco` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, width, height]`, e.g. [97, 12, 150, 200].
The `pascal_voc` format of a bounding box looks like `[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]`, e.g. [97, 12, 247, 212].
Raises:
ValueError: if `target_format` is not equal to `coco` or `pascal_voc`.
"""
if target_format not in {'coco', 'pascal_voc'}:
raise ValueError(
"Unknown target_format {}. Supported formats are: 'coco' and 'pascal_voc'".format(target_format)
)
if check_validity:
check_bbox(bbox)
bbox = denormalize_bbox(bbox, rows, cols)
if target_format == 'coco':
x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = bbox[:4]
width = x_max - x_min
height = y_max - y_min
bbox = [x_min, y_min, width, height] + list(bbox[4:])
return bbox |
Convert a list bounding boxes from a format specified in `source_format` to the format used by albumentations
def convert_bboxes_to_albumentations(bboxes, source_format, rows, cols, check_validity=False):
"""Convert a list bounding boxes from a format specified in `source_format` to the format used by albumentations
"""
return [convert_bbox_to_albumentations(bbox, source_format, rows, cols, check_validity) for bbox in bboxes] |
Convert a list of bounding boxes from the format used by albumentations to a format, specified
in `target_format`.
Args:
bboxes (list): List of bounding box with coordinates in the format used by albumentations
target_format (str): required format of the output bounding box. Should be 'coco' or 'pascal_voc'.
rows (int): image height
cols (int): image width
check_validity (bool): check if all boxes are valid boxes
def convert_bboxes_from_albumentations(bboxes, target_format, rows, cols, check_validity=False):
"""Convert a list of bounding boxes from the format used by albumentations to a format, specified
in `target_format`.
Args:
bboxes (list): List of bounding box with coordinates in the format used by albumentations
target_format (str): required format of the output bounding box. Should be 'coco' or 'pascal_voc'.
rows (int): image height
cols (int): image width
check_validity (bool): check if all boxes are valid boxes
"""
return [convert_bbox_from_albumentations(bbox, target_format, rows, cols, check_validity) for bbox in bboxes] |
Check if bbox boundaries are in range 0, 1 and minimums are lesser then maximums
def check_bbox(bbox):
"""Check if bbox boundaries are in range 0, 1 and minimums are lesser then maximums"""
for name, value in zip(['x_min', 'y_min', 'x_max', 'y_max'], bbox[:4]):
if not 0 <= value <= 1:
raise ValueError(
'Expected {name} for bbox {bbox} '
'to be in the range [0.0, 1.0], got {value}.'.format(
bbox=bbox,
name=name,
value=value,
)
)
x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max = bbox[:4]
if x_max <= x_min:
raise ValueError('x_max is less than or equal to x_min for bbox {bbox}.'.format(
bbox=bbox,
))
if y_max <= y_min:
raise ValueError('y_max is less than or equal to y_min for bbox {bbox}.'.format(
bbox=bbox,
)) |
Remove bounding boxes that either lie outside of the visible area by more then min_visibility
or whose area in pixels is under the threshold set by `min_area`. Also it crops boxes to final image size.
Args:
bboxes (list): List of bounding box with coordinates in the format used by albumentations
rows (int): Image rows.
cols (int): Image cols.
min_area (float): minimum area of a bounding box. All bounding boxes whose visible area in pixels
is less than this value will be removed. Default: 0.0.
min_visibility (float): minimum fraction of area for a bounding box to remain this box in list. Default: 0.0.
def filter_bboxes(bboxes, rows, cols, min_area=0., min_visibility=0.):
"""Remove bounding boxes that either lie outside of the visible area by more then min_visibility
or whose area in pixels is under the threshold set by `min_area`. Also it crops boxes to final image size.
Args:
bboxes (list): List of bounding box with coordinates in the format used by albumentations
rows (int): Image rows.
cols (int): Image cols.
min_area (float): minimum area of a bounding box. All bounding boxes whose visible area in pixels
is less than this value will be removed. Default: 0.0.
min_visibility (float): minimum fraction of area for a bounding box to remain this box in list. Default: 0.0.
"""
resulting_boxes = []
for bbox in bboxes:
transformed_box_area = calculate_bbox_area(bbox, rows, cols)
bbox[:4] = np.clip(bbox[:4], 0, 1.)
clipped_box_area = calculate_bbox_area(bbox, rows, cols)
if not transformed_box_area or clipped_box_area / transformed_box_area <= min_visibility:
continue
else:
bbox[:4] = np.clip(bbox[:4], 0, 1.)
if calculate_bbox_area(bbox, rows, cols) <= min_area:
continue
resulting_boxes.append(bbox)
return resulting_boxes |
Calculate union of bounding boxes.
Args:
height (float): Height of image or space.
width (float): Width of image or space.
bboxes (list): List like bounding boxes. Format is `[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]`.
erosion_rate (float): How much each bounding box can be shrinked, useful for erosive cropping.
Set this in range [0, 1]. 0 will not be erosive at all, 1.0 can make any bbox to lose its volume.
def union_of_bboxes(height, width, bboxes, erosion_rate=0.0, to_int=False):
"""Calculate union of bounding boxes.
Args:
height (float): Height of image or space.
width (float): Width of image or space.
bboxes (list): List like bounding boxes. Format is `[x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max]`.
erosion_rate (float): How much each bounding box can be shrinked, useful for erosive cropping.
Set this in range [0, 1]. 0 will not be erosive at all, 1.0 can make any bbox to lose its volume.
"""
x1, y1 = width, height
x2, y2 = 0, 0
for b in bboxes:
w, h = b[2] - b[0], b[3] - b[1]
lim_x1, lim_y1 = b[0] + erosion_rate * w, b[1] + erosion_rate * h
lim_x2, lim_y2 = b[2] - erosion_rate * w, b[3] - erosion_rate * h
x1, y1 = np.min([x1, lim_x1]), np.min([y1, lim_y1])
x2, y2 = np.max([x2, lim_x2]), np.max([y2, lim_y2])
return x1, y1, x2, y2 |
Convert input argument to min-max tuple
Args:
param (scalar, tuple or list of 2+ elements): Input value.
If value is scalar, return value would be (offset - value, offset + value).
If value is tuple, return value would be value + offset (broadcasted).
low: Second element of tuple can be passed as optional argument
bias: An offset factor added to each element
def to_tuple(param, low=None, bias=None):
"""Convert input argument to min-max tuple
Args:
param (scalar, tuple or list of 2+ elements): Input value.
If value is scalar, return value would be (offset - value, offset + value).
If value is tuple, return value would be value + offset (broadcasted).
low: Second element of tuple can be passed as optional argument
bias: An offset factor added to each element
"""
if low is not None and bias is not None:
raise ValueError('Arguments low and bias are mutually exclusive')
if param is None:
return param
if isinstance(param, (int, float)):
if low is None:
param = - param, + param
else:
param = (low, param) if low < param else (param, low)
elif isinstance(param, (list, tuple)):
param = tuple(param)
else:
raise ValueError('Argument param must be either scalar (int,float) or tuple')
if bias is not None:
return tuple([bias + x for x in param])
return tuple(param) |
Check if keypoint coordinates are in range [0, 1)
def check_keypoint(kp, rows, cols):
"""Check if keypoint coordinates are in range [0, 1)"""
for name, value, size in zip(['x', 'y'], kp[:2], [cols, rows]):
if not 0 <= value < size:
raise ValueError(
'Expected {name} for keypoint {kp} '
'to be in the range [0.0, {size}], got {value}.'.format(
kp=kp,
name=name,
value=value,
size=size
)
) |
Check if keypoints boundaries are in range [0, 1)
def check_keypoints(keypoints, rows, cols):
"""Check if keypoints boundaries are in range [0, 1)"""
for kp in keypoints:
check_keypoint(kp, rows, cols) |
Begins watching source files for changes.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed.
def start(check_time: int = 500) -> None:
"""Begins watching source files for changes.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
The ``io_loop`` argument (deprecated since version 4.1) has been removed.
"""
io_loop = ioloop.IOLoop.current()
if io_loop in _io_loops:
return
_io_loops[io_loop] = True
if len(_io_loops) > 1:
gen_log.warning("tornado.autoreload started more than once in the same process")
modify_times = {} # type: Dict[str, float]
callback = functools.partial(_reload_on_update, modify_times)
scheduler = ioloop.PeriodicCallback(callback, check_time)
scheduler.start() |
Command-line wrapper to re-run a script whenever its source changes.
Scripts may be specified by filename or module name::
python -m tornado.autoreload -m tornado.test.runtests
python -m tornado.autoreload tornado/test/runtests.py
Running a script with this wrapper is similar to calling
`tornado.autoreload.wait` at the end of the script, but this wrapper
can catch import-time problems like syntax errors that would otherwise
prevent the script from reaching its call to `wait`.
def main() -> None:
"""Command-line wrapper to re-run a script whenever its source changes.
Scripts may be specified by filename or module name::
python -m tornado.autoreload -m tornado.test.runtests
python -m tornado.autoreload tornado/test/runtests.py
Running a script with this wrapper is similar to calling
`tornado.autoreload.wait` at the end of the script, but this wrapper
can catch import-time problems like syntax errors that would otherwise
prevent the script from reaching its call to `wait`.
"""
# Remember that we were launched with autoreload as main.
# The main module can be tricky; set the variables both in our globals
# (which may be __main__) and the real importable version.
import tornado.autoreload
global _autoreload_is_main
global _original_argv, _original_spec
tornado.autoreload._autoreload_is_main = _autoreload_is_main = True
original_argv = sys.argv
tornado.autoreload._original_argv = _original_argv = original_argv
original_spec = getattr(sys.modules["__main__"], "__spec__", None)
tornado.autoreload._original_spec = _original_spec = original_spec
sys.argv = sys.argv[:]
if len(sys.argv) >= 3 and sys.argv[1] == "-m":
mode = "module"
module = sys.argv[2]
del sys.argv[1:3]
elif len(sys.argv) >= 2:
mode = "script"
script = sys.argv[1]
sys.argv = sys.argv[1:]
else:
print(_USAGE, file=sys.stderr)
sys.exit(1)
try:
if mode == "module":
import runpy
runpy.run_module(module, run_name="__main__", alter_sys=True)
elif mode == "script":
with open(script) as f:
# Execute the script in our namespace instead of creating
# a new one so that something that tries to import __main__
# (e.g. the unittest module) will see names defined in the
# script instead of just those defined in this module.
global __file__
__file__ = script
# If __package__ is defined, imports may be incorrectly
# interpreted as relative to this module.
global __package__
del __package__
exec_in(f.read(), globals(), globals())
except SystemExit as e:
logging.basicConfig()
gen_log.info("Script exited with status %s", e.code)
except Exception as e:
logging.basicConfig()
gen_log.warning("Script exited with uncaught exception", exc_info=True)
# If an exception occurred at import time, the file with the error
# never made it into sys.modules and so we won't know to watch it.
# Just to make sure we've covered everything, walk the stack trace
# from the exception and watch every file.
for (filename, lineno, name, line) in traceback.extract_tb(sys.exc_info()[2]):
watch(filename)
if isinstance(e, SyntaxError):
# SyntaxErrors are special: their innermost stack frame is fake
# so extract_tb won't see it and we have to get the filename
# from the exception object.
watch(e.filename)
else:
logging.basicConfig()
gen_log.info("Script exited normally")
# restore sys.argv so subsequent executions will include autoreload
sys.argv = original_argv
if mode == "module":
# runpy did a fake import of the module as __main__, but now it's
# no longer in sys.modules. Figure out where it is and watch it.
loader = pkgutil.get_loader(module)
if loader is not None:
watch(loader.get_filename()) # type: ignore
wait() |
Partition the ``addrinfo`` list by address family.
Returns two lists. The first list contains the first entry from
``addrinfo`` and all others with the same family, and the
second list contains all other addresses (normally one list will
be AF_INET and the other AF_INET6, although non-standard resolvers
may return additional families).
def split(
addrinfo: List[Tuple]
) -> Tuple[
List[Tuple[socket.AddressFamily, Tuple]],
List[Tuple[socket.AddressFamily, Tuple]],
]:
"""Partition the ``addrinfo`` list by address family.
Returns two lists. The first list contains the first entry from
``addrinfo`` and all others with the same family, and the
second list contains all other addresses (normally one list will
be AF_INET and the other AF_INET6, although non-standard resolvers
may return additional families).
"""
primary = []
secondary = []
primary_af = addrinfo[0][0]
for af, addr in addrinfo:
if af == primary_af:
primary.append((af, addr))
else:
secondary.append((af, addr))
return primary, secondary |
Connect to the given host and port.
Asynchronously returns an `.IOStream` (or `.SSLIOStream` if
``ssl_options`` is not None).
Using the ``source_ip`` kwarg, one can specify the source
IP address to use when establishing the connection.
In case the user needs to resolve and
use a specific interface, it has to be handled outside
of Tornado as this depends very much on the platform.
Raises `TimeoutError` if the input future does not complete before
``timeout``, which may be specified in any form allowed by
`.IOLoop.add_timeout` (i.e. a `datetime.timedelta` or an absolute time
relative to `.IOLoop.time`)
Similarly, when the user requires a certain source port, it can
be specified using the ``source_port`` arg.
.. versionchanged:: 4.5
Added the ``source_ip`` and ``source_port`` arguments.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
Added the ``timeout`` argument.
async def connect(
self,
host: str,
port: int,
af: socket.AddressFamily = socket.AF_UNSPEC,
ssl_options: Union[Dict[str, Any], ssl.SSLContext] = None,
max_buffer_size: int = None,
source_ip: str = None,
source_port: int = None,
timeout: Union[float, datetime.timedelta] = None,
) -> IOStream:
"""Connect to the given host and port.
Asynchronously returns an `.IOStream` (or `.SSLIOStream` if
``ssl_options`` is not None).
Using the ``source_ip`` kwarg, one can specify the source
IP address to use when establishing the connection.
In case the user needs to resolve and
use a specific interface, it has to be handled outside
of Tornado as this depends very much on the platform.
Raises `TimeoutError` if the input future does not complete before
``timeout``, which may be specified in any form allowed by
`.IOLoop.add_timeout` (i.e. a `datetime.timedelta` or an absolute time
relative to `.IOLoop.time`)
Similarly, when the user requires a certain source port, it can
be specified using the ``source_port`` arg.
.. versionchanged:: 4.5
Added the ``source_ip`` and ``source_port`` arguments.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
Added the ``timeout`` argument.
"""
if timeout is not None:
if isinstance(timeout, numbers.Real):
timeout = IOLoop.current().time() + timeout
elif isinstance(timeout, datetime.timedelta):
timeout = IOLoop.current().time() + timeout.total_seconds()
else:
raise TypeError("Unsupported timeout %r" % timeout)
if timeout is not None:
addrinfo = await gen.with_timeout(
timeout, self.resolver.resolve(host, port, af)
)
else:
addrinfo = await self.resolver.resolve(host, port, af)
connector = _Connector(
addrinfo,
functools.partial(
self._create_stream,
max_buffer_size,
source_ip=source_ip,
source_port=source_port,
),
)
af, addr, stream = await connector.start(connect_timeout=timeout)
# TODO: For better performance we could cache the (af, addr)
# information here and re-use it on subsequent connections to
# the same host. (http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6555#section-4.2)
if ssl_options is not None:
if timeout is not None:
stream = await gen.with_timeout(
timeout,
stream.start_tls(
False, ssl_options=ssl_options, server_hostname=host
),
)
else:
stream = await stream.start_tls(
False, ssl_options=ssl_options, server_hostname=host
)
return stream |
Close all open connections and asynchronously wait for them to finish.
This method is used in combination with `~.TCPServer.stop` to
support clean shutdowns (especially for unittests). Typical
usage would call ``stop()`` first to stop accepting new
connections, then ``await close_all_connections()`` to wait for
existing connections to finish.
This method does not currently close open websocket connections.
Note that this method is a coroutine and must be caled with ``await``.
async def close_all_connections(self) -> None:
"""Close all open connections and asynchronously wait for them to finish.
This method is used in combination with `~.TCPServer.stop` to
support clean shutdowns (especially for unittests). Typical
usage would call ``stop()`` first to stop accepting new
connections, then ``await close_all_connections()`` to wait for
existing connections to finish.
This method does not currently close open websocket connections.
Note that this method is a coroutine and must be caled with ``await``.
"""
while self._connections:
# Peek at an arbitrary element of the set
conn = next(iter(self._connections))
await conn.close() |
Rewrite the ``remote_ip`` and ``protocol`` fields.
def _apply_xheaders(self, headers: httputil.HTTPHeaders) -> None:
"""Rewrite the ``remote_ip`` and ``protocol`` fields."""
# Squid uses X-Forwarded-For, others use X-Real-Ip
ip = headers.get("X-Forwarded-For", self.remote_ip)
# Skip trusted downstream hosts in X-Forwarded-For list
for ip in (cand.strip() for cand in reversed(ip.split(","))):
if ip not in self.trusted_downstream:
break
ip = headers.get("X-Real-Ip", ip)
if netutil.is_valid_ip(ip):
self.remote_ip = ip
# AWS uses X-Forwarded-Proto
proto_header = headers.get(
"X-Scheme", headers.get("X-Forwarded-Proto", self.protocol)
)
if proto_header:
# use only the last proto entry if there is more than one
# TODO: support trusting mutiple layers of proxied protocol
proto_header = proto_header.split(",")[-1].strip()
if proto_header in ("http", "https"):
self.protocol = proto_header |
Undo changes from `_apply_xheaders`.
Xheaders are per-request so they should not leak to the next
request on the same connection.
def _unapply_xheaders(self) -> None:
"""Undo changes from `_apply_xheaders`.
Xheaders are per-request so they should not leak to the next
request on the same connection.
"""
self.remote_ip = self._orig_remote_ip
self.protocol = self._orig_protocol |
Sets the default locale.
The default locale is assumed to be the language used for all strings
in the system. The translations loaded from disk are mappings from
the default locale to the destination locale. Consequently, you don't
need to create a translation file for the default locale.
def set_default_locale(code: str) -> None:
"""Sets the default locale.
The default locale is assumed to be the language used for all strings
in the system. The translations loaded from disk are mappings from
the default locale to the destination locale. Consequently, you don't
need to create a translation file for the default locale.
"""
global _default_locale
global _supported_locales
_default_locale = code
_supported_locales = frozenset(list(_translations.keys()) + [_default_locale]) |
Loads translations from CSV files in a directory.
Translations are strings with optional Python-style named placeholders
(e.g., ``My name is %(name)s``) and their associated translations.
The directory should have translation files of the form ``LOCALE.csv``,
e.g. ``es_GT.csv``. The CSV files should have two or three columns: string,
translation, and an optional plural indicator. Plural indicators should
be one of "plural" or "singular". A given string can have both singular
and plural forms. For example ``%(name)s liked this`` may have a
different verb conjugation depending on whether %(name)s is one
name or a list of names. There should be two rows in the CSV file for
that string, one with plural indicator "singular", and one "plural".
For strings with no verbs that would change on translation, simply
use "unknown" or the empty string (or don't include the column at all).
The file is read using the `csv` module in the default "excel" dialect.
In this format there should not be spaces after the commas.
If no ``encoding`` parameter is given, the encoding will be
detected automatically (among UTF-8 and UTF-16) if the file
contains a byte-order marker (BOM), defaulting to UTF-8 if no BOM
is present.
Example translation ``es_LA.csv``::
"I love you","Te amo"
"%(name)s liked this","A %(name)s les gustó esto","plural"
"%(name)s liked this","A %(name)s le gustó esto","singular"
.. versionchanged:: 4.3
Added ``encoding`` parameter. Added support for BOM-based encoding
detection, UTF-16, and UTF-8-with-BOM.
def load_translations(directory: str, encoding: str = None) -> None:
"""Loads translations from CSV files in a directory.
Translations are strings with optional Python-style named placeholders
(e.g., ``My name is %(name)s``) and their associated translations.
The directory should have translation files of the form ``LOCALE.csv``,
e.g. ``es_GT.csv``. The CSV files should have two or three columns: string,
translation, and an optional plural indicator. Plural indicators should
be one of "plural" or "singular". A given string can have both singular
and plural forms. For example ``%(name)s liked this`` may have a
different verb conjugation depending on whether %(name)s is one
name or a list of names. There should be two rows in the CSV file for
that string, one with plural indicator "singular", and one "plural".
For strings with no verbs that would change on translation, simply
use "unknown" or the empty string (or don't include the column at all).
The file is read using the `csv` module in the default "excel" dialect.
In this format there should not be spaces after the commas.
If no ``encoding`` parameter is given, the encoding will be
detected automatically (among UTF-8 and UTF-16) if the file
contains a byte-order marker (BOM), defaulting to UTF-8 if no BOM
is present.
Example translation ``es_LA.csv``::
"I love you","Te amo"
"%(name)s liked this","A %(name)s les gustó esto","plural"
"%(name)s liked this","A %(name)s le gustó esto","singular"
.. versionchanged:: 4.3
Added ``encoding`` parameter. Added support for BOM-based encoding
detection, UTF-16, and UTF-8-with-BOM.
"""
global _translations
global _supported_locales
_translations = {}
for path in os.listdir(directory):
if not path.endswith(".csv"):
continue
locale, extension = path.split(".")
if not re.match("[a-z]+(_[A-Z]+)?$", locale):
gen_log.error(
"Unrecognized locale %r (path: %s)",
locale,
os.path.join(directory, path),
)
continue
full_path = os.path.join(directory, path)
if encoding is None:
# Try to autodetect encoding based on the BOM.
with open(full_path, "rb") as bf:
data = bf.read(len(codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE))
if data in (codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE, codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE):
encoding = "utf-16"
else:
# utf-8-sig is "utf-8 with optional BOM". It's discouraged
# in most cases but is common with CSV files because Excel
# cannot read utf-8 files without a BOM.
encoding = "utf-8-sig"
# python 3: csv.reader requires a file open in text mode.
# Specify an encoding to avoid dependence on $LANG environment variable.
with open(full_path, encoding=encoding) as f:
_translations[locale] = {}
for i, row in enumerate(csv.reader(f)):
if not row or len(row) < 2:
continue
row = [escape.to_unicode(c).strip() for c in row]
english, translation = row[:2]
if len(row) > 2:
plural = row[2] or "unknown"
else:
plural = "unknown"
if plural not in ("plural", "singular", "unknown"):
gen_log.error(
"Unrecognized plural indicator %r in %s line %d",
plural,
path,
i + 1,
)
continue
_translations[locale].setdefault(plural, {})[english] = translation
_supported_locales = frozenset(list(_translations.keys()) + [_default_locale])
gen_log.debug("Supported locales: %s", sorted(_supported_locales)) |
Loads translations from `gettext`'s locale tree
Locale tree is similar to system's ``/usr/share/locale``, like::
{directory}/{lang}/LC_MESSAGES/{domain}.mo
Three steps are required to have your app translated:
1. Generate POT translation file::
xgettext --language=Python --keyword=_:1,2 -d mydomain file1.py file2.html etc
2. Merge against existing POT file::
msgmerge old.po mydomain.po > new.po
3. Compile::
msgfmt mydomain.po -o {directory}/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/mydomain.mo
def load_gettext_translations(directory: str, domain: str) -> None:
"""Loads translations from `gettext`'s locale tree
Locale tree is similar to system's ``/usr/share/locale``, like::
{directory}/{lang}/LC_MESSAGES/{domain}.mo
Three steps are required to have your app translated:
1. Generate POT translation file::
xgettext --language=Python --keyword=_:1,2 -d mydomain file1.py file2.html etc
2. Merge against existing POT file::
msgmerge old.po mydomain.po > new.po
3. Compile::
msgfmt mydomain.po -o {directory}/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/mydomain.mo
"""
global _translations
global _supported_locales
global _use_gettext
_translations = {}
for lang in os.listdir(directory):
if lang.startswith("."):
continue # skip .svn, etc
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(directory, lang)):
continue
try:
os.stat(os.path.join(directory, lang, "LC_MESSAGES", domain + ".mo"))
_translations[lang] = gettext.translation(
domain, directory, languages=[lang]
)
except Exception as e:
gen_log.error("Cannot load translation for '%s': %s", lang, str(e))
continue
_supported_locales = frozenset(list(_translations.keys()) + [_default_locale])
_use_gettext = True
gen_log.debug("Supported locales: %s", sorted(_supported_locales)) |
Returns the closest match for the given locale code.
def get_closest(cls, *locale_codes: str) -> "Locale":
"""Returns the closest match for the given locale code."""
for code in locale_codes:
if not code:
continue
code = code.replace("-", "_")
parts = code.split("_")
if len(parts) > 2:
continue
elif len(parts) == 2:
code = parts[0].lower() + "_" + parts[1].upper()
if code in _supported_locales:
return cls.get(code)
if parts[0].lower() in _supported_locales:
return cls.get(parts[0].lower())
return cls.get(_default_locale) |
Returns the Locale for the given locale code.
If it is not supported, we raise an exception.
def get(cls, code: str) -> "Locale":
"""Returns the Locale for the given locale code.
If it is not supported, we raise an exception.
"""
if code not in cls._cache:
assert code in _supported_locales
translations = _translations.get(code, None)
if translations is None:
locale = CSVLocale(code, {}) # type: Locale
elif _use_gettext:
locale = GettextLocale(code, translations)
else:
locale = CSVLocale(code, translations)
cls._cache[code] = locale
return cls._cache[code] |
Returns the translation for the given message for this locale.
If ``plural_message`` is given, you must also provide
``count``. We return ``plural_message`` when ``count != 1``,
and we return the singular form for the given message when
``count == 1``.
def translate(
self, message: str, plural_message: str = None, count: int = None
) -> str:
"""Returns the translation for the given message for this locale.
If ``plural_message`` is given, you must also provide
``count``. We return ``plural_message`` when ``count != 1``,
and we return the singular form for the given message when
``count == 1``.
"""
raise NotImplementedError() |
Formats the given date (which should be GMT).
By default, we return a relative time (e.g., "2 minutes ago"). You
can return an absolute date string with ``relative=False``.
You can force a full format date ("July 10, 1980") with
``full_format=True``.
This method is primarily intended for dates in the past.
For dates in the future, we fall back to full format.
def format_date(
self,
date: Union[int, float, datetime.datetime],
gmt_offset: int = 0,
relative: bool = True,
shorter: bool = False,
full_format: bool = False,
) -> str:
"""Formats the given date (which should be GMT).
By default, we return a relative time (e.g., "2 minutes ago"). You
can return an absolute date string with ``relative=False``.
You can force a full format date ("July 10, 1980") with
``full_format=True``.
This method is primarily intended for dates in the past.
For dates in the future, we fall back to full format.
"""
if isinstance(date, (int, float)):
date = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(date)
now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()
if date > now:
if relative and (date - now).seconds < 60:
# Due to click skew, things are some things slightly
# in the future. Round timestamps in the immediate
# future down to now in relative mode.
date = now
else:
# Otherwise, future dates always use the full format.
full_format = True
local_date = date - datetime.timedelta(minutes=gmt_offset)
local_now = now - datetime.timedelta(minutes=gmt_offset)
local_yesterday = local_now - datetime.timedelta(hours=24)
difference = now - date
seconds = difference.seconds
days = difference.days
_ = self.translate
format = None
if not full_format:
if relative and days == 0:
if seconds < 50:
return _("1 second ago", "%(seconds)d seconds ago", seconds) % {
"seconds": seconds
}
if seconds < 50 * 60:
minutes = round(seconds / 60.0)
return _("1 minute ago", "%(minutes)d minutes ago", minutes) % {
"minutes": minutes
}
hours = round(seconds / (60.0 * 60))
return _("1 hour ago", "%(hours)d hours ago", hours) % {"hours": hours}
if days == 0:
format = _("%(time)s")
elif days == 1 and local_date.day == local_yesterday.day and relative:
format = _("yesterday") if shorter else _("yesterday at %(time)s")
elif days < 5:
format = _("%(weekday)s") if shorter else _("%(weekday)s at %(time)s")
elif days < 334: # 11mo, since confusing for same month last year
format = (
_("%(month_name)s %(day)s")
if shorter
else _("%(month_name)s %(day)s at %(time)s")
)
if format is None:
format = (
_("%(month_name)s %(day)s, %(year)s")
if shorter
else _("%(month_name)s %(day)s, %(year)s at %(time)s")
)
tfhour_clock = self.code not in ("en", "en_US", "zh_CN")
if tfhour_clock:
str_time = "%d:%02d" % (local_date.hour, local_date.minute)
elif self.code == "zh_CN":
str_time = "%s%d:%02d" % (
(u"\u4e0a\u5348", u"\u4e0b\u5348")[local_date.hour >= 12],
local_date.hour % 12 or 12,
local_date.minute,
)
else:
str_time = "%d:%02d %s" % (
local_date.hour % 12 or 12,
local_date.minute,
("am", "pm")[local_date.hour >= 12],
)
return format % {
"month_name": self._months[local_date.month - 1],
"weekday": self._weekdays[local_date.weekday()],
"day": str(local_date.day),
"year": str(local_date.year),
"time": str_time,
} |
Formats the given date as a day of week.
Example: "Monday, January 22". You can remove the day of week with
``dow=False``.
def format_day(
self, date: datetime.datetime, gmt_offset: int = 0, dow: bool = True
) -> bool:
"""Formats the given date as a day of week.
Example: "Monday, January 22". You can remove the day of week with
``dow=False``.
"""
local_date = date - datetime.timedelta(minutes=gmt_offset)
_ = self.translate
if dow:
return _("%(weekday)s, %(month_name)s %(day)s") % {
"month_name": self._months[local_date.month - 1],
"weekday": self._weekdays[local_date.weekday()],
"day": str(local_date.day),
}
else:
return _("%(month_name)s %(day)s") % {
"month_name": self._months[local_date.month - 1],
"day": str(local_date.day),
} |
Returns a comma-separated list for the given list of parts.
The format is, e.g., "A, B and C", "A and B" or just "A" for lists
of size 1.
def list(self, parts: Any) -> str:
"""Returns a comma-separated list for the given list of parts.
The format is, e.g., "A, B and C", "A and B" or just "A" for lists
of size 1.
"""
_ = self.translate
if len(parts) == 0:
return ""
if len(parts) == 1:
return parts[0]
comma = u" \u0648 " if self.code.startswith("fa") else u", "
return _("%(commas)s and %(last)s") % {
"commas": comma.join(parts[:-1]),
"last": parts[len(parts) - 1],
} |
Returns a comma-separated number for the given integer.
def friendly_number(self, value: int) -> str:
"""Returns a comma-separated number for the given integer."""
if self.code not in ("en", "en_US"):
return str(value)
s = str(value)
parts = []
while s:
parts.append(s[-3:])
s = s[:-3]
return ",".join(reversed(parts)) |
Allows to set context for translation, accepts plural forms.
Usage example::
pgettext("law", "right")
pgettext("good", "right")
Plural message example::
pgettext("organization", "club", "clubs", len(clubs))
pgettext("stick", "club", "clubs", len(clubs))
To generate POT file with context, add following options to step 1
of `load_gettext_translations` sequence::
xgettext [basic options] --keyword=pgettext:1c,2 --keyword=pgettext:1c,2,3
.. versionadded:: 4.2
def pgettext(
self, context: str, message: str, plural_message: str = None, count: int = None
) -> str:
"""Allows to set context for translation, accepts plural forms.
Usage example::
pgettext("law", "right")
pgettext("good", "right")
Plural message example::
pgettext("organization", "club", "clubs", len(clubs))
pgettext("stick", "club", "clubs", len(clubs))
To generate POT file with context, add following options to step 1
of `load_gettext_translations` sequence::
xgettext [basic options] --keyword=pgettext:1c,2 --keyword=pgettext:1c,2,3
.. versionadded:: 4.2
"""
if plural_message is not None:
assert count is not None
msgs_with_ctxt = (
"%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, message),
"%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, plural_message),
count,
)
result = self.ngettext(*msgs_with_ctxt)
if CONTEXT_SEPARATOR in result:
# Translation not found
result = self.ngettext(message, plural_message, count)
return result
else:
msg_with_ctxt = "%s%s%s" % (context, CONTEXT_SEPARATOR, message)
result = self.gettext(msg_with_ctxt)
if CONTEXT_SEPARATOR in result:
# Translation not found
result = message
return result |
None-safe wrapper around url_unescape to handle unmatched optional
groups correctly.
Note that args are passed as bytes so the handler can decide what
encoding to use.
def _unquote_or_none(s: Optional[str]) -> Optional[bytes]: # noqa: F811
"""None-safe wrapper around url_unescape to handle unmatched optional
groups correctly.
Note that args are passed as bytes so the handler can decide what
encoding to use.
"""
if s is None:
return s
return url_unescape(s, encoding=None, plus=False) |
Must be implemented to return an appropriate instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate`
that can serve the request.
Routing implementations may pass additional kwargs to extend the routing logic.
:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current HTTP request.
:arg kwargs: additional keyword arguments passed by routing implementation.
:returns: an instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` that will be used to
process the request.
def find_handler(
self, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest, **kwargs: Any
) -> Optional[httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate]:
"""Must be implemented to return an appropriate instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate`
that can serve the request.
Routing implementations may pass additional kwargs to extend the routing logic.
:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current HTTP request.
:arg kwargs: additional keyword arguments passed by routing implementation.
:returns: an instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` that will be used to
process the request.
"""
raise NotImplementedError() |
Appends new rules to the router.
:arg rules: a list of Rule instances (or tuples of arguments, which are
passed to Rule constructor).
def add_rules(self, rules: _RuleList) -> None:
"""Appends new rules to the router.
:arg rules: a list of Rule instances (or tuples of arguments, which are
passed to Rule constructor).
"""
for rule in rules:
if isinstance(rule, (tuple, list)):
assert len(rule) in (2, 3, 4)
if isinstance(rule[0], basestring_type):
rule = Rule(PathMatches(rule[0]), *rule[1:])
else:
rule = Rule(*rule)
self.rules.append(self.process_rule(rule)) |
Returns an instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` for a
Rule's target. This method is called by `~.find_handler` and can be
extended to provide additional target types.
:arg target: a Rule's target.
:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current request.
:arg target_params: additional parameters that can be useful
for `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` creation.
def get_target_delegate(
self, target: Any, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest, **target_params: Any
) -> Optional[httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate]:
"""Returns an instance of `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` for a
Rule's target. This method is called by `~.find_handler` and can be
extended to provide additional target types.
:arg target: a Rule's target.
:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current request.
:arg target_params: additional parameters that can be useful
for `~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` creation.
"""
if isinstance(target, Router):
return target.find_handler(request, **target_params)
elif isinstance(target, httputil.HTTPServerConnectionDelegate):
assert request.connection is not None
return target.start_request(request.server_connection, request.connection)
elif callable(target):
assert request.connection is not None
return _CallableAdapter(
partial(target, **target_params), request.connection
)
return None |
Matches current instance against the request.
:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current HTTP request
:returns: a dict of parameters to be passed to the target handler
(for example, ``handler_kwargs``, ``path_args``, ``path_kwargs``
can be passed for proper `~.web.RequestHandler` instantiation).
An empty dict is a valid (and common) return value to indicate a match
when the argument-passing features are not used.
``None`` must be returned to indicate that there is no match.
def match(self, request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
"""Matches current instance against the request.
:arg httputil.HTTPServerRequest request: current HTTP request
:returns: a dict of parameters to be passed to the target handler
(for example, ``handler_kwargs``, ``path_args``, ``path_kwargs``
can be passed for proper `~.web.RequestHandler` instantiation).
An empty dict is a valid (and common) return value to indicate a match
when the argument-passing features are not used.
``None`` must be returned to indicate that there is no match."""
raise NotImplementedError() |
Returns a tuple (reverse string, group count) for a url.
For example: Given the url pattern /([0-9]{4})/([a-z-]+)/, this method
would return ('/%s/%s/', 2).
def _find_groups(self) -> Tuple[Optional[str], Optional[int]]:
"""Returns a tuple (reverse string, group count) for a url.
For example: Given the url pattern /([0-9]{4})/([a-z-]+)/, this method
would return ('/%s/%s/', 2).
"""
pattern = self.regex.pattern
if pattern.startswith("^"):
pattern = pattern[1:]
if pattern.endswith("$"):
pattern = pattern[:-1]
if self.regex.groups != pattern.count("("):
# The pattern is too complicated for our simplistic matching,
# so we can't support reversing it.
return None, None
pieces = []
for fragment in pattern.split("("):
if ")" in fragment:
paren_loc = fragment.index(")")
if paren_loc >= 0:
pieces.append("%s" + fragment[paren_loc + 1 :])
else:
try:
unescaped_fragment = re_unescape(fragment)
except ValueError:
# If we can't unescape part of it, we can't
# reverse this url.
return (None, None)
pieces.append(unescaped_fragment)
return "".join(pieces), self.regex.groups |
Download the page at `url` and parse it for links.
Returned links have had the fragment after `#` removed, and have been made
absolute so, e.g. the URL 'gen.html#tornado.gen.coroutine' becomes
'http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/gen.html'.
async def get_links_from_url(url):
"""Download the page at `url` and parse it for links.
Returned links have had the fragment after `#` removed, and have been made
absolute so, e.g. the URL 'gen.html#tornado.gen.coroutine' becomes
'http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/gen.html'.
"""
response = await httpclient.AsyncHTTPClient().fetch(url)
print("fetched %s" % url)
html = response.body.decode(errors="ignore")
return [urljoin(url, remove_fragment(new_url)) for new_url in get_links(html)] |
Returns a list of messages newer than the given cursor.
``cursor`` should be the ``id`` of the last message received.
def get_messages_since(self, cursor):
"""Returns a list of messages newer than the given cursor.
``cursor`` should be the ``id`` of the last message received.
"""
results = []
for msg in reversed(self.cache):
if msg["id"] == cursor:
break
results.append(msg)
results.reverse()
return results |
Imports an object by name.
``import_object('x')`` is equivalent to ``import x``.
``import_object('x.y.z')`` is equivalent to ``from x.y import z``.
>>> import tornado.escape
>>> import_object('tornado.escape') is tornado.escape
True
>>> import_object('tornado.escape.utf8') is tornado.escape.utf8
True
>>> import_object('tornado') is tornado
True
>>> import_object('tornado.missing_module')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ImportError: No module named missing_module
def import_object(name: str) -> Any:
"""Imports an object by name.
``import_object('x')`` is equivalent to ``import x``.
``import_object('x.y.z')`` is equivalent to ``from x.y import z``.
>>> import tornado.escape
>>> import_object('tornado.escape') is tornado.escape
True
>>> import_object('tornado.escape.utf8') is tornado.escape.utf8
True
>>> import_object('tornado') is tornado
True
>>> import_object('tornado.missing_module')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ImportError: No module named missing_module
"""
if name.count(".") == 0:
return __import__(name)
parts = name.split(".")
obj = __import__(".".join(parts[:-1]), fromlist=[parts[-1]])
try:
return getattr(obj, parts[-1])
except AttributeError:
raise ImportError("No module named %s" % parts[-1]) |
Provides the errno from an Exception object.
There are cases that the errno attribute was not set so we pull
the errno out of the args but if someone instantiates an Exception
without any args you will get a tuple error. So this function
abstracts all that behavior to give you a safe way to get the
errno.
def errno_from_exception(e: BaseException) -> Optional[int]:
"""Provides the errno from an Exception object.
There are cases that the errno attribute was not set so we pull
the errno out of the args but if someone instantiates an Exception
without any args you will get a tuple error. So this function
abstracts all that behavior to give you a safe way to get the
errno.
"""
if hasattr(e, "errno"):
return e.errno # type: ignore
elif e.args:
return e.args[0]
else:
return None |
Websocket masking function.
`mask` is a `bytes` object of length 4; `data` is a `bytes` object of any length.
Returns a `bytes` object of the same length as `data` with the mask applied
as specified in section 5.3 of RFC 6455.
This pure-python implementation may be replaced by an optimized version when available.
def _websocket_mask_python(mask: bytes, data: bytes) -> bytes:
"""Websocket masking function.
`mask` is a `bytes` object of length 4; `data` is a `bytes` object of any length.
Returns a `bytes` object of the same length as `data` with the mask applied
as specified in section 5.3 of RFC 6455.
This pure-python implementation may be replaced by an optimized version when available.
"""
mask_arr = array.array("B", mask)
unmasked_arr = array.array("B", data)
for i in range(len(data)):
unmasked_arr[i] = unmasked_arr[i] ^ mask_arr[i % 4]
return unmasked_arr.tobytes() |
Decompress a chunk, returning newly-available data.
Some data may be buffered for later processing; `flush` must
be called when there is no more input data to ensure that
all data was processed.
If ``max_length`` is given, some input data may be left over
in ``unconsumed_tail``; you must retrieve this value and pass
it back to a future call to `decompress` if it is not empty.
def decompress(self, value: bytes, max_length: int = 0) -> bytes:
"""Decompress a chunk, returning newly-available data.
Some data may be buffered for later processing; `flush` must
be called when there is no more input data to ensure that
all data was processed.
If ``max_length`` is given, some input data may be left over
in ``unconsumed_tail``; you must retrieve this value and pass
it back to a future call to `decompress` if it is not empty.
"""
return self.decompressobj.decompress(value, max_length) |
Sets the class to use when the base class is instantiated.
Keyword arguments will be saved and added to the arguments passed
to the constructor. This can be used to set global defaults for
some parameters.
def configure(cls, impl, **kwargs):
# type: (Union[None, str, Type[Configurable]], Any) -> None
"""Sets the class to use when the base class is instantiated.
Keyword arguments will be saved and added to the arguments passed
to the constructor. This can be used to set global defaults for
some parameters.
"""
base = cls.configurable_base()
if isinstance(impl, str):
impl = typing.cast(Type[Configurable], import_object(impl))
if impl is not None and not issubclass(impl, cls):
raise ValueError("Invalid subclass of %s" % cls)
base.__impl_class = impl
base.__impl_kwargs = kwargs |
Returns the old value of the named argument without replacing it.
Returns ``default`` if the argument is not present.
def get_old_value(
self, args: Sequence[Any], kwargs: Dict[str, Any], default: Any = None
) -> Any:
"""Returns the old value of the named argument without replacing it.
Returns ``default`` if the argument is not present.
"""
if self.arg_pos is not None and len(args) > self.arg_pos:
return args[self.arg_pos]
else:
return kwargs.get(self.name, default) |
Replace the named argument in ``args, kwargs`` with ``new_value``.
Returns ``(old_value, args, kwargs)``. The returned ``args`` and
``kwargs`` objects may not be the same as the input objects, or
the input objects may be mutated.
If the named argument was not found, ``new_value`` will be added
to ``kwargs`` and None will be returned as ``old_value``.
def replace(
self, new_value: Any, args: Sequence[Any], kwargs: Dict[str, Any]
) -> Tuple[Any, Sequence[Any], Dict[str, Any]]:
"""Replace the named argument in ``args, kwargs`` with ``new_value``.
Returns ``(old_value, args, kwargs)``. The returned ``args`` and
``kwargs`` objects may not be the same as the input objects, or
the input objects may be mutated.
If the named argument was not found, ``new_value`` will be added
to ``kwargs`` and None will be returned as ``old_value``.
"""
if self.arg_pos is not None and len(args) > self.arg_pos:
# The arg to replace is passed positionally
old_value = args[self.arg_pos]
args = list(args) # *args is normally a tuple
args[self.arg_pos] = new_value
else:
# The arg to replace is either omitted or passed by keyword.
old_value = kwargs.get(self.name)
kwargs[self.name] = new_value
return old_value, args, kwargs |
Converts a `tornado.httputil.HTTPServerRequest` to a WSGI environment.
def environ(request: httputil.HTTPServerRequest) -> Dict[Text, Any]:
"""Converts a `tornado.httputil.HTTPServerRequest` to a WSGI environment.
"""
hostport = request.host.split(":")
if len(hostport) == 2:
host = hostport[0]
port = int(hostport[1])
else:
host = request.host
port = 443 if request.protocol == "https" else 80
environ = {
"REQUEST_METHOD": request.method,
"SCRIPT_NAME": "",
"PATH_INFO": to_wsgi_str(
escape.url_unescape(request.path, encoding=None, plus=False)
),
"QUERY_STRING": request.query,
"REMOTE_ADDR": request.remote_ip,
"SERVER_NAME": host,
"SERVER_PORT": str(port),
"SERVER_PROTOCOL": request.version,
"wsgi.version": (1, 0),
"wsgi.url_scheme": request.protocol,
"wsgi.input": BytesIO(escape.utf8(request.body)),
"wsgi.errors": sys.stderr,
"wsgi.multithread": False,
"wsgi.multiprocess": True,
"wsgi.run_once": False,
}
if "Content-Type" in request.headers:
environ["CONTENT_TYPE"] = request.headers.pop("Content-Type")
if "Content-Length" in request.headers:
environ["CONTENT_LENGTH"] = request.headers.pop("Content-Length")
for key, value in request.headers.items():
environ["HTTP_" + key.replace("-", "_").upper()] = value
return environ |
Apply to `RequestHandler` subclasses to enable streaming body support.
This decorator implies the following changes:
* `.HTTPServerRequest.body` is undefined, and body arguments will not
be included in `RequestHandler.get_argument`.
* `RequestHandler.prepare` is called when the request headers have been
read instead of after the entire body has been read.
* The subclass must define a method ``data_received(self, data):``, which
will be called zero or more times as data is available. Note that
if the request has an empty body, ``data_received`` may not be called.
* ``prepare`` and ``data_received`` may return Futures (such as via
``@gen.coroutine``, in which case the next method will not be called
until those futures have completed.
* The regular HTTP method (``post``, ``put``, etc) will be called after
the entire body has been read.
See the `file receiver demo <https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/tree/master/demos/file_upload/>`_
for example usage.
def stream_request_body(cls: Type[RequestHandler]) -> Type[RequestHandler]:
"""Apply to `RequestHandler` subclasses to enable streaming body support.
This decorator implies the following changes:
* `.HTTPServerRequest.body` is undefined, and body arguments will not
be included in `RequestHandler.get_argument`.
* `RequestHandler.prepare` is called when the request headers have been
read instead of after the entire body has been read.
* The subclass must define a method ``data_received(self, data):``, which
will be called zero or more times as data is available. Note that
if the request has an empty body, ``data_received`` may not be called.
* ``prepare`` and ``data_received`` may return Futures (such as via
``@gen.coroutine``, in which case the next method will not be called
until those futures have completed.
* The regular HTTP method (``post``, ``put``, etc) will be called after
the entire body has been read.
See the `file receiver demo <https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/tree/master/demos/file_upload/>`_
for example usage.
""" # noqa: E501
if not issubclass(cls, RequestHandler):
raise TypeError("expected subclass of RequestHandler, got %r", cls)
cls._stream_request_body = True
return cls |
Use this decorator to remove trailing slashes from the request path.
For example, a request to ``/foo/`` would redirect to ``/foo`` with this
decorator. Your request handler mapping should use a regular expression
like ``r'/foo/*'`` in conjunction with using the decorator.
def removeslash(
method: Callable[..., Optional[Awaitable[None]]]
) -> Callable[..., Optional[Awaitable[None]]]:
"""Use this decorator to remove trailing slashes from the request path.
For example, a request to ``/foo/`` would redirect to ``/foo`` with this
decorator. Your request handler mapping should use a regular expression
like ``r'/foo/*'`` in conjunction with using the decorator.
"""
@functools.wraps(method)
def wrapper( # type: ignore
self: RequestHandler, *args, **kwargs
) -> Optional[Awaitable[None]]:
if self.request.path.endswith("/"):
if self.request.method in ("GET", "HEAD"):
uri = self.request.path.rstrip("/")
if uri: # don't try to redirect '/' to ''
if self.request.query:
uri += "?" + self.request.query
self.redirect(uri, permanent=True)
return None
else:
raise HTTPError(404)
return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
return wrapper |
Decorate methods with this to require that the user be logged in.
If the user is not logged in, they will be redirected to the configured
`login url <RequestHandler.get_login_url>`.
If you configure a login url with a query parameter, Tornado will
assume you know what you're doing and use it as-is. If not, it
will add a `next` parameter so the login page knows where to send
you once you're logged in.
def authenticated(
method: Callable[..., Optional[Awaitable[None]]]
) -> Callable[..., Optional[Awaitable[None]]]:
"""Decorate methods with this to require that the user be logged in.
If the user is not logged in, they will be redirected to the configured
`login url <RequestHandler.get_login_url>`.
If you configure a login url with a query parameter, Tornado will
assume you know what you're doing and use it as-is. If not, it
will add a `next` parameter so the login page knows where to send
you once you're logged in.
"""
@functools.wraps(method)
def wrapper( # type: ignore
self: RequestHandler, *args, **kwargs
) -> Optional[Awaitable[None]]:
if not self.current_user:
if self.request.method in ("GET", "HEAD"):
url = self.get_login_url()
if "?" not in url:
if urllib.parse.urlsplit(url).scheme:
# if login url is absolute, make next absolute too
next_url = self.request.full_url()
else:
assert self.request.uri is not None
next_url = self.request.uri
url += "?" + urlencode(dict(next=next_url))
self.redirect(url)
return None
raise HTTPError(403)
return method(self, *args, **kwargs)
return wrapper |
Called in async handlers if the client closed the connection.
Override this to clean up resources associated with
long-lived connections. Note that this method is called only if
the connection was closed during asynchronous processing; if you
need to do cleanup after every request override `on_finish`
instead.
Proxies may keep a connection open for a time (perhaps
indefinitely) after the client has gone away, so this method
may not be called promptly after the end user closes their
connection.
def on_connection_close(self) -> None:
"""Called in async handlers if the client closed the connection.
Override this to clean up resources associated with
long-lived connections. Note that this method is called only if
the connection was closed during asynchronous processing; if you
need to do cleanup after every request override `on_finish`
instead.
Proxies may keep a connection open for a time (perhaps
indefinitely) after the client has gone away, so this method
may not be called promptly after the end user closes their
connection.
"""
if _has_stream_request_body(self.__class__):
if not self.request._body_future.done():
self.request._body_future.set_exception(iostream.StreamClosedError())
self.request._body_future.exception() |
Resets all headers and content for this response.
def clear(self) -> None:
"""Resets all headers and content for this response."""
self._headers = httputil.HTTPHeaders(
{
"Server": "TornadoServer/%s" % tornado.version,
"Content-Type": "text/html; charset=UTF-8",
"Date": httputil.format_timestamp(time.time()),
}
)
self.set_default_headers()
self._write_buffer = [] # type: List[bytes]
self._status_code = 200
self._reason = httputil.responses[200] |
Sets the status code for our response.
:arg int status_code: Response status code.
:arg str reason: Human-readable reason phrase describing the status
code. If ``None``, it will be filled in from
`http.client.responses` or "Unknown".
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
No longer validates that the response code is in
`http.client.responses`.
def set_status(self, status_code: int, reason: str = None) -> None:
"""Sets the status code for our response.
:arg int status_code: Response status code.
:arg str reason: Human-readable reason phrase describing the status
code. If ``None``, it will be filled in from
`http.client.responses` or "Unknown".
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
No longer validates that the response code is in
`http.client.responses`.
"""
self._status_code = status_code
if reason is not None:
self._reason = escape.native_str(reason)
else:
self._reason = httputil.responses.get(status_code, "Unknown") |
Sets the given response header name and value.
All header values are converted to strings (`datetime` objects
are formatted according to the HTTP specification for the
``Date`` header).
def set_header(self, name: str, value: _HeaderTypes) -> None:
"""Sets the given response header name and value.
All header values are converted to strings (`datetime` objects
are formatted according to the HTTP specification for the
``Date`` header).
"""
self._headers[name] = self._convert_header_value(value) |
Adds the given response header and value.
Unlike `set_header`, `add_header` may be called multiple times
to return multiple values for the same header.
def add_header(self, name: str, value: _HeaderTypes) -> None:
"""Adds the given response header and value.
Unlike `set_header`, `add_header` may be called multiple times
to return multiple values for the same header.
"""
self._headers.add(name, self._convert_header_value(value)) |
Clears an outgoing header, undoing a previous `set_header` call.
Note that this method does not apply to multi-valued headers
set by `add_header`.
def clear_header(self, name: str) -> None:
"""Clears an outgoing header, undoing a previous `set_header` call.
Note that this method does not apply to multi-valued headers
set by `add_header`.
"""
if name in self._headers:
del self._headers[name] |
Returns the value of the argument with the given name.
If default is not provided, the argument is considered to be
required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
If the argument appears in the request more than once, we return the
last value.
This method searches both the query and body arguments.
def get_argument( # noqa: F811
self,
name: str,
default: Union[None, str, _ArgDefaultMarker] = _ARG_DEFAULT,
strip: bool = True,
) -> Optional[str]:
"""Returns the value of the argument with the given name.
If default is not provided, the argument is considered to be
required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
If the argument appears in the request more than once, we return the
last value.
This method searches both the query and body arguments.
"""
return self._get_argument(name, default, self.request.arguments, strip) |
Returns a list of the arguments with the given name.
If the argument is not present, returns an empty list.
This method searches both the query and body arguments.
def get_arguments(self, name: str, strip: bool = True) -> List[str]:
"""Returns a list of the arguments with the given name.
If the argument is not present, returns an empty list.
This method searches both the query and body arguments.
"""
# Make sure `get_arguments` isn't accidentally being called with a
# positional argument that's assumed to be a default (like in
# `get_argument`.)
assert isinstance(strip, bool)
return self._get_arguments(name, self.request.arguments, strip) |
Returns the value of the argument with the given name
from the request body.
If default is not provided, the argument is considered to be
required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
If the argument appears in the url more than once, we return the
last value.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
def get_body_argument(
self,
name: str,
default: Union[None, str, _ArgDefaultMarker] = _ARG_DEFAULT,
strip: bool = True,
) -> Optional[str]:
"""Returns the value of the argument with the given name
from the request body.
If default is not provided, the argument is considered to be
required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
If the argument appears in the url more than once, we return the
last value.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
"""
return self._get_argument(name, default, self.request.body_arguments, strip) |
Returns a list of the body arguments with the given name.
If the argument is not present, returns an empty list.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
def get_body_arguments(self, name: str, strip: bool = True) -> List[str]:
"""Returns a list of the body arguments with the given name.
If the argument is not present, returns an empty list.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
"""
return self._get_arguments(name, self.request.body_arguments, strip) |
Returns the value of the argument with the given name
from the request query string.
If default is not provided, the argument is considered to be
required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
If the argument appears in the url more than once, we return the
last value.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
def get_query_argument(
self,
name: str,
default: Union[None, str, _ArgDefaultMarker] = _ARG_DEFAULT,
strip: bool = True,
) -> Optional[str]:
"""Returns the value of the argument with the given name
from the request query string.
If default is not provided, the argument is considered to be
required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
If the argument appears in the url more than once, we return the
last value.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
"""
return self._get_argument(name, default, self.request.query_arguments, strip) |
Returns a list of the query arguments with the given name.
If the argument is not present, returns an empty list.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
def get_query_arguments(self, name: str, strip: bool = True) -> List[str]:
"""Returns a list of the query arguments with the given name.
If the argument is not present, returns an empty list.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
"""
return self._get_arguments(name, self.request.query_arguments, strip) |
Decodes an argument from the request.
The argument has been percent-decoded and is now a byte string.
By default, this method decodes the argument as utf-8 and returns
a unicode string, but this may be overridden in subclasses.
This method is used as a filter for both `get_argument()` and for
values extracted from the url and passed to `get()`/`post()`/etc.
The name of the argument is provided if known, but may be None
(e.g. for unnamed groups in the url regex).
def decode_argument(self, value: bytes, name: str = None) -> str:
"""Decodes an argument from the request.
The argument has been percent-decoded and is now a byte string.
By default, this method decodes the argument as utf-8 and returns
a unicode string, but this may be overridden in subclasses.
This method is used as a filter for both `get_argument()` and for
values extracted from the url and passed to `get()`/`post()`/etc.
The name of the argument is provided if known, but may be None
(e.g. for unnamed groups in the url regex).
"""
try:
return _unicode(value)
except UnicodeDecodeError:
raise HTTPError(
400, "Invalid unicode in %s: %r" % (name or "url", value[:40])
) |
An alias for
`self.request.cookies <.httputil.HTTPServerRequest.cookies>`.
def cookies(self) -> Dict[str, http.cookies.Morsel]:
"""An alias for
`self.request.cookies <.httputil.HTTPServerRequest.cookies>`."""
return self.request.cookies |
Returns the value of the request cookie with the given name.
If the named cookie is not present, returns ``default``.
This method only returns cookies that were present in the request.
It does not see the outgoing cookies set by `set_cookie` in this
handler.
def get_cookie(self, name: str, default: str = None) -> Optional[str]:
"""Returns the value of the request cookie with the given name.
If the named cookie is not present, returns ``default``.
This method only returns cookies that were present in the request.
It does not see the outgoing cookies set by `set_cookie` in this
handler.
"""
if self.request.cookies is not None and name in self.request.cookies:
return self.request.cookies[name].value
return default |
Sets an outgoing cookie name/value with the given options.
Newly-set cookies are not immediately visible via `get_cookie`;
they are not present until the next request.
expires may be a numeric timestamp as returned by `time.time`,
a time tuple as returned by `time.gmtime`, or a
`datetime.datetime` object.
Additional keyword arguments are set on the cookies.Morsel
directly.
See https://docs.python.org/3/library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel
for available attributes.
def set_cookie(
self,
name: str,
value: Union[str, bytes],
domain: str = None,
expires: Union[float, Tuple, datetime.datetime] = None,
path: str = "/",
expires_days: int = None,
**kwargs: Any
) -> None:
"""Sets an outgoing cookie name/value with the given options.
Newly-set cookies are not immediately visible via `get_cookie`;
they are not present until the next request.
expires may be a numeric timestamp as returned by `time.time`,
a time tuple as returned by `time.gmtime`, or a
`datetime.datetime` object.
Additional keyword arguments are set on the cookies.Morsel
directly.
See https://docs.python.org/3/library/http.cookies.html#http.cookies.Morsel
for available attributes.
"""
# The cookie library only accepts type str, in both python 2 and 3
name = escape.native_str(name)
value = escape.native_str(value)
if re.search(r"[\x00-\x20]", name + value):
# Don't let us accidentally inject bad stuff
raise ValueError("Invalid cookie %r: %r" % (name, value))
if not hasattr(self, "_new_cookie"):
self._new_cookie = http.cookies.SimpleCookie()
if name in self._new_cookie:
del self._new_cookie[name]
self._new_cookie[name] = value
morsel = self._new_cookie[name]
if domain:
morsel["domain"] = domain
if expires_days is not None and not expires:
expires = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=expires_days)
if expires:
morsel["expires"] = httputil.format_timestamp(expires)
if path:
morsel["path"] = path
for k, v in kwargs.items():
if k == "max_age":
k = "max-age"
# skip falsy values for httponly and secure flags because
# SimpleCookie sets them regardless
if k in ["httponly", "secure"] and not v:
continue
morsel[k] = v |
Deletes the cookie with the given name.
Due to limitations of the cookie protocol, you must pass the same
path and domain to clear a cookie as were used when that cookie
was set (but there is no way to find out on the server side
which values were used for a given cookie).
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
def clear_cookie(self, name: str, path: str = "/", domain: str = None) -> None:
"""Deletes the cookie with the given name.
Due to limitations of the cookie protocol, you must pass the same
path and domain to clear a cookie as were used when that cookie
was set (but there is no way to find out on the server side
which values were used for a given cookie).
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
"""
expires = datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(days=365)
self.set_cookie(name, value="", path=path, expires=expires, domain=domain) |
Deletes all the cookies the user sent with this request.
See `clear_cookie` for more information on the path and domain
parameters.
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Added the ``path`` and ``domain`` parameters.
def clear_all_cookies(self, path: str = "/", domain: str = None) -> None:
"""Deletes all the cookies the user sent with this request.
See `clear_cookie` for more information on the path and domain
parameters.
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Added the ``path`` and ``domain`` parameters.
"""
for name in self.request.cookies:
self.clear_cookie(name, path=path, domain=domain) |
Signs and timestamps a cookie so it cannot be forged.
You must specify the ``cookie_secret`` setting in your Application
to use this method. It should be a long, random sequence of bytes
to be used as the HMAC secret for the signature.
To read a cookie set with this method, use `get_secure_cookie()`.
Note that the ``expires_days`` parameter sets the lifetime of the
cookie in the browser, but is independent of the ``max_age_days``
parameter to `get_secure_cookie`.
Secure cookies may contain arbitrary byte values, not just unicode
strings (unlike regular cookies)
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2
and made it the default.
def set_secure_cookie(
self,
name: str,
value: Union[str, bytes],
expires_days: int = 30,
version: int = None,
**kwargs: Any
) -> None:
"""Signs and timestamps a cookie so it cannot be forged.
You must specify the ``cookie_secret`` setting in your Application
to use this method. It should be a long, random sequence of bytes
to be used as the HMAC secret for the signature.
To read a cookie set with this method, use `get_secure_cookie()`.
Note that the ``expires_days`` parameter sets the lifetime of the
cookie in the browser, but is independent of the ``max_age_days``
parameter to `get_secure_cookie`.
Secure cookies may contain arbitrary byte values, not just unicode
strings (unlike regular cookies)
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2
and made it the default.
"""
self.set_cookie(
name,
self.create_signed_value(name, value, version=version),
expires_days=expires_days,
**kwargs
) |
Signs and timestamps a string so it cannot be forged.
Normally used via set_secure_cookie, but provided as a separate
method for non-cookie uses. To decode a value not stored
as a cookie use the optional value argument to get_secure_cookie.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2
and made it the default.
def create_signed_value(
self, name: str, value: Union[str, bytes], version: int = None
) -> bytes:
"""Signs and timestamps a string so it cannot be forged.
Normally used via set_secure_cookie, but provided as a separate
method for non-cookie uses. To decode a value not stored
as a cookie use the optional value argument to get_secure_cookie.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2
and made it the default.
"""
self.require_setting("cookie_secret", "secure cookies")
secret = self.application.settings["cookie_secret"]
key_version = None
if isinstance(secret, dict):
if self.application.settings.get("key_version") is None:
raise Exception("key_version setting must be used for secret_key dicts")
key_version = self.application.settings["key_version"]
return create_signed_value(
secret, name, value, version=version, key_version=key_version
) |
Returns the given signed cookie if it validates, or None.
The decoded cookie value is returned as a byte string (unlike
`get_cookie`).
Similar to `get_cookie`, this method only returns cookies that
were present in the request. It does not see outgoing cookies set by
`set_secure_cookie` in this handler.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``min_version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2;
both versions 1 and 2 are accepted by default.
def get_secure_cookie(
self,
name: str,
value: str = None,
max_age_days: int = 31,
min_version: int = None,
) -> Optional[bytes]:
"""Returns the given signed cookie if it validates, or None.
The decoded cookie value is returned as a byte string (unlike
`get_cookie`).
Similar to `get_cookie`, this method only returns cookies that
were present in the request. It does not see outgoing cookies set by
`set_secure_cookie` in this handler.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``min_version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2;
both versions 1 and 2 are accepted by default.
"""
self.require_setting("cookie_secret", "secure cookies")
if value is None:
value = self.get_cookie(name)
return decode_signed_value(
self.application.settings["cookie_secret"],
name,
value,
max_age_days=max_age_days,
min_version=min_version,
) |
Returns the signing key version of the secure cookie.
The version is returned as int.
def get_secure_cookie_key_version(
self, name: str, value: str = None
) -> Optional[int]:
"""Returns the signing key version of the secure cookie.
The version is returned as int.
"""
self.require_setting("cookie_secret", "secure cookies")
if value is None:
value = self.get_cookie(name)
if value is None:
return None
return get_signature_key_version(value) |
Sends a redirect to the given (optionally relative) URL.
If the ``status`` argument is specified, that value is used as the
HTTP status code; otherwise either 301 (permanent) or 302
(temporary) is chosen based on the ``permanent`` argument.
The default is 302 (temporary).
def redirect(self, url: str, permanent: bool = False, status: int = None) -> None:
"""Sends a redirect to the given (optionally relative) URL.
If the ``status`` argument is specified, that value is used as the
HTTP status code; otherwise either 301 (permanent) or 302
(temporary) is chosen based on the ``permanent`` argument.
The default is 302 (temporary).
"""
if self._headers_written:
raise Exception("Cannot redirect after headers have been written")
if status is None:
status = 301 if permanent else 302
else:
assert isinstance(status, int) and 300 <= status <= 399
self.set_status(status)
self.set_header("Location", utf8(url))
self.finish() |
Writes the given chunk to the output buffer.
To write the output to the network, use the `flush()` method below.
If the given chunk is a dictionary, we write it as JSON and set
the Content-Type of the response to be ``application/json``.
(if you want to send JSON as a different ``Content-Type``, call
``set_header`` *after* calling ``write()``).
Note that lists are not converted to JSON because of a potential
cross-site security vulnerability. All JSON output should be
wrapped in a dictionary. More details at
http://haacked.com/archive/2009/06/25/json-hijacking.aspx/ and
https://github.com/facebook/tornado/issues/1009
def write(self, chunk: Union[str, bytes, dict]) -> None:
"""Writes the given chunk to the output buffer.
To write the output to the network, use the `flush()` method below.
If the given chunk is a dictionary, we write it as JSON and set
the Content-Type of the response to be ``application/json``.
(if you want to send JSON as a different ``Content-Type``, call
``set_header`` *after* calling ``write()``).
Note that lists are not converted to JSON because of a potential
cross-site security vulnerability. All JSON output should be
wrapped in a dictionary. More details at
http://haacked.com/archive/2009/06/25/json-hijacking.aspx/ and
https://github.com/facebook/tornado/issues/1009
"""
if self._finished:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot write() after finish()")
if not isinstance(chunk, (bytes, unicode_type, dict)):
message = "write() only accepts bytes, unicode, and dict objects"
if isinstance(chunk, list):
message += (
". Lists not accepted for security reasons; see "
+ "http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/web.html#tornado.web.RequestHandler.write" # noqa: E501
)
raise TypeError(message)
if isinstance(chunk, dict):
chunk = escape.json_encode(chunk)
self.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8")
chunk = utf8(chunk)
self._write_buffer.append(chunk) |
Renders the template with the given arguments as the response.
``render()`` calls ``finish()``, so no other output methods can be called
after it.
Returns a `.Future` with the same semantics as the one returned by `finish`.
Awaiting this `.Future` is optional.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Now returns a `.Future` instead of ``None``.
def render(self, template_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> "Future[None]":
"""Renders the template with the given arguments as the response.
``render()`` calls ``finish()``, so no other output methods can be called
after it.
Returns a `.Future` with the same semantics as the one returned by `finish`.
Awaiting this `.Future` is optional.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Now returns a `.Future` instead of ``None``.
"""
if self._finished:
raise RuntimeError("Cannot render() after finish()")
html = self.render_string(template_name, **kwargs)
# Insert the additional JS and CSS added by the modules on the page
js_embed = []
js_files = []
css_embed = []
css_files = []
html_heads = []
html_bodies = []
for module in getattr(self, "_active_modules", {}).values():
embed_part = module.embedded_javascript()
if embed_part:
js_embed.append(utf8(embed_part))
file_part = module.javascript_files()
if file_part:
if isinstance(file_part, (unicode_type, bytes)):
js_files.append(_unicode(file_part))
else:
js_files.extend(file_part)
embed_part = module.embedded_css()
if embed_part:
css_embed.append(utf8(embed_part))
file_part = module.css_files()
if file_part:
if isinstance(file_part, (unicode_type, bytes)):
css_files.append(_unicode(file_part))
else:
css_files.extend(file_part)
head_part = module.html_head()
if head_part:
html_heads.append(utf8(head_part))
body_part = module.html_body()
if body_part:
html_bodies.append(utf8(body_part))
if js_files:
# Maintain order of JavaScript files given by modules
js = self.render_linked_js(js_files)
sloc = html.rindex(b"</body>")
html = html[:sloc] + utf8(js) + b"\n" + html[sloc:]
if js_embed:
js_bytes = self.render_embed_js(js_embed)
sloc = html.rindex(b"</body>")
html = html[:sloc] + js_bytes + b"\n" + html[sloc:]
if css_files:
css = self.render_linked_css(css_files)
hloc = html.index(b"</head>")
html = html[:hloc] + utf8(css) + b"\n" + html[hloc:]
if css_embed:
css_bytes = self.render_embed_css(css_embed)
hloc = html.index(b"</head>")
html = html[:hloc] + css_bytes + b"\n" + html[hloc:]
if html_heads:
hloc = html.index(b"</head>")
html = html[:hloc] + b"".join(html_heads) + b"\n" + html[hloc:]
if html_bodies:
hloc = html.index(b"</body>")
html = html[:hloc] + b"".join(html_bodies) + b"\n" + html[hloc:]
return self.finish(html) |
Default method used to render the final js links for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
def render_linked_js(self, js_files: Iterable[str]) -> str:
"""Default method used to render the final js links for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
"""
paths = []
unique_paths = set() # type: Set[str]
for path in js_files:
if not is_absolute(path):
path = self.static_url(path)
if path not in unique_paths:
paths.append(path)
unique_paths.add(path)
return "".join(
'<script src="'
+ escape.xhtml_escape(p)
+ '" type="text/javascript"></script>'
for p in paths
) |
Default method used to render the final embedded js for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
def render_embed_js(self, js_embed: Iterable[bytes]) -> bytes:
"""Default method used to render the final embedded js for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
"""
return (
b'<script type="text/javascript">\n//<![CDATA[\n'
+ b"\n".join(js_embed)
+ b"\n//]]>\n</script>"
) |
Default method used to render the final css links for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
def render_linked_css(self, css_files: Iterable[str]) -> str:
"""Default method used to render the final css links for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
"""
paths = []
unique_paths = set() # type: Set[str]
for path in css_files:
if not is_absolute(path):
path = self.static_url(path)
if path not in unique_paths:
paths.append(path)
unique_paths.add(path)
return "".join(
'<link href="' + escape.xhtml_escape(p) + '" '
'type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/>'
for p in paths
) |
Default method used to render the final embedded css for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
def render_embed_css(self, css_embed: Iterable[bytes]) -> bytes:
"""Default method used to render the final embedded css for the
rendered webpage.
Override this method in a sub-classed controller to change the output.
"""
return b'<style type="text/css">\n' + b"\n".join(css_embed) + b"\n</style>" |
Generate the given template with the given arguments.
We return the generated byte string (in utf8). To generate and
write a template as a response, use render() above.
def render_string(self, template_name: str, **kwargs: Any) -> bytes:
"""Generate the given template with the given arguments.
We return the generated byte string (in utf8). To generate and
write a template as a response, use render() above.
"""
# If no template_path is specified, use the path of the calling file
template_path = self.get_template_path()
if not template_path:
frame = sys._getframe(0)
web_file = frame.f_code.co_filename
while frame.f_code.co_filename == web_file:
frame = frame.f_back
assert frame.f_code.co_filename is not None
template_path = os.path.dirname(frame.f_code.co_filename)
with RequestHandler._template_loader_lock:
if template_path not in RequestHandler._template_loaders:
loader = self.create_template_loader(template_path)
RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path] = loader
else:
loader = RequestHandler._template_loaders[template_path]
t = loader.load(template_name)
namespace = self.get_template_namespace()
namespace.update(kwargs)
return t.generate(**namespace) |
Returns a dictionary to be used as the default template namespace.
May be overridden by subclasses to add or modify values.
The results of this method will be combined with additional
defaults in the `tornado.template` module and keyword arguments
to `render` or `render_string`.
def get_template_namespace(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""Returns a dictionary to be used as the default template namespace.
May be overridden by subclasses to add or modify values.
The results of this method will be combined with additional
defaults in the `tornado.template` module and keyword arguments
to `render` or `render_string`.
"""
namespace = dict(
handler=self,
request=self.request,
current_user=self.current_user,
locale=self.locale,
_=self.locale.translate,
pgettext=self.locale.pgettext,
static_url=self.static_url,
xsrf_form_html=self.xsrf_form_html,
reverse_url=self.reverse_url,
)
namespace.update(self.ui)
return namespace |
Returns a new template loader for the given path.
May be overridden by subclasses. By default returns a
directory-based loader on the given path, using the
``autoescape`` and ``template_whitespace`` application
settings. If a ``template_loader`` application setting is
supplied, uses that instead.
def create_template_loader(self, template_path: str) -> template.BaseLoader:
"""Returns a new template loader for the given path.
May be overridden by subclasses. By default returns a
directory-based loader on the given path, using the
``autoescape`` and ``template_whitespace`` application
settings. If a ``template_loader`` application setting is
supplied, uses that instead.
"""
settings = self.application.settings
if "template_loader" in settings:
return settings["template_loader"]
kwargs = {}
if "autoescape" in settings:
# autoescape=None means "no escaping", so we have to be sure
# to only pass this kwarg if the user asked for it.
kwargs["autoescape"] = settings["autoescape"]
if "template_whitespace" in settings:
kwargs["whitespace"] = settings["template_whitespace"]
return template.Loader(template_path, **kwargs) |
Flushes the current output buffer to the network.
The ``callback`` argument, if given, can be used for flow control:
it will be run when all flushed data has been written to the socket.
Note that only one flush callback can be outstanding at a time;
if another flush occurs before the previous flush's callback
has been run, the previous callback will be discarded.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Now returns a `.Future` if no callback is given.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
The ``callback`` argument was removed.
def flush(self, include_footers: bool = False) -> "Future[None]":
"""Flushes the current output buffer to the network.
The ``callback`` argument, if given, can be used for flow control:
it will be run when all flushed data has been written to the socket.
Note that only one flush callback can be outstanding at a time;
if another flush occurs before the previous flush's callback
has been run, the previous callback will be discarded.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Now returns a `.Future` if no callback is given.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
The ``callback`` argument was removed.
"""
assert self.request.connection is not None
chunk = b"".join(self._write_buffer)
self._write_buffer = []
if not self._headers_written:
self._headers_written = True
for transform in self._transforms:
assert chunk is not None
self._status_code, self._headers, chunk = transform.transform_first_chunk(
self._status_code, self._headers, chunk, include_footers
)
# Ignore the chunk and only write the headers for HEAD requests
if self.request.method == "HEAD":
chunk = b""
# Finalize the cookie headers (which have been stored in a side
# object so an outgoing cookie could be overwritten before it
# is sent).
if hasattr(self, "_new_cookie"):
for cookie in self._new_cookie.values():
self.add_header("Set-Cookie", cookie.OutputString(None))
start_line = httputil.ResponseStartLine("", self._status_code, self._reason)
return self.request.connection.write_headers(
start_line, self._headers, chunk
)
else:
for transform in self._transforms:
chunk = transform.transform_chunk(chunk, include_footers)
# Ignore the chunk and only write the headers for HEAD requests
if self.request.method != "HEAD":
return self.request.connection.write(chunk)
else:
future = Future() # type: Future[None]
future.set_result(None)
return future |
Finishes this response, ending the HTTP request.
Passing a ``chunk`` to ``finish()`` is equivalent to passing that
chunk to ``write()`` and then calling ``finish()`` with no arguments.
Returns a `.Future` which may optionally be awaited to track the sending
of the response to the client. This `.Future` resolves when all the response
data has been sent, and raises an error if the connection is closed before all
data can be sent.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Now returns a `.Future` instead of ``None``.
def finish(self, chunk: Union[str, bytes, dict] = None) -> "Future[None]":
"""Finishes this response, ending the HTTP request.
Passing a ``chunk`` to ``finish()`` is equivalent to passing that
chunk to ``write()`` and then calling ``finish()`` with no arguments.
Returns a `.Future` which may optionally be awaited to track the sending
of the response to the client. This `.Future` resolves when all the response
data has been sent, and raises an error if the connection is closed before all
data can be sent.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Now returns a `.Future` instead of ``None``.
"""
if self._finished:
raise RuntimeError("finish() called twice")
if chunk is not None:
self.write(chunk)
# Automatically support ETags and add the Content-Length header if
# we have not flushed any content yet.
if not self._headers_written:
if (
self._status_code == 200
and self.request.method in ("GET", "HEAD")
and "Etag" not in self._headers
):
self.set_etag_header()
if self.check_etag_header():
self._write_buffer = []
self.set_status(304)
if self._status_code in (204, 304) or (
self._status_code >= 100 and self._status_code < 200
):
assert not self._write_buffer, (
"Cannot send body with %s" % self._status_code
)
self._clear_headers_for_304()
elif "Content-Length" not in self._headers:
content_length = sum(len(part) for part in self._write_buffer)
self.set_header("Content-Length", content_length)
assert self.request.connection is not None
# Now that the request is finished, clear the callback we
# set on the HTTPConnection (which would otherwise prevent the
# garbage collection of the RequestHandler when there
# are keepalive connections)
self.request.connection.set_close_callback(None) # type: ignore
future = self.flush(include_footers=True)
self.request.connection.finish()
self._log()
self._finished = True
self.on_finish()
self._break_cycles()
return future |
Take control of the underlying stream.
Returns the underlying `.IOStream` object and stops all
further HTTP processing. Intended for implementing protocols
like websockets that tunnel over an HTTP handshake.
This method is only supported when HTTP/1.1 is used.
.. versionadded:: 5.1
def detach(self) -> iostream.IOStream:
"""Take control of the underlying stream.
Returns the underlying `.IOStream` object and stops all
further HTTP processing. Intended for implementing protocols
like websockets that tunnel over an HTTP handshake.
This method is only supported when HTTP/1.1 is used.
.. versionadded:: 5.1
"""
self._finished = True
# TODO: add detach to HTTPConnection?
return self.request.connection.detach() |
Sends the given HTTP error code to the browser.
If `flush()` has already been called, it is not possible to send
an error, so this method will simply terminate the response.
If output has been written but not yet flushed, it will be discarded
and replaced with the error page.
Override `write_error()` to customize the error page that is returned.
Additional keyword arguments are passed through to `write_error`.
def send_error(self, status_code: int = 500, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
"""Sends the given HTTP error code to the browser.
If `flush()` has already been called, it is not possible to send
an error, so this method will simply terminate the response.
If output has been written but not yet flushed, it will be discarded
and replaced with the error page.
Override `write_error()` to customize the error page that is returned.
Additional keyword arguments are passed through to `write_error`.
"""
if self._headers_written:
gen_log.error("Cannot send error response after headers written")
if not self._finished:
# If we get an error between writing headers and finishing,
# we are unlikely to be able to finish due to a
# Content-Length mismatch. Try anyway to release the
# socket.
try:
self.finish()
except Exception:
gen_log.error("Failed to flush partial response", exc_info=True)
return
self.clear()
reason = kwargs.get("reason")
if "exc_info" in kwargs:
exception = kwargs["exc_info"][1]
if isinstance(exception, HTTPError) and exception.reason:
reason = exception.reason
self.set_status(status_code, reason=reason)
try:
self.write_error(status_code, **kwargs)
except Exception:
app_log.error("Uncaught exception in write_error", exc_info=True)
if not self._finished:
self.finish() |
Override to implement custom error pages.
``write_error`` may call `write`, `render`, `set_header`, etc
to produce output as usual.
If this error was caused by an uncaught exception (including
HTTPError), an ``exc_info`` triple will be available as
``kwargs["exc_info"]``. Note that this exception may not be
the "current" exception for purposes of methods like
``sys.exc_info()`` or ``traceback.format_exc``.
def write_error(self, status_code: int, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
"""Override to implement custom error pages.
``write_error`` may call `write`, `render`, `set_header`, etc
to produce output as usual.
If this error was caused by an uncaught exception (including
HTTPError), an ``exc_info`` triple will be available as
``kwargs["exc_info"]``. Note that this exception may not be
the "current" exception for purposes of methods like
``sys.exc_info()`` or ``traceback.format_exc``.
"""
if self.settings.get("serve_traceback") and "exc_info" in kwargs:
# in debug mode, try to send a traceback
self.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain")
for line in traceback.format_exception(*kwargs["exc_info"]):
self.write(line)
self.finish()
else:
self.finish(
"<html><title>%(code)d: %(message)s</title>"
"<body>%(code)d: %(message)s</body></html>"
% {"code": status_code, "message": self._reason}
) |
The locale for the current session.
Determined by either `get_user_locale`, which you can override to
set the locale based on, e.g., a user preference stored in a
database, or `get_browser_locale`, which uses the ``Accept-Language``
header.
.. versionchanged: 4.1
Added a property setter.
def locale(self) -> tornado.locale.Locale:
"""The locale for the current session.
Determined by either `get_user_locale`, which you can override to
set the locale based on, e.g., a user preference stored in a
database, or `get_browser_locale`, which uses the ``Accept-Language``
header.
.. versionchanged: 4.1
Added a property setter.
"""
if not hasattr(self, "_locale"):
loc = self.get_user_locale()
if loc is not None:
self._locale = loc
else:
self._locale = self.get_browser_locale()
assert self._locale
return self._locale |
Determines the user's locale from ``Accept-Language`` header.
See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.4
def get_browser_locale(self, default: str = "en_US") -> tornado.locale.Locale:
"""Determines the user's locale from ``Accept-Language`` header.
See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.4
"""
if "Accept-Language" in self.request.headers:
languages = self.request.headers["Accept-Language"].split(",")
locales = []
for language in languages:
parts = language.strip().split(";")
if len(parts) > 1 and parts[1].startswith("q="):
try:
score = float(parts[1][2:])
except (ValueError, TypeError):
score = 0.0
else:
score = 1.0
locales.append((parts[0], score))
if locales:
locales.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[1], reverse=True)
codes = [l[0] for l in locales]
return locale.get(*codes)
return locale.get(default) |
The authenticated user for this request.
This is set in one of two ways:
* A subclass may override `get_current_user()`, which will be called
automatically the first time ``self.current_user`` is accessed.
`get_current_user()` will only be called once per request,
and is cached for future access::
def get_current_user(self):
user_cookie = self.get_secure_cookie("user")
if user_cookie:
return json.loads(user_cookie)
return None
* It may be set as a normal variable, typically from an overridden
`prepare()`::
@gen.coroutine
def prepare(self):
user_id_cookie = self.get_secure_cookie("user_id")
if user_id_cookie:
self.current_user = yield load_user(user_id_cookie)
Note that `prepare()` may be a coroutine while `get_current_user()`
may not, so the latter form is necessary if loading the user requires
asynchronous operations.
The user object may be any type of the application's choosing.
def current_user(self) -> Any:
"""The authenticated user for this request.
This is set in one of two ways:
* A subclass may override `get_current_user()`, which will be called
automatically the first time ``self.current_user`` is accessed.
`get_current_user()` will only be called once per request,
and is cached for future access::
def get_current_user(self):
user_cookie = self.get_secure_cookie("user")
if user_cookie:
return json.loads(user_cookie)
return None
* It may be set as a normal variable, typically from an overridden
`prepare()`::
@gen.coroutine
def prepare(self):
user_id_cookie = self.get_secure_cookie("user_id")
if user_id_cookie:
self.current_user = yield load_user(user_id_cookie)
Note that `prepare()` may be a coroutine while `get_current_user()`
may not, so the latter form is necessary if loading the user requires
asynchronous operations.
The user object may be any type of the application's choosing.
"""
if not hasattr(self, "_current_user"):
self._current_user = self.get_current_user()
return self._current_user |
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