source_doi stringlengths 13 57 | source_mag_paper_id int64 490k 157M | source_abstract stringlengths 8 10.7k | target_doi stringlengths 14 27 | target_summary stringlengths 42 889 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00776.x | 60,829,916 | Background.— Migraine sufferers experience premonitory symptoms which suggest that primary hypothalamic dysfunction is a likely trigger of the attacks. Neuroendocrine and laboratory data also support this hypothesis. To date, positron emission tomography (PET) scans of migraine sufferers have demonstrated activation of... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | One of the first studies to demonstrate the importance of the hypothalamus, a key autonomic region, in migraine. |
10.1002/ana.22537 | 40,857,197 | Abstract Objective: The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), a known modulator of somatic pain transmission, shows evidence of interictal functional and structural abnormalities in migraineurs, which may contribute to hyperexcitability along spinal and trigeminal nociceptive pathways, and lead to the migraine attack. The ... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | An example of specific circuits involved in brainstem modulation in migraine. |
10.1523/jneurosci.3804-12.2013 | 20,722,475 | Patients with chronic daily headache and overuse of analgesics, triptans, or other acute headache compounds, are considered to suffer from medication-overuse headache (MOH). This implies that medication overuse is the cause of headache chronification. It remains a key question why only two-thirds of patients with chron... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | Migraine is a dynamic state, and biomarker evaluation must take this fact into account; this paper examines migraine responsivity (that is, brain changes) in responders versus non-responders to reversal of medication overuse. |
10.1002/nbm.3321 | 104,149,657 | γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in several pain conditions, yet no study has systematically evaluated GABA levels in migraine using 1 H‐MRS. The accurate detection, separation and quantification of GABA in individuals with migraine could elucidate the role of this neurotransmitter in migraine pathophysio... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | An understanding of the chemical changes in the brains of migraineurs, such as those examined in this study, will become increasingly important, as these alterations present potential biomarkers and targets for therapy development. |
10.1111/head.12081 | 124,335,283 | Objective.— Chronic migraineurs ( CM ) have painful intolerances to somatosensory, visual, olfactory, and auditory stimuli during and between migraine attacks. These intolerances are suggestive of atypical affective responses to potentially noxious stimuli. We hypothesized that atypical resting‐state functional connect... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | Evaluation of resting states in the brain, as was conducted in this study, could be important for understanding disease state and treatment effects. |
10.1177/0333102414566820 | 18,958,485 | Background Before the genome-wide association (GWA) era, many hypothesis-driven candidate gene association studies were performed that tested whether DNA variants in genes that had been selected based on prior knowledge about migraine pathophysiology were associated with migraine. Most studies involved small sample set... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | This comprehensive review of 27 genes from published candidate gene and non-genome-wide association studies in migraine finds no clear evidence for involvement of the previously reported most promising candidate genes in migraine. |
10.1177/0333102414547784 | 37,732,963 | Background There has been intensive debate whether migraine with aura (MA) and migraine without aura (MO) should be considered distinct subtypes or part of the same disease spectrum. There is also discussion to what extent migraine cases collected in specialised headache clinics differ from cases from population cohort... | 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.151 | This thorough analysis of genome-wide association results from Ref. 119 shows that the majority of common genetic risk effects are the same across migraine without aura and migraine with aura subgroups, clinic-based and population-based subgroups and male and female patients with migraine subgroups. |
10.1126/science.1109020 | 41,626,285 | MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. To block all miRNA formation in zebrafish, we generated maternal-zygotic dicer (MZ dicer ) mutants that disrupt the Dicer ribonuclease III and double-stranded RNA-binding domains. Mutant embryos do not process precursor miRNAs into m... | 10.1038/nrn2739 | This study provides the first in vivo evidence that miRNAs are crucial for brain development. |
10.1073/pnas.1131928100 | 79,377,415 | DNA methylation-mediated epigenetic regulation plays critical roles in regulating mammalian gene expression, but its role in normal brain function is not clear. Methyl-CpG binding protein 1 (MBD1), a member of the methylated DNA-binding protein family, has been shown to bind methylated gene promoters and facilitate tra... | 10.1038/nrn2739 | References 56–58 show the key role of epigenetic regulation in neurogenesis. |
10.1073/pnas.0707678104 | 62,274,108 | Recent studies suggest that months to years of intensive and systematic meditation training can improve attention. However, the lengthy training required has made it difficult to use random assignment of participants to conditions to confirm these findings. This article shows that a group randomly assigned to 5 days of... | 10.1038/nrn3916 | The first longitudinal, randomized study to document that brief training improves executive attention, mood and immune function, and reduces levels of stress hormones. |
10.1073/pnas.0606552104 | 83,046,781 | Meditation refers to a family of mental training practices that are designed to familiarize the practitioner with specific types of mental processes. One of the most basic forms of meditation is concentration meditation, in which sustained attention is focused on an object such as a small visual stimulus or the breath.... | 10.1038/nrn3916 | One of the first cross-sectional studies to document the neural correlates of focused meditation. |
10.1073/pnas.1011043107 | 83,014,390 | The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is part of a network implicated in the development of self-regulation and whose connectivity changes dramatically in development. In previous studies we showed that 3 h of mental training, based on traditional Chinese medicine (integrative body–mind training, IBMT), increases ACC act... | 10.1038/nrn3916 | The first longitudinal study to document that brief mindfulness training induces white-matter changes. |
10.1073/pnas.1112029108 | 103,698,813 | Many philosophical and contemplative traditions teach that “living in the moment” increases happiness. However, the default mode of humans appears to be that of mind-wandering, which correlates with unhappiness, and with activation in a network of brain areas associated with self-referential processing. We investigated... | 10.1038/nrn3916 | One of the first studies to document the alteration of the DMN by meditation. |
10.1523/jneurosci.0924-07.2007 | 19,234,913 | Voluntary action is fundamental to human existence. Recent research suggests that volition involves a specific network of brain activity, centered on the fronto-median cortex. An important but neglected aspect of intentional action involves the decision whether to act or not. This decision process is crucial in daily l... | 10.1038/nrn2497 | Participants in this study were asked to make a simple manual action on some trials, whereas on other trials they prepared the action but cancelled it at the last moment. Participants' estimates of when they experienced conscious intentions to make actions that were subsequently cancelled allowed the voluntary inhibiti... |
10.1523/jneurosci.11-11-03656.1991 | 41,649,288 | The presence of somatotopic organization in the human supplementary motor area (SMA) remains a controversial issue. In this study, subdural electrode grids were placed on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres in 13 patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing evaluation for surgical treatment. Electrical stim... | 10.1038/nrn2497 | Reported the results of direct stimulation of several frontal sites, including the preSMA, in humans as part of evaluation for neurosurgery. Stimulation at low current elicited an experience of an urge to move a specific body part. More-intense stimulation often produced movement of the same body part. |
10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.81 | 122,671,111 | Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we have tested the time needed for the perceived onset of spontaneous motor intention to be fully determined. We found that TMS applied over the presupplementary motor area after the execution of a simple spontaneous action shifted the perceived onset of the motor intentio... | 10.1038/nrn2497 | One of few papers that have tried to manipulate conscious intention, as opposed to merely recording it. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the preSMA just after action significantly advanced the reported time of conscious intention. The authors correctly suggested that the experience of conscious intention re... |
10.1242/jeb.01371 | 40,010,078 | SUMMARY Virtual reality (VR) systems are useful tools that enable users to alter environmental settings and the location of landmarks in an accurate and fast way. Primates have been shown to be able to navigate in virtual environments. For rodents, however, all previous attempts to develop VR systems in which rats beha... | 10.1038/nrn3122 | This paper details a VR system for studying rodent navigation and demonstrates for the first time that rats can learn spatial tasks in a virtual environment. |
10.1126/science.1143439 | 41,590,218 | Humans normally experience the conscious self as localized within their bodily borders. This spatial unity may break down in certain neurological conditions such as out-of-body experiences, leading to a striking disturbance of bodily self-consciousness. On the basis of these clinical data, we designed an experiment tha... | 10.1038/nrn3122 | In this influential paper, the authors demonstrate that the body-transfer illusion can be produced for full-body perception with virtual stimuli. |
10.1002/jclp.10244 | 62,370,049 | Abstract Recent research suggests that entering an immersive virtual environment can serve as a powerful nonpharmacologic analgesic for severe burn pain. The present case study describes an attempt to use water‐friendly virtual reality (VR) technology with a burn patient undergoing wound care in a hydrotherapy tub. The... | 10.1038/nrn3122 | This study involved burn victims, and showed that patients interacting with a virtual environment designed to induce thoughts of 'cold' reported less pain than control patients. |
10.1111/j.2044-8295.1972.tb01282.x | 20,297,931 | Four different descriptions of lateral asymmetry are reviewed and their probable interrelations examined. Two main features are distinguished: first, a normal distribution of relative efficiency of the two sides which probably applies to all species subject to lateral differences; second, a factor specific to humans wh... | 10.1038/nrn1930 | Proposes a genetic model for the regulation of cortical asymmetry and handedness. |
10.1073/pnas.0505806102 | 67,604,482 | Whether nonhuman primates exhibit population-level handedness remains a topic of considerabe theoretical and empirical debate. One continued subject of discussion is whether evidence of population-level handedness in primates is confined to studies in captive animals or whether it is in both captive and wild subjects. ... | 10.1038/nrn1930 | Shows that preferential hand use in wild chimpanzees depends on the specific task. |
10.1126/science.1110324 | 38,835,307 | The human left and right cerebral hemispheres are anatomically and functionally asymmetric. To test whether human cortical asymmetry has a molecular basis, we studied gene expression levels between the left and right embryonic hemispheres using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). We identified and verified 27 di... | 10.1038/nrn1930 | Measured differential gene expression levels in the Sylvian fissures between the left and right human fetal brains and identified 27 asymmetrically expressed genes using SAGE, real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and in situ hybridization. |
10.1242/jcs.045740 | 42,534,540 | This study uses electron tomography linked to a variety of other EM methods to provide an integrated view of the flagellar pocket and basal body area of the African trypanosome procyclic trypomastigote. We reveal the pocket as an asymmetric membranous `balloon' with two boundary structures. One of these – the collar – ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This study provides a detailed structural view of the base of the T. brucei flagellum and its asssociated structures. |
10.1242/jcs.136424 | 18,441,647 | The Trypanosoma brucei flagellum is an essential organelle anchored along the surface of the cell body via a specialized structure called the flagellum attachment zone (FAZ). Adhesion relies on the interaction of the extracellular portion of two transmembrane proteins termed FLA1 and FLA1BP. Analysis of the flagellum p... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This paper provides an analysis of a novel flagellar FAZ component that contributes to an updated molecular model of flagellum attachment. |
10.1242/jcs.087676 | 42,531,867 | Trypanosoma brucei, a flagellated protozoan parasite causing human sleeping sickness, relies on a subpellicular microtubule array for maintenance of cell morphology. The flagellum is attached to the cell body through a poorly understood flagellum attachment zone (FAZ), and regulates cell morphogenesis using an unknown ... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This paper reports the discovery of a FAZ filament component and provides functional analyses that show that the FAZ controls cell size and architecture. |
10.1126/science.1128618 | 125,110,453 | Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are built on a 9 + 2 array of microtubules plus >250 accessory proteins, forming a biological machine called the axoneme. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of rapidly frozen axonemes from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm, using cryoelectron tomography and image processi... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This study uses cutting-edge methodologies to show the structure of eukaryotic axonemes at high resolution. |
10.1073/pnas.0907001106 | 104,089,358 | Trypanosoma brucei , a parasitic protist with a single flagellum, is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. Propulsion of T. brucei was long believed to be by a drill-like, helical motion. Using millisecond differential interference-contrast microscopy and analyzing image sequences of cultured procyclic-form... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This study carries out state-of-the-art high-speed video microscopy analysis of T. brucei motilty, which indicates that parasite motility occurs via bihelical flagellar waveforms. |
10.1242/jcs.00995 | 19,432,750 | Throughout its elongation, the new flagellum of the procyclic form of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei is tethered at its tip to the lateral aspect of the old flagellum. This phenomenon provides a cytotactic mechanism for influencing inheritance of cellular pattern. Here, we show that this tethering is produc... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This paper provides a detailed characterization of the structure with which the existing flagellum dictates the assembly path of the new flagellum in T. brucei |
10.1242/jcs.101162 | 38,485,891 | Polo-like kinases play an important role in a variety of mitotic events in mammalian cells, ranging from centriole separation and chromosome congression to abscission. To fulfill these roles, PLK homologs move to different cellular locations as the cell cycle progresses, starting at the centrosome, progressing to the s... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This paper provides evidence that the dynamic localization of Polo-like kinase is required for the duplication of flagellum-associated structures in T. brucei |
10.1242/jcs.041764 | 101,023,754 | Protein palmitoylation has diverse effects in regulating protein membrane affinity, localization, binding partner interactions, turnover and function. Here, we show that palmitoylation also contributes to the sorting of proteins to the eukaryotic flagellum. African trypanosomes are protozoan pathogens that express a fa... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This study identifies a mechanism for flagellum- specific targeting of membrane proteins. |
10.1126/science.1222753 | 83,012,846 | Tricky Tryps African trypanosomes, responsible for human sleeping sickness, are known for their powerful strategies of immune evasion, in particular antigenic variation. Adding another facet to this adaptive potential, Salmon et al. (p. 463 , published online 14 June; see the cover) now show that early after infection,... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This paper provides mechanistic insights into how trypanosomes use a flagellar adenylyl cyclase to manipulate host pathways and thereby thwart immunity. |
10.1242/jcs.117069 | 17,809,845 | Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is necessary for the construction of cilia and flagella. IFT proteins are concentrated at the base of the flagellum but little is known about the actual role of this pool of proteins. Here, IFT was investigated in Trypanosoma brucei, an attractive model for flagellum studies, using GFP fu... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This study reports real-time fluorescent imaging in the flagella of live parasites and reveals the complex dynamics of IFT particle trafficking in T. brucei |
10.1083/jcb.200903139 | 123,027,623 | Numerous eukaryote genome projects have uncovered a variety of kinesins of unknown function. The kinesin 9 family is limited to flagellated species. Our phylogenetic experiments revealed two subfamilies: KIF9A (including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii KLP1) and KIF9B (including human KIF6). The function of KIF9A and KIF9B w... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This study identifies a specific kinesin that is used for PFR assembly in T. brucei |
10.1242/jcs.03352 | 16,719,419 | Cilia and flagella are highly conserved, complex organelles involved in a variety of important functions. Flagella are required for motility of several human pathogens and ciliary defects lead to a variety of fatal and debilitating human diseases. Many of the major structural components of cilia and flagella are known,... | 10.1038/nrmicro3274 | This paper identifies and functionally validates more than 40 highly conserved flagellar proteins in T. brucei , providing insights into flagellum-motility mechanisms. |
10.1111/j.1601-1848.2004.00076.x | 62,471,532 | Deficits in social interaction are important early markers for autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders with strong genetic components. Standardized behavioral assays that measure the preference of mice for initiating social interactions with novel conspecifics would be of great value for mutant mouse models of ... | 10.1038/nrn2851 | A survey of sociability, perseverative behaviour and control assays in ten inbred mouse strains that are commonly used in biomedical research. |
10.1159/000006664 | 102,381,702 | Cortical neuroscience is founded on studies of a very few model organisms, mainly rats, cats, and macaque monkeys. The concentration of effort on such a few species would be defensible if cortical organization were basically uniform across mammals, as is commonly believed. Although there is little reason to doubt that ... | 10.1038/nrn1473 | An elegant and well-argued review of brain diversity that advocates a comparative approach to mammalian neuroscience. |
10.1098/rspb.1985.0003 | 39,256,396 | The direction of eye gaze and orientation of the face towards or away from another are important social signals for man and for macaque monkey. We have studied the effects of these signals in a region of the macaque temporal cortex where cells have been found to be responsive to the sight of faces. Of cells selectively... | 10.1038/nrn1473 | A classic study showing that superior temporal sulcus neurons are sensitive to eye gaze direction. There are many imaging studies that indicate that similar processing occurs in the human superior temporal sulcus. |
10.1126/science.1087513 | 17,697,155 | Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether... | 10.1038/nrn1473 | A brilliant study demonstrating, with the use of acoustic playback, that baboons are aware of the multi-tiered hierarchical structure of their social groups. |
10.1159/000068879 | 44,975,824 | The neocortex of primates contains several distinct neuron subtypes. Among these, Betz cells of primary motor cortex and Meynert cells of primary visual cortex are of particular interest for their potential role in specialized sensorimotor adaptations of primates. Betz cells are involved in setting muscle tone prior to... | 10.1038/nrn1473 | This study relates the sizes of Betz and Meynert neurons to other pyramidal neurons across many different primate species. The authors show that there are important and intriguing species differences that might relate to species-specific behaviours. |
10.1126/science.1187659 | 62,601,217 | Designer Anti-HIV Developing a protective HIV vaccine remains a top global health priority. One strategy to identify potential vaccine candidates is to isolate broadly neutralizing antibodies from infected individuals and then attempt to elicit the same antibody response through vaccination (see the Perspective by Burt... | 10.1038/nrmicro2747 | Targeted selection of B cell clones from patients with AIDS leads to the identification of antibodies that neutralize approximately 90% of circulating HIV-1 isolates. |
10.1126/science.283.5398.80 | 103,170,286 | The genome of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is packaged within an unusual conical core particle located at the center of the infectious virion. The core is composed of a complex of the NC (nucleocapsid) protein and genomic RNA, surrounded by a shell of the CA (capsid) protein. A method was developed for assemb... | 10.1038/nrmicro2747 | Electron microscopy of recombinant HIV-1 CA–NC protein multimers leads to the prediction of a fullerene cone structure for the viral capsid shell. |
10.1126/science.1377403 | 38,237,123 | A 3.5 angstrom resolution electron density map of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase heterodimer complexed with nevirapine, a drug with potential for treatment of AIDS, reveals an asymmetric dimer. The polymerase (pol) domain of the 66-kilodalton subunit has a large cleft analogous to that of the Klenow fragment of Escher... | 10.1038/nrmicro2747 | The X-ray crystal structure of the HIV-1 RT heterodimer reveals the asymmetrical nature of the protein complex and the binding site for the NNRTIs, such as nevirapine. |
10.1073/pnas.90.13.6320 | 18,576,072 | The crystal structure of a ternary complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) heterodimer (p66/p51), a 19-base/18-base double-stranded DNA template-primer, and a monoclonal antibody Fab fragment has been determined at 3.0 A resolution. The four individual subdomains of RT that make ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2747 | The crystal structure of HIV-1 RT reveals the positioning of template nucleic acid. |
10.1126/science.282.5394.1669 | 124,782,260 | A combinatorial disulfide cross-linking strategy was used to prepare a stalled complex of human immunodeficiency virus–type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase with a DNA template:primer and a deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP), and the crystal structure of the complex was determined at a resolution of 3.2 angstroms. The ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2747 | The X-ray crystal structure of the RT heterodimer with covalently trapped nucleic acid template, primer and dNTP reveals the mechanism of DNA polymerization. Protein–nucleic acid covalent linkage has since been adopted as a standard technique in the field. |
10.1242/dev.02566 | 38,515,742 | Dendrite morphology of neurons provides a structural basis for their physiological characteristics, and is precisely regulated in a cell type-dependent manner. Using a unique transposon-mediated gene transfer system that enables conditional and cell-type specific expression of exogenous genes,we investigated the role o... | 10.1038/nrn2043 | Cadherin activities are shown to be required for the normal extension of horizontal cell dendrites in the retina. Their synaptic formation with photoreceptors is also impaired. |
10.1083/jcb.200601089 | 107,083,365 | Neurites recognize their specific partners during the formation of interneuronal connections. In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, axons attach to dendrites for their synaptogenesis, but the dendrites do not form stable contacts with each other, suggesting the presence of a mechanism to allow their selective associations.... | 10.1038/nrn2043 | Shows that the trans -interactions between nectin 1 and nectin 3 at axon–dendritic contact sites are essential for recruiting cadherins to these sites, which in turn stabilize the synaptic junctions. |
10.1073/pnas.191353898 | 79,469,683 | Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a multifunctional neuronal protein kinase that is required for neurite outgrowth and cortical lamination and that plays an important role in dopaminergic signaling in the neostriatum through phosphorylation of Thr-75 of DARPP-32 (dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, molecular ... | 10.1038/nrn1763 | An elegant description of how group I mGluRs regulate dopamine D1 receptor signalling in striatal neurons |
10.1523/jneurosci.20-09-03085.2000 | 123,584,362 | Loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to increased activity of glutamatergic neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Recent studies reveal that the resultant increase in STN-induced excitation of basal ganglia output nuclei is responsible for the disabling motor impairment chara... | 10.1038/nrn1763 | Provides one of the first descriptions of the effects of activation of mGluRs at a specific basal ganglia synapse and the corresponding behavioural changes induced by in vivo administration of an mGluR2/3 agonist |
10.1523/jneurosci.12-11-04224.1992 | 83,017,554 | The effect of tetanic activation of corticostriatal glutamatergic fibers was studied in striatal slices by utilizing extracellular and intracellular recording techniques. Tetanic stimulation produced a long- term synaptic depression (LTD) (> 2 h) of both extracellularly recorded field potentials and intracellularly ... | 10.1038/nrn1763 | This early report of striatal LTD set the stage for numerous studies of the roles of mGluRs in striatal synaptic plasticity during the past 13 years |
10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03634.x | 29,268,128 | Abstract: Excitotoxicity and defects in neuronal energy metabolism have both been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurode‐generative disease. These two mechanisms may be linked through the NMDA receptor, activation of which is dependent on neuronal membrane potential. Because the ability to maintain membrane potentia... | 10.1038/nrn1763 | References 69 and 70 show that inhibition of mitochondrial complex II produces striatal lesions reminiscent of those that occur in patients with HD |
10.1073/pnas.1835724100 | 46,231,133 | Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating movement disorder that afflicts >1 million people in North America. Current treatments focused on dopamine-replacement strategies ultimately fail in most patients because of loss of efficacy and severe adverse effects that worsen as the disease progresses. The recent succes... | 10.1038/nrn1763 | Provides an important advance in demonstrating the utility of a selective allosteric potentiator of mGluR4 in regulating transmission at the striato-pallidal synapse and inducing anti-parkinsonian effects in rats |
10.1523/jneurosci.18-23-09594.1998 | 124,229,181 | The medium collected from cultured astrocytes transiently exposed to the group-II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists (2 S ,1′ R ,2′ R ,3′ R )-2-(2,3-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV) or (S)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine (4C3HPG) is neuroprotective when transferred to mixed cortical cultures challeng... | 10.1038/nrn1763 | Provides evidence that activation of group II mGluRs offer neuroprotection through a mechanism mediated by an increased production of transforming growth factor-β in astrocytes |
10.1126/science.1214449 | 83,012,195 | Natural Selection Caught in the Act Understanding how new functions evolve has been of long-standing interest. However, the number of mutations needed to evolve a key innovation is rarely known, or whether other sets of mutations would also suffice, whether the intermediate steps are driven by natural selection, or how... | 10.1038/nrmicro3096 | An excellent study of phage λ evolution, showing that when faced with different bacterial receptors, phages can evolve the ability to recognize the new receptors. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07975.x | 29,267,948 | Summary Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 harbours a cryptic plasmid, pOSAK1, that carries only three ORFs: mobA (involved in plasmid mobilization), ORF1 and ORF2. Predicted proteins encoded by these two ORFs were found to share a weak homology with RnlA and RnlB, respectively, a toxin–antitoxin system encode... | 10.1038/nrmicro3096 | This work demonstrates that phage T4 encodes an antitoxin which can neutralize the effect of two bacterial toxins. |
10.1002/jbmr.1588 | 20,881,069 | Abstract The gut microbiota modulates host metabolism and development of immune status. Here we show that the gut microbiota is also a major regulator of bone mass in mice. Germ-free (GF) mice exhibit increased bone mass associated with reduced number of osteoclasts per bone surface compared with conventionally raised ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2974 | A study demonstrating that the gut microbiota affects bone mass, possibly by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis through modulation of the T cell profile. |
10.1073/pnas.0803124105 | 62,290,249 | We normally live in symbiosis with ∼10 13 bacteria present in the colon. Among the several mechanisms maintaining the bacteria/host balance, there is limited understanding of the structure, function, and properties of intestinal mucus. We now demonstrate that the mouse colonic mucus consists of two layers extending 150... | 10.1038/nrmicro2974 | An article showing that the inner mucus layer shields the intestinal epithelium from bacterial contact. |
10.1126/science.1219328 | 104,261,251 | Microbes: Early and Often Epidemiological studies have suggested that the increase in the incidence of asthma and other inflammatory diseases seen in many parts of the world may be due to a reduced exposure to microbes during early childhood. Olszak et al. (p. 489, published online 22 March) now show that commensal mic... | 10.1038/nrmicro2974 | An elegant study demonstrating that the gut microbiota is required for normal development of iNKT cells in neonates and thereby protects from inflammatory diseases, thus confirming the hygiene hypothesis. |
10.1126/science.1217718 | 40,067,549 | Gut Reaction The gut needs to keep its trillions of microbial inhabitants contained. The immune system has evolved a multifaceted approach to this problem, which includes the production of large quantities of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the intestinal mucosa. In a process that is not well understood, plasma cells that pr... | 10.1038/nrmicro2974 | An article which shows that the gut microbiota is required for the development of completely functional IgA-producing cells and thereby maintains microbial homeostasis in the intestine. |
10.1126/science.1212782 | 83,467,200 | Successful development of fruit flies depends on a gut bacterium that interacts with its host’s insulin-signaling pathway. | 10.1038/nrmicro2974 | A detailed analysis revealing the molecular pathway of a symbiotic interaction between the fruit fly and one of its gut bacteria; this interaction is required for a normal developmental rate, body size, wing area and metabolism, as well as for normal stem cell activity. |
10.1073/pnas.1010529108 | 125,332,481 | Microbial colonization of mammals is an evolution-driven process that modulate host physiology, many of which are associated with immunity and nutrient intake. Here, we report that colonization by gut microbiota impacts mammalian brain development and subsequent adult behavior. Using measures of motor activity and anxi... | 10.1038/nrmicro2974 | The finding that the gut microbiota affects the development of the brain and anxiety-like behaviour. |
10.1146/annurev-biophys-050511-102314 | 102,601,352 | In a few years we are likely to have structures for the ribosome in all the conformations it assumes during protein synthesis. The golden age of ribosome structure determination is thus drawing to a close, and as it does the focus in the field will shift from structure determination to understanding why the ribosome's ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2994 | A review that asks a question of increasing importance in the molecular sciences: what is the most meaningful way to describe a molecular process? |
10.1073/pnas.1018824108 | 20,713,840 | A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the functioning of large, multiprotein complexes requires experimental tools capable of simultaneously visualizing molecular architecture and enzymatic activity in real time. We developed a novel single-molecule assay that combines the flow-stretching of i... | 10.1038/nrmicro2994 | An article describing a mechanism for core polymerase exchange at DNA replication forks, uncovered through a combination of force-based and fluorescence-based single-molecule methods. |
10.1002/cne.1170 | 40,844,292 | Abstract In many vertebrate and invertebrate systems, pioneering axons play a crucial role in establishing large axon tracts. Previous studies have addressed whether the first axons to cross the midline to from the corpus callosum arise from neurons in either the cingulate cortex (Koester and O'Leary [ 1994 ] J. Neuros... | 10.1038/nrn2107 | Provides evidence supporting the role of pioneer axons from the cingulate cortex in the early development of the rostral part of the corpus callosum. |
10.1073/pnas.92.23.10782 | 877,078 | A systematic analysis of parthenogenetic (PG) cell fate within the central nervous system (CNS) was made throughout fetal development and neonatal and adult life. Chimeras were made between PG embryos carrying a ubiquitously expressed lacZ transgene and normal fertilized embryos. After detailed histological analysis, w... | 10.1038/nrn2235 | Together with reference 12, this study provided the first indication that the paternally and maternally inherited genomes might contribute differentially to brain development. |
10.1126/science.284.5412.330 | 20,490,157 | Imprinted genes display parent-of-origin–dependent monoallelic expression that apparently regulates complex mammalian traits, including growth and behavior. The Peg3 gene is expressed in embryos and the adult brain from the paternal allele only. A mutation in the Peg3 gene resulted in growth retardation, as well as a s... | 10.1038/nrn2235 | This animal study linked a specific imprinted gene with specific behaviours and underlying changes in neurodevelopment. |
10.1098/rstb.2006.1942 | 81,433,948 | Genomic imprinting refers to the parent-of-origin-specific epigenetic marking of a number of genes. This epigenetic mark leads to a bias in expression between maternally and paternally inherited imprinted genes, that in some cases results in monoallelic expression from one parental allele. Genomic imprinting is often t... | 10.1038/nrn2235 | This paper provided an overview of the evolutionary issues that underlie the persistence of imprinting effects in the adult brain, discussing them in the context of intragenomic conflict and extending imprinting effects into the domains of complex social behaviours. |
10.1002/ana.410330203 | 104,412,308 | Abstract The relationship between plaque pathology and disease duration was examined in 15 patients with multiple sclerosis who died early in the course of their illness. Myelin‐stained sections revealed that most plaques examined in patients who died during the first month of their illness showed evidence of ongoing m... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.136 | This paper shows by electron microscopy that remyelination can be observed in MS lesions — a critical observation that underpins current research strategies to identify drugs and/or cells that enhance this process. |
10.1073/pnas.0812500106 | 107,139,738 | Remyelination of the CNS in multiple sclerosis is thought to be important to restore conduction and protect axons against degeneration. Yet the role that remyelination plays in clinical recovery of function remains unproven. Here, we show that cats fed an irradiated diet during gestation developed a severe neurologic d... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.136 | This paper uses an unusual dietary model of demyelination in cats to provide convincing evidence that remyelination of extensive areas of demyelination leads to functional recovery and reversal of clinical signs. |
10.1101/gad.1806309 | 83,524,420 | The progressive loss of CNS myelin in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been proposed to result from the combined effects of damage to oligodendrocytes and failure of remyelination. A common feature of demyelinated lesions is the presence of oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs) blocked at a premyelinating stage. H... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.136 | By screening transcription factors expressed during remyelination, these authors are able to identify the WNT signalling pathway as a potent negative regulator of progenitor differentiation during myelination and remyelination, spawning a series of further studies. |
10.1038/ncomms11312 | 62,189,278 | Abstract Remyelination is the generation of new myelin sheaths after injury facilitated by processes of differentiating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Although this repair phenomenon occurs in lesions of multiple sclerosis patients, many lesions fail to completely remyelinate. A number of factors have been ide... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.136 | This paper draws attention to the extracellular matrix composition of demyelinated lesions as an important determinant of remyelination efficiency and how remyelination can be improved by pharmacological manipulation of the lesion extracellular matrix. |
10.1084/jem.187.4.487 | 109,156,635 | We report that chlamydiae, which are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, possess a novel antiapoptotic mechanism. Chlamydia-infected host cells are profoundly resistant to apoptosis induced by a wide spectrum of proapoptotic stimuli including the kinase inhibitor staurosporine, the DNA-damaging agent etoposide,... | 10.1038/nrmicro2421 | Describes the inhibition of apoptosis in Chlamydia -infected cells. First indication of a block in apoptosis signalling upstream of mitochondria. |
10.1126/science.1059108 | 125,115,620 | Multiple death signals influence mitochondria during apoptosis, yet the critical initiating event for mitochondrial dysfunction in vivo has been unclear. tBID, the caspase-activated form of a “BH3-domain–only” BCL-2 family member, triggers the homooligomerization of “multidomain” conserved proapoptotic family members B... | 10.1038/nrmicro2421 | Demonstrates a redundant but essential role of BAK and BAX in mitochondrial apoptosis pathways. |
10.1126/science.1195320 | 58,642,431 | Experience-dependent brain plasticity typically declines after an early critical period during which circuits are established. Loss of plasticity with closure of the critical period limits improvement of function in adulthood, but the mechanisms that change the brain’s plasticity remain poorly understood. Here, we iden... | 10.1038/nrn3258 | The endogenous negative regulator of nicotinic cholinergic transmission LYNX1 functions as an inhibitor of cortical plasticity in the adult. |
10.1002/hipo.20875 | 82,144,449 | Abstract Estrogens regulate dendritic spine density, but the mechanism and significance of this effect for brain networks remain unknown. We used repetitive imaging over several days to investigate how 17β‐estradiol affected the turnover and long‐term behavior of dendritic spines in CA1 cells of hippocampal slice cultu... | 10.1038/nrn3258 | In hippocampal slice cultures, oestradiol reversibly promotes the assembly of new spine synapses without influencing the turnover of pre-existing synapses. |
10.1073/pnas.1014335108 | 16,814,335 | Cortical networks undergo adaptations during learning, including increases in dendritic complexity and spines. We hypothesized that structural elaborations during learning are restricted to discrete subsets of cells preferentially activated by, and relevant to, novel experience. Accordingly, we examined corticospinal m... | 10.1038/nrn3258 | Structural plasticity associated with learning of a forelimb skilled grasping task in adult rats is restricted to upper motor neurons controlling distal but not proximal forelimb musculature within the same area of the primary motor cortex. |
10.1126/science.1183962 | 83,458,228 | Inflexible Timing for Flexibility During critical periods in early life, sensory experience molds circuits in the brain. In the visual cortex, blurring or occluding vision in one eye triggers a rapid reorganization of neuronal responses known as ocular dominance plasticity. The critical period for this plasticity depen... | 10.1038/nrn3258 | Transplanted immature interneurons produce a second critical period window in the visual cortex of young mice, arguing for cell-intrinsic mechanisms of critical period regulation driven by interneuron maturation. |
10.1152/jn.00030.2010 | 36,259,211 | Golgi cells (GoCs) are the primary inhibitory interneurons of the granular layer of the cerebellum. Their inhibition of granule cells is central to operate the relay of excitatory inputs to the cerebellar cortex. Parallel fibers (PFs) establish synapses to the GoCs in the molecular layer; these synapses contain AMPA, N... | 10.1038/nrn3312 | One of the first demonstrations of LTD at the parallel fibre–Golgi cell synapse. |
10.1113/jphysiol.2008.160879 | 107,133,868 | Golgi cells are important elements of the cerebellar cortex, controlling the flow of mossy fibre information to other cells via granule cells. Several anatomical reports suggest that climbing fibre afferents contact Golgi cells, and electrophysiological studies suggest that they depress Golgi cell firing. We reinvestig... | 10.1038/nrn3312 | One of the first papers suggesting that plasticity of Golgi cells may be influenced by climbing fibre activity. |
10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008820 | 104,309,376 | 1. A detailed theory of cerebellar cortex is proposed whose consequence is that the cerebellum learns to perform motor skills. Two forms of input—output relation are described, both consistent with the cortical theory. One is suitable for learning movements (actions), and the other for learning to maintain posture and ... | 10.1038/nrn3312 | References 137–139 form the most influential theoretical works on cerebellar learning; together they provide the Marr–Albus–Ito hypothesis. |
10.1099/vir.0.80689-0 | 793,800 | The replication-associated protein (RepA) of Maize streak virus interacts in yeast with retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR), the negative regulator of cell-cycle progression. This may allow geminiviruses to subvert cell-cycle control to provide an environment that is suitable for viral DNA replication. To determine th... | 10.1038/nrmicro3117 | References 46 and 50 show that geminiviruses impaired for Rep–RBR interactions cause fewer symptoms and display a restricted tissue tropism. |
10.1101/gad.1245904 | 29,109,232 | Despite the large number of leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) receptor-like-kinases (RLKs) in plants and their conceptual relevance in signaling events, functional information is restricted to a few family members. Here we describe the characterization of new LRR-RLK family members as virulence targets of the geminivirus nucle... | 10.1038/nrmicro3117 | This paper shows that a geminivirus NSP interacts with and inhibits a small family of plant receptor kinases to suppress the host defence response. |
10.1105/tpc.110.080267 | 123,080,348 | Abstract Viruses must create a suitable cell environment and elude defense mechanisms, which likely involves interactions with host proteins and subsequent interference with or usurpation of cellular machinery. Here, we describe a novel strategy used by plant DNA viruses (Geminiviruses) to redirect ubiquitination by in... | 10.1038/nrmicro3117 | The paper describes the interaction of a geminivirus C2 protein with a host hub protein, leading to changes in several plant hormone signalling pathways. |
10.1126/science.1133643 | 17,619,977 | Toxoplasma gondii strains differ dramatically in virulence despite being genetically very similar. Genetic mapping revealed two closely adjacent quantitative trait loci on parasite chromosome VIIa that control the extreme virulence of the type I lineage. Positional cloning identified the candidate virulence gene ROP18 ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | A forward-genetics analysis of acute virulence in type I T. gondii strains, revealing that ROP18 is primarily responsible for the differences between type I and avirulent type III strains. |
10.1126/science.1133690 | 122,361,359 | The majority of known Toxoplasma gondii isolates from Europe and North America belong to three clonal lines that differ dramatically in their virulence, depending on the host. To identify the responsible genes, we mapped virulence in F 1 progeny derived from crosses between type II and type III strains, which we introd... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | A forward-genetics analysis of the differences in mouse infectivity between type II and type III T. gondii strains; this analysis identifies ROP18 , along with several other loci. |
10.1073/pnas.1015980108 | 19,001,834 | Toxoplasma gondii , an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, has the unusual ability to infect virtually any warm-blooded animal. It is an extraordinarily successful parasite, infecting an estimated 30% of humans worldwide. The outcome of Toxoplasma infection is highly dependent on allelic differen... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | A forward-genetics analysis indicating that ROP5 contributes substantially to the differences between intermediate type II and avirulent type III T. gondii strains in mice. |
10.1073/pnas.1015338108 | 82,753,047 | The population structure of Toxoplasma gondii includes three highly prevalent clonal lineages referred to as types I, II, and III, which differ greatly in virulence in the mouse model. Previous studies have implicated a family of serine/threonine protein kinases found in rhoptries (ROPs) as important in mediating virul... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | A forward-genetics study demonstrating that ROP5 is responsible for most of the differences in acute virulence between highly virulent type I and intermediate type II strains in mice. |
10.1084/jem.20100717 | 123,342,437 | NF-κB is an integral component of the immune response to Toxoplasma gondii. Although evidence exists that T. gondii can directly modulate the NF-κB pathway, the parasite-derived effectors involved are unknown. We determined that type II strains of T. gondii activate more NF-κB than type I or type III strains, and using... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | Forward-genetics mapping identifies a dense-granule protein as the factor that is primarily responsible for strain-dependent differences in NF-κB activation by T. gondii |
10.4049/jimmunol.0804190 | 39,162,748 | Abstract Cytokine-activated macrophages restrain the replication of intracellular parasites and disrupt the integrity of vacuolar pathogens. In this study, we show that inducible nitric oxide synthase and the immunity-related GTPase (IRG) family member Irgm3, respectively, are required for the ability of in vivo primed... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | Together with reference 116, this work demonstrates the correlation between virulent strains of T. gondii and the avoidance of IRG recruitment to the PVM. |
10.1084/jem.20101660 | 122,360,703 | The ROP18 kinase has been identified as a key virulence determinant conferring a high mortality phenotype characteristic of type I Toxoplasma gondii strains. This major effector molecule is secreted by the rhoptries into the host cells during invasion; however, the molecular mechanisms by which this kinase exerts its p... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, these authors find that ROP18 phosphorylates ATF6β. |
10.1093/nar/gki604 | 123,898,414 | Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a highly successful protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa, which contains numerous animal and human pathogens. T.gondii is amenable to cellular, biochemical, molecular and genetic studies, making it a model for the biology of this important group of parasites. To facilitate forward ... | 10.1038/nrmicro2858 | Genetic linkage maps of T. gondii are constructed from three pairwise crosses between strain types I, II and III, and enable the discovery of genes controlling important traits such as virulence and host gene transcription. |
10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190143 | 41,489,193 | Evidence from functional neuroimaging of the human brain indicates that information about salient properties of an object—such as what it looks like, how it moves, and how it is used—is stored in sensory and motor systems active when that information was acquired. As a result, object concepts belonging to different cat... | 10.1038/nrn2277 | This is an elegant review of evidence for a distributed network of semantic features linked to the sensory and motor systems that analyse such features as input. It also argues for categorical organization of semantic memory. |
10.1080/14640747508400525 | 41,489,122 | The selective impairment of semantic memory is described in three patients with diffuse cerebrallesions. These patients, selected on the basis of a failure to recognize or identify common objects (agnosia for objects), were investigated in detail. In particular, their perceptual, language and memory functions were asse... | 10.1038/nrn2277 | This article represents one of the first, and still one of the very best and most creative, neuropsychological investigations of semantic dementia. |
10.1162/jocn.2006.18.2.169 | 124,114,827 | On the basis of a theory about the role of semantic knowledge in the recognition and production of familiar words and objects, we predicted that patients with semantic dementia would reveal a specific pattern of impairment on six different tasks typically considered “pre-” or “non-” semantic: reading aloud, writing to ... | 10.1038/nrn2277 | This paper demonstrates that the amodal semantic deficit in semantic dementia produces the same pattern of impaired performance across a range of tasks differing in modality of input and output. |
10.1073/pnas.0811507106 | 122,981,218 | Midbrain dopamine neurons play central roles in reward processing. It is widely assumed that all dopamine neurons encode the same information. Some evidence, however, suggests functional differences between subgroups of dopamine neurons, particularly with respect to processing nonrewarding, aversive stimuli. To directl... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.165 | This paper confirmed that dopamine neurons of the VTA are excited by noxious stimuli. |
10.1098/rstb.2014.0210 | 81,809,045 | Tying complex psychological processes to precisely defined neural circuits is a major goal of systems and behavioural neuroscience. This is critical for understanding adaptive behaviour, and also how neural systems are altered in states of psychopathology, such as addiction. Efforts to relate psychological processes re... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.165 | This review covered recent experimental approaches to study reward and addiction. |
10.1113/jphysiol.2006.117069 | 62,127,466 | The ventral tegmental area (VTA) and in particular VTA dopamine (DA) neurons are postulated to play a central role in reward, motivation and drug addiction. However, most evidence implicating VTA DA neurons in these functions is based on indirect electrophysiological characterization, rather than cytochemical identific... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.165 | This was the initial study to establish the need for phenotypic characterization of recorded dopamine neurons. |
10.1126/science.aac4690 | 125,313,468 | Midbrain dopamine neurons are an essential component of the basal ganglia circuitry, playing key roles in the control of fine movement and reward. Recently, it has been demonstrated that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter, is co-released by dopamine neurons. Here, we show that GABA co-rel... | 10.1038/nrn.2016.165 | This study showed that midbrain dopamine neurons synthesize GABA in the absence of GADs, the canonical enzymes for GABA synthesis. |
10.1073/pnas.1210467109 | 100,337,032 | A gradual buildup of neuronal activity known as the “readiness potential” reliably precedes voluntary self-initiated movements, in the average time locked to movement onset. This buildup is presumed to reflect the final stages of planning and preparation for movement. Here we present a different interpretation of the p... | 10.1038/nrn.2017.14 | This recent paper offered a radical reappraisal of the classical readiness potential, interpreting it as the average of a stochastic process of approaching a motor threshold rather than a specific motor signal. |
10.1073/pnas.1015739108 | 124,214,064 | Formation of many dsDNA viruses begins with the assembly of a procapsid, containing scaffolding proteins and a multisubunit portal but lacking DNA, which matures into an infectious virion. This process, conserved among dsDNA viruses such as herpes viruses and bacteriophages, is key to forming infectious virions. Bacter... | 10.1038/nrmicro2632 | This paper describes the highest-resolution asymmetrical three-dimensional reconstruction of procapsids that has been obtained to date by cryo-electron microscopy. |
10.1073/pnas.0908569107 | 36,778,819 | In herpesviruses and many bacterial viruses, genome-packaging is a precisely mediated process fulfilled by a virally encoded molecular machine called terminase that consists of two protein components: A DNA-recognition component that defines the specificity for packaged DNA, and a catalytic component that provides ener... | 10.1038/nrmicro2632 | This report presents the only currently known X-ray structure of TerS, the protein that is responsible for recognition of the DNA that will be packaged. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.