id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 25.7k | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5731ea07b9d445190005e679 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion? | {
"text": [
"Funeral and commemorative"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e67a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time? | {
"text": [
"sow"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e67b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering? | {
"text": [
"less well-off"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e67c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? | {
"text": [
"Parentalia"
],
"answer_start": [
940
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e67d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What goddess was an intermediary between the dead and the living? | {
"text": [
"Ceres"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's? | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians? | {
"text": [
"Tombs"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for? | {
"text": [
"alms of food"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians? | {
"text": [
"AD 567"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
5731ec3db9d445190005e6a5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wi... | How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead? | {
"text": [
"ritual pollution"
],
"answer_start": [
805
]
} |
5731ed92e99e3014001e63d8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | How were Roman camps laid out? | {
"text": [
"standard pattern"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} |
5731ed92e99e3014001e63d9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | For what purpose were Roman camps arranged? | {
"text": [
"defense and religious ritual"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
5731ed92e99e3014001e63da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions? | {
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
5731ed92e99e3014001e63db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | What was in the center of each Roman camp? | {
"text": [
"commander's headquarters"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
5731ed92e99e3014001e63dc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperia... | What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become? | {
"text": [
"divine templum"
],
"answer_start": [
809
]
} |
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6675 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | What type of personnel did every camp have? | {
"text": [
"religious"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6676 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp? | {
"text": [
"senior magistrate-commander"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6677 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow? | {
"text": [
"emperor"
],
"answer_start": [
656
]
} |
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6678 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance? | {
"text": [
"Rome's official festivals"
],
"answer_start": [
768
]
} |
5731ef6b0fdd8d15006c6679 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each camp had its own religious personnel; standard bearers, priestly officers and their assistants, including a haruspex, and housekeepers of shrines and images. A senior magistrate-commander (sometimes even a consul) headed it, his chain of subordinates ran it and a ferocious system of training and discipline ensured... | What person was considered to be "Mother of the camp''? | {
"text": [
"Empress"
],
"answer_start": [
1091
]
} |
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ec | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | What was a Roman general's most extreme offering? | {
"text": [
"devotio"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ed | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle? | {
"text": [
"Decius Mus"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ee | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | With what does the devotio link to military ethics? | {
"text": [
"Roman gladiator"
],
"answer_start": [
1021
]
} |
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63ef | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle? | {
"text": [
"disastrous consequences"
],
"answer_start": [
926
]
} |
5731f0ffe99e3014001e63f0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same... | Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus? | {
"text": [
"Livy"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What general was consul in 249 BC? | {
"text": [
"Publius Claudius Pulcher"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What type of campaign did Publius fight? | {
"text": [
"sea"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} |
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign? | {
"text": [
"defiance of the omen"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | How did Publius fare in his battle? | {
"text": [
"defeated"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
5731f24bb9d445190005e6d7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The efforts of military commanders to channel the divine will were on occasion less successful. In the early days of Rome's war against Carthage, the commander Publius Claudius Pulcher (consul 249 BC) launched a sea campaign "though the sacred chickens would not eat when he took the auspices." In defiance of the omen, ... | What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling? | {
"text": [
"impiety"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
5731f389e99e3014001e6414 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances? | {
"text": [
"limited"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
} |
5731f389e99e3014001e6415 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What religious act did women not perform? | {
"text": [
"animal sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
5731f389e99e3014001e6416 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What priesthood was reserved solely for women? | {
"text": [
"Vestals"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
5731f389e99e3014001e6417 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | What Roman rites excluded men? | {
"text": [
"Bona Dea"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
5731f389e99e3014001e6418 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, ... | With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? | {
"text": [
"motherhood"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
5731f519e17f3d1400422577 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions? | {
"text": [
"superstitio"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
5731f519e17f3d1400422578 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome? | {
"text": [
"more than was necessary"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
5731f519e17f3d1400422579 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What was excessive religio equated with in Rome? | {
"text": [
"superstition"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
5731f519e17f3d140042257a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What was the basis of Roman religion? | {
"text": [
"knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
} |
5731f519e17f3d140042257b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean... | What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be? | {
"text": [
"inappropriate"
],
"answer_start": [
518
]
} |
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What type of diviners were suspect in Rome? | {
"text": [
"private diviners"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners? | {
"text": [
"will of the gods"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66a9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What action was not to be sought by state diviners? | {
"text": [
"foretelling the future"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66aa | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What group of people were several times expelled from Rome? | {
"text": [
"Astrologers and magicians"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} |
5731f9fa0fdd8d15006c66ab | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the everyday world, many individuals sought to divine the future, influence it through magic, or seek vengeance with help from "private" diviners. The state-sanctioned taking of auspices was a form of public divination with the intent of ascertaining the will of the gods, not foretelling the future. Secretive consul... | What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius? | {
"text": [
"death"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic? | {
"text": [
"magi"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | To what did the term magi originally refer? | {
"text": [
"Persian priests"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use? | {
"text": [
"Pliny the Elder"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66be | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | What was the title of Pliny's work on magic? | {
"text": [
"\"History of magical arts\""
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
5731fb920fdd8d15006c66bf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Graeco-Roman world, practitioners of magic were known as magi (singular magus), a "foreign" title of Persian priests. Apuleius, defending himself against accusations of casting magic spells, defined the magician as "in popular tradition (more vulgari)... someone who, because of his community of speech with the i... | Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air? | {
"text": [
"Apollonius of Tyana"
],
"answer_start": [
688
]
} |
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus? | {
"text": [
"Sextus Pompeius"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens? | {
"text": [
"Erichtho"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining? | {
"text": [
"order of gods"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | How was Erichtho portrayed? | {
"text": [
"stereotypical witch"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
5731fd11e17f3d14004225b5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest ... | From what country did Erichtho come? | {
"text": [
"Thessaly"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What forbid harmful incantations? | {
"text": [
"Twelve Tables"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What deities were on the edge of Roman religious community? | {
"text": [
"Chthonic"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What did people seeking the aid of magicians avoid? | {
"text": [
"public gaze"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | What could public rites and magic easily become in some circumstances? | {
"text": [
"indistinguishable"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
5731ff05e17f3d14004225c9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Twelve Tables forbade any harmful incantation (malum carmen, or 'noisome metrical charm'); this included the "charming of crops from one field to another" (excantatio frugum) and any rite that sought harm or death to others. Chthonic deities functioned at the margins of Rome's divine and human communities; although... | Where was magic conducted in Rome? | {
"text": [
"outside the sacred boundary"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
573200880fdd8d15006c66cf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What science has confirmed the existence of magic use from early times? | {
"text": [
"Archaeology"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
573200880fdd8d15006c66d0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What was the term for binding spells in the Roman world? | {
"text": [
"defixiones"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
573200880fdd8d15006c66d1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What did the elite use instead of spells and potions to redress a wrong? | {
"text": [
"law and justice"
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
573200880fdd8d15006c66d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | Until what era did spells persist in the empire? | {
"text": [
"7th century AD"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
} |
573200880fdd8d15006c66d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Archaeology confirms the widespread use of binding spells (defixiones), magical papyri and so-called "voodoo dolls" from a very early era. Around 250 defixiones have been recovered just from Roman Britain, in both urban and rural settings. Some seek straightforward, usually gruesome revenge, often for a lover's offense... | What era produced a decline in the use of spells? | {
"text": [
"Christian era"
],
"answer_start": [
767
]
} |
573201d7b9d445190005e713 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | What male group dominated all aspects of Rome? | {
"text": [
"aristocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
573201d7b9d445190005e714 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | Of what class was more than half of Rome's population? | {
"text": [
"slave or free non-citizens"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
573201d7b9d445190005e715 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | What was the lowest class of Roman citizens? | {
"text": [
"plebeians"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
573201d7b9d445190005e716 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | How many adult males were able to vote in Rome? | {
"text": [
"Less than a quarter"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
573201d7b9d445190005e717 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actua... | What organization was Rome's official caretaker? | {
"text": [
"the senate"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
573203aae99e3014001e644c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | The link between what groups was necessary to Rome? | {
"text": [
"religious and political"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
} |
573203aae99e3014001e644d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | Where was the basic power in Rome to be found? | {
"text": [
"patrician elite"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
573203aae99e3014001e644e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | What group was excluded from high offices ? | {
"text": [
"plebeians"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
573203aae99e3014001e644f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | Who did the Senate select to settle a strike by the lower classes? | {
"text": [
"Camillus"
],
"answer_start": [
725
]
} |
573203aae99e3014001e6450 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The links between religious and political life were vital to Rome's internal governance, diplomacy and development from kingdom, to Republic and to Empire. Post-regal politics dispersed the civil and religious authority of the kings more or less equitably among the patrician elite: kingship was replaced by two annually... | To whom was a temple dedicated at the settlement of the strike? | {
"text": [
"Concordia"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
} |
573207f5e17f3d14004225d9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? | {
"text": [
"political traditions and religious cults"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
573207f5e17f3d14004225da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | What cult arrived from southern Italy? | {
"text": [
"Dionysus"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
573207f5e17f3d14004225db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular? | {
"text": [
"Punic crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
573207f5e17f3d14004225dc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | To what Roman god was Dionysus similar? | {
"text": [
"Bacchus"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
573207f5e17f3d14004225dd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber... | With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced? | {
"text": [
"divine hierarchy"
],
"answer_start": [
876
]
} |
57320a29e99e3014001e6456 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | What appointment was the start of Cesar's political rise? | {
"text": [
"pontifex maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
57320a29e99e3014001e6457 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | What did the Augustan settlement signify in Rome's classes? | {
"text": [
"cultural shift"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
57320a29e99e3014001e6458 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | What did the claims of officials imply about the nature of the individuals? | {
"text": [
"divinely inspired"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
} |
57320a29e99e3014001e6459 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | In what year was Cesar made pontifex maximus? | {
"text": [
"63 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
57320a29e99e3014001e645a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Augustan settlement built upon a cultural shift in Roman society. In the middle Republican era, even Scipio's tentative hints that he might be Jupiter's special protege sat ill with his colleagues. Politicians of the later Republic were less equivocal; both Sulla and Pompey claimed special relationships with Venus.... | How were opportunities limited in the principate for the citizens of Rome? | {
"text": [
"by law"
],
"answer_start": [
914
]
} |
57320ba7e99e3014001e6478 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | At the end of the regal period, what class was kept out of the state political and priesthood arenas? | {
"text": [
"plebeian"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
57320ba7e99e3014001e6479 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | With whom did Rome have alliances at the end of the regal period? | {
"text": [
"neighbours"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
57320ba7e99e3014001e647a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | What goddess became a part of the Capitoline triad? | {
"text": [
"Minerva"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
57320ba7e99e3014001e647b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | In what style was the temple to Minerva built? | {
"text": [
"Etruscan"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
57320ba7e99e3014001e647c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | By the end of the regal period Rome had developed into a city-state, with a large plebeian, artisan class excluded from the old patrician gentes and from the state priesthoods. The city had commercial and political treaties with its neighbours; according to tradition, Rome's Etruscan connections established a temple to... | What gods were in the Capitoline triad? | {
"text": [
"Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
57320d61b9d445190005e791 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League? | {
"text": [
"Diana"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
57320d61b9d445190005e792 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount? | {
"text": [
"Jupiter Latiaris"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
57320d61b9d445190005e793 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ? | {
"text": [
"Hercules"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
} |
57320d61b9d445190005e794 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | For what group was Castor a patron? | {
"text": [
"cavalry"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
} |
57320d61b9d445190005e795 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic re... | From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill? | {
"text": [
"Sicily"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
57320eef0fdd8d15006c6729 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | What cult appeared from Pessinus in 206 BC? | {
"text": [
"Magna Mater"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | What cult was brought in to Rome after the Great Mother cult? | {
"text": [
"Bacchus"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
} |
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | In what year did the Senate declare the Bacchus subversive? | {
"text": [
"186 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | In what year was Diana brought into the pomerium? | {
"text": [
"179 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
57320eef0fdd8d15006c672d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The introduction of new or equivalent deities coincided with Rome's most significant aggressive and defensive military forays. In 206 BC the Sibylline books commended the introduction of cult to the aniconic Magna Mater (Great Mother) from Pessinus, installed on the Palatine in 191 BC. The mystery cult to Bacchus follo... | What god was introduced in Rome in 138 BC? | {
"text": [
"Mars"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
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