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the three most commonly encountered forms of mercury are metal vapor ( hg ) , ionic compounds ( hg ) and organic mercury , principally methyl mercury ( hgch3 ) . organic mercury is the most deadly of the mercury compounds , probably due to its ability to penetrate cells . within the cell it can destroy various componen...	background : since the advent of the industrial revolution in the late 19th century , we have all been unfortunately exposed to an increasingly toxic and polluted world . among the most dangerous of these pollutants is mercury , which is considered to be the most toxic non - radioactive heavy metal . fermented foods...	Introduction Materials and Methods None Preparation of probiotic fermented mare's milk Preparation of dandelion root fiber Preparation of high fiber probiotic fermented mare's milk Sensory evaluation of the product Antioxidant capacity assay: of fresh, fermented and high fiber fermented mare's milk Animals and experime...
type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) has become a worldwide epidemic . it is estimated that 60% of the world 's diabetic population is in asia . this rapid increase in the prevalence of t2 dm in asia has been fuelled by urbanization , economic growth and associated changes in diet and physical activity levels . specifica...	glucagon - like peptide-1 receptor agonists ( glp-1ras ) reduce glycosylated hemoglobin ( hba1c , 0.5% to 1.0% ) , and are associated with moderate weight loss and a relatively low risk of hypoglycemia . there are differences between asian and non - asian populations . we reviewed available data on glp-1ras , focu...	INTRODUCTION GLP-1RAs: GLOBAL EXPERIENCE POSTPRANDIAL HYPERGLYCEMIA AND THE ATTAINMENT OF HbA1c TARGETS KOREAN-SPECIFIC EFFICACY AND SAFETY DATA Hypoglycemia Gastrointestinal adverse events PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR GLP-1RA USE IN KOREA CONCLUSIONS
chronic mastitis ( cm ) is a group of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation of the breast , affecting mainly women of reproductive age in their fourth decade [ 13 ] . cm is histopathologically defined as inflammation of the breast , with the microabscess formation and/or the presence of granulomas . this disea...	chronic mastitis is a prolonged inflammatory breast disease , and little is known about its etiology . we identified 85 cases and 112 controls from 5 hospitals in morocco and egypt . cases were women with chronic mastitis ( including periductal , lobular , granulomatous , lymphocytic , and duct ectasia with mastit...	1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion
the most important goal of health systems is improving quality , effectiveness and efficiency of healthcare services ( 1 ) . however , scattered health information has a negative effect on healthcare services and would impose more expenses to the healthcare system ( 2 ) . electronic health record ( ehr ) as a modern me...	abstractelectronic health record ( ehr ) is a repository of patient health information shared among multiple authorized users . as a modern method of storing and processing health information , it is a solution for improving quality , safety and efficiency of patient care and health system . however , establishmen...	Introduction Open source information systems in healthcare Health information systems in Iran Iranian electronic health record Open sours solution for developing Iranian EHR Conclusion Ethical considerations
this retrospective , cohort study includes patient data collected at 5 etus operated by international medical corps ( imc ) in liberia and sierra leone from 15 september 2014 to 15 september 2015 as part of its comprehensive response to the west african evd epidemic . all patients who presented to the study etus with s...	summary.in a large , retrospective cohort of ebola virus infected children aged < 18 years , the odds of death were 5-fold higher if patients were aged < 5 years , had evidence of bleeding , or real - time polymerase chain reaction cycle threshold value 20 .	METHODS Study Setting Inclusion Criteria Clinical Procedures Laboratory Data Data Collection Data Analyses Ethics Approval RESULTS DISCUSSION Supplementary Data Notes Supplementary Material
this review will focus on scorpion venom and its major toxins and their functions in excitable cells . it well also compares some of the research done on scorpions from different parts of the world to highlight open areas of interest . these animals are found in all continents except antarctica , and are known to cause...	scorpion venoms consist of a complex of several toxins that exhibit a wide range of biological properties and actions , as well as chemical compositions , toxicity , and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics . these venoms are associated with high morbility and mortality , especially among children . ...	1. Introduction 2. Scorpions 3. Composition of Scorpion Venom 4. Mediators Involved in Scorpion Envenomation 5. Organ Dysfunction and the Inflammatory Response 6. Conclusion
cytokines are known to play essential roles in hematopoiesis such as the regulation of differentiation and production of progenitor cells and mature blood cells . the knowledge of cytokine function has not only contributed to the development of supportive therapies ( i.e. , erythropoietin ( epo ) ) , but dysregulation ...	cytokines are well known mediators of numerous physiological and pathological processes . they contribute to the regulation of normal hematopoiesis but increasing data suggest that they also have a clinical impact in some hematopoietic malignancies . in particular , there is evidence that cytokines are implicated in...	1. Cytokine Networks in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 2. Megakaryocytic and Granulocytic Cytokine Production in Myelofibrosis 3. Phenotypic Correlation and Prognostic Value of Circulating Levels of Cytokines 4. Impact of JAK Inhibitors on Levels of Cytokines 5. Conclusion
the study was conducted at the microbial containment complex , national institute of virology ( niv ) , pashan , pune , india . infected mosquitoes were kept in plastic jars inside mosquito cages and all these experiments were carried out inside a bio - safety level-2 laboratory . normal as well as infected mosquitoes ...	background & objectives : studies have shown that certain flaviviruses influence susceptibility of mosquitoes by inhibiting / enhancing replication of important flaviviruses . hence , a study was designed to determine whether bagaza virus ( bagv ) , a flavivirus isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in in...	Material & Methods None Viruses: Results Discussion
review articles in the scientific literature can be classified as a general review article , a systematic review ( sr ) , or meta - analysis ( ma ) . the purpose of a review article is to provide readers with a summary of published research in a particular field . reviews usually focus on areas of progress over the rec...	systematic reviews are currently favored methods of evaluating research in order to reach conclusions regarding medical practice . the need for such reviews is necessitated by the fact that no research is perfect and experts are prone to bias . by combining many studies that fulfill specific criteria , one hopes t...	Introduction Systematic reviews and standardization of animal model protocols Prediction in science Animals as predictive models Empirical evidence Evolved complex systems Consensus on prediction Summary
understanding the physical interactions governing the structure and dynamics of ribonucleosides should improve the accuracy of simulations of ribonucleic acid ( rna ) molecules . methods for simulating biological systems include residue - centered force fields ( coarse - grained),(1 ) atom - centered force fields ( amb...	a reparameterization of the torsional parameters for the glycosidic dihedral angle , , for the amber99 force field in rna nucleosides is used to provide a modified force field , amber99. molecular dynamics simulations of cytidine , uridine , adenosine , and guanosine in aqueous solution using the amber99 and amber99 ...	Introduction Methods Results Discussion
strontium titanate ( srtio3 , sto ) , the prototypical perovskite oxide , has long been known to show interesting effects taking place on its surfaces . for example , it is commonly used as a substrate for the growth of complex oxides , and it supports the formation of a two - dimensional electron gas on its ...	nickel oxide ( nio ) , deposited onto the strontium titanate ( srtio3 ) ( 110)-(4 1 ) surface , was studied using photoemission spectroscopy ( pes ) , x - ray absorption near edge structure ( xanes ) , and low - energy he+ ion scattering ( leis ) , as well as scanning tunneling microscopy ( stm ) . the main...	Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Conclusions
traditionally , the presence of specific clinical signs and symptoms coupled with abnormalities in cardiacspecific measurements and estimates of endorgan dysfunction generates an integrated view of an individual patient 's risk profile . recently , the broad acceptance of novel bloodbased biomarkers has emerged in the ...	backgroundfew studies have investigated functional capacity selfassessment tools in either prediction of future major adverse cardiac outcomes beyond allcause mortality or direct comparisons with clinically available biomarkers.methods and resultswe estimated functional capacity using the duke activity status index ( ...	Introduction Methods Study Population Data Synthesis Assessment of Functional Capacity: The Duke Activity Status Index Questionnaire Outcome Measures Biomarker Analyses Statistical Analysis Results Discussion Conclusion Supplementary Material
at indiana universitypurdue university indianapolis ( iupui ) , we have developed a concept called distributed drug discovery ( d ) . herein is reported the first example of a key component of d : the distributed rehearsal of reagents and their subsequent use in real and virtual catalog production . the premise of d ...	distributed drug discovery ( d3 ) proposes solving large drug discovery problems by breaking them into smaller units for processing at multiple sites . a key component of the synthetic and computational stages of d3 is the global rehearsal of prospective reagents and their subsequent use in the creation of virtual c...	Introduction Results and Discussion Summary and Conclusion Experimental Section
transposases are enzymes that catalyze the movement of mobile genetic elements in and between genomes and are the most abundant and ubiquitous genes in nature ( 1 ) . most often , transposases are part of transposable elements ( tes ) , which encode only the transposase gene and some short flanking sequences necessary ...	abstracttransposases , enzymes that catalyze the movement of mobile genetic elements , are the most abundant genes in nature . while many bacteria encode an abundance of transposases in their genomes , the current paradigm is that the expression of transposase genes is tightly regulated and generally low due to its ...	Observation Methods. Transposase numbers and abundance in Could abundant transposase expression be caused by stress? Are the expressed transposases active? Conclusion. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
the typical adult individual seen by a primary care physician most likely believes that cancer screening is a good idea , but without comprehending the trade - off of harms to benefit or the uncertainties surrounding their magnitude . the simplistic but effective mantra that early detection saves lives is one cause o...	abstractthis article reviews four important screening principles applicable to screening mammography in order to facilitate informed choice . the first principle is that screening may help , hurt , or have no effect . in order to reduce mortality and mastectomy rates , screening must reduce the rate of advanced di...	Introduction Principle 1: Screening May Help, Hurt, or Have No Effect Principle 2: The Most Reliable Statistic for Evaluating the Benefit of Breast Screening Is All-Cause Mortality Principle 3: Some Plausible Screening Statistics Can Be Misleading Principle 4: Breast Cancer Biology Limits the Screening Window Weighing ...
h bonds in complex molecules represents a most useful but also one of the most challenging transformations in organic chemistry . over the past two decades , notable advances in the area of chemical c h oxidation involving the use of oxidizing reagents , biomimetic supramolecular complexes , or transition metal ...	the selective oxyfunctionalization of isolated sp3 c h bonds in complex molecules represents a formidable challenge in organic chemistry . here , we describe a rational , systematic strategy to expedite the development of p450 oxidation catalysts with refined regio- and stereoselectivity for the hydroxylation...	Introduction Results and Discussion Conclusions Experimental Section
the loss of teeth , very common in this population , is related to the reduction of bone tissue , receptors ( proprioceptors and periodontal ligaments ) , and muscle atrophy . consequently , orofacial functions are impaired in toothless individuals.1 in addition , prostheses are functionally less efficient when compare...	backgroundaccording to the literature , the occurrence of dysphagia is high in cases of stroke , and its severity can be enhanced by loss of teeth and the use of poorly fitting prostheses.objectiveto verify that the status of oral health influences the level of oral intake and the degree of swallowing dysfunction in e...	Introduction Methods Study design and subjects Procedures Oral condition evaluation Functional Oral Intake Scale Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing Statistical analysis Results Discussion Conclusion
the notion of peripheral immune regulation by t cells that shut off other immune cells has been around for many decades ( gershon and kondo , 1971 ) . , 1995 ; takahashi et al . , 1998 ) and a lineage - specific transcription factor ( hori et al . , 2003 ; walker et al . , 2003 ) confirmed the existence of a distinct r...	understanding tolerance mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level holds the promise to establish novel immune intervention therapies in patients with allergy or autoimmunity and to prevent transplant rejection . administration of mab against the cd4 molecule has been found to be exceptionally well suited for in...	REGULATORY T CELLS IN MAINTENANCE OF PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE CORECEPTOR ENGAGEMENT AND PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE CLINICAL APPROACHES TO TREG-MEDIATED TOLERANCE INDUCTION CONCLUDING REMARKS Conflict of Interest Statement
the design and baseline characteristics of the whi have been described in detail elsewhere ( 8) . in brief , the whi enrolled postmenopausal women 5079 years of age who provided written informed consent and had an expected survival and local residency of 3 years . exclusion criteria included current alcoholism , drug d...	objectiveto examine determinants of racial / ethnic differences in diabetes incidence among postmenopausal women participating in the women s health initiative.research design and methodsdata on race / ethnicity , baseline diabetes prevalence , and incident diabetes were obtained from 158,833 women recruited from 1993...	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The WHI participants Identification of diabetes Race/ethnicity Covariates Statistical analyses RESULTS Population characteristics Racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes prevalence and incidence Determinants of racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes incidence Variables retained in the final mod...
preeclampsia , a pregnancy - complicated syndrome , is one of the leading causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality . this potentially dangerous condition affects approximately 27% of all pregnancies in the western world , but the incidence in developing countries can be greater [ 1 , 2 ] . preeclampsia is a...	preeclampsia , a relatively common pregnancy disorder , is one of the major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality . despite numerous research , the etiology of this syndrome remains not well understood as the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is complex , involving interaction between genetic , immunologic...	1. Preeclampsia 2. Vacuolar ATPase 3. Renin-Angiotensin System, V-ATPase, and Preeclampsia 4. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, V-ATPase, and Preeclampsia 5. Lipoxin A4, V-ATPase, and Preeclampsia 6. Proposed Model and Conclusion
this mixed - methods study ( yin , 2003 ) seeks to more accurately identify perceptions of acceptance for various age- , race- , and sexual identity - based segments of the population within the gay and mainstream communities at a pivotal time in the evolution of both urban gay communities and mainstream societal attit...	changes in gay and bisexual men s connectedness to the gay community are related to the declining public visibility of hiv / aids and greater acceptance for homosexuality and bisexuality in mainstream society . little work , however , has focused on perceived acceptance for subgroups within the gay community or broa...	METHODS RESULTS Broader Community Acceptance Gay Community Acceptance Age-Based Differences in Perceptions of Mainstream and Gay Community Acceptance DISCUSSION AND LIMITATIONS
according to the international diabetes federation , metabolic syndrome ( ms ) is clinically characterized by central obesity ( waist circumference 94 cm for men and 80 cm for women ) , and at least two of these risk factors : high triglyceride levels ( 150 mg / dl ) ; low hdl cholesterol ( 40mg / dl ) ; high blood pr...	metabolic syndrome has been defined as a group of risk factors that directly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes . insulin resistance seems to have a fundamental role in the genesis of this syndrome . over the past years to the present day , basic and translational research h...	1. Introduction 2. Conclusions
incisional hernia is a common long - term complication of abdominal surgery and is estimated to occur in 3% to 13% of laparotomy incisions . however , its incidence is greater than 23% in patients who have developed an infection in the laparotomy wound . approximately 50% of incisional hernias develop within the first ...	background : the purpose of this study was to analyse the surgical techniques , perioperative complications , and recurrence rate of laparocopic ventral hernia repair ( lvhr ) , in comparison with the open ventral hernia repair ( ovhr ) , based on the international literature.methods:a medline search of the english li...	INTRODUCTION PATHOGENESIS OF INCISIONAL HERNIA OPEN REPAIR TECHNIQUES LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR Technique Advantages Mesh Fixation with Tacks and Sutures Mesh Fixation With Tacks Alone Disadvantages-Complications CONCLUSIONS
mouse dis3l2 was expressed in sf9 cells as an n - terminal strep - sumo - tev fusion protein from the pfl vector of the multibac baculovirus expression system . sf9 cells were infected with baculovirus in hyclone ccm3 media ( thermo scientific ) at 27c . following 60 hours of expression the cells were centrifuged at 12...	summary paragraphthe pluripotency factor lin28 inhibits the biogenesis of the let-7 family of mammalian micrornas14 . lin28 is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells and has a fundamental role in regulation of development5 , glucose metabolism6 and tissue regeneration7 . alternatively , lin28 overexpression is c...	Methods Protein Preparation Crystallization Structure determination Specific Activity Determination Equilibrium Binding Assays Supplementary Material
rabies diagnosis is based on fluorescent antibody testing ( fat ) in brain smears and inoculation of brain suspension either in mouse neuroblastoma cell cultures or intracerebrally in mice as confirmatory assays with high sensitivity and specificity for postmortem diagnosis [ 13 ] . these techniques are well suited for...	the causative agents of rabies are single - stranded , negative - sense rna viruses in the genus lyssavirus of rhabdoviridae , consisting of twelve classified and three as yet unclassified species including classical rabies virus ( rabv ) . highly neurotropic rabv causes rapidly progressive encephalomyelitis with ne...	1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion
correct estimation of protein concentration in aqueous biological samples is an essential step in biochemical research and the pharmaceutical industry impacting downstream applications ranging from biomarker studies to quality control in the production of biotherapeutics . determination of protein concentration in most...	biological samples present a range of complexities from homogeneous purified protein to multicomponent mixtures . accurate qualification of such samples is paramount to downstream applications . we describe the development of an mir spectroscopy - based analytical method offering simultaneous protein quantitation ( ...	1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion
the northern house mosquito , culex pipiens l. ( diptera : culicidae ) , is a member of a species complex that includes vectors of lymphatic filariasis and several arboviral diseases , such as st . louis encephalitis ( sle ) , rift valley fever ( rfv ) , and west nile virus ( wnv ) . in the northeastern quadrant of the...	a pentane extract of flowers of common milkweed , asclepias syriaca ( asclepiadaceae ) , elicited significant orientation from both male and female culex pipiens in a dual - port flight olfactometer . analysis of the extract by gas chromatography mass spectrometry revealed six major constituents in order of relat...	Introduction Methods and Materials Results Discussion
opces is a bioequivalent , randomized , double blind , multi - centric clinical trial enrolling six centers in five cities of iran . from march 2007 to november 2009 , 442 patients were included in this study . those centers that have the facility and requirements for stenting and also the tendency for research collabo...	background : to compare the early and late cardiovascular events as well as side effects of osvix , a generic form of clopidogrel versus plavix regimens in patients with chronic stable angina , undergoing bare metal stent ( bms ) or drug eluting stent ( des ) placement , this study was carried out.methods:a total of 4...	Methods None Study Population Study participants Study Protocol Angioplasty procedure Study end points Statistical analysis Results Discussion Authors Contributions
the importance of early and intensive control of blood glucose levels in improving outcomes for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) was established in the uk prospective diabetes study ( ukpds ) . despite differences in glucose levels between the intensive and standard treatment groups disappearing soon afte...	background : glycaemic control is suboptimal in a large proportion of people with type 2 diabetes who are consequently at an increased and avoidable risk of potentially severe complications . we sought to explore attitudes and practices among healthcare professionals that may contribute to suboptimal glycaemic control...	Review criteria: Introduction Methods Results and discussion Information sources Standards of glycaemic control Barriers to effective glycaemic control Patient-level barriers Healthcare systemrelated barriers Physician-level barriers Barriers to effective intensification of treatment Potential benefits of early, intens...
increasing prevalence of morbid obesity has augmented the demand for bariatric surgery , which is so far the most effective and durable therapy for the treatment of morbidly obese patients . deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) and pulmonary embolism ( pe ) are the major risk factors of mortality after bariatric surgery [ 24 ]...	backgroundobesity is known as a major risk factor for postoperative vein thrombosis . thromboelastography ( teg ) is used to monitor viscoelastic features of blood clots . the aim of this study was to determine hypercoagulable states in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and to assess dynamics of coagulation pa...	Background Material and Methods Study population Thromboelastography measurements Statistical analysis Results Characteristics of the study group Preoperative hypercoagulability rates determined by TEG Dynamics of TEG parameters, fibrinogen, and d-dimers in the perioperative period of bariatric surgery Dynamics of coag...
mating is random when two individuals in a population are just as likely as any other two individuals to mate . nonrandom mating results when individuals tend to choose mates with a specific phenotype and the associated genotype(s ) among compatible mates . dynamics of nonrandom mating have been studied in sexually dim...	ciliate mating systems are highly diversified , providing unique opportunities to study sexual differentiation and its implications for mating dynamics . many species of ciliates have multiple ( > 2 ) sexes . more sexes may mean more choice and an opportunity for evolution of preferential mating . we asked if the ...	1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion
bluetongue viruses , pathogenic only to domestic cattle and wild ruminants ( barratt - boyes and maclachlan , 1995 ; tsuboi and imada , 1997 ) , are non - pathogenic to humans ( xiao et al . , 2004 ; hu et al . , 2008 ) and thus , humans do not have pre - existing antibodies to btvs ( jeggo et al . , 1983 ; barratt - b...	humans are sero - negative toward bluetongue viruses ( btvs ) since btvs do not infect normal human cells . infection and selective degradation of several human cancer cell lines but not normal ones by five us btv serotypes have been investigated . we determined the susceptibilities of many normal and human cancer...	Unique Novel Oncolytic activities of the BTV Virolomic System Inflammatory Mediators are Elevated During BTV Infection Progress and Perspectives of Oncolytic Viruses Comparative Viratherapy and Viratherapeutics of Reovirus (Strong et al., Different Mechanisms by Which Oncolytic Reovirus and BTV Can Selectively Degrade...
other exclusion criteria were history or clinical evidence of coronary or valvular heart disease , congestive heart failure , hyperlipidemia , peripheral vascular disease , chronic gastrointestinal diseases associated with malabsorption , chronic pancreatitis , history of any malignant disease , history of alcohol or d...	objectiveto address whether glucose tolerance status , and in particular 1-h postload plasma glucose levels , may affect diastolic function in 161 never - treated hypertensive white subjects . impaired left ventricular relaxation , an early sign of diastolic dysfunction , represents the first manifestation of myocar...	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Blood pressure measurements Laboratory determinations Echocardiograms M-mode measurements. Diastolic function. Statistical analysis RESULTS Echocardiographic parameters and glucose tolerance Correlational analysis CONCLUSIONS
breast cancer is the second most common cancer in new zealand and the third leading cause of cancer death.1 in 2011 , the most - recent full year for which statistics are available , 2,867 new cases of breast cancer and 636 deaths were reported.2 approximately 18% of breast cancers in new zealand are human epidermal gr...	backgroundin new zealand , trastuzumab is standard therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 ( her2)-positive early and metastatic breast cancer . given the requirement for ongoing adjuvant or maintenance treatment and intravenous ( iv ) delivery , such a regimen consumes considerable health care resources ...	Background Methods Study design Subjects Data collection Cost model Results Discussion Conclusion
cell metabolism governing the growth and functioning of each cell and a whole organism refers to chemical transformations and enzyme - catalyzed energy producing and energy utilizing reactions of carbohydrates , proteins , and lipids . amongst the most metabolically active organs are liver , brain , gut , kidneys , and...	microrna-378a ( mir-378a , previously known as mir-378 ) is one of the small noncoding rna molecules able to regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional level . its two mature strands , mir-378a-3p and mir-378a-5p , originate from the first intron of the peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor gamma , coact...	1. Introduction 2. MicroRNAs 3. miR-378a: Basics 4. miR-378a in Metabolism 5. miR-378a in Muscle Development, Differentiation, and Regeneration 6. miR-378a in Angiogenesis 7. miR-378a in Inflammation 8. Conclusions
why have we not been able to use neuroimaging in the clinical management of psychoses ? after 30 years of using this approach , we have established that structural brain alterations are present in individuals with psychoses . while this information has advanced academic knowledge on the pathophysiology of these disorde...	studies that have used structural magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) suggest that individuals with psychoses have brain alterations , particularly in frontal and temporal cortices , and in the white matter tracts that connect them . furthermore , these studies suggest that brain alterations may be particularly promi...	Introduction Structural brain alterations in psychosis Brain structure and its relationship with medium- to long-term clinical and functional outcomes Brain structure and its relationship with early outcomes Moving toward using brain structure at illness onset in the individual prediction of outcome Conclusion
voltage - gated ca channels are the signature feature of excitable cells , transducing electrical activity into increased intracellular [ ca ] that mediates specific cellular effects such as muscle contraction , hormone secretion , and release of neurotransmitters . thus , many regulatory mechanisms have evolved to fin...	although inhibition of voltage - gated calcium channels by rgk gtpases ( rgks ) represents an important mode of regulation to control ca2 + influx in excitable cells , their exact mechanism of inhibition remains controversial . this has prevented an understanding of how rgk regulation can be significant in a physiol...	INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Construction of cDNA Plasmids Electrophysiological Recordings and Analysis Protein Expression/GST Pull-Down Assays Immunoblotting RESULTS DISCUSSION
cognitive decline in older adulthood remains an area of great concern as the population ages . some changes in cognitive function , such as decreased processing speed , are considered normative aspects of the aging process . however , the impact of even mild cognitive impairment on functional capacity highlights the im...	social activity is typically viewed as part of an engaged lifestyle that may help mitigate the deleterious effects of advanced age on cognitive function . as such , social activity has been examined in relation to cognitive abilities later in life . however , longitudinal evidence for this hypothesis thus far rema...	1. Introduction 2. Method 3. Results 4. Discussion
osteoarthritis ( oa ) is a chronic synovial joint disease , characterized by two main features : ( 1 ) progressive damage of articular cartilage , bone remodeling , and new bone formation ( osteophytes and subchondral bone sclerosis ) and ( 2 ) synovial inflammation and fibrosis of ligaments , tendons , menisci , and c...	osteoarthritis ( oa ) is a painful and life - altering disease that severely limits the daily activities of millions of americans , and it is one of the most common causes of disability in the world . with obesity on the rise and the world s population living longer , the prevalence of oa is expected to increase dra...	Introduction Current Pharmacologic Therapies Current Nonpharmacologic Therapies Prospective New Treatments Dietary Supplements Avocado and Soybean Unsaponifiables Conclusion
the treatment of lung cancer with radiation has undergone significant improvements over the past decade . first , it is possible to better delineate the target volume through the advancement of imaging such as positron emission tomography ( pet ) fusion [ 1 , 2 ] . second , there has been an increase in the utilizati...	the challenges of lung cancer radiotherapy are intra / inter - fraction tumor / organ anatomy / motion changes and the need to spare surrounding critical structures . evolving radiotherapy technologies , such as four - dimensional ( 4d ) image - based motion management , daily on - board imaging and adaptive radioth...	1. Introduction 2. Important Definitions in Adaptive Radiation for Lung Cancer 3. The Role of Adaptive Radiotherapy in Intrafraction Adaptive Planning 4. The Role of Adaptive Radiotherapy in Interfractional Changes 5. Future Directions in Adaptive Radiotherapy
brain structure segmentation is the apportionment of brain tissue into gray matter and white matter , based on the appearance of tissue in images produced by magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) . because manual tracing of the boundaries between tissues in the brain is labor intensive , difficult , error - prone , and un...	we propose a constrained version of mumford and shah 's ( 1989 ) segmentation model with an information - theoretic point of view in order to devise a systematic procedure to segment brain magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) data for parametric t1-map and t1-weighted images , in both 2-d and 3d settings . inc...	1. Introduction 2. Proposed Model for Segmentation 3. Segmentation of a Parametric Brain T 4. Joint T 5. Experimental Results 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion Derivation of Gradient Flows for Our Proposed Energy
the ultimate goal of periodontal therapy includes not only the arrest of progressive periodontal disease but also the restitution of those parts of the supporting apparatus which have been destroyed by disease . regenerative procedures have been evaluated in several studies using grafting materials , root surface...	objectivethis study was designed to evaluate , histomorphometrically , the association of platelet - rich plasma ( prp ) and bioactive glass ( bg ) in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects.material and methodsnine mongrel dogs were included in the study . three - wall intrabony defects were surgically...	INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS PRP Preparation Defect Treatment Statistical analysis RESULTS I - Clinical Observations II - Histological Observations III Histometric Measurements DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS
the ivy sign might be suggestive of diffuse leptomeningeal collaterals found on post - contrast t1-weighted mr images in patients with moyamoya disease11,19 ) . it has also been defined as a continuous linear leptomeningeal high - signal intensity along the cortical sulci and subarachnoid spaces on mr fluid - attenuate...	objectivemr perfusion and single photon emission computerized tomography ( spect ) are well known imaging studies to evaluate hemodynamic change between prior to and following superficial temporal artery ( sta)-middle cerebral artery ( mca ) anastomosis in moyamoya disease . but their side effects and invasiveness m...	INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients Imaging studies Statistical analysis RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION
although alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) and its main brain histopathology , that is , senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles ( nfts ) , were described a century ago , significant research advances in the disease began only a few decades ago . the discoveries of the major protein components of senile plaques as...	studies during the last two decades have provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) . one of the milestone findings in ad research was the demonstration that neurofibrillary degeneration characterized by tau pathology is central to the pathogenesis of ad and other tauop...	INTRODUCTION TAU PROTEIN ABNORMAL HYPERPHOSPHORYLATION OF TAU IN AD BRAIN IMBALANCE OF PHOSPHORYLATION/DEPHOSPHORYLATION IN AD BRAIN MECHANISM OF NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION THERAPEUTIC TARGET TO TREAT AD BY CORRECTING DYSREGULATION OF PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION/DEPHOSPHORYLATION Figures and Tables
ovarian follicular fate ( i.e. development / ovulation versus atresia ) in the mammals is determined by the fate of the cells within the follicles and is regulated by complex interactions of endocrine ( gonadotropin and steroid hormones ) and locally produced ( growth factors and cytokines ) factors ( hirshfield , ...	abstractfas ligand ( fasl ) and its receptor fas have been implicated in granulosa cell apoptosis during follicular atresia . although interferon - gamma ( ifn- ) is believed to be involved in the regulation fas expression in differentiated granulosa or granulosa - luteal cells , the expression of this cytokin...	INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION
the subject of ideals in topological space has been studied by kuratowski and vaidyanathaswamy . an ideal on a topological space ( x , ) is a nonempty collection of subsets of x which satisfies ( i ) a and b a implies b and ( ii ) a and b implies a b . given a topological space ( x , ) with an ideal on...	we deal with the new class of pre--regular pre--open sets in which the notion of pre--open set is involved . we characterize these sets and study some of their fundamental properties . we also present other notions called extremally pre--disconnectedness , locally pre--indiscreetness , and pre--regular sets by uti...	1. Introduction 2. Pre-
it is well established that the human body generates a wide variety of volatile organic compounds ( vocs ) some that are present in exhaled breath , emitted through the skin and released by urine samples . as human - specific signatures , these vocs can be considered as non - invasive biochemical probes that can track ...	highlightsreactions of 22 aldehydes with no+ in sri - tof - ms were investigated.hydride ion transfer was the common ionization mechanism generating ( mh)+ ions.small fractions of the adduct ion no+m were also seen for some unsaturated alkenals.almost all reactions resulted in partial molecule fragmentation producing ...	Introduction Experimental Materials and standard mixtures SRI-TOF-MS analysis Results and discussion Concluding remarks
considerable research attention over the past several decades has focused on isolating the physical and psychological effects of induced abortion [ 15 ] . the majority of abortions in the united states are performed early in pregnancy and most of the research pertaining to indicators of postabortion health has logicall...	the primary aim of this study was to compare the experience of an early abortion ( 1st trimester ) to a late abortion ( 2nd and 3rd trimester ) relative to posttraumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) symptoms after controlling for socio - demographic and personal history variables . online surveys were completed by 374 w...	1. Late-Term Elective Abortion and Susceptibility to Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms 2. Method 3. Results 4. Discussion
quite often , we come across diseases in various medical specialties that are catalogued in biomedicine as idiopathic , that is to say , diseases with no apparent or known cause . normally , these idiopathic diseases are treated with symptomatic remedies , whose objective is to improve the symptoms that have negative i...	otology concerns the biological study of ear alterations and diseases , solely . so , the diagnosis of audiovestibular diseases tends to be idiopathic or is based on theoretical concepts such as idiopathic sudden deafness , mnire disease , benign paroxysmal positional vertigo , tinnitus , hyperacusis , or idiopathic...	1. Introduction 2. Diseases, Isquemia, and Alterations 3. Otosociology 4. Conclusions
transcatheter aortic valve implantation ( tavi ) has gained wide acceptance for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis among patients deemed to be at increased risk for surgical aortic valve replacement . expansion of tavi to lower risk patients is critically dependent on the refinement of earlygeneration devices to f...	backgroundthe safety and effectiveness of the fully repositionable lotus valve system as compared with the balloonexpandable edwards sapien 3 prosthesis for the treatment of aortic stenosis has not been evaluated to date.methods and resultsall patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the edward...	Introduction Methods Study Population Devices Definitions Statistical Analysis Results Patient Population Procedural Characteristics Clinical Outcomes Discussion Study Limitations Conclusions Sources of Funding Disclosures Supporting information
genetic disorders caused by mutations in the -globin gene are widely known as the human -hemoglobinopathies , in which -thalassemia and sickle cell disease ( scd ) are the most prevalent ones , particularly in the mediterranean , africa , and southeast asia , leading to great mortality and morbidity [ 14 ] . the high o...	for the treatment of -thalassemia and sickle cell disease ( scd ) , pharmacological induction of fetal hemoglobin ( hbf ) production may be a promising approach . to date , numerous studies have been done on identifying the novel hbf - inducing agents and understanding the underlying mechanism for stimulating the hb...	1. Introduction 2. 3. Overviews on HbF Inducers 4. Natural Remedies as HbF Inducer 5. Mechanism of Actions of HbF Induction 6. Current Therapeutic Obstacles 7. Future Perspectives 8. Conclusion
in 2015 , an estimated 477.9/100,000 cases of esophageal cancer ( ec ) were diagnosed in china , and approximately 375/100,000 people died from this disease [ 1 , 2 ] . in china , ec occurs in 50.3% ( 161.3/320.8 ) of patients aged 60 - 74 , and in 19.6% ( 62.9/320.8 ) of patients over 75 years of age in [ 1 , 2 ] . a ...	purposethe aim of this study was to retrospectively observe and analyze the long - term treatment outcomes of 191 elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer ( escc ) who were treated with californium-252 ( 252cf ) neutron brachytherapy ( nbt ) in combination with external beam radiotherapy ( ebrt).material ...	Purpose Material and methods Patients Radiotherapy Toxicity assessment and follow-up Statistical analysis Results Patients characteristics and treatments Prognostic factors for overall survival and local-regional control Patterns of failure Treatment toxicity Discussion Conclusions Disclosure
we searched medline ( between 1966 and 2007 ) and the cochrane library central registry of controlled trials ( between 1984 and 2007 ) for relevant publications using the following medical subject heading terms : diabetes and ( food or diet ) . we examined reference lists of those publications to identify additional st...	objectivethe effects of dietary macronutrient composition on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes have been inconsistent . this meta - analysis aimed to elucidate the effect of replacing dietary fat with carbohydrate on glucose and lipid parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes.research design and ...	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS RESULTS Descriptive statistics on studies included in the meta-analysis ( Overall effects of the LFHC diet compared with those of the HFLC diet on metabolic outcomes and study heterogeneity Relationships among the magnitude of effects on metabolic profiles Test of publication bias Sensitivit...
research indicates that many sami became reindeer herders in the early 17th century , as a response to a population crisis ( 9 ) . this transition coincided with the swedish state 's increased interest in spmi , the distant regions of the north which were the sami 's traditional lands . courts were held annually , mark...	the study deals with infant mortality ( imr ) that is one of the most important aspects of indigenous vulnerability.backgroundthe sami are one of very few indigenous peoples with an experience of a positive mortality transition.objectiveusing unique mortality data from the period 17501900 sami and the colonizers in no...	Historical background Data and research methods Northern cultures The medical health care organization Infant mortality in Spmi Parity: the impact of birth order 18001899: a dynamic century Conclusion Conflict of interest and funding
so far , anthropometric variables and their relation to conventional coronary risk factors in railway employees have been inadequately studied in india . to assess anthropometric variables and their relation to coronary risk factors , this cross - sectional survey was carried out in solapur division of the central rail...	background and objectives : anthropometric variables and their relation to conventional coronary artery disease ( cad ) risk factors in railway employees have been inadequately studied in india . this cross - sectional survey was carried out in the solapur division of the central railway in the year 2004 , to assess...	I M Anthropometric measurements Diagnostic criteria Statistical analysis R Correlation of anthropometric indices to coronary artery disease risk factors D S
the prevalence rates of t2 dm increase with age , and older people are a growing population that account for a high proportion of cases among adults . older patients are more likely to present cardiovascular complications and comorbid conditions , which entail specific goals to control the disease . however , elderly p...	summarybackgroundolder subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) have differential characteristics compared with middleaged or younger populations , and require tailored management of the disease.aimsto evaluate how clinical characteristics , degree of control of glycaemia and cardiovascular risk factors , pres...	What's known What's new Introduction Methods Design and data sources Data extraction Statistical analysis Results Characteristics of T2DM in ageing population Degree of control and treatment of T2DM with age Presence of diabetesrelated complications with age Impact of T2DM duration on glycaemic control and chronic comp...
the perception of the sensory consequences of one s own actions is inherently different to the perception of other sensory events . for example , people tend to perceive the sensory consequences of their actions as attenuated ( blakemore et al . 1998 ; shergill et al . 2003 ) , which is proposed to facilitate the disti...	intentional binding describes the perceived temporal attraction between a voluntary action and its sensory consequence . binding has been used in health and disease as an indirect measure of awareness of action or agency , that is , the sense that one controls one s own actions . it has been proposed that binding...	Introduction Methods Participants Experimental procedure Analyses Results Discussion
the norfolk component of the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition ( epic - norfolk ) study recruited 25,639 men and women aged 4079 years at baseline in 19931997 . the epic - norfolk study was initiated to investigate the relationship between diet and cancer but has since broadened its scope to ...	objectivethe association between quantity of fruit and vegetable ( f&v ) intake and risk of type 2 diabetes ( t2d ) is not clear , and the relationship with variety of intake is unknown . the current study examined the association of both quantity and variety of f&v intake and risk of t2d.research design and methods...	RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Study population Case ascertainment Assessment of diet and lifestyle variables Statistical analysis RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
tourette syndrome ( ts ) is a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics . ts is often complicated by behavioral disorders such as attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) , obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) , and anxiety and emotional disorders . approximately one - thi...	background : deep brain stimulation ( dbs ) has been a promising treatment for patients with refractory tourette syndrome ( ts ) for more than a decade . despite successful dbs treatment of ts in more than 100 patients worldwide , studies with a large patient sample and long - term follow - up assessments are still ...	I M Patients Inclusion and exclusion criteria Surgical methods Efficacy assessment Statistical analysis R Assessment of tics Assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder Assessment of safety D Limitations Financial support and sponsorship Conflicts of interest
rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) is a chronic , systemic , autoimmune disease , and the most common form of chronic joint inflammation , affecting 0.51% of the uk population . ra is most prevalent in individuals aged 40 years or older with the risk of developing ra being up to 5 times higher in women . as a consequenc...	this paper aims to highlight the importance of exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) and to demonstrate the multitude of beneficial effects that properly designed exercise training has in this population . ra is a chronic , systemic , autoimmune disease characterised by decrements to joint health inc...	1. Background 2. Benefits of Exercise in RA 3. Perceptions of RA Patients Regarding Exercise 4. Exercise Prescription for RA 5. Conclusions
light upconversion is the generation of high - energy photons from low - energy photons , for example , the conversion of red light to blue light . generating upconverted light can be achieved using different systems such as two - photon absorption dyes , rare earth - doped materials or nanoparticles , and tr...	understanding the temperature dependency of triplet triplet annihilation upconversion ( tta - uc ) is important for optimizing biological applications of upconversion . here the temperature dependency of red - to - blue tta - uc is reported in a variety of neutral pegylated phospholipid liposomes . in t...	Introduction Experimental Section Results and Discussion Conclusion
ccug 11284 is a wild - type strain that was originally isolated from bovine feces . before each experiment , bacteria were grown on conventional blood agar plates ( columbia agar ii containing 8% vol / vol whole horse blood ) at 42c for 20 h in a microaerobic environment , using a campygen gas generating system ( cn002...	background campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human bacterial diarrhea in most parts of the world . most c. jejuni infections are acquired from contaminated poultry , milk , and water . due to health care costs and human suffering , it is important to identify all possible sources of infection . unpaste...	Materials and methods Bacterial and amoebal cultures Survival of Pasteurization of Statistical analysis Results Survival of Survival of Survival of Discussion Conflict of interest and funding
idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy ( dcm ) is a heart muscle disorder characterized by systolic dysfunction and dilation of the left or both ventricles in the absence of any other possible cause.1 dcm can develop in people of any age or ethnicity , although it is more common in male than female persons ( occurring at a ...	backgroundthe longterm progression of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy ( dcm ) in pediatric patients compared with adult patients has not been previously characterized . in this study , we compared outcome and longterm progression of pediatric and adult dcm populations.methods and resultsbetween 1988 and 2014 , 927 d...	Introduction Methods Study Population Clinical Outcomes The Trieste Heart Muscle Disease Registry Statistical Analysis Results Clinical and Echocardiographic Characterization LongTerm Outcomes Discussion Main Findings The Arrhythmic Burden DCM at Pediatric Age: A Distinct Disease Limitations Conclusions Disclosures
the term amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) was first coined by charcot , who postulated the primacy of the upper motor neuron ( umn ) in als pathogenesis.1 assessment of cortical function in als and identification of the characteristic clinical phenotype involving combined upper and lower motor neuron abnormalities...	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the motor neurons in the motor cortex , brainstem and spinal cord . a combination of upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction comprises the clinical als phenotype . although the als phenotype was first observed by charcot ...	Introduction Background TMS terminology and pathophysiology Paired-pulse TMS techniques Utility of peristimulus time histograms Triple stimulation technique Diagnostic biomarker in ALS Concepts of ALS pathophysiology Future clinical utility of TMS
macrophages ( m ) are one of the resident cell types in synovial tissue , along with fibroblasts . while quiescent in health , m become activated in the inflamed joint , where they make up around 3040% of the cellular content , and regulate secretion of pro - inflammatory cytokines and enzymes involved in driving the i...	synovial macrophages are one of the resident cell types in synovial tissue and while they remain relatively quiescent in the healthy joint , they become activated in the inflamed joint and , along with infiltrating monocytes / macrophages , regulate secretion of pro - inflammatory cytokines and enzymes involved in dri...	Introduction Activation of Synovial Macrophages Are Synovial Macrophages Polarized? What Regulators in Synovial Inflammation Could Potentially Influence Macrophage Polarization? Macrophages and Resolution of Inflammation Conclusion Conflict of Interest Statement
humans have domesticated animals and plants through selective breeding , producing individuals with specific traits deemed beneficial ( hazel 1950 ) . hunting and plant harvesting can have selective , evolutionary effects on wildlife behavior and wildlife and plant morphology ( skogland 1989 ; mcgraw 2001 ; harris et a...	life history traits of wild animals can be strongly influenced , both phenotypically and evolutionarily , by hunting and fishing . however , few studies have quantified fishery selection over long time periods . we used 57 years of catch and escapement data to document the magnitude of and trends in gillnet select...	Introduction Materials and methods Site description and history of the fishery Data collection Length and age characterization Analyses Results Discussion
pathological tissue fibrosis is the abnormal accumulation of collagen - rich extracellular matrix ( ecm ) after a chronic or misregulated response to injury that progressively disrupts tissue architecture , leading to tissue stiffness , impaired organ function , and eventually organ failure . fibrosis is featured in di...	fibrotic diseases contribute to 45% of deaths in the industrialized world , and therefore a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying tissue fibrosis is sorely needed . we aimed to identify novel modifiers of tissue fibrosis expressed by myofibroblasts and their progenitors in their diseas...	Introduction Results Discussion Materials and Methods Author Contributions Conflicts of Interest
supported nanoparticles are used on a tremendously large scale for catalytic reactions . due to the inherent inhomogeneity of these , often industrial , materials , the basic understanding of their exact atomic structure and relation to their functionality can become very complex . one route to overcome this ...	nickel nanoparticles supported by the yttria - stabilized zirconia ( 111 ) surface show several preferential epitaxial relationships , as revealed by in situ x - ray diffraction . the two main nanoparticle orientations are found to have their [ 111 ] direction parallel to the substrate surface normal and 4...	Introduction Experimental Results Summary and Discussion Conclusions
the existence of different crystalline forms ( polymorphs , hydrates , and solvates ) represents one of the most challenging phenomena in solid - state chemistry and related sciences , since we are still not able to predict the number of practically relevant forms and the conditions under which these can be grown or ex...	a combined experimental and computational study was undertaken to establish the solid - state forms of -resorcylic acid ( 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid ) . the experimental search resulted in nine crystalline forms : two concomitantly crystallizing polymorphs , five novel solvates ( with acetic acid , dimethyl sulfoxide...	Introduction Experimental Section Results Discussion Conclusions
in orthodontics , it is important to employ a suitable adhesive technique and methods that not only promote satisfactory bond strength during treatment , but also have a simplified protocol for clinical use , thereby reducing procedural errors and minimizing damage to the dental structure.1 self - etching adhesive syst...	objectivethe aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro bond strength of metal brackets bonded with : total etch , total etch with erbium : yttrium aluminum garnet laser ( er : yag ) and self - etching adhesive systems , submitted to thermal - mechanical cycling , simulating 1 year of orthodontic treatment.materials a...	Introduction Materials and methods Selection and preparation of teeth Bracket bonding Thermal-mechanical cycling Shear bond strength test Stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation Statistical analysis Results Shear bond strength test Stereomicroscope evaluation SEM evaluation Discussion Conclus...
binaries composed of neutron stars ( nss ) and black holes ( bhs ) have long been of interest to astrophysicists . they provide many important constraints for models of massive star evolution and compact object formation , and are among the leading potential sources for detection by gravitational - wave ( gw ) observat...	we review the current status of studies of the coalescence of binary neutron star systems . we begin with a discussion of the formation channels of merging binaries and we discuss the most recent theoretical predictions for merger rates . next , we turn to the quasi - equilibrium formalisms that are used to study bi...	Introduction Evolutionary Channels and Population Estimates Stages of a Binary Merger Initial Data and Quasi-Equilibrium Results Dynamical Calculations: Numerical Techniques Dynamical Calculations Summary and Likely Future Directions
transcription factors are a class of proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific dna sequences within the regulatory regions of genes ( 1 ) . due to their important role in the regulation of gene expression , transcription factors are vital for cell development , differentiation and growth in biologic...	transcription factors are involved in a number of important cellular processes . the transcription factor nf-b has been linked with a number of cancers , autoimmune and inflammatory diseases . as a result , monitoring transcription factors potentially represents a means for the early detection and prevention of di...	INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression and purification of the p50 DNA sequences Emission measurements RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION FUNDING
although considered the gold standard for evaluating treatment effectiveness , randomized clinical trials ( rcts ) have important limitations . because randomization removes potential bias from unknown and unmeasured confounders , observed differences in measured outcomes can be reasonably attributed to the treatment...	purposeto investigate equivalency of results from multivariable regression ( mr ) and propensity score matching ( psm ) models , observational research methods used to mitigate bias stemming from non - randomization ( and consequently unbalanced groups at baseline ) , using , as an example , a large study of chronic o...	Introduction Materials and methods Data source Multivariable regression analysis Propensity score matching analysis Results Baseline characteristics after matching Health care utilization and costs TIO versus FSC IPR versus FSC Risk for health care utilization Incidence rate ratios Discussion Conclusion
clinical histories and condition of host dogs : in total , 173 cotton rectal swabs were collected from 93 dogs treated at rakuno gakuen university ( rgu ) veterinary teaching hospital ( ebetsu , japan ; university hospital ) and from 80 dogs treated at 8 companion animal clinics ( 10 samples per clinic , from dif...	abstractunderstanding the prevalence of antimicrobial - resistance and the relationship between emergence of resistant bacteria and clinical treatment can facilitate design of effective treatment strategies . we here examined antimicrobial susceptibilities of escherichia coli isolated from dogs admitted to a...	MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION
the new global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) 2011 system for copd severity assessment added chronic symptoms and exacerbation history to the traditional system of rating the degree of airflow obstruction by spirometry . it has been studied in a variety of research cohorts , but its impact in ...	backgroundin 2011 , the traditional global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) copd spirometry - based severity classification system was revised to also include exacerbation history and copd assessment test ( cat ) and modified medical research council dyspnea scale ( mmrc ) scores . this study...	Introduction Methods Participants and recruitment strategy Data collection Spirometry procedures Severity classification Statistics Results Stratification by traditional spirometry Stratification by the mMRC or CAT Stratification by exacerbation history Discussion Conclusion
subjects and sampling - the study was carried out in porto velho , ro , an unstable malaria - endemic area , where p. vivax accounts for more than 75% of all malaria cases ( oliveira - ferreira et al . symptomatic patients diagnosed with malaria infection by a thick blood smear in an outpatient clinic in porto ...	haematological and cytokine alterations in malaria are a broad and controversial subject in the literature . however , few studies have simultaneously evaluated various cytokines in a single patient group during the acute and convalescent phases of infection . the aim of this study was to sequentially charac...	SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION
study sites - north sinai is located in the northeastern part of egypt ( 30.5n 33.6e ) , marking the point of connection between asia and africa . north sinai is bordered by the gulf of suez , the red sea and the mediterranean sea and is inhabited mainly by bedouins . the regions comprise the following district...	cutaneous leishmaniasis ( cl ) is a neglected clinical form of public health importance that is quite prevalent in the northern and eastern parts of egypt . a comprehensive study over seven years ( january 2005-december 2011 ) was conducted to track cl transmission with respect to both sandfly vectors and anim...	MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION
many recent articles highlight the data revolution in healthcare , an offshoot of the vast amount of digital medical information that has now accumulated in electronic medical records ( emrs ) , and present it as an opportunity to create a learning healthcare system. the generally proposed vision is for a population d...	this article is one of ten reviews selected from the annual update in intensive care and emergency medicine 2015 and co - published as a series in critical care . other articles in the series can be found online at http://ccforum.com/series/annualupdate2015 . further information about the annual update in intensiv...	Introduction Data in critical care Establishing knowledge The open data movement and medicine Big data Conclusion
the clinical utility of most conventional chemotherapeutics is limited either by the inability to deliver therapeutic drug concentrations to the target tissues or by severe and harmful toxic effects on normal organs and tissues . liposomes are small , spherical , and enclosed compartments separating an aqueous medium f...	research on liposome formulations has progressed from that on conventional vesicles to new generation liposomes , such as cationic liposomes , temperature sensitive liposomes , and virosomes , by modulating the formulation techniques and lipid composition . many research papers focus on the correlation of blood circ...	Introduction Storage of liposomes: lyophilization Clinical studies of liposomal-based anticancer drugs: doxorubicin Clinical studies of liposomal-based anticancer drugs: daunorubicin Clinical studies of liposomal-based anticancer drugs: paclitaxel Liposome application in vaccine formulation: Epaxal and Inflexal V Lipos...
ensuring the highest quality of health care for all stroke patients is important in the current climate of scarce resources and the increasing burden of stroke to the health sector . there is a strong international momentum to improve the quality of acute stroke management.1 this is supported by high level evidence tha...	background : we recently indicated that patient age on its own is not a determinant of quality of allied health care received after an acute stroke . it has not been tested whether other non - age variables influence care decisions made by allied health professionals . this paper explores demographic and stroke - ...	Introduction Methods Quality of care Predictor variables Development of a priori causal pathway Statistical analysis Data management Results Description of participants Process indicator adherence Analysis 1: process indicator adherence and age Analysis 2: process indicator adherence and other non-age predictor variabl...
acute kidney injury ( aki ) , defined as an abrupt drop of renal function within a short period , is a frequent and serious complication in the intensive care unit ( icu ) or after surgery , with an incidence of 7.7%42% in patients with previous normal renal function.1,2 aki or even a minor increase in serum creatinine...	objective : the aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of erythropoietin ( epo ) to prevent acute kidney injury ( aki ) in patients with critical illness or perioperative care.methods:randomized controlled trials comparing epo with placebo for aki prevention in adult patients with critical illness or periopera...	INTRODUCTION METHODS Search Strategy Study Selection Criteria Data Extraction and Risk of Bias Assessment Statistical Analysis RESULTS Study and Patient Characteristics Risk of Bias Assessment Effect of EPO on AKI Prevention Effect of EPO on Dialysis Requirement Effect of EPO on Mortality Adverse Events DISCUSSION CONC...

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