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10.1126/science.1152876 | 83,047,077 | The question of how the human brain represents conceptual knowledge has been debated in many scientific fields. Brain imaging studies have shown that different spatial patterns of neural activation are associated with thinking about different semantic categories of pictures and words (for example, tools, buildings, and... | 10.1038/nature15692 | An outstanding example of the use of fMRI along with a model of word meaning derived from a large text corpus to predict activation patterns associated with words |
10.1523/jneurosci.2177-05.2005 | 62,261,759 | Alzheimer's disease (AD) and antecedent factors associated with AD were explored using amyloid imaging and unbiased measures of longitudinal atrophy in combination with reanalysis of previous metabolic and functional studies. In total, data from 764 participants were compared across five in vivo imaging methods. Conver... | 10.1038/nature15692 | This paper presents a multimodal analysis implicating the default mode network in cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer disease |
10.1073/pnas.0905267106 | 125,310,091 | Neural connections, providing the substrate for functional networks, exist whether or not they are functionally active at any given moment. However, it is not known to what extent brain regions are continuously interacting when the brain is “at rest.” In this work, we identify the major explicit activation networks by ... | 10.1038/nature15692 | This paper demonstrates that resting state networks are systematically associated with cognitive functions |
10.1002/anie.200700604 | 107,164,770 | Abstract Oxidation reactions are of fundamental importance in nature, and are key transformations in organic synthesis. The development of new processes that employ transition metals as substrate‐selective catalysts and stoichiometric environmentally friendly oxidants, such as molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, is ... | 10.1038/nature07371 | This topical review on biologically inspired oxidation catalysis emphasizes systems that use electron-transfer mediators to couple reduction and oxidation steps in biomimetic catalytic cycles. |
10.1126/science.1153252 | 100,394,438 | Mutations in the gene encoding the transcriptional repressor methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) cause the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome. Loss of function as well as increased dosage of the MECP2 gene cause a host of neuropsychiatric disorders. To explore the molecular mechanism(s) underlying these disorde... | 10.1038/nature09231 | This paper provides an interesting mechanistic analysis of the function of MECP2 in the hypothalamus. |
10.1126/science.1169786 | 20,790,986 | Methylation Mediation Methylation of cytosine bases, 5-methylcytosine (5mC), in DNA plays an important regulatory role in mammalian genomes. Methylation patterns are often inherited across generations, but they can also be dynamic, suggesting that active DNA demethylation pathways exist. One such pathway, best characte... | 10.1038/nature09231 | This study identifies an intriguing new nucleotide modification in the brain. |
10.1126/science.279.5349.349 | 62,182,498 | Normal human cells undergo a finite number of cell divisions and ultimately enter a nondividing state called replicative senescence. It has been proposed that telomere shortening is the molecular clock that triggers senescence. To test this hypothesis, two telomerase-negative normal human cell types, retinal pigment ep... | 10.1038/nature08982 | This seminal paper showed that reintroduction of telomerase into human retinal epithelial cells and fibroblasts prevents senescence and immortalizes human cells. |
10.1073/pnas.0406134101 | 40,492,485 | Recent discoveries suggest that a novel second messenger, bis-(3′→5′)-cyclic di-GMP (c-diGMP), is extensively used by bacteria to control multicellular behavior. Condensation of two GTP to the dinucleotide is catalyzed by the widely distributed diguanylate cyclase (DGC or GGDEF) domain that occurs in various combinatio... | 10.1038/nchembio.2337 | First structural study of a diguanylate cyclase that led to the characterization of the allosteric I-site for feedback regulation. |
10.1073/pnas.1515287113 | 121,917,632 | Over 30 years ago, GGDEF domain-containing enzymes were shown to be diguanylate cyclases that produce cyclic di-GMP (cdiG), a second messenger that modulates the key bacterial lifestyle transition from a motile to sessile biofilm-forming state. Since then, the ubiquity of genes encoding GGDEF proteins in bacterial geno... | 10.1038/nchembio.2337 | Identification of a subclass of GGDEF-domain-containing dinucleotide cyclases with broad catalytic spectrum and substrate specificity reflecting cellular AMP:GMP ratios. |
10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06281.x | 27,006,781 | Summary High levels of the intracellular signalling molecule cyclic diguanylate (c‐di‐GMP) supress motility and activate exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in a variety of bacterial species. In many bacteria part of the effect of c‐di‐GMP is on gene expression, but the mechanism involved is not known for any species. W... | 10.1038/nchembio.2337 | The first work to demonstrate c-di-GMP control at the transcription initiation level through the regulation of biofilm-related genes by direct c-di-GMP binding to P. aeruginosa FleQ. |
10.1073/pnas.1018949108 | 81,793,678 | Interactions of proteins with low-molecular-weight ligands, such as metabolites, cofactors, and allosteric regulators, are important determinants of metabolism, gene regulation, and cellular homeostasis. Pharmaceuticals often target these interactions to interfere with regulatory pathways. We have developed a rapid, pr... | 10.1038/nchembio.2337 | A methodological work on a quantitative high-throughput assay for the unbiased discovery and characterization of CDN-binding proteins. |
10.1126/science.1229963 | 41,621,469 | DNA Sensing Is a (c)GAS DNA is normally localized to the nucleus, and so its cytoplasmic localization sends off alarm bells to the immune system because it indicates that a virus may have entered. But how does the immune system actually detect the DNA (see the Perspective by O'Neill )? Sun et al. (p. 786 , published on... | 10.1038/nchembio.2337 | Identification of cGAMP as an endogenous CDN product in mammalian cells, as well as its direct role in type I interferon response through direct STING activation. |
10.1242/dev.128.19.3759 | 104,392,914 | Recent studies suggest that neurons born in the developing basal forebrain migrate long distances perpendicularly to radial glia and that many of these cells reach the developing neocortex. This form of tangential migration, however, has not been demonstrated in vivo, and the sites of origin, pathways of migration and ... | 10.1038/nature12983 | This paper provided in vivo evidence that specific interneurons are derived from specific embryonic progenitor zones. |
10.1523/jneurosci.5123-09.2010 | 103,216,807 | GABAergic interneurons critically regulate cortical computation through exquisite spatiotemporal control over excitatory networks. Precision of this inhibitory control requires a remarkable diversity within interneuron populations that is largely specified during embryogenesis. Although interneurons expressing the neur... | 10.1038/nature12983 | This paper compared references 11–15 to demonstrate that similar interneuron subtypes in the cortex versus the hippocampus could be derived from distinct progenitor zones. |
10.1126/science.1227622 | 103,833,592 | Diverse γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing interneurons regulate the functional organization of cortical circuits and derive from multiple embryonic sources. It remains unclear to what extent embryonic origin influences interneuron specification and cortical integration because of difficulties in tracking defined cell types... | 10.1038/nature12983 | References 35 and 36 provide support for Nkx2-1 functioning as a master regulator of the fate of specific cortical interneuron identities. |
10.1073/pnas.1210929109 | 104,101,967 | Endogenous brain rhythms occurring at various frequencies and associated with distinct behavioral states provide multiscale temporal windows that enable cells to time their spiking activity with high precision, which is thought to be important for the coding of information in neuronal circuits. However, although the se... | 10.1038/nature12983 | This article demonstrates the hippocampal recruitment of distinct interneuron types in awake mice. |
10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00870.x | 100,687,048 | Summary In senescent cells, a DNA damage response drives not only irreversible loss of replicative capacity but also production and secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bioactive peptides including pro‐inflammatory cytokines. This makes senescent cells a potential cause of tissue functional decline in aging. ... | 10.1038/nature13193 | A study showing that post-mitotic cells can obtain several key characteristics of senescent cells. |
10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00795.x | 41,735,311 | Summary Senescent cells produce and secrete various bioactive molecules including interleukins, growth factors, matrix‐degrading enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, it has been proposed that senescent cells can damage their local environment, and a stimulatory effect on tumour cell growth and invasiveness ... | 10.1038/nature13193 | References 92, 94 show that senescent cells can induce senescence in neighbouring cells through paracrine mechanisms. |
10.1126/science.1161427 | 103,997,094 | By monitoring fluorescently labeled lactose permease with single-molecule sensitivity, we investigated the molecular mechanism of how an Escherichia coli cell with the lac operon switches from one phenotype to another. At intermediate inducer concentrations, a population of genetically identical cells exhibits two phen... | 10.1038/nature09326 | This detailed analysis of stochastic state transitions in the lac operon identified stochastic promoter state switching as the origin of phenotypic changes in E. coli. |
10.1126/science.1140818 | 38,873,814 | Random cell-to-cell variations in gene expression within an isogenic population can lead to transitions between alternative states of gene expression. Little is known about how these variations (noise) in natural systems affect such transitions. In Bacillus subtilis , noise in ComK, the protein that regulates competenc... | 10.1038/nature09326 | By reciprocally perturbing transcription and translation rates, the authors showed that noise in the expression of a master transcription factor directly regulates the frequency of differentiation into the competent state. |
10.1073/pnas.0915063107 | 41,501,827 | A crucial question in mammalian development is how cells of the early embryo differentiate into distinct cell types. The first decision is taken when cells undertake waves of asymmetric division that generate one daughter on the inside and one on the outside of the embryo. After this division, some cells on the inside ... | 10.1038/nature09326 | The above two references show that differentiation in the early mouse embryo seems to occur through a stochastic process with a lineage bias, supporting the stochastic sorting model of patterning. |
10.1039/c4ee02144d | 103,414,020 | New Pt–Ni catalysts were made for PEMFCs with previously unachieved ORR activity and device durability that exceed the DOE 2017 targets for commercialization. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.9 | This study reported the most active and stable performance of a size-controlled dealloyed PtNi3 core–shell nanoparticle catalyst during a realistic PEM fuel cell test. |
10.1002/cssc.201000248 | 125,096,351 | Abstract Hydrogen is expected to play an important role as an energy carrier in a future, more sustainable society. However, its compact, efficient, and safe storage is an unresolved issue. One of the main options is solid‐state storage in hydrides. Unfortunately, no binary metal hydride satisfies all requirements rega... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.91 | In this article, the rationale and effects of nanosizing and confinement on hydrides are reviewed. |
10.1063/1.2817934 | 107,220,771 | The electrical conductivity of lithium borohydride (LiBH4) measured by the ac complex impedance method jumped by three orders of magnitude due to structural transition from orthorhombic to hexagonal at approximately 390K. The hexagonal phase exhibited a high electrical conductivity of the order of 10−3Scm−1. Furthermor... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.91 | This work presents the potential of lithium-ion conductivity in borohydrides for the first time. |
10.1002/adfm.201303147 | 100,728,127 | Complex hydrides have energy storage‐related functions such as i) solid‐state hydrogen storage, ii) electrochemical Li storage, and iii) fast Li‐ and Na‐ionic conductions. Here, recent progress on the development of fast Li‐ionic conductors based on the complex hydrides is reported. The validity of using them as electr... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.91 | This article highlights the possibility to use complex hydrides as solid electrolytes for battery devices. |
10.1039/c3cc49805k | 62,183,444 | Na 2 B 12 H 12 exhibits dramatic Na + conductivity (on the order of 0.1 S cm −1 ) above its order-disorder phase transition at ≈529 K, rivaling that of current, solid-state, ceramic-based, Na-battery electrolytes. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.91 | In this article, the potential of lithium-ion conductivity in closo-type hydrides is presented for the first time. |
10.1002/anie.201310317 | 123,996,076 | Abstract Boron clusters are proposed as a new concept for the design of magnesium‐battery electrolytes that are magnesium‐battery‐compatible, highly stable, and noncorrosive. A novel carborane‐based electrolyte incorporating an unprecedented magnesium‐centered complex anion is reported and shown to perform well as a ma... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.91 | This work unveils the potential and explains the rationale for using boron-cluster chemistry to advance magnesium electrolytes. |
10.1101/gad.191056.112 | 62,231,668 | Two Krebs cycle genes, fumarate hydratase ( FH ) and succinate dehydrogenase ( SDH ), are mutated in a subset of human cancers, leading to accumulation of their substrates, fumarate and succinate, respectively. Here we demonstrate that fumarate and succinate are competitive inhibitors of multiple α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)... | 10.1038/nature11706 | References 51 and 52 demonstrate that HIF-independent mechanisms involving the activation of NRF2 or the inhibition of α-ketoglutarate-dependent DNA and histone demethylases contribute to tumorigenesis in fumarate-hydratase- and succinate-dehydrogenase-deficient tumours. |
10.1002/anie.199012191 | 61,954,359 | Abstract Despite the great importance of heterogeneous catalysis, research in this field has long been characterized by its empiricism. Now, however, thanks to the rapid development of methods in surface physics, the elementary steps can be identified at the atomic level and the underlying principles understood. Define... | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper offers a comprehensive overview of and detailed insights into the mechanistics of heterogenous catalysis with an emphasis on ammonia synthesis based on 'surface nitride' species |
10.1126/science.1133417 | 41,723,962 | Iron(V)-oxo species have been proposed as key reactive intermediates in the catalysis of oxygen-activating enzymes and synthetic catalysts. Here, we report the synthesis of [Fe(TAML)(O)] – in nearly quantitative yield, where TAML is a macrocyclic tetraamide ligand. Mass spectrometry, Mössbauer, electron paramagnetic r... | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper reports the synthesis, structure, and reactivity of the first and only known example of an isolable oxoiron(V) complex supported by a tetraamido macrocyclic ligand |
10.1126/science.1119092 | 62,332,758 | Thiolate-ligated oxoiron(IV) centers are postulated to be the key oxidants in the catalytic cycles of oxygen-activating cytochrome P450 and related enzymes. Despite considerable synthetic efforts, chemists have not succeeded in preparing an appropriate model complex. Here we report the synthesis and spectroscopic chara... | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper demonstrates the possibility of stabilizing a thiolate ligand in an oxidizing atmosphere by synthesizing a thiolate-ligated non-heme oxoiron(IV) complex as a model for the compound-I intermediate found in cytochrome P450 |
10.1126/science.1193478 | 41,724,130 | The Power Behind P450 Drugs, toxins and a range of metabolic substrates are detoxified in the liver by family of iron-containing enzymes called cytochrome P450. The iron component transfers oxygen to compounds that are often highly resistant to chemical reaction, but we know very little about the mechanism of this vita... | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper reports the spectroscopic and kinetic-characterization of the long-sought principal compound-I intermediate involved in the catalytic cycle of cytochrome P450 |
10.1073/pnas.0708516105 | 19,210,270 | Intermediate Q, the methane-oxidizing species of soluble methane monooxygenase, is proposed to have an [Fe IV 2 (μ-O) 2 ] diamond core. In an effort to obtain a synthetic precedent for such a core, bulk electrolysis at 900 mV (versus Fc +/0 ) has been performed in MeCN at −40°C on a valence-delocalized [Fe III Fe IV (μ... | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper reports a high-valent synthetic iron-oxo complex with a 'diamond core' Fe(μ-O) 2 Fe structure that mimics the structure of a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle of methane monooxygenase; hence, it provides a suitable basis for the pursuit of a number of different research avenues pertaining to the mechan... |
10.1126/science.1128506 | 81,921,151 | The hexavalent state, considered to be the highest oxidation level accessible for iron, has previously been found only in the tetrahedral ferrate dianion, FeO 4 2– . We report the photochemical synthesis of another Fe(VI) compound, an octahedrally coordinated dication bearing a terminal nitrido ligand. Mössbauer and x... | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper presents the spectroscopic characterization of the first example of an Fe VI coordination complex generated via photolysis of the parent Fe IV azide in a frozen matrix at 77 K |
10.1126/science.1198315 | 84,480,052 | A reactive iron compound bound to nitrogen has been isolated in an unusually high oxidation state. | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper presents the first structural and spectroscopic characterization of a nitridoiron(V) complex that reacts with water under reductive conditions to yield ammonia in almost quantitative yield |
10.1126/science.1211906 | 41,484,766 | A molecular iron complex offers insights into the industrial iron catalyst used to split nitrogen to make ammonia. | 10.1038/ncomms1718 | This paper presents the first example of a multi-metallic polynuclear iron complex that binds N 2 , cleaves the N–N-bond, and releases NH 3 on treatment with H 2 |
10.1017/cbo9781107415324 | 83,558,975 | This latest Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) will again form the standard scientific reference for all those concerned with climate change and its consequences, including students and researchers in environmental science, meteorology, climatology, biology, ecology and atmo... | 10.1038/nature16542 | This ‘Summary for Policymakers’ (approved line by line by the IPCC plenary) includes, for the first time, a figure relating cumulative CO 2 emissions with projected changes in global mean temperature (Fig. 1 in this Perspective); it builds upon refs 2–4 and more recent simulations and publications on this topic. |
10.1002/2014gl062018 | 29,344,934 | Abstract Model projections of heavy precipitation and temperature extremes include large uncertainties. We demonstrate that the disagreement between individual simulations primarily arises from internal variability, whereas models agree remarkably well on the forced signal, the change in the absence of internal variabi... | 10.1038/nature16542 | This article shows a substantial intermodel agreement of the forced response pattern of precipitation and temperature extremes. |
10.1002/jgrd.50188 | 104,346,015 | This study provides an overview of projected changes in climate extremes indices defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). The temperature‐ and precipitation‐based indices are computed with a consistent methodology for climate change simulations using different emission scenarios in t... | 10.1038/nature16542 | This article provides time series of climate extreme indices in CMIP5 projections, which have been used as the basis for the present analyses. |
10.1063/1.1345834 | 81,541,389 | We show that the power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaic devices based on a conjugated polymer/methanofullerene blend is dramatically affected by molecular morphology. By structuring the blend to be a more intimate mixture that contains less phase segregation of methanofullerenes, and simultaneously increas... | 10.1038/nature11476 | This is the first report of a bulk heterojunction used in organic polymer solar cells. |
10.1126/science.270.5243.1789 | 41,744,691 | The carrier collection efficiency (η c ) and energy conversion efficiency (η e ) of polymer photovoltaic cells were improved by blending of the semiconducting polymer with C 60 or its functionalized derivatives. Composite films of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) and fullerenes exh... | 10.1038/nature11476 | This is a seminal paper on polymer photovoltaics, reporting the benefits to be achieved at the bulk heterojunction. |
10.1073/pnas.1311660110 | 20,423,197 | Significance Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are a common cause of human inherited diseases and manifest with exceptional clinical heterogeneity and tissue specificity, the molecular basis of which are largely unknown. We produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients carrying the most common mtDNA m... | 10.1038/nature12985 | This paper showed that during reprogramming of heteroplasmic fibroblasts derived from mitochondrial disease patients, mutant and wild-type mitochondrial genomes segregate through a bottleneck towards a homoplasmic state. |
10.1073/pnas.1303872110 | 39,324,375 | Significance Mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, constantly change their shape by fusing and dividing. How these two opposite processes are controlled remains unclear. In our study, we identified the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of the human mitochondrial protein LRPPRC (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat c... | 10.1038/nature12985 | This paper demonstrates that mitochondria can undergo hyperfusion and temporarily maintain ATP production to compensate for a reduction of complex IV activity due to loss of the RNA-binding protein LRPPRC. |
10.1083/jcb.201302040 | 2,694,896 | Axonal mitochondria are recruited to synaptic terminals in response to neuronal activity, but the mechanisms underlying activity-dependent regulation of mitochondrial transport are largely unknown. In this paper, using genetic mouse model combined with live imaging, we demonstrate that syntaphilin (SNPH) mediates the a... | 10.1038/nature12985 | The authors show that the protein syntaphilin can regulate mitochondrial position in neurons by acting as a molecular brake through its binding to the microtubule motor Kif5. |
10.1126/science.1223560 | 125,265,638 | Initiating Mitochondrial Repair The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) mediates the up-regulation of nuclear encoded mitochondrial chaperone genes in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. How mitochondrial dysfunction is communicated to the nucleus is unclear, but requires the transcription factor, ATFS-1... | 10.1038/nature12985 | This work demonstrated that in C. elegans , the transcription factor ATFS-1 senses and modulates a response to mitochondrial stress through its targeting to either the mitochondrial matrix or the nucleus. |
10.1073/pnas.1221132110 | 103,182,165 | The accumulation of damaged mitochondria has been proposed as a key factor in aging and the pathogenesis of many common age-related diseases, including Parkinson disease (PD). Recently, in vitro studies of the PD-related proteins Parkin and PINK1 have found that these factors act in a common pathway to promote the sele... | 10.1038/nature12985 | The authors utilized proteomics of Drosophila Pink1 and Parkin mutants to show that respiratory complex components are selectively turned over compared with other mitochondrial proteins during mitophagy. |
10.1126/science.1221111 | 81,020,108 | Hierarchical zeolites are a class of microporous catalysts and adsorbents that also contain mesopores, which allow for fast transport of bulky molecules and thereby enable improved performance in petrochemical and biomass processing. We used repetitive branching during one-step hydrothermal crystal growth to synthesize... | 10.1038/ncomms9633 | A comprehensive article characterizing the crystal, active site, and pore structure and the enhanced diffusion and catalytic properties of hierarchical MFI zeolites |
10.1002/cctc.201402499 | 18,095,441 | Abstract The small size of micropores (typically <1 nm) in zeolites causes slow diffusion of reactant and product molecules in and out of the pores and negatively impacts the product selectivity of zeolite based catalysts, for example, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts. Size‐tailored mesoporosity was introduc... | 10.1038/ncomms9633 | An article introducing advanced gas sorption and electron-based techniques to characterize hierarchically organized porosity in zeolites |
10.1002/adfm.201203557 | 61,560,190 | Mass transfer in zeolite crystals can be enhanced by the introduction of a hierarchical network of auxiliary mesopores. To fully exploit pore engineering in the design of more efficient industrial catalysts, the benefit needs to be demonstrated over technically relevant forms. Here, the influence of shaping on the adso... | 10.1038/ncomms9633 | First correlation between the diffusion properties and the degree of mesoporosity of hierarchical zeolite catalysts |
10.1126/science.1254051 | 20,570,673 | Watching nucleation pathways in calcite The initial stage of crystallization, the formation of nuclei, is a critical process, but because of the length and time scales involved, is hard to observe. Nielsen et al. explored the crystallization of calcium carbonate, a well-studied material but one with multiple nucleation... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.35 | A mixing cell is used for the first time in LP-TEM to observe pathways of CaCO3 nucleation over a wide range of supersaturations, revealing that multiple pathways are simultaneously operative, including formation both directly from solution and indirectly through transformation of amorphous and crystalline precursors. |
10.1126/science.1217654 | 62,100,965 | We introduce a new type of liquid cell for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) based on entrapment of a liquid film between layers of graphene. The graphene liquid cell facilitates atomic-level resolution imaging while sustaining the most realistic liquid conditions achievable under electron-beam radiation. ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.35 | Graphene liquid cells are introduced to LP-TEM for the first time, enabling atomic resolution of platinum nanocrystals undergoing site-selective coalescence, structural reshaping after coalescence and surface faceting. |
10.1126/science.1253149 | 18,112,227 | Watching platinum nanocube growth Size and shape drive the properties of metal nanoparticles. Understanding the factors that affect their growth is central to making use of the particles in a range of applications. Liao et al. tracked the growth of platinum nanoparticle shapes at high resolution using state-of-the-art ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.35 | The development of nanocrystal facets during the earliest stages of platinum nanoparticle growth are followed at high spatial and temporal resolution by LP-TEM, revealing distinct atomic pathways of cluster attachment, step growth and 2D nucleation, and providing a rationale for the evolution of particle shape. |
10.1126/science.1219643 | 41,097,746 | Growing in Liquid The ability to control the growth of materials at the nanometer scale is key to nanotechnology. Materials grown in liquids, however, are difficult to track on a particle-by-particle basis during growth. Two studies used an in situ liquid cell to follow the formation of larger nanoparticles or nanorods... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.35 | LP-TEM data is used to follow the crystallographic orientations of iron oxyhydroxide particles undergoing oriented attachment events, to estimate forces driving oriented attachment, and to show that oriented attachment and classical ion-by-ion growth proceed concurrently. |
10.31237/osf.io/j6peh | 141,900,779 | The counter-intuitive features of quantum mechanics make it possible to solve problems and perform tasks that are beyond the abilities of non-quantum (classical) computers and communication devices. The field of quantum information processing studies how we can achieve such improvements by representing information as q... | 10.1038/nature13132 | This work included a comprehensive security analysis of quantum key distribution with trusted devices and composable security. |
10.1111/gcb.12113 | 83,320,584 | Abstract The decomposition and transformation of above‐ and below‐ground plant detritus (litter) is the main process by which soil organic matter ( SOM ) is formed. Yet, research on litter decay and SOM formation has been largely uncoupled, failing to provide an effective nexus between these two fundamental processes f... | 10.1038/nature16069 | This paper discusses the need to integrate concepts of litter decomposition with protection and mineralization of soil organic matter, and proposes a solution. |
10.1126/science.286.5443.1335 | 123,111,954 | Humic substances (HSs) are the natural organic polyelectrolytes formed from the biochemical weathering of plant and animal remains. Their macromolecular structure and chemistry determine their role in biogeochemical processes. In situ spectromicroscopic evidence showed that the HS macromolecular structures (size and sh... | 10.1038/nature16069 | This paper provides spectroscopic evidence that organic materials in alkaline extracts are assemblages of smaller compounds mimicking larger molecules. |
10.1098/rspb.2008.1718 | 104,114,169 | Global biodiversity loss and disease emergence are two of the most challenging issues confronting science and society. Recently, observed linkages between species-loss and vector-borne infections suggest that biodiversity may help reduce pathogenic infections in humans and wildlife, but the mechanisms underlying this r... | 10.1038/nature09575 | Through careful experimentation, the authors establish that the presence of another species can reduce parasite transmission even if the total density of hosts remains constant. |
10.1098/rspb.2009.1159 | 62,073,914 | Vectors of infectious diseases are generally thought to be regulated by abiotic conditions such as climate or the availability of specific hosts or habitats. In this study we tested whether blacklegged ticks, the vectors of Lyme disease, granulocytic anaplasmosis and babesiosis can be regulated by the species of verteb... | 10.1038/nature09575 | This paper presents a suite of mechanisms by which diversity could reduce disease transmission and reviews the literature for evidence of these mechanisms. |
10.1242/jeb.037721 | 80,830,087 | SUMMARY Growing interest in ecology has recently focused on the hypothesis that community diversity can mediate infection levels and disease (‘dilution effect’). In turn, biodiversity loss — a widespread consequence of environmental change — can indirectly promote increases in disease, including those of medical and ve... | 10.1038/nature09575 | This paper reviews how diversity could affect disease transmission with particular attention to the transmission of parasites. |
10.1073/pnas.0405220101 | 38,403,746 | Somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are reportedly associated with sensitivity of lung cancers to gefitinib (Iressa), kinase inhibitor. In-frame deletions occur in exon 19, whereas point mutations occur frequently in codon 858 (exon 21). We found from... | 10.1038/nature06914 | References 3–5 show that a subset of patients with lung cancer have EGFR mutations and are responsive to an EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a finding based on prospective analyses of retrospective data. |
10.1126/science.3798106 | 104,442,629 | The HER-2/ neu oncogene is a member of the erb B-like oncogene family, and is related to, but distinct from, the epidermal growth factor receptor. This gene has been shown to be amplified in human breast cancer cell lines. In the current study, alterations of the gene in 189 primary human breast cancers were investigat... | 10.1038/nature06914 | This study correlated ERBB2 amplification with outcome for individuals with breast cancer. |
10.1126/science.1137127 | 103,292,274 | The circulation of the deep Atlantic Ocean during the height of the last ice age appears to have been quite different from today. We review observations implying that Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum was neither extremely sluggish nor an enhanced version of present-day circula... | 10.1038/nature09149 | A literature review and an attempt at community consensus as to the nature of North Atlantic deep ocean circulation during the last ice age. |
10.3402/tellusa.v10i2.9228 | 123,907,942 | Observations on the droplet spectra of different kinds of warm clouds have shown that systematic differences in microstructure exist between the various cloud types. These differences in microstructure are related in a simple way to differences in observed colloidal stability. | 10.1038/nature08281 | This paper shows that clouds that form in clean marine air are more apt to precipitate than clouds forming in air containing a high aerosol burden. |
10.1126/science.245.4923.1227 | 41,498,419 | Increases in aerosol concentrations over the oceans may increase the amount of low-level cloudiness through a reduction in drizzle—a process that regulates the liquid-water content and the energetics of shallow marine clouds. The resulting increase in the global albedo would be in addition to the increase due to enhanc... | 10.1038/nature08281 | This study postulates that by suppressing precipitation, the aerosol might increase cloud lifetime and thus enhance radiative forcing. |
10.5194/acp-5-715-2005 | 62,603,388 | Abstract. Aerosols affect the climate system by changing cloud characteristics in many ways. They act as cloud condensation and ice nuclei, they may inhibit freezing and they could have an influence on the hydrological cycle. While the cloud albedo enhancement (Twomey effect) of warm clouds received most attention so f... | 10.1038/nature08281 | This paper provides a comprehensive overview of aerosol–cloud interactions (indirect effects) in global climate models and suggest required improvements. |
10.1126/science.1099314 | 41,637,132 | Receptor tyrosine kinase genes were sequenced in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and matched normal tissue. Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene EGFR were found in 15of 58 unselected tumors from Japan and 1 of 61 from the United States. Treatment with the EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Ir... | 10.1038/nature25183 | References 41 and 42 were among the first studies to demonstrate that EGFR mutations in NSCLC confer sensitivity to anti-EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. |
10.1126/science.1232542 | 104,266,701 | The Regulatory Genome Multicellular organisms contain a variety of cell types that are morphologically and functionally distinct even though they typically contain the same genomic DNA. Differences stem from differential gene expression. Gene regulatory genomic regions (enhancers) are well studied, yet despite major ef... | 10.1038/nature12753 | In this paper, the authors report a genome-wide screening method that quantifies the self-transcription of random DNA segments to identify sequence modules with enhancer activity. |
10.1126/science.1234167 | 26,826,409 | Hox genes are major determinants of the animal body plan, where they organize structures along both the trunk and appendicular axes. During mouse limb development, Hoxd genes are transcribed in two waves: early on, when the arm and forearm are specified, and later, when digits form. The transition between early and lat... | 10.1038/nature12753 | In this paper, the authors show that different regulatory landscapes are recruited during development by the same genes, which switch contacts from one to the other. |
10.1073/pnas.0408191101 | 20,610,415 | We have devised and tested a new strategy for selectively delivering molecules to tumor cells. Cellular association of polyarginine-based, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) is effectively blocked when they are fused to an inhibitory domain made up of negatively charged residues. We call these fusions activatable CPPs (A... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | Demonstration of a generic tumour targeting strategy based on protease-activatable cell-penetrating peptides. |
10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa5657 | 62,248,365 | A hydrogel binds to inflamed tissues, delivering therapeutics locally and reducing systemic drug exposure in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | An inflammation-responsive hydrogel for triggered drug delivery toward inflammatory bowel disease. |
10.1073/pnas.1424684112 | 41,648,383 | Since its discovery and isolation, exogenous insulin has dramatically changed the outlook for patients with diabetes. However, even when patients strictly follow an insulin regimen, serious complications can result as patients experience both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic states. Several chemically or genetically modi... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | In vivo demonstration of a glucose-responsive insulin derivative chemically modified with PBA. |
10.1073/pnas.1505405112 | 62,311,385 | A glucose-responsive “closed-loop” insulin delivery system mimicking the function of pancreatic cells has tremendous potential to improve quality of life and health in diabetics. Here, we report a novel glucose-responsive insulin delivery device using a painless microneedle-array patch (“smart insulin patch”) containin... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | Demonstration of a bioresponsive microneedle-array patch for smart insulin delivery. |
10.1126/science.1217815 | 104,007,984 | Bio-Inspired Drug Delivery Noting that platelets naturally migrate to narrowed blood vessels characterized by high fluid shear stress, Korin et al. (p. 738 , published online 5 July; see the Perspective by Lavik and Ustin ) developed a nanoparticle-based therapeutic that uses a similar targeting mechanism to deliver a ... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | Use of a shear-sensitive micro-aggregate for targeting diseased blood vessels with obstruction. |
10.1073/pnas.0737381100 | 20,333,123 | Synthetic hydrogels have been molecularly engineered to mimic the invasive characteristics of native provisional extracellular matrices: a combination of integrin-binding sites and substrates for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) was required to render the networks degradable and invasive by cells via cell-secreted MMPs.... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | Demonstration of MMP-responsive synthetic hydrogels to imitate natural MMP-mediated invasion. |
10.1126/science.1169494 | 20,871,148 | We report a strategy to create photodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)–based hydrogels through rapid polymerization of cytocompatible macromers for remote manipulation of gel properties in situ. Postgelation control of the gel properties was demonstrated to introduce temporal changes, creation of arbitrarily shaped featu... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | Precise control of cellular activity over the hydrogel by light irradiation. |
10.1126/science.1230262 | 62,126,403 | Mini Mighty Muscle Actuators—or artificial muscles—take electrical or chemical energy and convert it into mechanical force. Typically, actuators made from polymers can show large deformations, but cannot generate a lot of force. Ma et al. (p. 186 ; see the Perspective by Kim and Kwon ) describe a polymer composite base... | 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.75 | Description of a water-responsive film that could contract and expand in response to the surrounding environment, such as skin moisture. |
10.1073/pnas.1405135111 | 125,232,513 | Significance In this report we investigate company–community conflict and its role in the regulation of sustainability performance in the extractive industries. We estimate the cost of conflict to companies and identify conflict as an important means through which environmental and social risks are translated into busi... | 10.1038/nature21359 | An evaluative study of the economic cost of social conflict estimated using a detailed analysis of mining projects worldwide through interviews with managers |
10.1073/pnas.1500415112 | 104,240,425 | Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D “criticality space” consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing facto... | 10.1038/nature21359 | A comprehensive evaluation of key limiting factors that lead to potential mineral security concerns from the point of view of mineral demand and supply bottlenecks |
10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01150.x | 124,904,894 | Abstract This paper reviews cognitive science perspectives on the design of visual‐spatial displays and introduces the other papers in this topic. It begins by classifying different types of visual‐spatial displays, followed by a discussion of ways in which visual‐spatial displays augment cognition and an overview of t... | 10.1038/nclimate3162 | A review highlighting the different ways in which graphics can augment cognition. |
10.1111/1467-9280.02454 | 123,179,440 | Overt visual attention during diagram-based problem solving, as measured by eye movements, has been used in numerous studies to reveal critical aspects of the problem-solving process that traditional measures like solution time and accuracy cannot address. In Experiment 1, we used this methodology to show that particul... | 10.1038/nclimate3162 | A study demonstrating that directing visual attention can support individuals in solving a problem depicted in a graphic. |
10.1002/acp.1525 | 101,735,774 | Abstract In a naturalistic newspaper reading study, two pairs of information graphics have been designed to study the effects of (a) the spatial contiguity principle and (b) the dual scripting principle by means of eye tracking measurements. Our data clearly show that different spatial layouts have a significant effect... | 10.1038/nclimate3162 | A study showing the cognitive benefits of closely integrating graphics with their associated text. |
10.1126/science.1191181 | 20,345,815 | We are all faced with uncertainty about the future, but we can get the measure of some uncertainties in terms of probabilities. Probabilities are notoriously difficult to communicate effectively to lay audiences, and in this review we examine current practice for communicating uncertainties visually, using examples dra... | 10.1038/nclimate3162 | A review highlighting the challenges of visually communicating uncertainty to diverse audiences. |
10.1098/rstb.1994.0045 | 19,444,429 | Direct comparison of ancient extinctions to the present-day situation is difficult, because quantitative palaeontological data come primarily from marine invertebrates, fossilized species are usually drawn from the more abundant and widespread taxa, and time resolution is rarely better than 103— 104 years. A growing ar... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This paper summarizes, from a palaeontological perspective, the difficulties of comparing the past and present extinctions. |
10.1126/science.215.4539.1501 | 41,597,523 | A new compilation of fossil data on invertebrate and vertebrate families indicates that four mass extinctions in the marine realm are statistically distinct from background extinction levels. These four occurred late in the Ordovician, Permian, Triassic, and Cretaceous periods. A fifth extinction event in the Devonian ... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This is a statistical assessment of the Big Five extinction rates relative to background rates. |
10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122654 | 38,895,850 | Recent analyses of Sepkoski's genus-level compendium show that only three events form a statistically separate class of high extinction intensities when only post-Early Ordovician intervals are considered, but geologists have called numerous events mass extinctions. Is this a conflict? A review of different methods of ... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This paper discusses the definition of mass extinctions and mass depletions, and the relative role of origination versus extinction rates in causing the diversity reductions that characterize the Big Five. |
10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532 | 41,508,681 | Biodiversity, a central component of Earth's life support systems, is directly relevant to human societies. We examine the dimensions and nature of the Earth's terrestrial biodiversity and review the scientific facts concerning the rate of loss of biodiversity and the drivers of this loss. The estimate for the total nu... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This paper is an overview of the taxonomic and spatiotemporal patterns of biodiversity and the magnitude of the current biodiversity crisis. |
10.1093/oso/9780198548294.003.0001 | 149,165,266 | Abstract In this opening chapter, we review what we see as some of the major themes, and major questions, which emerge from the data presented in the subsequent chapters, all of which are empirically-oriented. We also sketch the essential elements of three different theoretical approaches to estimating likely future ra... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This paper compares fossil-background and recent extinction rates and explains the numerous assumptions that are required for the comparison. |
10.1126/science.269.5222.347 | 20,808,761 | Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels in well-known, but taxonomically diverse groups from widely different environments. If all species currently deemed "threatened" become extinct in the next century, then future extinction rates will be 10 times recent rates. Some threatened species wi... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This paper explains and uses the E/MSY metric to compare the fossil-background, current, and predicted future extinction rates. |
10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x | 103,779,733 | Abstract: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species was increasingly used during the 1980s to assess the conservation status of species for policy and planning purposes. This use stimulated the development of a new set of quantitative criteria for listing species in the ca... | 10.1038/nature09678 | This paper explains the methodology used by the IUCN to assess the extinction risks of extant species. |
10.1126/science.220.4594.268 | 61,553,035 | Most of the morphological and functional differences between vertebrates and other chordates occur in the head and are derived embryologically from muscularized hypomere, neural crest, and epidermal (neurogenic) placodes. In the head, the neural crest functions as mesoderm and forms connective, skeletal, and muscular t... | 10.1038/nature14435 | This highly influential paper argued that the evolution of head structures derived from neural crest and cranial placodes had a crucial role in the transition to early vertebrates. |
10.1242/dev.007989 | 83,118,959 | During embryogenesis, paraxial mesoderm cells contribute skeletal muscle progenitors, whereas cardiac progenitors originate in the lateral splanchnic mesoderm (SpM). Here we focus on a subset of the SpM that contributes to the anterior or secondary heart field (AHF/SHF), and lies adjacent to the cranial paraxial mesode... | 10.1038/nature14435 | This article provides a definition of the contribution of pharyngeal mesoderm to branchiomeric muscles in both chick and mouse embryos. |
10.1242/dev.02365 | 58,457,618 | During early embryogenesis, heart and skeletal muscle progenitor cells are thought to derive from distinct regions of the mesoderm (i.e. the lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm, respectively). In the present study, we have employed both in vitro and in vivo experimental systems in the avian embryo to explore h... | 10.1038/nature14435 | This article demonstrates, using fate-mapping and experimental manipulation in the avian embryo, that cranial mesoderm gives rise both to head muscles and outflow tract myocardium. |
10.1242/dev.050674 | 45,493,983 | Head muscle progenitors in pharyngeal mesoderm are present in close proximity to cells of the second heart field and show overlapping patterns of gene expression. However, it is not clear whether a single progenitor cell gives rise to both heart and head muscles. We now show that this is the case, using a retrospective... | 10.1038/nature14435 | This retrospective lineage analysis provides evidence for the existence of common progenitor cells in the mouse embryo that give rise to myocardium of the right ventricle and first-arch-derived muscles, and to the arterial pole of the heart and second-arch-derived muscles. |
10.1126/science.1190181 | 102,150,282 | Building the Heart The multichambered heart of birds and mammals develops through addition of second heart field (SHF)–derived precursor cells to a primary heart tube. Stolfi et al. (p. 565 ) show that, in the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis , the heart and atrial siphon muscle (ASM) precursors arise from common pro... | 10.1038/nature14435 | This article reports the discovery of the CPF in C. intestinalis using dynamic imaging and genetics, revealing striking genetic similarities with vertebrate pharyngeal mesoderm giving rise to head muscles and SHF-derived parts of the heart. |
10.17704/eshi.30.1.p8327x7042g3q989 | 13,489,223 | In 1833, Charles Lyell proposed that the current post-glacial geological epoch be termed Recent. In the late 1860s, Paul Gervais suggested Holocene as a more appropriate name for the same epoch. In 2000, Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer jointly proposed that a new epoch beginning in the late eighteenth century should b... | 10.1038/nature14258 | This paper investigates and reviews the history of the use of the terms ‘Holocene’ and ‘Anthropocene’, showing that the Holocene includes humans in its first nineteenth-century definition. |
10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-123944 | 83,315,399 | The start of the period of large-scale human effects on this planet (the Anthropocene) is debated. The industrial view holds that most significant impacts have occurred since the early industrial era (∼1850), whereas the early-anthropogenic view recognizes large impacts thousands of years earlier. This review focuses o... | 10.1038/nature14258 | This paper summarizes the data and arguments that human activity altered CO 2 and CH 4 emissions thousands of years ago, leading to a delayed next glaciation, known as the Early Anthropogenic Hypothesis. |
10.1177/2053019613518033 | 39,113,714 | We search for a valid and quantifiable description of how and when humans acquired the ability to dominate major features of the Earth System. While common approaches seek to quantify the human impact upon the carbon cycle by identifying the area of land cleared by humans, our point of departure is different human mode... | 10.1038/nature14258 | This paper takes an alternative view of the Anthropocene, considering human energy sources, and posits two transitions, to an agricultural mode, about 10,000 yr bp , and to an industrial mode, which begins after 1500. |
10.1126/science.280.5369.1610 | 107,326,460 | Glial cells produce myelin and contribute to axonal morphology in the nervous system. Two myelin membrane proteolipids, PLP and DM20, were shown to be essential for the integrity of myelinated axons. In the absence of PLP-DM20, mice assembled compact myelin sheaths but subsequently developed widespread axonal swellings... | 10.1038/nature09614 | The first paper to show that oligodendrocytes serve the vital function of preserving the integrity and survival of axons, independent of myelin formation. |
10.1073/pnas.0805640105 | 4,908,632 | The oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) arises from the subventricular zone (SVZ) during early vertebrate development to migrate and proliferate along axon tracts before differentiating into the myelin-forming oligodendrocyte. We demonstrate that the spatial and temporal regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation d... | 10.1038/nature09614 | This reports that cultured oligodendrocytes can 'myelinate' chemically fixed axons, which implies that only limited bidirectional signalling is required. |
10.1126/science.1224823 | 41,550,593 | Boundaries on Plasmonic Excitations The localization of optical fields within a metal nanostructure can achieve strengths that are orders of magnitude greater than that of the incident field. This focusing and enhancement of the optical field maybe useful in sensing, nonlinear optics, and optical scattering application... | 10.1038/ncomms11495 | This paper demonstrates the impact of the nonlocal screening effect on nanogap plasmons via far-field measurements |
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