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what causes historical change?	Your question about alternative explanations for what causes historical change is a question of historiography, which can be roughly defined as the method or approach an historian takes to historical evidence. So, as you say, Marxist interpretations of history tend to emphasize economic and class struggle in its read...	[ "ii) Historicists are bad at imagining conditions under which an identified trend ceases. Historical generalisations may be reduced to a set of laws of higher generality (i.e. one could say that history depends upon psychology). However, in order to form predictions from these generalisations we also need specific ...
why are my motor skills so bad for the first few minutes after i wake up?	Your brain is still rebooting.	[ "Much like motor skills learning, verbal skills learning increased after a daytime nap period. Researchers Mednick and colleagues have shown that if a visual skills task [find task] is taught in the morning and repeatedly tested throughout the day, individuals will actually become worse at the task. The individuals...
Why do inertia and gravitation cancel out?	> Can we imagine a universe where inertia increases more slowly with mass than gravity does, so that heavier objects fall faster in a vacuum? On the level of elementary particles this is somewhat imaginable, but for objects of the same composition this creates logical contradictions. Imagine putting a small block be...	[ "General covariance is the basis of general relativity, the classical theory of gravitation. Moreover, it is necessary for the consistency of any theory of quantum gravity, since it is required in order to cancel unphysical degrees of freedom with a negative norm, namely gravitons polarized along the time direction...
is foam soap or regular soap better?	Seems like the answer to that question will depend mainly on personal preference. Me, I like regular soap, and I deliberately don't use the kind with triclosan if I have an option.	[ "Typically a mixture of different surfactants is used. Of the anionics, soap is not a common deliberate constituent of bath foam preparations because they react rapidly with \"hardness\" cations in water to produce lime soaps, which are anti-foams. Usually one or more ingredients is primarily a foam stabilizer—a su...
When were the first dinosaur bones discovered and what was public reaction to the news?	The oldest certain find of dinosaur bones, not speculating or inferring, was by Chang Qu, 4th Century BC, Sichuan _URL_1_ The reaction was mystification and wonder, support for the existence dragons. _URL_0_ > The first discovery of dinosaur remains definitely occurred before the time that humans began recording h...	[ "In 1818, resident Solomon Ellsworth Jr, was blasting a hole for his well to go alongside of his house in town. While in the process, he found some foreign bones, not known at the time. These bones would last be sent to Yale University and would later determine to be Dinosaur fossils, specifically, one of a Anchisa...
heart attacks, cardiac arrest, arrhythmia - when are cpr and defibrillators used and how?	A heart attack is a blockage in an artery that feeds the heart and so the heart muscle is being starved of oxygen. Cardiac arrest is when the heart stops beating. This is quite often wrongly referred to as a heart attack by the media. Arrhythmia is when the heart beats incorrectly. Basically this happens to every...	[ "An automated external defibrillator (AED) is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses the life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and is able to treat them through defibrillation, the application of electricity which stops the ar...
Are Sociopaths aware of their lack of empathy and other human emotions due to environmental observation of other people?	It may be better to describe the traits you are looking at in particular rather than using terms that people may confuse with another. I like this question in general because it asks whether or not people are self aware when they have a social mindset that is different from their peers. More importantly do they use it ...	[ "A lack of empathy is a hallmark characteristic of psychopathy. As a consequence, Decety investigates atypical socioemotional processing and moral judgment in forensic psychopaths with a mobile MRI scanner, because they provide a natural model in which emotional and attentional processes are altered, enabling ident...
How did they prevent counterfeiting of paper money before modern things like holograms, fluorescent ink, and microprinting?	First of all counterfeiting was punishable by a death, a grave enough consequence for most. But when death did not deter [vignettes](_URL_2_) were used. Vignettes small illustration that fades into its background without a definite border were an extremely hard thing to counterfeit. The vignette are known only to [Chin...	[ "In the late twentieth century advances in computer and photocopy technology made it possible for people without sophisticated training to copy currency easily. In response, national engraving bureaus began to include new more sophisticated anti-counterfeiting systems such as holograms, multi-colored bills, embedde...
Could there be any material in the solar system older than 4.5 billion years?	Sure, we even have some of them at my astronomy dept. _URL_0_	[ "The oldest such minerals analyzed to date—small crystals of zircon from the Jack Hills of Western Australia—are at least 4.404 billion years old. Calcium–aluminium-rich inclusions—the oldest known solid constituents within meteorites that are formed within the Solar System—are 4.567 billion years old, giving a low...
When did the color red start meaning stop and the color green start meaning go?	hi! there's always room for more input, but meanwhile, check out this post [How did we come to choose green, yellow and red as the standard colors for traffic lights?](_URL_0_) from the [Traffic](_URL_1_) section in the FAQ* *see the link on the sidebar or the wiki tab	[ "Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standardized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at tw...
what are tennis players looking for when they request 3-4 tennis balls and immediately toss 1-2 of them back?	To explain this to a 5 year old, essentially they are testing (for lack of a better word) the bounce of the ball. Because they hit the ball so hard they wear and tear causing the balls to bounce in different places making the game difficult. It also loses the energy that is put into the ball when hitting it. For exampl...	[ "BULLET::::- Quick Play- You pick the court and difficulty, the game automatically picks your opponent. This is a quick way to get into a Classic Tennis Match without having to sort through all the options.\n", "This game requires two players, a referee and three playing sets. Each player sees only his own board,...
how do the patterns on cows (or other animals with patterns on their skins) form? what determines their forms?	Following question: What determine our finger printing?	[ "The least dominant pattern is solid, which is essentially no pattern at all. Solid-patterned animals will simply show their base color all over. To be solid, a sheep must inherit the solid pattern from both parents – the parents could be solid themselves, or they could carry a solid allele hidden by another other ...
why does water clean everything?	Water is a fantastic solvent. It is often called the universal solvent.	[ "Clean water is essential for hygiene, for consumption and for feeding programmes (for mixing with powdered therapeutic milk or porridge), as well as for preventing the spread of water-borne disease. As such, MSF water engineers and volunteers must create a source of clean water. This is usually achieved by modifyi...
Continental Saxons and Anglo-Saxons?	I'll talk about questions 1, 2, and 3. As for 4, well I think the answer's simply that the Anglo-Saxons no longer lived on the continent. They saw themselves as people who lived on Englalond and rightly so, because they'd been there for about 600 years at least. So even though they maintained strong ties and even s...	[ "The Anglo-Saxons were the members of Germanic-speaking groups who migrated to the southern half of the island of Great Britain from nearby northwestern Europe and their cultural descendants. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of Sub-Roman Britain following the end of Roman control, and traces the es...
can a us state declare independence?	It would require an act of Congress and the President to allow something like that, and they would never allow it. The last time states tried this it started the Civil War, which was one of the bloodiest conflicts in US history.	[ "In a 15 January 2008 news release, the Republic of Lakotah proposed that independence from the United States might follow a Compact of Free Association and suggested that the independence process could resemble that of the Philippines, Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia or the Marshall Islands.\n", "A dec...
why does benadryl feel stronger sometimes than others?	There's a few different potential reasons here. Let me break them down from simplest to most complex. 1: Alcohol can increase the drowsiness. If you've had something to drink a short while before, it will feel stronger. 2: Because you swallow the tablets, the Benadryl is absorbed through the stomach. If you've got ...	[ "Liniments are typically sold to relieve pain and stiffness, such as from sore muscular aches and strains, or arthritis. These are typically formulated from alcohol, acetone, or similar quickly evaporating solvents and contain counterirritant aromatic chemical compounds such as methyl salicilate, benzoin resin, men...
why does coffee give me weird jittery anxiety, but other caffeinated drinks (such as tea or red bull) do not?	Do you for example, put sugar and cream in your coffee but drink sugar-free energy drinks? Sugar would do that. Tea also generally doesn't have a ton of caffiene, and as 12oz red bull has about the same caffiene as a cup of coffee (maybe a little more). So if you're drinking a couple cups of coffee instead of a single ...	[ "Coffee is darkly colored, bitter, slightly acidic and has a stimulating effect in humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is one of the most popular drinks in the world, and it can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte). It is usually served hot, althou...
why are spicy things generally red?	Capsaicin (the chemical usually responsible for 'spicyness') is produced by a specific group of peppers. The best known and most popular is the chili pepper, which is - you guessed it - red. But it's perfectly possible to make spicy foods that aren't. Immature peppers, for example, can be green or yellow.	[ "Off-flavours or off-flavors (see spelling differences) are taints in food products caused by the presence of undesirable compounds. They can originate in raw materials, from chemical changes during food processing and storage, and from micro-organisms. Off-flavours are a recurring issue in drinking water supply an...
When did (working, busy) waking hours cease to be only light hours for humans?	Not at all within my area of expertise, but I have read the works of Schivelbusch - while he doesn't specifically go into different countries and such, he does show how there is a very close interplay between the invention of other light sources than the torch and flame, and the development of a night life per se (stor...	[ "In ancient and medieval cultures, the counting of hours generally started with sunrise. Before the widespread use of artificial light, societies were more concerned with the division between night and day, and daily routines often began when light was sufficient.\n", "Early research into circadian rhythms sugges...
How much of the aeroplanes in WWII were fitted with cameras ?	Are you referring to specifically reconnaissance aircraft or fighters with gun cameras? (not sure the latter existed at all in WWII) Often times footage, if it exists, is only in hard copy form so perhaps if you have a specific locale you are interested in someone can direct you to who you can contact about seeing t...	[ "The book \"BBC VFX\" (Mat Irvine and Mike Tucker) states that few First World War aircraft were still airworthy at the time of production so the majority of flying shots were achieved with 1/6 scale radio-controlled models under the guidance of long-time model aircraft expert David Boddington alongside Derek Piggo...
What do we know about post traumatic stress in tribal societies?	According to a trauma class in grad school, some tribal societies had tribal grieving - when one person died, it wasn't just the problem of the immediate family, the entire tribe felt it and grieved as a group, which led to better results. Unfortunately I don't have the details on where this information came from. Th...	[ "Historical trauma is described as collective emotional and psychological damage caused by traumatic events in a person’s lifetime and across multiple generations according to Dr. Laurelle Myhra, an expert on Native American mental health. Native Americans experience historical trauma through the effects of coloniz...
why is oversleeping even possible? shouldn't your body wake itself up once it has gotten enough rest?	Back before the invention of artifical lighting, we had sunrise and sunset to tell us when we needed to be asleep and awake. Our bodies evolved to react to those cues, with a chemical in our brain that makes us sleepy but only when it is dark (melatonin). This chemical works along with other systems to give our sleepin...	[ "Nocturia is a symptom where the person complains of interrupted sleep because of an urge to void and, like the urinary frequency component, is affected by similar lifestyle and medical factors. Individual waking events are not considered abnormal, one study in Finland established two or more voids per night as aff...
How does a body "digest" a tumor if it dies?	There are two main ways that tissues are absorbed. One is where they die by apoptosis, programmed cell death. In that case the cells themselves take care of their own dismemberment into basic chemicals and cellular fragments. The other is by necrosis and this is a much dirtier process, attracting macrophages and gene...	[ "As the tumor grows it may project outside the bowel (exophytic growth) and/or inside the bowel (intraluminal growth), but they most commonly grow exophytically such that the bulk of the tumor projects into the abdominal cavity. If the tumor outstrips its blood supply, it can necrose internally, creating a central ...
why did "window duplication" happen on older pc systems when programs got frozen?	The screen back then was a frame buffer so when a window was displayed it was stored as pixels in it. The result is that the hidden part of a window or desktop is not stored when not visible. This was done because of the low amount of memory you had in the system compared to the amount needed to store the display infor...	[ "An important problem was that of the single input queue: a non-responsive application could block the processing of user-interface messages, thus freezing the graphical interface. This problem has been solved in Windows NT, where such an application would just become a dead rectangle on the screen; in later versio...
Technocracy: a form of government in which experts (such as economists, engineers, and scientists) would be in control of all decision making. What's the closest example of a technocracy in the real world, and what are/were the outcomes of this form of government?	You're misunderstanding two crucial components of technocracy. The first is that "experts" is a misnomer. Technocracy eliminates election and instead uses promotion as a mechanism into power. Sociologically, the Peter Principle applies where people will be promoted to their level of ineffectiveness. And, as we know, pe...	[ "Technocracy is a proposed system of governance in which decision-makers are selected on the basis of their expertise in a given area of responsibility, particularly with regard to scientific or technical knowledge. This system explicitly contrasts with the notion that elected representatives should be the primary ...
auditing the federal reserve	> Don't we already get transcripts 5 years later? More than that. The fed is audited: internally, by the GAO, and by an outside firm, usually ~annually. On top of that, the head of the Fed reports directly to Congress bi-annually. You can access those here: _URL_0_ The transcripts are just things like FOMC meeting...	[ "The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act, enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95-320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office (GAO).\n", "The Federal Reserve Banks conduct ongoing inter...
How did colonial institutions reinforce social injustice in Latin America?	I've written a bit on miscegenation in colonial Peru [here](_URL_0_). I'd welcome any further questions on that. This is a huge topic though, so are there any particular regions or topics you were interested in?	[ "The Dominican colonial elite, on the other hand, had suffered substantially from the effects of the Haitian Revolution and did not recover. The ruling elite of the time lamented that they had been abandoned by Spain—little economic aid was invested in the island, the only money the royal government sent to the isl...
why is there much talk about building human colonies in space (i.e. moon, mars), but no talk about building in earth's oceans, which is seemingly easier?	Building colonies in space or on other bodies in space would actually be easier in a lot of ways than building in the ocean. Pressure is the big one here; past a certain point and we just don't have the materials or science to manage it. Fewer people have visited the bottom of the Challenger Deep than have walked on t...	[ "Permanent human habitation on a planetary body other than the Earth is one of science fiction's most prevalent themes. As technology has advanced, and concerns about the future of humanity on Earth have increased, the vision of space colonization as an achievable and worthwhile goal has gained momentum. Because of...
"a little water just came out of my nose" Why does it hurt? Its just water!	I'm not at all sure of what the responses might be, but I know that a similar pain occurs in users of Neti Pots if they use pure water instead of saline. So speculatively, I'd theorize that it might be tied to cellular damage caused by hypotonic swelling and cytolysis. The interior (cytoplasm) of cells is saltier than...	[ "The water should not be tap water, which may contain small amounts of bacteria that are safe to drink but may be dangerous in the nose. The water should be sterile or filtered for micro-organisms; if tap water is used it should be boiled. Saline solution is also sometimes used.\n", "Crahan explained that the sme...
what does it take for a war to become a world war, and why isn't the current war against isis and other groups in syria a world war? there are so many countries involved.	I would have to say it has to do with the fact that A) Isis isn't a country B) no one is aligned with isis	[ "On 1 February 2015, Iraqi Foreign Minister Ibrahim al-Jaafari declared that the War on ISIL was effectively \"World War III\", due to ISIL's declaration of a Worldwide Caliphate, its aims to conquer the world, and its success in spreading the conflict to multiple countries outside of the Levant region. \n", "On ...
currency invention	Why is gold valuable? It’s not because it’s shiny. Fool’s gold is shiny too. What makes gold valuable (aside from being pretty and a good conductor) is that it’s a good currency. So what makes it a good currency? A good currency ought to represent the value it is a token of. So: - a good currency is physically stabl...	[ "Currency was introduced as a standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years.\n", "The ruble is the ...
is it possible to have a heavy element to have the same amount of neutrons as protons and would it be stable?	> I've noticed the further up in the periodic table the more neutrons an element has. Yes. [This plot](_URL_0_) shows the stability regions for stable isotopes. As the elements get heavier, there are more neutrons required. Hunting and pecking I found an isotope of Xenon which had the same number of protons and n...	[ "Also because of the short range of the strong binding force, large stable nuclei must contain proportionally more neutrons than do the lightest elements, which are most stable with a 1 to 1 ratio of protons and neutrons. Nuclei which have more than 20 protons cannot be stable unless they have more than an equal nu...
Do we know the names of any ordinary people from Ancient Egypt?	We do actually. _URL_1_ "The People Since the reigns of Ramesses II and his successors there comes a wealth of evidence in the form of ostraca, papyri, stelae and tomb inscriptions, which tell the names of the workmen and their wives and children, even the houses of individual families. At the beginning of the 19th ...	[ "This is a list of ancient Egyptian people who have articles on Wikipedia. The list covers key ancient Egyptian individuals from the start of the first dynasty until the end of the ancient Egyptian nation when the Ptolemaic Dynasty ended and Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC.\n", "The beings in ancient Egy...
did the japanese ever portray nazis in manga?	In what sense do you mean? If you mean has it ever been done at all? Then yes I can pick one off my shelf that does. Black Lagoon in this case has a story arc involving Nazi artifacts and flashes back to WW2 for it. I can remember several others off the top of my head and they all treat Nazis similar to Western depicti...	[ "American media portrayed the Japanese negatively as well. While attacks on Germans were generally focused on high-level Nazi officials such as Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels, and Göring, the Japanese were targeted more broadly. Portrayals of the Japanese ranged from showing them being vicious and feral, as on the cover...
how to rubix cube world records work?	They are scrambled randomly. There is a minimum number of turns (turning one way, and then back doesn't count. Turning one way once, and the same way again once more only counts for 1) that I don't remember. Once you get that many (I think it's 7 or some other surprisingly small number) it's considered sufficiently ...	[ "Ron van Bruchem has held official world records for solving the Rubik's Cube (9.55 seconds) set at the Dutch Nationals 2007 (lost 2008), the 5x5x5 cube in 2006 (1:47.22 min) set at Belgian Open 2006 (lost 2006), and 2x2x2 cube (2.65 seconds) set at UK Open 2007 (lost 2008).\n", "Yu held the former world record f...
how can one drop of poison kill so many people	The potency of the poison depends on how strongly it binds to its target, how large the molecule is and what the target is. For instance, ricin prevents cells producing proteins. This process is essential for cellular function. Botulinum prevents a neurotransmitter, which is responsible for muscle movement, being rele...	[ "OPs are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. There are nearly 3 million poisonings per year resulting in two hundred thousand deaths. Around 15% of people who are poisoned die as a result. Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962.\n", "It is probable that less than five mi...
why is google (online search) such a great spell checker whereas my inbuilt spell checkers in ios, or even android is so rubbish in suggesting the right spelling? why can't they integrate both?	I would assume Google is a much better spell checker because it draws on the almost limitless amount of words on the Internet and recognizes phrases and sentence structure better then petty android or ios spell checkers. They most likely won't integrate because they don't want to release their amazing technology. (...	[ "Another example is Google's use of spell checking on searches performed through their search engine. The spell checking minimises the problems caused by incorrect spelling by not only highlighting the error to the user, but by also providing a link to search using the correct spelling instead. Searches like this a...
why are the clips on all car seat belts different to clips on all airlines?	While the red button is easier to push, there is less room for mechanical error with the lift the flap method, which means less maintenance.	[ "In the United States, the Legacy was introduced with automatic seat belts due to United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) regulations stating that all cars produced from April 1, 1989 were to be equipped with a passive front passenger restraint system that would protect front occupants ...
what is bank fraud?	Intentionally doing something to defraud a bank and get money you dont own. Simplest easy to execute example: If you have 3 bank accounts and you are broke. Today is the 12th. You know you get paid on the 15th and will have money but you need $100 to get by till payday. You go to bank one and cash a check *(written...	[ "Bank fraud is the use of potentially illegal means to obtain money, assets, or other property owned or held by a financial institution, or to obtain money from depositors by fraudulently posing as a bank or other financial institution. In many instances, bank fraud is a criminal offence. While the specific element...
Why is it that alloying one metal (copper) with another metal that is softer (tin) creates a product (bronze) that is harder than copper, not softer? Is there something about the process of alloying itself that creates hardness?	Metals like gold and copper are soft when pure because the regular arrangement of their crystal lattice allows them to slide easily over each other. The alloying distorts the regular arrangements of atoms. This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each other, so alloys are harder than the pure metal. ...	[ "Tin and copper are relatively soft metals that will deform on striking (though tin to a lesser extent than copper), but alloying creates a metal which is harder and less ductile and also one with more elasticity than one of the metals alone. This metal combination produces a tough, long-wearing material that is re...
how are different marijuana strains made?	Marijuana is a flowering plant. To make seeds you need to take pollen from a male plant and put it in a female plant which you allow to grow to seed. Those seeds have a mixture of the DNA from both parents. Like other flowering plants, you can mix and match how you move the pollen to get a wide variety of hybrids.	[ "Research has shown that \"Humulus lupulus\" (the plant that makes hops) and \"Cannabis sativa\" (also called hemp and marijuana) are closely related and it may be possible to create novel strains of hops that express valuable chemicals similar to commercial hemp. Both hops and cannabis contain terpenes and terpeno...
Terms like the Dark Ages are now considered outdated. What’s the general ‘catch all’ term for that period now? Or have the periods been thoroughly broken up?	Your question gets at an important problem that the field has been struggling with, well since always. If these are the "Middle Ages" or the "Dark Ages" they clearly have to be contrasted with something. Middle Ages implies a beginning and continuation, usually "Classical" (or Ancient) and then "Modern". "Dark Ages"...	[ "The \"Dark Ages\" is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages, that asserts that a demographic, cultural, and economic deterioration occurred in Western Europe following the decline of the Roman Empire.\n", "Most modern historians do not use the term \"dark ages\", preferring terms s...
please can someone translate this in layman's terms? (an excerpt from an academic journal)	Basically: They collected headlines from articles using some sort of software. This collection took place all of 2013. They did this to A) develop a model of what types of headlines are being created, B) analyze the words in the headlines, and C) find out the words that were used most frequently. They hope to be able ...	[ "BULLET::::- The author generally follows up the narration with a short, scholarly discussion about the chain of narrators (sanad) and the Text (matn). He pays meticulous attention to the wording of the Text, to the degree that he makes sure to distinguish the short vowels of a word (in an undiacriticized Text) tha...
why do some greenscreens look painfully obvious and lower quality than others?	A myriad of reasons ranging from a poor camera setup and staging/lighting of the green screen plates to limitations of the vfx software/compositor skills in pulling a decent key of the foreground object. There are relighting/edge blending issues that also have to be addressed when combining the foreground fill/matte an...	[ "Another challenge for bluescreen or greenscreen is proper camera exposure. Underexposing or overexposing a colored backdrop can lead to poor saturation levels. In the case of video cameras, underexposed images can contain high amounts of noise, as well. The background must be bright enough to allow the camera to c...
does rogaine work, and if so, how?	Interesting story. Science isn't perfectly clear on the why/how. Minoxidil (Rogain) is a [edit: antihypertensive] ~~hypetensive~~ (high blood pressure) drug, and they discovered the hair growth as a side effect of prescribing it for high blood pressure. They think that maybe the drug widens blood vessels and opening...	[ "Ascorbyl stearate (CHO) is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and stearic acid. In addition to its use as a source of vitamin C, it is used as an antioxidant food additive in margarine (E number E305). The USDA limits its use to 0.02% individually or in conjunction with other antioxidants.\n", "The Steane code i...
can you explain me why or why not we should refrain from killing spiders in one's house?	More spiders, less other bugs? At least, that’s what I tell myself when I’m too wimpy to squish the 8 legged demon spawns.	[ "These spiders' wandering nature is another reason they are considered so dangerous. In densely populated areas, \"Phoneutria\" species usually search for cover and dark places to hide during daytime, leading it to hide in houses, clothes, cars, boots, boxes and log piles, where they may bite if accidentally distur...
how this scientists draw the conclusion that the universe will one day 'collapse on itself', why can't it grow forever?	That's no longer scientific consensus. Originally, we thought the big bang flung everything apart, but eventually the energy would be dissipated and gravity would slowly pull everything back together. We've since discovered that the universe is expanding even faster than it was before. We don't know why, but we call t...	[ "In a closed universe, gravity eventually stops the expansion of the universe, after which it starts to contract until all matter in the universe collapses to a point, a final singularity termed the \"Big Crunch\", the opposite of the Big Bang. Some new modern theories assume the universe may have a significant amo...
how did people not question all of the words shakespeare came up with?	It is unlikely that Shakespeare made up words out of nowhere. He recorded words known at the time, invented basic words by combining others in ways that would be easily understood. What he did invent was phrases, and those could be understood in context because they were metaphors or were parts of the play	[ "As noted in the authors' preface, \"[Shakespeare's] words are used whenever it seemed possible to bring them in; and in whatever has been added to give them the regular form of a connected story, diligent care has been taken to select such words as might least interrupt the effect of the beautiful English tongue i...
what do antidepressants do for people who are not depressed?	Not much. An anti-depressant is more of a brain chemical regulator, putting things in proper order. Taking one doesn't make you happy, it just makes you capable of experiencing a normal range of emotions. Most studies on this indicate that mainly you'd get the various side effects of the medication, and some medicines ...	[ "For depression, if an antidepressant is prescribed, \"extra attentiveness must be given\" by the prescribing clinician due its risk for long-term mood cycle acceleration (that is, inducing more frequent episodes of depression per unit of time) and medication-induced psychosis or mania. For individuals who show eme...
Other than the Iliad, are there any other sources regarding Troy?	Well, there are remains of a city called Ilion and/or Troy in northwest Anatolia; however, that doesn't necessarily make that place "the" Troy of legend or the one in the Iliad. [This older post](_URL_0_) goes into detail about it.	[ "Besides the \"Iliad\", there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the \"Odyssey\", as well as in other ancient Greek literature (such as Aeschylus's Oresteia). The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his \"Aeneid\". The Greeks and Romans took for a fact ...
how does an international debit/credit transaction work?	There are 5 parties in any card transaction: the purchaser, the issuing bank (the bank who issues the purchasers card), the payment network (Visa, MasterCard, etc.), the merchant's bank, and the merchant. The merchant and the purchaser approve the transaction. The point-of-sale system, using the payment network, send...	[ "To set up payments by Direct Debit, the payer must complete a Direct Debit Instruction to the merchant. This instruction contains bank-approved wording that makes it clear the payer is setting up an ongoing authority for the merchant to debit their account. The interface for completing the Direct Debit Instruction...
Does the body absorb water through the skin while swimming for example.	Yes, however it's important to realize that the skin is a more complicated barrier than say, rubber. The skin is made up of multiple layers, so while the skin can become more hydrated than normal (this doesn't mean wrinkly -- that's a nervous system response that is likely caused by electrolyte changes in the skin due ...	[ "The ability of the skin to hold water is primarily due to the stratum corneum and is critical for maintaining healthy skin. Lipids arranged through a gradient and in an organized manner between the cells of the stratum corneum form a barrier to transepidermal water loss.\n", "BULLET::::7. Water resistance: The s...
what is a military security clearance in the us, why is it beneficial to potential employees, and how do you get it?	Ok. Security clearance have various levels. It’s basically you being investigated for all aspects to determine who you are, how trustworthy you are and whether there is something you did that’s a warning sign. For instance if you have bad credit and a lot of debt, someone might bribe you with money to get you to steal ...	[ "Security clearance levels often appear in employment postings for Defense related jobs, and other jobs involving substantial amounts of responsibility, such as air traffic control or nuclear energy positions. Employers generally prefer to hire people who are already cleared to access classified information at the ...
what does it mean if your sample size is smaller than your margin of error?	It doesn't mean anything. They're two different numbers that aren't really related; the sample size is the size of your sample, while the margin of error shows you the range of possible results for the entire population.	[ "As an example of the above, a random sample of size 400 will give a margin of error, at a 95% confidence level, of 0.98/20 or 0.049 - just under 5%. A random sample of size 1600 will give a margin of error of 0.98/40, or 0.0245 - just under 2.5%. A random sample of size 10,000 will give a margin of error at the 95...
What would it take for an aircraft carrier to fly?	Wired actually calculated this for you: _URL_0_	[ "These carriers had hangars for storing and maintaining the aircraft, but no flight deck as in a true aircraft carrier. Instead, they used cranes to lower the aircraft into the sea for takeoff and to recover them after landing. The ships were normally converted merchant vessels rather than specially constructed for...
How did the USSR obtain nuclear weapons in the first place?	You seem to have two different questions in here. One is the title one. The answer is: despite their ravaging by the war, after Hiroshima, Stalin made creating an atomic bomb a top priority. The project (headed by Beria, who also ran the secret police and the Gulag system) was able to take as much as it needed to succe...	[ "The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon (\"RDS-1\") in 1949. This crash project was developed partially with information obtained via espionage during and after World War II. The Soviet Union was the second nation to have developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for Soviet weapons deve...
how is it possible for ocean currents to shift or stop entirely?	See _URL_1_'s article on [High-latitude volcanic eruptions affect ocean circulation for decades](_URL_0_) > But the volcanic event also brings long-term changes to two ocean circulation fronts: The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and the El Niño–Southern oscillation (ENSO). In fact, the model de...	[ "Surface currents flow at a 45° angle to the wind due to a balance between the Coriolis force and the drags generated by the wind and the water. If the ocean is divided vertically into thin layers, the magnitude of the velocity (the speed) decreases from a maximum at the surface until it dissipates. The direction a...
why was new orleans spared during the civil war?	Spared how? The US Navy ran the forts and seized the city. The South never mounted a serious effort to retake it. However, maybe you should look up Benjamin “Beast” Butler.	[ "Early in the American Civil War New Orleans was captured by the Union without a battle in the city itself, and hence was spared the destruction suffered by many other cities of the American South. It retains a historical flavor with a wealth of 19th century structures far beyond the early colonial city boundaries ...
Are there any accurate representations (Computer simulations, re-enactments etc.) of what specific battles/wars looked like from a participants or an overview perspective?	I'd wager your best bet is films. There is a section for historical accuracy in films in the FAQ, so it could be an idea to consult with that. Not all films there will be directly war-related, but I havent read trough the list myself, so you might find something of value. The 1970 movie "Waterloo" offers a decent insi...	[ "\"War Picture Library\" was among the first war comic to use real dates, places, settings, battles and (occasionally) battalions to more accurately place the stories in the historical action, even if the stories themselves were fictional. This came about largely because so many of the (early) writers and artists h...
doesn't it make more sense to spend than save, considering inflation is degrading the value of my savings year by year?	This is precisely why the Federal Reserve has targeted inflation in the first place. It punishes people who keep their assets in cash. They want money to keep moving because that's better for the national economy. However, if rather than saving in a bank you invest the money in something like mutual funds it insulates...	[ "The book contains a mathematical study of savings rate and its impact on a person's ability to retire. With conventional personal finance advice, it is typically recommended to save 10–15% of income for retirement. With this savings rate, neglecting investment returns and compound interest, it takes between five a...
when i touch a radio (specifically the antenna), signal comes in clearer	Amateur radio operator here... Its actually because you are helping further ground the antenna and thus, allowing it to work more efficiently. Effectively grounding an antenna and radio system is a way to help eliminate noise ie. Static etc. Your body doesn't act as an antenna, as your body isn't an efficient conduct...	[ "Although radio waves generally travel in a straight line, fog and even humidity can cause some of the signal in certain frequencies to scatter or bend before reaching the receiver. This means that objects that are clear of the line of sight path will still potentially block parts of the signal. To maximize signal ...
why are dogs in general more friendly than cats?	they're more social animals. cats are solitary in nature.	[ "Being with other dogs makes them happier because they are bred to work well in a pack. However, its strong prey drive might make it dangerous for owners to have smaller pets with it, but if they meet each other in their early ages, it should be safe.\n", "The cultural assumption that cats are distant from people...
Can someone explain how heat works in regards molecules?	Pardon is the language is too simple - you never know who might read. Often it's by direct collision, like two pool balls bouncing off each other, or bouncing off the rail of a pool table. This is what happens when gasses and liquids are involved - heat is just motion after all. But it can get complicated with solids...	[ "On the other hand, a polyatomic gas molecule (consisting of two or more atoms bound together) can store heat energy in other forms besides its kinetic energy. These forms include rotation of the molecule, and vibration of the atoms relative to its center of mass.\n", "The kinetic energy stored internally in mole...
why does water increase grip for fingers on pages etc?	Okay, imagine you just spilled some coffee on a book. You know how it sort of spreads out from where it originally hit the page and winds up being like twice the size of the original stain? This is because of how water interacts with paper--it's called "hydrogen bonding", but all you need to know about that is that it'...	[ "However, near the bottom and outer edges the liquid is slowed by the friction against the cup. There the fictitious (inertial) centrifugal force is weaker and cannot overcome the pressure gradient, so these pressure differences become more important for the water flow within this boundary layer.\n", "The arms en...
Can anyone provide a rundown or good resource for a rundown of all of the duties and jobs aboard ships during the golden age of piracy?	Oh boy, let's see. Just a warning, I'm in class and on Mobile so I'll edit this when I have actual resources. Just going off memory right now. There was obviously a Captain. He ran the ship in the way the governemnt runs a country. It was somewhat a democracy until they went into battle. Once they entered combat, the...	[ "To check the power of the captain even further, the crew would elect a quartermaster to make sure the men received the necessary rations and equal distribution of the booty. He would also \"adjudicate crew member conflicts,\" and \"administer punishment.\" This was usually an experienced seaman who the crew truste...
why do companies like hbo rescrict their content to usa? as a non usa resident this only motivates me to pirate game of thrones instead of paying for it so why?	Because they made a deal with distributors outside the US to give them the rights to distribute that content in their area of operation. If they didn't restrict the content, people in that region could easily go to the source and this would understandably piss off the people they've made deals with.	[ "Observers, including series director David Petrarca and Time Warner CEO Jeff Bewkes, said that illegal downloads did not hurt the series' prospects; it benefited from \"buzz\" and social commentary, and the high piracy rate did not significantly translate to lost subscriptions. According to \"Polygon\", HBO's rela...
how did tony abbott win?	In Australia, you don't vote for a person, you vote for a party. They party vote for their head, who if the party is elected, will be Prime Minister. The title itself is self-explanatory - all Australian politicians are "ministers" and the Prime Minster is the, well, "prime" one. The number one. The one who is a member...	[ "Abbott said he was \"humbled and daunted\" by his unexpected election, while Hockey expressed surprise at his defeat. Upon his election, Abbott acknowledged his propensity for making controversial public statements—which with his Catholicism and background as a trainee priest earnt him the moniker of \"the Mad Mon...
the affordable care act enables us to buy insurance "across state lines." why is this valuable and what was stopping us from doing it before?	Insurance is regulated, historically, at the state level based on state level mandates and state level departments of insurance, so what is a compliant plan in one state may or may not be a compliant plan in another state, and the same goes for business practices or other operations of an insurer. More importantly, i...	[ "It has been predicted that allowing purchase of insurance across state lines without national requirements for coverage would create a \"race to the bottom.\" The insurance companies would try to reduce how much they would need to charge for their plans by limiting coverage. If individuals choose to purchase prima...
why is it that one persons brain will be really good at understanding knowledge in one subject that someone else really struggles with but is able to understand other subjects really well?	If you are doing a CS degree you might have heard of Neural Networks in Computational Intelligence. Our brain works kind of like a neural network (or rather: neural networks try to mimic how a brain learns). Depending on the design of the neural network, it will be better at learning some functions than other functions...	[ "Psychologist Steven Pinker, however, argues that people have control over what they do, and that research and reasoning never came naturally to people. He says that \"experience does not revamp the basic information-processing capacities of the brain\" and asserts that the Internet is actually making people smarte...
What exactly does Gibbs Free Energy measure as it relates to the potential spontaneity and thermodynamic properties of a chemical system?	For a process to be spontaneous, the total entropy change of the universe, ΔS^(tot), has to be positive. We can define ΔS^(tot) as: > ΔS^(tot) = ΔS^(sur) \+ ΔS^(sys) ΔS^(sys) is the entropy change of the system and ΔS^(sur) is the entropy change of the surroundings. If the notion of a 'system' and 'surroundings' is...	[ "In thermodynamic equilibrium, when the system concerned is at constant temperature and pressure but can exchange particles with its external environment, the Gibbs free energy is at its minimum for the system, that is formula_13. It follows that\n", "Each quantity in the equations above can be divided by the amo...
can someone explain the difference between roman and greek mythology li5?	Ancient Greeks liked to [compare foreign beliefs with their own](_URL_0_) (sorry, the link isn't LI5). Romans did too. So when they heard about each others' ideas, they just mixed them together, probably keeping the names they had already known but throwing in personality traits of the other set. So some myths are diff...	[ "Classical Greco-Roman mythology, Greek and Roman mythology or Greco-Roman mythology is both the body of and the study of myths from the ancient Greeks and Romans as they are used or transformed by cultural reception. Along with philosophy and political thought, mythology represents one of the major survivals of cl...
why are americans so ant-tax and anti- government	Because among the very first subjects cut (30 years ago) from public school curricula were civics and critical thinking skills, leaving students inundated with cultural norms derived from profit-driven, entertainment-centered media -- and this all happened during a series of economic bubbles that inflated personal expe...	[ "Some tax protesters argue that they should be immune from federal income taxation because they are sovereign individuals or \"natural individuals,\" or on the ground that they have not requested a privilege or benefit from the government. These kinds of arguments have been ruled without merit. For example, in the ...
why hasn't there been a concerted effort to create cities or large communities underwater?	It's very expensive, and not very safe.	[ "Proximity and access to water have been key factors in human settlement through history. Water, along with the spaces around it, create a potential for transport, trade, and power generation. They also provide the human population with resources like recreation and tourism in addition to drinking water and food. M...
why do commercial radio stations only go from 80.x to 107.x fm and 530 to 1600 am?	Those are the frequencies the government has designated open for public radio transmission and issue the radio station licenses. They reserve other frequencies for air traffic control. CB radio. Ham radio. And other purposes (including banning the one elemental hydrogen transmits on because it is a frequency they t...	[ "Copies of the World Radio TV Handbook (including the 1991 edition) have identified 1602 kHz as a local frequency, akin to the Class C (former Class IV) radio stations in North America which are limited to 1kW.\n", "Copies of the World Radio TV Handbook (including the 1991 edition) have identified 1485 kHz as a l...
Parachuting pilots (mainly ww2 or ww1)	It varied depending on the individual and particularly the theatre, but on the Western Front at least there are several examples of cordial relations between aircrew of opposing sides; Adolf Galland and JG 26 hosting Douglas Bader and Robert Stanford-Tuck in their mess, for instance, after the British pilots were shot ...	[ "Powered paragliding, also known as paramotoring or PPG, is a form of ultralight aviation where the pilot wears a motor on their back (a paramotor) which provides enough thrust to take off using a paraglider. It can be launched in still air, and on level ground, by the pilot alone — no assistance is required.\n", ...
How do more complicated molecules (such as anthocyanin) get their color?	It's not bond lengths, but rather the electron energy levels. You get atomic emission and absorption - the electrons have certain energy levels, and if a photon matches a difference between two levels, it can be absorbed by the electron. It is the same with molecules, with one major difference: instead of looking at t...	[ "The colour of uranyl compounds is due to ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions at ca. 420 nm, on the blue edge of the visible spectrum. The exact location of the absorption band and NEXAFS bands depends on the nature of the equatorial ligands. Compounds containing the uranyl ion are usually yellow, though so...
How does the Pertussis (Whooping Cough) vaccine work if Pertussis is caused by a bacterium and not a virus?	Vaccines can be made from killed or attenuated viruses or bacteria. They can also be made from purified proteins from a pathogenic bacteria or virus. In the most basic sense, vaccines against bacteria and viruses are not different from one another. Antibiotics, on the other hand, work only against bacteria. There are...	[ "BULLET::::- Vaccination works by priming the immune system with an 'immunogen'. Stimulating immune response, via use of an infectious agent, is known as immunization. The development of immunity to polio efficiently blocks person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus, thereby protecting both individual vaccine...
why is it not faster for airplanes to fly lower to the ground if the distance traveled would be shorter	Because the air is much thinner at altitude. Closer to the ground the air is as thick as pea soup for an airplane. It would be like you trying to crawl through a kiddie pool of honey. High in the sky costs MUCH less fuel and is MUCH faster because there is very little drag 35,000 feet up. Drag is the #1 enemy of a ...	[ "Because only one aircraft can land or depart from a runway at a given time, and because aircraft must be separated by a certain distance or time to avoid collisions, every airport has a finite capacity; it can safely handle only so many aircraft per hour. This capacity depends on many factors, such as the number o...
why are cells living? i know they’re the building blocks of life but what defines living? are plants a different type of “alive” because they have a different cell structure?	The current definition of life simply states that for an organism to be considered living, it has to maintain homeostasis, which is the technical way to say "it has to maintain itself through its metabolism". A cell maintains itself by breaking down resources to extract the energy and elements it contains, making ...	[ "In 1982, American biochemist Albert Lehninger argued that the \"order\" produced within cells as they grow and divide is more than compensated for by the \"disorder\" they create in their surroundings in the course of growth and division. \"Living organisms preserve their internal order by taking from their surrou...
What was it like to be an emissary or messenger throughout the Middle Ages?	In Western Europe, the messengers were the heralds, tasked with communicating important information, and required to be adept in the ways of diplomacy. On top of this, heralds primarily needed an encyclopaedic knowledge of the coats of arms of every knight; domestic and foreign. Heraldry became a highly established in...	[ "The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" make mention of messengers being sent by King Edward the Elder (899-924) to recall members of the Kent fyrd, but it is generally regarded that the origins of the postal services stem from the King's Messengers (\"Nuncii et Cursores\") of medieval times, in particular, the Royal Post e...
how does a court stenography machine work?	A [stenotype machine](_URL_0_) works with a special keyboard layout. You press keys simultaneously, but the output keeps the letters in a specific order. You basically type the sounds in shorthand. There are some standards, but stenographers often have their own abbreviations. This lets you type up to 300 WPM.	[ "In neuroscience, tractography is a 3D modeling technique used to visually represent nerve tracts using data collected by diffusion MRI. It uses special techniques of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer-based diffusion MRI. The results are presented in two- and three-dimensional images called tractograms....
Why did the Russian Empire expand so far east?	[This](_URL_0_) post by u/poob1x goes into some detail about Russia’s motivations for colonizing. I feel like this question gets asked a lot, if there’s a mod reading, y’all should add it to the FAQ.	[ "The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of Russian Turkestan in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885.\n", "The Russians also expanded south, first with the transformation of the Ukrainian steppe into an agric...
why can't synthetic diamonds be as hard as mined diamonds?	They are just as hard. Synthetic diamonds are identical to natural diamond is virtually every chemical and physical way. It is anti-synthetic propaganda put out by De Beers and the few other diamond companies that exist that make the public think they are inferior, but that is not based on truth.	[ "Synthetic diamonds are diamonds manufactured in a laboratory, as opposed to diamonds mined from the Earth. The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. This demand has been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by various process...
Were there historical sites in ancient times?	So, I’ve got two things I think I can talk about with some authority. The first is about the original post you mentioned and Egyptian citation of place through time. The second point I can make is about ancient and pre-Colombian Mesoamerica. Though I imagine there are experts here on both points better informed than I....	[ "Of four locations chosen, three proved to be sites of city settlements. As each layer was removed, beginning with the outer city walls, artifacts as well as skeletal remains revealed the presence of the Ottoman Empire, the Byzantine Greeks, the Roman Empire, and the Greeks. With each subsequent layer, it is hoped ...
why does a ticketing app/website not work at all when there is too much traffic? how much traffic does it take? what measures are available to prevent the app/site from crashing?	They try to estimate how much traffic there will be and allocate servers and other necessary infrastructure accordingly. If they underestimated the traffic, you get slow connection or even no connection.	[ "Most people use Traffic Exchange programs to increase their site visit rate. Traffic Exchange programs offer both the Auto and Manual Surf options with a timing of 3 to 60 seconds. An 'autosurf' program requires no human intervention to rotate the sites in the database, and is used primarily to inflate the total n...
why are 12v, 5v and 3.3v so special in electronics?	There's nothing special about those voltages. They were simply what worked best at the time. 12 volts is a good voltage to run a DC motor at for fans and spinning hard drives. 5 volts was the original voltage that almost every integrated circuit used. As the fabrication process shrunk they started using 3.3V because ...	[ "Less common are lower-power versions such as the LM78Mxx series (500 mA) and LM78Lxx series (100 mA) from National Semiconductor. Some devices provide slightly different voltages than usual, such as the LM78L62 (6.2 volts) and LM78L82 (8.2 volts) as well as the STMicroelectronics L78L33ACZ (3.3 volts).\n", "More...
can you drink warm tap water or only cold? (without boiling)	I would seriously advise against it as it isn’t made to be drank I’ve heard that the tanks for hot water aren’t as clean so don’t do it x.	[ "It is recommended for the temperature of tap water not to exceed 38 — 45 °C to avoid discomfort and scalding. The technical implementation is complicated by the necessity to keep warm water at a temperature of 55 – 60 °C to inhibit the growth of legionella bacteria. \n", "Some versions also have a second dispens...
Do the contents of our blood have any affect on mosquitos after they drink it? Do drunk people make drunk mosquitos?	I think the answer is, "[we don't know](_URL_0_)," but it seems that mosquitoes are more attracted to drunk people, than sober people, and according to the article I linked fruit flies do get drunk, but have a high tolerance. Same article also says, "Any liquid other than blood is diverted first to a separate digesti...	[ "Mosquitoes of the genus \"Toxorhynchites\" never drink blood. This genus includes the largest extant mosquitoes, the larvae of which prey on the larvae of other mosquitoes. These mosquito eaters have been used in the past as mosquito control agents, with varying success.\n", "Female mosquitoes hunt their blood h...
the difference between over the counter and prescription ibuprofen.	The difference isn't the pills, it's who is advising you. The doctor presumably knows what justifies this high dose (usually prescribed in the immediate aftermath of trauma, for short-term use). Nobody should regularly take that much ibuprofen. But if you need it to reduce inflammation or injury pain, you can take 4 o...	[ "There are 11 variants of Nurofen, all of which contain ibuprofen as an active ingredient. The ibuprofen is variously formulated as the free acid, or the lysine salt. For oral formulations, i.e., taken by mouth, it is available in the conventional solid round tablet, a torpedo-shaped solid caplet, or may alternativ...
In the world before the invention of radio and mass media, how widely-known were famous composers of the Classical era during their own time?	Was Mozart's music known to the average person? Probably not, if you mean the average working man or woman. Serious "classical" music then as now was more a middle- and upper-class sort of thing. [Here's](_URL_0_) /u/caffarelli - who knows far more than me- addressing a similar point relating to opera. However, among ...	[ "This is a list of composers of the Classical music era, roughly from 1730 to 1820. Prominent composers of the Classical era include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Johann Stamitz, Joseph Haydn, Johann Christian Bach, Antonio Salieri, Muzio Clementi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Luigi Boccherini, Ludwig van Beethoven, and F...
Do I understand this correctly?	> Am I correct to assume that because they are so many billions of lightyears away they appear early because that light is just reaching us now. Yes. That is correct. > Would it also be safe to assume that those galaxies actually exist completely different in the actual time they exist in now? Yes. Very different,...	[ "Evaluative-cognitive consistency theory refers to a condition in which one holds opposing attitudes towards an object that are not of equal magnitude; the focus is the overall difference in evaluations, with no regard to magnitude.\n", "Four conclusions result from these premisses: (1) Mind or spirit is the effi...
How do large Aquarium's accommodate Sharks, Sting Rays, Sea turtles and other small fishes in the same enclosure? Do large fish prey on the smaller ones in such conditions? Why not?	Experience in working in aquariums different fish eat different types of food and have various preferences. aquariums feed fish every day (or every second day if needed) so they are very well fed and tend not to eat each other. *Though i was giving a tour in an aquarium where i worked, their White skate is a major at...	[ "The aquarium houses a variety of animals such as sharks, rays, turtles, parrots, marsh turtles, otter, snakes, alligator, crocodile and sloth. The displays are located on 2 levels, one with large fish in large displays and the other level with filled with smaller displays designed for child-centered experiences.\n...
Authors every historian should know?	I would say it really depends on the field; the book list on this reddit has quite a few of the highlights. Here are some of what I believe to be key authors from my fields. Pacific History; only putting a few, cutting myself off before I make this super long. * Greg Denning [also key figure for the writing of ethno...	[ "One of the most important historical writers of the 20th century was Johan Huizinga, who is known abroad and translated in different languages and included in several great books lists. His written works were influenced by the literary figures of the early 20th century.\n", "Authors who have contributed to this ...
what the numbers mean on county roads and interstates (i.e. route 70, i-95, etc.)	For federal highways and interstates, they're numbered according to which direction they run in and where they're located. East-west highways are even-numbered and north-south highways are odd numbered. For interstates, the lower numbers are in the west and south, and increase as you move north or east (such as I-5 i...	[ "These route numbers are used on signs and maps and distinct from the four digit numbers for major roads and eight digit numbers for streets used internally by the Highways Department and later Departments of Transport to identify each road.\n", "In the U.S. Interstate Highway System, the numbers usually measure ...
Are emotions innate or learned ?	Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen demonstrated that there are universally understood facial expressions which transcend cultural knowledge. In one experiment they went to Papua New Guinea and showed Fore tribesmen photographs of people making faces of happiness, fear, anger, disgust, sadness and surprise. Despite 1000+ ...	[ "The kinesthetic learners who have memories associated with emotions learning can be facilitated through dance, debate, drama, role-play, and charades. This kind of learning leads to a long-term memory since it is associated with emotions such as excitement, curiosity, anger, disappointment and success.\n", "Know...
breath out under water	You can breathe out as much air as you like. But each time you've breathed out a small amount, the pressure of the water will close round it and make a bubble. If you were to breathe out, say, mercury instead of air, the "bubble" would be bigger.	[ "BULLET::::- Wet breathing: Wet breathing is caused by water getting into the regulator and compromising breathing comfort and safety. Water can leak into the second stage body through damaged soft parts like torn mouthpieces, damaged exhaust valves and perforated diaphragms, through cracked housings, or through po...
Need some advice/tips for studying history!	I've had friends ask for help studying for history classes, and it always leads to the same problem: history is not a science. There is no set body of information or list of facts that you can learn that certifies you as someone who "knows history." Every instructor has their own particular focus and emphasis. What one...	[ "This series provides vital references for students, architects, town planners, historians and philosophers as well as for readers interested in gardens, garden-makers and collectors. By publishing fundamental works of the past – forgotten, unknown or un-translated – along with French and foreign, historic and cont...
when you numb your arm by sleeping on it what happens and why does it not hurt it permanently?	The numbness comes from pressure restricting blood supply to the nerves which convey sensation. While restricted enough to mess up their usual operation it typically isn't enough to cause permanent damage, although in more extreme cases it actually can cause permanent nerve damage.	[ "A nerve biopsy can potentially find the cause of the numbness and/or pain experienced in the limbs. It can reveal if these symptoms are caused by damage to the myelin sheath, damage to the small nerves, destruction of the axon in the nerve cells or neuropathies.\n", "It is not known what causes the condition, bu...
how does the fbi impact the everyday life of american citizens?	Hopefully, not much. The FBI is designed to investigate federal crimes on a nationwide level, and so it should generally only be impacting the lives of those who commit those crimes. However, they can expand their understanding of what that investigation requires, to include surveillance or interrogation of a broad...	[ "Since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, a vast domestic intelligence apparatus has been built to collect information using FBI, local police, state homeland security offices and military criminal investigators. The intelligence apparatus collects, analyzes and stores information about millions of (if not a...
How does the large hadron collider begin to accelerate particles?	As /u/iorgfeflkd mentioned, the protons come from a bottle of hydrogen at linac2. The hydrogen gas is ionised in a device called a [duoplasmatron](_URL_2_), which is effectively a gas-filled discharge tube with a perforated anode. For the lead ions, an isotopically pure sample of ^(208)Pb is heated up until it's vapor...	[ "The first beam was circulated through the collider on the morning of 10 September 2008. CERN successfully fired the protons around the tunnel in stages, three kilometres at a time. The particles were fired in a clockwise direction into the accelerator and successfully steered around it at 10:28 local time. The LHC...

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