Split (2)

train · 130k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 1 25.7k	answers dict
57327a72e17f3d14004229a8	Humanism	At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ...	Where did the learned believers place their focus?	{ "text": [ "linguistic and cultural disciplines" ], "answer_start": [ 617 ] }
5a81e19a31013a001a334f59	Humanism	At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ...	What was the main avoidance between humanism and the religions of the time?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81e19a31013a001a334f5a	Humanism	At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ...	What well known conservative adopted the usage of this term in Germany?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81e19a31013a001a334f5b	Humanism	At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ...	Who did harmful believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81e19a31013a001a334f5c	Humanism	At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has ...	Where did the learned believers remove their focus?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6af9	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?	{ "text": [ "Gathas of Zarathustra" ], "answer_start": [ 87 ] }
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afb	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	When was this writing penned?	{ "text": [ "afterlife" ], "answer_start": [ 651 ] }
57327ad70fdd8d15006c6afc	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?	{ "text": [ "Voltaire" ], "answer_start": [ 846 ] }
5a81f81431013a001a334ff5	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	Which classified text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f81431013a001a334ff6	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	What well know scholar was destroyed by Humanism?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f81431013a001a334ff7	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	When was Gathas of Zarathustra lost forever?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f81431013a001a334ff8	Humanism	Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi...	What well know scholar was killed by Humanism?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b01	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?	{ "text": [ "Yellow Emperor" ], "answer_start": [ 10 ] }
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b03	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?	{ "text": [ "Book of History" ], "answer_start": [ 447 ] }
57327bd90fdd8d15006c6b04	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?	{ "text": [ "Wu of Zhou" ], "answer_start": [ 176 ] }
5a81f8bc31013a001a335011	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in Finland?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f8bc31013a001a335012	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	What early adopter and developer is no longer associated with Confucianism?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f8bc31013a001a335013	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	Whose words were hidden by the Book of HIstory?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f8bc31013a001a335014	Humanism	In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a...	Who is known for the thought that humanity is the least important thing in the world?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327c59b9d445190005eb49	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?	{ "text": [ "6th century BCE" ], "answer_start": [ 7 ] }
57327c59b9d445190005eb4a	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?	{ "text": [ "Silver Rule of Confucianism" ], "answer_start": [ 139 ] }
57327c59b9d445190005eb4b	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?	{ "text": [ "Ji Liang" ], "answer_start": [ 374 ] }
57327c59b9d445190005eb4c	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	Where could you read this information?	{ "text": [ "Zuo Zhuan" ], "answer_start": [ 363 ] }
5a81f99f31013a001a335023	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	When were humanism beliefs separated from another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f99f31013a001a335024	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that discouraged ethics?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f99f31013a001a335025	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of humans?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f99f31013a001a335026	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	What classic did Ji Liang burn?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81f99f31013a001a335027	Humanism	In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in othe...	Who decided to stop teaching Tao?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b09	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?	{ "text": [ "Thales of Miletus" ], "answer_start": [ 48 ] }
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0a	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Where did this type of thinking next travel to?	{ "text": [ "Athens" ], "answer_start": [ 651 ] }
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0b	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms?	{ "text": [ "Democritus" ], "answer_start": [ 943 ] }
57327d020fdd8d15006c6b0c	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females?	{ "text": [ "Epicurus" ], "answer_start": [ 1324 ] }
5a81fa2931013a001a33502d	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who was one of the last Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fa2931013a001a33502e	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Where did this type of thinking end?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fa2931013a001a33502f	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who first dismissed the idea that matter is made of atoms?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fa2931013a001a335030	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who was the only person to provide education opportunities to females?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fa2931013a001a335031	Humanism	6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xe...	Who was the only Greek philosopher to forbid women at his school?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b25	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?	{ "text": [ "Middle Ages and the Early Modern period" ], "answer_start": [ 73 ] }
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b26	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?	{ "text": [ "Petrarch" ], "answer_start": [ 181 ] }
57327da60fdd8d15006c6b28	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?	{ "text": [ "Cicero" ], "answer_start": [ 578 ] }
5a81fdf031013a001a335069	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	When did the first wave of Humanism fail to reach Europe?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fdf031013a001a33506a	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	Who was thought to be the only believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fdf031013a001a33506b	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	What issue was the study and following of classical writers said to be a problem of?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fdf031013a001a33506c	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	Who did not understand prose?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fdf031013a001a33506d	Humanism	Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centurie...	What was an intellectual movement forbidden in Europe?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d30	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?	{ "text": [ "the Jewish Kabbalah" ], "answer_start": [ 232 ] }
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d32	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?	{ "text": [ "era of universal agreement" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
57327e1757eb1f1400fd2d33	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?	{ "text": [ "Florence, Venice, and Rome" ], "answer_start": [ 587 ] }
5a81fe7431013a001a335073	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a war between all?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fe7431013a001a335074	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think inside the box?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fe7431013a001a335075	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	What cities may have influenced the fashion of Gemistus Pleto?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81fe7431013a001a335076	Humanism	In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With th...	Who denounced being a humanist in 1357?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327ed206a3a419008aca89	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?	{ "text": [ "Latin literary texts" ], "answer_start": [ 30 ] }
57327ed206a3a419008aca8a	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?	{ "text": [ "Patristic literature" ], "answer_start": [ 322 ] }
57327ed206a3a419008aca8b	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?	{ "text": [ "philology" ], "answer_start": [ 567 ] }
57327ed206a3a419008aca8d	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?	{ "text": [ "Greek manuscripts" ], "answer_start": [ 1262 ] }
5a81ff2b31013a001a335085	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	How were humanist able to ruin the development of humanist thought?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ff2b31013a001a335086	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	What was missing in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ff2b31013a001a335087	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	What helps to discredit the authenticity of an ancient text?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ff2b31013a001a335088	Humanism	The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts o...	What caused a small migration of Greek refuges in the 1550s?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d39	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?	{ "text": [ "Erasmus" ], "answer_start": [ 101 ] }
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3a	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?	{ "text": [ "Lefèvre d'Étaples" ], "answer_start": [ 425 ] }
57327f3657eb1f1400fd2d3b	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?	{ "text": [ "the Bible" ], "answer_start": [ 919 ] }
5a81ffc731013a001a335097	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	When are these texts first able to reach no amount of people?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ffc731013a001a335098	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	What text no longer remains without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 12th century?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ffc731013a001a335099	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	Where was Renaissance humanism against the law?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ffc731013a001a33509a	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	What focused on dismissing scholarship and philology?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a81ffc731013a001a33509b	Humanism	After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a vi...	What 18th century German school has no criticisms?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4a	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	What author had a great impact in Rome?	{ "text": [ "P. Terentius Afer" ], "answer_start": [ 34 ] }
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4b	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?	{ "text": [ "Terence" ], "answer_start": [ 127 ] }
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4c	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	From where did this school of thought emerge?	{ "text": [ "the Greeks" ], "answer_start": [ 310 ] }
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4d	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later	{ "text": [ "Seneca" ], "answer_start": [ 538 ] }
5732813857eb1f1400fd2d4e	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	What was the name of the main belief Terence offered	{ "text": [ "universalism" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
5a82047031013a001a3350d3	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	What author had little impact in Rome?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82047031013a001a3350d4	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all without any words?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82047031013a001a3350d5	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	What was the name of the main belief Terence avoided?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82047031013a001a3350d6	Humanism	The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks...	Where was no school of thought taken seriously?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
573281b0b3a91d1900202de5	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?	{ "text": [ "technical writings" ], "answer_start": [ 41 ] }
573281b0b3a91d1900202de6	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?	{ "text": [ "A. C. Crombie" ], "answer_start": [ 183 ] }
573281b0b3a91d1900202de7	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant?	{ "text": [ "Renaissance humanists" ], "answer_start": [ 478 ] }
573281b0b3a91d1900202de8	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?	{ "text": [ "16th century," ], "answer_start": [ 647 ] }
5a82053031013a001a3350db	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	What information allowed for less progress in scientific knowledge?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82053031013a001a3350dc	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82053031013a001a3350dd	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject too important?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82053031013a001a3350de	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	Who was always interested in scientific innovation?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82053031013a001a3350df	Humanism	Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-lookin...	Who was forbidden to develop science?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
573282b9b9988014000c764a	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?	{ "text": [ "Leonardo da Vinci" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
573282b9b9988014000c764b	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?	{ "text": [ "Juan Luis Vives" ], "answer_start": [ 222 ] }
573282b9b9988014000c764c	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	Where did this initiate?	{ "text": [ "universities" ], "answer_start": [ 373 ] }
573282b9b9988014000c764d	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?	{ "text": [ "Aristotelian" ], "answer_start": [ 342 ] }
5a82057f31013a001a3350e5	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could limit art?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82057f31013a001a3350e6	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	Who helped to further the movement closer to Scholasticism of the time?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82057f31013a001a3350e7	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	What type of philosophy was unessential to this forwarding of thought?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82057f31013a001a3350e8	Humanism	Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve t...	Who was the most famous humanist?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5732836406a3a419008acaad	Humanism	Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...	Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?	{ "text": [ "Early humanists" ], "answer_start": [ 0 ] }
5732836406a3a419008acaae	Humanism	Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...	What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?	{ "text": [ "secular" ], "answer_start": [ 231 ] }
5732836406a3a419008acaaf	Humanism	Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...	During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?	{ "text": [ "Renaissance" ], "answer_start": [ 336 ] }
5732836406a3a419008acab0	Humanism	Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...	Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?	{ "text": [ "Gherardo" ], "answer_start": [ 468 ] }
5a82062531013a001a335101	Humanism	Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...	Who was unable to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }
5a82062531013a001a335102	Humanism	Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth ...	What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was seen as an issue for Christians?	{ "text": [], "answer_start": [] }

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