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10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02513.x | 45,502,996 | Abstract Chronic restraint stress has been shown to induce structural remodelling throughout the interconnected dentate gyrus‐CA3 fields. To find out how this stressor affects the rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, we subjected rats to acute or chronic restraint stress and assessed the proliferation, survival and ... | 10.1038/nrn2285 | This study demonstrated that chronic stress can modulate PSA levels in the CNS. |
10.1073/pnas.0608036103 | 108,146,978 | Polysialic acid (PSA), a large cell-surface carbohydrate that regulates cell interactions, is used during vertebrate development to promote precursor cell migration and axon path-finding. The induction of PSA expression in damaged adult CNS tissues could help them to rebuild by creating conditions permissive for archit... | 10.1038/nrn2285 | This study illustrated the potential for the use of engineered PSA in the CNS to promote the repair of damaged tissue and axonal pathways. |
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05311.x | 82,612,098 | Abstract Purkinje axons in adult mammals are generally unable to regenerate after axotomy. Our recent work has shown that over‐expression of growth related genes, GAP‐43 and L1 , in Purkinje cells increased their axonal outgrowth into a predegenerated peripheral nerve graft, but not into a fresh graft [ Zhang et al ., ... | 10.1038/nrn2285 | Together with reference 102, this study showed that grafted Schwann cells with engineered PSA can be used to promote axon regeneration. |
10.1126/science.6815801 | 20,431,418 | Purification of prions from scrapie-infected hamster brain yielded a protein that was not found in a similar fraction from uninfected brain. The protein migrated with an apparent molecular size of 27,000 to 30,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. The resistance of this protein to digestion by prot... | 10.1038/nrn1007 | Reports the identification of the prion protein as an important constituent of the scrapie infectious agent, opening the door for the 'protein-only' hypothesis of prion propagation. |
10.1126/science.276.5321.2045 | 83,454,674 | Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder with a lifetime incidence of approximately 2 percent. A pattern of familial aggregation has been documented for the disorder, and it was recently reported that a PD susceptibility gene in a large Italian kindred is located on the long arm of human chromoso... | 10.1038/nrn1007 | This article was the first indication of the association of α–synuclein with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. |
10.1126/science.8209258 | 20,800,332 | Mutations of human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) are found in about 20 percent of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Expression of high levels of human SOD containing a substitution of glycine to alanine at position 93—a change that has little effect on enzyme activity—caused motor neuron di... | 10.1038/nrn1007 | Describes the generation of an animal model of amyotropic lateral sclerosis by overexpression of mutated human superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Pathological features arose despite the significant elevation of SOD1 activity, providing the first indication that the disease is not due to a decrease in SOD1 function. |
10.1073/pnas.092205999 | 62,373,158 | The generation of amyloid fibrils from an amyloidogenic polypeptide occurs by a nucleation-dependent process initiated in vitro by seeding the protein solution with preformed fibrils. This phenomenon is evidenced in vivo by the fact that amyloid protein A (AA) amyloidosis in mice is markedly accelerated when the animal... | 10.1038/nrn1007 | The authors reported that minute quantities of amyloid-A fibrils, given intravenously or orally, accelerated amyloid deposition in vivo , and provided evidence to indicate that amyloid-related disorders might have an infectious origin, similar to that of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. |
10.1126/science.7909170 | 40,671,833 | A cytoplasmically inherited element, [URE3], allows yeast to use ureidosuccinate in the presence of ammonium ion. Chromosomal mutations in the URE2 gene produce the same phenotype. [URE3] depends for its propagation on the URE2 product (Ure2p), a negative regulator of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism. Saccharomyces cerev... | 10.1038/nrn1007 | In this seminal paper, Wickner proposed the existence of protein-based inheritance in yeast following a prion-like mechanism to explain perplexing information about the non-Mendelian genetic elements [URE3] and [PSI]. This concept has expanded the prion phenomenon of propagation of information through changes in protei... |
10.1126/science.1062245 | 121,959,963 | The transthyretin (TTR) amyloid diseases, representative of numerous misfolding disorders, are of considerable interest because there are mutations that cause or suppress disease. The Val 30 → Met 30 (V30M) TTR mutation is the most prevalent cause of familial amyloid polyneuropathy in heterozygotes, whereas a Thr 119 →... | 10.1038/nrn1007 | This manuscript describes the concept of creating over-stabilized proteins to prevent protein misfolding and aggregation. |
10.1177/1545968305284675 | 79,479,378 | Background. In China, fetal brain tissue has been transplanted into the lesions of more than 400 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Anecdotal reports have been the only basis for assuming that the procedure is safe and effective. Objective. To compare available reports to the experiences and objective findings of ... | 10.1038/nrn1955 | Independent evaluation of participants who had been transplanted with cells from the fetal olfactory nervous system. |
10.1073/pnas.0507063102 | 39,451,823 | We report that prospectively isolated, human CNS stem cells grown as neurospheres (hCNS-SCns) survive, migrate, and express differentiation markers for neurons and oligodendrocytes after long-term engraftment in spinal cord-injured NOD- scid mice. hCNS-SCns engraftment was associated with locomotor recovery, an observa... | 10.1038/nrn1955 | Important study in which transplanted cells are also ablated to determine whether they have a role in recovered function. |
10.1126/science.1585177 | 38,785,086 | The long-term facilitation of synaptic efficacy that is induced by serotonin in dissociated cell cultures of sensory and motor neurons of Aplysia is accompanied by the growth of new synaptic connections. This growth is associated with a down-regulation in the sensory neuron of Aplysia cell adhesion molecules (apCAMs). ... | 10.1038/nrn1301 | References 40–43 present early cellular and molecular evidence and mechanisms for structural plasticity in Aplysia |
10.1073/pnas.100139797 | 41,733,772 | The hypothesis that dynamic actin filaments participate in specific aspects of synaptic plasticity was investigated at the Schaffer-collateral-CA1 pyramidal cell synapse of mouse hippocampus. Low concentrations (0.01–1 μM) of compounds that inhibit actin filament assembly were bath applied to hippocampal slices during ... | 10.1038/nrn1301 | The study shows that actin filament assembly is essential for the maintenance of stable LTP. |
10.1523/jneurosci.20-14-05329.2000 | 19,073,882 | The shape of dendritic trees and the density of dendritic spines can undergo significant changes during the life of a neuron. We report here the function of the small GTPases Rac and Rho in the maintenance of dendritic structures. Maturing pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slice culture were biolistically transfecte... | 10.1038/nrn1301 | The study shows that inhibition of Rac1 GTPase results in a progressive elimination of dendritic spines, and that hyperactivation of RhoA GTPase causes simplification of dendritic branch patterns that is dependent on the activity of the downstream Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. |
10.1523/jneurosci.17-02-00843.1997 | 45,411,769 | In this study we have investigated the pathophysiology of two idiopathic focal dystonias: hand cramp with excessive cocontractions of agonist and antagonist hand or forearm muscles during specific tasks, such as writing, and facial dystonia manifested by involuntary eyelid spasms (blepharospasm) and lower facial and ja... | 10.1038/nrn2337 | This study provided the first direct neural (as opposed to clinical) evidence that dopaminergic abnormalities might be involved in some human forms of dystonia. |
10.1002/ana.410440304 | 60,053,171 | Abstract Early‐onset idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) is an autosomal dominant hyperkinetic movement disorder with incomplete penetrance, associated with a 3 base‐pair deletion in the DYT1 gene on chromosome 9q34. To determine the metabolic substrates of brain dysfunction in DYT1 dystonia, we scanned 7 nonmanifesting ... | 10.1038/nrn2337 | This fMRI study established dystonia as a network disorder and set the design and interpretation of future functional imaging studies, highlighting that dystonia patients, even at rest, do not have the same functional neural baseline as healthy controls. It provided a means to distinguish the brain regions involved in ... |
10.1126/science.1059162 | 103,644,698 | Analysis of excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus revealed that glutamate clearance and, as a consequence, glutamate concentration and diffusion in the extracellular space, is associated with the degree of astrocytic coverage of its neurons. Reduction in glutamate clearance, whethe... | 10.1038/nrn1722 | Shows that synaptic transmission is controlled by the astrocytic coverage of synapses. Morphological adaptations in the astrocytes are associated with changes in the perisynaptic space and in the localization of glutamate transporters, which results in modified action of synaptically released glutamate. |
10.1126/science.1058827 | 104,106,139 | Glial cells express a variety of neurotransmitter receptors. Notably, Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum have Ca 2+ -permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)–type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) assembled without the GluR2 subunit. To elucidate the role of these Ca 2+ -permeable AMPARs, we... | 10.1038/nrn1722 | By forced expression of the GluR2 subunit, the authors abolished AMPAR-dependent Ca 2+ signalling in Bergmann glial cells, revealing its essential role in the establishment of correct structural-functional relationships at Purkinje cell synapses. |
10.1073/pnas.0405315101 | 59,600,728 | Glutamate-evoked Na + increase in astrocytes has been identified as a signal coupling synaptic activity to glucose consumption. Astrocytes participate in multicellular signaling by transmitting intercellular Ca 2+ waves. Here we show that intercellular Na + waves are also evoked by activation of single cultured cortica... | 10.1038/nrn1722 | Shows, for the first time, that intercellular Ca 2+ waves in cultured astrocytes are accompanied by parallel 'metabolic waves'. Such waves consist of [Na + i changes that are due to glutamate uptake and coupled to glucose uptake. They could underlie spatially coordinated delivery of energy substrates to neurons in resp... |
10.1126/science.1086071 | 41,632,696 | The most common form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease affecting adult motor neurons, is caused by dominant mutations in the ubiquitously expressed Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). In chimeric mice that are mixtures of normal and SOD1 mutant–expressing cells, toxicity to motor neuron... | 10.1038/nrn1722 | By using chimaeric mice that express mixtures of normal and mutated SOD1-expressing cells, this study shows that the death of motor neurons in ALS is not a cell-autonomous process, but rather requires mutated SOD1 to be expressed in the neighbouring glial cells as well. |
10.1523/jneurosci.18-01-00411.1998 | 40,850,279 | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human brain was used to study whether the amygdala is activated in response to emotional stimuli, even in the absence of explicit knowledge that such stimuli were presented. Pictures of human faces bearing fearful or happy expressions were presented to 10 normal, heal... | 10.1038/nrn1056 | Shows that subliminal facial expressions of fear activate the amygdala. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00621.x | 125,166,650 | Abstract There is increasing support for the existence of ‘social intelligence’[Humphrey (1984) Consciousness Regained], independent of general intelligence. Brothers et al. (1990) J. Cog. Neurosci., 4, 107–118] proposed a network of neural regions that comprise the ‘social brain’: the orbito‐frontal cortex (OFC), supe... | 10.1038/nrn1056 | Shows that normal people activate the amygdala when making social judgements from viewing people's eyes, and that people with autism fail both to activate the amygdala and to perform normally on this task. |
10.1073/pnas.122352699 | 29,110,087 | Social exchange is a pervasive feature of human social life. Models in evolutionary biology predict that for social exchange to evolve in a species, individuals must be able to detect cheaters (nonreciprocators). Previous research suggests that humans have a cognitive mechanism specialized for detecting cheaters. Here ... | 10.1038/nrn1056 | A patient with orbitofrontal cortex damage was impaired in reasoning about social exchange, specifically detecting cheating, on the Wason selection task. |
10.1126/science.8178168 | 107,211,237 | When the landmark patient Phineas Gage died in 1861, no autopsy was performed, but his skull was later recovered. The brain lesion that caused the profound personality changes for which his case became famous has been presumed to have involved the left frontal region, but questions have been raised about the involvemen... | 10.1038/nrn1056 | A revisit to this classic case, demonstrating that damage to his medial prefrontal cortex resulted in his impaired decision making in real life. |
10.1126/science.275.5304.1293 | 62,618,241 | Deciding advantageously in a complex situation is thought to require overt reasoning on declarative knowledge, namely, on facts pertaining to premises, options for action, and outcomes of actions that embody the pertinent previous experience. An alternative possibility was investigated: that overt reasoning is preceded... | 10.1038/nrn1056 | Shows that we have non-conscious emotional hunches that guide our decision making, which depend on the integrity of orbitofrontal cortex. |
10.3171/jns.1987.67.1.0110 | 42,511,591 | ✓ Fluid percussion models produce brain injury by rapidly injecting fluid volumes into the cranial cavity. The authors have systematically examined the effects of varying magnitudes of fluid percussion injury in the rat on neurological, systemic physiological, and histopathological changes. Acute neurological experimen... | 10.1038/nrn3407 | This study in rats systematically examines the effects of varying the magnitude of FPI on neurological, systemic physiological and histopathological changes. |
10.3171/jns.1994.80.2.0291 | 82,801,152 | ✓ This report describes the development of an experimental head injury model capable of producing diffuse brain injury in the rodent. A total of 161 anesthetized adult rats were injured utilizing a simple weight-drop device consisting of a segmented brass weight free-falling through a Plexiglas guide tube. Skull fractu... | 10.1038/nrn3407 | This study describes the development of an experimental head injury model that is capable of producing diffuse brain injury in the rodent. |
10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01163.x | 20,629,002 | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability in young adults. Survivors of TBI frequently suffer from long‐term personality changes and deficits in cognitive and motor performance, urgently calling for novel pharmacological treatment options. To date, all clinical trials evaluating neuropro... | 10.1038/nrn3407 | This review describes the usefulness of animal models of TBI for preclinical evaluation of pharmacological compounds. |
10.1126/scitranslmed.3004862 | 7,256,585 | Goldstein and McKee respond to points raised in two letters about their study of tau neuropathology in postmortem brain tissue samples from blast-exposed military veterans with traumatic brain injury. | 10.1038/nrn3407 | This study develops a mouse model of blast TBI that recapitulated chronic traumatic encephalopathy-linked neuropathology 2 weeks after exposure to a single blast. |
10.1152/physrev.00031.2014 | 45,552,570 | The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we re... | 10.1038/nrn.2018.8 | This paper is the pinnacle of the reviews on gut peptides that regulate feeding. |
10.1126/science.1104819 | 104,264,564 | Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth, and many new cancer therapies are directed against the tumor vasculature. The widely held view is that these antiangiogenic therapies should destroy the tumor vasculature, thereby depriving the tumor of oxygen and nutrients. Here, I review emerging evidence supporting an a... | 10.1038/nrn2175 | Reference 10 is the seminal paper on the normalization hypothesis and its implications for treatment of cancer and other diseases characterized by abnormal vasculature. Reference 11 provides a critical update on this hypothesis. |
10.1126/science.1125950 | 85,606,988 | For more than 50 years, a major goal of research in cancer therapeutics has been to develop universally effective agents that render cancer cells more sensitive to cytotoxic chemotherapy without substantially increasing toxicity to normal cells. The results of recent clinical trials indicate that certain antiangiogenic... | 10.1038/nrn2175 | A key review on potential mechanisms of synergy between anti-angiogenic and cytotoxic therapies. |
10.1101/gad.256115.114 | 123,248,225 | Alternative splicing (AS) generates vast transcriptomic complexity in the vertebrate nervous system. However, the extent to which trans -acting splicing regulators and their target AS regulatory networks contribute to nervous system development is not well understood. To address these questions, we generated mice lacki... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.27 | References 29, 30, 31 and 35 lay out a compelling description of a splicing regulatory network controlled by a neuronal splicing factor. |
10.1073/pnas.0813112106 | 62,423,914 | Synapse formation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) requires an alternatively spliced variant of agrin (Z + agrin) that is produced only by neurons. Here, we show that Nova1 and Nova2, neuron-specific splicing factors identified as targets in autoimmune motor disease, are essential regulators of Z + agrin. Nova1 / No... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.27 | This reference reports a good example of using transgene rescue to understand the function of alternatively spliced isoforms and to dissect a portion of a highly pleiotropic phenotype. |
10.1534/genetics.108.094227 | 87,870,974 | Abstract The auxiliary spliceosomal protein SCNM1 contributes to recognition of nonconsensus splice donor sites. SCNM1 was first identified as a modifier of the severity of a sodium channelopathy in the mouse. The most severely affected strain, C57BL/6J, carries the variant allele SCNM1R187X, which is defective in spli... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.27 | References 151–153 demonstrate how a small change in the amount of a particular transcript isoform can dramatically affect neuronal function, and highlight the action of splicing regulators as phenotypic modifiers. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1989.sp017762 | 26,871,747 | 1. Intracellular recordings were made from rat CA3 hippocampal neurones in vitro during the first eighteen days of postnatal life. The cells had resting membrane potentials more negative than ‐51 mV, action potentials greater than 55 mV and membrane input resistances of 117 +/‐ 12 M omega. An unusual characteristic of ... | 10.1038/nrn920 | A description of the three 'rules': GABA is excitatory then inhibitory; GABA-synapse formation precedes glutamatergic-synapse formation; and GDPs are present in neonatal hippocampal neurons. These conclusions are based on intracellular recordings from a large sample of pyramidal neurons from birth to P14. |
10.1242/dev.121.8.2327 | 62,233,022 | gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian central nervous system. However, GABA depolarizes immature rat hippocampal neurons and increases intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). Here we show, that GABA and the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol induce c-Fos immunoreactivity and ... | 10.1038/nrn920 | An illustration of the positive loop: GABA activates BDNF, which enhances GABA actions in immature neurons. The shift from excitation to inhibition correlates with the effects on BDNF expression. |
10.1152/jn.2001.85.1.425 | 113,579,307 | Neuronal activity is critical for many aspects of brain development. It has often been assumed that the primary excitatory transmitter driving this activity is glutamate. In contrast, we report that during early development, synaptic release of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mature brain, is not o... | 10.1038/nrn920 | The blockade of GABA receptors reduces more efficiently the ongoing activity of hypothalamic neurons than does NMDA- or AMPA-receptor blockade. Perforated-patch recordings show the early excitatory actions of GABA in a developing circuit. |
10.1159/000520872 | 127,882,862 | <b><i>Background:</i></b> Animal germ cells differentiate as sperm or as oocytes. These sexual fates are controlled by complex regulatory pathways to ensure that the proper gametes are made at the appropriate times. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Nematodes like <i>Caenorhab... | 10.1038/nrn920 | A nice review of the plethora of actions of GABA during development. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020973 | 27,009,087 | 1. We have compared the electrical properties of the Cl‐ channels activated by GABA in cells acutely dissociated from embryonic (E) spinal cord (SC) and olfactory bulb (OB) regions at E15 using different configurations of the patch‐recording technique. By in situ analysis these cells express GABAA receptor mRNAs encodi... | 10.1038/nrn920 | In dissociated embryonic spinal cord neurons, micromolar GABA activates chloride channels, which, when open, effectively depolarize cells by ∼ 30 mV. In cell-attached recordings, opening of a single GABA channel can trigger action potentials. |
10.1523/jneurosci.21-24-09770.2001 | 123,217,597 | Morphological studies suggest that the primate hippocampus develops extensively before birth, but little is known about its functional development. Patch-clamp recordings of hippocampal neurons and reconstruction of biocytin-filled pyramidal cells were performed in slices of macaque cynomolgus fetuses delivered by cesa... | 10.1038/nrn920 | This paper describes the first recordings from primate central neurons in utero . The GABA–glutamate sequence is also observed in primates, and the shift takes place a few weeks after mid-gestation. The article includes a quantitative analysis of dendritic growth, spine formation, and the sequential establishment of ax... |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02073.x | 21,685,294 | Abstract During postnatal development of CA1 pyramidal neurons, GABAergic synapses are excitatory and established prior to glutamatergic synapses. As interneurons are generated before pyramidal cells, we have tested the hypothesis that the GABAergic interneuronal network is operative before glutamate pyramidal neurons ... | 10.1038/nrn920 | This paper describes the first recordings and reconstructions of hippocampal interneurons in utero and in early postnatal rats. It shows that the GABA–glutamate sequence also takes place in interneurons, but at an earlier stage than in pyramidal cells. |
10.1126/science.287.5454.864 | 62,191,077 | Brain function requires precisely orchestrated connectivity between neurons. Establishment of these connections is believed to require signals secreted from outgrowing axons, followed by synapse formation between selected neurons. Deletion of a single protein, Munc18-1, in mice leads to a complete loss of neurotransmit... | 10.1038/nrn920 | In this study, knockout of Munc18 abolished vesicular release and was lethal. However, the principal brain structures — the neocortex, thalamus, hippocampus and so on — developed, indicating that vesicular release is not required for the correct construction of brain structures. |
10.1523/jneurosci.19-11-04200.1999 | 123,583,926 | It has been repeatedly claimed that neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 sector after untreated global ischemia occurs via apoptosis. This is based largely on DNA laddering, nick end labeling, and light microscopy. Delineation of apoptosis requires fine structural examination to detect morphological events of cell dea... | 10.1038/nrn1174 | An ultrastructural study of neuronal death in the case of ischaemia, which shows that neurons are terminally eliminated mostly by necrosis. |
10.1523/jneurosci.17-03-01033.1997 | 103,220,251 | In Caenorhabditis elegans necrosis-like neuronal death is induced by gain-of-function ( gf ) mutations in two genes, mec-4 and deg-1 , that encode proteins similar to subunits of the vertebrate amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na + channel. We have determined the progress of cellular pathology in dying neurons via light ... | 10.1038/nrn1174 | Ultrastuctural and temporal characterization of neurodegeneration triggered by hyperactivated degenerin ion channels in C. elegans by means of electron and differential interference contrast microscopy. |
10.1126/science.1072302 | 123,178,624 | To identify genetic determinants of hypoxic cell death, we screened for hypoxia-resistant (Hyp) mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that specific reduction-of-function (rf) mutants of daf-2 , an insulin/insulinlike growth factor (IGF) receptor (INR) homolog gene, were profoundly Hyp. The hypoxia resistance was ... | 10.1038/nrn1174 | The first account of cell death induced by hypoxic conditions in the nematode. The authors go on to identify suppressor mutations that render animals resistant to hypoxia. Intriguingly, specific mutations in the daf-2 gene — known for its involvement in regulation of longevity — confer resistance to hypoxia. |
10.1126/science.287.5459.1837 | 60,937,619 | A Drosophila model for Huntington's and other polyglutamine diseases was used to screen for genetic factors modifying the degeneration caused by expression of polyglutamine in the eye. Among 7000 P-element insertions, several suppressor strains were isolated, two of which led to the discovery of the suppressor genes de... | 10.1038/nrn1174 | Genetic dissection of the mechanisms implicated in toxicity associated with several human neurodegenerative diseases. This study shows the power of genetic analyses of human pathologies in a simple invertebrate model organism. |
10.1126/science.1067389 | 107,397,480 | Parkinson's disease is a movement disorder characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Dopaminergic neuronal loss also occurs in Drosophila melanogaster upon directed expression of α-synuclein, a protein implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and a major c... | 10.1038/nrn1174 | An elegant study that reports the protective effects of chaperones in a Drosophila model for Parkinson's disease. |
10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00184.x | 59,305,241 | Abstract Although Cornu Ammonis (CA) 1 neurons of the hippocampus are known to be vulnerable to transient ischaemia, the mechanism of ischaemic neuronal death is still unknown, and there are very few strategies to prevent neuronal death at present. In a previous report we demonstrated μ‐calpain activation at the disrup... | 10.1038/nrn1174 | Yamashima and colleagues study the neuroprotective properties of cathepsin inhibitors and first formulate the calpain–cathepsin hypothesis for neuronal death. |
10.2337/diabetes.54.9.2628 | 18,018,788 | Differential susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy has been observed in humans, but it has not been well defined in inbred strains of mice. The present studies characterized the severity of diabetic nephropathy in six inbred mouse strains including C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, FVB/NJ, MRL/MpJ, A/J, and KK/HlJ mice. Diabetes mell... | 10.1038/nrneph.2017.142 | Together with reference 27, this paper highlights the profound influence of genetic background on the development of DN in mice and identifies mouse strains with enhanced susceptibility to DN. |
10.2337/db11-1667 | 123,845,402 | Murine models are valuable instruments in defining the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but they only partially recapitulate disease manifestations of human DN, limiting their utility. To define the molecular similarities and differences between human and murine DN, we performed a cross-species comparison of ... | 10.1038/nrneph.2017.142 | Comparison of the transcriptomic profiles of DN in mice and humans, identifying shared networks that can be useful for prioritizing relevant models. |
10.1126/science.1179438 | 59,913,692 | Cocaine-induced alterations in gene expression cause changes in neuronal morphology and behavior that may underlie cocaine addiction. In mice, we identified an essential role for histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) dimethylation and the lysine dimethyltransferase G9a in cocaine-induced structural and behavioral plasticity. Repea... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | This study provided the first link between repressive histone methylation and the actions of cocaine and ΔFOSB, and demonstrated a crucial role for this molecular pathway in mediating the effects of repeated cocaine on dendritic spine morphology of NAc MSNs as well as on reward-related behavioural plasticity. |
10.1073/pnas.1015483108 | 83,220,924 | Repeated cocaine exposure induces persistent alterations in genome-wide transcriptional regulatory networks, chromatin remodeling activity and, ultimately, gene expression profiles in the brain's reward circuitry. Virtually all previous investigations have centered on drug-mediated effects occurring throughout active e... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | This study used ChIP–Seq to show drug-induced regulation of repetitive genomic sequences in the NAc after repeated cocaine administration. This supports the utility of such genome-wide methods in revealing new mechanisms of drug action. |
10.1261/rna.2775511 | 39,275,876 | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that modulate gene expression by binding target mRNAs. The hundreds of miRNAs expressed in the brain are critical for synaptic development and plasticity. Drugs of abuse cause lasting changes in the limbic regions of the brain that process reward, and addiction is viewed as a form of a... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | As the role of microRNAs in addiction becomes clearer, the requirement for an unbiased approach to identifying microRNA-regulated genes becomes more pressing. Here, RNA–Seq was used to identify novel messages regulated by cocaine-induced microRNAs in the striatum, with a particular focus on regulation of synaptically l... |
10.1073/pnas.1001702107 | 103,768,775 | Little is known about the regulation of neuronal and other cell-type specific epigenomes from the brain. Here, we map the genome-wide distribution of trimethylated histone H3K4 (H3K4me3), a mark associated with transcriptional regulation, in neuronal and nonneuronal nuclei collected from prefrontal cortex (PFC) of 11 i... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | Understanding the epigenetic regulation of addiction behaviours will require the delineation of individual genes whose chromatin structure is altered by drug exposure in specific regions and cell types within the brain. This study validated a method for cell-type specific ChIP–Seq on brain tissue that makes such studie... |
10.1126/science.1188472 | 20,644,302 | BDNF, Dopamine, and Cocaine Reward The nucleus accumbens plays a crucial role in mediating the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. Different subpopulations of nucleus accumbens projection neurons exhibit balanced but antagonistic influences on their downstream outputs and behaviors. However, their roles in regulating ... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | Using cell-type specific expression strategies and optogenetic control of neuronal activity, this study showed that activation of D1-type and D2-type MSNs enhances and suppresses behavioural responses to cocaine, respectively. The authors implicated neurotrophin signalling in mediating these opposite responses (see als... |
10.1126/science.1193771 | 38,281,988 | Few But Powerful Drug activation of the different types of acetylcholine receptors in cholinergic neurons often generates opposing or conflicting effects. Using optogenetic techniques in transgenic mice, Witten et al. (p. 1677 ) investigated the function of a rather enigmatic subpopulation of cholinergic neurons, the g... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | This study showed that cholinergic interneurons in the NAc are activated by cocaine, and that optogenetic supression of this activity blocks cocaine conditioning, providing an important, complementary mechanism to those proposed by reference 130. |
10.1073/pnas.1010077107 | 38,760,024 | Excessive inhibition of brain neurons in primary or slice cultures can induce homeostatic intrinsic plasticity, but the functional role and underlying molecular mechanisms of such plasticity are poorly understood. Here, we developed an ex vivo locus coeruleus (LC) slice culture system and successfully recapitulated the... | 10.1038/nrn3111 | This study detailed a signalling mechanism by which long-term exposure to morphine induces homeostatic plasticity intrinsic to locus coeruleus neurons, which involves induction of CREB and its downstream targets, such as adenylyl cyclase 8. These adaptations result in enhanced excitability of the neurons and partly med... |
10.1146/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135718 | 125,330,117 | Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder that results primarily from the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Although the etiology of PD is incompletely understood, the recent discovery of genes associated with rare monogenic forms of the disease, together with ea... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Reviews the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbed ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in PD. |
10.1126/science.1101738 | 82,980,469 | Aberrant α-synuclein degradation is implicated in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis because the protein accumulates in the Lewy inclusion bodies associated with the disease. Little is known, however, about the pathways by which wild-type α-synuclein is normally degraded. We found that wild-type α-synuclein was selective... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Describes the degradation of wild-type α-synuclein by chaperone-mediated autophagy, and the impairment of this process by mutant forms of the protein. |
10.1073/pnas.0305799101 | 83,027,268 | Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related disorder characterized by deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and degeneration of neurons in brain regions such as the hippocampus, resulting in progressive cognitive dysfunction. The pathogenesis of AD is tightly linked to Aβ deposition and oxidative stress, but it remains u... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Links age-related alterations in the metabolism of membrane lipids to oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration in AD. |
10.1126/science.6823561 | 83,531,158 | Four persons developed marked parkinsonism after using an illicit drug intravenously. Analysis of the substance injected by two of these patients revealed primarily 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) with trace amounts of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxy-piperidine (MPPP). On the basis of the striking pa... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | First direct evidence that an environmental neurotoxin can cause parkinsonism. |
10.1073/pnas.87.11.4078 | 82,623,233 | The present studies establish that there are specific, significant decreases in the neuronal calcium-binding protein (28-kDa calbindin-D) gene expression in aging and in neurodegenerative diseases. The specificity of the changes observed in calbindin mRNA levels was tested by reprobing blots with calmodulin, cyclophili... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Evidence that age- and neuron-specific changes in calcium-binding proteins are associated with SNV. |
10.1002/ana.1028 | 18,422,123 | Abstract Substantial evidence indicates that bioenergetic dysfunction plays either a primary or secondary role in the pathophysiology of cell death in neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders, and even in normal aging. Agents that ameliorate bioenergetic defects may therefore be useful in therapy. Creatine, which ... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Reviews evidence that a cellular energy deficit has a key role in the degeneration of motor neurons in HD and ALS. |
10.1126/science.1105850 | 41,632,550 | Amyloid fibrils commonly exhibit multiple distinct morphologies in electron microscope and atomic force microscope images, often within a single image field. By using electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on fibrils formed by the 40-residue β-amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease ... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Shows that subtle variations in the environment of pathogenic peptides modifies their self-propagating and neurotoxic properties. |
10.1126/science.1059581 | 83,494,423 | Huntingtin is a 350-kilodalton protein of unknown function that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder. The mutant protein is presumed to acquire a toxic gain of function that is detrimental to striatal neurons in the brain. However, loss of a beneficial activity of wild-type huntingtin m... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | The first evidence that mutant huntingtin perturbs transcriptional regulation of neurotrophic factor production. |
10.1083/jcb.139.5.1307 | 121,749,216 | Mice engineered to express a transgene encoding a human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) with a Gly93 → Ala (G93A) mutation found in patients who succumb to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) develop a rapidly progressive and fatal motor neuron disease (MND) similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). H... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Reports direct evidence that a mutation that causes ALS impairs axonal transport in motor neurons. |
10.1126/science.290.5492.767 | 61,472,237 | Lentiviral delivery of glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (lenti-GDNF) was tested for its trophic effects upon degenerating nigrostriatal neurons in nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We injected lenti-GDNF into the striatum and substantia nigra of nonlesioned aged rhesus monkeys or young adu... | 10.1038/nrn1886 | Reports the efficacy of gene therapy in a non-human primate model of PD. |
10.1126/science.1202529 | 125,270,775 | A good brain needs a good vacuum cleaner. | 10.1038/nrn.2017.110 | This was the first study to demonstrate that microglial cells are required for synaptic pruning. |
10.1002/cne.902760109 | 101,970,506 | Abstract Changes in the size and shape of the corpus callosum (CC)–and in number, size, and structure of callosal axons–between embryonic day 38 E38 and postnatal day 150 (P150) were studied by light and electron microscope in 25 kittens. The development of the CC was divided into three phases: Embryonic development (E... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.110 | This classic study was the first to indicate that glial cells are involved in synaptic pruning. |
10.1126/science.3952506 | 123,290,119 | Synapses develop concurrently and at identical rates in different layers of the visual, somatosensory, motor, and prefrontal areas of the primate cerebral cortex. This isochronic course of synaptogenesis in anatomically and functionally diverse regions indicates that the entire cerebral cortex develops as a whole and t... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.110 | This classical study revealed that brain development is associated with the formation of superfluous excitatory synapses that are subsequently eliminated. |
10.1073/pnas.0913449107 | 19,874,052 | Excessive CNS synapses are eliminated during development to establish mature patterns of neuronal connectivity. A complement cascade protein, C1q, is involved in this process. Mice deficient in C1q fail to refine retinogeniculate connections resulting in excessive retinal innervation of lateral geniculate neurons. We h... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.110 | This study demonstrated that impairment of developmental synaptic pruning leads to an epileptic phenotype. |
10.1038/ismej.2011.162 | 99,131,860 | Abstract Robust seasonal dynamics in microbial community composition have previously been observed in the English Channel L4 marine observatory. These could be explained either by seasonal changes in the taxa present at the L4 site, or by the continuous modulation of abundance of taxa within a persistent microbial comm... | 10.1038/nrmicro2795 | A recent example of temporal variation in microbial distributions, highlighting the issue of rarity and dormancy in defining microbial community composition. |
10.1126/science.1086909 | 83,479,501 | Barriers to dispersal between populations allow them to diverge through local adaptation or random genetic drift. High-resolution multilocus sequence analysis revealed that, on a global scale, populations of hyperthermophilic microorganisms are isolated from one another by geographic barriers and have diverged over the... | 10.1038/nrmicro2795 | This classic study in microbial biogeography finds evidence for both endemism and distance–decay and uses a population genetics approach to interpret those patterns. |
10.1126/science.3576198 | 38,375,348 | There is abundant geographic variation in both morphology and gene frequency in most species. The extent of geographic variation results from a balance of forces tending to produce local genetic differentiation and forces tending to produce genetic homogeneity. Mutation, genetic drift due to finite population size, and... | 10.1038/nrmicro2795 | A general, conceptual description of the effects of mutation, drift, gene flow and selection on spatial variation in within-species diversity. |
10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00820.x | 83,494,209 | Abstract The processes controlling the abundances of species across multiple sites form the cornerstone of modern ecology. In these metacommunities, the relative importance of local environmental and regional spatial processes is currently hotly debated, especially in terms of the validity of neutral model. I collected... | 10.1038/nrmicro2795 | A literature review that uses a metacommunity perspective to evaluate the relative importance of selection versus dispersal-driven processes for driving variation in the spatial distribution of primarily non-microbial organisms. |
10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14837.x | 82,719,342 | Current neutral theory in macroecology has many parallels with neutral theory in population genetics, but it also has many distinct features that arise because it focuses mainly on questions at the community level rather than at the population level. Here we highlight the similarities and differences between these two ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2795 | A concise, conceptual summary and comparison of neutral theory as it applies to population genetics and ecology. |
10.1038/ismej.2010.77 | 41,718,642 | Abstract Community similarity declines with increasing geographic distance if species tend to be locally adapted or if they are dispersal limited. The distance–decay of similarity has been shown for bacteria previously, but distinguishing between these competing mechanisms is difficult from observational surveys. I fou... | 10.1038/nrmicro2795 | An example of a manipulative experimental study to assess the mechanisms contributing to spatial variation in microbial community composition. |
10.1126/science.1198308 | 20,738,096 | The structure provides insight into how protein synthesis is initiated and into the evolution of the eukaryotic ribosome. | 10.1038/nsmb.2303 | Crystal structure of the Tetrahymena 40S subunit bound to eIF1, suggesting a mechanism for eIF1 release upon full accommodation of the initiator tRNA into the P site |
10.1101/gad.1871910 | 123,575,789 | eIF1A is the eukaryotic ortholog of bacterial translation initiation factor IF1, but contains a helical domain and long unstructured N-terminal tail (NTT) and C-terminal tail (CTT) absent in IF1. Here, we identify elements in these accessory regions of eIF1A with dual functions in binding methionyl initiator tRNA (Met-... | 10.1038/nsmb.2303 | Maps the regions of the eIF1A CTT and NTT responsible for their opposing roles in start codon recognition |
10.1101/gad.1528307 | 20,387,814 | Selection of the AUG start codon is a key step in translation initiation requiring hydrolysis of GTP in the eIF2•GTP•Met-tRNA i Met ternary complex (TC) and subsequent P i release from eIF2•GDP•P i . It is thought that eIF1 prevents recognition of non-AUGs by promoting scanning and blocking P i release at non-AUG codon... | 10.1038/nsmb.2303 | Demonstrates the key role of eIF1 in maintaining start codon fidelity in vivo |
10.1101/gad.480508 | 47,886,097 | Yeast initiation factor eIF3 (eukaryotic initiation factor 3) has been implicated in multiple steps of translation initiation. Previously, we showed that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of eIF3a interacts with the small ribosomal protein RPS0A located near the mRNA exit channel, where eIF3 is proposed to reside. Here, we d... | 10.1038/nsmb.2303 | Identifies a role for eIF3 in scanning and reinitiation in vivo |
10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01676.x | 109,155,520 | Abstract A variety of extracellular serine proteases are expressed in the central nervous system or might permeate the blood–brain barrier under pathological conditions. However, their intracerebral targets and physiological functions are largely unknown. Here, we show that four distinct subtypes of protease‐activated ... | 10.1038/nrn1255 | Determination of the neuronal localization of the four PAR subtypes and their altered expression during ischaemia. |
10.1002/glia.10012 | 18,195,233 | Abstract Protease‐activated receptors (PARs) are newly identified members of the superfamily of G‐protein‐coupled receptors that initiate cell signaling by the proteolytic activity of extracellular serine proteases. Certain proteases are believed to be involved in development and repair processes and most likely regula... | 10.1038/nrn1255 | Demonstration of the expression of all four PARs on rodent astrocytes, as well as of some downstream proliferative effects of PAR activation on astrocytes. |
10.1113/jphysiol.2002.032011 | 105,419,598 | Mast cells that are in close proximity to autonomic and enteric nerves release several mediators that cause neuronal hyperexcitability. This study examined whether mast cell tryptase evokes acute and long‐term hyperexcitability in submucosal neurons from the guinea‐pig ileum by activating proteinase‐activated receptor ... | 10.1038/nrn1255 | Demonstration that the activation of Par2 on submucosal neurons by mast-cell tryptase led to neuronal depolarization and hyperexcitability. |
10.1152/ajpcell.00001.2002 | 102,144,233 | Protease-activated receptors (PARs), newly identified members of G protein-coupled receptors, are widely distributed in the brain. Thrombin evokes multiple cellular responses in a large variety of cells by activating PAR-1, -3, and -4. In cultured rat astrocytes we investigated the signaling pathway of thrombin- and PA... | 10.1038/nrn1255 | Demonstration of the involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and PLC pathways in thrombin-induced astrocytic proliferation. |
10.4049/jimmunol.170.5.2638 | 110,257,775 | Abstract Proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by thrombin and is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammation. Although PAR-1 is expressed on immunocompetent cells within the brain such as astrocytes, little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of inflammato... | 10.1038/nrn1255 | Demonstration of the proinflammatory role of astrocytic PAR1 activation in HIV encephalitis. |
10.1073/pnas.040552897 | 100,815,866 | We have considered the extracellular serine protease thrombin and its receptor as endogenous mediators of neuronal protection against brain ischemia. Exposure of gerbils to prior mild ischemic insults, here two relatively short-lasting occlusions (2 min) of both common carotid arteries applied at 1-day intervals 2 days... | 10.1038/nrn1255 | Report of the neuroprotective/degenerative roles of the thrombin/PAR1 axis in ischaemia. |
10.1073/pnas.0809179105 | 58,593,446 | A high level of accuracy during protein synthesis is considered essential for life. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) translate the genetic code by ensuring the correct pairing of amino acids with their cognate tRNAs. Because some aaRSs also produce misacylated aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) in vivo, we addressed the questi... | 10.1038/nrmicro2472 | A report that provides evidence for the ability of bacteria to withstand various mistranslation events. |
10.1126/science.424729 | 121,824,741 | Movement time varies as a function of amplitude and requirements for precision, according to Fitts' law, but when subjects perform two-handed movements to targets of widely disparate difficulty they do so simultaneously. The hand moving to an "easy" target moves more slowly to accommodate its "difficult" counterpart, y... | 10.1038/nrn807 | A classic study on bimanual coordination, showing that the principles of bimanual movement cannot simply be extrapolated from the laws of single-limb movement. |
10.1152/physrev.2000.80.1.83 | 41,746,509 | How is load sensed by receptors, and how is this sensory information used to guide locomotion? Many insights in this domain have evolved from comparative studies since it has been realized that basic principles concerning load sensing and regulation can be found in a wide variety of animals, both vertebrate and inverte... | 10.1038/nrn807 | An authoritative review of the role of various sensory receptors in the regulation of posture and in the coordination between limb movements during locomotion. |
10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00379.x | 82,840,743 | The neural mechanisms of limb coordination were investigated by testing callosotomy patients and normal control subjects on bimanual movements Normal subjects produced deviations in the trajectories when spatial demands for the two hands were different, despite temporal synchrony in the onset of bimanual movements Call... | 10.1038/nrn807 | A study showing that patients with lesions of the corpus callosum have less difficulty than controls in performing bimanual movements simultaneously with different directional specifications — a rare case of superior performance in lesioned patients. |
10.1002/bies.10393 | 102,889,936 | Abstract It has become increasingly evident that gene content of the sex chromosomes is markedly different from that of the autosomes. Both sex chromosomes appear enriched for genes related to sexual differentiation and reproduction; but curiously, the human X chromosome also seems to bear a preponderance of genes link... | 10.1038/nrn1494 | Provides a good review of the reasons for the bias in gene content in the sex chromosomes. |
10.1098/rstb.1988.0112 | 100,794,229 | In this paper, we review briefly the current state of knowledge about sexual differentiation in eutherian mammals, and then describe the situation in detail in two marsupial species: the North American opossum and the tammar wallaby. The conventional explanation for the genesis of all male somatic sexual dimorphisms in... | 10.1038/nrn1494 | This classic review and reference 70 highlight one of the most striking examples of a sexual dimorphism that is probably caused by dosage differences in X-linked genes. |
10.1126/science.238.4823.70 | 15,744,499 | Since 1968 a significant increase in total chlorophyll a in the water column during the summer in the central North Pacific Ocean has been observed. A concomitant increase in winter winds and a decrease in sea surface temperature suggest that long-period fluctuations in atmospheric characteristics have changed the carr... | 10.1038/nrmicro3333 | This paper provides one of the first assessments of the closely coupled nature of climate variability and plankton dynamics in the subtropical North Pacific. |
10.1073/pnas.0906044106 | 107,321,282 | Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is increasing at an accelerating rate, primarily due to fossil fuel combustion and land use change. A substantial fraction of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions is absorbed by the oceans, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH. Continued acidification may over time have profound effects on... | 10.1038/nrmicro3333 | This paper documents the progressive acidification of the upper portion of the North Pacific Ocean and highlights depth-dependent changes in rate of acidification, based on HOT programme measurements of the carbonate system at Station ALOHA. This paper was awarded the 2010 Cozzarelli Prize. |
10.4319/lo.1994.39.4.0954 | 38,241,252 | Assessments of plankton community structure in the oligotrophic oceans based solely on microscopy may overstate the importance of heterotrophic bacterial biomass. Using flow cytometry to distinguish heterotrophic bacteria from the photosynthetic procaryotes Prochlorococcus spp., we found that Prochlorococcus contribute... | 10.1038/nrmicro3333 | This is the first report of Prochlorococcus spp. at Station ALOHA in the NPSG. |
10.1128/jb.173.14.4371-4378.1991 | 103,227,640 | The phylogenetic diversity of an oligotrophic marine picoplankton community was examined by analyzing the sequences of cloned ribosomal genes. This strategy does not rely on cultivation of the resident microorganisms. Bulk genomic DNA was isolated from picoplankton collected in the north central Pacific Ocean by tangen... | 10.1038/nrmicro3333 | This paper provides the first analyses of rRNA genes from marine plankton at Station ALOHA. Among other findings, this study identified genes that are derived from Prochlorococcus spp.and SAR11. |
10.1126/science.1114057 | 60,029,601 | The SAR11 clade consists of very small, heterotrophic marine α-proteobacteria that are found throughout the oceans, where they account for about 25% of all microbial cells. Pelagibacter ubique , the first cultured member of this clade, has the smallest genome and encodes the smallest number of predicted open reading fr... | 10.1038/nrmicro3333 | This paper analyses the Ca . Pelagibacter ubique genome and reveals that the reduction of microbial genomes may be an important mechanism for survival in the oligotrophic open ocean. |
10.1126/science.289.5486.1902 | 41,744,670 | Extremely halophilic archaea contain retinal-binding integral membrane proteins called bacteriorhodopsins that function as light-driven proton pumps. So far, bacteriorhodopsins capable of generating a chemiosmotic membrane potential in response to light have been demonstrated only in halophilic archaea. We describe her... | 10.1038/nrmicro3333 | This paper documents the initial discovery of proteorhodopsin genes among marine bacteria and demonstrates the functional role of this light-driven proton pump. |
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