Split (2)

train · 226k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 26.1k	context list
why are radio waves preferred for long distance communication?	Nice properties of radio waves: 1) The go through walls, unless they are made of metal. 2) They are bent by the upper layers of the atmosphere, so a radio message can go from the US to Europe. 3) Very sensitive receivers are mass produced at very low cost, so that only a very small part of the signal is needed to pr...	[ "Amateur radio operators also discovered that long-distance communication was possible on shortwave bands. Early long-distance services used surface wave propagation at very low frequencies, which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters. Longer distances and higher frequencies using t...
Why will an outside observer never see someone cross the event horizon of a black hole?	Because you see things by receiving the light they emit that then travels from them to you. Any light emitted by the object inside the event horizon cannot reach you because it cannot get out. All light you'll ever receive will have been emitted by the body outise the horizon.	[ "Observers crossing a black hole event horizon can calculate the moment they have crossed it, but will not actually see or feel anything special happen at that moment. In terms of visual appearance, observers who fall into the hole perceive the black region constituting the horizon as lying at some apparent distanc...
why do current comedy t.v shows, like 2-1/2 men, still use background audience laughter	Because audiences are used to it. TV shows were largely adapted from stage performances, where the performers had to account for audience reaction. When those same viewers watched TV shows, they seemed off until someone got the idea of adding the laughter back in. The practice has continued, and sit-coms seems wei...	[ "Audience reactions were live, thus creating a far more authentic laugh than the canned laughter used on most filmed sitcoms of the time. Regular audience members were sometimes heard from episode to episode, and Arnaz's distinctive laugh could be heard in the background during scenes in which he did not perform, a...
Are food related allergies amongst children rising, or are we just getting better at diagnosing now?	Increased hygiene and use of antibiotics reduce the diversity of the microorganisms living in and on us (human microbiome). It is very likely that we develop more allergies because of this (at least compared to, say, 1850). The lesson: * Getting dirty might even benefit your kids * Prescribing antibiotics unnecess...	[ "The most common food allergens account for about 90% of all allergic reactions; in adults they include shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and egg. In children, they include milk, eggs, peanuts, and tree nuts. Six to 8% of children under the age of three have food allergies and nearly 4% of adults have food aller...
what is the difference between a soft taco and a burrito?	it really depends on if you wrap it up entirely or not. if you leave it open, it's a soft taco. if it's wrapped up then it's a burrito.	[ "A burrito (, ) is a dish in Mexican and Tex-Mex cuisine that consists of a flour tortilla with various other ingredients. It is wrapped into a closed-ended cylinder that can be picked up, in contrast to a taco, where the tortilla is simply folded around the fillings. The tortilla is sometimes lightly grilled or st...
How efficient are drinking fountains?	There is a balance between efficient and sanitary and ergonomic. A drinking fountain can be really efficient if you had to lock lips with it. But I wouldn't want to be the second person in line. Definitely not the 100th person. A drinking fountain that shot short bursts, kind of like those sinks that only shoot abou...	[ "A drinking fountain, also called a water fountain, is a fountain designed to provide drinking water. It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap. The drinker bends down to the stream of water and swallows water directly from the stream. Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate fi...
How come only wet hair can stick to the shower wall? And when it dries up, it doesn't fall off?	I'll answer this question in two parts: Firstly water has high surface tension, when something is forcing to it spread out (the hair in this case) it will want to bind to a surface, in this instance the wall. To answer your second question; your hair has grease and dirt in it (no offence), this mixes in with the water....	[ "Excessive or rough brushing can cause breakage. This results in frizz because the hair is stretched out of shape before it breaks, so that the shorter hair that remains tends to spring outward, away from the main body of hair. Backcombing can be damaging, as can combing curly hair when it is dry. Excessive use of ...
what does "creative destruction" mean (economics)?	When Apple started selling the iPhone, everyone bought one and said: "Hey, this is awesome! It does so much more, and looks so much better, than my Blackberry." Everyone was happy... except RIM, who makes Blackberries. That was an act of creative destruction on Apple's part. They created something better, and it destr...	[ "According to Schumpeter, the \"gale of creative destruction\" describes the \"process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one\". In Marxian economic theory the concept refers more broadly to the li...
if the world trade centers were destroyed by the government what would be the benifit?	THEORETICALLY: It would cause a public uproar that would lead to a uniting of patriotism and a outcry for war. War means a lot of money for a lot of businesses, and up to a point, increases favor and confidence in the government who is responding. They said the same thing about FDR and Pearl Harbor.	[ "As owner of the World Trade Center site, the Port Authority has worked since 2001 on plans for reconstruction of the site, along with Silverstein Properties, and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. In 2006, the Port Authority reached a deal with Larry Silverstein, which ceded control of One World Trade Ce...
how does chromatography work?	You pass a mixture through a column which is made of some sort of medium. The parts of the mixture which are attracted to the medium will go through at a slower rate. The parts that don't like the medium will speed through. When the mixture comes out of the column it will be separated. The faster-moving parts come ...	[ "Chromatography can be described as a mass transfer process involving adsorption. HPLC relies on pumps to pass a pressurized liquid and a sample mixture through a column filled with adsorbent, leading to the separation of the sample components. The active component of the column, the adsorbent, is typically a granu...
How much does the centrifugal force of the earth affect between the equator and the north/south pole when you jump.	At the equator the centrifugal acceleration term is 0.03392 m/s^2 . At either pole it's 0. On the other hand, the gravitational acceleration term varies by only 0.6% from the pole to the equator, so let's assume it's 9.81 m/s^2 and constant. So at a pole if you jump it's 9.81m/s^2, at the equator it's 9.77608 m/s^2. A...	[ "At the poles, the gravitational acceleration is 9.8322 m/s. The difference of 0.0178 m/s between the gravitational acceleration at the poles and the true gravitational acceleration at the equator is because objects located on the equator are about 21 kilometers further away from the center of mass of the Earth tha...
Why isn't the Oort Cloud belt-shaped?	The relationship to the other planets has catapulted them into a spherical orbit [_URL_2_](_URL_2_) And the distances mean that it doesn't follow normal planar system dynamics. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) This is unlike the [_URL_1_](_URL_1_)	[ "In a satellite image, they look like distinct leaf-like or spokes-on-a-wheel patterns that stand out from the rest of the low-lying cloud field. However, why they have this shape or how they are formed is not known, but recent evidence suggests that the interaction of both radiation and precipitation may help to o...
why can't you be paralyzed from only the waist up?	The nerves go down from your brain. Everything below the break in the nerve stops responding to input from the brain because it can't communicate with the brain anymore. If things above the break have stopped working, that means your brain has stopped working, which means you're dead. This does happen sometimes,...	[ "Paralysis is a loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. In the United States, roughly 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of permanent or transient paralysis. The...
Is there any scientific basis in the adage "Opposites attract"?	There is evidence, but it's to the contrary. [Assortative mating](_URL_1_), where individuals mate more with those that share traits (geno- or phenotypic) than those who don't. See also, [homophily](_URL_0_). The one big exception is sex/gender, where disassortative is more common: There are far more females with male...	[ "Attraction, which refers to interpersonal attraction, is a positive attitude that corresponds with a likelihood to respond to another in a positive manner. Carl Hovland argued that one of the three main classes of stimuli that determines the success of persuasive attempts is the observable characteristics of the s...
X-ray Diffraction with Lasers	Yes coherent x-ray sources such as free electron lasers (like the LCLS at SLAC) are able to resolve much greater detail in the fine structure around Bragg peaks. The most useful way to consider the information content of this finely detailed low angle scattering is to consider its location in reciprocal space and how b...	[ "The laser produces hard X-rays, 10 times the relative brightness of traditional synchrotron sources and is the most powerful x-ray source in the world. LCLS enables a variety of new experiments and provides enhancements for existing experimental methods. Often, x-rays are used to take \"snapshots\" of objects at t...
why is organic food called 'organic'?	The word stems from a 1940 book suggesting that the whole farm is a living organism. [Details.](_URL_0_) This is as opposed to an industrial and synthetic-chemical-based approach to farming, which treats the farm more like a factory or a machine.	[ "In the United States, “organic” is a labeling term for food or agricultural products (“food, feed or fiber”) that have been produced according to USDA organic regulations, which define standards that “integrate cultural, biological, and mechanical practices that foster cycling of resources, promote ecological bala...
why do musicians and bodyguards use that hollow earpiece from the neck to ear instead of just regular earpiece?	Musicians often wear a custom molded ear piece that both offers hearing protection and plays music into their ear so they get feedback of the music or singing. A lot of old rockers have significant hearing loss because they didn't wear hearing protection on tour. As for protective details like body guard or secret ser...	[ "The stapedius dampens the vibrations of the stapes by pulling on the neck of that bone. It prevents excess movement of the stapes, helping to control the amplitude of sound waves from the general external environment to the inner ear \n", "The company's earpieces are used for hearing healthcare, recreation, indu...
if oil is hydrophobic, then why are you supposed to apply body oil when your skin is damp? wouldn't absorption rates increase if your skin was dry?	It's more to prevent moisture from leaving your body while it is warm and your pores are open. You don't really absorb the body lotion, it sits on top of the skin and helps prevent dryness. Also, they are formulated to help blend in with the skin (which is a bunch of cells surrounded by a hydrophobic layer..you know....	[ "One factor that determines whether skin is dry or oily is the amount of sebum produced by the skin. Sebum creates a fat-based film on the skin, which may also have an effect on skin hydration. The state of the skin’s stratum corneum plays a role in determining whether one is dry or oily as well, since this barrier...
What is the status of Germany's WWII debt?	There is regular talk in Greece about Germany having to pay back what the Nazis effectively robbed from them by way of forced loans from their central bank while occupied. [see here](_URL_0_): > Upon their arrival, the Germans started to live off the country. They appropriated whatever they needed for their stay i...	[ "Part of the agreement concerned debts to be paid after the reunification of Germany. For many decades this seemed unlikely to transpire, but in 1990 Deutsche Mark 239.4 million in deferred interest became due. These claims were repaid by means of \"Fundierungsschuldverschreibungen\" (Funding Debt Securities) with ...
why is cosby's sentence 3-10 years? why isn't it a definitive number?	Because the law in PA stipulates that there must be a minimum and a maximum sentence, with the minimum being no more than half of the maximum. This means that Cosby has to serve 3 years before being eligible for parole, and no more than 10 years if parole is denied.	[ "At the Old Bailey on 6 June 2016, Judge Peter Rook QC sentenced Huckle to life imprisonment on 22 counts with a minimum prison term of 25 years before being eligible to apply for parole. He will be first eligible for parole in 2041, assuming good behaviour and a belief by the Parole Board for England and Wales tha...
How long did it take for messages to be delivered on the medieval age?	Please don't say primitive. That's derogatory. An essential part of life for the vast majority of people that have ever existed was the experience of only being able to communicate as fast as your legs, horse, or sails could carry you. It could take 6-12 weeks for a ship to travel from Barcelona to Constantinople, d...	[ "The story begins in the 12th century with Henry I, who appointed messengers to carry letters for the government. It is estimated that between 1100 and 1135, 4,500 letters were carried by these messengers. During this time, private individuals had to make their own arrangements. Henry III provided uniforms for the ...
Why can some animals (like rats for example) be inbred with no problems but when humans do it we get all, sorts of problems?	While I dont know for sure but I believe even in humans, it takes a few generations before the chance of something happening is big enough for something to happen. At least in rats and humans their is a greater chance of them breeding with an outside gene line before defects happen.	[ "Two potential examples of primitively eusocial mammals are the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat (\"Heterocephalus glaber\" & \"Fukomys damarensis\", respectively). Both species are diploid and highly inbred, and they aid in raising their siblings and relatives, all of whom are born from a single reproduc...
Do we know what Georgy Zhukov's thought of the other best-remembered generals from WWII?	Hmmm... seems topical for me... In my readings, I haven't come across too many direct statements from Georgy on his thoughts as to the military prowess of his Western counterparts. What little there is, he was mostly praising, but that is to be expected perhaps, seeing as they were obviously very carefully crafted to ...	[ "Georgy Zhukov was the most prominent Soviet military commander during World War II, winning several critical battles, such as the Siege of Leningrad, the Battle of Stalingrad, and Battle of Berlin. Stalin, Beria and Malenkov grew suspicious of Zhukov, worrying he possessed capitalistic tendencies, because Zhukov e...
if bernie sanders' political positions reflect what americans think, why is he such an underdog for the presidency?	Many Americans share the same ideals, such as low-cost college, affordable healthcare, expanded social security. But Sanders position is extremely deficient in ways to pay for this that would be agreeable to all but a very slim minority on the political left.	[ "After the speech, the head of National Nurses United, the first national union to back Sanders, said, \"What we know about Bernie is that he will be there. He’s always been there as a fighter in the Senate, but that he will continue to be there for us. But most importantly, his message was, we have to be there, we...
why do humans not sneeze in high pressure situations, such as sports?	I used to play on a sports team. I sneezed back then. Your premise is incorrect. Can you offer more information, such as where you got this idea? Update: I just sneezed at work, despite being under a lot of pressure from my boss.	[ "There is much debate about the true cause and mechanism of the sneezing fits brought about by the photic sneeze reflex. Sneezing occurs in response to irritation in the nasal cavity, which results in an afferent nerve fiber signal propagating through the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve to...
18th-century battle formations	God I hate Reddit formatting. Sorry for the double post OP, RIP your inbox. > In movies and reenactments of the American War of Independence, soldiers are seen standing shoulder-to-shoulder in long rows facing the enemy. If I were designing a battle formation that would make it as easy as possible for my troops to g...	[ "The Battle of Bazeilles was fought on 1 September 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War as a portion of the larger Battle of Sedan and was one of the first battles to feature modern urban warfare tactics. It took place in Bazeilles, France, a small village in the department of Ardennes near Sedan, and involved a for...
Shisha vs. Cigarettes and the nicotine	No firm conclusions can be drawn from what you describe. There are far too many variables surrounding addiction; brain biochemistry, genetics, psychology (arguably = brain biochemistry), smoke constituents, the quality/purity of the tobacco burnt, the conditions of combustion, etc. etc. The only thing that I know con...	[ "A preliminary study found dokha has significantly more nicotine than other tobacco products such as shisha or cigarettes. Nicotine produces various pharmacologic and psycho-dynamic effects in the brain within seconds, which generally last for 30 seconds to several minutes, depending on the user's nicotine toleranc...
How many times has Russia been invaded in winter? Why?	It's not that armies set off for Russia in the dead of winter, rather invasion plans that centered on quick defeat were never realized and armies became bogged down as winter set in. Napoleon and Hitler launched their campaigns in June, but of course their dreams of swift victory were never realized and winter took it...	[ "During the Great Northern War, the Swedish invasion of Russia led by Charles XII of Sweden against Russia's Peter the Great was notably weakened by the severe winter. Sudden winter storms and frosts killed thousands during the Swedish army's winter offensives, most noticeably during a single night away from camp t...
Who was the first painter to manage a photorealistic style?	Buonarroti was probably the most consistent and most photo realistic. His sculptures were probably also the most realistic. But the Greeks were generally the first to accurately depict the human representation. Unfortunately the only mediums to survive since 500 A.D. were their statues. However I think your trying to...	[ "However, Hyperrealism is contrasted with the literal approach found in traditional photorealist paintings of the late 20th century. Hyperrealist painters and sculptors use photographic images as a reference source from which to create a more definitive and detailed rendering, one that often, unlike Photorealism, i...
why a company like nestlè can take water out of a state/province for $2.25 per million litres, only to sell it back at a profit. who is letting this happen?	This is an explanation not just for this specific case but for large companies in general. These companies create jobs, and will also be paying taxes on a myriad of things. Sometimes the government will therefore sweeten the pot by reducing certain costs, knowing full well that overall they and the community will benef...	[ "In December, 2017, the California Water Resources Control Board notified Nestlé that an investigation had concluded that the company does not have proper rights to about three-quarters of the water it withdraws for bottling, including water from the San Bernardino National Forest.\n", "Currently, at the Sawmill ...
why do songs sometimes sound at a different pitch when the volume is low?	Something harmonically important is not loud enough to establish the tonal center. Likely the bass. Without the bass notes (the chord roots), the tonal center can easily become ambiguous. Sometimes the remaining musical parts, such as guitar, piano, melody, etc., can still define the key and tonal center, but often in ...	[ "Ranges are usually more narrow and often remain within an octave. Most songs tend to start on higher notes and descend down to lower registers as the song progresses. Tones may sound flat or sharp to some because natural modes are used rather than pursuing accuracy of pitch. The majority of these tones remain cons...
the simulation theory.	Well, really simply explained The Simulation Theory states that we (as in the whole universe) is just a simulation in someone’s supercomputer, like the Sims or the Matrix. The idea is that somewhere outside this supercomputer there is a person/entity that perhaps wanted to know how the universe would have looked like i...	[ "A simulation is the implementation of a model. A steady state simulation provides information about the system at a specific instant in time (usually at equilibrium, if such a state exists). A dynamic simulation provides information over time. A simulation brings a model to life and shows how a particular object o...
why can't some, but not all, people with spinal cord injuries walk?	The New Yorker did a pretty good article recently on spinal injuries [here.](_URL_0_) TL;DR: It depends where the injury occurs, generally the higher the injury, the more severe. That's why if you "break your neck" it's usually going to paralyze you, if not kill you outright. Additionally, we've yet to see anyone re...	[ "Spinal cord injuries have many causes, and result in a high comorbidity. In other words, victims of spinal cord injuries tend to develop many other health problems due to the importance of the spine in the central nervous system. SCI has a prevalence of up to 55 per million people in the United States alone while ...
Is there any detailed map of Roman roads? I am interested in Roman roads in Croatia.	Please allow me to recommend this... _URL_0_	[ "Today the Roman road is easily traceable on modern maps. Much of the route is followed by the A3, A24, A29 and A285, although most of the course through the modern county of Surrey has either been completely abandoned or is followed only by bridlepaths. Earthworks associated with the road are visible in many place...
Is there a point at which eating will not stop you starving to death?	Yes, particularly if you are being intentional and specific about the word "eating" The result can be what's called refeeding syndrome ( [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) ) where your body is unable to process or absorb nutrients properly. Since the kidneys shut down first, your ability to balance electrolytes is severely impaired....	[ "In those who are severely malnourished, feeding too much too quickly can result in refeeding syndrome. This can result regardless of route of feeding and can present itself a couple of days after eating with heart failure, dysrhythmias and confusion that can result in death.\n", "Documented studies on the physio...
Sources on how gunpowder/pike units functioned in 16th century and on, especially 30 Years' War, Tercios, Etc	I'd recommend two short but very dense and informative books on this by Osprey that also include lots of great illustrations: The Spanish Tercios 1536-1704 and Pike and Shot Tactics 1590-1660. There are also quite a few other great books from Osprey dealing with 16th-17th century infantry tactics as well. Basical...	[ "Pike and shot became a military standard in the 16th and 17th century. With the development of the bayonet the last major use of pike was the early 18th century with the weapon rapidly disappearing in Western European armies by the time of the Battle of Blenheim. A few pikes or half pikes and a few halberds were r...
How much water does a body absorb when showering?	None. The epidermis is water proof. If it wasn't it'd allow ions to be leached from your body and bacteria in.	[ "A typical shower delivers 9.5 liters per minute (2.5 gallons per minute). Scientific studies that monitored hundreds of homes across the nation have shown that flow rates have little influence on the duration of the shower.\n", "In addition to showering, baths were recorded in 47 percent of the sampled household...
why do local commercials appear to always have something go wrong with them while big corporation commercials don't?	It takes money to make things look perfect. Most of the local businesses buy commercial air-time and the local broadcasting does the filming and editing. Prime example, my boss (local business owner) was offered a 15 second spot during the superbowl for around $5000. It would only be aired locally and it would be the...	[ "They exist to allow network television stations to send content to smaller local stations. The shows contain no commercials, just a small gap of blank video to allow the local station to insert their own. The exception for this is for \"barter\" syndicated programming, where only the commercials required to be sho...
why do you insist on seeing people suffer? dares, pranks, jackass movies.. why do we love seeing people do difficult and painful tasks?	May not be the actual answer, just thought about it for a bit. We don't like to see other people suffer. Would you go to a 3rd world country and laugh at every starving kid you see? Would you kick a physically-handicapped old man? Would you shoot someone and then laugh about it the next day? I think we enjoy those da...	[ "People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. Most people are able to experience humour—be amused, smile or laugh at something funny—and thus are considered to have a \"sense of humour\". The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour inducing it to be inexplicable, strange,...
why is it recommended that we wait a little bit after turning something off to turn it back on?	Most electronics contain capacitors. Capacitors act like little buffers to even out current in a system. A bit like having a header tank in a plumbing system. Think of them like tiny batteries that are constantly charging and discharging. When you turn off an item, the charge in the capacitors doesn't go away straight...	[ "BULLET::::- Because the device is never 'off' there is no \"turn on\" time, no problems with charge storage, and generally better high frequency performance and feedback loop stability (and usually fewer high-order harmonics).\n", "\"Turn It On Again\" is a single by the English rock band Genesis, from their 198...
how come people like bruce lee have such a small body, but are incredibly strong when athletes bigger than them are weaker even though they work out consistently?	Muscle size and muscle strength have a bit of an odd relationship. Bodybuilders, for example, aren't terribly strong despite being literally living displays of muscle tone. Strongmen, who participate in actual strength competitions, generally don't have so much muscle tone or agility and look more like big farmboys tha...	[ "Mighty Man's main powers involve size manipulation. In the Protectors comic, he is able to grow greater than 20 ft and his strength increased exponentially with increased size. Mighty Man also has the ability to shrink at will, retaining his normal strength level while being the size of a doll.\n", "An unusual p...
what motivation to hackers/pirates have to share pirated media with the masses?	They are smart enough to realize that if everyone leeches but no one seeds, there won't be anything there. Someone who has a history of providing content is more likely to get a good response if they request something they don't have. Street cred. Sticking it to the man.	[ "According to this philosophy, hackers, crackers, and phreakers are liberators of information which is being held hostage by agents demanding money for its release. Other participants in this network include cypherpunks who educate people to use public-key cryptography to protect the privacy of their messages from ...
how do space shuttle engines work in space if there is no atmosphere to push against?	> III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton really nailed this one. Grab a 10 pound bowling ball, a bag of flour, your child (no, I'm kidding), and hold it up against your chest. Now push it away from you as hard as you can. You should feel the ball moving away from you, but also, your...	[ "Intentional aerobraking is achieved by orienting the returning space craft so as to present the heat shields forward toward the atmosphere to protect against the high temperatures generated by atmospheric compression and friction caused by passing through the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds. The thermal energy is ...
will cash ever become abolished in favor of debit/credit cards?	Countries will have hard cash for the forseeable future. The black market runs on cash. Cash also works when the power is out / when there's no internet signal.	[ "There has been a lack of cash due to the Venezuelan economical crisis and thus the demand and use of debit cards has increased greatly during the last years. One of the reasons why a noticeable percentage of businesses has been closed is due to a lack of payment terminals. The most used brands are Maestro and Visa...
how do you best explain 4d to someone in a 3d world?	We are 3D creatures. Our shadows are 2D. An n-dimension casts an n-1 dimension shadow. Think about what could create a 3D shadow.	[ "2.5D (\"two-and-a-half-dimensional\"), 3/4 perspective and pseudo-3D are informal terms used to describe graphical projections and techniques that try to \"fake\" three-dimensionality, typically by using some form of parallel projection, wherein the point of view is from a fixed perspective, but also reveals multi...
why dont speakers make the characteristic intereference sound anymore when there is an incoming call?	Ha yes, I remember that. You used to be able to hear that even before the phone rang. The reason why it happened is a bit too complicated for me, but the reason why it doesn't happen anymore is that we don't (or barely) use 2G (GSM) networks anymore. These networks were on the 800-900 MHZ frequencies.	[ "Noise gates often implement hysteresis, that is, they have two thresholds: one to open the gate and another, set a few dB below, to close the gate. This means that once a signal has dropped below the close threshold, it has to rise to the open threshold for the gate to open, so that a signal that crosses over the ...
What was the dating scene like for American women during WWII?	For a large proportion of women, dating simply ... stopped. Their boyfriends or fiancés were overseas - instead of being taken out to movies or dinner, they wrote letters and waited for possible furloughs. Single college students usually had to give it up as well, since their campuses had almost no men on them: most co...	[ "The First World War prevented many within a generation of women from experiencing romance and marriage, or having children. The image of the old spinster with a fading photo of her dead World War I soldier boyfriend on her fireplace mantel was common in films of the 1950s and 1960s. Likewise, in the American class...
Where can I read more scholarly sources on Hawaiian "shark myths"?	Try [here.](_URL_1_) That's a link to the UH School of Hawaiian Knowledge's Knowledge Well database. I haven't used this site before, but the University of Hawaii is really trying to cultivate their Hawaiian Studies programs, and that looks like it could potentially be a neat database. However, I'm at work so I can't ...	[ "The Raw Shark Texts is the debut novel by author Steven Hall, released in 2007. The book was released by Canongate Books in the US and the UK and published by HarperCollins in Canada. The title is a play on \"Rorschach Tests\", which are inkblot tests. The novel is a work of Meta-fiction which uses Concrete poetry...
We're constantly showered with radio waves. What prevents us from harnessing them and converting them into usable electrical energy?	Simply put: ambient radio waves have very little energy compared to ambient visible light. Per photon, visible light has thousands to millions times more energy than radio waves. Also, the sun produces a lot more visible light than radio waves. If you want to harness ambient electromagnetic radiation as a power source,...	[ "Radio waves are \"nonionizing radiation\", which means they do not have enough energy to separate electrons from atoms or molecules, ionizing them, or break chemical bonds, causing chemical reactions or DNA damage. The main effect of absorption of radio waves by materials is to heat them, similarly to the infrared...
Why do guns kill people so quickly (or are movies lying to me?)	Movies are lying to you. As you suspected, gunshot wounds are very rarely instantly fatal. A shot to the abdomen or chest is often not even incapacitating for some time. Anecdotal, but relevant: my grandfather was shot through the throat by a high powered military rifle round, and wasn't at all sure what happened...	[ "When people call a targeted killing an \"assassination,\" they are attempting to preclude debate on the merits of the action. Assassination is widely defined as murder, and is for that reason prohibited in the United States ... U.S. officials may not kill people merely because their policies are seen as detrimenta...
why do most of the tv series that use apple (or something else) as their primary technology change the os or make it look fake?	It's similar to how they blur out logos on reality shows, they don't want to alienate potential advertisers. If they just show off an iPhone in their show, Samsung is not going to want to associate with them. Plus they're not being paid by Apple, so there's really no point to give someone free advertising.	[ "From the 1984 Super Bowl advertisement and \"Test Drive a Macintosh\" to the Apple Switch and Get a Mac advertising campaigns, Apple Computer has a long history of advocating its platform through traditional media. This also covers advocacy of the Macintosh hardware, peripherals and even lifestyle choices, with bo...
Is the universe older in different places due to time dilation?	No, there's no time dilation between observers at a different place at the same cosmological time. We do however observe time dilation with light from distant galaxies because the scale factor has changed in the time it took the light to travel to us. This time dilation manifests itself as a measurable change in the i...	[ "This is slightly different from the age of the universe which is approximately 13.8 billion years. The Hubble time is the age it would have had if the expansion had been linear, and it is different from the real age of the universe because the expansion is not linear; they are related by a dimensionless factor whi...
How did Japan go about bringing electricity to its cities and towns? Did they hire westerners to teach them how to use it in order to make their own companies?	After the Bakumatsu and the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1867, the Meiji government came into power. From 1868 to 1912, was the Meiji Restoration, where the old emperor was given back power and Japan became the first Asian power to adopt the European model of government and military. From this point, Japan took a...	[ "In 1871, a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways. The result was a deliberate state-led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up. The Bank of Japan, founded in 1882, used taxes to fund model steel and textile factori...
why do remote controls use infrared light instead of other wavelengths?	Very low wavelength bands are already occupied by radios and microwaves and have a lot of noise. Visible light is visible of course. Ultraviolet is too energy intensive to generate, and you definitely don't want to be shooting x-rays around the living room. So the near-IR it is.	[ "The use of an infrared sensor to detect position can cause some detection problems in the presence of other infrared sources, such as incandescent light bulbs or candles. This can be alleviated by using fluorescent or LED lights, which emit little to no infrared light, around the Wii. Innovative users have used ot...
why do some dead leaves tend to turn brown and others yellow/red/orange? what causes the difference in colours when they are dead if they were all green while on a tree?	Chlorophyll is the reason they are green. When fall hits, the change in temperatures and decline in sun exposure causes leaves to break down the chlorophyll. Depending on the type of tree and chemical reactions you get different colors. This is what I've learned from Google basically. "Chlorophyll? More like Borophyl...	[ "The leaves grow to be long and wide and have a deep glossy green upper surface. They usually turn red or brown in autumn, but depending on climate, site, and individual tree genetics, some trees are nearly always red, or even purple in autumn. Some brown, dead leaves may remain on the tree throughout winter until ...
What was the role of slaves in early medieval Ireland?	Slaves would have performed the most menial agricultural labour depending on their gender - a male slave called a mug would have tended to livestock (in the case of Saint Patrick, for instance) and chopped wood while a female slave called a cumal would have ground oats in a quern and kneaded dough. Our knowledge of...	[ "Slavery became more widespread in Ireland throughout the 11th century, as Dublin became the biggest slave market in Western Europe. Its main sources of supply were the Irish hinterland, Wales and Scotland. The Irish slave trade began to decline after William the Conqueror consolidated control of the English and We...
how do farmers milk almonds?	Almond milk is not actual milk. It is made by soaking almonds in water, then rinsing them and blending and grinding them well with water. Then the almond meal is filtered out and usually the remaining "milk" is sweetened slightly. It is called milk because it is similar to dairy milk in appearance and texture.	[ "The basic method of modern domestic almond milk production is to grind almonds in a blender with water, then strain out the almond pulp (flesh) with a strainer or cheesecloth. Almond milk can also be made by adding water to almond butter.\n", "Almond milk is a plant milk manufactured from almonds with a creamy t...
How did the Byzantines/Eastern Roman Empire lose the Battle of Yarmouk?	An important thing to remember here is that these numbers are not accurate reflections of what actually happened. Modern historians of the Arab conquests are reluctant to believe the figures presented by the sources, the vast majority of which were written centuries later and were the results of a later political, cult...	[ "The Siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars, aided by large numbers of allied Slavs, ended in a strategic victory for the Byzantines. The failure of the siege saved the Empire from collapse, and, combined with other victories achieved by Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) the previous year an...
How were alloys such as bronze (which require extremely high temperatures) made by neolithic civilizations?	You're interested in the technological changes that marked the change from one culture to another? These kind of questions intrigue me too and also interested European archaeologists from the 19th C on. The broad brush picture they paint is of successive waves of technological advances, spreading across the map like r...	[ "Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after \"natural bronze\" had come into general use. Bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age bega...
When did the Continental/US navy start to build Man o' Wars and Ships of the Lines?	In 1776, when the Continental Congress authorized the construction of three ships of the line. However, only one ship was completed - the _America_ - and construction was delayed so much she was only in service by 1783, upon which she was transferred to the French Navy. She served only three years - and it seems she wa...	[ "After the Revolution, the United States Congress approved construction of six heavy frigates to form a nucleus of the United States Navy. One of the first three, the USS \"Constellation\", was constructed in Baltimore. \"Constellation\" became the first official U.S. Navy ship put to sea, deploying to the Caribbea...
In ancient times, say for the Inca. What would happen if human sacrifice did not appease the Gods and relieve the drought?	I. In which I question the underlying assumptions and chronology of your question First thing first, the Inca Empire had its heyday from the 15th to 16th Centuries CE, which is not "ancient." Second, the nature of Inca theology was not one that necessarily included a direct transactional relationship. Benson ([200...	[ "Within Inca culture, it is reported that one element in the great Sun festival was the sacrifice of young maidens (between ten and twelve years old), who after their ceremonial duties done were lowered down in a waterless cistern and were immured alive.\n", "The Inca took part in spiritual human sacrifices known...
how does the "tuner" on a radio work?	There are two components in a radio that work kinda opposite of each other. They are the inductor and the capacitor. An inductor is a coil of wire. When we pass electricity through a coil of wire, it stores some of that energy in a magnetic field. That's how electromagnets are made. A capacitor is a "conduct...	[ "An electronic tuner is a device which tunes across a part of the radio frequency spectrum by the application of a voltage or appropriate digital code words. This type of tuner supersedes mechanical tuners, which were tuned by manual adjustment of capacitance or inductance in the tuned circuits. In a more practical...
To what extent did Celtic peoples along Europe's Atlantic coast share culture and trade before Roman conquest?	Celtic language and culture came to Britain and Ireland a bit later than on the continent. In fact, it most likely spread through trade and political dominance, displacing languages that were probably related to Basque. The Celts would have belonged to various smaller tribes, but all spoke a very similar language and...	[ "Bob Quinn in his documentary series \"Atlantean\" speculates that western European Celtic culture is actually an earlier, pre-Celtic, Atlantic culture that included Atlantic Europe and people of the Maghreb such as Berbers and that it continues today.\n", "Via the Bell Beaker culture, Atlantic and Central Europe...
what's going on with the irs right now?	Some groups can apply for tax-exempt status if they are primarily involved in social welfare. Some political groups want to get in on this tax exemption, and not have to disclose donor names. It was found that when the words "tea party" or "patriot" were in the name of a group applying for tax exemption, their applicat...	[ "The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The government agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and is under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed to a five-year term by the President of the United S...
Why exactly did the Soviet Union go to war with Finland? Why were they so ill prepared?	Note, these posts are a copy of what I wrote on a similar question [here](_URL_0_). There are several reasons for this, political and military ones, for both sides. I will start with the Finns. Finland Military factors The Finnish army, while lacking in equipment, was by ww2 standards a very well-trained forc...	[ "The consequences of the conflict were multiple: Although the Soviet Union gained new territories, the war pushed neutral Finland towards an accommodation with Nazi Germany. Furthermore, the invasion had revealed the striking military weaknesses of the Red Army. This prompted the Soviet Union to reorganize its mili...
why do your emotions come in 'waves' after something very emotional occurs?	most emotions come from chemicals in the brain such as dopamine, oxytocin, adrenalin, serotonin, etc. When your brain starts to release these chemicals, it doesn't happen all at once. It begins to secrete them as if opening a valve. The flow starts slow until you get enough of the chemicals and your brain is filled wit...	[ "Though emotions are typically considered as having directedness and intentionality this idea has also been called into question. One might point to emotions a person all of a sudden experiences that do not appear to be directed at or about anything in particular. Emotions elicited by listening to music are another...
[South America] How did Paraguay rebuild its population after the War of the Triple Alliance	On point 3 - In South America the landowning oligarchy was allied to foreign imperialism (specifically that of Britain). Their wealth hinged on exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods from Britain. They did not see a need to industrialise (that wasn't their line of business), and Britain preferred th...	[ "My analysis of comparative rates in nineteenth-century Latin America, together with a reevaluation of the Paraguayan censuses and household structure, indicates that the War of the Triple Alliance actually cost Paraguay between 7 and 18.5 percent of its prewar population… The evidence demonstrates that the Paragua...
Does the influence of gravity from objects with mass ever reach 0?	It never reaches zero. The force of gravity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, so it decays asymptotically to zero as you increase the distance (for example, if you double the distance, the force becomes 4 times smaller; if you increase it 100 times, the force becomes 10000 times smaller), but the...	[ "While not constant but varying depending on latitude and altitude, the numerical value of the acceleration caused by Earth's gravity on the surface lies between 9.74 and 9.87, which is quite close to 10. This means that as a result of Newton's second law, the weight of a kilogram of mass on Earth's surface corresp...
why do some people look "good" fat, and others look "bad" fat?	Confidence goes a long way in this respect. If you feel less confident when you gain weight, you'll feel like you look less attractive. As for others, the ones that look good to you are likely not only confident but also dress for their body in a way that is flattering. Personal grooming goes a long way, too. Differen...	[ "Anti-fat bias leads people to associate individuals who are overweight or obese with negative personality traits such as \"lazy\", \"gluttonous\", \"stupid\", \"smelly\", \"slow\", or \"unmotivated\". This bias is not restricted to clinically obese individuals, but also encompasses those whose body shape is in som...
we often hear about first world and third world countries/problems ect. but why do we never hear about second world?	Because the "Second" world doesn't really exist anymore. Some definitions: The "First" World - The United States and its Allies, Capitalists countries The "Second" World - The USSR and its Allies, Communist countries The "Third" World - Developing countries that the 1st and 2nd world fight over. So the end of the ...	[ "During the Cold War, the term Third World referred to the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the nations not aligned with either the First World or the Second World. This usage has become relatively rare due to the ending of the Cold War.\n", "The only characteristic that Bauer found common...
Why didn't warships of the 18th century use explosive shells against each other?	The overly glib answer to this is that they weren't invented yet, or at least not invented in a manner that would be useful. Although explosive shells date back to the 1300s, around the time of the invention of cannon, shells of the 18th c. were fused by an actual fuse (think of a cartoon bomb with a length of gunpowde...	[ "Mortars were the only kind of naval armament to fire explosive shells rather than solid shot until the invention of the Paixhans gun. Since it was considered dangerous to have large stocks of shells on board the ships that were firing them, and because the reinforced mortar platforms occupied so much space below d...
how do the companies behind linux distros such as ubuntu and opensuse make money if their os is free and open-source?	My boyfriend just told me that "they give you the car because they're the best know mechanics in town".	[ "Despite being freely available, companies profit from Linux. These companies, many of which are also members of the Linux Foundation, invest substantial resources into the advancement and development of Linux, in order to make it suited for various application areas. This includes hardware donations for driver dev...
why when someone records the cinema screen using a camera, the video becomes ugly and not the same as the screen?	A few things. 1) Most cameras record at 30fps, where as most films are 24fps. This leads to weird things happening due to the timing of the frames such as flashing and flickering. 2) Cameras, especially cheap ones, struggle in low light. Also, movies are constantly changing between bright and dark meaning that came...	[ "Cinemagraphs are still photographs in which a minor and repeated movement occurs, forming a video clip. They are published as an animated GIF or in other video formats, and can give the illusion that the viewer is watching an animation. A variation is a \"video snapshot\" (clip composed like a still photo, but ins...
why do people open their own mouth when spoon-feeding a baby?	Because babies imitate what they see. So when you open your mouth at them, they copy you and open theirs. It helps them understand that it’s time to feed.	[ "Mouthbrooding, also known as oral incubation, refers to the care given by some groups of animals to fertilized eggs or their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although it has been observed in a variety of animals, most mouthbrooders are fish. The parent performing t...
why can adults get diseases only by touching grabpoles on public transport while children's immune system profit from eating dirt/playing in dirt?	Children do not benefit from eating dirt. Children are more exposed to germs and therefore slowly build up immunities to common viruses. Not diseases, by the way. Adults do not get diseases only by touching public transport poles. Adults are more segregated than children, who are in schools all day with hundreds of ...	[ "Young children are at the greatest risk of infection because they play outside and tend to place contaminated objects and dirt in their mouths. Dog ownership is another known risk factor for transmission. There is also a significant correlation between high \"Toxocara\" antibody titers and epilepsy in children.\n"...
how do you calculate the 20th percentile of a cumulative frequency?	ELI5 isn't for walkthroughs. Try /r/learnmath or /r/cheatatmathhomework. Thanks. removing.	[ "Cumulative frequency analysis is the analysis of the frequency of occurrence of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The phenomenon may be time- or space-dependent. Cumulative frequency is also called \"frequency of non-exceedance\".\n", "Frequency values are calculated first and without reference...
what's the deal with movie theater shootings?	Like any mass shooting, they get tons of Media attention, inspiring the next round of mentally unwell individuals to become copycats. Combine that with virtually non existent security in movie theaters, and you've got an easy target full of people.	[ "The shooting prompted an increase in security at movie theaters across the U.S. that were screening the same film, in fear of copycat crimes. It led to a spike in gun sales in Colorado and political debates about gun control in the United States.\n", "In February 2016, Under the Gun Theater was named one of the ...
why is there so much abuse in the foster system? shouldn't there be more extensive background checks?	Contrary to popular belief, the government does not know everything about everyone. Background checks are an inherently flawed system. If someone is abusive as hell but has never been arrested and convicted, for one reason or another, their legal background will be clear. Just like how the various murderers at recent...	[ "Studies in the U.S. have suggested that some foster care placements may be more detrimental to children than remaining in a troubled home, but a more recent study suggested that these findings may have been affected by selection bias, and that foster care has little effect on behavioral problems.\n", "A further ...
why is it that i’m some cases of people being stabbed/impaled, the removal of the item that did the stabbing/impaling (not the initial puncture itself) causes them to bleed out and die?	If the object has punctured an artery (a blood vessel that carries pressurized blood pumped from the heart), the object may be filling in its own puncture-wound in the artery wall while it is in place, thereby preventing the blood from spilling out. But as soon as the object is removed, the puncture-wound is opened, ...	[ "Many of the victims were burned with a car cigarette lighter, usually around the genitals, chest, and face, and several were found with extensive blunt force trauma to the face and head. In several instances, foreign objects were found inserted into the victims' rectums while other victims had suffered emasculatio...
how can a single cpu core run multiple threads and how is that beneficial?	The problem is that when people talk about this subject, they cut out so many technicalities that they miss the entire point (like other threads about the same subject in this sub). I'll try to cut as much of the technical stuff that I can. So think of it this way: a core has 2 parts. One deals with integer operatio...	[ "For each processor core that is physically present, the operating system addresses two virtual (logical) cores and shares the workload between them when possible. The main function of hyper-threading is to increase the number of independent instructions in the pipeline; it takes advantage of superscalar architectu...
why does the doubling your money strategy not work in gambling?	In theory it works, but in practice eventually you'll lose enough bets in a row that you either run out of money or the casino won't take your bet. Your 20th bet in a losing streak would be over $1m.	[ "The strategy can pay dividends when gamblers successfully reduce the potential winners of an event to a select few from the field or when information about runners not expected to perform well does not reach the market (so as to affect the odds), making it profitable to back the rest of the field.\n", "The secon...
How did the cicada's mating cycle come to be 17 years long? Wouldn't a cycle of only a few years be necessary to avoid lining up with predatory mating cycles?	It's very beneficial to take a prime number as the length of your mating cycle. If you'd take 4 years for example, any predator that has a cycle of 1, 2 or 4 would eat a large part of the population. If you take a prime number like 7, then predators with a cycle of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 will all miss you. The bigger the prim...	[ "Like other species included in \"Magicicada\", decim periodical cicadas have synchronized development with a long larval period underground (13 or 17 years, depending on species), followed by mass emergence, quick development to adult flying forms, and massed singing choruses of males that attract many females. Ma...
how the us lost the ability/technology to land on the moon, after 50 years of industry advancement	We haven't. In fact Nasa plans on putting a man on the moon in 2024. Planning missions like these takes a long time in advaced, because literally every contingency needs to be planned for. Not to mention we plan to use it as a test for a new rocket design. These things have to be built, people need to be trained to f...	[ "As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful manned lunar landings. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had accomplished President John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a grow...
Why didnt Soviets force Finland to adopt a socialist government after WW2? And why did Finland never join the Warsaw Pact?	Finland was never occupied by Soviet troops. They never got past a certain point. At that point in time in 1944, the Soviets were more interested in moving as fast as possible into Germany rather than trying to move deeper into Finland and possibly occupying it. When Finland sued for peace, both sides agreed to terms t...	[ "Finland was left to the Soviet sphere of interest in [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], and when it refused to allow the Soviet Union to build bases on its territory, it was attacked by Soviet forces in the [[Winter War]] (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940). After the war, Finland unsuccessfully sought protection from th...
if most youtube ads can be skipped after 5 seconds, why don't advertisers start making 5 second ads?	Sometimes I watch the rest of the ad because the first five seconds caught my attention. So I don't know, but if you utilize your 5 seconds wisely you can drag people into your 30-second spot. Also, I've seen 4-minute ads. That's really…	[ "Debuted in 2016, these ads show the beginning portion of a 45–90-second ad before a blue screen disclaimer appears telling the viewers that the ad is being fast forward to the end portion so that they can get to their video faster. If an extended version of the ad or just the regular 15-second ad is shown on sites...
why websites using cookies to better target your ads is considered such a bad thing.	Because I don't want family visiting sites on my laptop and seeing penis pump ads on sites just because I clicked on an ad last night. Edit: er umm... not that I need one :(	[ "Targeting, viewability, brand safety and invalid traffic all are aspects used by marketers to help advocate digital advertising. Cookies are a form of digital advertising, which are tracking tools within desktop devices; causing difficulty, with shortcomings including deletion by web browsers, the inability to sor...
in computer architecture, what is the difference between core and a microarchitecture?	A multi-core processor is a way to say that you have multiple independent processing unit on the same physical chip. Each is called a core and they will be identical in the chip for computers but in a cellphones the might have 4 energy efficient but slower cores and 4 faster that use more energy to give you both long b...	[ "The term \"core\" comes from conventional transformers whose windings surround a magnetic core. In core memory, the wires pass once through any given core—they are single-turn devices. The properties of materials used for memory cores are dramatically different from those used in power transformers. The magnetic m...
how do astronomers know a black hole has the mass of 20 billion suns?	A black hole is basically just a star that's collapsed in on itself, becoming very, very dense. Our Sun has a lot of gravity because it's so massive, but the only stars that can become black holes are hundreds of times bigger than our sun. So every black hole that's born has a similar mass to the star that it was "bo...	[ "As reported in \"Nature\" of 28 November 2012, astronomers have used the Hobby–Eberly Telescope to measure the mass of an extraordinarily large black hole (with mass approximates 17 billion Suns), possibly the largest black hole found so far. It has been found in the compact, lenticular galaxy NGC 1277, which lies...
gas stations often have signs on the pump to turn off your phone and pager while using the pump. i doubt that anyone does this. what's the concern and is it a valid one?	The concern is about the possibility of an electrical spark igniting the fumes of fuel. The source comes from an investigation of a fire at a gas station where they could not determine a cause many years ago. One difference was the car owner had a cell phone, (relatively new at the time. Hardly anyone had a cell phone)...	[ "Gasoline theft (sometimes known colloquially as fill and fly, gas and dash, and drive-off) is the removal of gasoline from a station without payment. The thief will usually use some form of decoy to prevent nearby witnesses from noticing the lack of payment until they have left the station. Common decoys include p...
what do all the parts of a url mean?	The first bit before the colon (http, https etc) refers to the protocol in use. Http is the only common one but you can use others like ftp:// - which will use file transfer protocol. The next bit after the // is the address of the website - _URL_0_. After than, comes the file/script you are loading. Eg fubar.html is a...	[ "Some characters cannot be part of a URL (for example, the space) and some other characters have a special meaning in a URL: for example, the character codice_17 can be used to further specify a subsection (or fragment) of a document. In HTML forms, the character codice_8 is used to separate a name from a value. Th...
how do some vehicles drive nearly submerged without stalling or breaking down?	This is much easier with a diesel engine, particularly older ones which don't have masses of electronics. They're nearly all mechanical and don't much care if they're under water. More modern diesels have to have more attention paid to waterproofing connectors and sensors and things, but provided you can keep the wate...	[ "An operational vehicle can be driven on-board under its own power. This is a delicate operation, particularly with tracks, as their precise steering is limited. In particular neutral steering, where one track goes forward and one backward causing the tank to turn on the spot, is likely to either damage the loadbed...
how do wills get invalidated by a court?	> How can a court decide whether to honor or invalidate a will? One way that a will can be invalidated is if it's deemed to be incomplete. For instance, a will that was first drafted 30 years ago, and doesn't mention children who are 25 years old, would be invalidated, because it's assumed that the children were *su...	[ "The effect of the ruling is that if a court declares the last in a series of wills to be invalid \"ab initio\", the deceased is deemed to have died intestate. The court will not give effect to an earlier will, as it had already been revoked.\n", "A will may also be revoked by the execution of a new will. However...
what is it about riding in a car that makes babies fall asleep?	Vibration, warmth, hum of the engine all come into play. I wish I could find a link to a study, but if the cars are moving at a relatively good speed, children can't focus on objects outside of the vehicle. Without anything to pay attention to they lose interest and their bodies choose rest instead.	[ "Sleep-deprived driving (commonly known as tired driving, drowsy driving, or fatigued driving) is the operation of a motor vehicle while being cognitively impaired by a lack of sleep. Sleep deprivation is a major cause of motor vehicle accidents, and it can impair the human brain as much as alcohol can. According t...
Do black holes have an escape velocity?	> Or is this a nonsensical question? Bingo. I know you mentioned "what if + time travel," but entertaining these miss the point of physics because they disregard physics entirely. In any case, as long as you kept outside the horizon you would have an escape velocity. Once inside, well shucks.	[ "The cluster's velocity is thought to originate by being ejected by the supermassive black hole at the center of M87, when the black hole stripped the outer layers of HVGC-1 off, it also ejected the remaining core with greater than escape velocity.\n", "Defined a little more formally, \"escape velocity\" is the i...
Health differences between animal protein and plant protein?	Animal protein is a complete protein. It contains all nine essential amino acids that our bodies need. Vegetable proteins do not generally contain all nine amino acids. However, by combining foods you can make a complete protein. Rice and beans are an example.	[ "Contrary to certain rumors that animal-based protein is more suitable to trigger muscle growth than plant-based protein, a study by Mangano et al. (2017) could not provide any evidence for this. In contrast, if combined properly, plant-based protein can even have a higher biological quality. A combination of one p...
why are different parts of the world more prone to extreme weather?	There's a few factors that are happening. The big ones are: * the middle of the planet is warm * the poles of the planet are cold * warm air expands (pushing other air) and rises * warm water evaporates * cold water condenses and falls * the rotation of the planet produces some pretty predictable ocean currents and wi...	[ "The effects of weather on sport are varied, with some events unable to take place while others are changed considerably. The performance of participants can be reduced or improved, and some sporting world records are invalid if set under certain weather conditions. While outdoor sports are most affected, those pla...
if colds are caused by viruses and bacteria, why do i often feel like i get a cold from just staying at low temperatures without proper clothing?	When the weather is cold, people spend more time inside. The close proximity of people and lack of air circulation (Due to lack of open windows or doors) causes any contagious illness - Like a cough or a cold - to be spread much easier.	[ "Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses being the most common. They spread through the air during close contact with infected people or indirectly through contact with objects in the environment, followed by transfer to the mouth or nose. Risk factors include going ...
how do services such as 'bongo' in the uk know any details about a person, and are they even real?	From their FAQ: > HOW DOES BONGO WORK? > BONGO works thanks to a number of intelligent human researchers and a very sophisticated software application with a huge database. So officially, they say it's a mixture of human researchers and a software application. Presumably they are collecting info from social media,...	[ "Mr. Big (sometimes known as the \"Canadian technique\") is a covert investigation procedure used by undercover police to elicit confessions from suspects in cold cases (usually murder). Police officers create a fictitious grey area and/or criminal organization and then seduce the suspect into joining it. They buil...
why do all legitimate streams run almost half a minute behind their television counterparts?	i'll give you a placeholder answer that you can hold onto until someone who's worked with this technology at a lower level can speak on it. There is a lot of preprocessing that goes on with video, sending it too. You don't get sent raw video data of every pixel at every frame - which is why you can select the qualit...	[ "Notable applications to publish and record live streams at the same time include MotionCaster, Open Broadcaster Software, Wirecast, and XSplit Broadcaster. They are used to publish streams to Youtube, Facebook, Periscope and Twitch.tv, among others.\n", "While streamers as we know today didn't come about until t...
why you’re told to wait 30 seconds when unplugging a modem or dvr.	Electric circuits have parts called capacitors which can hold on to electric charge for a bit. In order for the modem to get a fresh start, you are told to wait a “longer than necessary just to be safe” amount of time, so all the capacitors will discharge.	[ "The DTR signal is an important call control signal for a data modem. According to the RS232 standard, dropping DTR from active to inactive for at least two seconds tells the modem to disconnect (end) a call or data connection. \n", "BULLET::::- The modem interprets the Data Terminal Ready (DTR) pin as a signal f...

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