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10.1126/science.285.5436.2115 | 44,983,445 | Carbon dioxide well gases in Colorado, New Mexico, and South Australia show excesses of 124–128 Xe correlated with 129 I-derived 129 Xe and 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ratios that are higher than the atmospheric 20 Ne/ 22 Ne ratio. The xenon isotopic data indicate the presence of a solarlike component deep within Earth. The presence ... | 10.1038/nature08477 | The first incontrovertible evidence that the Earth’s atmosphere and mantle have different abundances of stable xenon isotopes. |
10.1029/1999jb900257 | 40,994,061 | The Earth's atmosphere contains excesses of 129 Xe and 136 Xe from decay of the short‐lived radionuclides 129 I and 244 Pu, respectively. The inferred abundances of these radionuclides are substantially less than those in meteorites, nominally indicating that Earth as a planet did not form until more than 100 Myr later... | 10.1038/nature08477 | A reference paper on how short-lived radioactivities based on Xe isotopes constrain the age of the Earth and of its atmosphere. |
10.1126/science.1145339 | 107,311,958 | The organization of chromatin affects all aspects of nuclear DNA metabolism in eukaryotes. H3.3 is an evolutionarily conserved histone variant and a key substrate for replication-independent chromatin assembly. Elimination of chromatin remodeling factor CHD1 in Drosophila embryos abolishes incorporation of H3.3 into th... | 10.1038/nature08911 | This was the first study to show the ability of CHD1 to incorporate H3.3 into paternal chromatin, rendering it competent for post-fertilization mitosis, possibly explaining the sterility of CHD1-deficient D. melanogaster |
10.1073/pnas.0803354105 | 45,539,727 | A fundamental question in biomineralization is the nature of the first-formed mineral phase. In vertebrate bone formation, this issue has been the subject of a long-standing controversy. We address this key issue using the continuously growing fin bony rays of the Tuebingen long-fin zebrafish as a model for bone minera... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.41 | This state-of-the-art cryo-electron microscopy study of bone formation and maturation clearly illustrates the dynamics of biomineralization via the disordered mineral precursor stage. |
10.1126/science.1107821 | 20,357,516 | We report on measurements of quantum many-body modes in ballistic wires and their dependence on Coulomb interactions, obtained by tunneling between two parallel wires in an GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure while varying electron density. We observed two spin modes and one charge mode of the coupled wires and mapped the disp... | 10.1038/nature08918 | This paper reports the observation of the spin-charge separation using momentum-resolved electron tunnelling. |
10.1126/science.1165403 | 41,518,076 | One-dimensional quantum fluids are conventionally described by using an effective hydrodynamic approach known as Luttinger liquid theory. As the principal simplification, a generic spectrum of the constituent particles is replaced by a linear one, which leads to a linear hydrodynamic theory. We show that to describe th... | 10.1038/nature08918 | This paper describes the theory of momentum-resolved electron tunnelling into a liquid of particles with a generic (nonlinear) dispersion relationship. |
10.1126/science.1165799 | 125,259,295 | The Mott insulating state is a manifestation of strong electron interactions in nominally metallic systems. Using transport spectroscopy, we showed that an energy gap exists in nominally metallic carbon nanotubes and occurs in addition to the band gap in small–band-gap nanotubes, indicating that carbon nanotubes are ne... | 10.1038/nature08918 | This paper reports the observation of energy gaps in nominally metallic carbon nanotubes, as well as the presence of low-energy neutral excitations within the gap that are interpreted using the theory of 1D Mott insulators. |
10.1126/science.1217643 | 62,244,130 | An engineered microbe transforms carbon dioxide into a prospective liquid fuel in tandem with electrical power rather than light. | 10.1038/nature11478 | This paper presents the production of isobutanol in Ralstonia from CO 2 by using electricity. |
10.1073/pnas.1106958108 | 19,050,648 | One approach to reducing the costs of advanced biofuel production from cellulosic biomass is to engineer a single microorganism to both digest plant biomass and produce hydrocarbons that have the properties of petrochemical fuels. Such an organism would require pathways for hydrocarbon production and the capacity to se... | 10.1038/nature11478 | This paper presents the production of fatty-acid ethyl esters, butanol and the isoprenoid pinene in E. coli using ionic-liquid-treated switchgrass as the sole carbon source. |
10.1126/science.1187936 | 41,622,976 | Toward Alkane Synthesis Alkanes are major components of fossil fuels, and synthesis of alkanes remains a challenge in the conversion of renewable raw materials to fuels. Even though diverse organisms synthesize alkanes, synthesis pathways have remained elusive. Now Schirmer et al. (p. 559 ) describe an alkane biosynthe... | 10.1038/nature11478 | This paper presents the discovery of two cyanobacterial genes responsible for the biosynthesis of alkanes. |
10.1126/science.272.5266.1347 | 82,812,029 | CHOP, a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors, mediates effects of cellular stress on growth and differentiation. It accumulates under conditions of stress and undergoes inducible phosphorylation on two adjacent serine residues (78 and 81). In vitro, CHOP is phosphorylated on these residues by p38 mitogen... | 10.1038/nature17041 | This study identified the role of p38 MAPK-mediated CHOP phosphorylation in adipocyte differentiation. |
10.1126/science.1103160 | 62,642,995 | Obesity contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Using cell culture and mouse models, we show that obesity causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This stress in turn leads to suppression of insulin receptor signaling through hyperactivation of c-Jun N-te... | 10.1038/nature17041 | This study revealed that ER stress is a central feature of insulin resistance, obesity and type 2 diabetes. |
10.1073/pnas.111158898 | 104,192,246 | Single-gene mutations that extend lifespan provide valuable tools for the exploration of the molecular basis for age-related changes in cell and tissue function and for the pathophysiology of age-dependent diseases. We show here that mice homozygous for loss-of-function mutations at the Pit1 (Snell dwarf) locus show a ... | 10.1038/ncomms5211 | This paper suggests that the changes in GH/IGF-1 action might be particularly important for promoting longevity in Snell and Ames drarf mice. The study also demonstrates that Ghrhr mutant mice display life span extension |
10.1126/science.1231097 | 81,452,019 | It's a SIRT Intense attention has focused on the SIRT1 deacetylase as a possible target for anti-aging drugs. But unexpected complications in assays of SIRT1 activity have made it unclear whether compounds thought to be sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs) are really direct regulators of the enzyme. Further exploration... | 10.1038/ncomms5211 | This paper clarifies the mechanism of action for Sirt1-activating compounds |
10.1002/eji.201040630 | 82,124,040 | Abstract DC initiate and regulate T‐cell immunity and are thus the key to optimization of all types of vaccines. Insights into DC biology offer many opportunities to enhance immunogenicity. In this Viewpoint , I discuss some recent developments and findings that are of immediate relevance for the clinical development o... | 10.1038/nature10673 | The authors summarize the current state of the art use of autologous dendritic cell vaccines. |
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1624 | 62,589,070 | Abstract Purpose: Immunotherapeutic agents produce antitumor effects by inducing cancer-specific immune responses or by modifying native immune processes. Resulting clinical response patterns extend beyond those of cytotoxic agents and can manifest after an initial increase in tumor burden or the appearance of new lesi... | 10.1038/nature10673 | The authors summarize the argument for using a different set of criteria to evaluate the efficacy of immunotherapies given the mechanistic differences from conventional anticancer drugs. |
10.1200/jco.2010.32.7270 | 4,877,181 | Purpose Blinatumomab, a bispecific single-chain antibody targeting the CD19 antigen, is a member of a novel class of antibodies that redirect T cells for selective lysis of tumor cells. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), persistence or relapse of minimal residual disease (MRD) after chemotherapy indicates resistanc... | 10.1038/nature10673 | This paper describes the clinical results for an intriguing approach to tumour targeting of T cells using bispecific antibodies. |
10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.565 | 41,535,452 | The T cell compartment of adaptive immunity provides vertebrates with the potential to survey for and respond specifically to an incredible diversity of antigens. The T cell repertoire must be carefully regulated to prevent unwanted responses to self. In the periphery, one important level of regulation is the action of... | 10.1038/nature10673 | A recent review describing the current understanding of the mechanism of action of CTLA-4. |
10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090331 | 104,412,821 | Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, deliver inhibitory signals that regulate the balance between T cell activation, tolerance, and immunopathology. Immune responses to foreign and self-antigens require specific and balanced responses to clear pathogens and tumors and yet maintain tolerance. Indu... | 10.1038/nature10673 | This article reviews the evidence for immunosuppression by the induction of T cell exhaustion via activation of PD-1. |
10.1126/science.1198443 | 62,632,231 | CD40 immunotherapy shows efficacy in treating pancreatic cancer in mice and humans by eliciting antitumor immunity. | 10.1038/nature10673 | Although it is unclear if activation of CD40 works by activating innate or adaptive immunity, the results reported in this paper are impressive. |
10.1242/dev.02192 | 107,180,393 | The TGFβ superfamily of ligands plays key functions in development and disease. In both human and mouse embryonic stem cells, a member of this family, GDF3, is specifically expressed in the pluripotent state. We show that GDF3 is an inhibitor of its own subfamily, blocks classic BMP signaling in multiple contexts, inte... | 10.1038/nature09228 | References 47 and 48 elucidate the functions of GDF3, a putative autocrine maintenance factor for ES cells. |
10.1073/pnas.1213110109 | 122,506,585 | Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is one of the most important signaling cascades of the innate immune system of vertebrates. Studies in invertebrates have focused on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , and there is little information regarding the evolutionary origin and an... | 10.1038/nature23292 | Evidence of an ancient role for the immune system in regulation of the microbiota |
10.1073/pnas.1522149113 | 125,323,167 | The spatial organization of complex natural microbiomes is critical to understanding the interactions of the individual taxa that comprise a community. Although the revolution in DNA sequencing has provided an abundance of genomic-level information, the biogeography of microbiomes is almost entirely uncharted at the mi... | 10.1038/nature23292 | Striking evidence of the spatial structure of different bacterial species in the oral microbiome |
10.1038/ismej.2015.259 | 81,897,867 | Abstract Microbes can defend their host against virulent infections, but direct evidence for the adaptive origin of microbe-mediated protection is lacking. Using experimental evolution of a novel, tripartite interaction, we demonstrate that mildly pathogenic bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis) living in worms (Caenorhabdi... | 10.1038/nature23292 | Experimental evolution shows that colonization resistance can evolve as a byproduct of microbial competition |
10.1146/annurev.physchem.52.1.681 | 107,122,667 | ▪ Abstract Electron transmission through molecules and molecular interfaces has been a subject of intensive research due to recent interest in electron-transfer phenomena underlying the operation of the scanning-tunneling microscope on one hand, and in the transmission properties of molecular bridges between conducting... | 10.1038/ncomms1791 | This review is a very comprehensive treatment of charge transport theory that discusses the advantages as well as shortcomings of the different theoretical frameworks |
10.1098/rspa.1931.0187 | 27,997,577 | As quantum mechanics endows particles with entirely new properties, it enables us to deal with problems which have remained unsolved for many years. In electrolysis we have been unable to visualise the physical processes which underlie some of the most elementary phenomena. Thermodynamics gives a consistent account of ... | 10.1038/ncomms1791 | This work represents the first application of quantum mechanics to an electrochemical problem |
10.1063/1.89084 | 16,762,839 | The relaxation spectra of a cold-rolled Pd-Cu-Si glass are very similar to that of the initially quenched glass, except for the low-temperature peak at 400 °K. About 4% of expended energy is stored in the glass. A possible mechanism is that the stored energy arises from local heating and quenching in shear bands. The b... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.39 | An early study on the stored energy of cold work in a metallic glass. |
10.1126/science.1131127 | 124,495,017 | The crystal structure of the bacterial 70 S ribosome refined to 2.8 angstrom resolution reveals atomic details of its interactions with messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). A metal ion stabilizes a kink in the mRNA that demarcates the boundary between A and P sites, which is potentially important to prevent sl... | 10.1038/nature08403 | This high-resolution structure of a functional complex of the ribosome has paved the way for many other studies. |
10.1073/pnas.0811370106 | 122,702,641 | In translation, elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) molecules deliver aminoacyl-tRNAs to the mRNA-programmed ribosome. The GTPase activity of EF-Tu is triggered by ribosome-induced conformational changes of the factor that play a pivotal role in the selection of the cognate aminoacyl-tRNAs. We present a 6.7-Å cryo-electron mi... | 10.1038/nature08403 | This paper and ref. 36 report cryoEM structures of an important state of the ribosome at and beyond 7 Å resolution. |
10.1073/pnas.0403884101 | 107,301,894 | Using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, time-resolved conformational changes between fluorescently labeled tRNA have been characterized within surface-immobilized ribosomes proceeding through a complete cycle of translation elongation. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to observe aminoacyl-tRNA (... | 10.1038/nature08403 | A ground-breaking paper on the use of single molecule techniques to study dynamics in the ribosome. |
10.1126/science.1105850 | 41,632,550 | Amyloid fibrils commonly exhibit multiple distinct morphologies in electron microscope and atomic force microscope images, often within a single image field. By using electron microscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on fibrils formed by the 40-residue β-amyloid peptide of Alzheimer's disease ... | 10.1038/nature12481 | This study demonstrates that the morphology and toxicity of synthetic β-amyloid fibrils are linked to variations in the molecular structure of the protein, and that these properties can be propagated to subsequent generations of fibrils in vitro by a seeding mechanism. |
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb23057.x | 107,327,609 | Moderate numbers of amyloid plaques with associated argyrophilic dystrophic neurites and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) but no neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) were found in the brains of 3 middle‐aged common marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) inoculated intracerebrally (i.e.) 6–7 years earlier with brain tissue from a ... | 10.1038/nature12481 | Evidence that senile plaques in the brains of nonhuman primates are inducible by the intracerebral injection of Alzheimer's brain homogenates. |
10.1126/science.1131864 | 62,551,961 | Protein aggregation is an established pathogenic mechanism in Alzheimer's disease, but little is known about the initiation of this process in vivo. Intracerebral injection of dilute, amyloid-β (Aβ)–containing brain extracts from humans with Alzheimer's disease or β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice induc... | 10.1038/nature12481 | The first conclusive demonstration that an aggregated form of Aβ is the β-amyloid-inducing agent in donor brain extracts, and that the transmission of cerebral β-amyloidosis is dependent on the nature of both the seed and the host. |
10.1073/pnas.1206555109 | 104,219,651 | The aggregation and deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are believed to be central events in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inoculation of brain homogenates containing Aβ aggregates into susceptible transgenic mice accelerated Aβ deposition, suggesting that Aβ aggregates are capable of self-propagation... | 10.1038/nature12481 | Demonstration that Aβ deposition can be seeded in the brain by synthetic Aβ seeds. |
10.1126/science.1194516 | 80,294,455 | Infectious Amyloid? Patients with Alzheimer's disease have characteristic lesions in the brains associated with masses of polymerized protein called β-amyloid. Recently, evidence from mouse models of Alzheimer's disease shows that brain extracts containing β-amyloid can “infect” otherwise healthy animals when injected ... | 10.1038/nature12481 | Demonstration that cerebral Aβ deposition can be induced by the introduction of Aβ seeds into the peritoneal cavity (a site outside the brain). |
10.1084/jem.20112457 | 83,537,907 | The accumulation of misfolded proteins is a fundamental pathogenic process in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the factors that trigger aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), the principal component of the intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies (LBs), and Lewy neurites (LNs), which characterize Parkinson’s dise... | 10.1038/nature12481 | These two studies (refs 78, 79) first showed that α-synuclein lesions can be induced in α-synuclein-transgenic mice by the intracerebral inoculation of brain extracts rich in aggregated α-synuclein. |
10.1126/science.1227157 | 20,881,057 | Synthetic Parkinson's Parkinson's disease (PD) and related α-synucleinopathies are defined by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn)–containing intraneuronal inclusions—Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs)—in association with the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and other ... | 10.1038/nature12481 | Describes the instigation of α-synucleinopathy by the intracerebral injection of synthetic α-synuclein fibrils into non-transgenic mice. |
10.1073/pnas.0503039102 | 81,298,842 | Rearrangements of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase gene generating RET / PTC oncogenes are specific to papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most frequent thyroid tumor. Here, we show that the RET / PTC1 oncogene, when exogenously expressed in primary normal human thyrocytes, induces the expression of a large set of g... | 10.1038/nature07205 | This is the first report that a frequent genetic event that causes cancer in humans (rearrangement of the chromosome on which RET is located, in human papillary thyroid carcinoma) activates an inflammatory transcriptional program in normal cells that is associated with metastatic behaviour. |
10.1084/jem.193.6.727 | 125,085,047 | In human breast carcinomas, overexpression of the macrophage colony–stimulating factor (CSF-1) and its receptor (CSF-1R) correlates with poor prognosis. To establish if there is a causal relationship between CSF-1 and breast cancer progression, we crossed a transgenic mouse susceptible to mammary cancer with mice conta... | 10.1038/nature07205 | This paper describes the first genetic evidence that TAMs promote cancer, in a study of a primary breast carcinoma model. |
10.1126/science.1140485 | 38,248,591 | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver cancer, occurs mainly in men. Similar gender disparity is seen in mice given a chemical carcinogen, diethylnitrosamine (DEN). DEN administration caused greater increases in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in males than it did in females. Furthermore, ablati... | 10.1038/nature07205 | References 60 and 61 show that two classic pathways of cancer promotion, hormones and inflammation, are linked in both liver cancer and prostate cancer. |
10.1084/jem.20080108 | 38,209,136 | The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is important in cancer-related inflammation and malignant progression. Here, we describe a new role for NF-κB in cancer in maintaining the immunosuppressive phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We show that macrophages are polarized via interleukin (IL)-1R an... | 10.1038/nature07205 | This paper shows that NF-κB activated through the IL-1 receptor and MyD88 signalling pathway maintains the phenotype of TAMs, suggesting that tumour-promoting macrophages might be re-educated by the targeting of NF-κB. |
10.1200/jco.2007.11.2136 | 109,069,696 | Purpose Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) may play a role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We performed two sequential phase II studies of infliximab, an anti–TNF-α monoclonal antibody, in patients with immunotherapy-resistant or refractory RCC. Patients and Methods Patients progressing after cytokine therapy were treated ... | 10.1038/nature07205 | The paper reports the first clinical evidence that TNF-α could be a target for treating renal-cell carcinoma. |
10.1126/science.1170116 | 125,255,278 | Methylation Mediation Methylation of cytosine bases, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), in DNA plays an important regulatory role in mammalian genomes. Methylation patterns are often inherited across generations, but they can also be dynamic, suggesting that active DNA demethylation pathways exist. One such pathway, best characte... | 10.1038/nature14192 | This work established TET enzymes as active DNA demethylases and 5hmC as their product. |
10.1126/science.aab2116 | 20,572,085 | Adjusting hematopoietic hierarchy In adults, more than 300 billion blood cells are replenished daily. This output arises from a cellular hierarchy where stem cells differentiate into a series of multilineage progenitors, culminating in unilineage progenitors that generate over 10 different mature blood cell types. Nott... | 10.1038/nature25022 | This study demonstrates that the structure of the haematopoietic hierarchy and the differentiation journeys downstream of HSCs change over a human lifetime. |
10.1182/blood-2016-05-716480 | 20,805,013 | Key Points An expression map of HSPC differentiation from single-cell RNA sequencing of HSPCs provides insights into blood stem cell differentiation. A user-friendly Web resource provides access to single-cell gene expression profiles for the wider research community. | 10.1038/nature25022 | This study provides the first description of the whole haematopoietic hierarchy by single-cell RNA-seq. |
10.1126/science.1101476 | 40,685,711 | One of the great debates about extinction is whether humans or climatic change caused the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna. Evidence from paleontology, climatology, archaeology, and ecology now supports the idea that humans contributed to extinction on some continents, but human hunting was not solely responsible fo... | 10.1038/nature22900 | This work shows that the interaction of human activity with climate change led to considerable increases in extinction rates during the Pleistocene epoch, especially for large mammals. |
10.1126/science.1246752 | 83,539,839 | Background A principal function of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is to “perform regular and timely assessments of knowledge on biodiversity.” In December 2013, its second plenary session approved a program to begin a global assessment in 2015. The Conventio... | 10.1038/nature22900 | A review of the state of the knowledge of biodiversity, species distributions and extinction rates, as well as how these are likely to change in the future. |
10.1126/science.1116030 | 104,007,831 | Many large animal species have a high risk of extinction. This is usually thought to result simply from the way that species traits associated with vulnerability, such as low reproductive rates, scale with body size. In a broad-scale analysis of extinction risk in mammals, we find two additional patterns in the size se... | 10.1038/nature22900 | This paper demonstrates that both biological and environmental factors make large-bodied animals more predisposed to extinction. |
10.1111/conl.12158 | 29,303,920 | Abstract Governments have committed to conserving ≥17% of terrestrial and ≥10% of marine environments globally, especially “areas of particular importance for biodiversity” through “ecologically representative” Protected Area (PA) systems or other “area‐based conservation measures”, while individual countries have comm... | 10.1038/nature22900 | This paper highlights that meeting goals for protected-area coverage will be insufficient to protect biodiversity unless such areas are also well managed and properly located. |
10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01025.x | 29,333,686 | Abstract: We synthesized key findings from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, the world's largest and longest‐running experimental study of habitat fragmentation. Although initially designed to assess the influence of fragment area on Amazonian biotas, the project has yielded insights that go far beyo... | 10.1038/nature22900 | This study shows that large fragments of habitat are crucial for preserving biodiversity and the function of ecosystems in the face of habitat loss. |
10.1126/sciadv.1500052 | 125,328,182 | We conducted an analysis of global forest cover to reveal that 70% of remaining forest is within 1 km of the forest’s edge, subject to the degrading effects of fragmentation. A synthesis of fragmentation experiments spanning multiple biomes and scales, five continents, and 35 years demonstrates that habitat fragmentati... | 10.1038/nature22900 | This paper demonstrates that forest fragments, especially small and isolated patches, experience declines in ecosystem function and lose diversity over time, providing empirical evidence for the extinction debt. |
10.1126/science.1170261 | 103,765,754 | Nutrient additions to intensive agricultural systems range from inadequate to excessive—and both extremes have substantial human and environmental costs. | 10.1038/nature22900 | This work shows that high crop yields can be retained, even when the rate of nitrogen fertilization is reduced, by matching application rates to the current needs of crops. |
10.1126/science.285.5430.1033 | 83,354,293 | Molecular fossils of biological lipids are preserved in 2700-million-year-old shales from the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Sequential extraction of adjacent samples shows that these hydrocarbon biomarkers are indigenous and syngenetic to the Archean shales, greatly extending the known geological range of such molecules. ... | 10.1038/nature13068 | Essential organic biomarker study that provided the most-cited evidence for the earliest records of oxygen-producing photosynthesis, well before the GOE; the integrity of the biomarker data has been challenged in recent years. |
10.1126/science.1140325 | 18,898,218 | High-resolution chemostratigraphy reveals an episode of enrichment of the redox-sensitive transition metals molybdenum and rhenium in the late Archean Mount McRae Shale in Western Australia. Correlations with organic carbon indicate that these metals were derived from contemporaneous seawater. Rhenium/osmium geochronol... | 10.1038/nature13068 | Drew attention to the possibility of oxidative weathering of the continents—well before the GOE; recent challenges to the late Archaean organic biomarker record have elevated the value of the study’s inorganic data as likely signatures of pre-GOE oxygenesis. |
10.1126/science.1061976 | 61,641,105 | The low O 2 content of the Archean atmosphere implies that methane should have been present at levels ∼10 2 to 10 3 parts per million volume (ppmv) (compared with 1.7 ppmv today) given a plausible biogenic source. CH 4 is favored as the greenhouse gas that countered the lower luminosity of the early Sun. But abundant C... | 10.1038/nature13068 | Model exploring the consequences of atmospheric hydrogen escape for the redox budget of the evolving Earth; it has become a crucial lynchpin in the examination of Earth’s oxygenation within a planetary context. |
10.1126/science.289.5480.756 | 62,069,302 | Mass-independent isotopic signatures for δ 33 S, δ 34 S, and δ 36 S from sulfide and sulfate in Precambrian rocks indicate that a change occurred in the sulfur cycle between 2090 and 2450 million years ago (Ma). Before 2450 Ma, the cycle was influenced by gas-phase atmospheric reactions. These atmospheric reactions als... | 10.1038/nature13068 | Arguably the ‘smoking gun’ for the GOE—the loss of non-mass-dependent sulphur isotope fractionations—and thus launched a new wave of sulphur studies in Precambrian biogeochemistry and refined our understanding of early oxygenation. |
10.1073/pnas.1208622110 | 62,629,106 | The partial pressure of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere has increased dramatically through time, and this increase is thought to have occurred in two rapid steps at both ends of the Proterozoic Eon (∼2.5–0.543 Ga). However, the trajectory and mechanisms of Earth’s oxygenation are still poorly constrained, and little is kn... | 10.1038/nature13068 | State-of-the-art exploration of the redox landscape of the mid-Proterozoic ocean—with important implications for the mechanisms behind the persistently low levels of biospheric oxygen that defined the ‘boring billion’. |
10.1126/science.1069651 | 104,304,311 | Recent data imply that for much of the Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 543 million years ago), Earth's oceans were moderately oxic at the surface and sulfidic at depth. Under these conditions, biologically important trace metals would have been scarce in most marine environments, potentially restricting the nitrogen cycle, af... | 10.1038/nature13068 | Building from the concept of the ‘Canfield’ ocean, this was the first paper to develop the idea of possible trace-metal limitations under assumed widespread euxinia in the mid-Proterozoic ocean as a throttle on early eukaryotic expansion. |
10.1126/science.1206375 | 38,427,591 | Major animal clades evolved tens of millions of years before the widespread appearance of animal fossils. | 10.1038/nature13068 | Essential overview of our present understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships among early animal evolution and diversification, increasing ecological complexity, and environmental change—particularly oxygenation of the ocean and atmosphere. |
10.1126/science.1240573 | 62,296,598 | Topologically nontrivial spin textures have recently been investigated for spintronic applications. Here, we report on an ultrathin magnetic film in which individual skyrmions can be written and deleted in a controlled fashion with local spin-polarized currents from a scanning tunneling microscope. An external magnetic... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.44 | This is the first report on the controlled creation, detection and deletion of individual chiral skyrmions in a metallic bilayer system. |
10.1038/ncomms10620 | 80,370,623 | Abstract Chiral magnets are a promising route towards dense magnetic storage technology due to their inherent nano-scale dimensions and energy efficient properties. Engineering chiral magnets requires atomic-level control of the magnetic exchange interactions, including the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction, which defi... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.44 | This is the first report on a direct real-space study of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions at the atomic scale. |
10.1126/science.1197005 | 38,413,338 | Evolution, Gene Number, and Disease Slight variations in the numbers of copies of genes influence human disease and other characters. Variants can be hard to detect when they lie in heavily duplicated and widely similar regions of sequence known as “dark matter.” Sudmant et al. (p. 641 ) have methods to tease apart the... | 10.1038/nature09796 | Initial structural variation data analysis resulting from 1,000 Genomes Project data, demonstrating the yield of such information from a large-scale project using next-generation sequencing. |
10.1084/jem.20060710 | 102,957,401 | The tumor microenvironment is composed of an intricate mixture of tumor and host-derived cells that engage in a continuous interplay. T cells are particularly important in this context as they may recognize tumor-associated antigens and induce tumor regression. However, the precise identity of cells targeted by tumor-i... | 10.1038/nature06917 | References 48 and 49 were the first in vivo studies of T-cell infiltration and motility in tumour stroma and T-cell formation of cognate-antigen-dependent contacts with tumour cells. |
10.1073/pnas.0902064106 | 36,420,794 | Metallic nanoscale structures are capable of supporting surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), propagating collective electron oscillations with tight spatial confinement at the metal surface. SPPs represent one of the most promising structures to beat the diffraction limit imposed by conventional dielectric optics. Ag nan... | 10.1038/nature10610 | This paper reported the excitation of plasmons by connecting silver nanowires to an active SnO 2 nanoribbon. |
10.1126/science.1222195 | 41,754,251 | Establishing an Enteric Infection Complex and highly regulated interactions are required to keep the peace between the bacteria that reside in our gut and the immune system. How do pathogenic bacteria, such as the strains of Escherichia coli that cause gastroenteritis, get a foothold to establish an infection, and what... | 10.1038/nature18849 | This study showed that enteric pathogens use virulence genes to compete with the microbiota for nutrients in the gut. |
10.1073/pnas.1537100100 | 81,644,060 | The interbacterial communication system known as quorum sensing (QS) utilizes hormone-like compounds referred to as autoinducers to regulate bacterial gene expression. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 is the agent responsible for outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in several countries. We previously... | 10.1038/nature18849 | This paper describes how signals from the microbiota and host converge to enhance virulence in enteric pathogens. |
10.1126/science.1232467 | 62,135,791 | E. coli kNOws How to Win The harmonious existence among the various microbial inhabitants of the gut is critical for good health. However, inflammation from injury or inflammatory bowel disease, can disrupt this balance and lead to the outgrowth of particular bacteria. The outgrowth of members of the Enterobacteriaceae... | 10.1038/nature18849 | This study revealed that nitrate respiration drives the expansion of commensal E. coli during colitis. |
10.1126/science.291.5505.881 | 62,094,871 | Human beings contain complex societies of indigenous microbes, yet little is known about how resident bacteria shape our physiology. We colonized germ-free mice with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , a prominent component of the normal mouse and human intestinal microflora. Global intestinal transcriptional responses to c... | 10.1038/nature18849 | This was the first report to show that the microbiota can change the expression of mammalian genes to modulate the immune system of the host. |
10.1126/science.1132559 | 104,314,616 | Cells must amplify external signals to orient and migrate in chemotactic gradient fields. We find that human neutrophils release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the leading edge of the cell surface to amplify chemotactic signals and direct cell orientation by feedback through P2Y2 nucleotide receptors. Neutrophils ra... | 10.1038/nature13085 | Shows that human neutrophils release ATP from the leading edge of the cell surface to amplify chemotactic signals and direct cell orientation by feedback through P2Y 2 R as a mechanism of purinergic chemotaxis. |
10.1084/jem.20092489 | 17,785,545 | Sensitization to contact allergens requires activation of the innate immune system by endogenous danger signals. However, the mechanisms through which contact allergens activate innate signaling pathways are incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that mice lacking the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) recept... | 10.1038/nature13085 | Identifies P2X 7 R as a crucial receptor for extracellular ATP released in skin in response to contact allergens, and triggering of contact hypersensitivity. |
10.1126/scitranslmed.3003717 | 41,680,409 | Phosphorylated adenosine A 2A receptor agonists suppressed inflammation in a model of arthritis without A 2A -mediated vasodilatory side effects. | 10.1038/nature13085 | Here the authors developed a selective ADORA2A agonist that requires the presence of CD73 to become activated. This compound suppresses joint inflammation in experimental rheumatoid arthritis, while avoiding ADORA2A-mediated vasodilation. |
10.1073/pnas.0902869106 | 62,359,867 | CD39/ENTPD1 hydrolyzes proinflammatory nucleotides to generate adenosine. As purinergic mediators have been implicated in intestinal inflammation, we hypothesized that CD39 might protect against inflammatory bowel disease. We studied these possibilities in a mouse model of colitis using mice with global CD39 deletion. ... | 10.1038/nature13085 | Provides evidence that CD39 deficiency exacerbates murine colitis and suggests that CD39 polymorphisms are associated with IBD in humans. |
10.1084/jem.20062512 | 83,053,626 | The study of T regulatory cells (T reg cells) has been limited by the lack of specific surface markers and an inability to define mechanisms of suppression. We show that the expression of CD39/ENTPD1 in concert with CD73/ecto-5′-nucleotidase distinguishes CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ T reg cells from other T cells. These ectoenzy... | 10.1038/nature13085 | Identifies CD39 and CD73 as surface markers of T regs and implicates extracellular adenosine generation in an autocrine signalling loop critical for the suppressor functions of T regs |
10.1126/science.1249625 | 20,811,377 | Electrochemical measurements can distinguish between different types of energy storage materials and their underlying mechanisms. | 10.1038/ncomms12647 | Description of fundamental differences between batteries, double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors |
10.1126/science.1132195 | 62,116,325 | Carbon supercapacitors, which are energy storage devices that use ion adsorption on the surface of highly porous materials to store charge, have numerous advantages over other power-source technologies, but could realize further gains if their electrodes were properly optimized. Studying the effect of the pore size on ... | 10.1038/ncomms12647 | This article stimulated research on supercapacitors and revitalized the field of electrical double-layer capacitors |
10.1557/mrs.2011.31 | 103,326,330 | Abstract | 10.1038/ncomms12647 | Describes a computational approach to selection and design of materials for batteries (materials genome) |
10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027 | 62,380,138 | ▪ Abstract Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of... | 10.1038/nature08601 | This is an excellent, comprehensive review of the history of the biomaterials field. |
10.1126/science.1122716 | 125,264,829 | The selection and assembly of materials are central issues in the development of smaller, more flexible batteries. Cobalt oxide has shown excellent electrochemical cycling properties and is thus under consideration as an electrode for advanced lithium batteries. We used viruses to synthesize and assemble nanowires of c... | 10.1038/nature08601 | This paper discusses the engineering of non-medical materials through the templating of viruses. The precisely tuned patterns of spatial features of the natural organism promise distinct performance advantages. |
10.1098/rstb.2006.1904 | 62,544,146 | The theory of a chemoautotrophic origin of life in a volcanic iron–sulphur world postulates a pioneer organism at sites of reducing volcanic exhalations. The pioneer organism is characterized by a composite structure with an inorganic substructure and an organic superstructure. Within the surfaces of the inorganic subs... | 10.1038/nature08299 | This paper presents one of the most popular theories for the autotrophic origin of life. |
10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.017 | 19,999,074 | [Fe]‐hydrogenase is one of three types of enzymes known to activate H 2 . Crystal structure analysis recently revealed that its active site iron is ligated square‐pyramidally by Cys176‐sulfur, two CO, an “unknown” ligand and the sp 2 ‐hybridized nitrogen of a unique iron–guanylylpyridinol‐cofactor. We report here on th... | 10.1038/nature08299 | This paper corrects a previous interpretation of the active-site structure of [Fe]-hydrogenase. |
10.1002/anie.200705246 | 62,000,097 | Abstract Molybdenum complexes that contain the triamidoamine ligand [(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N] 3− (R=3,5‐(2,4,6‐ i Pr 3 C 6 H 2 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ) catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at 22 °C and 1 atm with protons from 2,6‐dimethylpyridinium and electrons from decamethylchromocene. Several theoretical studies have be... | 10.1038/nature08299 | This paper contains a clear discussion of the issue of iron versus molybdenum concerning the catalytic site in FeMo-co. |
10.1126/science.1108759 | 20,389,268 | Recent theory has predicted a superlens that is capable of producing sub–diffraction-limited images. This superlens would allow the recovery of evanescent waves in an image via the excitation of surface plasmons. Using silver as a natural optical superlens, we demonstrated sub–diffraction-limited imaging with 60-nanome... | 10.1038/ncomms2176 | First experimental demonstration of the superlens with a subwavelength resolution |
10.1126/science.1137368 | 125,301,082 | The diffraction limit of light, which is causd by the loss of evanescent waves in the far field that carry high spatial frequency information, limits the resolution of optical lenses to the order of the wavelength of light. We report experimental demonstration of the optical hyperlens for sub-diffraction-limited imagin... | 10.1038/ncomms2176 | First experimental demonstration of the 1D hyperlens with a subwavelength resolution at ultraviolet frequencies |
10.1126/science.1138746 | 38,382,951 | We demonstrate a magnifying superlens that can be integrated into a conventional far-field optical microscope. Our design is based on a multilayer photonic metamaterial consisting of alternating layers of positive and negative refractive index, as originally proposed by Narimanov and Engheta. We achieved a resolution o... | 10.1038/ncomms2176 | Experimental demonstration of the cylindrical magnifying superlens using surface plasmon waves at visible frequencies |
10.1063/1.3427199 | 123,881,935 | We propose a metalens consisting of a metamaterial slab that can support the propagation of waves with high wave vectors and a nonperiodic plasmonic waveguide coupler atop that can provide phase compensation and wave vector matching. The principle of the metalens is analyzed and numerically verified. We show that the m... | 10.1038/ncomms2176 | Proposal and numerical demonstration of the metalens with deep subwavelength resolution by utilizing plasmonic waveguide coupler |
10.5194/bg-11-6573-2014 | 20,591,646 | Abstract. Soils and other unconsolidated deposits in the northern circumpolar permafrost region store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). This SOC is potentially vulnerable to remobilization following soil warming and permafrost thaw, but SOC stock estimates were poorly constrained and quantitative error estima... | 10.1038/nature14338 | Revised and updated current state of knowledge on permafrost soil organic carbon stocks at circumpolar scales. |
10.1111/gcb.12417 | 18,283,653 | Abstract High‐latitude ecosystems store approximately 1700 Pg of soil carbon (C), which is twice as much C as is currently contained in the atmosphere. Permafrost thaw and subsequent microbial decomposition of permafrost organic matter could add large amounts of C to the atmosphere, thereby influencing the global C cyc... | 10.1038/nature14338 | Synthesizes the decomposability of permafrost organic matter using incubation data and calculates potential carbon loss for high-latitude soils. |
10.1111/gcb.12071 | 62,016,507 | Abstract Methane ( CH 4 ) emissions from the northern high‐latitude region represent potentially significant biogeochemical feedbacks to the climate system. We compiled a database of growing‐season CH 4 emissions from terrestrial ecosystems located across permafrost zones, including 303 sites described in 65 studies. D... | 10.1038/nature14338 | Synthesis of data on growing-season CH 4 emissions from terrestrial ecosystems across permafrost zones. |
10.1126/science.1179287 | 123,260,059 | Shivering Viromes Despite its icy reputation, freshwater ponds and lakes do occur in Antarctica, and open freshwater can be found for a few brief weeks during the austral summer. The ecology of these lakes is, as expected, rather specialized to cope with the extreme seasonal conditions. In a metagenomic study, López-Bu... | 10.1038/nature14505 | This study showed that an Antarctic lake viral community has high genetic richness distributed across the highest number of viral families found in aquatic viral genomes, with a substantial proportion of sequences related to eukaryotic viruses, unlike the situation for other aquatic viromes. |
10.1073/pnas.1115169109 | 62,600,868 | The Southern Ocean around Antarctica is among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth, but has experienced episodic climate change during the past 40 million years. It remains unclear how ancient periods of climate change have shaped Antarctic biodiversity. The origin of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) in Antarctic ... | 10.1038/nature14505 | This study showed that although antifreeze was acquired early in the evolution of notothenioid fishes in Antarctica, the main burst of diversification was much more recent, probably during the Late Miocene cooling. |
10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02198.x | 103,096,292 | Abstract Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) would raise global sea level by ∼3.3–5 m. Ice‐sheet models and geological data suggest at least one collapse has happened during the last 1.1 Ma, and some scenarios of future climate change predict a collapse within the next two centuries. A complete WAIS collaps... | 10.1038/nature14505 | This ecological study showed striking similarities in bryozoan assemblages in the Weddell and Ross Seas, supporting the hypothesis that partial collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during Pleistocene interglacials created a trans-Antarctic seaway. |
10.1073/pnas.1300643110 | 59,455,892 | The McMurdo Dry Valleys are the largest ice-free region in Antarctica and are critically at risk from climate change. The terrestrial landscape is dominated by oligotrophic mineral soils and extensive exposed rocky surfaces where biota are largely restricted to microbial communities, although their ability to perform t... | 10.1038/nature14505 | This study showed, using a metagenomic approach, significant plasticity in autotrophic, diazotrophic and heterotrophic strategies which support microbial communities in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. |
10.1073/pnas.0908274106 | 83,238,957 | The McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are a cold hyperarid polar desert that present extreme challenges to life. Here, we report a culture-independent survey of multidomain microbial biodiversity in McKelvey Valley, a pristine example of the coldest desert on Earth. We demonstrate that life has adapted to form highly-s... | 10.1038/nature14505 | This study showed that considerable microbial diversity exists as four distinct communities, including three lithic ones, in the hyper-arid Antarctic Dry Valleys. |
10.1126/science.1122659 | 20,543,661 | Global mineralogical mapping of Mars by the Observatoire pour la Mineralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activité (OMEGA) instrument on the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft provides new information on Mars' geological and climatic history. Phyllosilicates formed by aqueous alteration very early in the plane... | 10.1038/nature10582 | This paper advances the hypothesis that distinctive types of alteration minerals define three sequential environmental epochs in Mars’s history. |
10.1029/2009je003342 | 124,987,289 | Martian aqueous mineral deposits have been examined and characterized using data acquired during Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's (MRO) primary science phase, including Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars hyperspectral images covering the 0.4–3.9 μ m wavelength range, coordinated with higher–spatial resol... | 10.1038/nature10582 | In this paper, nearly a dozen distinctive chemical environments are reported to be preserved in the rock record of ancient Mars, identified and time-ordered by combining geomorphic data with mineralogical data. |
10.1029/2009je003339 | 62,207,044 | The Noachian terrain west of the Isidis basin hosts a diverse collection of alteration minerals in rocks comprising varied geomorphic units within a 100,000 km 2 region in and near the Nili Fossae. Prior investigations in this region by the Observatoire pour l'Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activité (OMEGA) instr... | 10.1038/nature10582 | This paper provides the first report of minerals in characteristic assemblages (diagenetic, low-grade metamorphic and hydrothermal) indicative of alteration at increased temperatures, ranging from above ambient to 400 °C. |
10.1126/science.aaa1442 | 104,096,701 | The formation of soap bubbles from thin films is accompanied by topological transitions. Here we show how a magnetic topological structure, a skyrmion bubble, can be generated in a solid-state system in a similar manner. Using an inhomogeneous in-plane current in a system with broken inversion symmetry, we experimental... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2017.31 | First report on the creation of skyrmions (skyrmionic bubbles) by current. |
10.1890/10-2213.1 | 67,257,058 | The worldwide “wildfire” problem is headlined by the loss of human lives and homes, but it applies generally to any adverse effects of unplanned fires, as events or regimes, on a wide range of environmental, social, and economic assets. The problem is complex and contingent, requiring continual attention to the changin... | 10.1038/nature13946 | This article provides an overview of fire effects on various environmental, social and economic assets, highlighting the complex and geographically specific context of the problem. |
10.1073/pnas.0608759103 | 104,149,242 | The chaperonin GroEL-GroES, a machine that helps proteins to fold, cycles through a number of allosteric states, the T state, with high affinity for substrate proteins, the ATP-bound R state, and the R ″ ( GroEL – ADP – GroES ) complex. Here, we use a self-organized polymer model for the GroEL allosteric states and a g... | 10.1038/ncomms1481 | Coarse-grained SOP model was used to study the molecular details in the conformational changes that occur during the reaction cycle of the annealing machine GroEL |
10.1073/pnas.0708828104 | 107,258,373 | Among the multiple steps constituting the kinesin mechanochemical cycle, one of the most interesting events is observed when kinesins move an 8-nm step from one microtubule (MT)-binding site to another. The stepping motion that occurs within a relatively short time scale (≈100 μs) is, however, beyond the resolution of ... | 10.1038/ncomms1481 | Employing multi-scale CG simulations, this work studied the complex stepping dynamics resulting from the interplay between neck-linker docking and diffusive search dynamics of a kinesin head on the microtubule surface |
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